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The museum was designed by Austen Harrison, chief architect of the Mandatory Department of Public Works, who drew up blueprints for a white limestone building integrating eastern and western architectural elements. The cornerstone of the new museum was laid on June 19, 1930, but construction was delayed due to the disc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum |
The museum features a stone bas-relief of the meeting of Asia and Africa above the main entrance together with ten stone reliefs illustrating different cultures and a gargoyle fountain in the inner courtyard carved in 1934 by the British sculptor Eric Gill (1882–1940). Gill also produced stone carved signage throughout... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum |
On 20 April 1948, the High Commissioner appointed a council of international trustees to administer the museum. The council consisted of twelve members: two representing the High Commissioner, one from the British Academy, one from the British Museum, one from the French National Academy, one from the French Ministry o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum |
Seven months later, when the 1967 Six-Day War broke out, the museum was captured by an Israeli paratroop brigade. Its hexagonal tower was used as a lookout. Fierce fighting took place here between Israeli and Jordanian forces, culminating in an Israeli victory. The Museum was then officially renamed as the Rockefeller ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum |
The museum's first curator was John H. Iliffe, who arranged the artifacts in chronological order, from two million years ago to 1700 AD. Among the museum's prized possessions are 8th-century wooden panels from the Jami Al-Aqsa and 12th-century (Crusader-period) marble lintels from the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Most... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum |
One of the Lachish letters is on permanent display at the museum, as are the statuary and stucco decorations from the Umayyad Hisham's Palace. Upon their discovery at Qumran between 1947 and 1956, the ancient Dead Sea Scrolls were housed in the Rockefeller Museum. In 1967, following the Israeli capture of East Jerusale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum |
Part of the scrolls, including the Copper Scroll, had been taken to the Jordan Museum in Amman. Currently, the Rockefeller Museum holds thousands of artifacts ranging from prehistoric times to the Ottoman period. It includes the largest of the Beisan steles (considered "the most impressive find from Egypt's rule over C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum |
The museum regularly hosts special exhibitions, such as the 2019/2021 exhibition of Armenian ceramics in Jerusalem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum |
Inside what was to have been the rear courtyard of the museum stood (until it died after nearly 300 years in 1998) one of the oldest pine trees in the country. According to Arab legend, on the site of this pine tree, Ezra the Scribe sat and wrote the Torah for Israel. The stump may still be seen behind the museum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum |
The Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) is the government regulatory body of the communications sector in Uganda. Although owned by the Ugandan government, it acts independently. Its mandated responsibilities include licensing, regulation, communications infrastructure development and the expansion of rural communic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Communications_Commission |
The headquarters of the UCC are located at 42-44 Spring Road, in Bugoloobi, a neighborhood in Nakawa Division, in Kampala, the capital of Uganda and the largest city in that country. Other regional offices are located in Gulu, Mbale, Masindi and Mbarara. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Communications_Commission |
UCC was created by the Communications Act enacted in 1997, by the Ugandan Parliament. That instrument, split the then Ugandan parastatal, Uganda Posts and Telecommunications Company Limited (UPTCL), into four entities: Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) – The communications industry regulator Uganda Post Limited – ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Communications_Commission |
The organizational structure of the commission, is laid out in detail at the Communications Commission's web site.The Communications Commission runs a film festival to promote the country's film industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Communications_Commission |
The Rural Communications Development Fund (RCDF), was founded in 2003 and is responsible for the development of communications infrastructure outside of Uganda's urban centers. The RCDF has set standards for its work in the 112 districts of the country. RCDF's scope of work includes: (a) creation of internet points of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Communications_Commission |
The chairman of the seven-member communications board is Eng Dr Dorothy Okello. Other board members include; Evelyn Piloya, Jane Kabbale, Rajab Wardah Gyagenda, William Byaruhanga, Norah Muliira and Charles Lwanga Auk. The executive director is Irene Sewankambo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Communications_Commission |
Uganda Film Festival - A five-day annual event aimed at promoting and developing the Ugandan film industry. The festival started in 2013. Workshops, trainings, screenings and outreach projects and the Uganda Film Festival Awards are part of the festival. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Communications_Commission |
Subject librarians, also known as specialist librarians or academic liaison librarians and sometimes bibliographers in US-English are librarians responsible for a section of a library in regards to a particular academic subject. They are mainly in acadamic libraries and specialist libraries (such as legal libraries or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_librarian |
