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A classic question in philosophy asks whether mathematical proofs are analytic or synthetic. Kant, who introduced the analytic–synthetic distinction, believed mathematical proofs are synthetic, whereas Quine argued in his 1951 "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" that such a distinction is untenable.Proofs may be admired for their mathematical beauty. The mathematician Paul Erdős was known for describing proofs which he found to be particularly elegant as coming from "The Book", a hypothetical tome containing the most beautiful method(s) of proving each theorem. The book Proofs from THE BOOK, published in 2003, is devoted to presenting 32 proofs its editors find particularly pleasing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_proof |
In 1896 Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, published "The Aetiology of Hysteria". The paper explains how Freud believes his female patients' neurosis, which he labels hysteria, resulted from sexual abuse as children. Freud named the concept of physical symptoms resulting from childhood trauma: hysterical conversion. Freud hypothesized that in order to cure hysteria the patient must relive the experiences through imagination in the most vivid form while under light hypnosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteria |
Although rating the audio-visual components of the Amiga version on par with that for the Atari ST, Pattenden and reviewers from The Game Machine felt the flashy introductory sequence on the Amiga made it stand out; Tony Horgan of Amiga User International called it the best introduction he has seen in Amiga games.Although some reviewers were less than impressed with the colour-scheme on systems such as the ZX Spectrum the colours and large detailed sprites on the higher-end platforms won their acclaim. The animation of the characters also captured their attention. Tommy Nash of Your Sinclair hailed it as "first class", while Paul Glancey of Zzap!64 called the sprites "beautifully defined" and "realistically animated". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian_II:_The_Dungeon_of_Drax |
The sterile fungi, or mycelia sterilia, are a group of fungi that do not produce any known spores, either sexual or asexual. This is considered a form group, not a taxonomic division, and is used as a matter of convenience only, as various isolates within such morphotypes could include distantly related taxa or different morphotypes of the same species, leading to incorrect identifications. Because these fungi do not produce spores, it is impossible to use traditional methods of morphological comparison to classify them. However, molecular techniques can be applied to determine their evolutionary history, with ITS testing being the preferred method. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterile_fungi |
Writing for Crawdaddy! in December 1966, Sandy Pearlman traced the origins of raga rock to folk music, specifically the drone-producing guitar tunings which American folk musician Sandy Bull had been incorporating into his music since 1963. More recently, Chapman and author John Schaefer have both noted that English folk guitarist Davey Graham's raga-tinged arrangement of the Irish ballad "She Moved Through the Fair", from 1963's From a London Hootenanny EP, predated the raga rock experimentation of 1960s rock groups by two years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga_rock |
Then a binary search is performed on a list of size at most 2 η {\displaystyle 2\eta } , which takes log 2 ( η ) {\displaystyle \log _{2}(\eta )} steps. This makes the total running time of the algorithm 2 log 2 ( η ) {\displaystyle 2\log _{2}(\eta )} . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_augmented_algorithm |
In abiotic reactions, humic substances act as methylating agents and therefore this process occurs at shallow sea levels where decomposing organic matter is available to combine with inorganic mercury Hg2+.9 Mercury methylation studies in Polar Regions have also shown a positive correlation between methylation and chlorophyll content in water showing there could also be biogenic pathways for methyl mercury production. Produced methyl mercury gets accumulated in microbes. Due to the high permeability and absence of degradation for methyl mercury in other species that depend on those microbes, this very toxic compound gets biomagnified through marine food chains to the top predators. The human population consumes many types of marine fish that are top predators in the food chains which puts their health in great danger. Therefore, finding possible solutions to minimize further mercury emissions and clean up the already existing mercury pollution is extremely important. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_pollution_in_the_ocean |
Neither argument recognizes the fact that in most countries with socialized medicine, a parallel system of private health care allows people to pay extra to reduce their waiting time. The exception is that some provinces in Canada disallow the right to bypass queuing unless the matter is one in which the rights of the person under the constitution. A 1999 article in the British Medical Journal, stated "there is much merit in using waiting lists as a rationing mechanism for elective health care if the waiting lists are managed efficiently and fairly". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialized_medicine |
Recall that the modulus of continuity for a function f: → Rn is defined by ω f ( δ ) := sup { | f ( s ) − f ( t ) |: s , t ∈ , | s − t | ≤ δ } . {\displaystyle \omega _{f}(\delta ):=\sup \left\{|f(s)-f(t)|:s,t\in ,\,|s-t|\leq \delta \right\}.} This definition makes sense even if f is not continuous, and it can be shown that f is continuous if and only if its modulus of continuity tends to zero as δ → 0: f ∈ C ⟺ ω f ( δ ) → 0 as δ → 0 {\displaystyle f\in C\iff \omega _{f}(\delta )\to 0{\text{ as }}\delta \to 0} .By an application of the Arzelà-Ascoli theorem, one can show that a sequence ( μ n ) n = 1 ∞ {\displaystyle (\mu _{n})_{n=1}^{\infty }} of probability measures on classical Wiener space C is tight if and only if both the following conditions are met: lim a → ∞ lim sup n → ∞ μ n { f ∈ C ∣ | f ( 0 ) | ≥ a } = 0 , {\displaystyle \lim _{a\to \infty }\limsup _{n\to \infty }\mu _{n}\{f\in C\mid |f(0)|\geq a\}=0,} and lim δ → 0 lim sup n → ∞ μ n { f ∈ C ∣ ω f ( δ ) ≥ ε } = 0 {\displaystyle \lim _{\delta \to 0}\limsup _{n\to \infty }\mu _{n}\{f\in C\mid \omega _{f}(\delta )\geq \varepsilon \}=0} for all ε > 0. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_space |
After the fall of communism in Hungary in 1989, Jankovics could no longer rely on the state-funded system he had produced his previous films within and had to seek alternative ways to finance the project. The film was produced one segment at a time, after which production ceased until funding had been secured for the next segment. Just like in the original play, there is a total of 15 segments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Man_(film) |
Mitchell has a degree in economics from Harding University. Outside of his mixed martial arts career, he is a cattle farmer.Mitchell is politically outspoken, voicing his belief that SARS-CoV-2 was created in a lab by the U.S. government and deliberately released, and that the U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_Mitchell |
The bark would be chewed or steeped in water for its pain relieving and antipyretic effects. The effects are a result of the bark's salicin content. Meadowsweet, another plant to contain salicin, has strong roots in British folk medicine for the same maladies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclooxygenase_inhibitors |
The α {\displaystyle \alpha } th admissible ordinal is sometimes denoted by τ α {\displaystyle \tau _{\alpha }} .Recursively "x" ordinals, where "x" typically represents a large cardinal property, are kinds of nonrecursive ordinals.An ordinal α {\displaystyle \alpha } is called recursively inaccessible if it is admissible and a limit of admissibles. Alternatively, α {\displaystyle \alpha } is recursively inaccessible iff α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the α {\displaystyle \alpha } th admissible ordinal, or iff L α ⊨ K P i {\displaystyle L_{\alpha }\models {\mathsf {KPi}}} , an extension of Kripke–Platek set theory stating that each set is contained in a model of Kripke–Platek set theory. Under the condition that L α ⊨ V=HC {\displaystyle L_{\alpha }\vDash {\textrm {V=HC}}} ("every set is hereditarily countable"), α {\displaystyle \alpha } is recursively inaccessible iff L α ∩ P ( ω ) {\displaystyle L_{\alpha }\cap {\mathsf {P}}(\omega )} is a model of Δ 2 1 {\displaystyle \Delta _{2}^{1}} -comprehension.An ordinal α {\displaystyle \alpha } is called recursively hyperinaccessible if it is recursively inaccessible and a limit of recursively inaccessibles, or where α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the α {\displaystyle \alpha } th recursively inaccessible. Like "hyper-inaccessible cardinal", different authors conflict on this terminology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonrecursive_ordinal |
