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After the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi by Nathuram Godse, the Sangh Parivar was plunged into distress when the RSS was accused of involvement in his murder. Along with the conspirators and the assassin, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was also arrested. The court acquitted Savarkar, and the RSS was found be to completely u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, which was started in 1925, had grown by the end of British rule in India. In January 1948, Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse, a former member of the RSS. Following the assassination, many prominent leaders of the RSS were arrested, and the RSS as an organisation was bann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The then Indian Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, Vallabhbhai Patel had remarked that the "RSS men expressed joy and distributed sweets after Gandhi's death".The charged RSS leaders were acquitted of the conspiracy charge by the Supreme Court of India. Following his release in August 1948, Golwalkar wrote to Pri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Patel then demanded an absolute pre-condition that the RSS adopt a formal written constitution and make it public, where Patel expected RSS to pledge its loyalty to the Constitution of India, accept the Tricolor as the National Flag of India, define the power of the head of the organisation, make the organisation democ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
After a failed attempt to agitate again, eventually the RSS's constitution was amended according to Patel's wishes with the exception of the procedure for selecting the head of the organisation and the enrolment of pre-adolescents. However, the organisation's internal democracy which was written into its constitution, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The 1960s saw the volunteers of the RSS join the different social and political movements. Movements that saw a large presence of volunteers included the Bhoodan, a land reform movement led by prominent Gandhian Vinoba Bhave and the Sarvodaya led by another Gandhian Jayaprakash Narayan. RSS supported trade union, the B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Another prominent development was the formation of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), an organisation of Hindu religious leaders, supported by the RSS, with the aim of uniting the various Hindu religious denominations and to usher social reform. The first VHP meeting at Mumbai was attended among others by all the Shankar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The Ayodhya dispute (Hindi: अयोध्या विवाद) is a political, historical and socio-religious debate in India, centred on a plot of land in the city of Ayodhya, located in Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh. The main issues revolve around access to a site traditionally regarded as the birthplace of the Hindu deity Rama, the h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Savarkar was one of the first in the twentieth century to attempt a definitive description of the term "Hindu" in terms of what he called Hindutva meaning Hinduness. The coinage of the term "Hindutva" was an attempt by Savarkar who was non religious and a rationalist, to de-link it from any religious connotations that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
This definition kept the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) outside its ambit and considered only native religious denominations as Hindu.This distinction was emphasised on the basis of territorial loyalty rather than on religious practices. In this book that was written in the backdrop of the Khilaf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Consequently, their names and their outlook smack of foreign origin. Their love is divided".Savarkar had made it clear that Hindutva is not the same thing as Hinduism and it does not concern religion or rituals but the basis of India’s national character.Savarkar, also defined the concept of Hindu Rashtra (transl. Hind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Mookerjee was the founder of the Nationalist Bharatiya Jana Sangh party, the precursor of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Mookerjee was firmly against Nehru's invitation to the Pakistani PM, and their joint pact to establish minority commissions and guarantee minority rights in both countries. He wanted to hold Pakistan di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The BJS was ideologically close to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and widely considered the political arm of Hindu Nationalism. It was opposed to appeasement of India's Muslims. The BJS also favored a uniform civil code governing personal law matters for both Hindus and Muslims, wanted to ban cow slaughter and end the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The BJS founded the Hindutva agenda which became the wider political expression of India's Hindu majority. Mookerjee opposed the Indian National Congress's decision to grant Kashmir a special status with its own flag and Prime Minister. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
According to Congress's decision, no one, including the President of India could enter into Kashmir without the permission of Kashmir's Prime Minister. In opposition to this decision, he entered Kashmir on 11 May 1953. Thereafter, he was arrested and jailed in a dilapidated house. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Syama Prasad had suffered from dry pleurisy and coronary troubles, and was taken to hospital one and a half months after his arrest due to complications arising from the same. He was administered penicillin despite having informed the doctor-in-charge of his allergy to penicillin, and he died on 23 June 1953. Mookherje... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
M. S. Golwalkar, the second head of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), was to further this non-religious, territorial loyalty based definition of "Hindu" in his book Bunch of Thoughts. Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra would form the basis of Golwalkar's ideology and that of the RSS. While emphasising on religious plurali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