Subject librarians need both academic knowledge of their subject as well as skills in library science. While some argue about whether formal education in the specialist subject is necessary, while others believe it is a vital component of a subject librarian's education.In Australia, most subject librarians have an und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_librarian |
While subject librarians would generally not work at the enquiry desk, they may answer online queries related to their specialist topic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_librarian |
Having knowledge in a subject gives a subject librarian a strong advantage over a general librarian in knowing what resources are advantageous to have for students and researchers. Their responsibilities for sections of the library collection that fall within their topic may include acquiring relevant materials, based ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_librarian |
As suggested in the name "academic liaison librarian", subject librarians play an important role in ensuring good communication between the library and the professors in a university. This can include: Choosing required/recommended course readings based on what resources the library already has available Analysing cost... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_librarian |
Having knowledge of a subject, the existing classes relating to it, and what information is available through the library allows subject librarians in universities to assist in creating course plans based on what information is available to students. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_librarian |
Proprioception ( PROH-pree-oh-SEP-shən, -ə-), also called kinaesthesia (or kinesthesia), is the sense of self-movement, force, and body position.Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, mechanosensory neurons located within muscles, tendons, and joints. Most animals possess multiple subtypes of proprioceptors, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
In vertebrates, limb movement and velocity (muscle length and the rate of change) are encoded by one group of sensory neurons (type Ia sensory fiber) and another type encode static muscle length (group II neurons). These two types of sensory neurons compose muscle spindles. There is a similar division of encoding in in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
These proprioceptors are activated at given muscle forces, which indicate the resistance that muscle is experiencing. Similarly, invertebrates have a mechanism to determine limb load: the Campaniform sensilla. These proprioceptors are active when a limb experiences resistance.A third role for proprioceptors is to deter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
In vertebrates, this is accomplished by Ruffini endings and Pacinian corpuscles. These proprioceptors are activated when the joint is at a threshold position, usually at the extremes of joint position. Invertebrates use hair plates to accomplish this; a field of bristles located within joints that detects the relative ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
The sense of proprioception is ubiquitous across mobile animals and is essential for the motor coordination of the body. Proprioceptors can form reflex circuits with motor neurons to provide rapid feedback about body and limb position. These mechanosensory circuits are important for flexibly maintaining posture and bal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
In humans, a distinction is made between conscious proprioception and nonconscious proprioception: Conscious proprioception is communicated by the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway to the cerebrum. Nonconscious proprioception is communicated primarily via the dorsal spinocerebellar tract and ventral spinocerebella... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Proprioception is mediated by mechanically sensitive proprioceptor neurons distributed throughout an animal's body. Most vertebrates possess three basic types of proprioceptors: muscle spindles, which are embedded in skeletal muscles, Golgi tendon organs, which lie at the interface of muscles and tendons, and joint rec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
There are specific nerve receptors for this form of perception termed "proprioceptors", just as there are specific receptors for pressure, light, temperature, sound, and other sensory experiences. Proprioceptors are sometimes known as adequate stimuli receptors.Members of the transient receptor potential family of ion ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
PIEZO2, a nonselective cation channel, has been shown to underlie the mechanosensitivity of proprioceptors in mice. Humans with loss-of-function mutations in the PIEZO2 gene exhibit specific deficits in joint proprioception, as well as vibration and touch discrimination, suggesting that the PIEZO2 channel is essential ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Proprioception of the head stems from the muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve, where the general somatic afferent fibers pass without synapsing in the trigeminal ganglion (first-order sensory neuron), reaching the mesencephalic tract and the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve. Proprioception of limbs ofte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
An important role for proprioception is to allow an animal to stabilize itself against perturbations. For instance, for a person to walk or stand upright, they must continuously monitor their posture and adjust muscle activity as needed to provide balance. Similarly, when walking on unfamiliar terrain or even tripping,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
