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Metabolic adaptation of the fetal and postnatal ovine heart: regulatory role of hypoxia-inducible factors and nuclear respiratory factor-1.
Numerous metabolic adaptations occur in the heart after birth. Important transcription factors that regulate expression of the glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative genes are hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1alpha and -2alpha) and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1). The goal of this study was to examine expression of HIF-1alpha, HIF-2alpha, and NRF-1 and the genes they regulate in pre- and postnatal myocardium. Ovine right and left ventricular myocardium was obtained at four time points: 95 and 140 d gestation (term = 145 d) and 7 d and 8 wk postnatally. Steady-state mRNA and protein levels of HIF-1alpha and NRF-1 and protein levels of HIF-2alpha were measured along with mRNA of HIF-1alpha-regulated genes (aldolase A, alpha- and beta-enolase, lactate dehydrogenase A, liver and muscle phosphofructokinase) and NRF-1-regulated genes (cytochrome c, Va subunit of cytochrome oxidase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I ). HIF-1alpha protein was present in fetal myocardium but dropped below detectable levels at 7 d postnatally. HIF-2alpha protein levels were similar at the four time points. Steady-state mRNA levels of alpha-enolase, lactate dehydrogenase A, and liver phosphofructokinase declined significantly postnatally. Aldolase A, beta-enolase, and muscle phosphofructokinase mRNA levels increased postnatally. Steady-state mRNA and protein levels of NRF-1 decreased postnatally in contrast to the postnatal increases in cytochrome c, subunit Va of cytochrome oxidase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I mRNA levels. The in vivo postnatal regulation of enzymes encoding glycolytic and mitochondrial enzymes is complex. As transactivation response elements for the genes encoding metabolic enzymes continue to be characterized, studies using the fetal-to-postnatal metabolic transition of the heart will continue to help define the in vivo role of these transcription factors. |
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant.) Prostate cancer is the second-most common cancer among American men Various options for treatment exist, with approximately equal effectiveness However, the choice of treatment can result in different side effects that severely impact quality of life These side-effects include medical problems, such as erectile dysfunction and urinary and bowel incontinence The experience of those side-effects can cause a number of emotional and psychological concerns, including changes in self-concept, difficulties in a man's primary relationship, and social isolation to avoid the embarrassment of incontinence in a social setting Numerous interventions have been developed for patients with other types of cancers, but few interventions have been developed for men with localized prostate cancer None of the existing prostate cancer interventions focus on symptom management, an important part of the prostate cancer survivor's quality of life Moreover, interventions that target more general cancer symptoms (e g, pain or nausea) have less relevance for the unique needs of men with localized prostate cancer Our study proposes to use the Critical Incident Technique to collect data on how patients with treatment-related side-effects are able to successfully manage the physical and psychosocial impact of their symptoms The critical incident reports will be organized into a taxonomy of effective and ineffective symptom management practices. As part of the proposed study, the investigator will accomplish the following aims: 1. Collect qualitative data describing effective and ineffective symptom management knowledge, skills, and behaviors in men treated for localized prostate cancer from prostate cancer patients, their partners, and health care providers. 2. Analyze the critical incidents to develop a hierarchical classification or taxonomy of critical symptom management competencies. 3. Using the taxonomy of symptom management competencies from Specific Aim 2, develop the instructional objectives for a tailored intervention that will help men treated for prostate cancer manage their treatment-related side-effects and related psychosocial concerns more effectively. |
Q:
QTableView model crash when calling endInsertRows()
I have been trying to update a QTableViewModel when inserting a new object that represents a row. I did follow the advise of several question in SO, but I cannot get an example to work.
After debugging, I found that the call to self.endInsertRows() produces the crash.
This is a minimal example:
import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import *
from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtWidgets
class Wire:
def __init__(self, name, x, y, gmr, r):
self.name = name
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.r = r
self.gmr = gmr
class WiresCollection(QtCore.QAbstractTableModel):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
QtCore.QAbstractTableModel.__init__(self, parent)
self.header = ['Name', 'R (Ohm/km)', 'GMR (m)']
self.index_prop = {0: 'name', 1: 'r', 2: 'gmr'}
self.wires = list()
def add(self, wire: Wire):
"""
Add wire
:param wire:
:return:
"""
row = len(self.wires)
self.beginInsertRows(QtCore.QModelIndex(), row, row)
self.wires.append(wire)
self.endInsertRows()
def delete(self, index):
"""
Delete wire
:param index:
:return:
"""
row = len(self.wires)
self.beginRemoveRows(QtCore.QModelIndex(), row, row)
self.wires.pop(index)
self.endRemoveRows()
def rowCount(self, parent=QtCore.QModelIndex()):
return len(self.wires)
def columnCount(self, parent=QtCore.QModelIndex()):
return len(self.header)
def parent(self, index=None):
return QtCore.QModelIndex()
def data(self, index, role=QtCore.Qt.DisplayRole):
if index.isValid():
if role == QtCore.Qt.DisplayRole:
val = getattr(self.wires[index.row()], self.index_prop(index.column()))
return str(val)
return None
def headerData(self, p_int, orientation, role):
if role == QtCore.Qt.DisplayRole:
if orientation == QtCore.Qt.Horizontal:
return self.header[p_int]
def setData(self, index, value, role=QtCore.Qt.DisplayRole):
"""
Set data by simple editor (whatever text)
:param index:
:param value:
:param role:
"""
wire = self.wires[index.row()]
attr = self.index_prop[index.column()]
setattr(wire, attr, value)
class TowerBuilderGUI(QtWidgets.QDialog):
def __init__(self, parent=None):
"""
Constructor
Args:
parent:
"""
QtWidgets.QDialog.__init__(self, parent)
self.setWindowTitle('Tower builder')
# GUI objects
self.setContextMenuPolicy(QtCore.Qt.NoContextMenu)
self.layout = QVBoxLayout(self)
self.wires_tableView = QTableView()
self.add_wire_pushButton = QPushButton()
self.add_wire_pushButton.setText('Add')
self.delete_wire_pushButton = QPushButton()
self.delete_wire_pushButton.setText('Delete')
self.layout.addWidget(self.wires_tableView)
self.layout.addWidget(self.add_wire_pushButton)
self.layout.addWidget(self.delete_wire_pushButton)
self.setLayout(self.layout)
# Model
self.wire_collection = WiresCollection(self)
# set models
self.wires_tableView.setModel(self.wire_collection)
# button clicks
self.add_wire_pushButton.clicked.connect(self.add_wire_to_collection)
self.delete_wire_pushButton.clicked.connect(self.delete_wire_from_collection)
def msg(self, text, title="Warning"):
"""
Message box
:param text: Text to display
:param title: Name of the window
"""
msg = QMessageBox()
msg.setIcon(QMessageBox.Information)
msg.setText(text)
# msg.setInformativeText("This is additional information")
msg.setWindowTitle(title)
# msg.setDetailedText("The details are as follows:")
msg.setStandardButtons(QMessageBox.Ok)
retval = msg.exec_()
def add_wire_to_collection(self):
"""
Add new wire to collection
:return:
"""
name = 'Wire_' + str(len(self.wire_collection.wires) + 1)
wire = Wire(name, x=0, y=0, gmr=0, r=0.01)
self.wire_collection.add(wire)
def delete_wire_from_collection(self):
"""
Delete wire from the collection
:return:
"""
idx = self.ui.wires_tableView.currentIndex()
sel_idx = idx.row()
if sel_idx > -1:
self.wire_collection.delete(sel_idx)
else:
self.msg('Select a wire in the wires collection')
if __name__ == "__main__":
app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
window = TowerBuilderGUI()
window.show()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
A:
As indicated in the comments you have 2 errors:
The first is when you press add because when you add a new item you have to refresh the view and that's why it's called data() method and it's where the error is shown in self.index_prop(index.column()), index_pro is a dictionary so you should use [] instead of ().
val = getattr(self.wires[index.row()], self.index_prop[index.column()])
Another error is generated by the line idx = self.ui.wires_tableView.currentIndex(), the ui does not exist and it is not necessary, sure it is a remnant of a previous code, to access wires_tableView as this is a member of the class not it is necessary to use an intermediary, you must access directly with self: idx = self.wires_tableView.currentIndex()
The above are typos and probably mark it so that the question is closed there is another error that is not, and that is the reason for my answer.
In the line self.beginRemoveRows(...) you must pass the row that you are going to remove but you are passing the row that does not exist:
row = len(self.wires)
self.beginRemoveRows(QtCore.QModelIndex(), row, row) # <---- row does not exist in the table
The solution is simple, change it by index:
def delete(self, index):
"""
Delete wire
:param index:
:return:
"""
self.beginRemoveRows(QtCore.QModelIndex(), index, index)
self.wires.pop(index)
self.endRemoveRows()
|
USS Elizabeth C. Stanton (AP-69)
USS Elizabeth C. Stanton (AP-69) was the lead ship of her class of Second World War United States Navy transport ships, named for the suffragist and abolitionist Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
Elizabeth C. Stanton was launched on 22 December 1939 as Sea Star by Moore Dry Dock Company, Oakland, California, for Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc., under a Maritime Commission contract; sponsored by Mrs. Richard J. Welch; renamed Mormacstar in 1940; transferred to the Navy on 13 September 1942; and commissioned on 17 September 1942, Commander D. A. Frost, USN (Ret), in command.
Service history
Sailing from Norfolk on 24 October 1942, Elizabeth C. Stanton quickly landed her troops and equipment for the assault on North Africa on 8 November and got underway for the States within the week. After another rapid voyage to North Africa to support the troops fighting ashore, she returned to Norfolk on 24 April 1943 and the following day became flagship for amphibious exercises in Chesapeake Bay.
On 10 May 1943 Elizabeth C. Stanton sailed again for the Mediterranean, where she saw action during the invasion of Sicily on 10 July. She remained off the island discharging troops and combat cargo, and fighting off enemy aircraft for six days. She returned to Algeria to prepare for the next operation, and on 9 September landed her troops at Salerno in the initial assault. Until the end of October, she carried reinforcement troops from Bizerte and Oran to Naples for the capture and occupation of Italy, then sailed for New York and overhaul.
When Elizabeth C. Stanton returned to transport duty in January 1944, preparations were underway for the June invasion of Normandy; she made two voyages to carry troops and cargo for the huge buildup in the British Isles. On 14 March 1944 she departed Belfast for Algeria, and subsequently carried troops to Naples, taking part in amphibious exercises and antisubmarine patrols until August. Then she saw action in the initial landings on the coast of southern France. She continued to support this operation by transporting troops and cargo throughout the Mediterranean until returning to the United States on 8 November.
After overhaul at New York, Elizabeth C. Stanton sailed for the Pacific on 4 January 1945, and arrived at Espiritu Santo on 23 February. Assigned to redeploy troops in the central and southern Pacific, she sailed from Pearl Harbor to the New Hebrides, Marianas, Marshalls, Solomons, Carolines and Okinawa Gunto. Arriving at San Francisco on 11 July for repairs, she sailed again in August to transport troops for the occupation of Japan. She returned to the West Coast late in 1945. On 20 January 1946 she carried 1,800 German prisoners of war with their US Army guards from Long Beach to Liverpool and Le Havre. She returned to New York on 5 March and was decommissioned on 3 April 1946, ownership reverting to the Maritime Commission on the same day.
Elizabeth C. Stanton received five battle stars for World War II service.
Return to commerce
On 24 August 1946 the ship was returned to Moore McCormack Lines for operation until sold to Peninsular Navigation Co. on 14 February 1961 to be renamed Jacqueline Someck. The ship was sold back to Moore McCormack on 18 December 1963 to be sold again on 28 February 1964 to Windward Steamship Co. to be renamed National Seafarer. The ship was sold to interest in Japan and scrapped September 1967.
See also
List of U.S. military vessels named after women
References
External links
Category:Type C3 ships
Category:Ships built in Oakland, California
Category:1939 ships
Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States
Category:Elizabeth C. Stanton-class transports
Category:World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Category:Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
Foreman’s trey upstaged a 39-point performance by Pioneers guard Patrick Good, who accounted for all eight of Crockett’s buckets beyond the arc.
The heavily guarded Good stroked a deep 3 to cut it to 81-78 with a minute left in overtime, but by then he was firing on fumes. His final two field goal attempts weren’t even close.
Pioneers coach John Good admitted that his entire team’s mood went “from elation to deflation” on Foreman’s buzzer-beater. The coach said he was vexed by his own failure to direct his players to foul Foreman and send him to the free throw line.
He wasn’t the only coach at Viking Hall second-guessing himself.
In the nightcap between Tennessee High and Science Hill, the Vikings’ Caleb Easterling tied it at 46 with his 30-footer with 3.5 seconds showing in regulation. Tennessee High went on to win in OT, 52-51.
Foreman’s pivotal trifecta might have been touched by luck — it was his only 3 of the night — but he otherwise pulled his weight with a 25-point performance for D-B.
Tyleke Love paced the Tribe (19-8), scoring 26 points before he picked up his fifth foul with 8.7 seconds remaining in regulation.
The adrenaline from the comeback shot helped offset the loss of Love. The defensive energy expended on Patrick Good also bore late fruit.
John Fulkerson and Paul Gadson added 11 points apiece for the Tribe, and both post players loomed large on the boards. Fulkerson scored seven of his points in overtime.
Dustin Day added 24 points for the Pioneers (21-12).
In the nightcap, Adam Mitchell fired up 20 points to lead Tennessee High (24-6). Big Chase Branscomb added 14 points. Easterling, who hit both of the Vikings’ 3-point goals, finished with 10.
Calvin Songster scored 15 points to lead the Hilltoppers (20-11).
For an expanded version of this article, please see Sunday's print edition or our electronic edition. |
Summary: A new study reveals a diverse array of genetic changes that occur in the brain following sensory experiences.
Source: Harvard.
“Nature and nurture is a convenient jingle of words, for it separates under two distinct heads the innumerable elements of which personality is composed. Nature is all that a man brings with himself into the world; nurture is every influence from without that affects him after his birth.” – Francis Galton, cousin of Charles Darwin, 1874.
Is it nature or nurture that ultimately shapes a human? Are actions and behaviors a result of genes or environment? Variations of these questions have been explored by countless philosophers and scientists across millennia. Yet, as biologists continue to better understand the mechanisms that underlie brain function, it is increasingly apparent that this long-debated dichotomy may be no dichotomy at all.
In a study published in Nature Neuroscience on Jan. 21, neuroscientists and systems biologists from Harvard Medical School reveal just how inexorably interwoven nature and nurture are in the mouse brain. Using novel technologies developed at HMS, the team looked at how a single sensory experience affects gene expression in the brain by analyzing more than 114,000 individual cells in the mouse visual cortex before and after exposure to light.
Their findings revealed a dramatic and diverse landscape of gene expression changes across all cell types, involving 611 different genes, many linked to neural connectivity and the brain’s ability to rewire itself to learn and adapt.
The results offer insights into how bursts of neuronal activity that last only milliseconds trigger lasting changes in the brain, and open new fields of exploration for efforts to understand how the brain works.
“What we found is, in a sense, amazing. In response to visual stimulation, virtually every cell in the visual cortex is responding in a different way,” said co-senior author Michael Greenberg, the Nathan Marsh Pusey Professor of Neurobiology and chair of the Department of Neurobiology at HMS.
“This in essence addresses the long-asked question about nature and nurture: Is it genes or environment? It’s both, and this is how they come together,” he said.
One out of many
Neuroscientists have known that stimuli–sensory experiences such as touch or sound, metabolic changes, injury and other environmental experiences–can trigger the activation of genetic programs within the brain.
Composed of a vast array of different cells, the brain depends on a complex orchestra of cellular functions to carry out its tasks. Scientists have long sought to understand how individual cells respond to various stimuli. However, due to technological limitations, previous genetic studies largely focused on mixed populations of cells, obscuring critical nuances in cellular behavior.
To build a more comprehensive picture, Greenberg teamed with co-corresponding author Bernardo Sabatini, the Alice and Rodman W. Moorhead III Professor of Neurobiology at HMS, and Allon Klein, assistant professor of systems biology at HMS.
Spearheaded by co-lead authors Sinisa Hrvatin, a postdoctoral fellow in the Greenberg lab, Daniel Hochbaum, a postdoctoral fellow in the Sabatini lab and M. Aurel Nagy, an MD-PhD student in the Greenberg lab, the researchers first housed mice in complete darkness to quiet the visual cortex, the area of the brain that controls vision.
They then exposed the mice to light and studied how it affected genes within the brain. Using technology developed by the Klein lab known as inDrops, they tracked which genes got turned on or off in tens of thousands of individual cells before and after light exposure.
The team found significant changes in gene expression after light exposure in all cell types in the visual cortex–both neurons and, unexpectedly, nonneuronal cells such as astrocytes, macrophages and muscle cells that line blood vessels in the brain.
Roughly 50 to 70 percent of excitatory neurons, for example, exhibited changes regardless of their location or function. Remarkably, the authors said, a large proportion of non-neuronal cells–almost half of all astrocytes, for example–also exhibited changes.
The team identified thousands of genes with altered expression patterns after light exposure, and 611 genes that had at least two-fold increases or decreases.
Many of these genes have been previously linked to structural remodeling in the brain, suggesting that virtually the entire visual cortex, including the vasculature and muscle cell types, may undergo genetically controlled rewiring in response to a sensory experience.
There has been some controversy among neuroscientists over whether gene expression could functionally control plasticity or connectivity between neurons.
“I think our study strongly suggests that this is the case, and that each cell has a unique genetic program that’s tailored to the function of a given cell within a neural circuit,” Greenberg said.
Question goldmine
These findings open a wide range of avenues for further study, the authors said. For example, how genetic programs affect the function of specific cell types, how they vary early or later in life and how dysfunction in these programs might contribute to disease, all of which could help scientists learn more about the fundamental workings of the brain.
“Experience and environmental stimuli appear to almost constantly affect gene expression and function throughout the brain. This may help us to understand how processes such as learning and memory formation, which require long-term changes in the brain, arise from the short bursts of electrical activity through which neurons signal to each other,” Greenberg said.
One especially interesting area of inquiry, according to Greenberg, includes the regulatory elements that control the expression of genes in response to sensory experience. In a paper published earlier this year in Molecular Cell, he and his team explored the activity of the FOS/JUN protein complex, which is expressed across many different cell types in the brain but appears to regulate unique programs in each different cell type.
Identifying the regulatory elements that control gene expression is critical because they may account for differences in brain function from one human to another, and may also underlie disorders such as autism, schizophrenia and bipolar disease, the researchers said.
“We’re sitting on a goldmine of questions that can help us better understand how the brain works,” Greenberg said. “And there is a whole field of exploration waiting to be tapped.”
About this neuroscience research article
Additional authors on the study include Marcelo Cicconet, Keiramarie Robertson, Lucas Cheadle, Rapolas Zilionis, Alex Ratner and Rebeca Borges-Monroy.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01NS028829, R01NS046579, T32GM007753, R33CA212697, 5T32AG000222-23), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., the William F. Milton Fund, a Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award and an Edward J. Mallinckrodt Scholarship.
Source: Ekaterina Pesheva – Harvard
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Lichtman Lab, Harvard University.
Original Research: Abstract in Nature Neuroscience.
DOI:10.1038/s41593-017-0029-5
Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Harvard “Nature, Meet Nurture.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 8 February 2018.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/genetic-nature-experience-8455/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Harvard (2018, February 8). Nature, Meet Nurture. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved February 8, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/genetic-nature-experience-8455/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Harvard “Nature, Meet Nurture.” https://neurosciencenews.com/genetic-nature-experience-8455/ (accessed February 8, 2018).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis of experience-dependent transcriptomic states in the mouse visual cortex
Activity-dependent transcriptional responses shape cortical function. However, a comprehensive understanding of the diversity of these responses across the full range of cortical cell types, and how these changes contribute to neuronal plasticity and disease, is lacking. To investigate the breadth of transcriptional changes that occur across cell types in the mouse visual cortex after exposure to light, we applied high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing. We identified significant and divergent transcriptional responses to stimulation in each of the 30 cell types characterized, thus revealing 611 stimulus-responsive genes. Excitatory pyramidal neurons exhibited inter- and intralaminar heterogeneity in the induction of stimulus-responsive genes. Non-neuronal cells showed clear transcriptional responses that may regulate experience-dependent changes in neurovascular coupling and myelination. Together, these results reveal the dynamic landscape of the stimulus-dependent transcriptional changes occurring across cell types in the visual cortex; these changes are probably critical for cortical function and may be sites of deregulation in developmental brain disorders.
Feel free to share this Neuroscience News. |
BAREILLY: A day after BJP district president Ravindra Rathore and scores of his followers allegedly attacked the sub-divisional magistrate (SDM) of Nawabganj, all three additional district magistrates (ADMs), city magistrate, four additional city magistrates (ACMs)and six sub-divisional magistrates reached district magistrate (DM) RV Singh ’s residence on Saturday morning to express their anger over the incident. They also met the divisional commissioner and gave him a memorandum addressed to the chief minister and state election commissioner . Officials said that if action was not taken against Rathore within three days, they would be forced to go on strike.
In the memorandum sent on the letterhead of UP State Civil Services Association, the enraged officials stated that over the past couple of years, incidents of manhandling and misbehaviour of Provincial Civil Service (PCS) officers had been increased rapidly.
“The government is informed every time immediately after such incidents. Due to inaction at the government level, such incidents are continuously taking place. This has affected morale, enthusiasm and dedication of officers,” the letter read.
After receiving the complaint from the senior district officials, the DM said if BJP leaders had some grievances regarding the counting process, they had a platform to raise the matter before the State Election Commission.
“Taking the law in hand can’t be justified. We have lodged an FIR against the BJP district president and others for attacking our officer and informed the government as well as the Election Commission about the incident,” RV Singh said.
After meeting commissioner PV Jaganmohan, ADM (finance) Jagat Pal Singh said that it was an attack on the bureaucracy and district officials would go on strike if the accused were not arrested.
“Counting had been over and the results were out when BJP candidate Premlata Rathore and her brother-in-law and party district president Ravindra started mounting pressure for recounting. On being refused this, they attacked SDM Rajesh Kumar. Police gave him cover and took him away from the assailants,” ADM Singh said.
ADM (city) OP Singh said, “We want stern action not only against Rathore but against those police officials also who allowed people to enter the counting centre without having authorised passes. If the named accused are not arrested, we will go on strike from December 5.”
City magistrate UP Singh told TOI that it would be the first time in UP’s history if all administrative magistrates of a district went on strike. “The matter is now with the PCS Association. During my service, I have never heard of the entire administration of a district going on strike before,” he added.
|
Q:
How can I run VS2012 CppUnitTestFramework unit tests from an msbuild script?
I've written a native unit test dll that uses VS2012's CppUnitTestFramework. I can run these tests in the VS2012's IDE in the Test Explorer window.
But, I'd like to also run these tests from our MsBuild script. I guess I need to launch some test runner exe with appropriate command line, but am struggling to find information on this.
Can you help point me in the right direction. Thanks.
A:
The Visual Studio Test Runner is a simple command line tool which needs to be called in order to find and execute the tests. Creating a small msbuild task or using the standard exec task would be enough to invoke the tests after the build.
As long as the test runner is installed properly, it should just pick up these tests and execute them.
See this blog post explaining all the command line intricacies of the new vstest.console.exe.
|
package workspace
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"os/exec"
"path"
"path/filepath"
"strings"
"github.com/GetStream/vg/internal/utils"
"github.com/pkg/errors"
)
func (ws *Workspace) InstallLocalPackagePersistently(pkg string, localPath string) error {
err := ws.InstallLocalPackage(pkg, localPath)
if err != nil {
return err
}
settings, err := ws.Settings()
if err != nil {
return err
}
settings.LocalInstalls[pkg].Persistent = true
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Persisting the local install for %q\n", pkg)
return ws.SaveSettings(settings)
}
func (ws *Workspace) InstallLocalPackage(pkg string, localPath string) error {
pkgDir := filepath.Join(path.Split(pkg))
target := filepath.Join(ws.Src(), pkgDir)
err := ws.Uninstall(pkg, os.Stderr)
if err != nil {
return err
}
settings, err := ws.Settings()
if err != nil {
return err
}
settings.LocalInstalls[pkg] = &localInstall{
Path: localPath,
}
err = ws.SaveSettings(settings)
if err != nil {
return err
}
hasBindfs, err := utils.CommandExists("bindfs")
if err != nil {
return err
}
if hasBindfs {
err = ws.installLocalPackageWithBindfs(pkg, localPath, target)
} else {
err = ws.installLocalPackageWithSymlink(pkg, localPath, target)
}
if err != nil {
return err
}
settings.LocalInstalls[pkg].Successful = true
return ws.SaveSettings(settings)
}
func (ws *Workspace) installLocalPackageWithBindfs(pkg, src, target string) error {
_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Installing local sources at %q in workspace as %q using bindfs\n", src, pkg)
settings, err := ws.Settings()
if err != nil {
return err
}
settings.LocalInstalls[pkg].Bindfs = true
err = ws.SaveSettings(settings)
if err != nil {
return err
}
err = os.MkdirAll(target, 0755)
if err != nil {
return errors.WithStack(err)
}
cmd := exec.Command("bindfs", "--no-allow-other", src, target)
cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
cmd.Stdout = os.Stderr
return errors.WithStack(cmd.Run())
}
func (ws *Workspace) installLocalPackageWithSymlink(pkg, src, target string) error {
_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Installing local sources at %q in workspace as %q using symbolic links\n", src, pkg)
err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(target), 0755)
if err != nil {
return errors.WithStack(err)
}
err = os.RemoveAll(target)
if err != nil {
return errors.WithStack(err)
}
return errors.WithStack(os.Symlink(src, target))
}
func (ws *Workspace) InstallSavedLocalPackages() error {
settings, err := ws.Settings()
if err != nil {
return err
}
for pkg, install := range settings.LocalInstalls {
if install.Persistent {
err = ws.InstallLocalPackagePersistently(pkg, install.Path)
} else {
err = ws.InstallLocalPackage(pkg, install.Path)
}
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
func (ws *Workspace) Uninstall(pkg string, logWriter io.Writer) error {
return ws.uninstall(pkg, logWriter, "")
}
func (ws *Workspace) uninstall(pkg string, logWriter io.Writer, indent string) error {
pkgDir := utils.PkgToDir(pkg)
pkgSrc := filepath.Join(ws.Src(), pkgDir)
_, err := os.Stat(pkgSrc)
if err != nil {
if os.IsNotExist(err) {
return nil
}
return errors.WithStack(err)
}
fmt.Fprintf(logWriter, indent+"Uninstalling %q from workspace\n", pkg)
// Check if locally installed
settings, err := ws.Settings()
if err != nil {
return err
}
indent += " "
// Uninstall all locally installed subpackages
for localPkg := range settings.LocalInstalls {
if strings.HasPrefix(pkg, localPkg) && localPkg != pkg {
return errors.Errorf("Cannot uninstall %q, because it's a subpackage of the locally installed %q", pkg, localPkg)
}
}
install, localInstalled := settings.LocalInstalls[pkg]
if localInstalled && install.Bindfs {
fmt.Fprintf(logWriter, indent+"Unmounting bindfs mount at %q\n", pkgSrc)
stderrBuff := &bytes.Buffer{}
outputBuff := &bytes.Buffer{}
var cmd *exec.Cmd
var notMounted func(output, pkgSrc string) bool
hasFusermount, err := utils.CommandExists("fusermount")
if err != nil {
return err
}
if hasFusermount {
// Use fusermount if that exists
cmd = exec.Command("fusermount", "-u", pkgSrc)
notMounted = fusermountNotMounted
} else {
// Otherwise fallback to umount
cmd = exec.Command("umount", pkgSrc)
notMounted = umountNotMounted
}
cmd.Stderr = io.MultiWriter(stderrBuff, outputBuff)
cmd.Stdout = outputBuff
err = cmd.Run()
if err != nil {
if !notMounted(stderrBuff.String(), pkgSrc) {
// We don't care if the write to stderr failed
_, _ = io.Copy(os.Stderr, outputBuff)
return errors.WithStack(err)
}
}
}
// Uninstall all locally installed subpackages
for localPkg := range settings.LocalInstalls {
if strings.HasPrefix(localPkg, pkg) && localPkg != pkg {
err := ws.uninstall(localPkg, logWriter, indent)
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
}
fmt.Fprintf(logWriter, indent+"Removing sources at %q\n", pkgSrc)
err = os.RemoveAll(pkgSrc)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "Couldn't remove package src %q", ws.Name())
}
if localInstalled && !install.Persistent {
fmt.Fprintf(logWriter, indent+"Removing %q from locally installed packages\n", pkg)
delete(settings.LocalInstalls, pkg)
err = ws.SaveSettings(settings)
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
pkgInstalledDirs, err := filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(ws.Pkg(), "*", pkgDir))
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "Something went wrong when globbing files for %q", pkg)
}
for _, path := range pkgInstalledDirs {
fmt.Fprintf(logWriter, indent+"Removing %q\n", path)
err = os.RemoveAll(path)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "Couldn't remove installed package files for %q", pkg)
}
}
pkgInstalledFiles, err := filepath.Glob(filepath.Join(ws.Pkg(), "*", pkgDir+".a"))
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "Something went wrong when globbing files for %q", pkg)
}
for _, path := range pkgInstalledFiles {
fmt.Fprintf(logWriter, indent+"Removing %q\n", path)
err = os.RemoveAll(path)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrapf(err, "Couldn't remove installed package files for %q", pkg)
}
}
return nil
}
func umountNotMounted(output, pkgSrc string) bool {
return strings.HasPrefix(output, fmt.Sprintf("umount: %s: not currently mounted", pkgSrc)) ||
strings.HasPrefix(output, fmt.Sprintf("umount: %s: not mounted", pkgSrc))
}
func fusermountNotMounted(output, pkgSrc string) bool {
return strings.HasPrefix(output, fmt.Sprintf("fusermount: entry for %s not found", pkgSrc))
}
func (ws *Workspace) ClearSrc() error {
err := os.RemoveAll(ws.ensureMarker())
if err != nil {
return errors.WithStack(err)
}
err = ws.UninstallAllLocalInstalls()
if err != nil {
return err
}
return errors.WithStack(os.RemoveAll(ws.Src()))
}
func (ws *Workspace) UninstallAllLocalInstalls() error {
settings, err := ws.Settings()
if err != nil {
return err
}
err = os.RemoveAll(ws.ensureMarker())
if err != nil {
return errors.WithStack(err)
}
for pkg := range settings.LocalInstalls {
err := ws.Uninstall(pkg, os.Stdout)
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
func (ws *Workspace) UnpersistLocalInstall(pkg string) error {
settings, err := ws.Settings()
if err != nil {
return err
}
if install, ok := settings.LocalInstalls[pkg]; ok {
fmt.Printf("Removing %q from persistent local installs\n", pkg)
install.Persistent = false
err = ws.SaveSettings(settings)
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
|
In vitro culture of the mosquito stages of Plasmodium falciparum.
The sporogonic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum was obtained in vitro. Mature gametocytes, from blood-stage cultures, produced gametes that underwent fertilization at elevated pH and ambient temperatures. Wheat germ agglutinin stimulated transformation of zygotes into retorts and ookinetes. Twenty-four hours thereafter, 18-49% mature ookinetes and 10-20% intermediate retort forms were counted. Cultures were seeded onto a basement membrane-like gel (Matrigel) in coculture with Drosophila melanogaster cells. Both ookinetes and retorts attached to Matrigel and transformed into oocysts. Mature oocysts and sporozoites expressed circumsporozoite protein. The entire life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum, the most important malaria pathogen of humans, can now be studied in vitro. |
Say hello to Anna
Maybe you’re wondering what the man writing a romance is writing now that he’s done writing the romance. Or maybe you’re not. No matter, I’m telling you.
I plan to tweak some screenplays I wrote that have prominent female characters and make them available on Amazon. By “tweak,” I mean doing a little updating, making sure the women are woman-y enough and maybe adding a few details that wouldn’t ordinarily appear in screenplays. Details like what people are wearing (something a screenwriter is supposed to leave up the wardrobe designer) and how characters are saying their lines (that’s up to the actors).
I started writing screenplays twenty-five years ago because I watched a lot of movies, and novels seemed too long and too complicated. I ended up finishing twenty scripts, some of which pecked tiny nicks into the hard shell that encases the movie business. One was Metal Mom, which I hope to have on the bookshelf before March 1.
Metal Mom isn’t a romance, but it is a comedy. It’s about a woman, Anna Petrovic, who rekindles her singing career when her kids are in high school. They don’t like it. Neither does her husband. Even the lead guitarist of her new band, Brains on the Wall, has issues when it looks like Anna’s pushing him out of the spotlight.
Metal Mom was first optioned by a fledgling producer who already had one independent movie under her belt. She started out with micro-budget aspirations and ended up signing Michelle Phillips to play the lead and nearly convincing people with money to finance a Hollywood studio-level project.
A company behind a popular kids’ show optioned Metal Mom a few years later, but that deal didn’t come to fruition, either.
Not that I’m complaining. In Hollywood, Metal Mom has a track record of success. Seriously. Most screenplays get no attention at all. But Metal Mom earned me some money, and I understand why. It’s funny. It’s a good story. It has a female lead that female actors would like to play.
Anyone—male or female—who’s had dreams while growing up in the rock ’n’ roll era will identify with Anna.
And anyone who’s ever been to a movie might like to read a screenplay.
Screenplays aren’t like novels. They don’t divulge a lot of back story. You can’t delve into what characters are thinking. And adroit asides in italics are strictly verboten. That goes for anything else you couldn’t see or hear in the theater.
But reading a screenplay isn’t like watching a movie, either. You don’t see what a director, cinematographer and editor want you to see. You see what you want to see. You get to be the director, cinematographer and editor—and the actor. All of the actors, in fact.
And screenplays are fast reads. Theoretically, you should be able to finish a ninety-pager in an hour and a half.
It takes a lot longer than a minute a page to write a screenplay. Or rewrite one, even. But that’s okay, because if I do my job well, your imagination will shoot and show you a movie as real as any you’ll see on the screen. |
Lynx RDA By Digiflavor Review
Lynx RDA By Digiflavor Review
Digiflavor have come on strong with their offerings to the Vape market this year. The release of the infamous Pharoah RDA dripper tank saw some ingenious design initiatives and machining quality. Today we will be focusing on the Lynx RDA, supplied by Heaven Gifts for review. The initial similarities between the Lynx and the Pharaoh Dripper Tank are the spring loaded, goon style build deck and the very well thought out catch cup in the roof. The rest of this RDA is unique in it’s design and presentation, loaded with even more innovation to which we have not yet seen in the game. More on that to follow.
The Lynx is a 25mm RDA available in both brushed stainless and black color options. We find a 2ml juice well in the body which sits at 26mm tall without the driptip. It features a Goon style, dual post, build deck with top mounted screws and spring loaded post clamps. The airflow is totally adjustable and can quickly be configured as bottom airflow only or bottom and side airflow. A delrin drip tip is included along with a 510 drip tip adapter which enables you to utilize your favorite 510 tip.
Use Coupon Code ACHEAP15 for 15% off Purchase!
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In the Box
1x Lynx RDA By Digiflavor
1x Widebore Delrin Drip Tip
1x Bag of Spares
1x Tri Tool Allen Key/Hex Keys
Digiflavor doesn’t mess around with packaging. Their product line so far comes in neat, sturdy and well-presented boxes. There is no excess space wasted and each box has enough padding to house the tanks without damaging them in transit.
Out of the Box
My first impressions were that it was just a solid unit with no airflow in sight, and then I noticed a seam in the middle. I twisted the top cap gradually and looking very carefully i saw that there was a channel on either side with slots slowly presenting themselves.
Further twisting revealed that there were side airflow slots as well. It took some time inspecting the Lynx to finally realize exactly how the airflow system works and how to get it operating. In short, from being fully closed, you twist the top cap until the desired amount of airflow is reached.