The measure of X-rays ionizing ability is called the exposure: The coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) is the SI unit of ionizing radiation exposure, and it is the amount of radiation required to create one coulomb of charge of each polarity in one kilogram of matter. The roentgen (R) is an obsolete traditional unit of exposure, which represented the amount of radiation required to create one electrostatic unit of charge of each polarity in one cubic centimeter of dry air. 1 roentgen = 2.58×10−4 C/kg.However, the effect of ionizing radiation on matter (especially living tissue) is more closely related to the amount of energy deposited into them rather than the charge generated. This measure of energy absorbed is called the absorbed dose: The gray (Gy), which has units of (joules/kilogram), is the SI unit of absorbed dose, and it is the amount of radiation required to deposit one joule of energy in one kilogram of any kind of matter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray |
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health stated: "Studies done in people don't support using cinnamon for any health condition." However, the results of the studies are difficult to interpret because it is often unclear what type of cinnamon and what part of the plant were used.A meta-analysis of cinnamon supplementation trials with lipid measurements reported lower total cholesterol and triglycerides, but no significant changes in LDL-cholesterol or HDL-cholesterol. Another reported no change to body weight or insulin resistance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_stick |
The Green Satin was initially used with a simple display system with two large dials presenting true ground speed in knots on the left, and drift angle on the right. The output from this system was typically sent, along with the G4 compass' output, to the Mark 4 Ground Position Indicator (GPI). The GPI was a simple mechanical computer that integrated the inputs to produce an offset from a user-provided initial location (taken from Gee, for instance), and presented this as either latitude and longitude or grid reference numbers on two odometer-like displays. Green Satin initially equipped the Canberra force, but was soon used on most larger RAF aircraft. Problems locking on to a calm sea surface meant Decca navigational equipment had to be used instead during Grapple bomb aiming from Valiant aircraft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Satin_radar |
The Malayan black magpie (Platysmurus leucopterus) is a species of bird in the family Corvidae. Despite its name, it is neither a magpie nor, as was long believed, a jay, but a treepie. Treepies are a distinct group of corvids externally similar to magpies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_black_magpie |
The research required every year to isolate a potential popular viral strain and create a vaccine to defend against it is a six-month-long process; during that time the virus can mutate, making the vaccines less effective.High-risk populations, including the elderly and those with chronic disease, often acquire only limited immunity towards the flu from vaccines. The vaccines have been found to be 30% to 70% effective in preventing hospitalization from the flu or pneumonia.On average influenza vaccine efficacy is 60% among the general population that receive yearly vaccinations.A universal vaccine could be manufactured in quantity and eliminate availability and supply issues of current vaccines. There is conflicting evidence on whether it would cut costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_flu_vaccine |
An excess of fluoride in drinking water causes dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. The World Health Organization has recommended a guideline value of 1.5 mg/L as the concentration above which dental fluorosis is likely. Fluorosis is endemic in more than 20 developed and developing nations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defluoridation |
The basalts which are oceanic in the zone have been dated. To the south east of the Puysegur Trench a seamount is as young as 1.59 ± 0.26 million years. It is not yet known for sure if this relatively recent date could be related to late mid ocean ridge spreading or back arc activity. The recent dating of the adakitic Little Solander Island volcanics to the zone's far east to about 50,000 years ago suggests back arc activity from the subducted oceanic crust in the northern part of the zone may not have ceased. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Fault_Zone |
Initiation of MOMP involves Bcl-2 family proteins, including BAX and BAK. The outer mitochondrial membrane, typically permeable to molecules smaller than 5 kDa, forms pores during MOMP that allow it to accommodate proteins larger than 100 kDa. During MOMP, it takes about five minutes for all mitochondrial membranes within a cell to permeabilize. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_outer_membrane_permeabilization |
This acts to filter out noise, as small stimuli and threshold concentrations of the stimulus (input signal) is necessary for the trigger which allows the system to get activated quickly. Ultrasensitive responses are represented by sigmoidal graphs, which resemble cooperativity. The quantification of ultrasensitivity is often performed approximately by the Hill equation: Response = S t i m u l u s n ( EC 50 n + S t i m u l u s n ) {\textstyle {\ce {Response}}={Stimulus^{n} \over ({\ce {EC50}}^{n}+Stimulus^{n})}} Where Hill's coefficient (n) may represent quantitative measure of ultrasensitive response. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasensitivity |
Patient's health history may include disorders that affect the body's ability to heal itself. These disorders are called comorbidities and may interfere with circulatory and metabolic body functions, levels of various physiological assessment components (sugar, albumin, etc.), and induce other factors that negatively affect the healing. Common co-morbidities are: diabetes, venous insufficiency or peripheral arterial disease, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, malignancies and autoimmune disorders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound_assessment |
Laser holography, in its original "pure" form of the photographic transmission hologram, is the only technology yet created which can reproduce an object or scene with such complete realism that the reproduction is visually indistinguishable from the original, given the original lighting conditions. It creates a light field identical to that which emanated from the original scene, with parallax about all axes and a very wide viewing angle. The eye differentially focuses objects at different distances and subject detail is preserved down to the microscopic level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_glasses |
He got support from Lord Dundas to build a second steamboat, which became famous as the Charlotte Dundas, named in honour of Lord Dundas's daughter. Symington designed a new hull around his powerful horizontal engine, with the crank driving a large paddle wheel in a central upstand in the hull, aimed at avoiding damage to the canal banks. The new boat was 56 ft (17.1 m) long, 18 ft (5.5 m) wide and 8 ft (2.4 m) depth, with a wooden hull. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_boat |
Troilite has been reported from a variety of meteorites occurring with daubréelite, chromite, sphalerite, graphite, and a variety of phosphate and silicate minerals. It has also been reported from serpentinite in the Alta mine, Del Norte County, California, and in layered igneous intrusions in Western Australia, the Ilimaussaq intrusion of southern Greenland, the Bushveld Complex in South Africa and at Nordfjellmark, Norway. In the South African and Australian occurrence it is associated with copper, nickel, platinum iron ore deposits occurring with pyrrhotite, pentlandite, mackinawite, cubanite, valleriite, chalcopyrite and pyrite.Troilite is extremely rarely encountered in the Earth's crust (even pyrrhotite is relatively rare compared to pyrite and Iron(II) sulfate minerals). Most troilite on Earth is of meteoritic origin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilite |
Cutting planes were proposed by Ralph Gomory in the 1950s as a method for solving integer programming and mixed-integer programming problems. However, most experts, including Gomory himself, considered them to be impractical due to numerical instability, as well as ineffective because many rounds of cuts were needed to make progress towards the solution. Things turned around when in the mid-1990s Gérard Cornuéjols and co-workers showed them to be very effective in combination with branch-and-bound (called branch-and-cut) and ways to overcome numerical instabilities. Nowadays, all commercial MILP solvers use Gomory cuts in one way or another. Gomory cuts are very efficiently generated from a simplex tableau, whereas many other types of cuts are either expensive or even NP-hard to separate. Among other general cuts for MILP, most notably lift-and-project dominates Gomory cuts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_plane |
Bulk coal train from Ekibastuz to the Urals, Soviet Union, 20 February 1986. The train consisted of 439 wagons and several diesel locomotives distributed along the train with a total mass of 43,400 tonnes and a total length of 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi). A 1991 test train pulled by two British Rail Class 59 diesel locomotives, weighing 12,108 tonnes and approximately 1.65 km (1.03 mi) long, was pulled with moderate success from Merehead Quarry to Witham Friary. Norfolk and Western Railway unit coal train from Iaeger, West Virginia to Portsmouth, Ohio, 15 November 1967. The train consisted of 500 cars and six EMD SD45 diesel-electric locomotives distributed throughout the train for a total weight of 48,170 tons and total length of 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_trains |
The money due for the maintenance of beacons was called Beaconagium and was levied by the sheriff of each county. In the Scottish borders country, a system of beacon fires was at one time established to warn of incursions by the English. Hume and Eggerstone castles and Soltra Edge were part of this network.In Spain, the border of Granada in the territory of the Crown of Castile had a complex beacon network to warn against Moorish raiders and military campaigns. Due to the progressive advance of the borders throughout the process of the Reconquista, the entire Spanish geography is full of defensive lines of castles, towers and fortifications, visually connected to each other, which served as fortified beacons. Some examples are the Route of the Vinalopó castles or the distribution of the castles in Jaén. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_beacon |
Continuous deposition downstream can build up the central bar to form an island. Eventually the logjam can become partially buried, which protects the island from erosion, allowing for vegetation to begin to grow, and stabilize the area even further. Over time, the bar can eventually attach to one side of the channel bank and merge into the flood plain.A point bar is an area of deposition typically found in meandering rivers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology) |
Attempts by Armenian MEPs to raise the issue of corruption in PACE came up against the opposition of PACE President Pedro Agramunt, another subject of investigation of the "caviar diplomacy", who deprived them of their voice and prevented the investigation. Der Tagesspiegel qualifies this investigation as "the biggest scandal in the history of Europe". After the publication in the media, Thorbjorn Jagland, Secretary General of the Council of Europe, called on Agramut to personally provide an independent external investigative body without any further delay. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caviar_diplomacy |
There are many ways to lock frequency but the basic principle is the same which is based on the feedback loop of the laser system. Starting point of the feedback loop is the quantity which we need to stabilize i.e. frequency or phase. To check whether frequency changes with time or not, a reference will be needed. To measure laser frequency is to link it with the geometrical property of an optical cavity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive-pulse_mode_locking |
Not all rhythm sections follow the standard model of drummer-bassist-chordal instrument. Some bands have no drummer. In bands without a drummer, one or more instruments from the rhythm section often play in styles that replace the drum kit role—that is laying down the beat and backbeat. Traditional bluegrass bands typically do not have a drummer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_section |
It followed up by announcing that its customizable My AI chatbot would be accessible to all users within the app in April 2023, a month after OpenAI allowed access to third parties, and would be available for group chats.In April 2023, Snapchat began rolling out a new feature called My AI. This experimental AI chatbot can carry out tasks including responding to queries, giving advice, and organizing travel. The technology behind My AI is OpenAI's GPT, which is the same technology that powers Microsoft's Bing search engine. My AI can be found at the top of users' chat feeds. Only paid subscribers who have availed of Snapchat+ have the option to pin or unpin features, including My AI. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat |
The movement of the scapula across the rib cage in relation to the humerus is known as the scapulohumeral rhythm, and this helps to achieve a further range of movement. This range can be compromised by anything that changes the position of the scapula. This could be an imbalance in parts of the large trapezius muscles that hold the scapula in place. Such an imbalance could cause a forward head carriage which in turn can affect the range of movements of the shoulder. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_joint |
In cosmology, recombination refers to the epoch during which charged electrons and protons first became bound to form electrically neutral hydrogen atoms. Recombination occurred about 378,000 years after the Big Bang (at a redshift of z = 1100). The word "recombination" is misleading, since the Big Bang theory doesn't posit that protons and electrons had been combined before, but the name exists for historical reasons since it was named before the Big Bang hypothesis became the primary theory of the birth of the universe. Immediately after the Big Bang, the universe was a hot, dense plasma of photons, leptons, and quarks: the quark epoch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology) |
In other words, the term o p e n ∘ o n {\displaystyle \mathrm {open} \circ \mathrm {on} } represent a possible state, and does not by itself mean that this is the current state. A separate condition can be stated to specify that this is actually the state at a given time, e.g., s t a t e ( o p e n ∘ o n , 10 ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {state} (\mathrm {open} \circ \mathrm {on} ,10)} means that this is the state at time 10 {\displaystyle 10} . The solution to the frame problem given in the fluent calculus is to specify the effects of actions by stating how a term representing the state changes when the action is executed. For example, the action of opening the door at time 0 is represented by the formula: s t a t e ( s ∘ o p e n , 1 ) ⟺ s t a t e ( s , 0 ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {state} (s\circ \mathrm {open} ,1)\iff \mathrm {state} (s,0)} The action of closing the door, which makes a condition false instead of true, is represented in a slightly different way: s t a t e ( s , 1 ) ⟺ s t a t e ( s ∘ o p e n , 0 ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {state} (s,1)\iff \mathrm {state} (s\circ \mathrm {open} ,0)} This formula works provided that suitable axioms are given about s t a t e {\displaystyle \mathrm {state} } and ∘ {\displaystyle \circ } , e.g., a term containing the same condition twice is not a valid state (for example, s t a t e ( o p e n ∘ s ∘ o p e n , t ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {state} (\mathrm {open} \circ s\circ \mathrm {open} ,t)} is always false for every s {\displaystyle s} and t {\displaystyle t} ). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_problem |