When planning complex movements such as reaching or grooming, an animal must consider the current position and velocity of its limb and use that information to adjust dynamics to target a final position. If the animal's estimate of its limb's initial position is wrong, then a deficiency in the movement can result. Furt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
In adult fruit flies, each proprioceptor class arises from a specific cell lineage (i.e. each chordotonal neuron is from the chordotonal neuron lineage, although multiple lineages give rise to sensory bristles). After the last cell division, proprioceptors send out axons toward the central nervous system and are guided... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Proprioceptors transfer the mechanical state of the body into patterns of neural activity. This transfer can be modeled mathematically, for example to better understand the internal workings of a proprioceptor or to provide more realistic feedback in neuromechanical simulations.Various proprioceptor models of complexit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Poppelle and Bowman used linear system theory to model mammalian muscle spindles Ia and II afferents. They obtained a set of de-afferented muscle spindles, measured their response to a series of sinusoidal and step function stretches, and fit a transfer function to the spike rate. They found that the following Laplace ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Houk and Simon provided one of the first mathematical models of a Golgi tendon organ receptor, modeling the firing rate of the receptor as a function of the muscle tension force. Just as for muscle spindles, they find that, as the receptors respond linearly to sine waves of different frequencies and has little variance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Proprioception, a sense vital for rapid and proper body coordination, can be permanently lost or impaired as a result of genetic conditions, disease, viral infections, and injuries. For instance, patients with joint hypermobility or Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, genetic conditions that result in weak connective tissue throu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
In rare cases, viral infections result in a loss of proprioception. Ian Waterman and Charles Freed are two such people that lost their sense of proprioception from the neck down from supposed viral infections (i.e. gastric flu and a rare viral infection). After losing their sense of proprioception, Ian and Charles coul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
However, both individuals regained some control of their limbs and body by consciously planning their movements and relying solely on visual feedback. Interestingly, both individuals can still sense pain and temperature, indicating that they specifically lost proprioceptive feedback, but not tactile and nociceptive fee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
After the removal of a limb, people may have a confused sense of that limb's existence on their body, known as phantom limb syndrome. Phantom sensations can occur as passive proprioceptive sensations of the limb's presence, or more active sensations such as perceived movement, pressure, pain, itching, or temperature. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Proprioception is occasionally impaired spontaneously, especially when one is tired. Similar effects can be felt during the hypnagogic state of consciousness, during the onset of sleep. One's body may feel too large or too small, or parts of the body may feel distorted in size. Similar effects can sometimes occur durin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
These effects are presumed to arise from abnormal stimulation of the part of the parietal cortex of the brain involved with integrating information from different parts of the body. Proprioceptive illusions can also be induced, such as the Pinocchio illusion. Temporary impairment of proprioception has also been known t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Most of the impaired function returns to normal shortly after the amount of the vitamin in the body returns to a level that is closer to that of the physiological norm. Impairment can also be caused by cytotoxic factors such as chemotherapy. It has been proposed that even common tinnitus and the attendant hearing frequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Temporary loss or impairment of proprioception may happen periodically during growth, mostly during adolescence. Growth that might also influence this would be large increases or drops in bodyweight/size due to fluctuations of fat (liposuction, rapid fat loss or gain) and/or muscle content (bodybuilding, anabolic stero... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Impaired proprioception may be diagnosed through a series of tests, each focusing on a different functional aspect of proprioception. The Romberg's test is often used to assess balance. The subject must stand with feet together and eyes closed without support for 30 seconds. If the subject loses balance and falls, it i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
For evaluating proprioception's contribution to motor control, a common protocol is joint position matching. The patient is blindfolded while a joint is moved to a specific angle for a given period of time and then returned to neutral. The subject is then asked to move the joint back to the specified angle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Recent investigations have shown that hand dominance, participant age, active versus passive matching, and presentation time of the angle can all affect performance on joint position matching tasks.For passive sensing of joint angles, recent studies have found that experiments to probe psychophysical thresholds produce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