There is no side-only airflow option; it is bottom only or a combination of bottom and side airflow. The bottom airflow works by air entering thru the channels on either side of the body, then travelling down underneath the juice well to a port that sits directly under each coil.
The side airflow hits directly onto the side of coil – purely as you would imagine it to. Digiflavor markets the Lynx as adjustable bottom airflow for Mouth to Lung style vaping with robust flavor. And adjustable side airflow for Direct to Lung style vaping used in conjunction with bottom airflow for more vapor.
The machining is of a high standard, with no janky parts or loose metal filings and smooth threading. It breaks down into 3 separate distinct pieces. The base which houses the build deck and 510 connection, the bottom half of the chamber housing the airflow channels and male threading, and then the top chimney section which has the female threads, the catch cup in the roof and the drip tip cavity.
On inspection, there was no obvious sign or smell of machine oil, however there was a small deposit of what seemed to be VG. A quick wash in hot water and detergent cleaned everything right off. The o rings ensure everything fits together snug and seem to be of high quality. The positive pin appears to be either gold or gold plated and can be adjusted if required. The Lynx looks good on every box mod I tried it on and does not sit too high or leave any gap between it and the mod.
The spares bag contains enough o rings to cover any replacements that could be needed from general wear and tear. Although there are no allen key adjustments needed on the Lynx RDA, the tri tool that ships with this unit will come in handy for any other tanks that require it. This means you only need to take this one tool with you in your kit, keeping your travels nice and compact.
There is a screw on the base of the RDA that appears to be located right underneath the negative post. Initially I presumed this would be to add a bottom feeder option for squonk type setups, however most BF attys are fed through the positive pin. There is no mention for the use of this screw, it may be for maintenance. Let us know if you know what the purpose is in the comments below.
Usage
The spring loaded post clamps are a dream to build on with enough room for larger diameter wire. The fact you don’t have to awkwardly lift up the post clamps while you’re trying to install your build is a winner. The edges of the post clamps have locators, so the wire doesn’t slip out before you screw it down.
Be careful not to back the screws out all the way because the spring mechanism will pop right out and runs the risk of never being found again. If you really do want to find out how much room you have to play with, be very careful when taking these out because there are no extra springs included in the spares bag.
The post screws attach vertically from the top, screwing downwards. I personally like the Philips style screws on the post clamps as they do not seem to strip as easily as hex screws. By the way, all of the Digiflavor attys are shipping with the tri tool that covers both Allen keys and Philips head scenarios.
The deep juice well enables you to drip a fair amount of e-liquid, equipping you for multiple hits without having to constantly drip. The amount of hits you get and amount of liquid you can drip obviously depends on your build, wicking and temperature settings.
The 510 drip tip adaptor sits flush to the top of the atty and does not stick out like the many adaptors for other attys. So your 510 drip tip of choice looks in place, not like an add-on. A handy feature of the included drip tip is that you can drip directly down the center, onto the posts, without having to remove it or the top cap.
Use Coupon Code ACHEAP15 for 15% off Purchase!
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Performance
Initially I tested the Lynx RDA with my standard go-to build of SS316L Dual Claptons, 26/32 AWG 6 wraps at 2.5mm diameter. This build normally comes in around 0.3 ohms and it did exactly that in this instance. It was a breeze to fit into the posts, clip the ends off and get wicked up.
I primed the coils, screwed the top cap on and proceeded to drip 10 drops straight down the middle of the drip tip. For my initial vape on this RDA, I chose to have the side airflow just barely open a whisker – relying on the bottom airflow. At 60 watts, I had my first pull and I was impressed straight away. Full on flavor!
I gradually went up to 75 watts, opened up the side airflow a little more and found that to be the sweet spot for this build and RDA combo. I was getting great flavor and a generous amount of vapor production. Wow, I was digging this atty in a big way.
Okay, it was time to test the Lynx RDA out to its full capabilities. I opened up the side airflow to almost fully open and started climbing the watts up gradually to 90 watts. The vapor production I was getting at this stage was staggering. Taste did not lack as I was climbing up the wattage, however I had to drip more often as the wick dries out quicker.
I have to say the top cap obviously does get hot at the higher temperatures, so watch your lips – especially if your chain vaping. The ability of being able to tailor the airflow so quickly and adjust the wattage to suit my desired vape is very enjoyable and satisfying. Whether you want a cool and refreshing hit or a hot and dense vape, the Lynx RDA can provide.
The other builds I have tried in the Lynx are twisted combo coils, standard and spaced regular coils and some parallel coils. All were a cinch to install and performed as expected, giving great flavor and vapor production. Temperature control works flawlessly so there are no worries for those who like to utilize TC capable builds. I have not experienced any ohm jumping or irregular behavior while vaping on this beast.
One recommendation I do have is to put some juice on both the side and bottom o rings. This makes turning the airflow and getting the top cap on and off easier and eliminates the squeaky noise when adjusting airflow. There is a noticeable whistle when using predominantly only the bottom airflow; however this goes away when you start to engage to side airflow.
I have not experienced any leakage at all with the Lynx RDA. The ability to be able to close off all of the airflow for transport is ingenious. And if you happen to knock it over or lay it on the side, there is a catch cup in the top of the chamber that will prevent juice from leaking out.
When put back into a vertical position, the juice runs back down the walls of the atty onto your wick or into the well. Theoretically if you over drip or happen to drip into the airflow holes under the coils, the juice should run back up the airflow channels and into the deck. I assume gravity would assist this process when you take a pull on it as there is literally nowhere else for excess juice to leak out.
The cons I have with this unit are the fact that the airflow system does not accommodate for a single coil option, unless you manually modify and block the channels on one side. And depending on how open you have the airflow, the top cap can be a little wobbly as there are fewer threads holding it on.
The unit does not ship with spare springs, so care needs to be taken while taking the mod apart and cleaning it. It would have been great to see an anti-spit back drip tip option as per the Pharaoh. This would have been an easy and cheap add on to the Lynx RDA. The whistle when only employing the bottom airflow could get on some peoples nerves, however it didn’t bug me too much.
In summary I have to say hats off to Digiflavor for bringing innovation and contributing to developing the way we vape even further. The Lynx RDA was well thought out in both design and usage. The new features this atty brings definitely unlocks new potential for the way we do things. It works as advertised and it does its job very well. I have no hesitation in recommending this RDA to anyone who is interested.
Use Coupon Code ACHEAP15 for 15% off Purchase!
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Sponsors
I am a vape hobbyist currently living in the central Florida area. I have been vaping for over two years now, and constantly keep up to date with the newest vape gear. I recently started working in the vape industry, and my goal is to inform as many people as I can of the benefits of vaping, and how to go about getting the best deals possible. |
Regulated nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of viral gene products: a therapeutic target?
The study of viral proteins and host cell factors that interact with them has represented an invaluable contribution to understanding of the physiology as well as associated pathology of key eukaryotic cell processes such as cell cycle regulation, signal transduction and transformation. Similarly, knowledge of nucleocytoplasmic transport is based largely on pioneering studies performed on viral proteins that enabled the first sequences responsible for the facilitated transport through the nuclear pore to be identified. The study of viral proteins has also enabled the discovery of several nucleocytoplasmic regulatory mechanisms, the best characterized being through phosphorylation. Recent delineation of the mechanisms whereby phosphorylation regulates nuclear import and export of key viral gene products encoded by important human pathogens such as human cytomegalovirus dengue virus and respiratory syncytial virus has implications for the development of antiviral therapeutics. In particular, the development of specific and effective kinase inhibitors makes the idea of blocking viral infection by inhibiting the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of viral gene product nuclear transport a real possibility. Additionally, examination of a chicken anemia virus (CAV) protein able to target selectively into the nucleus of tumor but not normal cells, as specifically regulated by phosphorylation, opens the exciting possibility of cancer cell-specific nuclear targeting. The study of nucleoplasmic transport may thus enable the development not only of new antiviral approaches, but also contribute to anti-cancer strategies. |
Evaluation of right and left ventricular function using pulsed-wave tissue Doppler echocardiography in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.
Previous studies showed that subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) was associated with cardiovascular disorders, such as endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and myocardial dysfunction. Only one study investigated left ventricular (LV) function using pulsed tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) in patients with SH. However, no study has used this technique in the identification of right ventricular (RV) function in these patients. We aimed to investigate the effect of SH on RV and LV function using TDE technique. The present study included 36 newly diagnosed SH patients and 28 healthy controls. For each subjects, serum free T3 (FT3), free T4 (FT4), total T3 (TT3), total T4 (TT4), TSH, peroxidase antibody (TPOab) and thyroglobulin antibody (TGab) levels were measured, and standard echocardiography and TDE were performed. In patients with SH, TSH levels were significantly higher, and TPOab and TGab levels were significantly higher when compared to healthy controls. TDE showed that the patients had significantly lower early diastolic mitral and tricuspid annular velocity (Ea) and early/late (Ea/Aa) diastolic mitral and tricuspid annular velocity ratio (p<0.05, p<0.05 and p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively), and significantly longer isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT) of left and right ventricles (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). However, Aa, Sa, and isovolumetric contraction time (ICT) and ET (ejection time) of left and right ventricle did not significantly differ (p=ns for all). In addition, a negative correlation between TSH and TD-derived tricuspid Ea velocity and Ea/Aa ratio, and a positive correlation between TSH and IRT of right ventricle were observed. Our findings demonstrated that SH is associated with impaired RV diastolic function in addition to impaired LV diastolic function. |
Thyroid transcription factor-1 expression in the human neonatal tracheoesophageal fistula.
Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is a relatively common congenital anomaly, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Previous studies using the experimental Adriamycin-induced rat model of EA/TEF suggest that the fistula tract, or "distal esophagus," is derived from respiratory epithelium and expresses the respiratory-specific transcription factor TTF-1. To better correlate the experimental rat model of EA/TEF with the human anomaly, we looked for evidence of a respiratory-derived origin in the neonatal TEF. After IRB approval, 2 human TEF samples were removed at the time of surgery. The tissue from the fistula tract was trimmed in accordance with what the surgeons deemed to be appropriate for the preparation for a primary anastomosis. The tissues then were processed for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), histology, and immunohistochemistry. Normal embryonic lung cDNA was used for positive controls. Histologic examination of tissue specimens showed many epithelial tubules within loose connective tissue and a disorganized muscular coat. Thyroid transcription factor one (TTF-1) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 3beta (HNF-3beta) were shown to be present in the tissue specimen by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. In addition, FGF-10, a strong morphogen present in the developing lung, and FGF-1 were both present by RT-PCR. The PCR band sizes for both FGF-1 and -10 were appropriate, using human embryonic cDNA as a control, and the bands were confirmed as nongenomic by either placing the PCR primers across a known intron sequence (TTF-1) or by absence of a band in a negative RT control (HNF-3beta, FGF-10, FGF-1). The presence of TTF-1 in the neonatal TEF shows, for the first time, that parallels may be drawn between the experimental rat model of TEF and the human anomaly at the molecular level. Moreover, these results suggest that the fistula tract in the human neonate is derived from a respiratory cell lineage. This respiratory origin of the human TEF may explain the poor esophageal motility (and subsequent serious respiratory complications) of the distal segment after standard EA/TEF repair. |
Summary: Genetic divergence of the seminal signalħreceptor
system in houseŻies: the footprints of sexually
antagonistic coevolution?
Jose¨ A. Andre¨ s*
and GÎran Arnqvist
Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Animal Ecology, University of UmeÔ, SE-901 87 UmeÔ, Sweden
To understand fully the signi˘cance of cryptic female choice, we need to focus on each of those post-
mating processes in females which create variance in ˘tness among males. Earlier studies have focused
almost exclusively on the proportion of a female's eggs fertilized by diĦerent males (sperm precedence).
Yet, variance in male postmating reproductive success may also arise from diĦerences in ability to
stimulate female oviposition and to delay female remating. Here, we present a series of reciprocal mating
experiments among genetically diĦerentiated wild-type strains of the house£y Musca domestica. We
compared the eĦects of male and female genotype on oviposition and remating by females. The genotype
of each sex aĦected both female oviposition and remating rates, demonstrating that the signal^receptor
system involved has indeed diverged among these strains. Further, there was a signi˘cant interaction
between the eĦects of male and female genotype on oviposition rate. We discuss ways in which the
pattern of such interactions provides insights into the coevolutionary mechanism involved. Females in our
experiments generally exhibited the weakest, rather than the strongest, response to males with which they
are coevolved. These results support the hypothesis that coevolution of male seminal signals and female
receptors is sexually antagonistic. |
State of South Dakota's child: 2014.
For the third consecutive year in 2013, South Dakota had a slight increase in the number of resident births and also an increase in their racial diversity with 25 percent represented by minorities. In 2013 there was a slight decrease in very low birth weight with the percent of multiple births remaining stable. Following the previous year's spike in infant deaths, mortality for infants in South Dakota in 2013 returned to a rate (6.5 per 1,000 live births) similar to previous years but was higher than the current national infant mortality rate of 6.0. Within the state, mortality is twice as high for infants of minority races as it is for white infants. |
A novel insect-infecting virga/nege-like virus group and its pervasive endogenization into insect genomes.
Insects are the host and vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates, plants, and fungi. Recent wide-scale transcriptomic analyses have uncovered the existence of a number of novel insect viruses belonging to an alphavirus-like superfamily (virgavirus/negevirus-related lineage). In this study, through an in silico search using publicly available insect transcriptomic data, we found numerous virus-like sequences related to insect virga/nege-like viruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these novel viruses and related virus-like sequences fill the major phylogenetic gaps between insect and plant virga/negevirus lineages. Interestingly, one of the phylogenetic clades represents a unique insect-infecting virus group. Its members encode putative coat proteins which contained a conserved domain similar to that usually found in the coat protein of plant viruses in the family Virgaviridae. Furthermore, we discovered endogenous viral elements (EVEs) related to virga/nege-like viruses in the insect genomes, which enhances our understanding on their evolution. Database searches using the sequence of one member from this group revealed the presence of EVEs in a wide range of insect species, suggesting that there has been prevalent infection by this virus group since ancient times. Besides, we present detailed EVE integration profiles of this virus group in some species of the Bombus genus of bee families. A large variation in EVE patterns among Bombus species suggested that while some integration events occurred after the species divergence, others occurred before it. Our analyses support the view that insect and plant virga/nege-related viruses might share common virus origin(s). |
Q:
Wrong results from joining two CTEs
I've had some help to create a query to solve a problem I had and the solution seemed to be to create two CTE's and then join and query them.
If I run the two CTE's as single queries each table contains the expected data without fail but the join produces less results than it should and duplicates and even rows with three or more duplicates.
;WITH CTE1 AS
(
SELECT FContainerHylla.Name, FContainerPlats.HyllId,
FContainerPlats.x, FContainerPlats.y,
FContainerPlats.enable, FContainerHylla.Type,
ISNULL((SELECT MIN(fcontainer.id) AS id
FROM FContainer
WHERE (PlatsId = FContainerPlats.id)), 0) AS FcId
FROM FContainerPlats
INNER JOIN FContainerHylla ON FContainerPlats.HyllId =
FContainerHylla.Id
WHERE (FContainerHylla.Type IN (1, 6, 10))
),
CTE2 AS
(
SELECT FContainer.id AS SubID, produkter.Produktnamn AS Produktnamn
from FContainer
INNER JOIN Stämplingar ON FContainer.id = Stämplingar.ID
INNER JOIN Tempo ON Stämplingar.temponr = Tempo.temponr
INNER JOIN Produkter ON Tempo.produktnr = Produkter.Produktnr
)
SELECT CTE1.*, CTE2.Produktnamn
FROM CTE1
INNER JOIN CTE2 ON CTE2.SubID = CTE1.FcId
ORDER BY CTE1.HyllId, CTE1.x, CTE1.y
CTE1 produces a table which is about 2600 rows long and I've verified that it's correct. CTE2 is about 7000 records long and also correct. The column fcontainer.id is a unique key.
As I said when these two tables are joined I get the wrong results. I had expected to get a something similar to the results from CTE1 but with the field produkter.produktnamn added but which I do but instead of the 2500 results from CTE1 I get something around 1600 rows with duplicates.
Create Table For Fcontainer and Stämplingar:
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[FContainer] (
[id] NUMERIC (18) IDENTITY (1, 1) NOT NULL,
[PlatsId] NUMERIC (18) CONSTRAINT [DF_FPall_InStoreage] DEFAULT
((0)) NOT NULL,
[Halv] BIT NOT NULL,
[FlaggId] SMALLINT NOT NULL,
[Kragar] SMALLINT NOT NULL,
[TmpFifo] NUMERIC (18) NULL,
[PackTempoTypeNr] SMALLINT NULL,
[Invent] VARCHAR (50) NULL,
CONSTRAINT [PK_FPall] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ([id] ASC) WITH (FILLFACTOR =
90)
);
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Stämplingar] (
[Stämplingsnr] NUMERIC (18) IDENTITY (1, 1) NOT NULL,
[temponr] NUMERIC (18) NULL,
[Tidpunkt] DATETIME NULL,
[antal] NUMERIC (18) NULL,
[anställd] CHAR (50) NULL,
[Bokad] BIT CONSTRAINT [DF_Stämplingar_Bokad]
DEFAULT ((0)) NOT NULL,
[Skickad] BIT CONSTRAINT [DF_Stämplingar_Skickad]
DEFAULT ((0)) NOT NULL,
[Leveransdatum] DATETIME NULL,
[Papp] NUMERIC (18) NULL,
[daglignr] NUMERIC (18) NULL,
[ID] NUMERIC (18) NULL,
[Anställningsnr] NUMERIC (18) NULL,
CONSTRAINT [PK_Stämplingar] PRIMARY KEY NONCLUSTERED ([Stämplingsnr] ASC)
WITH (FILLFACTOR = 90)
);
From help with the comments I thing going with left join seems to be a step in the right way. Now I got about 3100 results instead of 1600. If I just can remove the duplicates I can figure out how to get the produktnamn for those that didn't have it reachable via CTE2.
Some of the relationships might be a bit confusing since they are not very well defined where .id on one table might not be the same thing as .id in another. The query in CTE1 is the original query which I inherited and was trying to expand.
A:
As the discussion in the comments revealed, an fcontainer can be related to many products, due to the 1-to-many relationship between FContainer and Stämplingar.
Try this query, which will choose only one product per fcontainer.
The missing fcontainers are due to the INNER join. Changing it to LEFT join will show all fcontainers, even those not related to any product:
;WITH CTE1 AS
(
SELECT
FContainerHylla.Name, FContainerPlats.HyllId,
FContainerPlats.x, FContainerPlats.y,
FContainerPlats.enable, FContainerHylla.Type,
ISNULL( (SELECT MIN(fcontainer.id) AS id
FROM FContainer
WHERE (PlatsId = FContainerPlats.id)
), 0) AS FcId
FROM FContainerPlats
INNER JOIN FContainerHylla ON FContainerPlats.HyllId = FContainerHylla.Id
WHERE (FContainerHylla.Type IN (1, 6, 10))
),
CTE2 AS
(
SELECT
FContainer.id AS SubID, MIN(produkter.Produktnamn) AS Produktnamn
FROM FContainer
INNER JOIN Stämplingar ON FContainer.id = Stämplingar.ID
INNER JOIN Tempo ON Stämplingar.temponr = Tempo.temponr
INNER JOIN Produkter ON Tempo.produktnr = Produkter.Produktnr
GROUP BY
FContainer.id
)
SELECT CTE1.*, CTE2.Produktnamn
FROM CTE1
LEFT JOIN CTE2 ON CTE2.SubID = CTE1.FcId
ORDER BY CTE1.HyllId, CTE1.x, CTE1.y ;
|
Pages
Friday, December 21, 2012
Wknd Recap
So here it is, Friday, 12/21, and I have yet to tell you about last weekend. Well, here goes.
Friday night was spent working on some Christmas gifts. One gift in particular I'm excited to give is a "Girl's Night" for two of my best local girlfriends. I haven't exchanged gifts with them in the past, but I couldn't resist this idea. I'm posting because I don't *think* either of them reads my blog (and if by chance you do, I'm sorry to have ruined the surprise!)
I picked up OPI Top 10 mini-nail polish pack and split it up (I will admit, I am keeping a few colors for myself) as well as a Groupon type deal (okay, it was a Google Offer) and jotted down this little note:
This is a tiny gift from me to you,
something fun to spend time together and do.
Let's have a little Girl's Night Out!
Relaxing and catching up it what it's about.
We'll go to Beauty Bar for a drink,
and leave with our nails painted pink.
Good for 2 martinis and a manicure!
Now, how fun will this be?!
Friday night ended up being a surprise late night out when we decided to head to the bar for a friend's birthday party.
Despite getting in bed around 1am, we both were awake by 7:30am. I guess that's part of being an adult on a routine schedule? We went to the gym together (my third time in a week, woohoo!) and afterwards ran some errands, which included going to Paulina Meat Market for a gift card. It's like an old school butcher with fantastic meats, but man is it expensive!
During this outing (gym and three stops), I also somehow managed to loose my credit card. Despite realizing immediately once we were home, I retraced my steps (in the rain) to no avail. Luckily, Chase was extremely helpful. They were able to cancel our card and sent us a new one that arrived on Monday.
Due to lack of motivation and poor weather, much of Saturday was spent like this
with bullies and boy on the couch. Tiny Tim and Oscar are quite found of each other. It's going to be so hard for all of us to say goodbye when he gets adopted.
I like to think they're telling secrets
Saturday was also my big push to work on my last gift, which is a major DIY project. I don't want to post details just yet, but I'm quite excited about it.
Saturday night we another low-key night in. We had planned on dinner and a movie with friends, but our poor friend works retail and was exhausted by the time she got off work Saturday night. We opted for an easy dinner of brie/raspberry jam/bread and wine. We also watched Prometheus. Despite my apphresion it was decent, for a sci-fi film that is.
Sunday was a busy day! I met my bookclub ladies for brunch downtown at Atwood Cafe. We saw each other about one a month and it's always something I look forward to. We had a great brunch catching up and enjoying our meal. I was slightly disappointed in the food (and the fact that I paid $4 for one not-so-great cup of coffee without any refills), but I enjoyed the company.
After hurrying home from brunch, Tiny Tim and I were off to PAWS, an animal adoption center, for Tiny Tim's first public appearance, a Chicago English Bulldog Rescue Meet and Greet. We had a full-house of eager fans to meet all of the bullies (we had about 10 dogs there). Tiny himself was eager to meet all of the other dogs, which involved trying to hump each and every one of them (how embarrassing; hopefully now that he is neutered it will improve).
I even got to meet Gabe the puppy, who came in the same time as Tiny Tim with Project Mistletoe rescue. The poor guy is deaf and therefore the puppy mill couldn't sell him.
Sunday afternoon was spent trying to decide what to bring for our Holiday Cookie Exchange (recipes to be posted soon). Oh, and watching the Bears loose, but let's just forget about that, okay? |
SmI2-promoted intramolecular asymmetric pinacol-type ketone-tert-butanesulfinyl imine reductive coupling: stereoselectivity and mechanism.
The asymmetric ketone-tert-butanesulfinyl (t-BS) imine pinacol-type reductive coupling promoted by SmI(2) is described. Trans-1,2-vicinal amino alcohols were formed predominantly in excellent er and high dr. The stereochemical outcome provided evidence for a radical mechanism for SmI(2)-induced reductive couplings of t-BS imines. |
This is something that I find to be the big flaw in the Muslim faith-a lack of tolerance for other faiths. I think those who don't integrate are more conservative than others in nearly all faiths, though I don't see an exact reason for it.
KC and Gurgle Trousers asked a very smart question--what is it about conservatives, in various countries and religions, that make them tend to be intolerant? It's kind of funny to google this question looking for research, because the first thing that you find is always conservative sites insulting not merely liberals, but anyone that isn't as reactionary as they are. But there has been some serious research done that shows that fundamental differences in world view are at work. This article is a pretty good, and non-offensive, review of the differences and what is healthy underlying both attitudes. Much of the most fundamental difference boils down to substantial differences in attitude towards authority, and hierarchy.
Quote:
Haidt’s research reveals that liberals feel strongly about ... preventing harm and ensuring fairness ... Conservatives, on the other hand, are drawn to loyalty, authority and purity, which liberals tend to think of as backward or outdated.
A little later the article notes:
Quote:
“Conservatives spoke in moving terms about respecting authority and order,” he found. “Liberals invested just as much emotion in describing their commitment to justice and equality. Liberals feel authority is a minor-league moral issue; for us, the major leaguers are harm and fairness.”
So given the importance of authority figures in a conservatives world view, those with ambition would tend to gravitate to positions where they could wield that authority--church elders, the military, the police. They would also be less likely to challenge the directions of those higher in the hierarchy.
Doesn't quite explain the hatred for Obama--but I think other explanations suffice.
And, "conservatives" tend to be less creative than "liberals". This is not a bad thing, unless it affects one's ability to accept other's ideas.
Liberals may see multi-culturalism as a way to accept and engage others. This only works if those that you are inviting have the same abilities.
I am referring to a mindset, not a political persuasion... I have met many political "liberals" who are very rigid and unaccepting and many political "conservatives" who believe strongly in individual freedoms.
Surely you guys know that Germany, France and Britain have all said that multiculturalism does not work.
Surely you have never set foot in any of these countries and have no idea of what you speak.
Germany has a very interesting experiment with multiculturalism in the post war era with many conflicts that were subjectively insurmountable and based on incompatible cultural foundations.
It turns out that the rift is always much deeper when it runs parallel to socio-economic fault lines. A decent economy and the availability of actual social services (schooling, childcare) has done wonders for integration, whereas postulating has done exactly nothing._________________florian - ny22
I have been to a number of countries. The one which celebrates its multi cultural nature the most is the USA.There is a small group who have multi backgrounds- like nearly every American- who will tell you that we must close the door because multi doesn't work.
American culture is a composite culture, you ever heard of the "melting pot"?
I think the USA has really been more of an assimilation and integration culture ie "melting pot". We are a country that has, historically, accepted and integrated other cultures into ours. Not always easily. Distinct cultures, for the most part, are not a big part of our makeup. Historically, immigrants have wanted to belong to the larger society.
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Archive for March 2010
Democrats are in a stir about allegations someone high up at the Republican National Committee (motto: “Don’t call us the Stupid Party — it has too many syllables.”) spent $2,000 of RNC money at a strip club in West Hollywood (via trolls here).
Isn’t it ironic that people who complain about Republicans’ alleged obsession with other people’s sex lives, are obsessed with the sex lives of Republicans?
Anyway, I find this report unbelievable. I go through more than two grand every day having lunch at The Naughty Capitalist Gentlemen’s Club and Dinner Theater.
Even as HWC is churning out tons of weaponized liberalism for the U.S. Government, we’ve just learned that those scoundrels at Diebold have been shipping tons of weaponized stupidity (a much purified form of liberalism) to the Democratic National Committee, and it’s being deployed on news sites and blogs and even online comics sites this very morning.
Seeing this, I immediately opened the vault to check on the recipe I developed last week to refine liberalism into stupidity. It’s gone. Someone from Diebold broke in and stole the recipe, along with about 400 tons of liberalism that we hadn’t yet weaponized.
It won’t last them long; my process requires about 16 tons of liberalism to produce one ton of weapons-grade stupidity, but it gives Diebold a leg up on us when the next orders are placed.
I don’t remember where I first saw that remark, but at a time like this it does seem too true to be funny.
Where does the fault lie for the present predicament? Give me a break — there’s more than enough blame to go around. Congressional Democrats and Barack Obama are the proximate cause, but for some that’s not enough.
Spineless Republican leaders contributed to the Democrats’ victories in 2006 and 2008, failing voters so spectacularly that many decided they had no choice but to punish the GOP — despite warnings the outcome would be even more punishing for the punishers.
George W. Bush? His defenders point out that the federal deficit didn’t really take off until after the 2006 elections, but he was one of those failed Republican leaders, what with his Amnesty-By-Any-Other-Name attempt, his Harriet Miers attempt, and his signature on McCain-Feingold.
And then there are the voters themselves — again, because they cut off their noses to spite their faces in ’06 and ’08 — but also because they let 9/11 and the Global War on Tara overshadow the fact Bush claimed to be a “compassionate” “conservative” but (leaving aside the war) the effect of his actions as President was neither.
All true. Unfortunately for the people harping on it this week, also pointless.
Ironically, the people so angry at the failures of the Stupid Party are failing to distinguish themselves from its stupidity.
There’s still a war on, and this one is taking place in our own capital. Unlike the wackos who protested the Iraq War, HWC does not support the troops when they shoot their officers.
Okay, yeah — we’re no Boy Scouts around here. But being prepared is useful even if you’re evil.
To that end, we’re preparing for the time when we get to cancel our employees’ health insurance, pay a nominal fine, and pass the savings on to the guy who smuggles my favorite cigars in from Havana.
You see, most of our employees have skill sets that can make things pretty hairy for a CEO who starts making … adjustments to their benefit plans. So I’ve hired a new VP of Corporate Security to watch my back when we start giving insurance the old heave-ho. His name is Hugh Jessel, and while you may not have heard of him you’ve almost certainly heard of his work on your police scanner or seen it at the local trauma center.
Now all I need to worry about is making sure Hugh is happy with his benefit plan.
Friends, are you tired of strict diets and strenuous exercise regimens that never take the weight off as quickly as you’d like? Depressed over crash programs that get the weight off for a few weeks, only to find that it all comes back again?
Those days are no more! With HWC’s new fitness system, Slaughtercize®, you can just deem the weight right off without giving up the foods you like — and you won’t have to carve time out of your busy day to jog or hit the gym.
Doctors tell you keeping fit requires a regular investment of time, work and willpower. They tell you that the difficulty of shedding pounds and building muscle tone is defined by your constitution. Well, we say to hell with your constitution! Who’s the boss anyway?
That’s right, you are. Want to shed fifty pounds before summer but don’t want to spend hundreds on a whole year’s worth of gym dues? Deem those pounds away with Slaughtercize®! Want to impress the ladies with your six-pack abs? Deem that spare tire away with Slaughtercize®!
And Slaughtercize® does more than replace dieting and working out. Had to give up sweets because your blood sugar is too high? Deem your diabetes away! And why pay thousands to some heart surgeon who says you need a pacemaker, when Slaughtercize® lets you deem your heart healthy for just pennies a day?
And that’s not all. With Slaughtercize® you can also get out of debt without declaring bankruptcy, by deeming your debts paid in full.
Who needs the hassle of paying a high-priced lawyer to deal with an annoying neighbor or a sleazy hit-man to snuff your nagging wife? Just use Slaughtercize® and deem your problems away.
Slaughtercize®. The miracle cure for what ails you, now available wherever HWC products are sold. |
meet tommy
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
meet tommy.....
i first met tommy hours after he was born. tommy is the little baby who stole my heart and got my clock a tickin. i have spent many an afternoons with tommy and had such hopes and dreams for he and cooper. so it made my heart well up when i saw him loving his coopers flock bird, almost as if he is saying "see aunt lulu, cooper and i are best pals." i cant even begin to tell you how much i love this 2 year old. or how my weekly visits with him always brings a sense of hope that there are better days ahead and that my precious husband and i will be parents again someday in the future.
2 comments:
hi lucinda,i am visiting your blog for the first time & am in disbelief over what you've gone through. i can't even imagine. i admire you for your amazing attitude & work & writing. you are so inspiring. hoping for healing for you & your husband, summer
I am Alyssa's mom, and just wanted to take a moment to write a little note here. She just loves you. You are on the right path with this project to serve others! You are an inspiration to all of us. May you find a little comfort in knowing that Cooper will always be with you and you will be together again - Families Are Forever! |
Utilization of pulsed laser sources has increased in industrial and scientific applications. In particular, applications of ultrashort laser technology have increased over the last few years in metrology, imaging and material processing applications. Fiber-based ultrashort systems are now well established for numerous applications, and are particularly well suited for high repetition rate applications at low-medium pulse energy. However, in either passive or gain fiber, the peak power of the amplified pulse is constrained because of the pulse distortion and signal shifting out of the gain spectrum caused by nonlinear effects, for example Raman shifting. Chirped pulse amplification is often used to greatly extend the capability of fiber systems. Pulses are temporally stretched, thereby lowering the peak power, then amplified and recompressed. Such constraints also apply to other optical media as the pulse energy scales up, for example Nd:based bulk optical amplifiers.
The following patents, published patent applications, and publications relate, at least in part, to fiber lasers and amplifiers, ultrashort laser material processing, optical measurement techniques, and/or various arrangements for generating groups of laser pulses: U.S. Pat. No. 6,339,602; U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,498; U.S. Pat. No. 6,954,575; U.S. Pat. No. 7,088,878; U.S. Pat. No. 7,580,432; U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2002/0167581; U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2003/0151053; U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. 2005/0218122; U.S Patent Application Pub. No. 2010/0272137; WIPO Pub. No. 2009146671; Strickland and G. Mourou, Opt. Commun. 56, 219 (1985)., H. Hofer et. al., Opt. Lett. 23, 1840 (1998); M. E. Fermann et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 2000 (2010).
Various applications require multiple beams or pulse trains. In such applications, pulses in the multiple beams may have a well-defined relative time interval, requiring some level of synchronization. Time domain measurements are an example. More specifically, with optical time gating or correlation techniques, a first beam is used for optical interaction with a sample, and a second beam is used for a time gating or correlation function. Specifically, for an ultrashort measurement, synchronization is needed to obtain the desired time resolution. Terahertz spectroscopy, optical pump-probe spectroscopy and other time gated imaging processes utilizing an ultrashort pulse laser fall into this application category.
Conventional laser-based systems used for such applications are often designed to create pulses with sufficiently high energy, and to subsequently divide the beam into multiple beam paths in the application system.
Amplification of high intensity optical pulses in an optical fiber and other gain media, for example regenerative amplifiers, ultimately requires consideration of nonlinearity. Often the pulse energy constraint results in limited average power. Increasing the average power without loss of pulse energy would be a useful improvement for high peak power pulse laser systems.
Therefore, a need exists to extend the peak power capability of pulsed laser sources, including fiber based systems, regenerative amplifiers, thin disk lasers, and the like. |
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The tea party movement is all about small government and constitutional values, right? But what about hot button social issues? Stephanie Mencimer reports that the leadership of the Tea Party Patriots met in Orange County, California, a few days ago to chat about that:
Over the weekend, TPP leaders met with members of the Council for National Policy to try to raise some money. CNP is a secretive and powerful club that has worked to make the Republican Party more socially conservative. Founded in 1981 by Tim LaHaye, the evangelical minister, political organizer, and author of the Left Behind books about the coming apocalypse, CNP’s board reads like a who’s who of the GOP’s evangelical wing. In September […] Bob Reccord, CNP’s executive director, moderated a chummy panel discussion of tea party activists, including Tea Party Patriots national coordinators Jenny Beth Martin and Mark Meckler. Meckler, who often emphasizes that the tea party movement does not touch social issues because they are too divisive, told the audience that in fact, tea partiers were angry because of “this idea of separation of church and state. We’re angry about the removal of God from the public square.” The comment suggested that at least the Tea Party Patriots weren’t averse to joining the culture wars — at least if it meant tapping social conservatives’ significant fundraising abilities.
No, probably not averse at all. Add that to Monday’s op-ed in the Wall Street Journal by Bill Kristol and friends, urging tea partiers not to include national defense in their zeal for budget cutting, and what do you get? Answer: a bunch of people who believe in low taxes, reactionary social policy, a big military, and cutting spending for all welfare spending that goes to people other than them.
Does anyone seriously think the tea party movement won’t eventually support all that stuff? Of course it will, because it’s the conservative wing of the GOP on steroids, not some brand new grassroots reaction to TARP and the stimulus bill. The sooner everyone figures that out, the better. |
MangaNEXT
MangaNEXT is an inactive fan convention focused exclusively on Japanese manga that occurred every other year in New Jersey. It is the only manga convention in the United States.