Its comedy series Moose TV, for the Showcase network in Canada, received the Indie Award for Best Comedy Series from the Canadian Film and Television Producers Association in 2008.Rezolution's authentic, intentional, and impactful storytelling spans several genres, including comedies, dramas, TV series and big-budget non-fiction documentary features, creating more than 100 hours of content. They have established original Indigenous content within mainstream media and sold programming around the world in major markets to broadcasters including APTN, CBC GEM, Superchannel, OMNI, TVO, CBC, RDI, ARTV, Télé-Québec, FNX, Knowledge, and Bell Media, and internationally with Vision Maker, PBS, Peacock +, and ARTE.Rezolution has produced multiple works by directors of Quebec Aboriginal heritage, including Tracey Deer and Neil Diamond. Webb and Bainbridge are also co-founders of The Nation, a news magazine serving the Cree people of Eeyou Istchee. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezolution_Pictures |
The French effort to build a Panama Canal was damaged by the prevalence of endemic tropical diseases in the Isthmus. Although malaria was also a serious problem for the French canal builders, the numerous yellow fever fatalities and the fear they engendered made it difficult for the French company to retain sufficient technical staff to sustain the effort. Since the mode of transmission of the disease was unknown, the French response to the disease was limited to care of the sick. The French hospitals contained many pools of stagnant water, such as basins underneath potted plants, in which mosquitoes could breed. The numerous deaths eventually led to the failure of the French company licensed to build the canal, resulting in a massive financial crisis in France. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_yellow_fever |
In 2000, the ERLAWS system was installed on the mountain to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities. The Auckland volcanic field on the North Island of New Zealand has produced a diverse array of explosive craters, scoria cones, and lava flows. Currently dormant, the field is likely to erupt again within the next "hundreds to thousands of years", a very short timeframe in geologic terms. The field contains at least 40 volcanoes, most recently active about 600 years ago at Rangitoto Island, erupting 2.3 km3 (0.55 cu mi) of lava. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Fire |
Some people can distinguish different songs and "hear" the music, while others have absolutely no understanding of music. Amusia can also be developed through traumatic brain injuries or lesions and tumours on the brain. Those who once could perceive relative pitch can lose this ability through an event like a head injury in a car crash. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitin_effect |
Nevertheless I persisted therein... Over there I have placed under their sovereignty more land than there is in Africa and Europe, and more than 1,700 islands... In seven years I, by the divine will, made that conquest. At a time when I was entitled to expect rewards and retirement, I was incontinently arrested and sent home loaded with chains... The accusation was brought out of malice on the basis of charges made by civilians who had revolted and wished to take possession on the land... I beg your graces, with the zeal of faithful Christians in whom their Highnesses have confidence, to read all my papers, and to consider how I, who came from so far to serve these princes... now at the end of my days have been despoiled of my honor and my property without cause, wherein is neither justice nor mercy. Columbus and his brothers were jailed for six weeks before the busy King Ferdinand ordered them released. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1492_light_sighting |
On 10 April 1991, after the Greek Basketball Cup final between Panionios and PAOK in Piraeus, a car with PAOK supporters were violently attacked with an improvised molotov cocktail by unknown hooligans on Greek National Road 1. Two people burned alive and other two people were seriously injured, but they survived. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_hooliganism |
Truthmaker theory is "the branch of metaphysics that explores the relationships between what is true and what exists". The basic intuition behind truthmaker theory is that truth depends on being. For example, a perceptual experience of a green tree may be said to be true because there actually is a green tree. But if there was no tree there, it would be false. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truthmaker_theory |
TriGem Computer was founded in 1980 by Lee Yong-tae with ₩10,000,000 in start-up capital. TriGem was the first Korean company dedicated to manufacturing computer systems, bucking from the trend of established chaebol conglomerates such as Hyundai, Lucky-Goldstar (LG), and Daewoo, who had opened divisions to manufacture electronic components that go into computers (namely DRAM) but who had cold feet about fully entering the burgeoning global microcomputer market. In 1981, TriGem delivered Korea's first microcomputer, and in 1984, they developed the country's first IBM PC–compatible personal computer. In 1982, TriGem forged a partnership with Seiko Epson of Japan, committing to build computer peripherals such as printers for the latter on an OEM basis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriGem |
Thus, security becomes a zero-sum game where only relative gains can be made. Realists believe that there are no universal principles with which all states may guide their actions. Instead, a state must always be aware of the actions of the states around it and must use a pragmatic approach to resolve problems as they arise. A lack of certainty regarding intentions prompts mistrust and competition between states.Rather than assume that states are the central actors, some realists, such as William Wohlforth and Randall Schweller refer instead to "groups" as the key actors of interest.Finally, states are sometimes described as "billiard balls" or "black boxes". This analogy is meant to underscore the secondary importance of internal state dynamics and decisionmaking in realist models, in stark contrast to bureaucratic or individual-level theories of international relations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_realism |
Dixie Alley is part of a region of enhanced tornadic activity extending between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains, but tornadoes and outbreaks in the Dixie Alley region exhibit some statistically distinguishable characteristics from the more well known Tornado Alley. Tornadic storms in Dixie Alley are most often high precipitation supercells due to an increase of moisture from proximity to the nearby Gulf of Mexico. The Dixie Alley tornadoes accompanying the HP supercells are often partially or fully wrapped in rain, impairing the visibility of the tornadoes to storm spotters and chasers, law enforcement, and the public. Increases of warmth and instability in conjunction with strong wind shear in the Dixie Alley region impacts the times when tornadoes form. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Alley |
The conversions between ASCII and non-ASCII forms of a domain name are accomplished by a pair of algorithms called ToASCII and ToUnicode. These algorithms are not applied to the domain name as a whole, but rather to individual labels. For example, if the domain name is www.example.com, then the labels are www, example, and com. ToASCII or ToUnicode are applied to each of these three separately. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name |
The rules for 1984 specifically allowed turbochargers, superchargers, and use of nitrous oxide but the engine had to breathe through a 25.4 mm exit bore of the carburetor casting (1984 was well before electronic fuel injection). Engine intake restrictors were later tightened as cars became faster year over year as knowledge was passed on within and between teams. Also, a 65-100 inch wheelbase rule was promulgated, as was a rule requiring all vehicles to have a “body that resembles a formula car”. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_SAE |