From the subject's choices, the tester may determine the subject's discrimination thresholds. Proprioception is tested by American police officers using the field sobriety testing to check for alcohol intoxication. The subject is required to touch his or her nose with eyes closed; people with normal proprioception may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Proprioception is what allows someone to learn to walk in complete darkness without losing balance. During the learning of any new skill, sport, or art, it is usually necessary to become familiar with some proprioceptive tasks specific to that activity. Without the appropriate integration of proprioceptive input, an ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Later she relearned by using her sight (watching her feet) and inner ear only for movement while using hearing to judge voice modulation. She eventually acquired a stiff and slow movement and nearly normal speech, which is believed to be the best possible in the absence of this sense. She could not judge effort involve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
The proprioceptive sense can be sharpened through study of many disciplines. Juggling trains reaction time, spatial location, and efficient movement. Standing on a wobble board or balance board is often used to retrain or increase proprioceptive abilities, particularly as physical therapy for ankle or knee injuries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Slacklining is another method to increase proprioception. Standing on one leg (stork standing) and various other body-position challenges are also used in such disciplines as yoga, Wing Chun and tai chi. The vestibular system of the inner ear, vision and proprioception are the main three requirements for balance. Moreo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
In 1557, the position-movement sensation was described by Julius Caesar Scaliger as a "sense of locomotion".In 1826, Charles Bell expounded the idea of a "muscle sense", which is credited as one of the first descriptions of physiologic feedback mechanisms. Bell's idea was that commands are carried from the brain to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
The interoceptors provide information about the internal organs, and the "proprioceptors" provide information about movement derived from muscular, tendon, and articular sources. Using Sherrington's system, physiologists and anatomists search for specialised nerve endings that transmit mechanical data on joint capsule,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Proprioception is from Latin proprius, meaning "one's own", "individual", and capio, capere, to take or grasp. Thus to grasp one's own position in space, including the position of the limbs in relation to each other and the body as a whole.The word kinesthesia or kinæsthesia (kinesthetic sense) refers to movement sense... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
Although they lack neurons, systems responding to stimuli (analogous to the sensory system in animals with a nervous system, which includes the proprioception) have also been described in some plants (angiosperms). Terrestrial plants control the orientation of their primary growth through the sensing of several vectori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
An additional control through the continuous sensing of its curvature by the organ and the subsequent driving an active straightening process are required. Being a sensing by the plant of the relative configuration of its parts, it has been called proprioception. This dual sensing and control by gravisensing and propri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
This model has been validated on 11 species sampling the phylogeny of land angiosperms, and on organs of very contrasted sizes, ranging from the small germination of wheat (coleoptile) to the trunk of poplar trees.Further studies have shown that the cellular mechanism of proprioception in plants involves myosin and act... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
In some cases this has led to a shift between proprioception and self-awareness or self-consciousness. There is no scientific ground for such a semantic shift. Indeed, even in animals, proprioception can be unconscious; so it is thought to be in plants.Recent studies suggest that bacteria have control systems that may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception |
The Parque de La Granja is a park in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. It was built between 1969 and 1976. It is a wide area designated for sports, games, rides to admire the flora and more. It is one of the largest urban parks in the Canary Islands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_de_La_Granja |
The Parque de La Granja has a very broad extension of facilities for outdoor sports. It has wide roads of asphalt and gravel, surrounded by garden plots. Many Santa Cruz residents associate sports with this park, which can be accessed from Avenida de Madrid or Avenida Benito Pérez Armas. The Parque de la Granja, built ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_de_La_Granja |
Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is the presence of Müllerian duct derivatives (fallopian tubes, uterus, and/or the upper part of the vagina) in what would be considered a genetically and otherwise physically normal male animal by typical human based standards. In humans, PMDS typically is due to an autosomal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
The first visible signs of PMDS after birth is cryptorchidism (undescended testes) either unilaterally or bilaterally. Along with cryptorchidism, is also inguinal hernias which may be presented unilaterally (affects one testicle) or bilaterally (affects both testicles). Adults who have been oblivious to this condition ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