Programming
The convention typically offers an artists alley, burlesque show, dealer's room, and swap meet.
History
MangaNEXT was located at the Crowne Plaza Meadowlands in Secaucus, New Jersey for 2007. In 2008 the convention moved to the Doubletree Somerset Hotel in Somerset, New Jersey for additional space, but suffered from some disorganization and poor communication. The convention in 2012 moved to the Sheraton Hotel in East Rutherford, New Jersey, which had no public transit access.
Event history
See also
AnimeNEXT
List of anime conventions
References
External links
MangaNEXT Website
Category:Defunct anime conventions
Category:Recurring events established in 2006
Category:2006 establishments in New Jersey
Category:Annual events in New Jersey
Category:Conventions in New Jersey
Category:Festivals in New Jersey
Category:New Jersey culture |
Users who own Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[st] for PlayStation 4 will be able to upgrade to Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[cl-r] via a free balance update and paid downloadable content, while PlayStation 3 and PS Vita version owners will be able to purchase the PlayStation 4 version of Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[cl-r] at a discount.
Here are the details, via the game’s Japanese official website:
PlayStation 4 Owners By downloading a free update due out on February 20, 2020, the battle balance will be updated to match Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[cl-r]. By installing the update and purchasing various downloadable contents, you can have the same content as a new copy of Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[cl-r]. PlayStation 3 and PS Vita Owners (currently only confirmed for Japan) Users who own the digital version of Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[st] for PlayStation 3 or PS Vita will be able to purchase the digital version of Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[cl-r] for PlayStation 4 at a discounted price (from 5,280 yen to 2,000 yen) for a limited time (from February 20, 2020 to April 30). To receive the discount, simply purchase the digital version of Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[cl-r] for PlayStation 4 via the PlayStation Store with the same PlayStation Network account previously used to purchase the digital version of Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[st] for PlayStation 3 or PS Vita. Confirm that the discount price is applied before purchasing.
Under Night In-Birth Exe:Late[cl-r] is due out for PlayStation 4 and Switch on February 20, 2020 in North America and Japan, and in early 2020 in Europe. |
List of The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh episodes
This is a complete list of episodes of Disney's The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. The series premiered on January 17, 1988 on Disney Channel. Thirteen episodes were aired on the network before the series moved to ABC that fall.
Series overview
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Series
!rowspan="2"|Episodes
!colspan="2"|Originally aired
|-
!First aired
!Last aired
|-
|style="background: #2950BB;"|
|[[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh#Season 1 (1988–89)|1]]
|22
|
|
|-
|style="background: #D2843B;"|
|[[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh#Season 2 (1989)|2]]
|10
|
|
|-
|style="background: #14663D;"|
|[[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh#Season 3 (1990)|3]]
|10
|
|
|-
|style="background: #A62A2A;"|
|[[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh#Season 4 (1991)|4]]
|8
|
|
|}
Episodes
Season 1 (1988–89)
Season 2 (1989)
Season 3 (1990)
Season 4 (1991)
Additional specials
See also
Winnie-the-Pooh
List of Winnie-the-Pooh characters
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
References
External links
Winnie-the-Pooh Episode Guide
Category:Winnie-the-Pooh television series
New Adventures of Winnie
Category:Lists of Disney television series episodes |
[Closed injective systems and its fundamental limit spaces]{}
[Marcio Colombo Fenille[^1]]{}
Instituto de Ci\^ encias Matemáticas e de Computação - Universidade de São Paulo - Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, Centro, Caixa Postal 668, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
[**Abstract:**]{} In this article we introduce the concept of limit space and fundamental limit space for the so-called closed injected systems of topological spaces. We present the main results on existence and uniqueness of limit spaces and several concrete examples. In the main section of the text, we show that the closed injective system can be considered as objects of a category whose morphisms are the so-called cis-morphisms. Moreover, the transition to fundamental limit space can be considered a functor from this category into category of topological spaces. Later, we show results about properties on functors and counter-functors for inductive closed injective system and fundamental limit spaces. We finish with the presentation of some results of characterization of fundamental limite space for some special systems and the study of so-called perfect properties.
[**Key words:**]{} Closed injective system, fundamental limit space, category, functoriality.
[**Mathematics Subject Classification:**]{} 18A05, 18A30, 18B30, 54A20, 54B17.
Introduction
============
Our purpose is to introduce and study what we call category of closed injective systems and cis-morphisms, beyond the limit spaces of such systems.
We start by defining the so-called closed injective systems (CIS to shorten), and the concepts of limit space for such systems. We have particular interest in a special type of limit space, those we call fundamental limit space. Section \[Section.Fundamental.L.E.\] is devoted to introduce this concept and demonstrate theorems of existence and uniqueness of fundamental limit spaces. The following section, in turn, is devoted to presenting some very illustrative examples.
Section \[Section.Category\] is one of the most important and interesting for us. There we show that a closed injective system can be considered as object of a category, whose morphisms are the so-called cis-morphisms, which we define in this occasion. Furthermore, we prove that this category is complete with respect to direct limits, that is, all inductive system of CIS’s and cis-morphisms has a direct limit.
In Section \[Section.Passagem.ao.limite\], we prove that the transition to the fundamental limit can be considered as a functor from category of CIS’s and cis-morphisms into category of topological spaces and continuous maps.
In Section \[Section.Compatibility.Limits\], we show that the transition to the direct limit in the category of CIS’s and cis-morphisms is compatible (in a way) to transition to the fundamental limit space.
In section \[Section.Inductive.System\], we study a class of special CIS’s called inductive closed injective systems. In the two following sections, we study the action of functors and counter-functors, respectively, in such systems, and present some simple applications of the results demonstrated.
We finish with the presentation of some results of characterization of fundamental limite space for some special systems, the so-called finitely-semicomponible and stationary systems, and the study of so-called perfect properties over topological spaces of a system and over its fundamental limit spaces.
Closed injective system and limit spaces {#Section.CIS}
========================================
Let $\{X_{i}\}_{i=0}^{\infty}$ be a countable collection of nonempty topological spaces. For each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, let $Y_{i}$ be a closed subspace of $X_{i}$. Assume, for each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, there is a closed injective continuous map $$f_{i}:Y_{i}\rightarrow X_{i+1}.$$ This structure is called [**closed injective system**]{}, or CIS, to shorten. We write $\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}$ to represent this system. Moreover, by injection we mean a injective continuous map.
We say that two injection $f_{i}$ and $f_{i+1}$ are [**semicomponible**]{} if $f_{i}(Y_{i})\cap Y_{i+1}\neq\emptyset$. In this case, we can define a new injection $$f_{i,i+1}:f_{i}^{-1}(Y_{i+1})\rightarrow X_{i+2}$$ by $f_{i,i+1}(y)=(f_{i+1}\circ f_{i})(y)$, for all $y\in
f_{i}^{-1}(Y_{i+1})$.
For convenience, we put $f_{i,i}=f_{i}$. Moreover, we say that $f_{i}$ is always semicomponible with itself. Also, we write $f_{i,i-1}$ to be the natural inclusion of $Y_{i}$ into $X_{i}$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
Given $i,j\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, $j>i+1$, we say that $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ are [**semicomponible**]{} if $f_{i,k}$ and $f_{k+1}$ are semicomponible for all $i+1\leq k\leq j-1$, where $$f_{i,k}:f_{i,k-1}^{-1}(Y_{k})\rightarrow X_{k+1}$$ is defined inductively. To facilitate the notations, se $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ are semicomponible, we write $$Y_{i,j}=f_{i,j-1}^{-1}(Y_{j}),$$ that is, $Y_{i,j}$ is the domain of the injection $f_{i,j}$. According to the agreement $f_{i,i}=f_{i}$, we have $Y_{i,i}=Y_{i}$.
\[Lema.Inicial.1\] If $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ are semicomponible, $i<j$, then $f_{k}$ and $f_{l}$ are semicomponible, for any integers $k,l$ with $i\leq k\leq
l\leq j$.
If $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ are not semicomponible, then $f_{i}$ and $f_{k}$ are not semicomponible, for any integers $k>j$.
\[Lema.Inicial.2\] Assume that $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ are semicomponible, with $i<j$. Then we have $$Y_{i,j}=(f_{j-1}\circ\cdots\circ f_{i})^{-1}(Y_{j}) \ \ \ {\rm and}
\ \ \ f_{i,j}(Y_{i,j})=(f_{j}\circ f_{i,j-1})(Y_{i,j-1}).$$
The proofs of above results are omitted.
Henceforth, since products of maps do not appear in this paper, we can sometimes omit the symbol $\circ$ in the composition of maps.
Let ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ be a CIS. A [**limit space**]{} for this system is a topological space $X$ and a collection of continuous maps $\phi_{i}:X_{i}\rightarrow X$ satisfying the following conditions:
1. $X=\bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty}\phi_{i}(X_{i})$;
2. Each $\phi_{i}:X_{i}\rightarrow X$ is a imbedding;
3. $\phi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j})\doteq\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1})$ if $i<j$ and $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ are semicomponible;
4. $\phi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j})=\emptyset$ if $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ are not semicomponible;
where $\doteq$ indicates, besides the equality of sets, the following: If $x\in\phi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j})$, say $x=\phi_{i}(x_{i})=\phi_{j}(x_{j})$, with $x_{i}\in X_{i}$ and $x_{j}\in X_{j}$, then we have necessarily $x_{i}\in Y_{i,j-1}$ and $x_{j}=f_{i,j-1}(x_{i})$.
The “pointwise identity” indicated by $\doteq$ [L.3]{} reduced to identity of sets indicates only that $$\phi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j})=\phi_{i}(Y_{i,j-1})\cap\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1}).$$
The existence of different interpretations of the condition L.3 is very important. Furthermore, equivalent conditions to those of the definition can be very useful. The next results give us some practical interpretations and equivalences.
\[Lema.Inicial.3\] Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a limit space for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ and suppose that $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ are semicomponible, with $i<j$. Then $\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(y_{i})=\phi_{i}(y_{i})$, for all $y_{i}\in
Y_{i,j-1}$.
Let $y_{i}\in Y_{i,j-1}$ be an arbitrary point. By condition L.3 we have $\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(y_{i})\in\phi_{i}(X_{i})$, that is, $\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(y_{i})=\phi_{i}(x_{i})$ for some $x_{i}\in
X_{i}$. Again, by condition L.3, $x_{i}\in Y_{i,j-1}$ and $f_{i,j-1}(x_{i})=f_{i,j-1}(y_{i})$. Since each $f_{k}$ is injective, $f_{i,j-1}$ is injective, too. Therefore $x_{i}=y_{i}$, which implies $\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(y_{i})=\phi_{i}(y_{i})$.
\[Lema.Inicial.4\] Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a limit space for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$, and suppose that $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ are semicomponible, with $i<j$. Then $$\phi_{i}(X_{i}-Y_{i,j-1})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j}-f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1}))=\emptyset.$$
It is obvious that if $x\in\phi_{i}(X_{i}-Y_{i,j-1})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j}-f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1}))$ then $x\in\phi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j})\doteq\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1})$. But this is a contradiction, since $\phi_{j}$ is an imbedding, and so $\phi_{j}(X_{j}-f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1}))=\phi_{j}(X_{j})-\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1})$.
\[Proposicao.Condicoes.Para.E.L.F.\] Let ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ be an arbitrary CIS and let $\phi_{i}:X_{i}\rightarrow X$ be imbedding into a topological space $X=\cup_{i=0}^{\infty}\phi_{i}(X_{i})$, such that:
1. $\phi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j})=\emptyset$ always that $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ are not semicomponible;
2. $\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(y_{i})=\phi_{i}(y_{i})$ for all $y_{i}\in Y _{i,j-1}$, always that $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ are semicomponible, with $i<j$;
3. $\phi_{i}(X_{i}-Y_{i,j-1})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j}-f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1}))=\emptyset$, always that $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ are semicomponible, $i<j$.
Then $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ is a limit space for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$.
We prove that the condition L.3 is true. Suppose that $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ are semicomponible, with $i<j$. By the condition L.5, the sets $\phi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j})$ and $\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1})$ are nonempty. We will prove that they are pointwise equal.
Let $x\in\phi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j})$, say $x=\phi_{i}(x_{i})=\phi_{j}(x_{j})$ with $x_{i}\in X_{i}$ and $x_{j}\in X_{j}$. Suppose, by contradiction, that $x_{i}\notin
Y_{i,j-1}$. Then $\phi_{i}(x_{i})\in\phi_{i}(X_{i}-Y_{i,j-1})$. By the condition L.6 we must have $\phi_{j}(x_{j})=\phi_{i}(x_{i})\notin\phi_{j}(X_{j}-f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1}))$, that is, $\phi_{j}(x_{j})\in\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1})$. So $x_{j}\in f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1})$. Thus, there is $y_{i}\in Y_{i,j-1}$ such that $f_{i,j-1}(y_{i})=x_{j}$. By the condition L.5, $\phi_{i}(y_{i})=\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(y_{i})=\phi_{j}(x_{j})$. However, $\phi_{j}(x_{j})=\phi_{i}(x_{i})$. It follows that $\phi_{i}(y_{i})=\phi_{i}(x_{i})$, and so $x_{i}=y_{i}\in
Y_{i,j-1}$, which is a contradiction. Therefore $x_{i}\in
Y_{i,j-1}$.
In order to prove the remaining, take $x\in\phi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j})$, $x=\phi_{i}(y_{i})=\phi_{j}(x_{j})$, with $y_{i}\in Y_{i,j-1}$ and $x_{j}\in X_{j}$. We must prove that $x_{j}=f_{i,j-1}(y_{i})$. By the condition L.5, $\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(y_{i})=\phi_{i}(y_{i})=\phi_{j}(x_{j})$. Thus, the desired identity is obtained by injectivity.
This proves that $\phi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j})\doteq\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1})$ and, so, that $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ is a limite space for ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$.
The condition [L.3]{} can be replaced by both together conditions [L.5]{} and [L.6]{}.
The Lemmas \[Lema.Inicial.3\] e \[Lema.Inicial.4\] and Proposition \[Proposicao.Condicoes.Para.E.L.F.\] implies that.
\[Teo-Bijecao\] Let ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ be a CIS. Assume that $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ and $\{Z,\psi_{i}\}$ are two limit spaces for this CIS. Then there is a unique bijection (not necessarily continuous) $\beta:X\rightarrow Z$ such that $\psi_{i}=\beta\circ\phi_{i}$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
Define $\beta:X\rightarrow Z$ in the follow way: For each $x\in X$, we have $x=\phi_{i}(x_{i})$, for some $x_{i}\in X_{i}$. Then, we define $\beta(x)=\psi_{i}(x_{i})$. We have:
$\diamond$ [*$\beta$ is well defined.*]{} Let $x\in X$ be a point with $x=\phi_{i}(x_{i})=\phi_{j}(x_{j})$, where $x_{i}\in X_{i}$, $x_{j}\in X_{j}$ and $i<j$. Then $x\in\phi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j})\doteq\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1})$ and $x_{j}=f_{i,j-1}(x_{i})$ by the condition L.3. Thus $\psi_{j}(x_{j})=\psi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(x_{i})=\psi_{i}(x_{i})$, where the latter identity follows from the condition L.3.
$\diamond$ [*$\beta$ is injective.*]{} Suppose that $\beta(x)=\beta(y)$, $x,y\in X$. Consider $x=\phi_{i}(x_{i})$ and $y=\phi_{j}(y_{j})$, $x_{i}\in X_{i}$, $y_{j}\in X_{j}$, $i<j$ (the case where $j<i$ is symmetrical and the case where $i=j$ is trivial). Then $\psi_{i}(x_{i})=\beta(x)=\beta(y)=\psi_{j}(y_{j})$. It follows that $\psi_{i}(x_{i})=\psi_{j}(y_{j})\in\psi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\psi_{j}(X_{j})\doteq\psi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1})$. By the condition L.3, $x_{i}\in Y_{i,j-1}$ and $y_{j}=f_{i,j-1}(x_{i})$. By the condition L.5, it follows that $\phi_{i}(x_{i})=\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(x_{i})=\phi_{j}(y_{j})$. Therefore $x=y$.
$\diamond$ [*$\beta$ is surjective.*]{} Let $z\in Z$ be an arbitrary point. Then $z=\psi_{i}(x_{i})$ for some $x_{i}\in X_{i}$. Take $x=\phi_{i}(x_{i})$, and we have $\beta(x)=z$.
The uniqueness is trivial.
The fundamental limit space {#Section.Fundamental.L.E.}
===========================
Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a limit space for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$. We say $X$ has the [**weak topology**]{} (induced by collection $\{\phi_{i}\}_{i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}}$) if the following sentence is true:
$A\subset X$ is closed in $X$ $\Leftrightarrow$ $\phi_{i}^{-1}(A)$ is closed in $X_{i}$ for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
When this occurs, we say that $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ is a [**fundamental limit space**]{} for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$.
\[Prop.Implica.Fechado\] Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a fundamental limit space for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$. Then $\phi_{i}(X_{i})$ is closed in $X$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
We prove that $\phi_{j}^{-1}(\phi_{i}(X_{i}))$ is closed in $X_{j}$ for any $i,j\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$. We have $$\phi_{j}^{-1}(\phi_{i}(X_{i}))=\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} X_{i} & \mbox{if} & i=j \\
\emptyset & \mbox{if} & i<j \ {\rm and} \ f_{i} \ {\rm and} \ f_{j} \ \mbox{ are not semicomponible}\\
\emptyset & \mbox{if} & i>j \ {\rm and} \ f_{j} \ {\rm and} \ f_{i} \ \mbox{ are not semicomponible}\\
f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1}) & \mbox{if} & i<j \ {\rm and} \ f_{i} \ {\rm and} \ f_{j} \ \, \mbox{are semicomponible} \\
f_{j,i-1}(Y_{j,i-1}) & \mbox{if} & i>j \ {\rm and} \ f_{j} \ {\rm and} \ f_{i} \ \, \mbox{are semicomponible} \\
\end{array} \right..$$
In the first three cases is obvious that $\phi_{j}^{-1}(\phi_{i}(X_{i}))$ is closed in $X_{j}$. In the fourth case we have the following: If $j=i+1$, then $f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1})=f_{i}(Y_{i})$, which is closed in $X_{i+1}$, since $f_{i}$ is a closed map. For $j>i+1$, since $f_{i}$ is continuous and $Y_{i+1}$ is closed in $X_{i+1}$, them $Y_{i,i+1}=f_{i}^{-1}(Y_{i+1})$ is closed in $X_{i}$. Thus, since $f_{i}$ is closed, the Lemma \[Lema.Inicial.2\] shows that $f_{i,i+1}(Y_{i,i+1})=f_{i+1}f_{i}(Y_{i,i})=f_{i+1}f_{i}(Y_{i})$, which is closed in $X_{i+1}$. Again by the Lemma \[Lema.Inicial.2\] we have $f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1})=f_{j-1}f_{i,j-2}(Y_{i,j-2})$. Thus, by induction it follows that $f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1})$ is closed in $X_{j}$. The fifth case is similar to the fourth.
Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a fundamental limit space for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$. If $X$ is compact, then each $X_{i}$ is compact.
Each $X_{i}$ is homeomorphic to closed subspace $\phi_{i}(X_{i})$ of $X$.
\[Prop.Continuidade\] Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ and $\{Z,\psi_{i}\}$ be two limit spaces for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$. If $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ is a fundamental limit space, then the bijection $\beta:X\rightarrow Z$ of the Theorem \[Teo-Bijecao\] is continuous.
Let $A$ be a closed subset of $Z$. We have $\beta^{-1}(A)=\cup_{i=0}^{\infty}\phi_{i}(\psi_{i}^{-1}(A))$ and $\phi_{j}^{-1}(\beta^{-1}(A))=\psi_{j}^{-1}(A)$. Since $\psi_{j}$ is continuous and $X$ has the weak topology, we have that $\beta^{-1}(A)$ is closed in $X$.
\[Unicidade\] [(uniqueness of the fundamental limit space)]{} Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ and $\{Z,\psi_{i}\}$ be two fundamental limit spaces for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$. Then, the bijection $\beta:X\rightarrow
Z$ of the Theorem \[Teo-Bijecao\] is a homeomorphism. Moreover, $\beta$ is the unique homeomorphism from $X$ onto $Z$ such that $\psi_{i}=\beta\circ\phi_{i}$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
Let $\beta':Z\rightarrow X$ be the inverse map of the bijection $\beta$. By preceding proposition, $\beta$ and $\beta'$ are both continuous maps. Therefore $\beta$ is a homeomorphism. The uniqueness is the same of the Theorem \[Teo-Bijecao\].
\[Teo.Existencia\] [(existence of fundamental limit space)]{} Every closed injective system has a fundamental limit space.
Let ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ be an arbitrary CIS. Define $\widetilde{X}=X_{0}\cup_{f_{0}}X_{1}\cup_{f_{1}}X_{2}\cup_{f_{2}}\cdots$ to be the quotient space obtained of the coproduct (or topological sum) $\coprod_{i=0}^{\infty}X_{i}$ by identifying each $Y_{i}\subset
X_{i}$ with $f_{i}(Y_{i})\subset X_{i+1}$. Define each $\widetilde{\varphi}_{i}:X_{i}\rightarrow\widetilde{X}$ to be the projection from $X_{i}$ into quotient space $\widetilde{X}$. Then $\{\widetilde{X},\widetilde{\varphi}_{i}\}$ is a fundamental limit space for the given CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$.
The latter two theorems implies that every CIS has, up to homeomorphisms, a unique fundamental limit space. This will be remembered and used many times in the article.
Examples of CIS’s and limit spaces {#Section.Examples}
==================================
In this section we will show some interesting examples of limit spaces. The first example is very simple and the second shows the existence of a limit space which is not a fundamental limit space. This example will be highlighted in the last section of this article by proving the essentiality of certain assumptions in the characterization of the fundamental limit space through the Hausdorff axiom. The other examples show known spaces as fundamental limit spaces.
Identity limit space.
Let ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ be the CIS with $Y_{i}=X_{i}=X$ and $f_{i}=id_{X}$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, where $X$ is an arbitrary topological space and $id_{X}:X\rightarrow X$ is the identity map. It is easy to see that $\{X,id_{X}\}$ is a fundamental limite space for ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$.
\[Exemplo.nao.fundamental\] Existence of limit space which is not a fundamental limit space.
Assume $X_{0}=[0,1)$ and $Y_{0}=\{0\}$. Take $X_{i}=Y_{i}=[0,1]$, for all $i\geq1$. Let $f_{0}:Y_{0}\rightarrow X_{1}$ be the inclusion $f(0)=0$ and $f_{i}=identity$, for all $i\geq1$.
Consider the sphere $S^1$ as a subspace of ${\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}}^2$. Define $$\phi_{0}:X_{0}\rightarrow S^1, \ {\rm by} \ \phi_{0}(t)=(\cos\pi
t,-\sin\pi t) \ {\rm and}$$ $$\phi_{i}:X_{i}\rightarrow S^1, \ {\rm by} \ \phi_{i}(t)=(\cos\pi
t,\sin\pi t), \ {\rm for \ all} \ i\geq1.$$
It is easy to see that $S^1=\bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty}\phi_{i}(X_{i})$ and each $\phi_{i}$ is an imbedding onto its image. Moreover, $\phi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j})\doteq\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i})$, which implies the condition [L.3]{}.
Therefore, $\{S^1,\phi_{i}\}$ is a limit space for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$. However, this limit space is not a fundamental limit space, since $\phi_{0}(X_{0})$ is not closed in $S^1$, (or again, since $S^1$ is compact though $X_{0}$ is not). (See Figure 1 below).
![[Fundamental limit space]{}](S1-nao-fund.eps)
![[Fundamental limit space]{}](LimFund.eps)
Now, we consider the subspace $X=\{(x,0)\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}}^2 : 0\leq
x\leq1\}\cup\{(0,y)\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}}^2 : 0\leq y<1\}$ of ${\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}}^2$. Define $$\psi_{0}:X_{0}\rightarrow X, \ {\rm by} \ \psi_{0}(t)=(0,t) \
{\rm and}$$ $$\psi_{i}:X_{i}\rightarrow X, \ {\rm by} \ \psi_{i}(t)=(t,0), \ {\rm for \ all} \
i\geq1.$$
We have $X=\bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty}\psi_{i}(X_{i})$, where each $\phi_{i}$ is an imbedding onto its image, such that $\psi_{i}(X_{i})$ is closed in $X$. Moreover, since $\psi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\psi_{j}(X_{j})\doteq\psi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i})$, it follows that $\{X,\psi_{i}\}$ is a fundamental limit space for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$. (See Figure 2 above).
(The bijection $\beta:S^{1}\rightarrow X$ of the Theorem \[Teo-Bijecao\] is not continuous here).
\[Exemplo.S.infinito\] The infinite-dimensional sphere $S^{\infty}$.
For each $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, we consider the $n$-dimensional sphere $$S^n=\{(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n+1})\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}}^{n+1}:x_{1}^2+\cdots+x_{n+1}^2=1\},$$ and the “equatorial inclusions” $f_{n}:S^n\rightarrow S^{n+1}$ given by $$f_{n}(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n+1})=(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n+1},0).$$ Then $\{S^n,S^n,f_{n}\}$ is a CIS. Its fundamental limit space is $\{S^{\infty},\phi_{n}\}$, where $S^{\infty}$ is the [*infinite-dimensional sphere*]{} and, for each $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, the imbedding $\phi_{n}:S^n\rightarrow S^{\infty}$ is the natural “equatorial inclusion”.
The infinite-dimensional torus $T^{\infty}$.
For each $n\geq1$, we consider the $n$-dimensional torus $T^n=\prod_{i=1}^{n}S^1$ and the closed injections $f_{n}:T^n\rightarrow T^{n+1}$ given by $f_{n}(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n})=(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n},(1,0))$, where each $x_{i}\in S^{1}$. Then $\{T^n,T^n,f_{n}\}$ is a CIS, whose fundamental limit space is $\{T^{\infty},\phi_{n}\}$, where $T^{\infty}=\prod_{i=1}^{\infty}S^1$ is the [*infinite-dimensional torus*]{} and, for each $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, the imbedding $\phi_{n}:T^n\rightarrow T^{\infty}$ is the natural inclusion $$\phi_{n}(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n})=(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n},(1,0),(1,0),\ldots).$$
Example \[Exemplo.S.infinito\] is a particular case the following one:
\[Exemplo.CW-complex\] The CW-complexes as fundamental limit spaces for its skeletons.
Let $K$ be an arbitrary CW-complex. For each $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, let $K^n$ be the $n$-skeleton of $K$ and consider the natural inclusions $l_{n}:K^n\rightarrow K^{n+1}$ of the $n$-skeleton into $(n+1)$-skeleton. If the dimension $\dim(K)$ of $K$ is finite, then we put $K^m=K$ and $l_{m}:K^m\rightarrow K^{m+1}$ to be the identity map, for all $m\geq\dim(K)$. It is known that a CW-complex has the weak topology with respect to their skeletons, that is, a subset $A\subset K$ is closed in $K$ if and only if $A\cap K^n$ is closed in $K^n$ for all $n$. Thus, $\{K^n,K^n,l_{n}\}$ is a CIS, whose fundamental limit space is $\{K,\phi_{n}\}$, where each $\phi_{n}:K^n\rightarrow K$ is the natural inclusions of the $n$-skeleton $K^n$ into $K$.
For details of the CW-complex theory see [@Hatcher] or [@Whitehead].
The example below is a consequence of the previous one.
\[Exemplo.RP.infinito\] The infinite-dimensional projective space ${\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{\infty}$.
There is always a natural inclusion $f_{n}:{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{n}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{n+1}$, which is a closed injective continuous map. [(]{}${\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{n}$ is the $n$-skeleton of the ${\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{n+1}$[)]{}. It follows that $\{{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{n},{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{n},f_{n}\}$ is a CIS. The fundamental limit space for this CIS is the [*infinite-dimensional projective space*]{} ${\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{\infty}$.
For details about infinite-dimensional sphere and projective plane see [@Hatcher].
The category of closed injective systems and cis-morphisms {#Section.Category}
==========================================================
Let ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}=\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}_{i}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{Z}}}=\{Z_{i},W_{i},g_{i}\}_{i}$ be two closed injective systems. By a [**cis-morphism**]{} $\mathfrak{h}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{Z}}}$ we mean a collection $$\mathfrak{h}=\{h_{i}:X_{i}\rightarrow Z_{i}\}_{i}$$ of closed continuous maps checking the following conditions:
1. $h_{i}(Y_{i})\subset W_{i}$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
2. $h_{i+1}\circ f_{i}=g_{i}\circ h_{i}|_{Y_{i}}$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
This latter condition is equivalent to commutativity of the diagram below, for each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
[c]{}
We say that a cis-morphism $\mathfrak{h}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{Z}}}$ is a [**cis-isomorphism**]{} if each map $h_{i}:X_{i}\rightarrow Z_{i}$ is a homeomorphism and carries $Y_{i}$ homeomorphicaly onto $W_{i}$.
For each arbitrary CIS, say ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}=\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}_{i}$, there is an identity cis-morphism $\mathfrak{1}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}$ given by $\mathfrak{1}_{i}:X_{i}\rightarrow X_{i}$ equal to identity map for each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
Moreover, if $\mathfrak{h}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(1)}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(2)}$ and $\mathfrak{k}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(2)}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(3)}$ are two cis-morphisms, then it is clear that its natural composition $$\mathfrak{k}\circ\mathfrak{h}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(1)}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(3)}$$ is a cis-morphism from ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(1)}$ into ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(3)}$.
Also, it is easy to check that associativity of compositions holds whenever possible: if $\mathfrak{h}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(1)}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(2)}$, $\mathfrak{k}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(2)}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(3)}$ and $\mathfrak{r}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(3)}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(4)}$, then $$\mathfrak{r}\circ(\mathfrak{k}\circ\mathfrak{h})=(\mathfrak{r}\circ\mathfrak{k})\circ\mathfrak{h}.$$
This shows that the closed injective system and the cis-morphisms between they forms a category, which we denote by $\mathfrak{Cis}$. (See [@Hotman] for details on basic category theory).
\[CIS.Category.Is.Complet\] Every inductive systems on the category $\mathfrak{Cis}$ admit limit.
Let $\{{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(n)},\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}\}_{m,n}$ be an inductive system of closed injective system and cis-morphisms. Then, each ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(n)}$ is of the form ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(n)}=\{X_{i}^{(n)},Y_{i}^{(n)},f_{i}^{(n)}\}_{i}$ and each $\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(m)}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(n)}$ is a cis-morphism and, moreover, $\mathfrak{h}^{(pq)}\circ\mathfrak{h}^{(qr)}=\mathfrak{h}^{(pr)}$, for all $p,q,r\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
For each $m\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, we write $\mathfrak{h}^{(m)}$ to be $\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}$ when $m=n+1$.
For each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, we have the inductive system $\{X_{i}^{(n)},h_{i}^{(mn)}\}_{m,n}$, that is, the injective system of the topological spaces $X_{i}^{(1)},X_{i}^{(2)},\ldots$ and all continuous maps $h_{i}^{(mn)}:X_{i}^{(m)}\rightarrow X_{i}^{(n)}$, $m,n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, of the collection $\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}$.
Now, each inductive system $\{X_{i}^{(n)},h_{i}^{(mn)}\}_{m,n}$ can be consider as the closed injective system $\{X_{i}^{(n)},X_{i}^{(n)},h_{i}^{(n)}\}_{n}$. Let $\{X_{i},\xi_{i}^{(n)}\}_{n}$ be a fundamental limit space for $\{X_{i}^{(n)},X_{i}^{(n)},h_{i}^{(n)}\}_{n}$.
[c]{}
Then, each $\xi_{i}^{(n)}:X_{i}^{(n)}\rightarrow X_{i}$ is an imbedding, and we have $\xi_{i}^{(m)}=\phi_{i}^{(n)}\circ
h_{i}^{(mn)}$ for all $m<n$. Moreover, $X_{i}$ has a weak topologia induced by the collection $\{\xi_{i}^{(n)}\}_{n}$.
For any $m,n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, with $m\leq n$, we have $$\xi_{i}^{(m)}(Y_{i}^{(m)})=\xi_{i}^{(n)}\circ
h_{i}^{(mn)}(Y_{i}^{(m)})\subset\xi_{i}^{(n)}(Y_{i}^{(n)}),$$ by condition [**1**]{} of the definition of cis-morphism. Moreover, each $\xi_{i}^{(n)}(Y_{i}^{(n)})$ is closed in $X_{i}$, since each $\xi_{i}^{(n)}$ is an imbedding.
For each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, we define
$$Y_{i}=\bigcup_{n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}}\xi_{i}^{(n)}(Y_{i}^{(n)}).$$
Then, by preceding paragraph, $Y_{i}$ is a union of linked closed sets, that is, $Y_{i}$ is the union of the closed sets of the ascendent chain $$\xi_{i}^{(1)}(Y_{i}^{(1)})\subset\xi_{i}^{(2)}(Y_{i}^{(2)})\subset\cdots
\subset\xi_{i}^{(m)}(Y_{i}^{(m)})\subset\xi_{i}^{(m+1)}(Y_{i}^{(m+1)})\subset\cdots$$
Now, since $\{X_{i},\xi_{i}^{(n)}\}_{n}$ is a fundamental limit space for $\{X_{i}^{(n)},Y_{i}^{(n)},h_{i}^{(n)}\}_{n}$, for each $m\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, we have $$(\xi_{i}^{(m)})^{-1}(Y_{i})=(\xi_{i}^{(m)})^{-1}(\cup_{n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}}\xi_{i}^{(n)}(Y_{i}^{(n)}))=Y_{i}^{m}
\ {\rm which \ is \ closed \ in} \ X_{i}^{(m)}.$$
Therefore, since $X_{i}$ has the weak topology induced by the collection $\{\xi_{i}^{(n)}\}_{n}$, it follows that $Y_{i}$ is closed in $X_{i}$.
Now, we will build, for each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, an injection $f_{i}:Y_{i}\rightarrow X_{i+1}$ making $\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}_{i}$ a closed injective system. For each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, we have the diagram shown below.
For each $x\in {\xi_{i}^{(n)}}(Y_{i}^{(n)})\subset X_{i}$, there is a unique $y\in Y_{i}^{(n)}$ such that $\xi_{i}^{(n)}(y)=x$. Then, we define $f_{i}(x)=(\xi_{i+1}^{(n)}\circ f_{i}^{(n)})(y)$.
[c]{}
It is clear that each $f_{i}:{\xi_{i}^{(n)}}(Y_{i}^{(n)})\rightarrow
X_{i+1}$ is a closed injective continuous map, since each $\xi_{i}$ and $f_{i}^{(n)}$ are closed injective continuous maps.
Now, we define $f_{i}:Y_{i}\rightarrow X_{i+1}$ in the following way: For each $x\in Y_{i}$, there is an integer $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$ such that $x\in\xi_{i}^{(n)}(Y_{i}^{n})$. Then, there is a unique $y\in
Y_{i}^{(n)}$ such that $\xi_{i}^{(n)}(y)=x$. We define $f_{i}(x)=(\xi_{i+1}^{(n)}\circ f_{i}^{(n)})(y)$.
Each $f_{i}:Y_{i}\rightarrow X_{i+1}$ is well defined. In fact: suppose that $x$ belong to $\xi_{i}^{(m)}(Y_{i}^{m})\cap
\xi_{i}^{(n)}(Y_{i}^{n})$. Suppose, without loss of generality, that $m<n$. There are unique $y_{m}\in Y_{i}^{m}$ and $y_{n}\in
Y_{i}^{n}$, such that $\xi_{i}^{(m)}(y_{m})=y=\phi_{i}^{(n)}(y_{n})$. Then, $y_{n}=h_{i}^{(mn)}(y_{m})$. Thus, $$\xi_{i+1}^{(n)}\circ f_{i}^{(n)}(y_{n})=\xi_{i+1}^{(n)}\circ f_{i}^{(n)}\circ h_{i}^{(mn)}(y_{m})=
\xi_{i+1}^{(n)}\circ h_{i+1}^{(mn)}\circ f_{i}^{(m)}(y_{m})=
\xi_{i+1}^{(m)}\circ f_{i}^{(m)}(y_{m}).$$
Now, since each $f_{i}:Y_{i}\rightarrow X_{i+1}$ is obtained of a collection of closed injective continuous maps which coincides on closed sets, it follows that each $f_{i}$ is a closed injective continuous map.
