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The Torslunda plates are four cast bronze dies found in the Torslunda parish on the Swedish island Öland. They display figures in relief, representing what are presumed to be traditional scenes from Germanic mythology. The plates are moulds designed for production rather than display; by placing thin sheets of foil against the scenes and hammering or otherwise applying pressure from the back, identical images could be quickly mass-produced. The resulting pressblech foils would be used to decorate rich helmets of the sort found at Vendel, Valsgärde, and Sutton Hoo. Two of the plates may have been made as casts of existing pressblech foils.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torslunda_plates
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The plates were discovered in a cairn in early 1870, and are in the collection of the Statens Historiska Museum. Their fame derives from containing full scenes from mythology, unlike the fragmentary and degraded scraps of pressblech foils that are known. The plates have been exhibited internationally, including from 13 May to 26 June 1966, when they were part of the exhibition Swedish Gold at the British Museum. The plates have been dated to the Vendel Period of the 6th and 7th centuries.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torslunda_plates
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Each plate contains a different mythological design, traditionally labeled, displayed here counterclockwise from the bottom right A to D, as "man between bears", "man with axe holding roped animal", "walking warriors carrying spears" and "dancing man with horned head-dress and man with spear wearing wolfskin". The warriors in Plate C are depicted as wearing boar helmets.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torslunda_plates
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The last depiction is particularly well known for its missing right eye, shown by a laser scanner to have been struck out, likely from the original used to make the mould. This recalls the one-eyed Norse god Odin, said to have given an eye to be allowed to drink from a well whose waters contained wisdom and intelligence, and suggests that the figure on the plate is he. He is depicted along with a wolfman, interpreted as a berserker (Úlfhéðinn). The latter is perhaps a pars pro toto embodying the wolf-warriors led in ecstatic dance by the god of frenzy.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torslunda_plates
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The Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC) is a non-profit organisation owned and developed by the media industry. ABC delivers industry-agreed standards for media brand measurement of print publications, digital channels and events. The company also verifies data, processes and good practice to these and other industry-agreed standards (such as those set by JICWEBS). Established in 1931 by the Society of British Advertisers (an organisation which later became ISBA), ABC is a founder member of the International Federation of ABCs and was the first UK Joint Industry Currency (JIC) for the media industry. JICs are owned by the industry to provide transparent and independent audience measurement for each medium.In May 2020, the board of the ABC voted to allow national newspaper publishers the option to ‘opt out’ of reporting their circulation figures publicly.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_Bureau_of_Circulations_(UK)
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ABC is governed by a board consisting of advertisers, media agencies, media owners and trade bodies. They represent the differing interests of the media industry, agree new standards and make strategic decisions as to how ABC is run.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_Bureau_of_Circulations_(UK)
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ABC has Reporting Standards Groups (RSGs) responsible for setting reporting standards for media products across each of the following sectors: national, regional, consumer, business, bulk distribution and Republic of Ireland. RSGs include representatives from media owners, media buyers and trade associations and typically meet three times a year. Changes to the Reporting Standards are generally agreed by consensus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_Bureau_of_Circulations_(UK)
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Derek Morris was announced as ABC UK's new chairman in October 2016 and took up the position in December of that year. He replaced Sally Cartwright who had chaired the board since 2010.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_Bureau_of_Circulations_(UK)
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Simon Redlich has been the permanent CEO of ABC UK since 25 November 2016. He was previously announced as the interim CEO in January 2016, replacing Jerry Wright who stepped down from the role after more than seven years.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_Bureau_of_Circulations_(UK)
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Media brand measurementAs a JIC, ABC creates census based trading standards to accurately reflect media activity across print and digital platforms. It then provides independent verification of media owner data to these standards. This data and related information is shown on the media owner's ABC Certificate and can also be viewed and sorted using digital tables. All visitors to the ABC website can search for and download a current certificate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_Bureau_of_Circulations_(UK)
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This transparency and availability of data helps to facilitate the buying and selling of advertising space. Verification serviceABC is an independent verification provider for other media industry organisations including JICWEBS, the EDAA and Counter for example. ABC's role is to check that media companies are meeting the standards set by these other organisations. ReportingABC publishes a range of data reports across a number of industry sectors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit_Bureau_of_Circulations_(UK)
