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The Grass Mud Horse (Chinese: 草泥马; pinyin: cǎo ní mǎ) is a Chinese Internet meme and kuso parody based on a word play of the Mandarin profanity cào nǐ mā (肏你妈), which literally means "fuck your mother". Homophonic puns are commonly used in Chinese language as silly humor to amuse people, and have become an important co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
The Caonima, literally "Grass Mud Horse", is supposedly a species of alpaca. The name is similar to a profanity (Chinese: 肏你妈/操你媽; pinyin: cào nǐ mā), which translates as "fuck your mother". The comparison with the "animal" name is not an actual homophone: the two terms have the same consonants and vowels with differen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
or simply "Fuck!"). Other subspecies are known as "Crazy/Violent/Insane Grass Mud Horses" (狂草泥马, Kuáng Cǎonímǎ), which are considered the "kings" of the Caonima. The initial image found in the original Baidu Baike article was a zebra, but was replaced with an alpaca in subsequent revisions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
Because the Grass Mud Horse is said to be the dominant species which lives within the Mahler Gobi Desert, the region is also called the "Grass Mud Horse Gobi" (草泥马戈壁, Cǎonímǎ Gēbì, which is close in pronunciation to 肏你妈个屄, cào nǐ mā ge bī, meaning "fuck your mother's cunt"). The animal is characterised as "lively, inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
Its pronunciation resembles the word for "harmony" (和谐, héxié), in reference to the "harmonious society", to which the Chinese leadership professes to aspire, and which Chinese internet censors use to justify internet censorship. As a result, when a post on a microblog is deleted, the censorship notice says that the po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
Music videos, "documentaries", and cartoons about the Grass Mud Horse started appearing on the internet in 2009. The original Grass Mud Horse music video's musical arrangement of a children's choir has been compared to It's a Small World, and it scored 1.4 million hits in its first three months. A cartoon about the Gra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
"Yazhou Zhoukan (亞洲周刊) reported that Zhan Bin, a teacher at the Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, created a new Chinese character by fusing the three Chinese character radicals for "grass", "mud", and "horse". The word has no official pronunciation. Official "cleanup" of the internet, which threatens the Caonima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
"Gunnima" and "Gannima" are puns for "fuck off" and "fuck your mother" respectively.The "Grass Mud Horse" became widely known on the English-language web following the publication of a New York Times article on the phenomenon on 11 March 2009, which sparked widespread discussion on blogs. In March 2011, "Grass Mud Hors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
The animals come in brown and white, named "Ma Le" (马勒) and "Ge Bi" (歌碧) respectively, and sell for 40 yuan each. To accompany these, a user's and feeding manual have been created. Whereas they were called 'Caonima' before the crackdown, Internet sellers now list them using the correct Chinese term, '羊驼' (Alpaca). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
In 2009, renowned artist Ai Weiwei published an image of himself nude with only a 'Caonima' hiding his genitals, with a caption "草泥马挡中央" ("cǎonímǎ dǎng zhōngyāng", literally "a Grass Mud Horse covering the center". One interpretation of the caption is: "fuck your mother, Communist Party Central Committee". Political ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
In 2012, Chinese netizens started to designate the date 1 July as the "Grass Mud Horse Day". The date coincides with the "Party Day" in China which is to celebrate the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
The China Digital Times sees Caonima as the "de facto mascot of netizens in China fighting for free expression, inspiring poetry, photos and videos, artwork, lines of clothing, and more." It is an illustration of the "resistance discourse" of Chinese internet users with "increasingly dynamic and sometimes surprising pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
The Beijing Television Cultural Center fire led to Chinese internet users creating a number of digitally manipulated image parodies, including one with a Caonima's outline in the smoke. On 20 March 2009, the New York Times reported that a Chinese contributor to Global Voices Online posted a message from an Internet adm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
Many netizens believe the instruction follows the official embarrassment over the rise of the "Grass Mud Horse" phenomenon. Industry observers believe that the move was designed to stop the spread of parodies or other comments on politically sensitive issues in the runup to the 20th anniversary of the 4 June Tiananmen ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
The trickster figure is a character found across the study of myth, folklore religion as a type of archetypal character across cultures. The trickster figure is characterised by intelligence and a trait for playing with social norms and taboos, often enticing or deceiving others into breaking rules. Tricksters therefor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
This allows the audience to "reevaluate their own experiential understanding against that of their communities. By framing itself against and in spite of limits the trickster offers new coordinates by which one can reassess and judge one's own experiences. "In the case of China this can be the communication of the expe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Mud_Horse |
The Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers, or ALGAO, functions as a body to represent archaeologists working for local authorities and national parks in the United Kingdom. ALGAO resulted from the merger of the Association of County Archaeological Officers (ACAO) and the Council of District Archaeolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Local_Government_Archaeological_Officers |