This proves that $\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}_{i}$ is a closed injective system. Denote it by ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}$.
For each $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, let $\mathcal{E}^{(n)}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(n)}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}$ be the collection $$\mathcal{E}^{(n)}=\{\xi_{i}^{(n)}:X_{i}^{(n)}\rightarrow
X_{i}\}_{i}.$$ It is clear by the construction that $\mathcal{E}^{(n)}$ is a cis-morphism from ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(n)}$ into ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}$. Moreover, we have $\mathcal{E}^{(m)}=\mathcal{h}^{(mn)}\circ\mathcal{E}^{(n)}$. Therefore, $\{{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}},\mathcal{E}^{(n)}\}_{n}$ is a direct limit for the inductive system $\{{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(n)},\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}\}_{m,n}$.
The transition to fundamental limit space as a functor {#Section.Passagem.ao.limite}
======================================================
Henceforth, we will write $\mathfrak{Top}$ to denote the category of the topological spaces and continuous maps.
For each CIS ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}=\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}_{i}$, we will denote its fundamental limite space by $\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}})$. The passage to the fundamental limit defines a function $$\pounds:\mathfrak{Cis}\longrightarrow\mathfrak{Top}$$ which associates to each CIS ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}$ its fundamental limit space $\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}})=\{X,\phi_{i}\}$.
\[Theorem.Fundamental.Induced.Map\] Let $\mathfrak{h}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{Z}}}$ be a cis-morphism between closed injective systems, and let $\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}})=\{X,\phi_{i}\}_{i}$ and $\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{Z}}})=\{Z,\psi_{i}\}_{i}$ be the fundamental limit spaces for ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{Z}}}$, respectively. Then, there is a unique closed continuous map $\pounds\mathfrak{h}:X\rightarrow Z$ such that $\pounds\mathfrak{h}\circ\phi_{i}=\psi_{i}\circ h_{i}$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
Write $\mathfrak{h}=\{h_{i}:X_{i}\rightarrow Z_{i}\}_{i}$. We define the map $\pounds\mathfrak{h}:X\rightarrow Z$ as follows: First, consider $\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}})=\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ and $\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{Z}}})=\{Z,\psi_{i}\}$. For each $x\in X$, there is $x_{i}\in X_{i}$, for some $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, such that $x=\phi_{i}(x_{i})$. Then, we define $$\pounds\mathfrak{h}(x)=\psi_{i}\circ h_{i}(x_{i}).$$
This map is well defined. In fact, if $x=\phi_{i}(x_{i})=\phi_{j}(x_{j})$, with $i<j$, then $x\in\phi_{i}(X_{i})\cap\phi_{j}(X_{j})\doteq\phi_{j}f_{i,j-1}(Y_{i,j-1})$ and $x_{j}=f_{i,j-1}(x_{i})$. Thus, $$\psi_{j}\circ h_{j}(x_{j})=\psi_{j}\circ h_{j}\circ
f_{i,j-1}(x_{i})=\psi_{j}\circ g_{i,j-1}\circ
h_{i}(x_{i})=\psi_{i}\circ h_{i}(x_{i}).$$
Now, since $\pounds\mathfrak{h}$ is obtained from a collection of closed continuous maps which coincide on closed sets, it is easy to see that $\pounds\mathfrak{h}$ is a closed continuous map.
Moreover, it is easy to see that $\pounds\mathfrak{h}$ is the unique continuous map from $X$ into $Z$ which verifies, for each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, the commutativity $\pounds\mathfrak{h}\circ\phi_{i}=\psi_{i}\circ
h_{i}$.
Sometimes, we write $\pounds\mathfrak{h}:\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}})\rightarrow\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{Z}}})$ instead $\pounds\mathfrak{h}:X\rightarrow Y$. This map is called the [**fundamental map**]{} induced by $\mathfrak{h}$.
The transition to the fundamental limit space is a functor from the category $\mathfrak{Cis}$ into the category $\mathfrak{Top}$.
For details on functors see [@Hotman].
If $\mathfrak{h}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{Z}}}$ is a cis-isomorphism, then the fundamental map $\pounds\mathfrak{h}:\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}})\rightarrow\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{Z}}})$ is a homeomorphism.
This implies that isomorphic closed injective systems have homeomorphic fundamental limit spaces.
Compatibility of limits {#Section.Compatibility.Limits}
=======================
In this section, given a CIS ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}={\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ with fundamental limit space $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$, sometimes we write $\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}})$ to denote only the topological space $X$. This is clear in the context.
\[Teo.Compatibilidade.Limits\] Let $\{{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(n)},\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}\}_{m,n}$ be an inductive system on the category $\mathfrak{Cis}$ and let $\{{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}},\mathcal{E}^{(n)}\}_{n}$ its direct limit. Then $\{\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(n)}),\pounds\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}\}_{m,n}$ is an inductive system on the category $\mathfrak{Top}$, which admits $\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}})$ as its directed limit homeomorphic.
By uniqueness of the direct limit, we can assume that $\{{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}},\Phi^{(n)}\}_{n}$ is the direct limit constructed in the proof of the Theorem \[CIS.Category.Is.Complet\]. Then, we have $$\mathcal{E}^{(n)}:{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(n)}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}\ \ {\rm given \ by} \ \ \mathcal{E}^{(n)}=\{\xi_{i}^{(n)}:X_{i}^{(n)}\rightarrow X_{i}\}_{i},$$ where $\{X_{i},\xi_{i}^{(n)}\}_{n}$ is a fundamental limit space for $\{X_{i}^{(n)},X_{i}^{(n)},h_{i}^{(n)}\}_{n}$.
By the Theorem \[Theorem.Fundamental.Induced.Map\], $\{\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(n)}),\pounds\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}\}_{m,n}$ is a inductive system.
For each $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, write ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(n)}=\{X_{i}^{(n)},Y_{i}^{(n)},f_{i}^{(n)}\}_{i}$ and $\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{n})=\{X^{(n)},\phi_{i}^{(n)}\}_{i}$. Moreover, write ${\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}=\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}_{i}$ and $\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}})=\{X,\phi_{i}\}_{i}$. Then, the inductive system $\{\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{(n)}),\pounds\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}\}_{m,n}$ can be write as $\{X^{(n)},\pounds\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}\}_{m,n}$.
We need to show that there is a collection of maps $\{\vartheta^{(n)}:X^{(n)}\rightarrow X\}_{n}$ such that $\{X,\vartheta^{(n)}\}_{n}$ is a direct limit for the system $\{X^{(n)},\pounds\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}\}_{m,n}$.
For each $x\in X^{(n)}$, there is a point $x_{i}\in X_{i}^{(n)}$, for some $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, such that $x=\phi_{i}^{(n)}(x_{i})$. We define $\vartheta^{(n)}:X^{(n)}\rightarrow X$ by $\vartheta^{(n)}(x)=\phi_{i}\circ\xi_{i}^{(n)}(x_{i})$.
The map $\vartheta^{(n)}$ is well defined. In fact: If $x=\phi_{i}^{(n)}(x_{i})=\phi_{j}^{(n)}(x_{j})$, with $i\leq j$, then $x\in\phi_{i}^{(n)}(X_{i}^{(n)})\cap\phi_{j}^{(n)}(X_{j}^{(n)})\doteq\phi_{j}^{(n)}f_{i,j-1}^{(n)}(Y_{i,j-1}^{(n)})$ and $x_{j}=f_{i,j-1}^{(n)}(x_{i})$ and $x_{i}\in Y_{i,j}\subset
X_{i}$. Now, in the diagram below, the two triangles and the big square are commutative. In it, we write $\xi_{i}^{(n)}|$ and $\phi_{i}^{(n)}|$ to denote the obvious restriction.
It follows that $$\phi_{j}\circ\xi_{j}^{(n)}(x_{j})=\phi_{j}\circ\xi_{j}^{(n)}\circ f_{i,j-1}{(n)}(x_{i})=\phi_{j}\circ f_{i,j-1}\circ\xi_{i}^{(n)}(x_{i})=
\phi_{i}\circ\xi_{i}^{(n)}(x_{i}).$$ It is sufficient to prove that the map $\vartheta^{(n)}$ is well defined. Moreover, note that this map makes the diagram above in a commutative diagram.
[c]{}
Now, by the Theorem \[Theorem.Fundamental.Induced.Map\] we have $\pounds\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}\circ\phi_{i}^{(m)}=\phi_{i}^{(n)}\circ
h_{i}^{(n)}$ for all integers $m<n$, since $\pounds({\ensuremath{\mathfrak{X}}}^{n})=\{X^{(n)},\phi_{i}^{(n)}\}_{i}$.
Let $x\in X^{(m)}$ be an arbitrary point. Then, there is $x_{i}\in
X_{i}^{(m)}$ such that $x=\phi_{i}^{(m)}(x_{i})$. Also, for all $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$ with $m<n$, we have $\pounds\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}(x)=\phi_{i}^{(n)}\circ
h_{i}^{(mn)}(x_{i})$. Thus, we have, $$\vartheta^{(n)}\circ\pounds\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}(x)=\phi_{i}\circ\xi_{i}^{(n)}(h_{i}^{(mn)}(x_{i}))=\phi_{i}\circ\xi^{(m)}(x_{i})=\vartheta^{(m)}(x).$$
This shows that $\vartheta^{(n)}\circ\pounds\mathfrak{h}^{(mn)}=\vartheta^{(m)}$ for all integers $m<n$.
Let $A$ be a closed subset of $X$. Then it is clear that $(\phi_{i}\circ\xi_{i}^{(n)})^{-1}(A)$ is closed in $X_{i}^{(n)}$, since $\phi_{i}$ and $\xi_{i}^{(n)}$ are continuous maps. Now, we have $(\vartheta^{(n)})^{-1}(A)=\phi_{i}^{(n)}((\phi_{i}\circ\xi_{i}^{(n)})^{-1}(A))$. Then, since $\phi_{i}^{(n)}$ is an imbedding (and so a closed map), it follows that $(\vartheta^{(n)})^{-1}(A)$ is a closed subset of $X^{(n)}$. Therefore, $\vartheta^{(n)}$ is a continuous.
Now, it is not difficult to prove that $\{X,\vartheta^{(n)}\}_{n}$ satisfies the universal mapping problem (see [@Hotman]). This concludes the proof.
Inductive closed injective systems {#Section.Inductive.System}
==================================
In this section, we will study a particular kind of closed injective systems, which has some interesting properties. More specifically, we study the CIS’s of the form $\{X_{i},X_{i},f_{i}\}$, which are called [**inductive closed injective system**]{}, or an inductive CIS, to shorten.
In an inductive CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},X_{i},f_{i}\}}}$, any two injections $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$, with $i<j$, are [**componible**]{}, that is, the composition $f_{i,j}=f_{j}\circ\cdots\circ f_{i}$ is always defined throughout domine $X_{i}$ of $f_{i}$.
Hence, fixing $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, for each $j>i$ we have a closed injection $f_{i,j}:X_{i}\rightarrow X_{j+1}$. Because this, we define, for each $i<j\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, $$f_{i}^{i}=id_{X_{i}}:X_{i}\rightarrow X_{i}$$ $$f_{i}^{j}=f_{i,j-1}:X_{i}\rightarrow X_{j}.$$
By this definition, it follows that $f_{i}^{k}=f_{j}^{k}\circ
f_{i}^{j}$, for all $i\leq j\leq k$. Therefore, $\{X_{i},f_{i}^{j}\}$ is an [**inductive system**]{} on the category $\mathfrak{Top}$.
We will construct a direct limit for this inductive system.
Let $\coprod X_{i}=\coprod_{i=0}^{\infty}X_{i}$ be the coproduct (or topological sum) of the spaces $X_{i}$.
Consider the canonical inclusions $\varphi_{i}:X_{i}\rightarrow\coprod X_{i}$. It is obvious that each $\varphi_{i}$ is a homeomorphism onto its image.
Over the space $\coprod X_{i}$, consider the relation $\sim$ defined by: $$x\sim y\Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{array}{l} \exists \
x_{i}\in X_{i}, y_{j}\in X_{j} \ {\rm with} \ x=\varphi_{i}(x_{i}) \
{\rm e} \ y=\varphi_{j}(y_{j}), \ {\rm such \ that} \\
y_{j}=f_{i}^{j}(x_{i}) \ {\rm if} \ i\leq j \ {\rm and} \
x_{i}=f_{j}^{i}(y_{j}) \ {\rm if} \ j<i. \\ \end{array} \right..$$
\[Lema.Relação.equivalencia\] The relation $\sim$ is an equivalence relation over $\coprod X_{i}$.
We need to check the veracity of the properties reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
[*Reflexive*]{}: Let $x\in X$ be a point. There is $x_{i}\in X_{i}$ such that $x=\psi_{i}(x_{i})$, for some $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$. We have $x_{i}=f_{i}^{i}(x_{i})$. Therefore $x\sim x$.
[*Symmetric*]{}: It is obvious by definition of the relation $\sim$.
[*Transitive*]{}: Assume that $x\sim y$ and $y\sim z$. Suppose that $x=\varphi_{i}(x_{i})$ and $y=\varphi_{j}(y_{j})$ with $y_{j}=f_{i}^{j}(x_{i})$. In this case, $i\leq j$. (The other case is analogous and is omitted). Since $y\sim z$, we can have:
[*Case 1* ]{}: $y=\varphi_{j}(y_{j}')$ and $z=\varphi_{k}(z_{k})$ with $j\leq k$ and $z_{k}=f_{j}^{k}(y_{j}')$. Then $\varphi_{j}(y_{j})=y=\varphi_{j}(y_{j}')$, and so $y_{j}=y_{j}'$. Since $i\leq j\leq k$, we have $z_{k}=f_{j}^{k}(y_{j})=f_{j}^{k}f_{i}^{j}(x_{i})=f_{i}^{k}(x_{i})$. Therefore $x\sim z$.
[*Case 2*]{}: $y=\varphi_{j}(y_{j}')$ and $z=\varphi_{k}(z_{k})$ with $k<j$ and $y_{j}'=f_{k}^{j}(z_{k})$. Then $y_{j}=y_{j}'$, as before. Now, we have again two possibility:
($a$) If $i\leq k<j$, then we have $f_{k}^{j}(z_{k})=y_{j}=f_{i}^{j}(x_{i})=f_{k}^{j}f_{i}^{k}(x_{i})$. Thus $z_{k}=f_{i}^{k}(x_{i})$ and $x\sim z$.
($b$) If $k< i \leq j$, then we have $f_{i}^{j}(x_{i})=y_{j}=f_{k}^{j}(z_{k})=f_{i}^{j}f_{k}^{i}(z_{k})$. Thus $x_{i}=f_{k}^{i}(z_{k})$ and $x\sim z$.
Let $\widetilde{X}=(\coprod X_{i}) / \sim$ be the quotient space obtained of $\coprod X_{i}$ by the equivalence relation $\sim$, and for each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, let $\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}:X_{i}\rightarrow\widetilde{X}$ be the composition $\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}=\rho\circ\varphi_{i}$, where $\rho:\coprod X_{i}\rightarrow\widetilde{X}$ is the quotient projection. $$\xymatrix{\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}: X_{i} \ \ar[r]^{\varphi_{i}} &
\coprod X_{i} \ar[r]^{\rho} & \widetilde{X}}$$
Note that, since $\widetilde{X}$ has the quotient topology induced by projection $\rho$, a subset $A\subset\widetilde{X}$ is closed in $\widetilde{X}$ if and only if $\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}^{-1}(A)$ is close in $X_{i}$, for each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
Given $x,y\in\coprod X_{i}$ with $x,y\in X_{i}$, then $x\sim
y\Leftrightarrow x=y$. Thus, each $\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}$ is one-to-one fashion onto $\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}(X_{i})$. Moreover, it is obvious that $\widetilde{X}=\cup_{i=0}^{\infty}\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}(X_{i})$.
These observations suffice to conclude the following:
\[EL==LD\] $\{\widetilde{X},\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}\}$ is a fundamental limit space for the inductive CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},X_{i},f_{i}\}}}$. Moreover, $\{\widetilde{X},\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}\}$ is a direct limit for the inductive system $\{X_{i},f_{i}^{j}\}$.
For details on direct limit see [@Hotman].
\[Observacao.X.tilde\] If we consider an arbitrary CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$, then the relation $\sim$ is again an equivalence relation over the coproduct $\coprod X_{i}$. Moreover, in this circumstances, if $\varphi_{i}(x_{i})=x\sim
y=\varphi_{j}(y_{j})$, then we must have:
1. If $i=j$, then $x=y$.
2. If $i<j$, then $f_{i}$ and $f_{j-1}$ are semicomponible and $x_{i}\in Y_{i,j-1}$;
3. If $i>j$, then $f_{j}$ and $f_{i-1}$ are semicomponible and $y_{j}\in Y_{j,i-1}$.
Therefore, it follows that the space $\widetilde{X}=(\coprod X_{i})/\sim$ is exactly the attaching space $X_{0}\cup_{f_{0}}X_{1}\cup_{f_{1}}X_{2}\cup_{f_{2}}\cdots$, and the maps $\widetilde{\varphi}_{i}$ are the projections of $X_{i}$ into this space, as in theorem of the existence of fundamental limit space (Theorem \[Teo.Existencia\]).
Functoriality on fundamental limit spaces {#Section.Functor}
=========================================
Let ${\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}:\mathfrak{Top}\rightarrow \mathfrak{Mod}$ be a functor of the category $\mathfrak{Top}$ into the category $\mathfrak{Mod}$ (the category of the $R$-modules and $R$-homomorphisms), where $R$ is a commutative ring with identity element. (See [@Hotman]).
Let ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},X_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ be an arbitrary inductive CIS, and consider the inductive system $\{X_{i},f_{i}^{j}\}$ constructed in the previous section. The functor ${\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}$ turns this system into the inductive system $\{{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}X_{i},{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}f_{i}^{j}\}$ on the category $\mathfrak{Mod}$.
\[Teorema.Invariancia.Funtorusal\] [(of the Functorial Invariance)]{} Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a fundamental limit space for the inductive CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},X_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ and let $\{M,\psi_{i}\}$ be a direct limit for $\{{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}X_{i},{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}f_{i}^{j}\}$. Then, there is a unique $R$-isomorphism $h:{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}X\rightarrow M$ such that $\psi_{i}=h\circ{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}\phi_{i}$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
By the Theorem \[EL==LD\] and by uniqueness of fundamental limit space, there is a unique homeomorphism $\beta:X\rightarrow\widetilde{X}$ such that $\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}=\beta\circ\phi_{i}$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$. Hence, ${\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}\beta:{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}X\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}\widetilde{X}$ is the unique $R$-isomorphism such that ${\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}={\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}\beta\circ{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}\phi_{i}$.
Since $\{\widetilde{X},\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}\}$ is a direct limit for the inductive system $\{X_{i},f_{i}^{j}\}$ on the category $\mathfrak{Top}$, it follows that $\{{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}\widetilde{X},{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}\varphi_{i}\}$ is a direct limit of the system $\{{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}X_{i},{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}f_{i}^{j}\}$ on the category $\mathfrak{Mod}$. By universal property of direct limit, there is a unique $R$-isomorphism $\omega:{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}\widetilde{X}\rightarrow M$ such that $\psi_{i}=\omega\circ{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}$.
Then, we take $h:{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}X\rightarrow M$ to be the composition $h=\omega\circ{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}\beta$.
The universal property of direct limits among others properties can be found, for example, in Chapter 2 of [@Hotman].
Now, we describe some basic applications of the Theorem of the Functorial Invariance.
\[Exemplo.Funtor.CW-complexo\] Let $K$ be an arbitrary CW-complex and let $\{K^n,K^n,l_{n}\}$ be the CIS as in Example \[Exemplo.CW-complex\]. It is clear that this CIS is an inductive CIS. Let ${\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}:\mathfrak{Top}\rightarrow\mathfrak{Mod}$ be an arbitrary functor. Given $m<n$ in ${\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, write $l_{m}^n$ to denote the composition $l_{n-1}\circ\cdots\circ l_{m}:K^m\rightarrow K^{n}$. Then, $\{{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}K^n,{\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}l_{m}^n\}$ is an inductive system on the category $\mathfrak{Mod}$. By Theorem \[Teorema.Invariancia.Funtorusal\], its direct limit is isomorphic to ${\ensuremath{\mathbf{F}}}K$.
\[Exemplo.Homology.S.infinito\] Homology of the sphere $S^{\infty}$.
Let $\{S^{n},S^{n},f_{n}\}$ be the CIS of Example \[Exemplo.S.infinito\]. Its fundamental limit space is the infinite-dimensional sphere $S^{\infty}$. Let $p>0$ be an arbitrary integer. By previous example, $H_{p}(S^{\infty})$ is isomorphic to direct limit of inductive system $\{H_{p}(S^n),H_{p}(f_{m}^n)\}$, where $f_{m}^n=f_{n-1}\circ\cdots\circ f_{m}:S^m\rightarrow S^n$, for $m\leq n$. Now, since $H_{p}(S^n)=0$ for $n>p$, it follows that $H_{p}(S^{\infty})=0$, for all $p>0$.
Details on homology theory can be found in [@Greenberg], [@Hatcher] and [@Spanier].
The infinite projective space ${\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{\infty}$ is a $K({\ensuremath{\mathbb{Z}}}_{2},1)$ space.
We know that $\pi_{1}({\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^n)\approx{\ensuremath{\mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$ for all $n\geq2$ and $\pi_{1}({\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^1)\approx{\ensuremath{\mathbb{Z}}}$. Moreover, for integers $m<n$, the natural inclusion $f_{m}^n:{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^m\hookrightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^n$ induces a isomorphism $(f_{m}^n)_{\#}:\pi_{1}({\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^m)\approx\pi_{1}({\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^n)$. For details see \[2\].
The fundamental limit space for the CIS $\{{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{n},{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{n},f_{n}\}$ of the Example \[Exemplo.RP.infinito\] is the infinite projective space ${\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{\infty}$. By Example \[Exemplo.Funtor.CW-complexo\], we have that $\pi_{1}({\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{\infty})$ is isomorphic to direct limit for the inductive system $\{\pi_{1}({\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{n}),(f_{m}^n)_{\#}\}$. Then, by previous arguments it is easy to check that $\pi_{1}({\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{\infty})\approx{\ensuremath{\mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$.
On the other hand, for all $r>1$, we have $\pi_{r}({\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{n})\approx\pi_{r}(S^n)$ for all $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$ (see \[2\]). Then, $\pi_{r}(S^n)=0$ always that $1<r<n$. Thus, it is easy to check that $\pi_{r}({\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}}}^{\infty})=0$, for all $r>1$.
For details on homotopy theory and $K(\pi,1)$ spaces see [@Hatcher] and [@Whitehead].
The homotopy groups of $S^{\infty}$.
Since $\pi_{r}(S^n)=0$ for all integers $r<n$, it is very easy to prove that $\pi_{r}(S^{\infty})=0$, for all $r\geq1$.
\[Exemplo.Homlogia.Toro.infinito\] The homology of the torus $T^{\infty}$.
Some arguments very simple and similar to above can be used to prove that $H_{0}(T^{\infty})\approx R$ and $H_{p}(T^{\infty})\approx\bigoplus_{i=1}^{\infty}R$, for all integer $p>0$.
Counter-Funtoriality on fundamental limit spaces {#Section.Counter-Functor}
================================================
Let ${\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}:\mathfrak{Top}\rightarrow\mathfrak{Mod}$ be a counter-functor from the category $\mathfrak{Top}$ into the category $\mathfrak{Mod}$, where $R$ is a commutative ring with identity element.
Let ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},X_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ be an arbitrary inductive CIS and consider the inductive system $\{X_{i},f_{i}^{j}\}$ as before. The counter-functor ${\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}$ turns this inductive system on the category $\mathfrak{Top}$ into the reverse system $\{{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}X_{i},{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}f_{i}^{j}\}$ on the category $\mathfrak{Mod}$.
\[Teorema.Incariancia.Contrafuntorusal\] [(of the Counter-Functorial Invariance)]{} Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a fundamental limit space for the inductive CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},X_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ and let $\{M,\psi_{i}\}$ be an inverse limit for $\{{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}X_{i},{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}f_{i}^{j}\}$. Then there is a unique $R$-isomorphism $h:M\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}X$ such that $\psi_{i}={\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}\phi_{i}\circ h$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
By the Theorem \[EL==LD\] and by uniqueness of fundamental limit space, there is a unique homeomorohism $\beta:X\rightarrow\widetilde{X}$ such that $\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}=\beta\circ\phi_{i}$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$. Hence, ${\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}\beta:{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}\widetilde{X}\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}X$ is the unique $R$-isomorphism such that ${\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}={\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}\phi_{i}\circ{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}\beta$.
Since $\{\widetilde{X},\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}\}$ is a direct limit for the inductive system $\{X_{i},f_{i}^{j}\}$ on the category $\mathfrak{Top}$, it follows that $\{{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}\widetilde{X},{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}\varphi_{i}\}$ is an inverse limit for the inverse system $\{{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}X_{i},{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}f_{i}^{j}\}$ on the category $\mathfrak{Mod}$. By universal property of inverse limit, there is a unique $R$-isomorphism $\omega:M\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}\widetilde{X}$ such that $\psi_{i}={\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}\widetilde{\varphi_{i}}\circ\omega$.
Then, we take $h:M\rightarrow{\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}X$ to be the compost $R$-isomorphism $h={\ensuremath{\mathbf{G}}}\beta\circ\omega$.
The property of the inverse limit can be found in [@Hotman].
Now, we describe some basic applications of the Theorem of the Counter-Functorial Invariance.
Cohomology of the sphere $S^{\infty}$.
Since $H^p(S^n;R)\approx H_{p}(S^n;R)$ for all $p,n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{Z}}}$, it follows by the Theorem \[Teorema.Incariancia.Contrafuntorusal\] and Example \[Exemplo.Homology.S.infinito\] that $H^{0}(S^{\infty};R)\approx R$ and $H^{p}(S^{\infty};R)=0$, for all $p>0$.
The cohomology of the torus $T^{\infty}$.
Since the homology and cohomology modules of a finite product of spheres are isomorphic, it follows by Theorem the \[Teorema.Incariancia.Contrafuntorusal\] and Example \[Exemplo.Homlogia.Toro.infinito\] that $H^{0}(T^{\infty})\approx
R$ and $H^{p}(T^{\infty})\approx\bigoplus_{i=1}^{\infty}R$, for all $p>0$.
Finitely semicomponible and stationary CIS’s {#Section.Stationary}
============================================
We say that a CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ is [**finitely semicomponible**]{} if, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, there is only a finite number of indices $j\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$ such that $f_{i}$ and $f_{j}$ (or $f_{j}$ and $f_{i}$) are semicomponible, that is, there is not an infinity sequence $\{f_{k}\}_{k\geq i_{0}}$ of semicomponible maps. Obviously, ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ is finitely semicomponible if and only if for some (so for all) limit space $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ for ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$, the collection $\{\phi_{i}(X_{i})\}_{i}$ is a pointwise finite cover of $X$ (that is, each point of $X$ belongs to only a finite number of $\phi_{i}(X_{i})'s$).
We say that a CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ is [**stationary**]{} if there is a nonegative integer $n_{0}$ such that, for all $n\geq n_{0}$, we have $Y_{n}=Y_{n_{0}}=X_{n_{0}}=X_{n}$ and $f_{n}=identity \ map$.
This section of text is devoted to the study and characterization of the limit space of these two special types of CIS’s.
\[Teorema.Semicomponivel.Fundamental\] Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be an arbitrary limit space for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$. If the collection $\{\phi_{i}(X_{i})\}_{i}$ is a locally finite cover of $X$, then ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ is finitely semicomponible. The reciprocal is true if $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ is a fundamental limit space.
The first part is trivial, since if the collection $\{\phi_{i}(X_{i})\}_{i}$ is a locally finite cover of $X$, then it is a pointwise finite cover of $X$.
Suppose that $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ is a fundamental limit space for the finitely semicomponible CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$. Let $x\in X$ be an arbitrary point. Then, there are nonnegative integers $n_{0}\leq n_{1}$ such that $\phi_{i}^{-1}(\{x\})\neq\emptyset\Leftrightarrow n_{0}\leq
i\leq n_{1}$. For each $n_{0}\leq i\leq n_{1}$, write $x_{i}$ to be the single point of $X_{i}$ such that $x=\phi_{i}(x_{i})$. It follows that $x_{i}\in Y_{n_{i}}$ for $n_{0}\leq i\leq n_{1}-1$, but $x_{n_{1}}\notin Y_{n_{1}}$ and $x_{n_{0}}\notin
f_{n_{0}-1}(Y_{n_{0}-1})$.
Since $f_{n_{0}-1}(Y_{n_{0}-1})$ is closed in $X_{n_{0}}$ and $x_{n_{0}}\notin f_{n_{0}-1}(Y_{n_{0}-1})$, we can choose an open neighborhood $V_{n_{0}}$ of $x_{n_{0}}$ in $X_{n_{0}}$ such that $V_{n_{0}}\cap f_{n_{0}-1}(Y_{n_{0}-1})=\emptyset$.
Similarly, since $x_{n_{1}}\notin Y_{n_{1}}$ and $Y_{n_{1}}$ is closed in $X_{n_{1}}$, we can choose an open neighborhood $V_{n_{1}}$ of $x_{n_{1}}$ in $X_{n_{1}}$ such that $V_{n_{1}}\cap
Y_{n+{1}}=\emptyset$.
Define $V=\phi_{n_{0}}(V_{n_{0}})\cup\phi_{n_{0}+1}(X_{n_{0}+1})\cup\cdots\cup\phi_{n_{1}-1}(X_{n_{1}-1})\cup\phi_{n_{1}}(V_{n_{1}})$.
It is clear that $x\in V\subset X$ and $V\cap
\phi_{j}(X_{j})=\emptyset$ for all $j\notin\{n_{0},\ldots,n_{1}\}$. Moreover, we have $$\phi_{j}^{-1}(X-V)=
\left\{\begin{array}{ccl} X_{n_{0}}-V_{n_{0}} & \mbox{if} & j=n_{0} \\
X_{n_{1}}-V_{n_{1}} & \mbox{if} & j=n_{1} \\
\emptyset & \mbox{if} & n_{0}<j<n_{1} \\
X_{j} & & \hspace{-7mm} \mbox{otherwise} \\
\end{array} \right..$$
In all cases, we see that $\phi_{j}^{-1}(X-V)$ is closed in $X_{j}$. Thus, $X-V$ is closed in $X$. Therefore, we obtain an open neighborhood $V$ of $x$ which intersects only a finite number of $\phi_{i}(X_{i})'s$.
The reciprocal of the previous proposition is not true, in general, when $\{X,\phi_{i}\} $ is not a fundamental limit space. In fact, we have the following example in which the above reciprocal failure.
Consider the topological subspaces $X_{0}=[1,2]$ and $X_{n}=[\frac{1}{n+1},\frac{1}{n}]$, for $n\geq1$, of the real line ${\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}}$, and take $Y_{0}=\{1\}$ and $Y_{n}=\{\frac{1}{n+1}\}$ for $n\geq1$. Define $f_{n}:Y_{n}\rightarrow X_{n+1}$ to be the natural inclusion, for all $n\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$. It is clear that the CIS $\{X_{n},Y_{n},f_{n}\}$ is finitely semicomponible, and its fundamental limit space is, up to homeomorphism, the subspace $X=(0,2]$ of the real line, together the collection of natural inclusions $\phi_{n}:X_{n}\rightarrow X$. It is also obvious that the collection $\{\phi_{i}(X_{i})\}_{i}$ is a locally finite cover of $X$. On the other hand, take $$Z=((0,1]\times\{0\})\cup\{(1+cos(\pi t-\pi),\sin(\pi t-\pi))\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}}^2
: t\in[1,2]\}.$$ Consider $Z$ as a subspace of the ${\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}}^2$. Then $Z$ is homeomorphic to the sphere $S^1$. Consider the maps $\psi_{0}:X_{0}\rightarrow Z$ given by $\psi_{0}(t)=(1+cos(\pi
t-\pi),\sin(\pi t-\pi))$, and $\psi_{n}:X_{n}\rightarrow Z$ given by $\psi_{n}(t)=(t,0)$, for all $n\geq1$. It is easy to see that $\{Z,\psi_{n}\}$ is a limit space for the CIS $\{X_{n},Y_{n},f_{n}\}$. Now, note that the point $(0,0)\in Z$ has no open neighborhood intercepting only a finite number of $\psi_{n}(X_{n})'s$.
\[Teorema.Cobert.Local.Finit.Fechada\] Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a limit space for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ and suppose that the collection $\{\phi_{i}(X_{i})\}_{i}$ is a locally finite closed cover of $X$. Then $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ is a fundamental limit space.
We need to prove that a subset $A$ of $X$ is closed in $X$ if and only if $\phi_{i}^{-1}(A)$ is closed in $X_{i}$ for all $i\in N$.
If $A\subset X$ is closed in $X$, then it is clear that $\phi_{i}^{-1}(A)$ is closed in $X_{i}$ for each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$, since each $\phi_{i}$ is a continuous map.
Now, let $A$ be a subset of $X$ such that $\phi_{i}^{-1}(A)$ is closed in $X_{i}$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$. Then, since each $\phi_{i}$ is a imbedding, it follows that $\phi_{i}(\phi_{i}^{-1}(A))=A\cap\phi_{i}(X_{i})$ is closed in $\phi_{i}(X_{i})$. But by hypothesis, $\phi_{i}(X_{i})$ is closed in $X$. Therefore $A\cap\phi_{i}(X_{i})$ is closed in $X$, for each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$.
Let $x\in X-A$ be an arbitrary point and choose an open neighborhood $V$ of $x$ in $X$ such that $V\cap\phi_{i}(X_{i})\neq\emptyset\Leftrightarrow i\in \Lambda$, where $\Lambda\subset{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$ is a finite subset of indices. It follows that $$V\cap A=\bigcup_{i\in\Lambda}V\cap A\cap\phi_{i}(X_{i}).$$
Now, since each $A\cap\phi_{i}(X_{i})$ is closed in $X$ and $x\notin
A\cap\phi_{i}(X_{i})$, we can choose, for each $i\in\Lambda$, an open neighborhood $V_{i}\subset V$ of $x$, such that $V_{i}\cap
A\cap \phi_{i}(X_{i})=\emptyset$. Take $V'=\bigcap_{i\in\Lambda}V_{i}$. Then $V'$ is an open neighborhoodof $x$ in $X$ and $V'\cap A=\emptyset$. Therefore, $A$ is closed in $X$.
Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a limit space for the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ in which each $X_{i}$ is a compact space. If $X$ is Hausdorff and $\{\phi_{i}(X_{i})\}_{i}$ is a locally finite cover of $X$, then $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ is a fundamental limit space.
Each $\phi_{i}(X_{i})$ is a compact subset of the Hasdorff space $X$. Therefore, each $\phi_{i}(X_{i})$ is closed in $X$. The result follows from previous theorem.
Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a limit space for the finitely semicomponible CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$. Then, $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ is a fundamental limit space if and only if the collection $\{\phi_{i}(X_{i})\}_{i}$ is a locally finite closed cover of $X$.
Poposition \[Prop.Implica.Fechado\] and Theorems \[Teorema.Semicomponivel.Fundamental\] and \[Teorema.Cobert.Local.Finit.Fechada\].