Speech shadowing is a psycholinguistic experimental technique in which subjects repeat speech at a delay to the onset of hearing the phrase. The time between hearing the speech and responding, is how long the brain takes to process and produce speech. The task instructs participants to shadow speech, which generates intent to reproduce the phrase while motor regions in the brain unconsciously process the syntax and semantics of the words spoken. Words repeated during the shadowing task would also imitate the parlance of the shadowed speech.The reaction time between perceiving speech and then producing speech has been recorded at 250 ms for a standardised test. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_shadowing |
All phorusrhacids are thought to have been carnivorous. The strong downwards curve from the tip of this beak suggests that it ripped the flesh from the body of other animals; many extant bird species with this feature are carnivorous. CT scans performed on the skull of a phorusrhacid reveal that the species would not have been able to shake its prey side to side, but rather exert significant downward force. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_Bird |
XMOS was founded in July 2005 by Ali Dixon, James Foster, Noel Hurley, David May, and Hitesh Mehta. It received seed funding from the University of Bristol enterprise fund, and Wyvern seed fund.The name XMOS is a loose reference to Inmos. Some concepts found in XMOS technology (such as channels and threads) are part of the Transputer legacy. In the autumn of 2006, XMOS secured funding from Amadeus Capital Partners, DFJ Esprit, and Foundation Capital. It also has strategic investors Robert Bosch Venture Capital GmbH, Huawei Technologies, and Xilinx Inc. In September 2017, XMOS secured $15M in an investment round lead by Infineon.In July 2017, XMOS acquired SETEM, a company that specialises in audio algorithms for source separation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMOS |
Robert A. Karasek is credited with this particular work design model. In Karasek’s model, workplace stress is in indicator of how taxing a worker's job is and how much control, authority, discretion, and decision latitude the worker has over his/her tasks and duties. This creates four kinds of jobs—passive, active, low strain and high strain The Demand Control Model (DCM) has been used by researchers to design jobs that enhance the psychological and physical well-being. This model promotes a work design that proposes high demand and high control, fostering an environment that encourages learning and simultaneously offers autonomy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology_in_the_workplace |
The school week varies by state, depending on the weekend of the state. For states with a Saturday-Sunday weekend, the school week is Monday to Friday. For states with a Friday-Saturday weekend (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu), the school week is Sunday to Thursday; as a result, school terms begin and end a day earlier in these four states than in the rest of the country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semesters |
The first issue of Heart Rhythm was published in May 2004 with Douglas Zipes, MD, FHRS, as the founding editor in chief. The editor in chief since 2014 has been Peng-Sheng Chen, MD, FHRS. The companion journals to Heart Rhythm are HeartRhythm Case Reports, which was founded in 2015 and Heart Rhythm O2, which launched in April 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Rhythm |
These axioms guarantee that the Jordan algebra is formally real, so that, if a sum of squares of terms is zero, those terms must be zero. The complexifications of JB algebras are called Jordan C*-algebras or JB*-algebras. They have been used extensively in complex geometry to extend Koecher's Jordan algebraic treatment of bounded symmetric domains to infinite dimensions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formally_real_Jordan_algebra |
ζ Tauri (Latinised to Zeta Tauri) is the star's Bayer designation; it also bears the Flamsteed designation of 123 Tauri. The designations of the two components as Zeta Tauri A and B derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).In Chinese astronomy, Zeta Tauri is called 天關, Pinyin: Tiānguān, formerly transliterated Tien Kwan, meaning Celestial Gate, an asterism within the Net (畢宿 Bì Xiù) mansion). 天關 (Tiānguān) has also been transliterated as Tien Kwan. (Technically, Tiānguān refers not just to Zeta Tauri but to the Celestial Gate asterism of which Zeta Tauri is the main star, alongside 113, 126, 128, 129, 130 and 127 Tauri .) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_Tauri |
Shortly after the Irish Free State gained its independence in 1922, Brigid's cross became one of several nationalist symbols, alongside such other motifs as the shamrock and Celtic harp, used by Irish artists in order to create a national cultural identity separate from that of Britain. In the 1950s, Brigid's cross was incorporated into the logo of the Irish Department of Health, and as of 2009, the cross remained a part of the logo of the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Ireland, who frequently incorporate Brigid into their imagery for her associations with midwifery.Brigid's cross was selected as the first station identification marker for Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) in 1962, with Alice Curtayne writing that the cross was selected to evoke "the image of quiet, serene places in the springtime of our history, of rush-bordered rivers in a serene arcadian landscape". The RTÉ logo underwent nine redesigns between 1962 and 1987, with the cross taking varying levels of prominence compared to the station name. It was removed from the RTÉ logo in 1995 in favour of "a clean striking piece of modern design", a decision which Carol Coulter of The Irish Times opined, "Saint Brigid's cross has lost its place as a symbol of our national identity, well at least as far as our national broadcasting station is concerned. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigid's_cross |
From the advent of the Motor vehicle to the sixties, the number of vehicles registered had increased to almost 40,000 in the Hobart Area. The influx of motor vehicles in and around Hobart placed great Burdon on the road system as it then existed.In 1963, the Department of Public Works, the Transport Commission and Hobart City Council initiated the first urban transportation study conducted in Australia. The Study was undertaken by US transportation and infrastructure consulting firm Wilbur Smith and Associates during the years 1963 and 1964, and the findings and suggestions were published in 1965. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Area_Transportation_Study |
In honor of Pierre Robin, who had also seen and first described this rare type of cleft in neonates with extremely small lower jaws, Poswillo proposed the term Pierre Robin sequence as posthumously named after him. This rare cleft condition is separated from the eponymous term Pierre Robin Syndrome, which Robin had at first termed “Le Grand Syndromie du Glossoptosis”, and that was originally meant to describe the simple combined local and systemic effects of mandibular hypoplasia innately associated with glossoptosis. Distinct to “Pierre Robin Sequence”, which now specifically references the rare palatal cleft condition, and occurs in about 1:80,000 live births, Robin postulated that the most obvious and ubiquitously linked association of glossoptosis, being the small lower jaw, had a natural frequency of a minimum of 40% of the adult Paris population of the time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Robin_(surgeon) |
In 1934, a steel guitarist named George Beauchamp invented the electric guitar pickup. He found that a vibrating metal string in a magnetic field generates a small current that can be amplified and sent to a loudspeaker; his steel guitar was the world's first electric guitar. According to music writer Michael Ross, the first electrified stringed instrument on a commercial recording was a steel guitar played by Bob Dunn on a Western swing tune in 1935. Dunn recorded with Milton Brown and his Musical Brownies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Guitar |
The plans included an adjoining park on the site of the Edgemere Landfill, which had been in operation for nearly twenty years at this time. The New York City Board of Estimate approved the park project on April 29, 1955. On October 4, 1955 the City of New York began condemnation proceedings in order to acquire the Edgmere Landfill site adjacent to the future Edgemere Houses site. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgemere_Landfill |