It requires no great intelligence to see the absurdity of such a proposition." He added: "As far as the national tradition of this land is concerned, it never considers that with a change in the method of worship, an individual ceases to be the son of the soil and should be treated as an alien. Here, in this land, ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Ingrained in this soil is love and respect for all faiths and religious beliefs. He cannot be a son of this soil at all who is intolerant of other faiths." He further would echo the views of Savarkar on territorial loyalty, but with a degree of inclusiveness, when he wrote "So, all that is expected of our Muslim and Ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Deendayal Upadhyaya, another RSS ideologue, presented the Integral Humanism as the political philosophy of the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh in the form of four lectures delivered in Bombay on 22–25 April 1965 as an attempt to offer a third way, rejecting both communism and capitalism as the means for socio-economic e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Later thinkers of the RSS, like H. V. Sheshadri and K. S. Rao, were to emphasise on the non-theocratic nature of the word "Hindu Rashtra", which they believed was often inadequately translated, ill interpreted and wrongly stereotyped as a theocratic state. In a book, H. V. Sheshadri, the senior leader of the RSS writes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The state is purely a political concept. The State changes as the political authority shifts from person to person or party to party. But the people in the Nation remain the same. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
They would maintain that the concept of Hindu Rashtra is in complete agreement with the principles of secularism and democracy.The concept of "'Hindutva" is continued to be espoused by the organisations like the RSS and political parties like the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). But the definition does not have the same r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
You can go to a mosque and offer namaz, you can keep the roza. We have no problem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
But if you have to choose between Mecca or Islam and India you must choose India. All the Muslims should have this feeling: we will live and die only for this country. "In a 1995 landmark judgment, the Supreme Court of India observed that "Ordinarily, Hindutva is understood as a way of life or a state of mind and is no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
In 2008, Nepal was declared a secular state after the Maoist led 1996–2006 Nepalese Civil War and the following 2006 Nepalese revolution led to the abolition of monarchy of Nepal. Before becoming a secular republic, Kingdom of Nepal was the world's only country to have Hinduism as its state religion. Thereafter, the Ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The chairperson of CPN-Maoist Prachanda, claimed that Muslims were oppressed by the state and assured the Muslim crowd of Muslim Mukti Morcha to give special rights to Muslims in order to appease the community and garner Muslim support as his party faced losses in the Terai region during the 2008 Nepalese Constituent A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Muslim leader Babu Khan Pathan who is the chairperson of the Muslim Rashtrawadi Manch Nepalgunj supported the Hindu Rashtra campaign and claimed that 80 percent Muslim citizens of Banke district supported the restoration of Hindu state. He gave the following clarification for the support of Hindu statehood in Nepal: Tu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
We don't need a secular identity, but want to see the country called Hindu State as this ensures safety and peace for all. We are Nepali Muslims and proud of it, because we have our unique culture of being the Muslims of this land. Everything was going well until we were ambushed by political parties’ sudden decision t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
While announcing the party manifesto for the 2017 Nepalese general election, the pro Hindu Rashtriya Prajatantra Party Nepal chairperson Kamal Thapa stated that Hindu statehood is the only means of establishing national unity and stability. He stated that the secularization of the state was done without the involvement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
The Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal has stated support for a Hindu state with religious freedom and registered an amendment proposal for such on March 19, 2017.On 30 November 2020, a pro-Hindu and a pro-monarchy protest was held at Kathmandu. Similar protests were held on other major cities like Pokhara and Butwal.On ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Protestors claimed the Hindu statehood is a means of national unity and well being of the people. This protest is considered one of the biggest pro-monarchy demonstrations.On 11 January 2021, mass protests was held at Kathmandu demanding the restoration of Hindu statehood with monarchy. Police baton charged at the prot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, ISBN 978-81-8069-813-2 Skinner, Debra; Pach III, Alfred; Holland, Dorothy (1998). Selves in Time and Place: Identities, Experience, and History in Nepal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8476-8599-8. Messerschmidt, Donald Alan (1992). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Muktinath: Himalayan pilgrimage, a cultural & historical guide. Sahayogi Press. Dharam Vir (1988). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Education and Polity in Nepal: An Asian Experiment. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 978-81-85119-39-7. Borgström, Bengt-Erik (1980), The patron and the panca: village values and pancayat democracy in Nepal, Vikas House, ISBN 978-0-7069-0997-5 Stone, Linda (1988), Illness Beliefs and Feeding the Dead in Hindu Nepal: An Ethno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_nationalism |
Policy experimentation points to political-administrative procedures and initiatives that allow to discover or test novel instruments of problem-solving and thereby propel broader-based policy innovation or institutional adaptation in a given polity, economy or society.As compared to centralized legislation or national... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_experimentation |
Policy experimentation often just paraphrases the cycles of policy reversals and policy re-prioritization that are characteristic of all political systems if established policies come to be seen as failing, too costly, or politically risky. In a stricter definition policy experimentation implies a policy process in whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_experimentation |