Let $f:Z\rightarrow W$ be a continuous map between topological spaces. We say that $f$ is a [**perfect map**]{} if it is closed, surjective and, for each $w\in W$, the subset $f^{-1}(w)\subset Z$ is compact. (See [@Munkres]).
Let $\mathfrak{P}$ be a property of topological spaces. We say that $\mathfrak{P}$ is a [**perfect property**]{} if always that $\mathfrak{P}$ is true for a space $Z$ and there is a perfect map $f:Z\rightarrow W$, we have $\mathfrak{P}$ true for $W$. Again, we say that a property $\mathfrak{P}$ is [**countable-perfect**]{} if $\mathfrak{P}$ is perfect and always that $\mathfrak{P}$ is true for a countable collection of spaces $\{Z_{n}\}_{n}$, we have $\mathfrak{P}$ true for the coproduct $\coprod_{n=0}^{\infty}Z_{n}$. We say that $\mathfrak{P}$ is [**finite-perfect**]{} if the previous sentence is true for finite collections $\{Z_{n}\}_{n=0}^{n_{0}}$ of topological spaces. It is obvious that every countable-perfect property is also a finite-perfect property. The reciprocal is not true. It is also obvious that every perfect property is a topological invariant.
The follows one are examples of countable-prefect properties: Hausdorff axiom, regularity, normality, local compactness, second axiom of enumerability and Lindelöf axiom. The compactness is a finite-perfect property which is not countable-perfect. (For details see [[@Munkres]]{}).
\[XtemP.para.FinitSem\] Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a fundamental limit space for the finitely semicomponible CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$, in which each $X_{i}$ has the countable-perfect property $\mathfrak{P}$. Then $X$ has $\mathfrak{P}$.
Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a fundamental limit space for ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$. By the Theorems \[EL==LD\] and \[Unicidade\], there is a unique homeomorphism $\beta:\widetilde{X}\rightarrow X$ such that $\phi_{i}=\beta\circ\widetilde{\varphi}$, for all $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$. Then, simply to prove that $\widetilde{X}$ has the property $\mathfrak{P}$, where, remember, $\widetilde{X}=(\coprod
X_{i})/\sim$ is the quotient space constructed in Section \[Section.Inductive.System\] (Remember the Remark \[Observacao.X.tilde\]).
Consider the quotient map $\rho:\coprod X_{i}\rightarrow
\widetilde{X}$. It is continuous and surjective. Moreover, since the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ is finitely semicomponible, it is obvious that for $x\in\widetilde{X}$ we have that $\rho^{-1}(x)$ is a finite subset, and so a compact subset, of $\coprod X_{i}$. Therefore, simply to prove that $\rho$ is a closed map, since this is enough to conclude that $\rho$ is a perfect map and, therefore, the truth of the theorem.
Let $E\subset\coprod X_{i}$ be an arbitrary closed subset of $\coprod X_{i}$. We need to prove that $\rho(E)$ is closed in $\widetilde{X}$, that is, that $\rho^{-1}(\rho(E))\cap X_{i}$ is closed in $X_{i}$ for each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$. But note that $$\rho^{-1}(\rho(E))\cap X_{i}=(E\cap
X_{i})\cup\bigcup_{j=0}^{i-1}f_{j,i-1}(E\cap Y_{j,i-1})
\cup\bigcup_{j=i}^{\infty}f_{i,j}^{-1}(E\cap X_{j+1}),$$ where each term of the total union is closed. Now, since the given CIS is finitely semicomponible, there is on the union $\bigcup_{j=i}^{\infty}f_{i,j}^{-1}(E\cap X_{j+1})$ only a finite nonempty terms. Thus, $\rho^{-1}(\rho(E))\cap X_{i}$ can be rewritten as a finite union of closed subsets. Therefore $\rho^{-1}(\rho(E))\cap X_{i}$ is closed.
The quotient map $\rho:\coprod X_{i}\rightarrow \widetilde{X}$ is not closed, in general. To illustrate this fact, we introduce the follows example:
Consider the inductive CIS $\{S^{n},S^{n},f_{n}\}$ as in the Example \[Exemplo.S.infinito\], starting at $n=1$. Consider the sequence of real numbers $(a_{n})_{n}$, where $a_{n}=1/n$, $n\geq1$. Let $A=\{a_{n}\}_{n\geq2}$ be the set of points of the sequence $(a_{n})_{n}$ starting at $n=2$. Then, the image of $A$ by the map $\gamma:[0,1]\rightarrow S^{1}$ given by $\gamma(t)=(\cos t,\sin t)$ is a sequence $(b_{n})_{n\geq2}$ in $S^{1}$ such that the point $b=(1,0)\in S^{1}$ is not in $\gamma(A)$ and $(b_{n})_{n}$ converge to $b$. It follows that the subset $B=\gamma(A)$ of $S^{1}$ is not closed in $S^{1}$. Now, for each $n\geq2$, let $E^{n}$ be the closed $(n-1)$-dimensional half-sphere imbedded as the meridian into $S^n$ going by point $f_{1,n-1}(b_{n})$. It is easy to see that $E^n$ is closed in $S^n$ for each $n\geq2$. Let $E=\bigsqcup_{n=2}^{\infty}E^{n}$ be the disjoint union of the closed half-spheres $E_{n}$. Then, for each $n\geq2$, $E\cap
S^{n}=E^{n}$, and $E\cap S^1=\emptyset$. Thus, $E$ is a closed subset of coproduct space $\coprod_{n=1}^{\infty} S^{n}$. However, $\rho^{-1}(\rho(E))\cap S^{1}=B$ is not closed in $S^{1}$. Hence $\rho(E)$ is not closed in the sphere $S^{\infty}$. Therefore, the projection $\rho:\coprod S^{n}\rightarrow(\coprod S^{n})/\sim\,\cong
S^{\infty}$ is not a closed map.
Now, we demonstrate the result of the previous theorem in the case of stationary CIS’s. In this case the result is stronger, and applies to properties finitely perfect. We started with the following preliminary result, whose proof is obvious and therefore will be omitted (left to the reader).
Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a fundamental limit space for the stationary CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$. Suppose that this CIS park in the index $n_{0}\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$. Then $\phi_{i}=\phi_{n_{0}}$, for all $i\geq n_{0}$, and $X\cong\cup_{i=0}^{n_{0}}\phi_{i}(X_{i})$. Moreover, the composition $$\xymatrix{\rho_{n_{0}}: \coprod_{i=0}^{n_{0}}X_{i} \ar[r]^{\ \
inc.} & \coprod_{i=0}^{\infty} X_{i} \ar[r]^{ \ \ \ \rho} &
\widetilde{X}}$$ is a continuous surjection, where inc. indicates the natural inclusion.
Let $\{X,\phi_{i}\}$ be a fundamental limit spaces for the stationary CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$, in which each $X_{i}$ has the finite-perfect property $\mathfrak{P}$. Then $X$ has $\mathfrak{P}$.
As in the Theorem \[XtemP.para.FinitSem\], simply to prove that $\widetilde{X}=(\coprod X_{i})/\sim$ has $\mathfrak{P}$.
Suppose that the CIS ${\ensuremath{\{X_{i},Y_{i},f_{i}\}}}$ parks in the index $n_{0}\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$. By the previous lemma, the map $\rho_{n_{0}}:\coprod_{i=0}^{n_{0}}X_{i}\rightarrow\widetilde{X}$ is continuous and surjective. Thus, simply to prove that $\rho_{n_{0}}$ is a perfect map. In order to prove this, it rests only to prove that $\rho_{n_{0}}$ is a closed map and $\rho_{n_{0}}^{-1}(x)$ is a compact subset of $\coprod_{i=0}^{n_{0}}X_{i}$, for each $x\in\widetilde{X}$. This latter fact is trivial, since each subset $\rho_{n_{0}}^{-1}(x)$ is finite.
In order to prove that $\rho_{n_{0}}$ is a closed map, let $E$ be an arbitrary closed subset of $\coprod_{i=0}^{n_{0}}X_{i}$. We need to prove that $\rho^{-1}(\rho_{n_{0}}(E))\cap X_{i}$ is closed in $X_{i}$ for each $i\in{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}}$. But note that, as before, $$\rho^{-1}(\rho_{n_{0}}(E))\cap X_{i}=(E\cap
X_{i})\cup\bigcup_{j=0}^{i-1}f_{j,i-1}(E\cap Y_{j,i-1})
\cup\bigcup_{j=i}^{\infty}f_{i,j}^{-1}(E\cap X_{j+1}),$$ where each term of this union is closed. Now, since $E\subset\coprod_{i=0}^{n_{0}}X_{i}$, we have $E\cap
X_{j+1}=\emptyset$ for all $j\geq n_{0}$. Thus, the subsets $f_{i,j}^{-1}(E\cap X_{j+1})$ which are in the last part of the union are empty for all $j\geq n_{0}$. Hence, $\rho^{-1}(\rho_{n_{0}}(E))\cap X_{i}$ is a finite union of closed subsets. Therefore, $\rho^{-1}(\rho_{n_{0}}(E))\cap X_{i}$ is closed.
[99]{}
M. J. Greenberg, [*Lectures on Algebraic Topology*]{}, Northeastern University, W. A. Benjamin, Inc. New York, 1967.
A. Hatcher, [*Algebraic Topology*]{}, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
J. J. Hotman, [*An introduction to homological algebra*]{}, Acaademic Press, Inc., 1979.
J. R. Munkres, [*Topology, a first a course*]{}, Englewood Cliffs; London: Prentice-Hall, 1975.
E. H. Spanier, [*Algebraic Topology*]{}, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 1966.
G. W. Whitehead, [*Elements of Homotopy Theory*]{}, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 1978.
[^1]: E-mail:fenille@icmc.usp.br
|
Would you like some Andy’s with your booze? I don’t know how many times I’ve purchased a peanut butter shake from Andy’s and thought, ‘Dang, this would be perfect with some chocolate liqueur.” Hasn’t everyone had that thought? Well, clearly the Jalilis are with me, because when they say burgers and shakes, they mean burgers and boozy shakes, which, let’s be honest, are the best kind of shakes.
Today, I get the Elvis ($5.50), which has Andy’s Frozen Custard, bananas, peanut butter, banana liqueur and chocolate vodka. Reba and I are in the middle of our workday, so we skip the booze and just enjoy the custard flavors. My shake has the distinct flavor I’ve come to crave, like any normal Springfieldian does. Andy’s is unlike anything else on this planet. Mike agrees. “Andy is a good friend,” he says. “He’s got the best frozen custard in the country.” Andy Kuntz, owner of Andy’s Frozen Custard, even helped train Mike and his staff on making the best quality shakes. “He’s very detailed in what he does,” Mike says. “I learned a lot from him. Without him, we couldn’t do shakes as well.” He continues, saying that on the outside shakes appear to be easy, but there’s definitely an art to them that Andy willingly shared with the Black Sheep crew.
This Weekend
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1. Technical Field
The present invention relates in general to data processing systems and in particular to kernel process management. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to an improved method, system and program product for associating threads from non-related processes.
2. Description of the Related Art
The memory system of a typical personal computer includes one or more nonvolatile mass storage devices, such as magnetic or optical disks, and a volatile random access memory (RAM), which can include both high speed cache memory and slower main memory. In order to provide enough addresses for memory-mapped input/output (I/O) as well as the data and instructions utilized by operating system and application software, the processor of a personal computer typically utilizes a virtual address space that includes a much larger number of addresses than physically exist in RAM. Therefore, to perform memory-mapped I/O or to access RAM, the processor maps the virtual addresses into physical addresses assigned to particular I/O devices or physical locations within RAM.
In the PowerPC™ RISC architecture, the virtual address space is partitioned into a number of memory pages, which each have an address descriptor called a Page Table Entry (PTE). The PTE corresponding to a particular memory page contains the virtual address of the memory page as well as the associated physical address of the page frame, thereby enabling the processor to translate any virtual address within the memory page into a physical address in memory. The PTEs, which are created in memory by the operating system, reside in Page Table Entry Groups (PTEGs), which can each contain, for example, up to eight PTEs. According to the PowerPC™ architecture, a particular PTE can reside in any location in either of a primary PTEG or a secondary PTEG, which are selected by performing primary and secondary hashing functions, respectively, on the virtual address of the memory page. In order to improve performance, the processor also includes a Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) that stores the most recently accessed PTEs for quick access.
In conventional computer operating systems (OSs), multiple processes' threads can share a single physical processor. Each process thread periodically is executed by the processor for a pre-defined amount of time (often called a time slice). However, an active process thread rarely utilizes all of the multiple execution units within a modern processor during a clock cycle. Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) enables multiple processes' threads to execute different instructions in the same clock cycle, thereby using execution units that would otherwise be left idle by a single process thread.
Application programs often require assistance from another application (also referred to as a “partner application”) or kernel process, such as a device driver or daemon, to complete one or more operations. In some cases, the partner application or assisting kernel process is unknown at the time the application program is coded since application programs, data processing system hardware and operating systems are frequently independently developed or developed by different vendors. Application programs that rely upon assistance of partner applications or assisting kernel processes often exhibit sub-optimal performance when memory constraints or other operating conditions cause the application programs to be paged into memory, since the partner application/process will also be paged into memory in a “lagging” manner. Paging a partner application/process into memory in a lagging manner delays the execution of an assisted application that is awaiting the page in of the partner application in the execution path. |
Jessica Alba & Honor Hit The Pumpkin Patch
Sin City star Jessica Alba returned to Mr. Bones Pumpkin Patch on Sunday (October 13) in West Hollywood, Calif. with her 5-year-old daughter Honor.
The day before, the actress was spotted at the festive hotspot with both of her daughters — including 2-year-old Haven.
After enjoying the slide with some friends, Honor got some face paint while her famous mama posed with some fans.
Earlier this year, Jessica opened up to Celebrity Baby Scoop about her happy family life with husband Cash Warren and their two girls.
“Every day with my girls is a dream and just hanging out with them is the best thing ever,” she gushed. “They’re happy and healthy [girls] who like to play, explore, get messy, and are creative. And since they’re typical kiddos, they’re bound to make me laugh.” |
While YouTube tries to police conspiracy theory videos, some of the platform’s most popular stars, such as Logan Paul, are discussing them and bringing in millions of page views.
On Monday, Paul teased a trailer on his YouTube account for The Flat Earth: To The Edge And Back, a documentary-style video that explores the flat Earth conspiracy theory, takes viewers to a flat Earth convention, and ends with Paul saying, “I think I’m coming out of the flat Earth closet.” Even though the video won’t be released until March 20, the trailer itself has already generated nearly one million page views.
While Paul doesn’t specifically say that the flat earth conspiracy theory is real, he talks to different experts in the documentary about why it exists and how people are claiming that science isn’t always accurate. The documentary also highlights people who believe in it and their reasoning for supporting it.
Paul’s video isn’t the only conspiracy theory footage to hit YouTube: Shane Dawson, another major YouTuber, unveiled a two-part series exploring many conspiracy theories, including that the California wildfires were set on purpose, The Verge reported. Together, Dawson’s videos on conspiracy theories yielded more than 62 million views on YouTube.
These conspiracy theory videos follow YouTube’s recent decision to start limiting misinformation, including conspiracy theories that claim the world is flat, on its website. In January, the platform said it would stop recommending videos that contain false content, such as conspiracy theories. Following this announcement, YouTube said it would stop running ads on “Momo Challenge” videos, even on videos that warned parents about the dangerous game.
Despite its plans to crack down on misinformation, YouTube didn’t tell The Verge if Paul’s video would be impacted by these guideline updates. Additionally, some conspiracy theory videos, including Dawson’s, have ads and these videos previously showed up on YouTube’s front page. Dawson and Paul are part of Google’s AdSense program, so they can earn advertising revenue for their YouTube content.
Even though YouTube is still regulating conspiracy theory videos, these videos can also risk sending YouTube viewers to more digital content that explains these controversial topics. So, they’re more likely to read conspiracy theories that might be broadcasting false facts on the video streaming platform. |
---
abstract: 'We introduce the moduli stack of pointed curves equipped with effective $r$-spin structures: these are effective divisors $D$ such that $rD$ is a canonical divisor modified at marked points. We prove that this moduli space is smooth and describe its connected components. We also prove that it always contains a component that projects birationally to the locus $S^0$ in the moduli space of $r$-spin curves consisting of $r$-spin structures $L$ such that $h^0(L)\neq 0$. Finally, we study the relation between the locus $S^0$ and Witten’s virtual top Chern class.'
author:
- 'A. Polishchuk'
title: 'Moduli spaces of curves with effective $r$-spin structures'
---
\[section\] \[thm\][Proposition]{} \[thm\][Lemma]{} \[thm\][Corollary]{}
[^1]
Introduction
============
Let us fix integers $g\ge 1$, $r\ge 2$, $n\ge 0$ and a vector ${{\bf m}}=(m_1,\ldots,m_n)$ of non-negative integers such that $$m_1+\ldots+m_n+rd=2g-2$$ for some integer $d\ge 0$. Consider the moduli space ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ [*of effective $r$-spin structures*]{} parametrizing collections $(C,D,p_1,\ldots,p_n)$, where $C$ is a (connected) smooth complex projective curve of genus $g$, $D{\subset}C$ is an effective divisor of degree $d$, $p_1,\ldots,p_n$ are (distinct) marked points on $C$ such that $$\label{conddiv}
{{\cal O}}_C(rD+m_1p_1+\ldots+m_np_n)\simeq{\omega}_C$$ (see section \[calcsec\] for the precise definition of the moduli stack).
Our main result is the following theorem.
\[mainthm\] (a) The stack ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ is smooth of dimension $2g-2+d+n$.
\(b) If $d\ge 0$ then there exists a point $(C,D,p_1,\ldots,p_n)$ in ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ such that $h^0(D)=1$.
The proof of this theorem will occupy sections \[calcsec\] and \[degsec\]. The idea of the proof of part (a) is very simple. First, we show that the dimension of ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ at every point is $\ge 2g-2+d+n$ representing ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ as a degeneracy locus. Then we prove that the dimension of the tangent space to ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ at every point is $\le 2g-2+d+n$. Part (b) is proved using a degeneration argument: we find the required structure on some nodal curve and then prove that it can be smoothened.
In the case $d=0$ the moduli space ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ are closely related to the spaces ${{\cal H}}(m_1,\ldots,m_n)$ studied in [@KZ]. Recall that the latter spaces parametrize pairs $(C,{\omega})$, where ${\omega}$ is a nonzero holomorphic $1$-form on a curve $C$ such that zeroes of ${\omega}$ have given multiplicities $(m_1,\ldots,m_n)$. The main result of [@KZ] is the complete description of connected components of ${{\cal H}}(m_1,\ldots,m_n)$ (see Theorems 1 and 2 of [*loc. cit.*]{}). Usually these spaces have one or two connected components—the only exceptions are the spaces ${{\cal H}}(2g-2)$ and ${{\cal H}}(g-1,g-1)$ for $g\ge 4$ that have three connected components. Using the results of [@KZ] one can immediately describe connected components of our moduli spaces ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ (for arbitrary $d\ge 0$) because of the following theorem that will be proved in section \[compsec\].
\[conncompthm\] Connected components of ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ are in one-to-one correspondence with connected components of ${{\cal H}}(r,\ldots,r,m_1,\ldots,m_n)$, where $r$ is repeated $d$ times.
For the detailed list of connected components of ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ see Corollaries \[conncor1\] and \[conncor2\].
Our interest in the moduli spaces ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ is because of their relation to the moduli spaces of $r$-spin curves. Recall that an [*$r$-spin structure of type*]{} ${{\bf m}}$ on a smooth $n$-pointed curve $(C,p_1,\ldots,p_n)$ is a line bundle $L$ on $C$ together with an isomorphism $L^{\otimes r}\simeq {\omega}_C(-\sum_i m_ip_i)$. The moduli spaces ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}}}_{g,n}}$ of $r$-spin curves (i.e., curves with $r$-spin structures), or rather their compactifications, have been used in [@JKV] to construct a cohomological field theory for every $r\ge 2$. The most nontrivial feature of the moduli spaces ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}}}_{g,n}}$ used in this construction is the existence of certain canonical class $c^{\frac{1}{r}}\in {\operatorname{CH}}^{-\chi}({{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}}}_{g,n}})_{{{\Bbb Q}}}$, where $\chi=d-g+1$ (see [@JKV], [@PV], [@P]). This class is called [*Witten’s virtual top Chern class*]{} because on the open subset where the spin structure $L$ has no global sections it coincides with $c_{-\chi}(R\pi_*{{\cal L}})=(-1)^{\chi}\cdot c_{-\chi}(R^1\pi_*{{\cal L}})$, where ${{\cal L}}$ is the universal $r$-spin structure on the universal curve $\pi:{{\cal C}}{\rightarrow}{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}}}_{g,n}}$. Thus, the difference $c^{\frac{1}{r}}-c_{-\chi}(R\pi_*{{\cal L}})$ is supported on the locus $S^0{\subset}{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}}}_{g,n}}$ where $h^0(L)\neq 0$. The locus $S^0$ is closely related to our moduli space ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$. Namely, locally [^2] (or on the level of the coarse moduli spaces) we have a morphism from ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ to ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}}}_{g,n}}$ with the image $S^0$. Our main theorem implies that the codimension of $S^0$ is equal to $-\chi$ (which is also the degree of the class $c^{\frac{1}{r}}$). Hence, the difference $c^{\frac{1}{r}}-c_{-\chi}(R\pi_*{{\cal L}})$ is a linear combination of the classes of irreducible components of $S^0$ of maximal dimension. Finding coefficients in this linear combination seems to be crucial for better understanding of Witten’s virtual top Chern class. Some computations in this direction are given in section \[compsec\]. They suggest that at least in the case $-\chi\le 1$ the answer is quite simple.
Witten’s virtual top Chern class can be extended to the natural compactifation of ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}}}_{g,n}}$ constructed by Jarvis [@Jarvis]. The same is true about the class $c_{-\chi}(R\pi_*{{\cal L}})$. Unfortunately, the naive attempt to extend the locus $S^0{\subset}{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}}}_{g,n}}$ to the compactification by considering the locus where $h^0(L)\neq 0$ for stable curves leads to components of larger dimension. Still, we believe that there should be a nice formula for the difference $c^{\frac{1}{r}}-c_{-\chi}(R\pi_*{{\cal L}})$ on the compactified moduli space involving some natural analogue of $S^0$.
Let us point out some easy corollaries of Theorem \[mainthm\].
\[maindimcor\] Let $S_r^i(g,{{\bf m}}){\subset}{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}}}_{g,n}}$ be the locus of $r$-spin curves $(C,L,p_1,\ldots,p_n)$ such that $h^0(L)\ge i+1$. Then codimension of $S^r_i(g,{{\bf m}})$ in ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}}}_{g,n}}$ is $\ge -\chi(L)+i=g-1-d+i$.
In the case $r=2$ and $n=0$ the above corollary says that the locus of smooth curves on which there exists a theta-characteristic $L$ with $h^0(L)\ge i+1$ has codimension at least $i$. In fact, Teixidor i Bigas showed in [@T1] that this codimension is at least $2i-1$. It is plausible that similar analysis is applicable to more general loci $S_r^i(g,{{\bf m}})$.
The locus $S_r^0(g,{{\bf m}})\setminus S_r^1(g,{{\bf m}}){\subset}{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}}}_{g,n}}$ is smooth of dimension $2g-2+d+n$ and is non-empty if $d\ge 0$.
[*Convention*]{}. Throughout this paper we work over ${{\Bbb C}}$.
[*Acknowledgment*]{}. I am grateful to A. Beilinson for communicating the proof of Lemma \[cantanglem\] to me. Also, I’d like to thank C. Faber, J. Harris, T. Kimura and A. Vaintrob for valuable discussions. Parts of this paper were written during the author’s visits to Max-Planck-Institut für Mathematik in Bonn and the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques. I’d like to thank these institutions for hospitality and support.
Dimension calculations {#calcsec}
======================
Assume that $g$, $r$, $n$, ${{\bf m}}$ and $d$ are fixed as in the introduction. First, let us give a precise definition of the moduli space ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$. Let ${{\cal C}}{\rightarrow}{{{\cal M}}_{g,n}}$ be the universal curve over ${{{\cal M}}_{g,n}}$, ${{\cal C}}^{(d)}$ be its $d$-th relative symmetric power, ${{\cal J}}^{2g-2}$ the relative Jacobian of degree $2g-2$ over ${{{\cal M}}_{g,n}}$ and let ${\sigma}_r^{{{\bf m}}}:{{\cal C}}^{(d)}{\rightarrow}{{\cal J}}^{2g-2}$ be the morphism sending $(C,D,p_1,\ldots,p_n)$ to $(C,{{\cal O}}_C(rD+\sum_i m_ip_i))$. Here by the relative Jacobian ${{\cal J}}^m$ of degree $m$ we mean the stack over ${{{\cal M}}_{g,n}}$ such that for a scheme $S$ the category ${{\cal J}}^d(S)$ has objects $({{\bf C}},\xi)$, where $\pi:{{\bf C}}{\rightarrow}S$ is a family of smooth curves of genus $g$, $\xi$ is an element in the relative Picard group ${\operatorname{Pic}}({{\bf C}}/S)=H^0(S,R^1\pi_*{{\cal O}}^*_{{{\bf C}}})$ that restricts to an element of degree $m$ in the Picard group of every curve in this family (cf. [@G]). We define ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}{\subset}{{\cal C}}^{(d)}$ so that the following square is cartesian: $$\label{maindiagram}
\begin{diagram}
{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}&\rTo& {{\cal C}}^{(d)} \nonumber\\
\dTo &&\dTo^{{\sigma}_r^{{{\bf m}}}}\\
{{{\cal M}}_{g,n}}&\rTo^{c}& {{\cal J}}^{2g-2}
\end{diagram}$$ where the morphism $c$ sends a curve $C$ to $(C,{\omega}_C)$. In particular, ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ is a closed substack in ${{\cal C}}^{(d)}$. Note that if one uses the universal Picard stack of degree $2g-2$ instead of ${{\cal J}}^{2g-2}$ the resulting fibered product will be a ${{\Bbb G}}_m$-torsor over ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$. This ${{\Bbb G}}_m$-torsor parametrizes choices of an isomorphism (\[conddiv\]). To estimate the dimension of ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ we will identify this substack with the degeneracy locus associated with certain morphism of vector bundles on ${{\cal C}}^{(d)}$. The idea is that the condition (\[conddiv\]) for an effective divisor $D$ of degree $d$ on a curve $C$ with marked points $(p_1,\ldots,p_n)$ is equivalent to the condition that the natural linear map $$\label{mainmap}
H^0(C,{\omega}_C){\rightarrow}H^0(C,{\omega}_C/{\omega}_C(-rD-\sum_i m_ip_i))$$ has nonzero kernel. These maps constitute a morphism of vector bundles $\phi:V_1{\rightarrow}V_2$ on ${{\cal C}}^{(d)}$, where $V_1$ is the Hodge bundle with the fiber $H^0(C,{\omega}_C)$, $V_2$ is the bundle with the fiber given by the target of (\[mainmap\]). Now it is clear that ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ as a set coincides with the locus $Z_g{\subset}{{\cal C}}^{(d)}$ where the rank of $\phi$ is $<g$.
\[dimlem\] For every point $x\in{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ one has $\dim_x{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}\ge 2g-2+d+n$.
[[*Proof*]{}]{}. From the definition of $Z_g$ as a degeneracy locus we immediately get that the codimension of $Z_g$ in ${{\cal C}}^{(d)}$ is at most $${\operatorname{rk}}V_2-g+1=rd+\sum_i m_i-g+1=g-1$$ at every point. This gives the required estimate.
Next, we turn to the study of the tangent spaces to ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$. Let us recall what are the tangent spaces to the relevant moduli spaces. For $(C,p)\in{{{\cal M}}_{g,n}}$ we have $$T_{(C,p)}{{{\cal M}}_{g,n}}=H^1(C,{{\cal T}}_C(-p_1-\ldots-p_n)),$$ where ${{\cal T}}_C$ is the tangent sheaf to $C$; here and below we use the abbreviation $p=(p_1,\ldots,p_n)$. For a line bundle $L$ of degree $d$ we have $$T_{(C,p,L)}{{\cal J}}^d=H^1(C,A_{L,p}),$$ where $A_L$ is the Atiyah algebra of $L$, i.e., the sheaf of differential operators $L{\rightarrow}L$ of order $\le 1$, $A_{L,p}{\subset}A_L$ is the subsheaf of operators with the symbol vanishing at all the points $p_1,\ldots,p_n$ (see [@Diaz]). Finally, for an effective divisor $D$ of degree $d$ in $C$ we have $$T_{(C,p;D)}{{\cal C}}^{(d)}=H^1(C,{{\cal T}}_C(-D-p_1-\ldots-p_n)).$$
\[rootdeflem\] Let $L$ be a line bundle on $C$ such that $L^r\simeq{\omega}_C(-\sum_i m_i p_i)$ and let $s_0\in H^0(C,{\omega}_C\otimes L^{-r})$ be the section corresponding to the natural embedding $L^r{\rightarrow}{\omega}_C$. Then there is a canonical isomorphism of sheaves $$A_{{\omega}_C,p}\simeq A_{L,p}$$ such that an operator ${\partial}:{\omega}_C{\rightarrow}{\omega}_C$ corresponds to the operator $${\partial}':L{\rightarrow}L: s\mapsto \frac{{\partial}(s^r s_0)}{rs^{r-1}s_0}.$$
[[*Proof*]{}]{}. First, we have to check that the map ${\partial}\mapsto {\partial}'$ above is well defined. We know the symbol of an operator ${\partial}\in A_{{\omega}_C,p_1,\ldots,p_n}$ vanishes at all points $p_1,\ldots,p_n$. Therefore, if $\pi_i$ is a local equation of $p_i$ then for a every regular $1$-form ${\alpha}$ near $p_i$ we have $${\partial}(\pi_i^{m_i}{\alpha})=\pi_i^{m_i}{\partial}({\alpha})+m_i\pi_i^{m_i-1}({\sigma}({\partial})\cdot\pi_i){\alpha},$$ where ${\sigma}({\partial})$ is the symbol of ${\partial}$. Since ${\sigma}({\partial})$ vanishes at $p_i$ we obtain that ${\partial}$ preserves the subsheaf $L(-m_ip_i){\subset}L$. This implies that the above morphism $$A_{{\omega}_C,p}{\rightarrow}A_{L,p}$$ is well defined. Since it preserves the symbols and reduces to the multiplication by $1/r$ on operators of order $0$, it is an isomorphism.
I learned the proof of the following lemma from A. Beilinson.
\[cantanglem\] The tangent space to the morphism $c:{{{\cal M}}_{g,n}}{\rightarrow}{{\cal J}}^{2g-2}$ at a point $(C,p)$ is the map $$H^1({{\cal T}}_C(-\sum_i p_i)){\rightarrow}H^1(A_{{\omega}_C,p})$$ induced by the map $${{\cal T}}_C(-\sum_i p_i){\rightarrow}A_{{\omega}_C,p}:v\mapsto L_v,$$ where $v$ is a vector field vanishing at the marked points, $L_v:{\omega}_C{\rightarrow}{\omega}_C$ is its action on $1$-forms by the Lie derivative: $$L_v(\eta)=d{\langle}\eta,v{\rangle},$$ where $\eta$ is a $1$-form, $d:{{\cal O}}_C{\rightarrow}{\omega}_C$ is the de Rham differential.
[[*Proof*]{}]{}. Let $R$ be a local artinian ring. For a curve with marked points $(C,p)$ let us denote by ${\operatorname{Aut}}_R(C,p)$ the sheaf of $R$-automorphisms of $(C,p)$ deforming the trivial automorphism: for every open subset $U{\subset}C$ the group ${\operatorname{Aut}}_R(C,p)(U)$ consists of automorphisms of $U\times{\operatorname{Spec}}(R)$ over ${\operatorname{Spec}}(R)$ preserving the marked points in $U$ and reducing to the identity modulo the maximal ideal of $R$. We can also consider similar sheaf ${\operatorname{Aut}}_R(C,p;L)$ adding a line bundle $L$ on $C$ to our data. One can identify the category ${\operatorname{Def}}_R(C,p)$ (resp., ${\operatorname{Def}}_R(C,p;L)$) of $R$-deformations of $(C,p)$ (resp., of $(C,p,L)$) with torsors over ${\operatorname{Aut}}_R(C,p)$ (resp., ${\operatorname{Aut}}_R(C,p;L)$): to a deformation one associates the torsor of its isomorphisms with the trivial deformation. Now we have a canonical functor ${\operatorname{Def}}_R(C,p){\rightarrow}{\operatorname{Def}}_R(C,p;{\omega}_C)$ that associates to a deformation of pointed curves ${{\cal C}}=({{\bf C}},{{\bf p}})$ the deformation ${{\cal C}}^{{\operatorname{can}}}=({{\bf C}},{{\bf p}};{\omega}_{{{\bf C}}/{\operatorname{Spec}}(R)})$. In particular, if ${{\cal C}}_0=({{\bf C}}_0,{{\bf p}}^0)$ is a trivial deformation then we have a map $${\operatorname{Isom}}_R({{\cal C}},{{\cal C}}_0){\rightarrow}{\operatorname{Isom}}_R({{\cal C}}^{{\operatorname{can}}},{{\cal C}}_0^{{\operatorname{can}}})$$ between the corresponding torsors, compatible with the natural homomorphism $$a_R:{\operatorname{Aut}}_R(C,p){\rightarrow}{\operatorname{Aut}}_R(C,p;{\omega}_C).$$ It follows that the second torsor is the push-forward of the first torsor with respect to $a_R$. Therefore, the tangent map to the morphism $c:{{{\cal M}}_{g,n}}{\rightarrow}{{\cal J}}^{2g-2}$ is just a map induced on $H^1$ by the homomorphism $a_{R_0}$ for $R_0={{\Bbb C}}[t]/t^2$. The sheaf of groups ${\operatorname{Aut}}_{R_0}(C,p)$ can be identified with the sheaf of vector fields on $C$ vanishing at the marked points. Similarly, ${\operatorname{Aut}}_{R_0}(C,p,{\omega}_C)$ can be identified with the sheaf of order-$1$ differential operators ${\omega}_C{\rightarrow}{\omega}_C$ with the symbol vanishing at the marked points. The homomorphism $a_R$ is induced by the infinitesimal action of vector fields on ${\omega}_C$ that is by Lie derivatives. This is exactly the assertion we wanted to prove.
\[cokerprop\] For every point $(C,D,p)\in{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ the cokernel of the linear map $$T_{(C,D,p)}{{\cal C}}^{(d)}\oplus T_{(C,p)}{{{\cal M}}_{g,n}}\stackrel{(d{\sigma}_r^{{{\bf m}}},dc)}{{\rightarrow}}
T_{(C,p,{\omega}_C)}{{\cal J}}^{2g-2}$$ has dimension $1$.
We need one simple lemma for the proof.
\[divdifflem\] Let $D{\subset}C$ be an effective divisor. We can view $D$ as a subscheme in $C$ and consider the corresponding reduced subscheme $D^{{\operatorname{red}}}{\subset}C$ as a divisor on $C$. Then the natural map $${{\cal O}}_C(-D^{{\operatorname{red}}})/{{\cal O}}_C(-D){\rightarrow}{\omega}_C/{\omega}_C(-D+D^{{\operatorname{red}}})$$ induced by the de Rham differential $d:{{\cal O}}_C{\rightarrow}{\omega}_C$ is an isomorphism.
[[*Proof*]{}]{}. This follows immediately from the fact that the derivative map $f\mapsto f'$ induces an isomorphism $t{{\Bbb C}}[t]/t^n{{\Bbb C}}[t]{\rightarrow}{{\Bbb C}}[t]/t^{n-1}{{\Bbb C}}[t]$.