If a system identifier (such as a path or URL) is not given for a resource identified by a public identifier such as an FPI, an SGML system's entity manager will generate one with reference to the public identifier. Although the SGML specification itself does not specify how the entity manager should do this,: 65–66 the intention was for it to use a table mapping public identifiers to system identifiers. : 180 Accordingly, an SGML catalog format was created to contain mappings from public to system identifiers; the catalog file can also specify rules for overriding the given system identifier. : 65–66 Although XML mandates the use of system identifiers in more places than does SGML itself, catalogs may still be needed for remapping and overriding the given system identifier: a system identifier which is a local path may not be useful on other machines, while one which is a network URL will not be useful when a network connection is not available, for example. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_Public_Identifier |
The auxiliary functions sketched above can all be explicitly calculated and worked with. A breakthrough by Axel Thue and Carl Ludwig Siegel in the twentieth century was the realisation that these functions don't necessarily need to be explicitly known – it can be enough to know they exist and have certain properties. Using the Pigeonhole Principle Thue, and later Siegel, managed to prove the existence of auxiliary functions which, for example, took the value zero at many different points, or took high order zeros at a smaller collection of points. Moreover they proved it was possible to construct such functions without making the functions too large. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_function |
It originates from plastic processes that require cooperation across several cells and the mismatch in the inter-cellular stress alignment (Stress Orientational Defects) can help predict the loci of gap growth. Cooperative dynamics that emerge during solidification and ageing of soft materials are crucial to their mechanical behavior. To elucidate the role of soft modes, structural heterogeneities and topology, the Del Gado group devised a novel spatio-temporal analysis of these dynamics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuela_Del_Gado |
The majority of measures designed to assess early childhood social emotional development are parent report questionnaires. Parent reports using such measures repeatedly indicate that the 7%-12% of children show early social-emotional problems or delays. Increasing evidence suggests that these problems remain moderately stable over periods of 1–2 years, suggesting clinical and societal benefits to early identification and intervention. Standardized assessments have been developed to identify social emotional concerns as young as 6 months old. Below is a list of some more widely used parent-report screening measures and comprehensive assessments: Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social Emotional (ASQ-SE) Appropriate for children ages 6–60 months Screening measure: produces one score, with high scores indicating possible need for further evaluation Brief Infant and Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA)Appropriate for children ages 12–36 months Screening measure: produces Problem and Competence scores, combined cut-off point determines concern Child Behavior Checklist ages 1.5-5 (CBCL)Appropriate for children ages 18 months – 60 months Comprehensive measure: produces specific DSM-oriented scale scores, as well as Internalizing, Externalizing, Total Problems standardized t-scores | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_emotional_development |
Concepts of "book smarts" and "street smart" are contrasting views based on the premise that some people have knowledge gained through academic study, but may lack the experience to sensibly apply that knowledge, while others have knowledge gained through practical experience, but may lack accurate information usually gained through study by which to effectively apply that knowledge. Artificial intelligence researcher Hector Levesque has noted that: Given the importance of learning through text in our own personal lives and in our culture, it is perhaps surprising how utterly dismissive we tend to be of it. It is sometimes derided as being merely "book knowledge," and having it is being "book smart." In contrast, knowledge acquired through direct experience and apprenticeship is called "street knowledge," and having it is being "street smart". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_capacity |
Let's chop down the name in parts: VSB Bank: V = Verenigde (United) S = Spaarbank (Savings Bank) B = Bank Bank.Concluding: VSB Bank = Verenigde Spaarbank Bank Bank. Now you see what a left recursive name abbreviation is all about. The remainder of this article is not using examples, but abstractions in the forms of symbols. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_recursion |
The Globalized City: Economic Restructing and Social Polarization in European Cities is a collection of discussions and case studies of large-scale urban development projects in nine European cities. It analyzes the relation between these projects and trends such as social exclusion, the emergence of new urban elites, and the consolidation of less democratic forms of urban governance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globalized_City |
Specifically, the connection between loneliness and health and chronic condition has recently been highlighted. Some studies have shown that loneliness has detrimental health effects similar to that of smoking and obesity. One study found that feelings of isolation are associated with higher self reporting of health as poor, and feelings of loneliness increased the likelihood of mental health disorders in individuals. The connection between chronic illness and loneliness is established, yet oftentimes ignored in treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_disorder |
In 1956, he moved to Nigeria for a year having been appointed as the assistant editor of the Nigerian Citizen in Zaria. Barratt also worked for the Nigerian Broadcasting Service beginning a discussion programme on politics. Following his return to the UK, he worked as a production journalist on several English regional newspapers including a period at the Wolverhampton Express & Star.At the same time, he contributed regularly to the BBC World Service and began a freelance television reporting career, initially on the Midlands regional current affairs magazine Scan which had begun by 1961, and then as a freelance reporter on the BBC current affairs programme Midlands Today. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(television_presenter) |
Some research has aimed to understand how OMZs have changed over geological time scales. Throughout the history of Earth's oceans, OMZs have fluctuated on long time scales, becoming larger or smaller depending on multiple variables. The factors that change OMZs are the amount of oceanic primary production resulting in increased respiration at greater depths, changes in the oxygen supply due to poor ventilation, and amount of oxygen supplied through thermohaline circulation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_minimum_zone |
Treatments for toothaches were popular and widely desired due to the intense pain and dental decay this condition caused. In his work Natural History, Pliny the Elder discussed therapies for tooth pain. He wrote that a patient could pour the remedy into their ear. Some medication was supposed to be poured into the ear on the same side of the head as the toothache, others were supposed to be poured in on the opposite side. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry_in_ancient_Rome |
This is indicated by δ- in the water molecule in the vicinity of the O atom, as well as by a δ+ next to each of the two H atoms. The vector addition of the individual bond dipole moments results in a net dipole moment for the molecule. A polar bond is a covalent bond in which there is a separation of charge between one end and the other - in other words in which one end is slightly positive and the other slightly negative. Examples include most covalent bonds. The hydrogen-chlorine bond in HCl or the hydrogen-oxygen bonds in water are typical. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_effects |
Josette Bellan (née Rosentweig) is a Romanian-French-American aerospace engineer and fluid dynamicist known for her research on turbulence in high-pressure reactions, and on the interactions between fluid dynamics and thermodynamics in these reactions. She is a senior research scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and visiting associate in the Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josette_Bellan |