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The Pew Research Center political typology (formerly the Times Mirror typology) is a political spectrum model developed by the Pew Research Center. It defines a series of voter profiles that identify specific segments of the electorate. First released in 1987 by the Times Mirror Company, the typology is updated every few years to reflect recent changes in the American electorate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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In the 2021 Pew Research Center political typology report, nine typology groups are identified, and these groups were organized into coalitions based on support for the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Racial inequality in the United States was found to be the most divisive issue between the different groups. Democratic leaning groups were found to disagree on the scope of government while Republican leaning groups were found to disagree on economic policy. The groups most independent from political parties were found to have low political interest overall.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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Faith and Flag Conservatives are highly conservative and highly religious voters. They make up 10% of the public and 23% of the Republican coalition. Flag and Faith Conservatives generally support school prayer and military over diplomacy, while they generally oppose legalized abortion and same-sex marriage.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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They are also the group most likely to claim that the United States "stands above all other countries in the world" and that illegal immigration is a "very big national problem". Faith and Flag Conservatives are more likely to reject the concept of white privilege and to agree that white Americans face more discrimination than African Americans. 99% of Faith and Flag Conservatives voted for Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election, and 86% claim that he won the election.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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Demographically, nearly half of Faith and Flag Conservatives are white evangelical Protestants, and they are the oldest of the typology groups with a median age of 57.Committed Conservatives are conservative voters that emphasize pro-business views, international trade, and small government. They make up 7% of the public and 15% of the Republican coalition. They hold more moderate views on immigration and race than other groups in the Republican coalition.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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96% of Committed Conservatives voted for Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election, but they are less likely than other Republican groups to support false claims of electoral fraud. However, they are more likely to support Republicans in Congress. They are also more likely to support the use of COVID-19 vaccines than other Republican groups.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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Demographically, 82% of Committed Conservatives are white, a majority are ages 50 and older, and they make up the most educated Republican group.The Populist Right are highly conservative anti-immigrant voters that oppose the role of government and big businesses in American society. They make up 11% of the public and 23% of the Republican coalition. 97% of the Populist Right voted for Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election, and 85% claim that he won the election.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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The Populist Right are the most likely to believe that the number of legal immigrants should decrease and that the decreasing proportion of white Americans is bad for society, with 48% agreeing. They are also the Republican group most likely to support raising taxes on the rich. Demographically, 53% of the Populist Right are Protestants and they are one of the least educated groups.The Ambivalent Right are younger voters that lean conservative on economic and race issues but lean moderate on social issues.
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They make up 12% of the public and 18% of the Republican coalition. 70% of the Ambivalent Right voted for Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election, while 25% voted for Joe Biden, and a majority of the Ambivalent Right reject claims that Trump won the election. They are more likely than other Republican groups to support diplomacy over military strength, legalized marijuana, legalized abortion, and "openness to people from all over the world". Demographically, the Ambivalent Right are younger and more ethnically diverse than other Republican groups, and they are the least religious Republican group, with 27% identifying as religiously unaffiliated.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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The Outsider Left are younger liberal voters that are skeptical of the political system and both major political parties. They make up 10% of the public and 16% of the Democratic coalition. Nearly all of the Outsider Left believe that the American political system unfairly favors powerful interests, and about half say that the government is wasteful and inefficient. They are the group most likely to say that no political candidate represents their political views and the group least likely to say that there is a "great deal of difference" between the parties.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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94% of the Outsider Left voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. In the Democratic primary, 38% supported Bernie Sanders, 18% supported Elizabeth Warren, and 12% supported Joe Biden. Demographically, the Outsider Left are the youngest group, with 83% being under the age of 50.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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The group is racially diverse, with only 49% being white Americans. They are also one of the least religious groups, with 51% identifying as religiously unaffiliated.Democratic Mainstays are older Democrats that are economically liberal and socially moderate.
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They make up 16% of the public and 28% of the Democratic coalition. Democratic Mainstays support higher taxes and expansion of the social safety net as well as stronger military policy.