[*Proof of Proposition \[cokerprop\]*]{}. Set $E=p_1+\ldots+p_n$. We have to study the cokernel of the map $$H^1({{\cal T}}_C(-D-E))\oplus H^1({{\cal T}}_C(-E))\stackrel{({\alpha},{\beta})}{{\rightarrow}}
H^1(A_{{\omega}_C,p_1,\ldots,p_n})$$ where ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ are tangent maps to ${\sigma}_r^{{{\bf m}}}$ and $c$ respectively. By the definition, the map ${\alpha}$ is equal to the composition $$H^1({{\cal T}}_C(-D-E))\stackrel{{\alpha}'}{{\rightarrow}} H^1(A_{L,p}){\widetilde}{{\rightarrow}}
H^1(A_{{\omega}_C,p})$$ where $L={{\cal O}}_C(D)$, ${\alpha}'$ is the tangent map to the natural morphism ${{\cal C}}^{(d)}{\rightarrow}{{\cal J}}^d$ while the second arrow is induced by the isomorphism of Lemma \[rootdeflem\]. Let $s_1\in L={{\cal O}}_C(D)$ be the natural section vanishing on $D$. Then the map ${\alpha}'$ is induced by the ${{\cal O}}_C$-linear morphism of sheaves $${{\cal T}}_C(-D-E){\rightarrow}A_{L,p}:
v\mapsto (s\mapsto v(s/s_1) s_1,$$ where $v$ is a tangent vector on $C$ vanishing at $D+E$, $s/s_1$ is viewed as a rational function with poles at $D$. This morphism fits into the exact sequence $$0{\rightarrow}{{\cal T}}_C(-D-E){\rightarrow}A_{L,p}{\rightarrow}L{\rightarrow}0$$ where the morphism $A_{L,p}{\rightarrow}L$ sends an operator ${\partial}:L{\rightarrow}L$ to ${\partial}(s_1)\in L$. Therefore, we have an exact sequence $$\label{H1exseq}
H^1({{\cal T}}_C(-D-E))\stackrel{{\alpha}'}{{\rightarrow}} H^1(A_{L,p}){\rightarrow}H^1(L){\rightarrow}0.$$ On the other hand, by Lemma \[cantanglem\] the map ${\beta}$ is induced by the sheaf morphism $${{\cal T}}_C(-E){\rightarrow}A_{{\omega}_C,p}:v\mapsto (\eta\mapsto d{\langle}\eta,v{\rangle})$$ Now the exact sequence (\[H1exseq\]) shows that the cokernel we are interested in coincides with the cokernel of the map induced on $H^1$ by the following composition of sheaf morphisms: $${{\cal T}}_C(-E){\rightarrow}A_{{\omega}_C,p}{\widetilde}{{\rightarrow}} A_{L,p}{\rightarrow}L$$ where the middle arrow is the isomorphism of Lemma \[rootdeflem\]. Using the explicit description of the relevant morphisms we see that the composed morphism ${{\cal T}}_C(-E){\rightarrow}L$ sends $v$ to $$\frac{d{\langle}s_1^rs_0, v{\rangle}}{rs_1^{r-1}s_0},$$ where $s_0\in{{\cal O}}_C(\sum_i m_ip_i)\simeq {\omega}_C\otimes L^{-r}$ is the natural section. This morphism fits into the following morphism of exact sequences $$\begin{diagram}[size=5em]
0 \rTo^{} &{{\cal T}}_C(-E) &\rTo^{s_1^r s_0}&{{\cal O}}_C(-E)&
\rTo &{{\cal O}}_C(-E)/{{\cal O}}_C(-rD-E_{{{\bf m}}}-E)&\rTo 0 \nonumber\\
&\dTo &&\dTo{d} &&\dTo & \\
0\rTo & L &\rTo^{rs_1^{r-1}s_0}&{\omega}_C&\rTo &{\omega}_C/{\omega}_C(-(r-1)D-E_{{{\bf m}}})&\rTo 0
\end{diagram}$$ where $E_{{{\bf m}}}=m_1p_1+\ldots+m_np_n$. Hence, we get a morphism between the exact sequences of cohomology groups $$\begin{diagram}
H^0({{\cal O}}_C(-E)/{{\cal O}}_C(-rD-E_{{{\bf m}}}-E))&\rTo &
H^1({{\cal T}}_C(-E)) &\rTo & H^1({{\cal O}}_C(-E))&\rTo 0 \nonumber\\
\dTo &&\dTo &&\dTo \\
H^0({\omega}_C/{\omega}_C(-(r-1)D-E_{{{\bf m}}})) &\rTo &H^1(L) &\rTo & H^1({\omega}_C)&\rTo 0
\end{diagram}$$ Note that the map $H^1({{\cal O}}_C(-E)){\rightarrow}H^1({\omega}_C)$ induced by the de Rham differential is zero. On the other hand, applying Lemma \[divdifflem\] we find that the vertical arrow on the left is surjective. Hence, the cokernel of the middle vertical arrow can be identified with the $1$-dimensional space $H^1({\omega}_C)$.
[*Proof of part (a) of Theorem \[mainthm\].*]{} By Lemma \[dimlem\] for every point $x\in{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ one has $$\dim_x{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}\ge 2g-2+d+n.$$ On the other hand, Proposition \[cokerprop\] implies that $$\dim T_x{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}\le 2g-2+d+n.$$ Therefore, $\dim T_x{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}=\dim_x{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}=2g-2+d+n$, so ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ is smooth of this dimension.
Degeneration argument {#degsec}
=====================
Construction of effective $r$-spin structures on nodal curves
-------------------------------------------------------------
Given the data $(g, r, n, {{\bf m}}, d)$ as in the introduction with $d\ge 0$ we want to construct a nodal curve $C$ of arithmetic genus $g$ with $n$ smooth points $p_1,\ldots,p_n\in C$ and an effective divisor $D$ of degree $d$ on the smooth part of $C$ such that $h^0(D)=1$ and the divisor $rD+\sum_i m_ip_i$ is in the canonical linear series of $C$. The first natural attempt would be to take $C$ rational (with $g$ nodes). Let us formulate the corresponding problem about polynomials.
[**Problem**]{}. For the data $(g,r,n,{{\bf m}},d)$ such that $d\ge 0$ find distinct complex numbers $x_1,\ldots,x_g;y_1,\ldots,y_g;z_1,\ldots,z_n$ and a polynomial $P\in{{\Bbb C}}[t]$ of degree $d$ such that $P(x_j)\neq 0$, $P(y_j)\neq 0$ for all $j=1,\ldots,g$ and the following conditions hold:
(i)${\operatorname{Res}}_{t=x_j} R(t)dt+{\operatorname{Res}}_{t=y_j} R(t)dt=0$ for all $j=1,\ldots,g$, where $$R(t)=\frac{P(t)^r\prod_{i=1}^n(t-z_i)^{m_i}}{\prod_{j=1}^g(t-x_j)(t-y_j)};$$
(ii)if $f$ is a polynomial of degree $<d$ such that $$\frac{f(x_j)}{P(x_j)}=\frac{f(y_j)}{P(y_j)}$$ for all $j=1,\ldots,g$ then $f=0$.
Indeed, the solution to this problem would give a curve $C$ with $g$ nodes obtained from ${{\Bbb P}}^1$ by identifying each $x_j$ with $y_j$. Furthermore, the points $z_i$ should be considered as marked points. Then we claim that the divisor $D$ of zeroes of $P$ will have the required properties. To see this we observe that condition (i) garantees that the rational $1$-form $R(t)dt$ on ${{\Bbb P}}^1$ descends to the regular $1$-form on $C$ with the divisor of zeroes equal to $rD+\sum_i n_iz_i$. On the other hand, condition (ii) implies that $H^0(C,{{\cal O}}_C(D))=0$.
We don’t know how to solve this problem in general. So our strategy will be first to find the solution in the case $d\le 1$ and then to construct the nodal effective $r$-spin curve $(C,D,p_1,\ldots,p_n)$ using these solutions (for $d>1$ the curve $C$ will be reducible). Note that for $d\le 1$ and $g\ge 1$ the condition (ii) is satisfied automatically. Moreover, the problem for $d=1$ reduces to a similar problem for $d=0$ and with one more point added (the corresponding weight is $r$). The following theorem gives a solution of the above problem for $d=0$.
\[P1thm\] For every collection of non-negative integers $(m_1,\ldots,m_n)$ and $\sum_i m_i=2g-2$ there exists distinct complex numbers $x_1,\ldots,x_g;y_1,\ldots,y_g;z_1,\ldots,z_n$ such that the rational function $$\label{ratfuneq}
R(t)=\frac{\prod_{i=1}^n(t-z_i)^{m_i}}{\prod_{j=1}^g(t-x_j)(t-y_j)}$$ satisfies ${\operatorname{Res}}_{t=x_j} R(t)dt+{\operatorname{Res}}_{t=y_j} R(t)dt=0$ for all $j=1,\ldots,g$.
[[*Proof*]{}]{}. The idea is to start with a degenerate solution of the equations of condition (i) and then to deform them. The degenerate solution is obtained by taking $y_j=-x_j$ for all $j$ and $z_i=0$ for all $i$. Let us fix distinct nonzero numbers $x_1,\ldots,x_g$ and consider the variety $Z=Z(x_1,\ldots,x_g)$ consisting of the $(n+g)$-tuples $(z_1,\ldots,z_n,
y_1,\ldots,y_g)$ such that the corresponding function $R$ given by (\[ratfuneq\]) satisfies (i) and in addition all points $(y_1,\ldots,y_g)$ are distinct and disjoint from the set $\{x_1,\ldots,x_g,z_1,\ldots,z_n\}$ (we do not require $z_i$’s to be distinct). We are going to study $Z$ near the point $p_0=(0,\ldots,0,-x_1,\ldots,-x_g)$. Namely, we claim that for an appropriate choice of $x_1,\ldots,x_g$ the natural projection $$\pi:Z{\rightarrow}{{\Bbb C}}^n:(z_1,\ldots,z_n,y_1,\ldots,y_g)\mapsto (z_1,\ldots,z_n)$$ is étale at $p_0$ (in particular, $Z$ is nonsingular at $p_0$). This claim immediately implies the theorem. Indeed, we can take an $n$-tuple of distinct numbers $z=(z_1,\ldots,z_n)$ in a sufficiently small neighborhood of $0\in{{\Bbb C}}^n$ and then find a point $p\in Z$ such that $\pi(p)=z$. To prove the claim let us write explicitly the equations defining $Z$: $$\label{Zeq}
\frac{\prod_{i=1}^n(x_j-z_i)^{m_i}}{\prod_{k:k\neq j}(x_j-x_k)(x_j-y_k)}=
\frac{\prod_{i=1}^n(y_j-z_i)^{m_i}}{\prod_{k:k\neq j}(y_j-x_k)(y_j-y_k)}, \text{ for } j=1,\ldots,g.$$ After some simplifications the differentials of these equations at $p_0$ can be written as follows: $$\label{tangenteq}
x_j\sum_{k:k\neq j}\frac{dy_j-dy_k}{x_j-x_k}+2\sum_{i=1}^n m_idz_i=(2g-2)dy_j, \text{ for } j=1,\ldots,g.$$ To show that the projection $\pi$ is étale at $p_0$ it suffices to prove that after substituting $dz_i=0$ for all $i$ in (\[tangenteq\]) we obtain a linear system for $dy_i$’s with only zero solution. So we are reducing to showing that there exists $x_1,\ldots,x_g$ such that the linear system on variables $t_1,\ldots,t_g$ $$\label{lineareq}
x_j\sum_{k:k\neq j}\frac{t_j-t_k}{x_j-x_k}=(2g-2)t_j, \text{ for } j=1,\ldots,g$$ has only zero solution. Let us prove this by induction in $g$. For $g=1$ the assertion is clear. Now let $g>1$. By induction assumption we can choose $x_2,\ldots,x_g$ (nonzero and distinct) such that the above system for $g-1$ variables $t_2,\ldots,t_g$ has only zero solution. Now we observe that if we fix these $x_2,\ldots,x_g$ and let $x_1$ tend to infinity then the system (\[lineareq\]) will tend to the following system: $$\begin{aligned}
&\sum_{k:k\neq 1}(t_1-t_k)=(2g-2)t_1,\\
&x_j\sum_{k:k\neq j,k\neq 1}\frac{t_j-t_k}{x_j-x_k}=(2g-2)t_j, \text{ for } j=2,\ldots,g\end{aligned}$$ By our choice of $x_2,\ldots,x_g$ the solution of such system necessarily has $t_2=\ldots=t_g=0$. Then the first equation shows that $t_1=0$.
Now we can construct the nodal $r$-spin curve with the required properties.
\[nodalthm\] For every data $(g, r, n, {{\bf m}}, d)$ as in the introduction such that $d\ge 0$, there exists a rational nodal curve $C$ of arithmetic genus $g$, $n$ smooth distinct points $p_1,\ldots,p_n\in C$ and an effective divisor $D$ of degree $d$ supported on the smooth part of $C$, such that ${{\cal O}}_C(rD+\sum_i m_ip_i)\simeq{\omega}_C$ and $h^0(D)=1$.
[[*Proof*]{}]{}. Assume first that $d$ is even and $m_i=0$ for all $i$. Then our curve $C$ will be obtained by certain identifications from the disjoint union $\sqcup_{s=1}^{d/2} (C_s\sqcup C'_s)$ of $d$ copies of ${{\Bbb P}}^1$ that are grouped in pairs $(C_s,C'_s)$. Let us fix a pair of complex numbers $a\neq b$ such that $a^r=b^r$ and $|a|=|b|\neq 1$. Also, set $\zeta_j=\exp(2\pi i j/r)$ for $j=1,\ldots,r$. We denote by $a(s),b(s),\zeta_j(s)$ (resp., $a'(s),b'(s),\zeta'_j(s)$) these numbers considered as points on $C_s$ (resp., $C'_s$). Here are the identifications we need to make to get $C$:
\(a) $a(s)$ is glued to $b(s)$ for all $s$;
\(b) for $j=2,\ldots,r$; $s=1,\ldots,d/2$, each $\zeta_j(s)$ is glued to $\zeta'_j(s)$;
\(c) for $s=1,\ldots,d/2-1$, $\zeta_1(s)$ is glued to $\zeta'_1(s+1)$; $\zeta_1(d/2)$ is glued to $\zeta'_1(1)$.
Thus, $C$ is a kind of a wheel formed by $d/2$ curves $C_s\cup C'_s$, where $C_s$ and $C'_s$ each have one node and are glued with each other in $r-1$ points. We define the divisor $D$ by setting $D=\sum_s 0(s)+0'(s)$, where $0(s)$ (resp., $0'(s)$) is $0\in{{\Bbb P}}^1$ considered as a point of $C_s$ (resp., $C'_s$). The presence of one node on each component garantees that $h^0(D)=1$. To show that ${{\cal O}}_C(rD)\simeq{\omega}_C$ we observe that the rational $1$-form $$R(t)dt:=\frac{t^rdt}{(t^r-1)(t-a)(t-b)}$$ has opposite residues at $a$ and $b$ (since $a^r=b^r$). Hence, we can define a regular $1$-form $\eta$ on $C$ with the divisor $rD$ by setting $\eta|_{C_s}=R(t)dt$, $\eta|_{C'_s}=-R(t)dt$.
Next, consider the case when $d$ is even but $m=\sum m_i>0$. Then $C$ will be glued from the $d+1$ copies of ${{\Bbb P}}^1$ that are grouped as follows: $d/2$ pairs $(C_s,C'_s)$, where $s=1,\ldots,d/2$ and one more component $C_0$. We choose numbers $a$ and $b$ as before and consider the points $a(s),b(s),\zeta_j(s)$ (resp., $a'(s),b'(s),\zeta'_j(s)$) on $C_s$ (resp., $C'_s$), where $s=1,\ldots,d/2$. In addition we are going to define certain points on $C_0$. Note that the number $m=2g-2-rd$ is even. Applying Theorem \[P1thm\] we can find distinct complex numbers $x_1,\ldots,x_{m/2+1};y_1,\ldots,y_{m/2+1};z_1,\ldots,z_n$ such that the rational function $$R_0(t)=\frac{\prod_{i=1}^n(t-z_i)^{m_i}}{\prod_{j=1}^{m/2+1}(t-x_j)(t-y_j)}$$ has opposite residues at $x_j$ and $y_j$ for all $j$. Let $x_j(0)$, $y_j(0)$, $z_i(0)$ denote the corresponding points on $C_0$. To obtain $C$ we make the following identifications:
\(a) $a(s)$ is glued to $b(s)$ for $s=1,\ldots,d/2$;
(a’) $x_j(0)$ is glued to $y_j(0)$ for $j=2,\ldots,m/2+1$;
\(b) for $j=2,\ldots,r$; $s=1,\ldots,d/2$, each $\zeta_j(s)$ is glued to $\zeta'_j(s)$;
\(c) for $s=1,\ldots,d/2-1$, $\zeta_1(s)$ is glued to $\zeta'_1(s+1)$; $\zeta_1(d/2)$ is glued to $y_1(0)$; $x_1(0)$ is glued to $\zeta'_1(1)$.
In other words, $C$ is a wheel formed by $d/2+1$ curves $C_s\cup C'_s$ (glued pairwise as before) and $C_0$, where $C_0$ has $m/2$ nodes. We set $D=\sum_{s=1}^{d/2} 0(s)+0'(s)$ as before. Again it is clear that $h^0(D)=1$. Also we set $p_i=z_i(0)$ for $i=1,\ldots,n$. It remains to show that ${{\cal O}}_C(rD+\sum_i m_ip_i)\simeq{\omega}_C$. For this we define a regular $1$-form $\eta$ on $C$ vanishing on $rD+\sum_i m_ip_i$ by setting $\eta|_{C_s}=R(t)dt$, $\eta|_{C'_s}=-R(t)dt$ and $\eta|_{C_0}={\lambda}\cdot R_0(t)dt$, where $${\lambda}=\frac{{\operatorname{Res}}_{t=\zeta_1}R(t)dt}{{\operatorname{Res}}_{t=x_1}R_0(t)dt}.$$
Finally, consider the case when $d$ is odd. Then we define $C$ by gluing from $d$ copies of ${{\Bbb P}}^1$ grouped in $(d-1)/2$ pairs $(C_s,C'_s)$, where $s=1,\ldots,(d-1)/2$, and one special component $C_0$. The special points $a(s),b(s),\zeta_j(s)$ and $a'(s),b'(s),\zeta'_j(s)$ on components $C_s$ and $C'_s$ (where $s\ge 1$) are the same as in the previous case. To construct special points on $C_0$ we observe that the number $q=\sum_i m_i+r=2g-2-r(d-1)$ is even, so applying Theorem \[P1thm\] we can find distinct complex numbers $x_1,\ldots,x_{q/2+1};y_1,\ldots,y_{q/2+1};z_0,z_1,\ldots,z_n$ such that the rational function $${\widetilde}{R}_0(t)=\frac{(t-z_0)^r\prod_{i=1}^n(t-z_i)^{m_i}}{\prod_{j=1}^{q/2+1}(t-x_j)(t-y_j)}$$ has opposite residues at $x_j$ and $y_j$ for all $j$. As before we consider the corresponding points $x_j(0)$, $y_j(0)$, $z_i(0)$ on $C_0$ and make the following identifications to get $C$:
\(a) $a(s)$ is glued to $b(s)$ for $s=1,\ldots,(d-1)/2$;
(a’) $x_j(0)$ is glued to $y_j(0)$ for $j=2,\ldots,q/2+1$;
\(b) for $j=2,\ldots,r$; $s=1,\ldots,d/2$, each $\zeta_j(s)$ is glued to $\zeta'_j(s)$;
\(c) for $s=1,\ldots,(d-1)/2-1$, $\zeta_1(s)$ is glued to $\zeta'_1(s+1)$; $\zeta_1((d-1)/2)$ is glued to $y_1(0)$; $x_1(0)$ is glued to $\zeta'_1(1)$.
Thus, $C$ is a wheel formed by $C_s\cup C'_s$ and $C_0$ as above, where $C_0$ has $q/2$ nodes. We set $D=z_0(0)+\sum_{s=1}^{d/2} 0(s)+0'(s)$ (so now $D$ has one point on each component). Since $q>0$, each component has at least one node, so $h^0(D)=1$. Also, as before we set $p_i=z_i(0)$ for $i=1,\ldots,n$. The regular $1$-form $\eta$ on $C$ with the divisor $rD+\sum_i m_ip_i$ is defined in exactly the same way as above with $R_0$ replaced by ${\widetilde}{R}_0$.
In the case when $r$ is even there is a simpler choice of a nodal rational curve in the above construction. For example, if $m_i=0$ for all $i$, we can just take $C$ to be a wheel of $d$ components, where each component has $r/2$ nodes. If $m=\sum_i m_i>0$ one can take $C$ to be a wheel of $d+1$ components, $d$ of which have $r/2$ nodes and one special component has $m/2$ nodes.
Smoothening
-----------
Let us fix some data $(g, r, n, {{\bf m}}, d)$ as in the introduction, where $d\ge 0$. Let ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{g,n}}$ be the moduli space of stable $n$-pointed curves of genus $g$, ${{\cal C}}^{{\operatorname{reg}}}{\rightarrow}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{g,n}}$ be the open part of the universal curve obtained by removing all nodes. Then the relative symmetric product $({{\cal C}}^{{\operatorname{reg}}})^{(d)}$ parametrizes collections $(C,D,p_1,\ldots,p_n)$, where $(C,p_1,\ldots,p_n)$ is stable, $D$ is an effective divisor of degree $d$ supported on the smooth part of $C$. Let ${{\cal Z}}{\subset}({{\cal C}}^{{\operatorname{reg}}})^{(d)}$ be the degeneracy locus corresponding to collections with $h^0({\omega}_C(-rD-\sum_i m_ip_i))\neq 0$: we define it using the morphism of vector bundles (\[mainmap\]). Let ${{\cal Z}}^0{\subset}{{\cal Z}}$ be the open substack corresponding to collections $(C,D,p_1,\ldots,p_n)$ such that for every irreducible component $C_i{\subset}C$ one has $$\deg{\omega}_C(-rD-\sum_i m_ip_i)|_{C_i}=0$$ and such that $h^0(D)=1$. Theorem \[nodalthm\] states that ${{\cal Z}}^0$ is always nonempty. However, the point constructed in this theorem lives on the boundary (i.e., on the preimage of the boundary in ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{g,n}}$). To prove part (b) of Theorem \[mainthm\] we have to prove that there exists a point of ${{\cal Z}}^0$ with smooth $C$. The same dimension count as in section \[calcsec\] shows that the dimension of ${{\cal Z}}^0$ at every point is $\ge 2g-2+n+d$. Thus, we will be able to find a point of ${{\cal Z}}^0$ with smooth $C$ (and therefore finish the proof of Theorem \[mainthm\]) once we prove the following result.
\[boundest\] Let ${\Delta}{\subset}{{\cal Z}}^0$ be the boundary divisor, i.e., the preimage of the boundary in ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{g,n}}$ under the natural morphism ${{\cal Z}}^0{\rightarrow}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{g,n}}$. Then $\dim{\Delta}<2g-2+d+n$.
The idea of the proof is to estimate the dimension over each strata of the boundary using the tangent space calculations similar to \[calcsec\]. Namely, let us consider the modified data $(g,r,n,d,s,{{\bf m}})$ consisting of integers $g\ge 1$, $r\ge 2$, $n\ge 0$, $d\ge 0$, $s\ge 1$ and a vector ${{\bf m}}=(m_1,\ldots,m_n)$ of non-negative integers such that $$m_1+\ldots+m_n+rd=2g-2+s.$$ To these data we can associate the moduli space ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n,s}}$ parametrizing collections $(C,D,p_1,\ldots,p_n,q_1,\ldots,q_s)$, where $C$ is a (connected) smooth complex projective curve of genus $g$, $D{\subset}C$ is an effective divisor of degree $d$, $p_1,\ldots,p_n,q_1,\ldots,q_s$ are distinct marked points on $C$ such that $q_1,\ldots,q_s$ do not belong to the support of $D$ and $${{\cal O}}_C(rD+m_1p_1+\ldots+m_np_n)\simeq{\omega}_C(q_1+\ldots+q_s).$$ More precisely, we define ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n,s}}$ from the cartesian diagram $$\begin{diagram}
{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n,s}}&\rTo& {{\cal X}}^d \nonumber\\
\dTo &&\dTo^{{\widetilde}{{\sigma}}_r^{{{\bf m}}}}\\
{{{\cal M}}_{g,n+s}}&\rTo^{c}& {{\cal J}}^{2g-2}
\end{diagram}$$ where ${{\cal C}}{\rightarrow}{{{\cal M}}_{g,n+s}}$ is the universal curve, ${{\cal X}}^d{\subset}{{\cal C}}^{(d)}$ is the open subset parametrizing effective divisors $D$ such that the support of $D$ does not contain any of the points $q_1,\ldots,q_s$. Also in this diagram ${{\cal J}}^{2g-2}$ denotes the relative Jacobian of degree $2g-2$ over ${{{\cal M}}_{g,n+s}}$ and the morphism ${\widetilde}{{\sigma}}_r^{{{\bf m}}}:{{\cal X}}^d{\rightarrow}{{\cal J}}^{2g-2}$ sends $(C,D,p_1,\ldots,p_n,q_1,\ldots,q_s)$ to $(C,{{\cal O}}_C(rD+\sum_i m_ip_i-\sum_j q_j))$ (as before, the morphism $c$ sends a curve $C$ to $(C,{\omega}_C)$). Note that if $s=1$ then from the Residue Theorem we immediately obtain that above moduli space is empty.
Our calculations in section \[calcsec\] can be easily modified to prove the following.
\[transdimthm\] The stack ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n,s}}$ is smooth of dimension $2g-3+d+n+s$ at every point.
[[*Proof*]{}]{}. The above cartesian diagram shows that at every point $$\dim{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n,s}}\ge \dim{{\cal X}}^d-g=2g-3+d+n+s.$$ Thus, it is enough to prove that at every point $(C,D,p_1,\ldots,p_n,q_1,\ldots,q_s)$ of ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n,s}}$ the map $$\begin{diagram}
T{{\cal C}}^{(d)}\oplus T{{{\cal M}}_{g,n+s}}& \rTo^{d{\widetilde}{{\sigma}}_r^{{{\bf m}}},dc} & T{{\cal J}}^{2g-2}
\end{diagram}$$ is surjective (where the tangent spaces are taken at induced points of the relevant spaces). As in section \[calcsec\] we can identify this map with the map induced on $H^1$ by the natural morphism of sheaves $$\label{mainmodmor}
{{\cal T}}_C(-D-E)\oplus{{\cal T}}_C(-E){\rightarrow}A_{{\omega}_C,p,q},$$ where $E=\sum_i p_i+\sum_j q_j$, $p=(p_1,\ldots,p_n)$, $q=(q_1,\ldots,q_s)$. As before, the second component of the latter morphism is given by the Lie derivative: $${{\cal T}}_C(-E){\rightarrow}A_{{\omega}_C,p,q}: v\mapsto L_v$$ where $L_v$ is consideres as an operator from ${\omega}_C$ to itself. To describe the first component let us set $L={{\cal O}}_C(D)$ and let $s_1\in L$ be the natural section vanishing at $D$. Then the first component is given by the natural morphism $$\label{1stcomp}
{{\cal T}}_C(-D-E){\rightarrow}A_{L,p,q}: v\mapsto (s\mapsto v(s/s_1)s_1)$$ taking into account the isomorphism $A_{L,p,q}\simeq A_{{\omega}_C,p,q}$ obtained by applying Lemma \[rootdeflem\] twice. More precisely, if we denote by $s_0$ the (unique up to a scalar) rational section of ${\omega}_C\otimes L^{-r}$ vanishing along $\sum_i m_i p_i$ and with poles at $\sum_j q_j$, then the isomorphism $$A_{{\omega}_C,p,q}{\rightarrow}A_{L,p,q}$$ sends ${\partial}\in A_{{\omega}_C,p,q}$ to the operator $$s\mapsto \frac{{\partial}(s^r s_0)}{rs^{r-1}s_0}$$ from $L$ to itself. As before, morphism (\[1stcomp\]) fits into the exact sequence $$0{\rightarrow}{{\cal T}}_C(-D-E){\rightarrow}A_{L,p,q}{\rightarrow}L{\rightarrow}0$$ where the morphism $A_{L,p,q}{\rightarrow}L$ sends ${\partial}\in A_{L,p,q}$ to ${\partial}(s_1)\in L$. Thus, as in the proof of Proposition \[cokerprop\] the cokernel of the map on $H^1$ induced by (\[mainmodmor\]) coincides with the cokernel of the map on $H^1$ induced by the composition $${{\cal T}}_C(-E){\rightarrow}A_{{\omega}_C,p,q}\simeq A_{L,p,q}{\rightarrow}L.$$ It is easy to see that this composed map sends $v\in{{\cal T}}_C(-E)$ to $(d{\langle}s_1^rs_0,v{\rangle})/rs_1^{r-1}s_0$. This map fits into the following morphism of exact sequences: $$\begin{diagram}[size=5em]
0 \rTo^{\ } &{{\cal T}}_C(-E) &\rTo^{s_1^r s_0}&{{\cal O}}_C(-E')&
\rTo &{{\cal O}}_C(-E')/{{\cal O}}_C(-rD-E_{{{\bf m}}}-E')&\rTo 0 \nonumber\\
&\dTo &&\dTo{d} &&\dTo{f} & \\
0\rTo & L &\rTo^{rs_1^{r-1}s_0}&{\omega}_C(E'')&\rTo &{\omega}_C(E'')/{\omega}_C(E''-(r-1)D-E_{{{\bf m}}})&\rTo 0
\end{diagram}$$ where $E'=p_1+\ldots+p_n$, $E''=q_1+\ldots+q_s$ and $E_{{{\bf m}}}=m_1p_1+\ldots+m_np_n$. Since $H^1({\omega}_C(\sum_j q_j))=0$, our assertion would follow from the surjectivity of the morphism $f$ in this diagram. But $f$ factors as a composition of the map $$\label{diffmap}
{{\cal O}}_C(-E')/{{\cal O}}_C(-rD-E_{{{\bf m}}}-E'){\rightarrow}{\omega}_C/{\omega}_C(-(r-1)D-E_{{{\bf m}}})$$ induced by the de Rham differential with the natural isomorphism $${\omega}_C/{\omega}_C(-(r-1)D-E_{{{\bf m}}}){\widetilde}{{\rightarrow}}{\omega}_C(E'')/{\omega}_C(E''-(r-1)D-E_{{{\bf m}}})$$ (here we use the assumption that the supports of $E''$ and of $D+p_1+\ldots+p_n$ do not intersect). Now the surjectivity of (\[diffmap\]) follows Lemma \[divdifflem\], hence, $f$ is surjective.
[*Proof of Theorem \[boundest\].*]{} Let $S{\subset}{\Delta}$ be one of the strata of the boundary divisor obtained by fixing the combinatorial type of the stable $n$-pointed curve. It is enough to prove that $\dim S<2g-2+n+d$. Let ${\Gamma}$ be the corresponding graph (vertices of ${\Gamma}$ correspond to irreducible components of a curve in $S$). We denote by $v$ and $e$ the number of vertices and egdes in ${\Gamma}$ respectively. Then for every $(C,D,p_1,\ldots,p_n)\in S$ the genus ${\widetilde}{g}$ of the normalization ${\widetilde}{C}$ is equal to $${\widetilde}{g}=g-1+v-e.$$ Note that the normalized curve ${\widetilde}{C}$ consists of $v$ connected components and the map ${\widetilde}{C}{\rightarrow}C$ glues pairwise $2e$ points $q_1,\ldots,q_{2e}$ on ${\widetilde}{C}$. Moreover, the data $(D,p_1,\ldots,p_n)$ define similar data $({\widetilde}{D},{\widetilde}{p}_1,\ldots,{\widetilde}{p}_n)$ on ${\widetilde}{C}$ such that $${{\cal O}}_{{\widetilde}{C}}(r{\widetilde}{D}+\sum_i m_i{\widetilde}{p}_i)\simeq{\omega}_{{\widetilde}{C}}(\sum_{j=1}^{2e} q_j).$$ Restricting these data to connected components of ${\widetilde}{C}$ we obtain points of the moduli spaces considered in Theorem \[transdimthm\]. Moreover, it is clear that the point $(C,D,p_1,\ldots,p_n)\in S$ is uniquely recovered from these points. Therefore, Theorem \[transdimthm\] implies the following estimate: $$\dim S\le 2{\widetilde}{g}-3v+d+n+2e.$$ Combining this with the above formula for ${\widetilde}{g}$ we get $$\dim S\le 2g-2+d+n-v<2g-2+d+n.$$
Complements {#compsec}
===========
Connected components {#conncompsec}
--------------------
Recall that ${{\cal H}}(m_1,\ldots,m_n)$ denotes the moduli space of pairs $(C,{\omega})$ where ${\omega}$ is a nonzero holomorphic $1$-form on a smooth compact complex curve $C$ with multiplicities of zeroes $(m_1,\ldots,m_n)$ (see [@KZ]). Let also ${{\cal H}}^{num}(m_1,\ldots,m_n)$ be the moduli space of holomorphic $1$-forms on curves with [*numbered*]{} zeroes such that the first zero has multiplicity $m_1$ etc. There is a natural finite morphism ${{\cal H}}^{num}(m_1,\ldots,m_n){\rightarrow}{{\cal H}}(m_1,\ldots,m_n)$ inducing a bijection between the sets of connected components (see Remark 1 on p.632 of [@KZ]).
[*Proof of Theorem \[conncompthm\].*]{} Let us consider the stack $${{\cal H}}^{num}(r^d,m_1,\ldots,m_n):={{\cal H}}^{num}(r,\ldots,r,m_1,\ldots,m_n)$$ where $r$ is repeated $d$ times in the right hand side. We have a natural action of the symmetric group $S_d$ on this stack and a natural finite map to ${{\cal H}}(r^d,m_1,\ldots,m_n)$ that factors as the following composition $${{\cal H}}^{num}(r^d,m_1,\ldots,m_n){\rightarrow}{{\cal H}}^{num}(r^d,m_1,\ldots,m_n)/S_d{\rightarrow}{{\cal H}}(r^d,m_1,\ldots,m_n).$$ Since the composed map induces a bijection on the sets of connected components we deduce that ${{\cal H}}^{num}(r^d,m_1,\ldots,m_n)/S_d$ has the same set of connected components as ${{\cal H}}(r^d,m_1,\ldots,m_n)$.
Now let us consider the natural map $${{\cal H}}^{num}(r^d,m_1,\ldots,m_n)/S_d{\rightarrow}{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$$ sending the differential ${\omega}$ with divisor of zeroes $rq_1+\ldots+rq_d+m_1p_1+\ldots+mp_n$ to $(D,p_1,\ldots,p_n)$, where $D=q_1+\ldots+q_d$. The image of this map is the open set $U{\subset}{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ consisting of $(C,D,p_1,\ldots,p_n)$ such that the divisor $D$ is simple (i.e., $D=q_1+\ldots+q_d$ for distinct points $q_1,\ldots,q_d$) and the points $p_i$ are disjoint from the support of $D$. Since ${{\cal H}}^{num}(r^d,m_1,\ldots,m_n)/S_d$ is a ${{\Bbb C}}^*$-torsor over $U$, it remains to prove that the complement to $U$ in ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ has codimension $\ge 1$. A point $(C,D,p_1,\ldots,p_n)\in{{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ belongs to this complement if either the divisor $D$ is not simple or some of the points $p_i$ belong to the support of $D$. Thus, ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}\setminus U$ has a natural stratification corresponding to fixing multiplicities of $D$ and the pattern according to which some of the points $p_i$ collide with points in the support of $D$. Over each of these strata there is a natural ${{\Bbb C}}^*$-torsor that can be identified with a quotient by a finite group action of one of the spaces ${{\cal H}}(k_1,\ldots,k_N)$ where $N<d+n$. Since the dimension of ${{\cal H}}(k_1,\ldots,k_N)$ is equal to $2g-1+N$ this implies that $\dim({{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}\setminus U)<2g-2+d+n$.