The "General Honors" course was instituted in 1920, formed around a list of "Great Books" created by professor John Erskine, who would go on to create the core curriculum at the University of Chicago. The course was discontinued in 1929, but was resurrected three years later as the "Colloquium in Important Books". The Great Books curriculum was officially incorporated into the Core in 1937 with the inauguration of the humanities sequence, which consisted of "Humanities A", a first-year survey of Western literature and philosophy from classical antiquity to the end of the 18th century, and "Humanities B", a sophomore elective that covered the visual arts and music. Structured after "Contemporary Civilization", "Humanities A" expected students to read one book per week, a workload that placed unique burdens on freshmen. "Humanities A" would eventually morph into the modern "Masterpieces of Western Literature" course, while "Humanities B" split into "Music Humanities" and "Art Humanities" in 1941. The list of books read in "Literature Humanities" would constantly shift over time; the first female author to be included in the curriculum was Jane Austen with the addition of Pride and Prejudice to the syllabus in 1985, two years after Columbia College became coeducational, while the first Black author to be incorporated into "Literature Humanities" was Toni Morrison, whose Song of Solomon was added in 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Curriculum_(Columbia_College) |
To make the pie, sweetened condensed milk is whisked with fresh lemon juice and cream cheese. Separately, the egg yolks are whisked with the lemon zest until they become pale in color, then the condensed milk mixture is added gradually to the eggs. The crust can be made with vanilla wafers that are combined with melted butter and sugar until the consistency of wet sand, then pressed into a pie pan to form a crust. The crust is lightly baked, then filled with the filling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_ice_box_pie |
Yet these organisms are also part of the normal human flora and usually exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease at all. Other organisms invariably cause disease in humans, such as Rickettsia, which are obligate intracellular parasites able to grow and reproduce only within the cells of other organisms. One species of Rickettsia causes typhus, while another causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_proteins |
On June 18, 2008, the high school drew international attention as news broke that 18 students had become pregnant in the last year, over four times the previous year's reported pregnancies. Principal Joseph Sullivan claimed that some of the girls had made a pact to become pregnant together, one even seeking a homeless 24-year-old man in her pursuits to conceive. Gloucester mayor Carolyn Kirk quickly responded that they had no confirmation of any pregnancy pact. Finally, one pregnant student, interviewed on Good Morning America, said: "There was definitely no pact...There was a group of girls already pregnant that decided they were going to help each other to finish school and raise their kids together. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_pact |
Their simple, one-purpose nature and the fact that they don't require a GUI to be designed makes writing standalone services popular beginner's macOS programming projects. Since many applications install their entries without asking the user, the macOS services menu tends to clog up with dozens of entries quickly. Most users only will ever use a small subset of the possible options, therefore cutting down and customizing the menu makes it both faster and more pleasant to use. Prior to Mac OS X Snow Leopard, third party software is required to do this; in Snow Leopard, the Services menu can be customized from the Keyboard pane of System Preferences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_menu |
Do not italicize a signal used as a verb; for example, for a discussion of the Environmental Protection Agency's failure to interpret a statute to provide intelligible principles, see American Trucking Associations v. United States EPA, 195 F.3d 4 (D.C. Cir. 1999). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_citation_signals |
The vestibulospinal tract is part of the vestibular system in the CNS. The primary role of the vestibular system is to maintain head and eye coordination, upright posture and balance, and conscious realization of spatial orientation and motion. The vestibular system is able to respond correctly by recording sensory information from hairs cells in the labyrinth of the inner ear. Then the nuclei receiving these signals project out to the extraocular muscles, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex to execute these functions.One of these projections, the vestibulospinal tract, is responsible for upright posture and head stabilization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract |
Knowledge of chronological development of deciduous and permanent teeth makes it possible to determine the approximate time at which the developmental disturbance occurred. Enamel hypoplasia varies substantially among populations and can be used to infer health and behavioural impacts from the past. Defects have also been found in a variety of non-human animals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner's_hypoplasia |
These are typically offered as local geographic numbers in various selected cities or as toll-free numbers, with the non-geographic number carrying higher per-minute cost to receive calls. In the North American Numbering Plan, Area code 500 and Area code 533 are follow-me numbers, and referred to as Personal Communications Service (NANP). In the United Kingdom, these are over 600 area code or local exchange codes 01 & 02 numbers which can be set up as virtual numbers as well as the 0800 & 0345. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable_numbers |
In addition to his scholarly work, Güder and his work is frequently featured in the international mainstream media for public outreach. In 2023, Güder was interviewed by the American innovator Dr. Roman Stolyarov on his hour-long Podcast, Pacemaker where the two discussed Güder's translational work on medical devices, especially wearable robotics. Güder was also featured in several BBC Radio programs in 2019 and 2020 including "Keeping the structure of the internet safe" by BBC Digital Planet, "Global Food Security, Reactive Use-By Labels, Origins of the Potato" by BBC Inside Science and "The Barking Hour" hosted by Jo Good on BBC Radio London. in 2022, Güder was interviewed by Mashable in relation to biometric sensors for dogs which was published in an article online named titled "Biometric dog collars claim to track your dog’s vitals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firat_Güder |
Many major German newspapers chose to implement the reforms only partially (e.g. Axel Springer AG, Der Spiegel) or to reject it entirely, ending a period when combined German spelling, although officially only necessary in government and educational use, was the widespread de facto standard. Italian: The Academy of the Bran (Accademia della Crusca), the Italian language academic body. Polish: The Polish Language Council for standard Polish, which aims to popularize Polish language knowledge, issue prescriptions for standard usage (Polish: poprawna polszczyzna, lit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription |
The minute sizes of tardigrades and their membranous integuments make their fossilization both difficult to detect and highly unusual. The only known fossil specimens are those from mid-Cambrian deposits in Siberia (Orsten fauna) and a few rare specimens from Cretaceous amber.The Siberian tardigrade fossils differ from living tardigrades in several ways. They have three pairs of legs rather than four, they have a simplified head morphology, and they have no posterior head appendages, but they share with modern tardigrades their columnar cuticle construction. Scientists think they represent a stem group of living tardigrades.In October 2021, a new species, Paradoryphoribius chronocaribbeus, was discovered as a fossil in amber that was dated to be 16 million years old. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptobiosis_in_tardigrades |