The Four Corners is one of many co-operative teaching and learning strategies. The activity can be useful when the teacher wants to point out the fact that not everyone in the class has the same viewpoint or that there are multiple solutions to some problems. This teaching method allows students who would not normally ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_corners_(teaching_method) |
First, the four corners of the class are labeled, either with a chart or a vignette. Each corner will have an opinion, written statements, etc. Second, the teacher poses a question, or a problem to the class. The students reflect on the question without discussion. Third, the teacher invites the students to take a plac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_corners_(teaching_method) |
Four corners is a collaborative method of teaching and learning that gives the students a platform for various cognitive and affective learnings. This strategy helps the students to think at a higher level, reflect on what they have learned in class, voice opinions safely, learn to critique on various issues, evaluate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_corners_(teaching_method) |
Freshkills Park is a public park being built atop a former landfill on Staten Island. At about 2,200 acres (8.9 km2), it will be the largest park developed in New York City since the 19th century. Its construction began in October 2008 and is slated to continue in phases for approximately 30 years. When fully developed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
The park is envisioned as a regional destination that integrates open grasslands, waterways and engineered structures into a cohesive and dynamic unit for social, cultural and physical activity, learning and play. Sections of the park will be connected by a circulation system for vehicles and a network of paths for bic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
The landfill opened in 1948 in what was then a salt marsh in a rural agricultural area. The subsoil was clay, with a layer of sand and silt on top. There were tidal wetlands, forests, and freshwater wetlands. The area was considered prime for development because the value of wetlands in buffering storm surges and filte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
The initial plan was to raise the elevation of the land by filling for three years and then to redevelop it as a multi-use area with residential, recreational, and industrial components. However, three years turned into fifty years. New York City's population was growing and generating more trash and it was easy to exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
The landfill accepted garbage from 1948 through 2001. By 1955, the landfill was the largest in the world. At the peak of its operation, the contents of twenty barges – each carrying 650 tons of garbage – were added to the site every day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
By 1996, the mound had reached a height of 175 feet (53 m), taller than the Statue of Liberty in nearby New York Harbor. Although Staten Islanders had tried many times to close operations at the landfill, litigation efforts finally met with success that year, when regulations were passed to close the landfill by 2002. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
Virtually all the materials from the World Trade Center site were sent to the temporarily reopened landfill for examination. Thousands of detectives and forensic evidence specialists worked for over 1.7 million hours at Fresh Kills Landfill to try to recover the remains of people killed in the attacks. A final count of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
In 2001, the New York City Department of City Planning (NYCDCP) held an international design competition following a Request for Proposal (RFP) for a landscape architecture firm to develop a master plan for the park. The competition's first round was open to all participants, and in August 2001, six were chosen as fina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
The Draft Master Plan was prepared over the following years and released in March 2006. In 2006, NYC Parks became the lead agency overseeing the park development process. The Land Art Generator Initiative used Freshkills Park as the focus of its "LAGI 2012" competition, to design a large-scale artwork that would feed t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
The 2006 Draft Master Plan for Freshkills Park envisioned the site as five parks in one, each with a distinct character and programming approach. The Plan was developed with input gathered in meetings and workshops between the project team and Staten Islanders, nonprofit groups, and government officials. Goals emerging... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
The five areas envisioned in the draft plan are described below: North Park: The 223-acre (0.90 km2) North Park will retain much of its natural character in order to expand the neighboring habitat of the William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge. North Park will largely be devoted to wildlife and passive recreation, though trai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
East Park: At 482 acres (1.95 km2), meadows, trails, playing fields and picnic areas were proposed for East Park. A golf course was also suggested as a means to generate revenue for operations. A road system connecting Richmond Avenue and the West Shore Expressway has also been proposed for East Park. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
West Park: After the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center, about 1.2 million short tons (1.1 million long tons) of materials were brought to the West Park site where it was carefully screened and sifted. All discernible materials were removed and taken to the Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of Ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