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They are more likely than other Democratic groups to see violent crime as a "very big" national problem, to oppose increased immigration, and to say that people being too easily offended is a major problem. 92% of Democratic Mainstays voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. Demographically, the group is racially diverse with the largest share of African American voters.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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They are also more religious than other Democratic groups.Establishment Liberals are highly liberal voters that are loyal to the Democratic Party. They make up 13% of the public and 23% of the Democratic coalition. Establishment Liberals are more likely than other groups to seek compromise and to hold an optimistic view of society.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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They are the most likely group to support Joe Biden, the Democratic Party, the system of American government, and technology companies. 98% of Establishment Liberals voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. In the Democratic primary, 30% supported Joe Biden, 17% supported Elizabeth Warren, 16% supported Bernie Sanders, and 10% supported Pete Buttigieg.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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Demographically, they are racially diverse and one of the most educated groups.The Progressive Left are younger highly liberal voters. They make up 6% of the public and 12% of the Democratic coalition. The Progressive Left typically believe that the scope of government should "greatly expand" and that the institutions of the United States need to be "completely rebuilt" to combat racism.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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They are the most likely group to say that there are countries better than the United States, that the American military should be reduced, that fossil fuels should be phased out, and that the existence of billionaires is bad for society. 98% of the Progressive Left voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. In the Democratic primary, 35% supported Bernie Sanders, 28% supported Elizabeth Warren, and 15% supported Joe Biden. Demographically, 68% of the Progressive Left is made up of white voters, making it the least racially diverse group of Democratic coalition. They lean younger and less religious, and they are the most likely group to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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Stressed Sideliners make up the portion of the American electorate that do not strongly associate with any political ideology and have low interest in politics. They make up 15% of the public, 13% of the Democratic coalition, and 15% of the Republican coalition. 45% lean Democratic, 45% lean Republican, and 10% do not lean toward either party. As a whole, Stressed Sideliners general lean liberal on economic issues and lean conservative on social issues.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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They generally support raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour and believe that the American economic system unfairly favors the powerful. They are also the group most likely to agree with the statements that "most big issues facing the country today don't have clear solutions" and "you can't be too careful in dealing with people". 49% voted for Donald Trump while 48% voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. However, Stressed Sideliners are less likely to vote than other groups, with only 45% voting in 2020. Demographically, 57% of Stressed Sideliners are white, 56% are women, and they are one of the least wealthy and least educated groups.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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The 1987 report defined nine values and orientations that underlie political ideologies in the United States: religious faith, tolerance, social justice, militant anti-communism, alienation, American exceptionalism, financial pressure, attitudes toward government, and attitudes toward business corporations. The report establishes 11 voter profiles, and each profile makes up 7-11% of the 1987 adult population in the United States. The same typology groups were used in an updated report released in 1990.Enterprises were pro-business, anti-government Republicans that wished to reduce the deficit through decreased spending. Moralists were highly conservative, highly religious middle-aged Republicans.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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Upbeats were young, Republican-leaning voters that believed in American exceptionalism and were optimistic about the governing of the United States. Disaffecteds were middle-aged Republican-leaning voters that were highly skeptical of both government and business. Bystanders were voters that did not vote, typically young and poorly educated.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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Followers were Democratic-leaning voters that were indifferent to American government but supported spending to reduce unemployment. Seculars were non-religious Democratic-leaning voters. '60s Democrats were upper-middle-class Democrats that supported social justice and government spending.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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The New Dealers were older blue-collar union Democrats that favored social spending but opposed social tolerance. The Passive Poor were older and poorer Democrats that supported American government and social justice. The Partisan Poor were low income Democrats that supported social justice and showed strong partisan support.
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The 1994 report updated the political typography by changing some of the typology groups to reflect changes in the electorate. Among the Republicans, the pro-business Enterprisers and the religious Moralists remained from the 1987 report. The Libertarians were identified as a cross section of the Enterprises and the Seculars of the previous report that supported the Republican Party's small business position but opposed the Christian right.
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Among the center, the Bystanders continued to represent those that did not participate in politics. The New Economy Independents were swing voters held moderate beliefs and opposed both major parties. The Embittered were low income voters that had no faith in either major party. Among the Democrats, the Seculars, the New Dealers, and the Partisan Poor remained from the 1987 report. The New Democrats were formed from the Upbeats of the previous report after their allegiance shifted from Republicans to Democrats.