The increasing reliance on mass communication leads to a withering of political discourse as the sound bite and an emphasis on the horse-race aspect of politics becomes the norm. This limits the amount and kind of information the public receives, leading to less choice for voters. When voters can stay at home and watch television rather than participate in civic life, the public no longer perceives the need to become involved in democracy—and so the civic life of the democracy withers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_voter |
Lesions of the pulvinar can result in neglect syndromes and attentional deficits. In addition, lesions in early life can impact normal visuomotor behaviors such as reaching and grasping. Furthermore, the pulvinar was demonstrated to be instrumental in the preservation of vision afforded to a boy who lost his primary visual cortex bilaterally at birth as well as other forms of blindsight in monkeys and humans. Strokes affecting the pulvinar have also been implicated in the development of chronic pain. In a case study of photophobia caused by blue light, pulvinar nuclei associated with the melanopsin containing ipRGCs visual pathway where bilaterally activated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulvinar_nucleus |
The Scottish traveler James Bruce purchased the codex around 1769 while in Upper Egypt, near Medinet Habu. It had supposedly been found in the ruins of a building once inhabited by Egyptian monks. The codex came to the attention of Carl Gottfried Woide, who made a copy of the Coptic Gnostic texts within, as well as discussed the codex in a work on Egyptian copies of the Bible and other religious manuscripts. In 1848, both Woide's transcript of the text as well as the original codex were acquired by the Bodleian Library and classified as "Bruce 96". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Codex |
Rollei made other viewfinder cameras besides the Rollei 16 and the Rollei 35, the best-known of which were the A26 and the A110 / E110. The A26 was the smallest camera that used Instamatic film. It was cleverly designed, folding together to protect the lens and the viewfinder. The A110, a successor to the Rollei 16, was a pocket-sized camera that used 110 film cartridges; it was compact, stylish and highly regarded. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCP-Technik_GmbH |
The Wall of Weightlessness, also known as the Zero G Wall, uses a counterbalance to suspend the trainee in mid air. By filling the counterbalance with water until its weight is approximately that of the trainee, the trainee is free to move in the 3 translational directions. Missions are usually given to trainees to heighten the experience and generally consist of interacting, in one way or another, with a mock-satellite suspended in proximity to the wall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmodome |
Bronchogenic cysts are formed in the 6th week of gestation from an abnormal budding of the tracheal diverticulum. They are lined by respiratory type (ciliated) epithelium, which is characterized by cilia. Histologically these are also composed of cartilage, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue and mucous glands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchogenic_cyst |
Instead of depicting the Finnic, Scandinavian, Germanic or Baltic influences, the impact of Russian tradition was emphazised. Praise to the new social order and Soviet leaders was made, while the figures of bourgeois Estonians and German landlords were allowed to be satirized. Themes that reinforced Soviet rhetoric, such as heroic epics, were promoted consolidating a one-sided construction of history. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Folklore_Archives |
The time frames they selected showed strong patterns of immigrant migration; Shaw and McKay believed that they could demonstrate whether delinquency was caused by particular immigrant groups or by the environment in which the immigrants lived: If high delinquency rates for particular immigrant groups remained high during their migration through the city's different ecological environments, then delinquency could be associated with their distinctive constitutional or cultural features. If delinquency rates decreased as immigrants moved through different ecological environments, then delinquency could not be associated with the particular constitution of the immigrants, but must somehow be connected with their environment.Shaw and McKay demonstrated that social disorganization was endemic to the urban areas which were the only places the newly arriving poor could afford to live. In these areas, there was a high rate of turnover in the population (residential instability), and mixes of people from different cultural backgrounds (ethnic diversity). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_disorganization_theory |
Lupinine has a chiral carbon atom; therefore, total syntheses of lupinine need to be enantioselective for (-)-lupinine in order to provide the biologically active product. The first racemic total synthesis of lupinine occurred in 1937 by Clemo, Morgan, and Raper. Six more total syntheses of lupinine followed between 1940-1956, with the first enantioselective synthesis of lupinine occurring in 1966 by Goldberg and Ragade. Since that initial enantioselective synthesis, there have been numerous total syntheses of both enantio-pure and racemic lupinine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinine |
Tensile strengths of TRIP steels are in the range of 600-960 MPa. Martensitic steels are also high in C and Mn. These are fully quenched to martensite during processing. The martensite structure is then tempered back to the appropriate strength level, adding toughness to the steel. Tensile strengths for these steels range as high as 1500 MPa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strengthening_mechanisms_of_materials |
As a result of their widespread popularity, especially in households with children, guinea pigs have shown a presence in culture and media. Some noted appearances of the animal in literature include the short story "Pigs Is Pigs" by Ellis Parker Butler, which is a tale of bureaucratic incompetence. Two guinea pigs held at a railway station breed unchecked while humans argue as to whether they are "pigs" or "pets" for the purpose of determining freight charges. Butler's story, in turn, inspired the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "The Trouble with Tribbles", written by David Gerrold. In the Golden Hamster Saga books, two guinea pigs named Enrico and Caruso are modern-day thespians (named after Enrico Caruso) who serve as secondary characters, and often irritate the main character, Freddy Auratus, who strongly dislikes their acting antics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_guinea_pig |
Using mathematical terms, terminal speed—without considering buoyancy effects—is given by where V t {\displaystyle V_{t}} represents terminal velocity, m {\displaystyle m} is the mass of the falling object, g {\displaystyle g} is the acceleration due to gravity, C d {\displaystyle C_{d}} is the drag coefficient, ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the density of the fluid through which the object is falling, and A {\displaystyle A} is the projected area of the object.In reality, an object approaches its terminal speed asymptotically. Buoyancy effects, due to the upward force on the object by the surrounding fluid, can be taken into account using Archimedes' principle: the mass m {\displaystyle m} has to be reduced by the displaced fluid mass ρ V {\displaystyle \rho V} , with V {\displaystyle V} the volume of the object. So instead of m {\displaystyle m} use the reduced mass m r = m − ρ V {\displaystyle m_{r}=m-\rho V} in this and subsequent formulas. The terminal speed of an object changes due to the properties of the fluid, the mass of the object and its projected cross-sectional surface area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settling_velocity |
Internal Coordinate Mechanics (ICM) is a software program and algorithm to predict low-energy conformations of molecules by sampling the space of internal coordinates (bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles) defining molecular geometry. In ICM each molecule is constructed as a tree from an entry atom where each next atom is built iteratively from the preceding three atoms via three internal variables. The rings kept rigid or imposed via additional restraints. ICM is used for modelling peptides and interactions with substrates and coenzymes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Coordinate_Mechanics |
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