PMDS Type I, is also referred to as hernia uteri inguinalis, which exhibits one descended testis that has also pulled the fallopian tube and sometimes uterus, through the inguinal canal. The descended testes, fallopian tube and uterus all fall in the same inguinal canal, causing an inguinal hernia. Altogether when the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
Mutation in AMH gene (PMDS Type 1) or AMHR2 gene (PMDS Type 2) are the primary causes of PMDS. AMH, or sometimes referred to as Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS), is secreted by Sertoli cells during an individual's whole life. It is essential during the foetal period as it functions to regress the Müllerian ducts. H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
The Sertoli cells in males secrete AMH, through the presence of a Y chromosome.The role of the AMH gene in reproductive development, is the production of a protein that contributes to male sex differentiation. During development of male foetuses, the AMH protein is secreted by cells within the testes. AMHs bind to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
The binding of AMH to its receptors on the Müllerian duct induces the apoptosis of the Müllerian duct cells, thus the regression of the Müllerian duct within males. However, for females who originally do not produce AMH proteins during foetal development, the Müllerian duct eventually becomes the uterus and fallopian t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
If there is a mutation in the AMHR2 gene, the response to AMH molecules binding to the receptor cannot be properly reciprocated. Other possibilities include an absence of the receptors, such that the AMH molecules cannot induce differentiation. Mutation in the AMHR2 is critical to proper male sex differentiation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
The genetic mutational cause of PMDS, is a 27 base-pair deletion of the Anti-Müllerian Type 2 Receptor gene. The 27-base-pair deletion that occurs PMDS is in exon 10 on one allele.PMDS is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
The male individuals inherit mutated copies of the X chromosomes from the maternal and paternal genes, implying the parents are carriers and do not show symptoms. Females inheriting two mutated genes do not display symptoms of PMDS, though remain as carriers. Males are affected genotypically with the karyotype (46, XY)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS), also known as persistent oviduct syndrome, is a congenital disorder related to male sexual development. PMDS usually affects phenotypically normal male individuals with the karyotype (46, XY) and is a form of pseudohermaphroditism.The condition occurs in males and consists of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
In PMDS, an abnormality in the anti-Müllerian hormone signaling pathway causes the in-males-redundant Müllerian duct to persist and give rise to variously developed female reproductive organs.PMDS has various causes related to AMH or receptor abnormalities. For example, AMH has failed to synthesize, failed to release o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
At approximately the end of the 7th and the beginning of the 8th week of gestation, the Sertoli cell's secretion of AMH occurs, causing male sex differentiation during fetal development. The AMH molecules bind to AMHRII (anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type II) regressing the Müllerian duct. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
The Leydig cells secrete testosterone to aid the male differentiation process by inducing structures such as the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles. However, with PMDS individuals, the Müllerian duct persists instead of regressing, either due to AMH secretion (PMDS Type I) or AMH receptors (PMDS Type II). PM... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
Another method for the confirmation of PMDS is genetic testing. It is not usually preferred because of its processing period and cost. With image screenings such as ultrasound and MRI, the condition can be efficiently confirmed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
Genetic tests can identify those who hold the mutated gene, identify the family member's chances and risks, and advise those who are trying to get pregnant. Genetic counseling and further genetic testing is offered to confirm the chances and risks of an individual's offspring obtaining the pair of mutated genes. Furthe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
An ELISA test is a form of immunoassay, a technique which uses an antibody or antigen to identify the presence of particular substances. For PMDS, ELISA tests can be used to determine the levels of AMH within the male individual's serum, but this is only effective before the individual reaches puberty as it normally in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome does not cause any physical complications, and does not pose any danger to a newborn child. Surgeries on newborn infants have a high rate of failure, and uterine tissue tends to be healthy. The World Health Organization (WHO) standard of care is to delay surgery until the child is old... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
Occasionally they are unsalvageable if located high in the retroperitoneum. During this surgery, the uterus is usually removed and attempts made to dissect away Müllerian tissue from the vas deferens and epididymis to improve the chance of fertility. If the person has male gender identity and the testes cannot be retri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
Recently, laparoscopic hysterectomy is offered to patients as a solution to both improve the chances of fertility and to prevent the occurrence of neoplastic tissue formation. Having a target age for surgery reduces the risks of damaging the vas deferens. The vas deferens is in close proximity to the Müllerian structur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