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The 1999 report updated the typology to reflect the electorate going into the 2000 presidential election. Among the Republicans, the Staunch Conservatives were defined as the successors to the Enterprisers, supporting pro-business and socially conservative politics. The Moderate Republicans were defined as the successors of the Upbeats that remained with the Republican Party after many shifted their support to the Democratic Party. The Populist Republicans were defined as successors to the Moralists, poorer and highly religious voters that support social conservatism and government spending.
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Among the center, New Prosperity Independents were defined as wealthy independents that were satisfied with the government. The Disaffecteds were restored from the 1987 report, replacing the Embittered as low income voters that feel estranged from both political parties. The Bystanders were retained from the previous report.
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Among the Democrats, the Liberal Democrats were defined as a merger of the Seculars and the 60s Democrats, highly educated voters that supported liberal views on social issues. The Socially Conservative Democrats were defined as successors to the New Dealers. The New Democrats and the Partisan Poor were retained from the previous report.
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The 2005 report updated the typology in response to changes following the first term of President George W. Bush, the September 11 attacks, and the war on terror. It found that issues of national security and assertive foreign policy had consensus within the parties but a strong gap between Republicans and Democrats. Issues relating to environmentalism, regulation, isolationism versus global activism, and immigration caused divisions within the parties. Issues relating to religious values, welfare, cooperation with allies, free markets, attitudes of cynicism, and attitudes of individualism caused divisions both within and between the parties.Among Republicans, the Enterprisers were retained from previous reports as highly conservative pro-business Republicans.
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The Social Conservatives represented a merger of the Moralists and the Moderate Republicans, supporting strong foreign policy while opposing welfare and immigration. The Pro-Government Conservatives were defined as successors to the Populist Republicans, being highly religious and conservative but supporting a social safety net. The Upbeats were retained as supporters of both government and business, also absorbing the New Prosperity Independents.
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Among the center, the Disaffecteds were retained, representing those that were skeptical of both parties. The Bystanders were also retained, representing those that did not participate in politics. Among Democrats, the Liberals were identified as the largest share of Democrats, representing a merger of the Liberal Democrats, the Seculars, and the 60s Democrats.
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The Conservative Democrats were the successors of the Socially Conservative Democrats and the New Dealers, being more religious and less liberal than other Democrats. The Disadvantaged Democrats were the successors of the Partisan Poor, supporting Democrats and the government while opposing big business.Pro-Government Conservatives and Bystanders were the smallest groups, making up only 9% of the population, while Liberals were the largest group, making up 17% of the population. The Liberals and the Enterprisers were the wealthiest, while the Bystanders and the Disadvantaged Dems were the least wealthy.
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The Liberals and the Enterprisers were also the most educated, while the Disaffecteds, and the Disadvantaged Dems were the least educated. Protestants made up a majority of all groups except for the Bystanders and the Liberals.
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Liberals were more religiously diverse than other groups, with disproportionate Jewish and secular membership. Catholics were more evenly distributed, making up 20-30% of each group.In terms of race, conservatives and liberals were fairly similar, with more than 80% identifying as white and having been born in the United States. However, Republican voting conservatives like Enterprisers, Social Conservatives and Pro-Government Conservatives had a higher white percentage than liberals, especially Enterprisers and Social Conservatives, who were both 91% white, compared to 83% of Liberals. Liberals were also the most likely to be born outside of the United States, with 20% of liberal respondents saying that they or their parents were born outside of the United States while only around 12% of all conservative types answered "yes" to the same question.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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The 2011 report was updated to reflect change in voter opinion following the Great Recession and in anticipation of the 2012 presidential election. This report created new typology groups based on voters' opinions of government performance, religion and morality, business, environmentalism, immigration, race, social safety net, foreign policy assertiveness, and financial security.Staunch Conservatives were highly conservative and highly religious voters affiliated with the Tea Party movement, supporting military strength while opposing big government and environmental laws. Main Street Republicans were conservative voters primarily from the South and the Midwest, generally opposing government while supporting environmental regulations. Libertarians were economically conservative and socially liberal voters, with a higher proportion of wealthy and male voters than other groups.