If policy experimentation is designed and evaluated by social scientists as part of government-sponsored pilot programs, it is usually limited to narrowly defined trial measures and preselected target groups. It often is confined to the fine-tuning of implementation technicalities (such as testing the suitability of a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_experimentation |
Transformative policy experimentation is much more comprehensive and ambitious since it strives to alter economic and administrative behavior and institutions. Such experimentation also opens up entirely new market segments and establishes new types of corporate organization, thereby regularly moving beyond the origina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_experimentation |
Policy experimentation in this variant constitutes a distinct mode of governance that differs in one fundamental way from standard assumptions about policymaking. The conventional model of the policy process that is widely taken for granted by jurists, economists, and political scientists holds that policy analysis, fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_experimentation |
At first sight, policy experimentation displays commonalities with what Lindblom characterizes as the incremental method of successive limited comparisons in making public policy: the exploratory, reversible character of policymaking and the prior reduction of political antagonisms by avoiding drastic change at the out... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_experimentation |
In democratic polities, policy experimentation comes as mostly small-scale explorative pilot projects, as pioneering legislation by individual states in federal systems ("states as laboratories"), as experimental or sunset clauses incorporated into formal legislation, or, very rarely, as a special dispensation for loca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_experimentation |
A morgue or mortuary (in a hospital or elsewhere) is a place used for the storage of human corpses awaiting identification (ID), removal for autopsy, respectful burial, cremation or other methods of disposal. In modern times, corpses have customarily been refrigerated to delay decomposition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgue |
The term mortuary dates from the early 14th century, from Anglo-French mortuarie, meaning "gift to a parish priest from a deceased parishioner," from Medieval Latin mortuarium, noun use of neuter of Late Latin adjective mortuarius "pertaining to the dead," from Latin mortuus, pp. of mori "to die" (see mortal (adj.)). T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgue |
The term morgue comes from the French. First used to describe the inner wicket of a prison, where new prisoners were kept so that jailers and turnkeys could recognize them in the future, it took on its modern meaning in fifteenth-century Paris, being used to describe part of the Châtelet used for the storage and identi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgue |
The euphemisms “Rose Cottage” and “Rainbow’s End” are sometimes used in British hospitals to enable discussion in front of patients and visitors, the latter mainly for children. An auxiliary person responsible for the care of the deceased is known as a mortuary assistant or diener. A person qualified in the evisceratio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgue |
There are two types of mortuary cold chambers: Positive temperatureBodies are kept between 2 °C (36 °F) and 4 °C (39 °F). While this is usually used for keeping bodies for up to several weeks, it does not prevent decomposition, which continues at a slower rate than at room temperature. Negative temperatureBodies are ke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgue |
In some countries, the body of the deceased is embalmed before disposal, which makes refrigeration unnecessary. In many countries, the family of the deceased must make the burial within 72 hours (three days) of death, but in some other countries it is usual that burial takes place some weeks or months after the death. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgue |
In some funeral homes, the morgue is in the same room, or directly adjacent to, the specially designed ovens, known as retorts, that are used in funerary cremation. Some religions dictate that, should a body be cremated, the family must witness its incineration. To honor these religious rites, many funeral homes instal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgue |
A waiting mortuary is a mortuary building designed specifically for the purpose of confirming that deceased persons are truly deceased. Prior to the advent of modern methods of verifying death, people feared that they would be buried alive. To alleviate such fears, the recently deceased were housed for a time in waitin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgue |
Waiting mortuaries were most popular in 19th-century Germany, and were often large, ornate halls. A bell was strung to the corpses to alert attendants of any motion. Although there is no documented case of a person being saved from accidental burial in this way, it is sometimes erroneously believed that this was the or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgue |
In practice, local jurisdictions only support sufficient permanent morgue capacity to handle the usual number of fatalities from all causes expected to occur there over time. Prior to modern times and even sometimes today especially in poorer jurisdictions, in case of any incident causing many deaths in such a short pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgue |
In practice, government emergency preparedness procedures usually designate suitable public facilities such as ice rinks to act as morgues if available. Alternatively, refrigerator trucks are sometimes used as morgues, the advantage being that they are usually readily available and can easily be transported to where th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgue |
The Michael J. Hindelang Award is an award, established in 1992, that is awarded annually by the American Society of Criminology to books published in the three previous years that are deemed to make "the most outstanding contribution to research in criminology." A book is only eligible to win the award if it is nomina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Hindelang_Award |
2015 America’s Safest City: Delinquency and Modernity in Suburbia by Simon Singer 2014 Great American City by Robert J. Sampson 2013 The Black Child-Savers: Racial Democracy and Juvenile Justice by Geoff Ward 2012 Peculiar institution by David Garland 2011 American Homicide by Randolph Roth 2010 Governing Through Crime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Hindelang_Award |