The Confluence: Located at the meeting point of the site's two creeks is a 70-acre (280,000 m2) area planned as the center of the park. The Confluence will host visitor and information centers, restaurants, a marina, event spaces and landscapes for passive recreation. Waterborne access to the area has been proposed via... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
Capital projects entail a complex and lengthy design and permitting process, involving both City and State agencies, to ensure that all landfill infrastructure as well as the developing ecological resources are adequately protected. NYC Parks started work around the outer edges of the park, both to show the city's comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
Formerly an asphalt and chain-link fence playground, it was converted into a park with new play surfaces, basketball and handball courts, permeable substrate and concrete, and native plantings. Owl Hollow Fields: NYC Parks then undertook the construction of Owl Hollow Fields on the southeastern side of the park. This p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
The project was completed in 2013. New Springville Greenway: In 2015, NYC Parks completed construction of the New Springville Greenway, a new bike and pedestrian path that runs along the edge of Richmond Avenue. North Park Phase 1: In 2017, NYC Parks broke ground for North Park Phase 1, a 21-acre arc path that begins a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
This park also has a path connecting it to Schmul Park. The project was completed in 2023. South Park Anchor Park: In 2016, $30 million was allocated to Freshkills Park as part of the city's Anchor Parks program. The South Park Anchor Park project is in design and includes walking paths, two multi-purpose fields, a com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
In March 2012, NYC released a Request for Proposals for the construction of solar and/or wind energy facilities at Freshkills Park. A project for the construction of solar arrays was awarded to SunEdison in November 2013. NYC was in contractual negotiations with SunEdison when the company went bankrupt in 2016. No furt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
The in-construction park is home to a diverse array of wildlife; a 2015 BioBlitz recorded 320 species of plants and animals in a 24-hour period. Ongoing ecological research projects are tracking some of the changes in wildlife as the site transforms from industrial space to green space. Current projects include fish po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
Over 200 species of birds have been seen at the park either nesting, migrating, hunting, or foraging. Freshkills Park is now home to the largest nesting colony of grasshopper sparrows in New York State, a "Species of Special Concern" that began nesting on-site in 2015. Common wildlife species at Freshkills Park include... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
While Freshkills Park continues its development, NYC Parks and the Freshkills Park Alliance have hosted events and programs including active recreation on-site, in areas generally closed to the public. On bi-annual "Discovery Days" in the spring and fall, visitors have the opportunity to kayak, bike, hike, and fly kite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
The Fresh Kills Landfill actively received New York City's municipal waste from 1947 to 2001. Two of the four mounds at the site – the mounds referred to as North and South – were capped in the late 1990s with an impermeable cover separating waste from the environment. Capping of the East Mound, which will become East ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
The Department of Sanitation works with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) to meet regulations for environmentally sound landfill closure; it will also maintain operating responsibility for on-site environmental monitoring and control systems after capping. NYC Parks must also meet NYS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
In compliance with state and local law, the FGEIS is designed to identify "any adverse environmental effects of proposed actions, assess their significance, and propose measures to eliminate or mitigate significant impacts". A Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) was completed in October 2009, which speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshkills_Park |
Director's law states that the bulk of public programs are designed primarily to benefit the middle classes, but are financed by taxes paid primarily by the upper and lower classes. The empirically derived law was first proposed by economist Aaron Director. The philosophy of Director's law is that, based on the size of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director's_law |
In the context of information retrieval, a thesaurus (plural: "thesauri") is a form of controlled vocabulary that seeks to dictate semantic manifestations of metadata in the indexing of content objects. A thesaurus serves to minimise semantic ambiguity by ensuring uniformity and consistency in the storage and retrieval... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval) |
Wherever there have been large collections of information, whether on paper or in computers, scholars have faced a challenge in pinpointing the items they seek. The use of classification schemes to arrange the documents in order was only a partial solution. Another approach was to index the contents of the documents us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval) |
The first such list put seriously to use in information retrieval was the thesaurus developed in 1959 at the E I Dupont de Nemours Company.The first two of these lists to be published were the Thesaurus of ASTIA Descriptors (1960) and the Chemical Engineering Thesaurus of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval) |