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The Disaffecteds were poorer socially conservative voters that supported government assistance to the poor but saw the government as inefficient. The Post-Moderns were well-off voters that supported government regulation and environmentalism while opposing liberal stances on race and welfare. The New Coalition Democrats were poorer religious voters that supported immigration and government regulation, making up the only majority-minority group.
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Hard-Pressed Democrats were socially conservative blue-collar Democrats that supported welfare but opposed immigration and big business. Solid Liberals were pro-government Democrats that supported regulation, environmentalism, and welfare, making up the most secular group. Bystanders were Americans that were not registered to vote, leaning younger, poorer, and less educated.
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The 2014 report updated the typology with eight groups. Steadfast Conservatives were highly conservative voters that strongly opposed the role of the federal government. Business Conservatives were small-government conservatives that supported Wall Street and immigration. The Young Outsiders were younger moderate conservatives that opposed the role of government but supported social liberal policies.
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Hard-Pressed Skeptics were cynical poorer voters that support welfare policies. The Next Generation Left were highly liberal younger voters that supported Wall Street and opposed welfare. The Faith and Family Left were socially conservative voters that supported an increased role for government. The Solid Liberals were highly liberal voters that consistently supported the Democratic Party. Bystanders were Americans that were not involved in the political process.
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The 2021 edition of the typology report received coverage from major news organizations, including NPR, PBS, and The Washington Post.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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Data are from the Pew Research Center's 2017 Political Typology survey:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center_political_typology
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The American Psychology–Law Society (AP–LS) is an academic society for legal and forensic psychologists, as well as general psychologists who are interested in the application of psychology to the law. AP–LS serves as Division 41 of the American Psychological Association and publishes the academic journal Law and Human Behavior.
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The American Psychology–Law Society has three main goals, which are to advance the contributions of psychology to the understanding of law and legal institutions through basic and applied research, to promote the education of psychologists in matters of law and the education of legal personnel in matters of psychology, and to inform the psychological and legal communities and the general public of current research, educational and service activities in the field of psychology and law. The AP-LS publishes the journal Law and Human Behavior and a newsletter entitled AP-LS News.
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The American Psychology–Law Society (AP-LS) was developed at a San Francisco meeting in September 1968, by founders Eric Dreikurs and Jay Ziskin. The society was created for forensic and clinical psychologists. The first newsletter was published in October 1968.
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The original constitution was published later that year, and outlined the reasons for creating the society. These were to promote the study of law, influence legislation and policy, and to promote psychology in legal processes. A year after the San Francisco meeting, the AP-LS had 101 members.
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Most of the members were clinical psychologists, and nine of these original members were women. This group had a stronger focus on psychology, as opposed to the Law and Society Association, which has similar goals, but a broader focus.There was a controversy in 1971, when the founder, Jay Ziskin, wrote a book which stated that psychological evidence often did not meet reasonable criteria and should not be used in court of law. This statement sprouted debate in the society and caused the society's popularity to decline for a while.
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After this, June Louin Tapp became president of the society.In 1976, Bruce Sales became the society's president, and helped refocus the society on the field of psychology and law. Sales had the goal to have the American Psychology–Law Society be the driving force behind the group. Sales, along with Ronald Roesch, helped the group publish many books, including Psychology in the Legal Process, Perspectives in Law and Psychology, and Law and Human Behavior.In the 1980s, Florence Kaslow asked the group to help develop a certification for forensic psychologists, but the group was not interested.
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This led Kaslow to create the American Board of Forensic Psychology, which helped keep the American Psychology–Law Society and forensic psychology separated. In the 1980s Division 41 of the APA began to discuss law and psychology, and began covering many similar policies of the AP-LS. Therefore, in 1983, Division 41 and AP-LS merged, under the agreement that Law and Human Behavior would be the journal for the group, and that the biennial meetings would continue to be held. The "new AP-LS" allowed for previous presidents to have a second term in the society, including Bruce Sales, who was the first president of the merged society.
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In 1991, the Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists began working to establish rules for forensic psychologists to follow in the court room. In 1992, the committee released "Specialty Guidelines" for forensic psychologists, on top of the Code of Conduct that they already were required to follow. Additionally in the 1990s, the society also established the Committee on Careers and Education, to help students find training programs to become psychologists in the legal system. In 1995, they held a conference to discuss education at undergraduate and post doctorate levels, how to offer legal psychology courses in the curriculum, and how to offer students experiences.