Combining Theorem \[conncompthm\] with Theorems 1 and 2 of [@KZ] we obtain the following information about connected components of our moduli spaces.
\[conncor1\] Assume that $g\ge 4$. The moduli space ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ has three connected components in the following cases:
\(i) $r\ge 2$, one marked point, $m_1=2g-2$;
\(ii) $r\ge 2$, two marked points, $m_1=m_2=g-1$, $g$ is odd;
\(iii) $r=2g-2$, no marked points;
\(iv) $r=g-1$, one marked point, $m_1=g-1$, $g$ is odd;
\(v) $r=g-1$, no marked points, $g$ is odd.
If either all the numbers $r, m_1,\ldots,m_n$ are even or all $m_1,\ldots,m_n$ are even and $\sum m_i=2g-2$ (so that $d=0$), then ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ has two connected components. In addition ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ has two connected components in the following cases:
\(a) $r\ge 2$, two marked points, $m_1=m_2=g-1$, $g$ is even;
\(b) $r=g-1$, one marked point, $m_1=g-1$, $g$ is even;
\(c) $r=g-1$, no marked points, $g$ is even.
All the other moduli spaces ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{g,n}}$ for $g\ge 4$ are connected.
\[conncor2\] All the spaces ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{2,n}}$ are connected.
The space ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{3,n}}$ has two connected components in the following cases:
\(i) $r\ge 2$, one marked point, $m_1=4$;
\(ii) $r\ge 2$, two marked points, $m_1=m_2=2$;
\(iii) $r=4$, no marked points;
\(iv) $r=2$, one marked point, $m_1=2$;
\(v) $r=2$, no marked points.
All the other spaces ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},{{\bf m}},{\operatorname{eff}}}_{3,n}}$ are connected.
Let us consider our moduli spaces in the case $r=2$, no marked points, $g\ge 3$. The corresponding spaces ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{2},{\operatorname{eff}}}_g}$ parametrize pairs $(C,D)$ where $D$ is an effective divisor of degree $g-1$ on $C$ such that $2D$ is a canonical divisor. Theorem \[conncompthm\] implies that ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{2},{\operatorname{eff}}}_g}$ has two connected components, that are distinguished by the parity of $h^0(D)$. The image of the even component under the forgetting map to ${{\cal M}}_g$ is the divisor ${{\cal D}}{\subset}{{\cal M}}_g$ consisting of curves posessing a singular even theta-characteristic, i.e., a square root $L$ of the canonical bundle such that $h^0(L)$ is even and $h^0(L)>0$. Thus, we obtain a new proof of connectedness of ${{\cal D}}$ that was established by Teixidor i Bigas in [@T2]. On the other hand, Theorem 2.16 of [@T1] asserts that the curve corresponding to a generic point in ${{\cal D}}$ has only one even theta-characteristic $L$ with $h^0(L)\ge 2$. Thus, the even component of ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{2},{\operatorname{eff}}}_g}$ can be viewed as a resolution of singularities of ${{\cal D}}$.
Witten’s top Chern class
------------------------
We can calculate the difference $c^{\frac{1}{r}}-c_{-\chi}(R\pi_*{{\cal L}})$ in terms of the locus $S^0$ in the following examples. We adopt the conventions of [@V] regarding the intersection theory on Deligne-Mumford stacks.
1\. $r=2$, no points, $g\ge 1$. The class $c^{\frac{1}{2}}$ has degree zero. More precisely, the moduli space ${{\cal M}}={{\cal M}}_g^{\frac{1}{2}}$ has two components ${{\cal M}}^+$ and ${{\cal M}}^-$ corresponding to even and odd theta-characterstics and we have $$c^{\frac{1}{2}}=[{{\cal M}}^+]-[{{\cal M}}^-]$$ (see [@PV], 5.3). On the other hand, clearly $c_0(R\pi_*{{\cal L}})=[{{\cal M}}^+]+[{{\cal M}}^-]$. The only component of $S^0$ of maximal dimension is $S^{0,-}={{\cal M}}^-$. Hence, in this case we have $$c^{\frac{1}{2}}-c_0(R\pi_*{{\cal L}})=-2[S^{0,-}].$$
2\. $g=1$, no points, $r\ge 2$. The class $c^{\frac{1}{r}}$ still has codimension zero. Again using the known formula for $c^{\frac{1}{r}}$ in this case (see [@PV], 5.3) we find $$c^{\frac{1}{r}}-c_0(R\pi_*{{\cal L}})=-r[S^0].$$
3\. $g=2$, one marked point with $m_1=2$, $r\ge 2$. In this case the restriction of the projection ${{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},2}_{2,1}}{\rightarrow}{{{\cal M}}_{2,1}}$ to the locus $S^0$ gives an isomorphism of $S^0$ with the divisor of pairs $(C,p)$ such that $p$ is a Weierstrass point on $C$, i.e., ${\omega}_C\simeq{{\cal O}}_C(2p)$. The irreducibility of this divisor is well known (and also follows from Corollary \[conncor2\]). The class $c^{\frac{1}{r}}$ in this case has degree $1$ and we want to compare it with the standard divisor class $\mu_1:=c_1(R\pi_*{{\cal L}})$, i.e., compute the coefficient $m$ such that $$c^{\frac{1}{r}}-\mu_1=m[S^0],$$ where ${{\cal M}}={{{\cal M}}^{\frac{1}{r},2}_{2,1}}$. Let us consider the closure ${\overline}{S}^0{\subset}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},2}_{2,1}}$ of $S^0$. Then it is easy to see that the locus in ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},2}_{2,1}}$ where the spin structure has a non-zero global section is the union of ${\overline}{S}^0$ with an irreducible boundary divisor ${\delta}_0{\subset}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},2}_{2,1}}$ containing curves glued from two elliptic curves. Therefore, we have $$\label{meq}
c^{\frac{1}{r}}-\mu_1=m[{\overline}{S}^0]+m'[{\delta}_0]$$ for some $m'$. Now the idea is to use the Ramond vanishing axiom for $c^{\frac{1}{r}}$ stating that the restriction of $c^{\frac{1}{r}}$ to the Ramond component of the boundary in ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},2}_{2,1}}$ vanishes (see [@P]). Namely, we are going to construct a family of $r$-spin curves over a $1$-dimensional stack $B$ that corresponds to a morphism from $B$ to the Ramond boundary component and then calculate the pull-back to $B$ of the divisor classes appearing in the above equality.
Let us fix an elliptic curve $E$ without complex multiplication and a pair of distinct points $p,q\in E$ such that $2p$ is not rationally equivalent to $2q$. We denote by $C$ the nodal curve of arithmetic genus $2$ obtained from $E$ by gluing $p$ with $q$. The family over $E\setminus\{p,q\}$ that associates to every point $x$ the $1$-pointed curve $(C,x)$ has a natural completion to a family of stable curves over $E$. Namely, at points $p$ and $q$ the curve $C$ gets replaced by the curve that is obtained by gluing $E$ with ${{\Bbb P}}^1$ along $2$ points that correspond to $p$ and $q$ on $E$ (say, $p$ is glued to $0\in{{\Bbb P}}^1$ and $q$ is glued to $\infty\in{{\Bbb P}}^1$) and the marked point belongs to ${{\Bbb P}}^1$. Here is a more precise definition of this family. Let ${\widetilde}{{{\cal C}}}{\rightarrow}E\times E$ be the blow-up of $E\times E$ at points $(p,p)$ and $(q,q)$. Let ${\Delta}'{\subset}{\widetilde}{{{\cal C}}}$, $D_p$ and $D_q$ be the proper preimages of the diagonal ${\Delta}$ and of the divisors $E\times\{p\}$ and $E\times\{q\}$ in $E\times E$. Let $p_1:{\widetilde}{{{\cal C}}}{\rightarrow}E$ be the first projection. Note that all three divisors ${\Delta}'$, $D_p$ and $D_q$ are sections of $p_1$, hence $(p_1:{\widetilde}{{{\cal C}}}{\rightarrow}E, {\Delta}',D_p,D_q)$ can be viewed as a family of $3$-pointed curves. Now our family $\pi:{{\cal C}}{\rightarrow}E$ is obtained from ${\widetilde}{{{\cal C}}}$ by gluing the $E$-points $D_p$ and $D_q$ (with ${\Delta}'$ viewed as a marked point). Let $E{\rightarrow}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{2,1}}$ be the morphism corresponding to this family. By definition it factors as a composition: $$E{\rightarrow}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{1,3}}{\rightarrow}{\delta}_{{\operatorname{irr}}}{\subset}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{2,1}},$$ where ${\delta}_{{\operatorname{irr}}}$ is the component of the boundary divisor in ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{2,1}}$ containing irreducible curves of geometric genus $1$ with one node, ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{1,3}}{\rightarrow}{\delta}_{{\operatorname{irr}}}$ is the standard gluing morphism. Note that the morphism $E{\rightarrow}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{1,3}}$ corresponds to the family ${\widetilde}{{{\cal C}}}$ over $E$. Let us define the $1$-dimensional stack $B$ so that the following diagram is cartesian: $$\begin{diagram}
B &\rTo{}& {\delta}_{{\operatorname{irr}},R} \nonumber\\
\dTo{f} &&\dTo\\
E &\rTo& {\delta}_{{\operatorname{irr}}}
\end{diagram}$$ where ${\delta}_{{\operatorname{irr}},R}{\subset}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},2}_{2,1}}$ is the irreducible component of the boundary divisor in ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},2}_{2,1}}$ containing irreducible curves of geometric genus $1$ equipped with $r$-spin structures of Ramond type at the node. The covering $B{\rightarrow}E$ has degree $r^2$ and is ramified over $p$ and $q$. Note that we also have the following commutative (non-cartesian) diagram: $$\begin{diagram}
B &\rTo{}& {{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},(2,r-1,r-1)}_{1,3}}\nonumber\\
\dTo{f} &&\dTo{p}\\
E &\rTo& {{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{1,3}}\end{diagram}$$ where the upper horizontal arrow is the composition $$B{\rightarrow}{\delta}_{{\operatorname{irr}},R}\times_{{\delta}_{{\operatorname{irr}}}}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{1,3}}{\rightarrow}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},(2,r-1,r-1)}_{1,3}}.$$ Here we use the standard gluing morphism for the Ramond boundary (see [@JKV]). It is easy to see that the pull-backs to ${\delta}_{{\operatorname{irr}},R}\times_{{\delta}_{{\operatorname{irr}}}}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{1,3}}$ of the class $\mu_1$ on the moduli space ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},2}_{2,1}}$ and the class $\mu_1$ on ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},(2,r-1,r-1)}_{1,3}}$ coincide (this is always true for the Ramond gluing). Now on the moduli space ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},(2,r-1,r-1)}_{1,3}}$ we can use the formula for the class $\mu_1$ given in Proposition 2.4 of [@JKV]: $$\label{mu1eq}
2r^2\mu_1=(2r^2-12r+12)p^*{\lambda}_1-r{\epsilon}+(r-1){\delta}+\sum_i m_i(r-2-m_i)p^*\psi_i$$ where ${\lambda}_1$ and $\psi_i$ ($i=1,2,3$) are standard classes on ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{1,3}}$, ${\epsilon}$ and ${\delta}$ are certain combinations of the boundary divisors on ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},(2,r-1,r-1)}_{1,3}}$. Note that the image of $B$ intersects only with one boundary divisor ${\widetilde}{{\alpha}}$ in ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},(2,r-1,r-1)}_{1,3}}$. The generic point of ${\widetilde}{{\alpha}}$ corresponds to a reducible $3$-pointed curve $C_0\cup C_1$ with one node, where $C_0$ has genus $0$, $C_1$ has genus $1$; the first two marked points (with markings $2$ and $r-1$) belong to $C_0$, the third marked point (with the marking $r-1$) belongs to $C_1$. The type of the $r$-spin structure at the node in this case is determined uniquely: one has $(m^+,m^-)=(r-3,1)$. Hence, by Proposition 2.1 of [@JKV] we have $${\widetilde}{{\alpha}}=\frac{gcd(2,r)}{r}p^*{\alpha}$$ where ${\alpha}$ is the boundary divisor on ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{1,3}}$ containing reducible $3$-pointed curves as above (with the first two marked points on the rational component); $gcd(m,n)$ denotes the greatest common divisor of $m$ and $n$. Also, using the definition in Proposition 2.4 of [@JKV] we find $${\epsilon}=\frac{2(r-2)}{gcd(2,r)}{\widetilde}{{\alpha}}+\ldots,$$ $${\delta}=\frac{r}{gcd(2,r)}{\widetilde}{{\alpha}}+\ldots$$ where the dots denote combinations of other boundary components. It follows that $${\epsilon}\cdot[B]=\frac{2(r-2)}{r}p^*{\alpha}\cdot[B]=\frac{2(r-2)}{r}f^*({\alpha}\cdot[E]);$$ $${\delta}\cdot[B]=p^*{\alpha}\cdot[B]=f^*({\alpha}\cdot[E]),$$ where of course ${\alpha}\cdot[E]=p+q$. It is also easy to calculate that $${\lambda}_1\cdot[E]=0,\ \psi_1\cdot[E]=p+q,\ \psi_2\cdot[E]=p,\ \psi_3\cdot[E]=q.$$ Hence, using the above formula for $\mu_1$ we get $$2r^2\mu_1\cdot[B]=[-2(r-2)+r-1+2(r-4)-(r-1)]f^*(p+q)=-4f^*(p+q),$$ therefore, $$\mu_1\cdot[B]=-\frac{2}{r^2}f^*(p+q).$$
It remains to compute $[{\overline}{S}^0]\cdot[B]$. It is easy to see that the support of this divisor does not intersect $f^{-1}(\{p,q\})$, hence it consists of $4$ points in $B$ that project to $4$ points $x\in E$ such that $2x$ is rationally equivalent to $p+q$. We claim that all these points have multiplicity $1$ in $[{\overline}{S}^0]\cdot[B]$. To prove this let us consider the natural projection $\phi:{\overline}{S}^0{\rightarrow}Z$, where $Z{\subset}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{2,1}}$ is the locus of curves $(C,x)$ with $h^0({\omega}_C(-2x))\neq 0$ defined as the degeneracy locus of the map $H^0({\omega}_C){\rightarrow}H^0({\omega}_C|_{2x})$. Let $U{\subset}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{2,1}}$ (resp., $U^{\frac{1}{r}}{\subset}{{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},2}_{2,1}}$) be the complement in ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}_{2,1}}$ (resp., ${{\overline}{{{\cal M}}}^{\frac{1}{r},2}_{2,1}}$) to the union of all boundary components different from ${\delta}_{{\operatorname{irr}}}$ (resp., ${\delta}_{irr,R}$). Then it is easy to see that the restriction of $\phi$ induces an isomorphism $${\overline}{S}^0\cap U^{\frac{1}{r}}{\rightarrow}Z\cap U.$$ The point is that over $U$ the condition $h^0({\omega}_C(-2x))\neq 0$ implies ${\omega}_C(-2x)\simeq{{\cal O}}_C$, while over $U^{\frac{1}{r}}$ the $r$-spin structure $L$ is locally free and the condition that $h^0(L)\neq 0$ implies $L\simeq{{\cal O}}_C$. Therefore, to prove our claim it suffices to check that the points $x\in E$ such that $2x\sim p+q$, have multiplicity one in $[Z]\cdot[E]$. Note that the support of $[Z]\cdot[E]$ consists of the points $p$, $q$ and $4$ points $x$ with $2x\sim p+q$. On the other hand, from the definition of $Z$ as the degeneracy locus we have $[Z]\sim 3\psi_1-{\lambda}$. Hence, the divisor $[Z]\cdot[E]$ is rationally equivalent to $3(p+q)$. Therefore, $\deg[Z]\cdot[E]=6$ which implies that all points in the support of $[Z]\cdot[E]$ have multiplicity $1$.
The above argument implies that $$f_*([{\overline}{S}^0]\cdot[B])=\frac{2}{r}(p+q).$$ On the other hand, we have $f_*(\mu_1\cdot[B])=-2(p+q)$. Therefore, restricting the equality (\[meq\]) to $B$ and then pushing to $E$ (taking into account the vanishing of $c^{\frac{1}{r}}\cdot[B]$) we find that $m=r$, i.e., $$\label{divclasseq}
c^{\frac{1}{r}}-\mu_1=r[S^0].$$
4\. $g=2$, two marked points, $m_1=m_2=1$, $r\ge 2$. In this case one can show that the equation (\[divclasseq\]) still holds. Namely, we can fix an elliptic curve $E$ with $3$ distinct points $p,q,x_0$ such that $2x_0\not\sim p+q$ and consider the nodal curve $C$ of arithmetic genus $2$ obtained by identifying $p$ and $q$. Then we can consider the family of $2$-pointed curves with the base $E$ whose generic member is $(C,x_0,x)$, where $x\in E$. As above we can construct a family of $r$-spin curves with the stacky base $B$ given by some covering of $E$, such that the $r$-spin structures in this family are of Ramond type near one node. The rest of the argument is very similar to the previous case so we skip it.
5\. $g=3$, one marked point, $m_1=1$, $r=3$. Again we claim that the equation (\[divclasseq\]) holds in this case. One can check this by considering the family parametrized by a smooth curve $C$ of genus $2$. Namely, we fix two generic points $p,q\in C$ and consider the nodal curve $C_0$ obtained by gluing together $p$ and $q$. Varying a point $x$ on $C$ we get a family of nodal curves with generic member $(C_0,x)$. Then as above we consider the covering $f:B{\rightarrow}C$ corresponding to adding the $r$-spin structures. The computation of $f_*(\mu_1\cdot[B])$ in this case is similar to the previous cases. The answer turns out to be $$f_*(\mu_1\cdot[B])=-9(p+q).$$ The class $f_*([{\overline}{S}^0]\cdot[B])$ is equal to $[D]/3$, where $D$ is the following divisor on $C$: $$D=\sum_{y:{\omega}_C(p+q-3y)\simeq{{\cal O}}_C(x)}x.$$ It can be computed as follows. Note that the divisor $$D'=\sum_{y:h^0({\omega}_C(p+q-3y))\neq 0} y$$ on $C$ can be presented as the degeneracy locus of the morphism $H^0({\omega}_C(p+q)){\rightarrow}{\omega}_C|_{3y}$. Computing the determinant, we conclude that ${{\cal O}}_C(D')\simeq{\omega}_C^6(3p+3q)$. In particular, $\deg(D')=18$. Therefore, $${{\cal O}}_C(D)\simeq{\omega}_C^{18}(18p+18q-3D')\simeq{{\cal O}}_C(9p+9q).$$ Comparing this with the formula fo $f_*(\mu_1\cdot[B])$ we get the result.
6\. $g\ge 3$, one marked point, $m_1=2$, $r=2$. We claim that the equation (\[divclasseq\]) still holds. Note that the moduli space ${{\cal M}}={{\cal M}}_{g,1}^{\frac{1}{2},2}$ in this case has two connected components ${{\cal M}}^+$ and ${{\cal M}}^-$ depending on the parity of $h^0(L(p))$, where $L$ is a square root of ${\omega}_C(-2p)$ ($p$ is a marked point). Let us consider the situation over these two components separately. Over the complement to a closed subset of codimension $\ge 2$ in the component ${{\cal M}}^-$ we have $h^0(L(p))=1$ and the locus $S^0$ coincides with the zero locus of the map $H^0(L(p)){\rightarrow}L(p)|_p$. Using the isomorphism $$H^0(L(p))^{\otimes 2}\simeq\det R{\Gamma}(L(p))\simeq\det R{\Gamma}(L)\otimes L(p)|_p$$ one can easily deduce that $$[S^0]=\frac{1}{2}({\widetilde}{\psi}-\mu_1)$$ where ${\widetilde}{\psi}=\psi_1/2$ is the class of the line bundle with the fiber $L(p)|_p$ over $(C,p,L)\in{{{\cal M}}_{3,1}^{\frac{1}{2},2}}$. But the descent axiom (Proposition 5.1 of [@PV] [^3]) implies that over ${{\cal M}}^-$ one has $c^{\frac{1}{2}}={\widetilde}{\psi}$, so the equation (\[divclasseq\]) follows. Now consider the situation over the even component ${{\cal M}}^+{\subset}{{\cal M}}$. By the descent axiom in this case we have $c^{\frac{1}{2}}=-{\widetilde}{\psi}$. On the complement to a closed subset of codimension $\ge 2$ in ${{\cal M}}^+$ we have $h^0(L(p))\le 2$ and $h^0(L)\le 1$. Hence, over this complement $S^0$ parametrizes data $(C,p,L)$ such that $L(p)$ is an even theta-characteristic and $h^0(L(p))=2$. Let $\phi:{{\cal M}}^+{\rightarrow}{{\cal M}}_{g,1}$ be the natural projection. Note that $\phi$ has degree $2^{g-2}(2^g+1)$ (since there are $2^{g-1}(2^g+1)$ even theta-characteristics on a curve of genus $g$). Then we have $$\phi_*[S^0]=\frac{1}{2}[{{\cal D}}]=2^{g-4}(2^g+1){\lambda}_1,$$ where ${{\cal D}}{\subset}{{\cal M}}_{g,1}$ is the divisor of curves having an even theta-characteristic with at least two independent sections (the formula for $[{{\cal D}}]$ can be found in [@T2]). On the other hand, using the formula (\[mu1eq\]) we find $$\phi_*(c^{\frac{1}{2}}-\mu_1)=\phi_*(\frac{1}{2}{\lambda}_1)=2^{g-3}(2^g+1){\lambda}_1=2\phi_*[S^0].$$
The above examples suggest that the equation (\[divclasseq\]) holds whenever $\deg c^{\frac{1}{r}}=-\chi=1$. This can happen only if either $r=2$ or $g\le 4$. More precisely, there are three remaining cases to check: 1)$r=2$, $g\ge 3$, $m_1=m_2=1$; 2) $g=3$, $r=4$; and 3)$g=4$, $r=3$. More important problem is to find a conceptual explanation of the equation (\[divclasseq\]) and its generalization to the case $-\chi\ge 2$.
[99]{} S. Diaz, [*Tangent spaces in moduli via deformations with applications to Weierstrass points,*]{} Duke Math. J. 51 (1984), 905–922. A. Grothendieck, [*Technique de descente et théorèmes d’existence en géométrie algébrique. V. Les schémas de Picard: théorèmes d’existence*]{}, Séminaire Bourbaki, Vol. 7, Exp. No. 232, 143–161, Soc. Math. France, Paris, 1995. J. Harris, [*Theta-characteristics on algebraic curves*]{}, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 271 (1982), 611–638. T.J.Jarvis, *Geometry of the moduli of higher spin curves,* Internat. J. of Math. **11** (2000), T.J.Jarvis, T.Kimura, A.Vaintrob, *Moduli spaces of higher spin curves and integrable hierarchies*, Compositio Math. 126 (2001), 157–212. M. Kontsevich, A. Zorich, [*Connected components of the moduli space of Abelian differentials with prescribed singularities*]{}, Invent. Math. 153 (2003), 631–678. A. Polishchuk, A. Vaintrob, [*Algebraic construction of Witten’s top Chern class*]{}, in [*Advances in Algebraic Geometry motivated by Physics*]{}, E. Previato, ed., 229–250. AMS, 2001. A. Polishchuk, [*Witten’s top Chern class on the moduli space of higher spin curves*]{}, math.AG/0208112, to appear in Proceedings of the Workshop on Frobenius manifolds. M. Teixidor i Bigas, [*Half-canonical series on algebraic curves*]{}, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 302 (1987), 99–115. M. Teixidor i Bigas, [*The divisor of curves with a vanishing theta-null*]{}, Compositio Math. 66 (1988), 15–22. A. Vistoli, [*Intersection theory on algebraic stacks and on their moduli spaces*]{}, Inventiones Math. 97 (1989), 613–670.
[^1]: Supported in part by NSF grant
[^2]: The problem with the existence of such a global morphism is due to the presence of automorphisms of $r$-spin structures even when the underlying curve has no automorphisms.
[^3]: The class considered in [@PV] differs from our $c^{\frac{1}{r}}$ by the sign $(-1)^{\chi(L)}$.
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Summary: TrueType to Adobe Type 1 font converter
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NSSH Part 618 (Subpart A)
Soil Properties and Qualities
Subpart A – General Information
618.0 Definition and Purpose
Soil properties are measured or inferred from direct observations in the field or laboratory. Examples of soil properties are particle-size distribution, cation-exchange capacity, and salinity.
Soil qualities are behavior and performance attributes that are not directly measured. They are inferred from observations of dynamic conditions and from soil properties. Examples of soil qualities are corrosivity, natural drainage, frost action, and wind erodibility.
Soil properties and soil qualities are the criteria used in soil interpretations, as predictors of soil behavior, and for classification and mapping of soils. The soil properties entered in the National Soil Information System (NASIS) must be representative of the soil and the dominant land use for which the interpretations are based.
618.1 Policy and Responsibilities
Soil property data are collected, tested, and correlated as part of soil survey operations. These data are reviewed, supplemented, and revised as necessary.
The Major Land Resource Area soil survey office (MLRA SSO) is responsible for collecting, testing, and correlating soil property data and interpretive criteria.
The MLRA soil survey regional office (MO) is responsible for the development, maintenance, quality assurance, correlation, and coordination of the collection of soil property data that are used as interpretive criteria. This includes all the data elements listed below.
The National Soil Survey Center (NSSC) is responsible for the training, review, and periodic update of soil interpretation technologies.
The state soil scientist is responsible for ensuring that the soil interpretations are adequate for the Field Office Technical Guide and that they meet the needs of Federal, State, and local programs.
618.2 Collecting, Testing, and Populating Soil Property Data
The collection and testing of soil property data is based on the needs described in the soil survey memorandum of understanding for individual soil survey areas. The collection and testing must conform to the procedures and guides established in this handbook.
As aggregated component data, soil properties and qualities that are populated in NASIS are not meant to be site-specific. They represent the component as it occurs throughout the extent of the map unit. Most data entries are developed by aggregating information from point data (pedons) to create low, high, and representative values for the component.
618.3 Soil Properties and Soil Qualities
The following sections list soil properties and qualities in alphabetical order and provide some grouping for climatic and engineering properties and classes. A definition, classes, significance, method, and guidance for NASIS database entry are given. The listing includes the soil properties and qualities in the NASIS database. For more details on the NASIS database, refer to part 639 of this handbook. For specifics on data structure, attributes, and choices in NASIS, refer to the NASIS webpage.
Previous databases of soil survey information used metric or English units for soil properties and qualities. Values in English units, except for crop yields, were converted into metric units during transfer into the NASIS database. All future edits and entries in NASIS except yields and acreage will use metric units.
Ranges of soil properties and qualities that are posted in the NASIS database for map unit components may extend beyond the established limits of the taxon from which the component gets its name, but only to the extent that interpretations do not change. However, the representative value (rv) is within the range of the taxon.
618.4 Albedo, Dry
Definition.—“Albedo, dry” is the estimated ratio of the incident shortwave (solar) radiation that is reflected by the air-dry, less than 2 mm fraction of the soil surface to that received by it.
Significance
Soil albedo, as a function of soil color and angle of incidence of the solar radiation, depends on the inherent color of the parent material, organic matter content, and weathering conditions.
Estimates of the evapotranspiration rates and predictions of soil water balances require albedo values. Evapotranspiration and soil hydrology models that are part of water quality and resource assessment programs require this information.
Measurement.—There are instruments that measure albedo.
Estimates.—Approximate the values by use of the following formula:
Soil Albedo = 0.069 × (Color Value) - 0.114.
For albedo, dry, use dry color value. Surface roughness has a separate significant impact on the actual albedo. The equation above is the albedo of <2.0 mm smoothed soil condition; if the surface is rough because of tillage, the albedo differs.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values of albedo for the map unit component. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 1, and hundredths (two decimal places) are allowed.
618.5 Artifacts in the Soil
Definition.—“Artifacts” are objects or materials created or modified by humans, usually for a practical purpose in habitation, manufacturing, excavation, or construction activities. Examples of artifacts include bitumen (asphalt), brick, concrete, metal, paper, plastic, rubber, and wood products. Artifacts are commonly referred to as “discrete artifacts” if they are 2 mm or larger in diameter and are not compacted into a root-limiting layer that impedes root growth or water movement.
Significance.—Artifacts can constitute a significant portion of the soil. The amount and type of particulate artifacts can contribute substantially to various trace metals and total carbon contents of soils. Discrete artifacts which are both cohesive and persistent, defined below, are treated in a similar manner as rock fragments when populating the standard sieves or in calculations involving sieve entries. Discrete artifacts which are noncohesive, nonpersistent, or both are not considered fragments for sieve entries or calculations involving those entries.
Measurement.—The fraction from 2 to 75 mm in diameter may be measured in the field. However, 50 to 60 kg of sample material may be necessary if there is an appreciable amount of fragments near 75 mm. An alternative means of measuring is to visually estimate the volume of the 20 to 75 mm fraction, then sieve and weigh the 2 to 20 mm fraction. The fraction 75 mm (3 inches) or greater is usually not included in soil samples taken in the field for laboratory testing. Measurements can be made in the field by weighing the dry sample and the portion retained on a 3-inch screen. The smallest dimension of discrete artifacts is used to determine whether these items pass through a sieve. The quantity is expressed as a weight percentage of the total soil. A sample as large as 200 pounds to more than a ton may be needed to assure that the results are representative. Measurements of the fraction from 75 to 250 mm (3 to 10 inches) and the fraction greater than 250 mm (10 inches) in diameter are usually obtained from volume estimates.
Estimates
Estimates of discrete artifacts are made similarly to the way estimates of rock fragments are made. These estimates are usually made by visual means and are on the basis of percent by volume. The percent by volume is converted to percent by weight by using the average bulk unit weights for the soil and the specific artifacts. These estimates are made during investigation and mapping activities in the field. They are expressed as ranges that include the estimating accuracy as well as the range of values for a component.
Treated and untreated wood products (e.g., lumber) are considered artifacts. They are not considered wood fragments such as those associated with the woody materials (e.g., tree branches) described in organic soils.
Measurements or estimates of discrete artifacts less than strongly cemented are made prior to any rolling or crushing of the sample.
Artifact Cohesion
Definition.—“Artifact Cohesion” is the relative ability of the artifact to remain intact after significant disturbance.
Significance.—Artifacts that break down easily are similar to pararock fragments in that these artifacts break down to become part of the fine-earth fraction of the soil. Noncohesive artifacts are excluded from entries for the standards sieves and are not used in sieve calculations.
Entries.—Enter cohesive or noncohesive in the Component Horizon Human Artifacts and the Pedon Horizon Human Artifacts tables of the NASIS database. Cohesion is based on whether the artifact can be easily broken into <2 mm size pieces either in the hands or with a mortar and pestle. Artifacts that cannot easily be broken are cohesive. All others are considered noncohesive.
Artifact Kind
Definition.—“Artifact Kind” is the type of object or material being described.
Significance.—Each type of artifact is associated with a combination of other property entries that is used to determine whether the artifact is considered for sieve entries and calculations. The type of artifact also gives clues to the age of the deposit as well as the potential toxicity.
Entries.—Enter the artifact kind in the Component Horizon Human Artifacts and Pedon Horizon Human Artifacts tables. Enter the appropriate choice for the kind of discrete artifact from the following list—
Bitumen (asphalt)
Boiler slag
Bottom ash
Brick
Cardboard
Carpet
Cloth
Coal combustion by-products
Concrete
Debitage
Fly ash
Glass
Metal
Paper
Plasterboard
Plastic
Potsherd
Rubber
Treated wood
Untreated wood.
Artifact Penetrability
Definition.—“Artifact Penetrability” is the relative ease with which roots can penetrate the artifact and potentially extract any stored moisture, nutrients, or toxic elements.
Significance.—Artifacts that are penetrable may increase the available water holding capacity of a soil and should be factored in such calculations. The availability of supplemental nutrients and toxic elements is also greatest in penetrable artifacts.
Entries.—Enter nonpenetrable or penetrable in the Component Horizon Human Artifacts and Pedon Horizon Human Artifacts tables based on whether roots can penetrate the solid parts of the artifact or between the component parts of the artifact.
Artifact Persistence
Definition.—“Artifact Persistence” is the relative ability of solid artifacts to withstand weathering and decay over time.
Significance.—Artifacts that decay quickly are similar to pararock fragments and are treated as such in sieve calculations.
Entries.—Enter nonpersistent or persistent in the Component Horizon Human Artifacts and Pedon Horizon Human Artifacts tables based on whether the artifact is expected to decay in less than a decade or greater than a decade. Nonpersistent artifacts are expected to decay in less than a decade. Persistent artifacts remain intact for a decade or more.
Artifact Roundness
Definition.—“Artifact Roundness” is an expression of the sharpness of edges and corners of objects.
Significance.— The roundness of artifacts impacts water infiltration, root penetration, and macropore space.
Classes.—The artifact roundness classes follow those used for fragment roundness:
Roundness Class
Definition
Very angular
Strongly developed faces with very sharp, broken edges.
Angular
Strongly developed faces with sharp edges (Soil Survey Manual (SSM)).
Subangular
Detectable flat faces with slightly rounded corners.
Subrounded
Detectable flat faces with well-rounded corners (SSM).
Rounded
Flat faces absent or nearly absent with all corners rounded (SSM).
Well rounded
Flat faces absent with all corners rounded.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate artifact roundness class name for the record of artifacts populated in the Component Horizon Human Artifacts and Pedon Horizon Human Artifacts tables.
Artifact Safety
Definition.—“Artifact Safety” is the degree of risk to humans from contact with soils that contain artifacts. Physical contact with soils containing dangerous or harmful artifacts should be avoided unless proper training and protective clothing is available. The risk is based on toxicity to living organisms and not the physical risk that may be present from sharp or heavy objects. Harmful toxicity may be immediate or long-term, or through direct or indirect contact. Examples of innocuous artifacts include brick, concrete, glass, plastic, unprinted paper and cardboard, and untreated wood. Some examples of noxious artifacts are batteries, bitumen (asphalt), fly ash, garbage, paper printed with metallic ink, and wood treated with arsenic.
Significance.—Noxious artifacts are dangerous and require special handling when sampling. Areas with noxious artifacts should have restricted human contact.
Entries.—Enter innocuous or noxious in the Component Horizon Human Artifacts and Pedon Horizon Human Artifacts tables based on whether the artifacts are potentially toxic to living beings.
Artifact Shape
Definition.—“Artifact Shape” is a description of the overall shape of the object.
Significance.—Artifact shape differs from rock, pararock, and wood fragment shape descriptions and is important for fluid flow in the soil as well as influencing excavation difficulty.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate artifact shape class name for each record of artifacts populated in the Component Horizon Human Artifacts and Pedon Horizon Human Artifacts tables.
Artifact Size
Definition.—“Artifact Size” is based on the cross-sectional diameter of the object.
Significance.—The size of discrete artifacts is significant to the use and management of the soil. Artifact sizes ranging from 2 mm to 75 mm that are both cohesive and persistent are considered when estimating the percent passing the sieves. It affects equipment use, excavation, construction, and recreational uses.
Entries.—Enter the cross-sectional diameter size of the ≥ 2 mm artifacts described in the Component Horizon Human Artifacts and Pedon Horizon Human Artifacts tables. The range of valid entries is from 2 to 3,000 millimeters, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed.
Artifact Volume
Definition.—“Artifact Volume” is the volume percentage of the horizon occupied by the 2 mm or larger fraction (20 mm or larger for wood artifacts) on a whole soil base.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the percent volume present of each size class and kind of artifact populated in the Component Horizon Human Artifacts and Pedon Horizon Human Artifacts tables. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed.