Hundreds of thesauri have been produced since then, perhaps thousands. The most notable innovations since TEST have been: (a) Extension from monolingual to multilingual capability; and (b) Addition of a conceptually organized display to the basic alphabetical presentation. Here we mention only some of the national and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval) |
1970 (followed by later editions in 1971 and 1981) DIN 1463 Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesauri. 1972 (followed by later editions) ISO 2788 Guidelines for the establishment and development of monolingual thesauri. 1974 (revised 1986) ANSI American National Standard for Thesaurus Str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval) |
1974 (revised 1980 and superseded by ANSI/NISO Z39.19-1993) ISO 5964 Guidelines for the establishment and development of multilingual thesauri. 1985 ANSI/NISO Z39.19 Guidelines for the construction, format, and management of monolingual thesauri. 1993 (revised 2005 and renamed Guidelines for the construction, format, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval) |
ISO 25964 Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies. Part 1 (Thesauri for information retrieval) published 2011; Part 2 (Interoperability with other vocabularies) published 2013.The most clearly visible trend across this history of thesaurus development has been from the context of small-scale isolation to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval) |
Access to information was notably enhanced when thesauri crossed the divide between monolingual and multilingual applications. More recently, as can be seen from the titles of the latest ISO and NISO standards, there is a recognition that thesauri need to work in harness with other forms of vocabulary or knowledge orga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval) |
In information retrieval, a thesaurus can be used as a form of controlled vocabulary to aid in the indexing of appropriate metadata for information bearing entities. A thesaurus helps with expressing the manifestations of a concept in a prescribed way, to aid in improving precision and recall. This means that the seman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval) |
Additionally, a thesaurus is used for maintaining a hierarchical listing of terms, usually single words or bound phrases, that aid the indexer in narrowing the terms and limiting semantic ambiguity. The Art & Architecture Thesaurus, for example, is used by countless museums around the world, to catalogue their collecti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval) |
Information retrieval thesauri are formally organized so that existing relationships between concepts are made clear. For example, "citrus fruits" might be linked to the broader concept of "fruits" and to the narrower ones of "oranges", "lemons", etc. When the terms are displayed online, the links between them make it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval) |
If the thesaurus is multilingual, equivalent terms in other languages are shown too. Following international standards, concepts are generally arranged hierarchically within facets or grouped by themes or topics. Unlike a general thesaurus that is used for literary purposes, information retrieval thesauri typically foc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval) |
Teachers TV was a UK government–funded website and former free-to-air distance education television channel which operated from 2005–2011. The website provided video and support materials for those who work in education, including teachers, school leaders, governors, teacher trainers, student teachers and support staff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_TV |
All content was available to watch or download for free. The service was launched on 8 February 2005. During its operations, it was managed by Education Digital Management Ltd, and funded by the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF). The website was co-owned by Ten Alps (75%) and ITN (25%). In October 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_TV |
General programming included a weekly half-hour news programme, documentaries on the educational issues and controversies of the day, and guidance on topics such as behaviour management. It covered all National Curriculum subjects, as well as specialist programmes for headteachers, managers, newly qualified teachers (N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_TV |
While it was funded by the DCSF, Teachers TV was editorially independent of government. This was a requirement of the Communications Act 2003 and Ofcom, the regulator for the UK communications industries. To ensure accountability for its funding, a governance process was established, managed by the Teachers TV Board of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_TV |
Teachers TV (TTV) was a government-funded, advertisement-aided programme for teachers. It was initially an online TV channel, then just a web vehicle for specific professional training — Continuous Professional Development, or CPD, mainly via video experiences across all curricula, age groups and other school based iss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_TV |
In March 2010, Ed Balls, then Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) axed the broadcast deals in place with Freeview, Freesat, Sky and Virgin Media in a bid to save the channel around £1m in carriage costs annually. It closed on Freeview first on 21 July, and Freesat, Sky and Virgin followed on 31... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_TV |
On 15 October 2010, Ten Alps announced that the Department for Education was cancelling the £10m annual Teachers TV contract from April 2011. The contract was due to run until 2013, but the government invoked a six-month break clause. The service had 400,000 registered users. It provided 783,000 training day sessions o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_TV |