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The AP-LS also provides grants and funding for students who are interested in attending school for law-related psychology.The Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists were first published in 1991. They are guidelines for forensic psychologists to encourage professional, quality, and systematic work in the law system and to those who the forensic psychologists serve.
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These are the only sets of APA-approved guidelines for a specific area of practice. The guidelines cover 11 points – responsibilities, competence, diligence, relationship, fees, informed consent notification and assent, conflicts in practice, privacy confidentiality and privilege, methods and procedures, assessment, and professional and other public communications. After an extensive revision process, the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology were updated in October 2012.
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The AP-LS is composed of APA members, graduate and undergraduate students, and people in related fields to join the society. The members primarily have an interest in psychology and law issues. Many members are also members of the American Psychological Association, though it is not a requirement. Members gain access to the publications of Law and Human Behavior and the American Psychology-Law newsletter.
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The AP-LS offers many grants and aid for undergraduates, graduates, early careers professionals, and research. In addition to grants, many awards are handed out yearly. The AP-LS Award for Best Undergraduate Paper: This award is given to an undergraduate student who has a paper focused on psychology and law.
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Dissertation Awards: These awards are distributed for scientific research relevant to the study of psychology and law. Winners may present their research at the AP-LS annual conference. The Saleem Shah Award: This award is also sponsored by the American Academy of Forensic Psychology.
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It is awarded for early career excellence and contributions to the field. Outstanding Teaching and Mentoring in the Field of Psychology and Law: This is an award to recognize excellence in teaching of subjects related to psychology and law. AP-LS Award for Distinguished Contribution to Psychology and Law: This is not awarded on a regular basis.
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It is an award reserved for unusual excellence and contributions in the field that are so important that it merits special commendations. The American Psychology-Law Society Book Award: This is awarded to a book each year to recognize outstanding scholarship in the field of psychology and law. AP-LS/AACP Award for Contributions to Correctional Psychology: This is also given by the American Association for Correctional Psychology. This award is given to professionals who have made an impact on the field of correctional psychology.
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František Kopečný (4 October 1909 in Určice – 27 March 1990 in Vrahovice) was Czechoslovak bohemist and slavist. He was interested in etymology and dialectology. He studied Czech and German languages at the Masaryk University. He then worked at the Palacký University.
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With colleagues, he wrote an Old Slavic dictionary. From 1952, he worked at Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, where he wrote an Etymological dictionary. == References ==
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/František_Kopečný
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Social workers use education as a key tool in client and community interactions. These educational exchanges are not always explicit but are the foundation of how social workers learn from their service participants and how they can assist with information delivery and skill development.
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One of the well-known ways in which social workers engage service participants with valuable information is through psychoeducation. Psychoeducation "reflects a paradigm shift to a more holistic and competence-based approach, stressing health, collaboration, coping and empowerment". This method can be used within individual and community-wide interactions but consistently focuses on service participants strengths. It is a model that allows the social worker to provide the service participant with information necessary to make an informed decision that will allow them to reach their respective goals.
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Within the educational setting, social workers can provide valuable information through Parent Universities (PU). Boston Public School's (BPS) Focus on Children Program facilitates a PU for parents of children in the school district. PU focuses on child development, content children are learning in school, parent and child advocacy, parental leadership and effective parenting skills. The goal of the program is to provide parents with information that is beneficial for their children's academic success and their own personal and professional development.
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These classes are free to all parents with children in BPS and take place on select Saturdays throughout the year. A model such as this could be a great forum for social workers, including school social workers, to work with parents in regard to their child's academic needs.Washtenaw Interfaith Coalition for Immigrant Rights (WICIR) is an organization co-founded by University of Michigan social work professor, Laura Sanders and numerous other community volunteers.
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WICIR has been instrumental in leading the immigrant rights campaign in Washtenaw County, Michigan. This organization developed a volunteer urgent response team in response to a brutal immigration raid in 2008. It provides advocacy for families affected by increased immigration enforcement, Know Your Rights education to the immigrant community, ally education, and leads political actions toward local policy changes that affect immigrants and immigration reform.