When the affected males are adults, those who are not aware of the condition may find the presence of blood in their semen (hematospermia). The Müllerian structures and cryptorchidism can also develop into cancer, although this is incredibly rare. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
If PMDS is found during adulthood, or if Müllerian structures had to be left behind due to risks in surgery, biopsies of the remaining Müllerian structures can be performed. Upon pathohistological observation, the endometrial tissues appear atrophied, and the fallopian tubes have begun to congest showing signs of fibro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
PMDS is a relatively rare congenital disease. From current data, approximately 45% of the known cases are caused by mutations in the AMH gene, being a mutation on chromosome 19 (Type I PMDS). Approximately, 40% are AMHR2 mutations, on the AMH receptor type 2 gene, which is on chromosome 12 (Type 2 PMDS). The remaining ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
Especially before the 21st century, these conditions were hard to diagnose due to the lack of modern imaging capabilities. For this reason, the older population, or those in poorer countries found out later. PMDS was usually overlooked because the external symptoms, such as the cryptorchidism and inguinal hernias, were... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
Imaging revealed that the patient had three cystic masses, with structures similar to the uterus and ovaries, thus PMDS. During the operation, the surgeons found malignant degeneration of the Müllerian remnants which occurs if PMDS is unnoticed for a long period of time. The cause of the complications presented in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome |
Electrolyte imbalance, or water-electrolyte imbalance, is an abnormality in the concentration of electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the body. They help to regulate heart and neurological function, fluid balance, oxygen delivery, acid–base balance and much more. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance |
Electrolyte imbalances can develop by consuming too little or too much electrolyte as well as excreting too little or too much electrolyte. Examples of electrolytes include calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, and sodium. Electrolyte disturbances are involved in many disease processes and are an importan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance |
The causes, severity, treatment, and outcomes of these disturbances can differ greatly depending on the implicated electrolyte. The most serious electrolyte disturbances involve abnormalities in the levels of sodium, potassium or calcium. Other electrolyte imbalances are less common and often occur in conjunction with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance |
Calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium ions are cations (+), while chloride, and phosphate ions are anions (−). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance |
Chronic laxative abuse or severe diarrhea or vomiting can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance |
People with malnutrition are at especially high risk for an electrolyte imbalance. Severe electrolyte imbalances must be treated carefully as there are risks with overcorrecting too quickly, which can result in arrhythmias, brain herniation, or refeeding syndrome depending on the cause of imbalance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance |
Electrolytes are important because they are what cells (especially nerve, heart and muscle cells) use to maintain voltages across their cell membranes. Electrolytes have different functions, and an important one is to carry electrical impulses between cells. Kidneys work to keep the electrolyte concentrations in blood ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance |
The kidneys can also generate dilute urine to balance sodium levels. These electrolytes must be replaced to keep the electrolyte concentrations of the body fluids constant. Hyponatremia, or low sodium, is the most commonly seen type of electrolyte imbalance.Treatment of electrolyte imbalance depends on the specific ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance |
The level of aggressiveness of treatment and choice of treatment may change depending on the severity of the disturbance. If the levels of an electrolyte are too low, a common response to electrolyte imbalance may be to prescribe supplementation. However, if the electrolyte involved is sodium, the issue is often water ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance |
Supplementation for these people may correct the electrolyte imbalance but at the expense of volume overload. For newborn children, this has serious risks. Because each individual electrolyte affects physiological function differently, they must be considered separately when discussing causes, treatment, and complicati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance |
Though calcium is the most plentiful electrolyte in the body, a large percentage of it is used to form the bones. It is mainly absorbed and excreted through the GI system. The majority of calcium resides extracellularly, and it is crucial for the function of neurons, muscle cells, function of enzymes, and coagulation. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance |
Hypercalcemia describes when the concentration of calcium in the blood is too high. This occurs above 10.5 mg/dL. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance |
The most common causes of hypercalcemia are certain types of cancer, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, excessive ingestion of vitamin D, sarcoidosis, and tuberculosis. Hyperparathyroidism and malignancy are the predominant causes. It can also be caused by muscle cell breakdown, prolonged immobiliz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance |
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