Deemed 'successful', Teachers TV gained a wide audience of teachers, heads, assistants and governors, with over 3,500 best practice videos and further raw material for up to 6,000 with investment into new content regularly. Government funding was withdrawn April 2011, and Teachers TV ceased to exist, but all the conten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers_TV |
Zabih Behrouz (Persian: ذبیح بهروز; 17 July 1890 – 12 December 1971) was an Iranian scholar, mathematician, etymologist, linguist, astronomer, and playwright. Son of the physician and calligrapher Abu’l-Fażl Sāvajī, he was born in Tehran but studied in Egypt and England. In Cambridge University he was the assistant of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabih_Behrouz |
Jijak Alishah was one of his first plays. It was about the tyrannical monarchy of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. His plays were mostly critical and in his plays, he criticized tyranny and hypocrisy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabih_Behrouz |
Behrouz usually used historical characters from the past for talking about his time. He also wrote some books about Persian language and alphabet and Iranian history.The establishment of the Persian language academy called Farhangestan, in October 1936, occurred during Ali Asghar Hekmat’s tenure as minister of culture.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabih_Behrouz |
Jijak Alishah Iranian king and Armenian lady In the way of Mehr (1933) The night of Ferdosi Medicine Man | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabih_Behrouz |
Persian and Arabic languages Grandeur religion Writing system and culture Calendar and history in Iran tall boy(ebne dilagh) == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabih_Behrouz |
The Ministry of Youth, Sport, Arts and Recreation is a cabinet ministry of the government of Zimbabwe. The position was created by President Emmerson Mnangagwa following his cabinet formation in December 2017 when he split Higher Education and Primary and Secondary Education into two separate government agencies, the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Youth,_Sport,_Arts_and_Recreation_(Zimbabwe) |
The Special Law of Curvilinear Disparity or May's Law is a theory conceived in 1973 by political scientist John D. May in his publication Opinion Structure of Political Parties. The theory posits that the rank and file members of a political party tend to be more ideologically extreme than both the leadership of that p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
The three strata are: The Party Elite, The Middle-Elite (or Sub-Leaders) and the Non-Elite. Curvilinear disparity refers to the disparity in radicalism between the middle-elite and both the party elite and the non-elite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
The party elite consists of members of parliament, members of the governing executive, party candidates, convention delegates and members of the national executive committee. This stratum usually consists of full-time professional politicians who depend on elections to safeguard or further their careers. As a consequen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
Members of the party elite are viewed as being rational actors whose primary motivation stems from their desire to be re-elected. As rationally self-interested politicians interested in vote maximisation, members of the political elite adopt moderate viewpoints in order to appeal to the median voter. These assumptions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
In these systems, the highest polling candidate is elected to represent each single-member electoral district. This system differs from proportional representation, which features more elaborate voting procedures and multi-member electoral districts. As there can be only one winning candidate in each electoral district... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
As a result, it is much harder for smaller parties to gain representation in parliament. Ultimately, there is a tendency for two-party systems to develop, as voters coalesce around potential winning candidates. This tendency is known as Duverger's law. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
In this kind of political landscape, in which there are two viable political parties, party elites tend to favour "big tent" electoral strategies that appeal to a broad range of the electorate rather than aiming for an ideological niche. While curvilinear disparity is typically associated with the Anglo-American politi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
Unlike the party elite, this stratum usually consists of volunteers and part-time members who are not as directly affected by the electoral success of the party. Since they willingly volunteer their free-time to political activism and campaigning, the middle-elite often tend to hold more deeply embedded ideological bel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
The non-elite consists of ordinary voters who occasionally give the party their support. The non-elite are not as emotionally invested in the political process as the middle-elite and are less likely to be motivated by ideological concerns. It is considered to be the least ideological of the three strata, consisting of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
Under the leadership of Tony Blair, the British Labour Party shifted towards a market-oriented approach to political campaigning. This caused an ideological fissure within the party between advocates of the New Labour approach and traditional supporters. In terms of electoral strategy, the New Labour approach involved ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
In effect, market-oriented campaigning assisted the Labour Party in making its policies consistent with the preferences of the median voter.Many traditional supporters, however, resented what they regarded as the dilution of the ideological foundation of the party. Conversely, other senior Labour politicians argued aga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