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Recently WICIR has provided training to empower immigrant community members to speak in public and to policy makers on behalf of policy reforms, advocate for the community and help other immigrant families. Educational materials and workshops are provided in both English and Spanish. WICIR's use of creative and empowering educational sessions, provide in both English and Spanish has allowed them to be inclusive and responsive the community's needs.
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The NASW Code of Ethics places emphasis on the importance of the Social Work profession being sensitive, aware and culturally competent (1.05) while building partnership with participants. The notion of cultural competency is being discussed; a new terminology suggests using cultural humility vs. cultural competency. These authors suggest that cultural humility is more sustainable and incorporates a lifelong commitment to self-evaluation and growth. The importance of bringing this to attention right away is to highlight that language use is extremely important when interacting with participants.
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Checking one's use of language as professionals have powerful impacts on our relationships. Furthermore, one's use of language can either perpetuate hierarchy or help to minimize it. If a social worker's goal is to empower participants, minimizing hierarchy is one way to develop more meaningful and equal relationships.One way to limit hierarchy and cultural imperialism together is through community or people's education.
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This form of education differs from that of dominant education by including voices that are frequently left out. This is examined and explained in depth by the educator and philosopher Paulo Freire. In his most influential book Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Freire pioneered the critical pedagogy movement.
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Rather than using a traditional top-down approach while educating, Freire believed in a bottom-up approach. With this shift in power-dynamics, educators including social workers will be more likely to realize the strengths of the people they are working with, rather than assuming that as professionals, we hold all the answers. This is extremely important for Social Workers to be aware of, because this philosophy fosters empowerment.
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The role of Social Workers is not to simply provide services, but to help others develop positive self-esteem. Another example of this was Howard Zinn's "A People's History of America". Zinn believed that the dominant narrative being taught in schools was excluding the voice and contributions of marginalized populations.
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While looking for ways to incorporate people's education, one tool that exists is the Zinn Education Project. On this website educators can find critical resources which focus on the voices of oppressed and marginalized groups. This website contains hundreds of resources free of charge.
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Using tools such as this are beneficial for both the Social Worker and the participant. When facilitating or participating in education that challenges dominant narratives, it is important to be aware of one's own social identity. People's identities are extremely complex and intersect with various aspects of our ascribed status (one assigned to you) and our achieved status (one that is "earned").
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Reflecting and analyzing one's own identity and status can help foster a deeper understanding and respect for those around them. Being critical is an absolute necessity when engaging in alternative narratives.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_social_work
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While facilitating or educating it is important to set the mood of the group. This is usually done through having an icebreaker before beginning the educational activity. This helps individuals warm up and get to know each other before discussing difficult issues, such as ones that challenge the dominant narrative.
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Many resources exist for icebreakers, but new ones can also be developed based on an education plan and the group to work with. After the discussion it is important to have some sort of closure for the group. Discussing alternatives to a dominant narrative can be eye opening, empowering or uncomfortable for some. It is beneficial to discuss how individuals are feeling so that you can tailor future discussions to the needs of the group.
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Several organizations provide supplemental materials and guides for social work professionals that educate. Some of the most comprehensive resources are available from university social work departments and non-profit organizations. Some examples of this include the Council on Social Work Education and the State University of New York School of Social Work. The CSWE Gero-Ed Center lists a practice guide for social workers educating certain or audiences that includes class exercises, assignments, case studies and history.
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The Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) is a non-profit association partnership of educational and professional institutions that works to ensure and enhance the quality of social work education and for a practice that promotes individual, family, and community well-being, and social and economic justice. The association provides various training for community education in a social work setting. For instance, the CSWE Gero-Ed Center lists a practice guide for social workers educating certain populations or audiences that includes class exercises, assignments, case studies, and competencies history.The material provided explains the benefits of each activity style and what a group would gain from its implementation. Many of the activities resemble community education events.
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They are intended to provide insight into what educational styles may be most appropriate for the social worker's topic of interest or population. A policy analysis at a community agency meeting may call for an educational activity that divides the attendees into groups. This activity advocates for other community members or agencies. This type of activity, as described by the CSWE, allows for free discussion of intergenerational, multicultural, and political issues associated with that policy. This tool is among many others the CSWE provides for social workers that educate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_social_work
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For social workers who are newly introduced to educating, the State University of New York School of Social Work provides an invaluable resource that can help each educator find their own style of teaching. They explain that teaching is an art and that social workers, as educators, need to understand themselves and their students. Some of the identified tools provided by the School of Social Work include finding one's own learning style, how to develop effective lesson plans, reflective teaching and professional development, resources by subject, and solution-focused teaching, among others.Reflective teaching is an aspect of social work that explains the social worker's responsibility to create an environment for creative problem solving. It allows room to consider more alternatives and develop a body of knowledge based on experiences.