The Crown of Thorns (puzzle work) is a woodworking technique of tramp art using interlocking wooden pieces that are notched to intersect at right angles forming joints and self-supporting objects, objects that have a "prickly" and transparent quality. Common examples include wreath-shaped picture frames that look simil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking) |
Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender. These attractions are generally subsumed under heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, while asexual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation as an alternative to a gender binary conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to femininity. The term sexual preference largely overlaps with sexual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
A person who identifies as bisexual, for example, may sexually prefer one sex over the other. Sexual preference may also suggest a degree of voluntary choice, whereas sexual orientation is not a choice.Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation, but they theorize that it is caused by a complex interpl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
There is considerably more evidence supporting nonsocial, biological causes of sexual orientation than social ones, especially for males. There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role with regard to sexual orientation. Across cultures, most people are heterosexual,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Sexual orientation is traditionally defined as including heterosexuality, bisexuality, and homosexuality, while asexuality is considered the fourth category of sexual orientation by some researchers and has been defined as the absence of a traditional sexual orientation. An asexual has little to no sexual attraction to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Scientific and professional understanding is that "the core attractions that form the basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence". Sexual orientation differs from sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Many cultures use identity labels to describe people who express these attractions. In the United States, the most frequent labels are lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
However, some people may use different labels or none at all". They additionally state that sexual orientation "is distinct from other components of sex and gender, including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the psychologi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
People who have a non-heterosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity are sometimes referred to as 'closeted'. The term may, however, reflect a certain cultural context and particular stage of transition in societies which are gradually dealing with integrating sexual minorities. In studi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Thus, a woman who is attracted to other women, but calls herself heterosexual and only has sexual relations with men, can be said to experience discordance between her sexual orientation (homosexual or lesbian) and her sexual identity and behaviors (heterosexual).Sexual identity may also be used to describe a person's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia) are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction, as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. They are used for identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject. Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia,is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject.Sexologist Milton Diamond writes, "The terms heterosexual, homo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones. "Some researchers advocate use of the terminology to avoid bias inherent in Western conceptualizations of human sexuality. Writing about the Samoan fa'afafine demographic, sociologist Johanna Schmidt writes that in cultures where a third gender i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around." Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.Terms have b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, altho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism. While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop pos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Often, sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished, which can impact accurately assessing sexual identity and whether or not sexual orientation is able to change; sexual orientation identity can change throughout an individual's life, and may or may not align with biological sex, sexual beh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established. To date, much research has been conducted to determine the influence of genetics, hormonal action, development dynamics, social and cultural influences—which has led many to think that biology and environment factors pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Research has identified several biological factors which may be related to the development of sexual orientation, including genes, prenatal hormones, and brain structure. No single controlling cause has been identified, and research is continuing in this area.Although researchers generally believe that sexual orientati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Scientists do not believe that sexual orientation is a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception. Current scientific investigation usually seeks to find biological explanations for the adoption of a particular sexual orientation. Scientific studies have found a number of statistical biologic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Genes may be related to the development of sexual orientation. A twin study from 2001 appears to exclude genes as a major factor, while a twin study from 2010 found that homosexuality was explained by both genes and environmental factors. However, experimental design of the available twin studies has made their interpr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
In 2012, a large, comprehensive genome-wide linkage study of male sexual orientation was conducted by several independent groups of researchers. Significant linkage to homosexuality was found with genes on chromosome Xq28 and chromosome 8 in the pericentromeric region. The authors concluded that "our findings, taken in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
The hormonal theory of sexuality holds that just as exposure to certain hormones plays a role in fetal sex differentiation, hormonal exposure also influences the sexual orientation that emerges later in the adult. Fetal hormones may be seen as either the primary influence upon adult sexual orientation or as a co-factor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