Similarly, Charles Clarke, who was a supporter of Tony Blair and served as a minister in his government, described the difficulty in appeasing disaffected members as follows: "In the old days the idea of the Labour Party was defined by a series of policy positions – unilateral disarmament, exit from the European Union,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
Some people didn’t go down that odyssey of change and they remain as a group that is of no significance at all in the political life of the country". Using May's terminology, the advocates of the New Labour approach can be regarded as the party elite, whereas the disaffected members can be viewed as the middle-elite, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
The main objective of the middle-elite, however, was to preserve the socialist ideological heritage of the party and represent its traditional core constituencies (i.e. unions and the working class), regardless of the electoral consequences. There are some inconsistencies involved, in transposing May's typology to this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
After the so-called 'blue bloc' (a coalition of conservative and economic liberal parties) had lost both the 1994 and 1998 general elections the main centre-right party, Venstre decided in 1999 under the leadership of Anders Fogh Rasmussen to fundamentally change its strategy. In essence, Venstre largely gave up convin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
Fogh for instance made a direct translation of Labour's slogan "Time For A Change" into "Tid til forandring" that replaced Venstre's former slogan "Venstre ved du, hvor du har" ("Venstre you know where you got".The County Mayor Carl Holst criticised in 2000 a lack of ideological edge stating that the party base had not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
They were afraid of what would happen with us in power if they became unemployed or sick. Therefore, we decided to alter our policies so that we from 2001 did not run on major tax cuts, but instead presented the tax stop. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
That way, there were no drastic consequences for voting for us. That policy proved to be very, very durable". Following the next election in 2001 incumbent prime minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen from the Social Democrats lost his majority and Fogh became new prime minister in which office he continued until april 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
There is a lack of consensus among political scientists over the frequency and extent to which Curvilinear Disparity takes place. In a study by Kitschelt and Hellemans (1990), it is posited that whether Curvilinear Disparity occurs (and, if so, to what extent) depends on the degree to which "ideologues... capture less ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvilinear_disparity |
The Pierre Fauchard Academy is a volunteer-run, non-profit dental organization that was founded by Dr. Elmer S. Best, a dentist from Minnesota in 1936. The objective is the independence from commercial interests in dental research and its publications. Dr. Best endeavored to raise the professional standards. The academ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fauchard_Academy |
The statutes of the Pierre Fauchard Academy are based on the objectives of Elmer Best and its focus is on integrity and leadership of dentists. A primary objective at the time of its foundation is to preserve the independence of scientific publications. Goals are to have as Fellows the most outstanding dentists in ever... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fauchard_Academy |
The Pierre Fauchard Academy currently consists of more than 5,000 Fellows, who are organized in 120 sections. 55 are located in the United States and 65 in countries of South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. Members are dentists who are among the most outstanding leaders in the various fields of dentistry. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fauchard_Academy |
Membership must be supported by the section in which the dentist resides. The academy is administered by a board of trustees consisting of five officers and eleven trustees from around the world. Section organization includes a Chairperson and such other officers or committee members as the Section may elect. The offic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fauchard_Academy |
Part of the work of the academy is the historical workup of dentistry. For this purpose, the CVs of the main leaders and researchers of dentistry are presented. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fauchard_Academy |
The Pierre Fauchard Academy maintains a "Hall of Fame of Dentistry", in which the principal researcher in the field of dentistry are included. In addition, it gives annual awards, including the Fauchard Gold Medal Award, the Elmer S. Best Memorial Award, the Presidential Award of Excellence, Awards of merit and honorar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fauchard_Academy |
The Academy maintains the PFA Leadership Foundation, which provides leadership training programs for PFA Fellows. The Oral Health Foundation, which supports projects that are dedicated to the dental research is also associated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fauchard_Academy |
The Rockefeller Archeological Museum, formerly the Palestine Archaeological Museum ("PAM"; 1938–1967), is an archaeology museum located in East Jerusalem, next to Herod's Gate, that houses a large collection of artifacts unearthed in the excavations conducted in the region of Palestine, mainly in the 1920s and 1930s, u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum |
Prior to the establishment of the Museum, the British Mandate's Department of Antiquities and British School of Archaeology were housed in an old building in Jerusalem with a small exhibition hall. The only other archaeological museum in Jerusalem at the time was the Franciscan Biblical Museum, built in 1902. Before th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum |
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