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In the social work setting this attempt at community education can prove to be most effective, as people's environments and populations are constantly changing. Reflecting and monitoring the educational process can help stabilize more creative and innovative ways to educate individuals, families, and communities. As social and economic justice issues become more prominent and delicate, social workers need to consider these tools for help seekers. == References ==
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Learning for a Cause is a nonprofit student press founded in 2004 by Canadian educator and photographer Michael Ernest Sweet. The initiative operated from Lester B. Pearson High School in Montreal until autumn 2010 when it merged into Youth Fusion Quebec. Sweet regained control of the imprint in 2014, effectively demerging from Youth Fusion. It continues to intermittently release titles, the most recent in 2018.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_for_a_Cause
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Learning for a Cause aimed to increase and strengthen the social and moral sensibilities in high school students by providing them with genuine opportunities to engage as citizens. The flagship project of the initiative was the Publishing Program which allowed Canadian high school students to write and publish on real-life issues in books, with the goal of inspiring change in their communities. More than 1500 high school students were published and made authors through this initiative. More noted publications include Down to Earth, a collection of more than 100 high school students writing in response to global warming and environmental destruction.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_for_a_Cause
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The volume featured guest writers Roberta Bondar and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Down to Earth was endorsed by a number of celebrities including Martin Sheen, David Suzuki, Farley Mowat and Marc Garneau. Columbia University Philosopher Maxine Greene has said that the project "is a significant opening to possibility" and legendary Canadian artist Robert Bateman added that "Learning for a Cause is what every young person should be doing."
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Down to Earth was a finalist in two categories at the 2009 World Indie Book Awards. Other publications include Raising Humanity, which features introductions by actor Martin Sheen and Canada's First Astronaut Marc Garneau. The fifth anniversary compilation edition, FIVE, featured the "best of the best" from more than 1000 student writers.
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This volume was endorsed by Hollywood socialite Candy Spelling who also wrote an introduction to the book. We Who Listened is about Survivor Alex Levin and this book was a finalist for the Governor General's Award for Excellence in Teaching Canadian History in 2011. The project and its publications have been featured in the Globe and Mail, Montreal Gazette, and Concordia University's papers The Link and The Journal.
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Features have also appeared in 34th Parallel Magazine and Canadian Teacher. Again in 2009 both Montreal Families Magazine and The Montreal Gazette profiled the project and its new publication Raising Humanity. Learning for a Cause received a 2006 and 2009 Quebec Entrepreneurial Award and was featured in a Quebec Ministry of Education documentary video.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_for_a_Cause
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In 2009, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper recognized its founder, Michael Ernest Sweet, with a Prime Minister's Award and again in 2012 with the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal for his significant contributions to public education in Canada. Youth Fusion Quebec, a non-profit, non-partisan organization that establishes partnerships between high schools and universities, in an effort to counter high school drop-out rates, will continue the publishing project with the Learning for a Cause imprint beginning in 2011–12. Michael Ernest Sweet regained control of Learning for a Cause and its imprints in 2014, effectively demerging from Youth Fusion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_for_a_Cause
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The press released a new title in 2014, Our Memories, Our History, which features a foreword by former Canadian Prime Minister, Paul Martin. Learning for a Cause ceased operations in late 2014, following ten years of publishing young writers and charting the way for classroom print-on-demand publishing in Canada. In 2017, Sweet reinstated the student publishing initiative at the Solomon Schechter School of Manhattan, where middle school students published On Democracy, an anthology about the American republic featuring a foreword by actor Martin Sheen, a long-time supporter of Learning for a Cause.
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The late Max Keeping of CTV Ottawa was the official patron of Learning for a Cause for more than a decade. Keeping was also a long-time friend and mentor to Sweet. == References ==
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_for_a_Cause
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