The newly formed testicles in the fetus are responsible for the secretion of androgens, which will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, including its brain. This results in sexual differences between males and females. This fact has led some scientists to test in various ways the res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
A significant volume of research has demonstrated that the probability of a male growing up to be gay increases with each older brother he has from the same mother. Known as the fraternal birth order (FBO) effect, scientists attribute this to a prenatal biological mechanism – specifically a maternal immune response to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
The mothers immune system builds antibodies to these Y-proteins. These antibodies are later released on future male fetuses and interfere with the masculinization role of Y-proteins, leaving regions of the brain responsible for sexual orientation in the 'default' female-typical arrangement, causing the exposed son to b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
This does not mean that all or most sons will be gay after several male pregnancies, but rather, the odds of having a gay son increase from approximately 2% for the first born son, to 4% for the second, 6% for the third and so on. Scientists have estimated between 15% and 29% of gay men may owe their sexual orientation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
This effect is nullified if the man is left-handed. Ray Blanchard and Anthony Bogaert are credited with discovering the effect in the 1990s. J. Michael Bailey and Jacques Balthazart say the FBO effect demonstrates that sexual orientation is heavily influenced by prenatal biological mechanisms rather than unidentified f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
In the field of genetics, any factor which is non-genetic is considered an environmental influence. However, environmental influence does not automatically imply that the social environment influences or contributes to the development of sexual orientation. There is a vast non-social environment that is non-genetic yet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
There is no substantive evidence to support the suggestion that early childhood experiences, parenting, sexual abuse, or other adverse life events influence sexual orientation. Hypotheses for the impact of the post-natal social environment on sexual orientation are weak, especially for males. Parental attitudes may aff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
The American Academy of Pediatrics in 2004 stated: The mechanisms for the development of a particular sexual orientation remain unclear, but the current literature and most scholars in the field state that one's sexual orientation is not a choice; that is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual or heterosexual. A v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Although there continues to be controversy and uncertainty as to the genesis of the variety of human sexual orientations, there is no scientific evidence that abnormal parenting, sexual abuse, or other adverse life events influence sexual orientation. Current knowledge suggests that sexual orientation is usually establ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
However, the available evidence indicates that the vast majority of lesbian and gay adults were raised by heterosexual parents and the vast majority of children raised by lesbian and gay parents eventually grow up to be heterosexual. The Royal College of Psychiatrists in 2007 stated: Despite almost a century of psychoa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Sexual orientation is therefore not a choice, though sexual behaviour clearly is. The American Psychiatric Association stated in 2011: No one knows what causes heterosexuality, homosexuality, or bisexuality. Homosexuality was once thought to be the result of troubled family dynamics or faulty psychological development. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Those assumptions are now understood to have been based on misinformation and prejudice. A legal brief dated September 26, 2007, and presented on behalf of the American Psychological Association, California Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, National Association of Social Workers, and National... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Sexual orientation change efforts are methods that aim to change a same-sex sexual orientation. They may include behavioral techniques, cognitive behavioral therapy, reparative therapy, psychoanalytic techniques, medical approaches, and religious and spiritual approaches.No major mental health professional organization... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Thus, the appropriate application of affirmative therapeutic interventions for those who seek SOCE involves therapist acceptance, support, and understanding of clients and the facilitation of clients' active coping, social support, and identity exploration and development, without imposing a specific sexual orientation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
The World Health Organization affiliate further noted that gay minors have sometimes been forced to attend these "therapies" involuntarily, being deprived of their liberty and sometimes kept in isolation for several months, and that these findings were reported by several United Nations bodies. Additionally, the Pan Am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
Varying definitions and strong social norms about sexuality can make sexual orientation difficult to quantify. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
One of the earliest sexual orientation classification schemes was proposed in the 1860s by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in a series of pamphlets he published privately. The classification scheme, which was meant only to describe males, separated them into three basic categories: dionings, urnings and uranodionings. An urning ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
In the series of pamphlets, Ulrichs outlined a set of questions to determine if a man was an urning. The definitions of each category of Ulrichs' classification scheme are as follows: Dioning – Comparable to the modern term "heterosexual"Urning – Comparable to the modern term "homosexual"Mannling – A manly urning Weibl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation |
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