618.6 Available Water Capacity
Definition.—“Available water capacity” is the volume of water that should be available to plants if the soil, inclusive of fragments, were at field capacity. It is commonly estimated as the amount of water held between field capacity and wilting point, with corrections for salinity, fragments, and rooting depth.
Classes.—Classes of available water capacity are not normally used except as adjective ratings that reflect the sum of available water capacity in inches to some arbitrary depth. Class limits vary according to climate zones and the crops commonly grown in the areas. The depth of measurement also is variable.
Significance.—Available water capacity is an important soil property in developing water budgets, predicting droughtiness, designing and operating irrigation systems, designing drainage systems, protecting water resources, and predicting yields.
Estimates.—The most common estimates of available water capacity are made in the field or the laboratory as follows:
Field capacity is determined by sampling the soil moisture content just after the soil has drained following a period of rain and humid weather, after a spring thaw, or after heavy irrigation. Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS, provides more information.
The 15-bar moisture content of the samples is determined with pressure membrane apparatus.
An approximation of soil moisture content at field capacity is commonly made in the laboratory using 1/3-bar moisture percentage for clayey and loamy soil materials and 1/10-bar for sandy materials. Recently, some soil physicists have been using 1/10-bar instead of 1/3-bar for clayey and loamy soil materials and 1/20-bar for sandy soil materials.
If data are available, estimates are based on available water capacity measurements. If data are not available, data from similar soils are used as a guide. The relationship between available water capacity and other soil properties has been studied by many researchers. Soil properties that influence available water capacity are particle size; size, shape, and distribution of pores; organic matter; type of clay mineral; and structure.
If roots are excluded from a horizon such as a duripan, the amount of water available to plants is nearly zero. Available water capacity values are zero for layers that exclude roots. If roots are restricted but not excluded, estimates of available water capacity are reduced according to the amount of dense material in the layers and the space available for root penetration. Depending on the ability of roots to enter the soil mass and utilize the water, values for the soils with these dense layers may be significantly less than for soils of similar texture that do not have pans. Entries are made for all soil layers below dense layers only if roots are present.
Depending on their abundance and porosity, rock and pararock fragments reduce available water capacity. Nonporous fragments reduce available water capacity in proportion to the volume they occupy. For example, 50-percent nonporous cobbles reduce available water capacity as much as 50 percent. Porous fragments, such as sandstone, may reduce available water capacity to a lesser extent.
Several factors contribute to a lower amount of plant growth on saline soils. However, as a rough guide, available water capacity is reduced by about 25 percent per 4 mmhos cm-1 electrolytic conductivity of the saturated extract.
Soils high in gibbsite or kaolinite, such as Oxisols and Ultisols, may have available water capacity values that are about 20 percent lower than those with equal amounts of 2:1 layer-lattice clays.
Soils high in organic matter have a higher available water capacity than soils low in organic matter if the other properties are the same.
Entries.—Enter high, low, and representative values for available water capacity in cm per cm for each horizon. Enter “0” for layers that exclude roots. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 0.7 cm per cm, and hundredths (two decimal places) are allowed.
618.7 Bulk Density, One-Third Bar
Definition.—“Bulk density, one-third bar” is the oven-dried weight of the less than 2 mm soil material per unit volume of soil at a water tension of 1/3 bar (33 kPa).
Significance.—Bulk density influences plant growth and engineering applications. It is used to convert measurements from a weight basis to a volume basis. Within a family level particle-size class, bulk density is an indicator of how well plant roots are able to extend into the soil. Bulk density is used to calculate porosity. Bulk density at 33 kPa is used for soil classification in the required characteristics for andic soil properties and in the criteria for Andic, Aquandic, and Vitrandic subgroups.
Plant Growth.—Bulk density is an indicator of how well plant roots are able to extend into the soil. Root restriction initiation and root-limiting bulk densities are shown below for various particle-size classes.
Engineering Applications.—Soil horizons with bulk densities less than those indicated below have low strength and would be subject to collapse if wetted to field capacity or above without loading. They may require special designs for certain foundations.
Particle-Size Class
Bulk Density (g cm-3)
Sandy
<1.60
Loamy
coarse-loamy
<1.40
fine-loamy
<1.40
coarse-silty
<1.30
fine-silty
<1.40
Clayey
<1.10
Estimates.—The weight applies to the oven-dry soil, and the volume applies to the soil at or near field capacity. Bulk density is a use-dependent property. The entry should represent the dominant use for the soil.
Entries.—Enter bulk density at one-third bar with the low, high, and representative values for each horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0.02 to 2.6 g cm-3, and hundredths (two decimal places) are allowed. Values should be estimated to the nearest 0.05 g cm-3.
618.8 Bulk Density, Oven Dry
Definition.—“Bulk density, oven dry” (pbod) is the oven-dry weight of the less than 2 mm soil material per unit volume of oven-dry soil.
Estimates.—The value pbod is derived by the following formula:
pbod = [(linear extensibility percent/100) + 1]3
Where, linear extensibility percent is adjusted to a <2 mm basis.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for each horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0.02 to 2.6 g cm-3, and hundredths (two decimal places) are allowed.
618.9 Bulk Density, Satiated
Definition.—“Bulk density, satiated” (pbsat) is the oven-dry weight of the less than 2 mm soil material per unit volume of soil at a water tension of 0 bar. The measurement is only used for subaqueous soils.
Significance.—Coastal wetland and subaqueous soils exist in their environment at saturation. Very low bulk density soils in submerged environments often contain a large percentage of water, making them very fluid. These soil qualities are important in subaqueous soil interpretations for shellfish and rooted vegetation habitat as well as constriction, dredge operations, and the calculation of carbon stocks.
Estimates.—The value pbsat is calculated based on the dried weight of a known volume of soil at the field moisture status. Sampling methods can vary depending on environment. For samples taken as vibracores and opened by cutting, a 50 ml plastic syringe with the end removed is used to collect a mini-core. The plunger can be fixed at the 10 ml volume mark and the syringe gently pused into the split vibracore sample to collect a known volume of sample. This technique is a variation of the field-state core method.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for each horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0.02 to 2.6 g cm-3, and hundredths (two decimal places) are allowed.
618.10 Calcium Carbonate Equivalent
Definition.—“Calcium carbonate equivalent” is the quantity of carbonate (CO3) in the soil expressed as CaCO3 and as a weight percentage of the less than 2 mm size fraction.
Significance.—The availability of plant nutrients is influenced by the amount of carbonates in the soil. This is a result of the effect that carbonates have on soil pH and of the direct effect that carbonates have on nutrient availability. Nitrogen fertilizers should be incorporated into calcareous soils to prevent nitrite accumulation or ammonium-N volatilization. The availability of phosphorus and molybdenum is reduced by the high levels of calcium and magnesium which are associated with carbonates. In addition, iron, boron, zinc, and manganese deficiencies are common in soils that have a high calcium carbonate equivalent. In some climates, soils that have a high calcium carbonate equivalent in the surface layer are subject to wind erosion. This effect may occur in soils that have a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 5 percent. A strongly or violently effervescent reaction to cold, dilute hydrochloric acid (HCL) defines calcareous in the wind erodibility groups because of the significance of finely divided carbonates. Calcium carbonate equivalent is used for soil classification in the criteria for several diagnostic horizons (e.g., mollic epipedon), Rendolls suborder, Rendollic Eutrudepts subgroup, and carbonatic mineralogy class.
Measurement.—Calcium carbonate equivalent is measured by a method that uses an aqueous solution of 3 normal hydrogen chloride. The method is outlined in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS. It also may be measured in the field using calcimeters.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for each horizon listed. Round values to the nearest 5 percent for horizons that have more than 5 percent CaCO3 and to the nearest 1 percent for those with less than 5 percent. Enter 0 if the horizon does not have free carbonates. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 110 percent, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed.
618.11 Cation-Exchange Capacity NH4OAc pH 7
Definition.—“Cation-exchange capacity” is the amount of exchangeable cations that a soil can adsorb at pH 7.0.
Significance.—Cation-exchange capacity is a measure of the ability of a soil to retain cations, some of which are plant nutrients. Soils that have a low cation-exchange capacity hold fewer cations and may require more frequent applications of fertilizer than soils that have a high cation-exchange capacity. Soils that have a high cation-exchange capacity have the potential to retain cations, which reduces the risk of the pollution of ground water. Cation-exchange capacity is used indirectly in soil classification, when recalculated for just the noncarbonate clay fraction, in the required characteristics for kandic and oxic horizons and as a criterion for specific subgroup taxa in Alfisols (e.g., Kandic Paleustalfs), Entisols, Inceptisols, and Mollisols. Cation-exchange capacity is also used in calculating the ratio of cation-exchange capacity to percent noncarbonate clay for classifying certain soils at the family level into cation-exchange activity classes. The latest edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy has more information on applying this ratio in classification.
Measurement.—Cation-exchange capacity is measured by the methods outlined in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS. The ammonium acetate method gives the cation-exchange capacity value (CEC-7) for soils that have pH >5.5 or contain soluble salts. This method uses a solution of one normal ammonium acetate buffered at pH 7.0 to provide the extracting index cation (NH4+). Cation-exchange capacity is reported, on a <2 mm base, in centimoles per kilogram (cmol(+) kg-1), which are equivalent to milliequivalents per 100 grams (meq 100 g-1) of fine-earth soil. If the pH is less than 5.5, use effective cation-exchange capacity (refer to Section 618.19).
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values of the estimated range in cation-exchange capacity, in meq 100 g-1, for each horizon with pH >5.5. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 400 meq 100 g-1, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed. A NASIS calculation is available and can be viewed in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.99.
618.12 Climatic Setting
Climatic setting includes frost-free period, precipitation, temperature, and evaporation. These elements are useful in determining the types of natural vegetation or crops that grow or can grow in an area and in planning management systems for vegetation. Climatic data are observed nationally by the National Weather Service Cooperative Network, which consists of approximately 10,000 climate stations. The records are available from the Climatic Data Access Facility (CDAF) at Portland, Oregon. Climatic data are delivered to the field through the Climatic Data Access Network. The Climatic Data Access Network consists of climatic data liaisons established in each State and at National Headquarters. Climatic data that are input into NASIS are obtained from the respective climatic data liaison. Climatic data may also be obtained from project weather stations or from the State climatologist. NRCS has selected the current standard “normal” period of 1971 to 2000 for climate database entries. Existing entries in the NASIS database may reflect the prior period of 1961 to 1990. Always check with your State’s climatic data liaison before using a climate station that has less than 30 years of records or that is located outside a county. Footnote the source of the data, the station, and the starting and ending year of record. Means are given as a range to represent the change of the climate over the geographic extent of the assigned soil.
Frost-Free Period
Definition.—“Frost-free period” is the expected number of days between the last freezing temperature (0 °C) in spring (January-July) and the first freezing temperature (0 °C) in fall (August-December). The number of days is based on the probability that the values for the standard “normal” period will be exceeded in 5 years out of 10.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the map unit component. Enter 365 for each value for taxa that are frost-free all year and 0 for those that have no frost-free period. Entries are rounded to the nearest 5 days.
Precipitation, Mean Annual
Definition.—“Mean annual precipitation” is the arithmetic average of the total annual precipitation taken over the standard “normal” period. Precipitation refers to all forms of water, liquid or solid, that fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values in millimeters of water to represent the spatial range for the map unit component. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 11,500 mm, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed.
Air Temperature, Mean Annual
Definition.—“Mean annual air temperature” is the arithmetic average of the daily maximum and minimum temperatures for a calendar year taken over the standard “normal” period.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the map unit component to represent the spatial range in degrees Celsius (centigrade). The range of valid entries is from -50.0 to 50.0 degrees, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed. Use a minus sign to indicate temperatures below zero.
Daily Average Precipitation
Definition.—“Daily average precipitation” is the total precipitation for the month divided by the number of days in the month for the standard “normal” period.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values, in millimeters. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 750 mm. Record values to the nearest whole number (integer).
Daily Average Potential Evapotranspiration
Definition.—“Daily average potential evapotranspiration” is the total monthly potential evapotranspiration divided by the number of days in the month for the standard “normal” period.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for daily average potential evapotranspiration in millimeters. The range of valid entries is 0 to 300 mm. Record values to the nearest whole number (integer).
618.13 Corrosion
Various metals and other materials corrode when they are on or in the soil, and some metals and materials corrode more rapidly when in contact with specific soils than when in contact with others. Corrosivity ratings are given for two of the common structural materials, uncoated steel and concrete.
Uncoated steel
Definition.—“Risk of corrosion for uncoated steel” is the susceptibility of uncoated steel to corrosion when in contact with the soil.
Classes.—The classes for risk of corrosion to uncoated steel are low, moderate, and high.
Significance.—Risk of corrosion to uncoated steel pertains to the potential soil-induced electrochemical or chemical action that converts iron into its ions, thereby dissolving or weakening uncoated steel.
Guides.—Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.80 gives the relationship of soil water, general texture group, acidity, and content of soluble salts (as indicated by either electrical resistivity at field capacity or electrolytic conductivity of the saturated extract of the soil) to corrosion classes.
Soil reaction (pH) correlates poorly with corrosion potential; however, a pH of 4.0 or less almost always indicates a high corrosion potential.
Ratings, which are based on a single soil property or quality, that place soils in relative classes for corrosion potential must be tempered by knowledge of other properties and qualities that affect corrosion. A study of soil properties in relation to local experiences with corrosion helps soil scientists and engineers to make soil interpretations. Special attention must be given to those soil properties that affect the access of oxygen and moisture to the metal, the electrolyte, the chemical reaction in the electrolyte, and the flow of current through the electrolyte. Special attention must be given to the presence of sulfides or of minerals, such as pyrite, that can be weathered readily and thus cause a high degree of corrosion in metals.
The possibility of corrosion is greater for extensive installations that intersect soil boundaries or soil horizons than for installations that are in one kind of soil or in one soil horizon.
Using interpretations for corrosion without considering the size of the metallic structure or the differential effects of using different metals may lead to wrong conclusions. Activities that alter the soil, such as construction, paving, fill and compaction, and surface additions, can increase the possibility of corrosion by creating an oxidation cell that accelerates corrosion. Mechanical agitation or excavation that results in aeration and in a discontinuous mixing of soil horizons may also increase the possibility of corrosion.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate class of risk of corrosion for uncoated steel for the whole map unit component. The classes are low, moderate, and high.
Concrete
Definition.—“Risk of corrosion for concrete” is the susceptibility of concrete to corrosion when in contact with the soil.
Classes.—The classes for risk of corrosion to concrete are low, moderate, and high
Significance.—Risk of corrosion to concrete pertains to the potential soil-induced chemical reaction between a base (the concrete) and a weak acid (the soil solution). Special cements and methods of manufacturing may be used to reduce the rate of deterioration in soils that have a high risk of corrosion. The rate of deterioration depends on soil texture and acidity; the amount of sodium or magnesium sulfate present in the soil, singly or in combination; and the amount of sodium chloride (NaCl) present in the soil. The presence of NaCl is evaluated because it is used to identify the presence of seawater, rather than because of its corrosive effects on concrete. Seawater contains sulfates, which are one of the principal corrosive agents. A soil that has gypsum or other sulfate minerals requires a special cement in the concrete mix. The calcium ions in gypsum react with the cement and weaken the concrete.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate class of risk of corrosion for concrete for the whole map unit component. The classes are low, moderate, and high.
618.14 Crop Name and Yield
Definition.—“Crop name” is the common name for the crop. “Crop yield” is crop yield units per unit area for the specified crop.
Classes.—The crop names and the units of measure for yields that are allowable as data entries are listed in the NASIS data dictionary. See Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.82 for the Web address of the current NASIS data dictionary.
Significance.—Crop names and units of measure are important as records of crop yield. Although the crops and yield often are specific to the time when the soil survey was completed, the ranking and comparison between soils within a soil survey are helpful. These crop and yield data are used to evaluate the soil productive capabilities, cash rent, and land values. Generally, only the most important crops are listed and only the best management is reflected.
Estimates
Crop names and yields are specific to the soil survey area. Although the listing of crop names is not limited to any number, only the most important crops in the survey area should be used. The yields are derived in a number of ways but should represent a high level of management by leading commercial farmers, which tends to produce the highest economic return per acre. This level of management includes using the best varieties; balancing plant populations and added plant nutrients to the potential of the soil; controlling erosion, weeds, insects, and diseases; maintaining optimum soil tilth; providing adequate soil drainage; and ensuring timely operations.
Generally only a representative value is used for each map unit component for non-MLRA soil survey areas. MLRA soil survey areas use the high and low representative values from map unit components of non-MLRA soil survey areas. High and low values represent the range of representative values for a high level of management across the survey area or across several survey areas.
Entries.—Enter the common crop name and units of measure. Enter the corresponding irrigated yields, nonirrigated yields, or both, as appropriate for the component. Yields can be posted as high, low, and representative values for the map unit component.
618.15 Diagnostic Horizon Feature — Depth to Bottom
Definition.—The diagnostic horizon feature “depth to bottom” is the distance from the top of the soil to the base of the identified diagnostic horizon or to the lower limit of the occurrence of the diagnostic feature.
Measurement.—Distance is measured from the top of the soil, which is defined as the top of the mineral soil, or, for soils with “O” horizons, the top of any organic layer that is at least slightly decomposed. For soils that are covered by 80 percent or more rock or pararock fragments, the top of the soil is the mean height of the top of the fragments. See chapter 3 in the Soil Survey Manual for a complete discussion.
Entries.—The values for the diagnostic horizon feature depth to bottom used to populate component data in NASIS are not specific to any one point; they are a reflection of commonly observed values based on field observations and are intended to model the component as it occurs throughout the map unit. Enter the high, low, and representative values in whole centimeters. The high value represents either the greatest depth to which the base of the diagnostic horizon or feature extends or, for horizons for features extending beyond the limit of field observation, is the depth to which observation was made (usually no more than 200 cm). In the case of lithic contact, paralithic contact, and petroferric contact, the entries for depth to the bottom of the diagnostic feature will be the same as the entries for depth to the top of the feature since the contact has no thickness.
618.16 Diagnostic Horizon Feature — Depth to Top
Definition.—The diagnostic horizon feature “depth to top” is the distance from the top of the soil to the upper boundary of the identified diagnostic horizon or to the upper limit of the occurrence of the diagnostic feature.
Measurement.— Distance is measured from the top of the soil, which is defined as the top of the mineral soil, or, for soils with “O” horizons, the top of any organic layer that is at least slightly decomposed. For soils that are covered by 80 percent or more rock or pararock fragments, the top of the soil is the mean height of the top of the fragments. See chapter 3 in the Soil Survey Manual for a complete discussion.
Entries.—The values for the diagnostic horizon feature depth to top used to populate component data in NASIS are not specific to any one point; they are a reflection of commonly observed values based on field observations and are intended to model the component as it occurs throughout the map unit. Enter the high, low, and representative values in whole centimeters.
618.17 Diagnostic Horizon Feature — Kind
Definition.—The diagnostic horizon feature “kind” is the kind of diagnostic horizon or diagnostic feature present in the soil.
Significance.—Diagnostic horizons and features are a particular set of observable or measurable soil properties, defined in Soil Taxonomy, that are used to classify a soil. They have been chosen because they are thought to be the marks left on the soil as a result of the dominant soil-forming processes. In many cases they are thought to occur in conjunction with other important accessory properties. The utilization of diagnostic horizons and features in the classification process allows the grouping of soils that have formed as a result of similar genetic processes. The grouping, however, is done on the basis of observable or measurable properties rather than by speculation about the genetic history of a particular soil.
Entries.—The diagnostic horizons and features are listed in the latest edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Allowable terms are given in the NASIS data dictionary.
618.18 Drainage Class
Definition.—“Drainage class” identifies the natural drainage condition of the soil. It refers to the frequency and duration of wet periods.
Significance.—Drainage classes provide a guide to the limitations and potentials of the soil for field crops, forestry, range, wildlife, and recreational uses. The class roughly indicates the degree, frequency, and duration of wetness, which are factors in rating soils for various uses.
Estimates.—Infer drainage classes from observations of landscape position and soil morphology. In many soils the depth and duration of wetness relate to the quantity, nature, and pattern of redoximorphic features. Correlate drainage classes and redoximorphic features through field observations of water tables, soil wetness, and landscape position. Record the drainage classes assigned to the series.
Entries.—Enter the drainage class name for each map unit component. Use separate map unit components for different drainage class phases or for drained versus undrained phases where needed.
Significance.—Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of the ability of a soil to retain cations, some of which are plant nutrients. Soils that have a low cation-exchange capacity hold fewer cations and may require more frequent applications of fertilizer and amendments than soils that have a high cation-exchange capacity. Effective CEC (ECEC) is a measure of CEC that is particularly useful in soils whose ion-exchange capacity is largely a result of variable charge components, such as allophane, imogolite, kaolinite, halloysite, hydrous iron and aluminum oxides, and organic matter. As a result, the CEC of these soils is not a fixed number but is a function of pH. Examples of taxa commonly displaying pH-dependent charge include some Andisols, Histosols, acidic Inceptisols, Oxisols, Spodosols, and weathered Ultisols with kaolinitic or halloysitic mineralogies dominated by iron and aluminum oxyhydroxide minerals.
Measurement.—Effective cation-exchange capacity is calculated from the analytical results of two separate laboratory methods. One method measures the basic cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) extractable in a solution of one normal ammonium acetate buffered at pH 7.0. Another method measures the aluminum extractable in a solution of one normal potassium chloride(for soil horizons with a 1:1 water pH of 5.5 or less). The ECEC value is then calculated and reported for soil horizons that have pH <5.5 and that are low in soluble salts. For soils that have a pH of 5.5 or greater, the ECEC usually equals only the sum of the NH4OAc extractable bases. Manual ECEC population in NASIS for soil horizons with pH values between 5.6 and 7.0 is optional and is only needed if there is a significant difference from the populated CEC values (based on NH4OAc buffered at pH 7.0).
An alternate procedure exists to measure ECEC. It involves a direct measurement by using a neutral unbuffered salt (NH4Cl) and is an analytically determined value. For a soil with a pH of less than 7.0 (in water, 1:1), the ECEC value should be less than the CEC value measured with a buffered solution at pH 7.0. The ECEC by NH4Cl is equal to the NH4OAc extractable bases plus the KCl extractable Al for noncalcareous soils. For more discussion on ECEC see Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 45, Soil Survey Laboratory Information Manual, Version 2.0, February 2011, USDA, NRCS.
The laboratory methods for both the standard and alternate procedures are outlined in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS.
Effective cation-exchange capacity is reported, on a <2 mm base, in centimoles per kilogram (cmol(+) kg-1) of soil, which are equivalent to milliequivalents per 100 grams (meq 100 g-1) of fine-earth soil.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values of the estimated range in effective cation-exchange capacity at the field pH of the soil, in meq 100 g-1, for the horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 400 meq 100 g-1, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed. A NASIS calculation is available and can be viewed in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.100.
618.20 Electrical Conductivity
Definition.—“Electrical conductivity” is the electrolytic conductivity of an extract from saturated soil paste.
Classes.—The classes of salinity are:
Salinity Class
Electrical Conductivity (mmhos cm-1)
Nonsaline
0 to <2
Very slightly saline
2 to <4
Slightly saline
4 to <8
Moderately saline
8 to <16
Strongly saline
≥16
Significance.—Electrical conductivity is a measure of the concentration of water-soluble salts in soils. It is used to indicate saline soils. High concentrations of neutral salts, such as sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, may interfere with the absorption of water by plants because the osmotic pressure in the soil solution is nearly as high as or higher than that in the plant cells. Salts may also interfere with the exchange capacity of nutrient ions, thereby resulting in nutritional deficiencies in plants. Electrical conductivity in the extract from a saturated paste is used for soil classification in the required characteristics for the salic horizon and in criteria for certain taxa such as Dystric great groups and Halic subgroups of Vertisols.
Measurement.—The electrolytic conductivity of a saturated extract is the standard measure used to express salinity. Units of measure are decisiemens per meter (dS m-1), which are equivalent to millimhos per centimeter (mmhos cm-1), at 25 degrees C. The laboratory procedure used to measure electrical conductivity is described in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS.
Estimates.—Field estimates of salinity are made from observations of visible salts on faces of peds, throughout the horizon matrix, on the soil surface, or some combination of the three; from plant growth or productivity; from the presence of native plant indicator species; and from field salinity meters. The occurrences of bare spots, salt-tolerant plants, and uneven crop growth are used as indicators of salinity and high electrical conductivity. When keyed to measurements, these observations help to estimate the amount of salts.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the range of electrolytic conductivity of the saturation extract during the growing season for each horizon. If laboratory measurements or accurate field estimates are available, the high and low values do not need to correspond with salinity class limits. However, if data is limited, use the following ranges to represent the high and low values of the salinity classes: 0-2, 2-4, 4-8, 8-16, and 16-32 (or a reasonable high value for the strongly saline class) or use a combination of classes (for example, 2-8 for the high and low values). The range of valid entries is from 0 to 15000 mmhos cm-1, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed.
618.21 Electrical Conductivity 1:5 (volume)
Definition.—“Electrical conductivity 1:5 (volume)” is the electrolytic conductivity of of a diluted, unfiltered supernatant of 1 part soil to 5 parts distilled water as measured by volume. The measurement is only used for subaqueous soils.
Classes.—See the salinity classes described above in the section “Electrical Conductivity.” The traditional salinity classes were designed as phase criteria for terrestrial soils and are not applicable to subaqueous soils.
Significance.—Electrical conductivity (EC) 1:5 (volume) is a measure of the concentration of water-soluble salts in soils. It is used to indicate the threshold between freshwater and salt and brackish water subaqueous soils. Measuring EC in this manner is the best approach for subaqueous soils as samples containing reduced sulfide must be kept moist to avoid oxidation and production of sulfate slats that can increase the electrical conductivity. Salinity tolerance in plants is a measure of diminished plant growth at a threshold of 10% reduction in biomass. This is not the same as the maximum salinity tolerance which is an LD50 response. Electrical conductivity 1:5 (volume) is used for soil classification in the criteria for the Frasiwassents and Frasiwassists great groups.
Measurement.—EC 1:5 (volume) measured in an unfiltered supernatant is the standard measure used to express salinity in subaqueous soils. EC 1:5 (volume) must be measured in a fresh, field wet sample (moisture content at sample collection) that has been refrigerated or even frozen because sulfides may oxidize during drying forming sulfate salts, which can increase the EC value. This method assumes that the salts in subaqueous soils are highly soluble chloride and sulfate salts, in a dissolved state, with no important contributions from minerals such as gypsum. Units of measure are decisiemens per meter (dS m-1), at 25 degrees C. The laboratory procedure used to measure electrical conductivity is described in an addendum to the Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual Report No. 51, Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 1.0, 2009, USDA, NRCS.
Estimates.—Field estimates of salinity are made for subaqueous soils from observations of the presence of native plant indicator species and from measuring the water column with field salinity refractometers. Caution should be used in comparing water column salinity to soil salinity. Ground water discharge can decrease soil salinity and seasonal evaporation of seawater in barrier salt marshes can produce brine that sinks through the groundwater to collect in subsurface coarse-textured lenses. Salinty distributions in mainland associated soils tend to have a systematic decrease with depth while salinity in other subaqueous soils remain high with depth.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the range of electrolytic conductivity 1:5 (volume) of the unfiltered supernatant for each horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 dS m-1, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed.
618.22 Elevation
Definition.—“Elevation” is the vertical distance from mean sea level to a point on the earth’s surface.
Significance.—Elevation, or local relief, influences the genesis of natural soil bodies. Elevation also may affect soil drainage within a landscape, salinity or sodicity within a climatic area, or soil temperature.
Estimates.—Elevation is normally obtained from U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps or measured using altimeters or global positioning systems.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for elevation in meters for each map unit component. The range of valid entries is from -300 to 8550 meters, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed.
618.23 Engineering Classification
AASHTO Group Classification
Definition.—“AASHTO group classification” is a system that classifies soils specifically for geotechnical engineering purposes that are related to highway and airfield construction. It is based on particle-size distribution and Atterberg limits, such as liquid limit and plasticity index. This classification system is covered in Standard No. M 145-82, published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and consists of a symbol and a group index. The classification is based on that portion of the soil that is smaller than 3 inches in diameter.
Classes.—The AASHTO classification system identifies two general classifications: granular materials having 35 percent or less, by weight, particles smaller than 0.074 mm in diameter and silt-clay materials having more than 35 percent, by weight, particles smaller than 0.074 mm in diameter. These two divisions are further subdivided into seven main group classifications. Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.83 shows the criteria for classifying soil in the AASHTO classification system. The group and subgroup classifications are based on estimated or measured grain-size distribution and on liquid limit and plasticity index values.
Significance.—The group and subgroup classifications of this system aid in the evaluation of soils for highway and airfield construction. The classifications can help to make general interpretations relating to performance of the soil for engineering uses, such as highways and local roads and streets.
Measurements.—Measurements involve sieve analyses for the determination of grain-size distribution of that portion of the soil between a 3 inch and 0.074 mm particle size. ASTM Designations D 422, C 136, and C 117 have applicable procedures for the determination of grain-size distribution. The liquid limit and plasticity index values (ASTM Designation D 4318) are determined for that portion of the soil having particles smaller than 0.425 mm in diameter (no. 40 sieve). Measurements, such as laboratory tests, are made on most benchmark soils and on other representative soils in survey areas.
Estimates.—During soil survey investigations and field mapping activities, the soil is classified by field methods. This classification involves making estimates of particle-size fractions by a percentage of the total soil, minus the greater-than-3-inch fraction. Estimates of liquid limit and plasticity index are based on clay content and mineralogy relationships. Estimates are expressed in ranges that include the estimating accuracy as well as the range of values for the taxon.
Definition.—The AASHTO group and subgroup classifications may be further modified by the addition of a group index value. The empirical group index formula was devised for approximate within-group evaluation of the “clayey granular” materials and the “silty-clay” materials.
Significance.—The group index (GI) aids in the evaluation of the soils for highway and airfield construction. The index can help to make general interpretations relating to performance of the soil for engineering uses, such as highways and local roads and streets.
In calculating the group index of A-2-6 and A-2-7 subgroups, only the PI portion of the formula is used.
Entries.—The group index is reported to the nearest integer. If the calculated group index is negative, the group index value is zero. The minimum group index value is 0 and the maximum is 120. A NASIS calculation is available and can be viewed in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.98.
Unified Soil Classification
Definition.—The “Unified soil classification system” is a system that classifies mineral and organic mineral soils for engineering purposes based on particle-size characteristics, liquid limit, and plasticity index.
Classes
The Unified soil classification system identifies three major soil divisions:
Coarse grained soils having less than 50 percent, by weight, particles smaller than 0.074 mm in diameter.
Highly organic soils that demonstrate certain organic characteristics. These divisions are further subdivided into a total of 15 basic soil groups.
The major soil divisions and basic soil groups are determined on the basis of estimated or measured values for grain-size distribution and Atterberg limits. ASTM Designation D 2487 shows the criteria chart used for classifying soil in the Unified system, the 15 basic soil groups of the system, and the plasticity chart for the system.
Significance.—The various groupings of this classification have been devised to correlate in a general way with the engineering behavior of soils. This correlation provides a useful first step in any field or laboratory investigation for engineering purposes. It can be used to make some general interpretations relating to probable performance of the soil for engineering uses.
Measurement.—The methods for measurement are provided in ASTM Designation D 2487. Measurements involve sieve analysis for the determination of grain-size distribution of that portion of the soil between 3 inches and 0.074 mm in diameter (no. 200 sieve). ASTM Designations D 422, C 136, and C 117 have applicable procedures that are used, where appropriate, for the determination of grain-size distribution. Values for the Atterberg limits (liquid limit and plasticity index) are also used. Specific tests are made for that portion of the soil having particles smaller than 0.425 mm in diameter (no. 40 sieve) according to ASTM Designations D 423 and D 424. Measurements, such as laboratory tests, are made on most benchmark soils and on other representative soils in survey areas.
Estimates.—The methods for estimating are provided in ASTM Designation D 2488. During all soil survey investigations and field mapping activities, the soil is classified by field methods. The methods include making estimates of particle-size fractions by a percentage of the total soil. The Atterberg limits are also estimated based on the wet consistency, ribbon or thread toughness, and other simple field tests. These tests and procedures are explained in ASTM Designation D 2488. If samples are later tested in the laboratory, adjustments are made to field procedures as needed. Estimates are expressed in ranges that include the estimating accuracy as well as the range of values from one location to another within the map unit. If an identification is based on visual-manual procedures, it must be clearly stated so in reporting.
618.24 Erosion Accelerated, Kind
Definition.—“Erosion accelerated, kind” is the type of detachment and removal of surface soil particles that is largely affected by human activity.
Significance.—The type of accelerated erosion is important in assessing the current health of the soil and in assessing its potential for different uses. Erosion, whether natural or induced by humans, is an important process that affects soil formation and may remove all or parts of the soils formed in the natural landscape.
Classes.—There are five kinds of accelerated erosion:
Water erosion, sheet
Water erosion, rill
Water erosion, gully
Water erosion, tunnel
Wind erosion
Entries.—Enter the appropriate class for each map unit component. Multiple entries are allowable, but a representative value should be indicated.
618.25 Erosion Class
Definition.—“Erosion class” is the class of accelerated erosion.
Significance
The degree of erosion that has taken place is important in assessing the health of the soil and in assessing the soil’s potential for different uses. Erosion is an important process that affects soil formation and may remove all or parts of the soils formed in natural landscapes.
Removal of increasing amounts of soil increasingly alters various properties and capabilities of the soil. Properties and qualities affected include bulk density, organic matter content, tilth, and water infiltration. Altering these properties affects the productivity of the soil.
Estimates.—During soil examinations, estimate the degree to which soils have been altered by accelerated erosion. The Soil Survey Manual describes the procedures involved.
Classes.—There are five erosion classes:
None - deposition
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Entries.—Enter the appropriate class for each map unit component.
618.26 Excavation Difficulty Classes
Definition.—“Excavation difficulty classes” are used for soil layers, horizons, pedons, or geologic layers and estimate the difficulty of making an excavation into them. Excavation difficulty, in most instances, is strongly controlled by water state, which should be specified.
Classes.—The excavation difficulty classes are defined in the following table.
Class
Definition
Low
Excavations can be made with a spade using arm-applied pressure only. Neither application of impact energy nor application of pressure with the foot to a spade is necessary.
Moderate
Arm-applied pressure to a spade is insufficient. Excavation can be accomplished quite easily by application of impact energy with a spade or by foot pressure on a spade.
High
Excavation with a spade can be accomplished with difficulty. Excavation is easily possible with a full length pick, using an over-the-head swing.
Very High
Excavation with a full length pick, using an over-the-head swing, is moderately to markedly difficult. Excavation is possible in a reasonable period of time with a backhoe mounted on a 40 to 60 kW (50-80 hp) tractor.
Extremely High
Excavation is nearly impossible with a full length pick using an over-the-head arm swing. Excavation cannot be accomplished in a reasonable time period with a backhoe mounted on a 40 to 60 kW (50-80 hp) tractor.
Significance.—Excavation difficulty classes are important for evaluating the cost and time needed to prepare shallow excavations.
Estimates.—Estimates of excavation difficulty classes are made from field observations.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate class for each horizon. The allowable entries are low, moderate, high, very high, and extremely high.
618.27 Exchangeable Sodium
Definition.—“Exchangeable sodium” is a measure of soil exchangeable sodium ions that may become active by cation exchange. It is the fraction of the cation-exchange capacity of a soil that is occupied by sodium ions, expressed as a percentage.
Significance.—Exchangable sodium percentage (ESP) is used for soil classification in the required characteristics for the natric horizon, in the key to soil orders and key to suborders of Inceptisols and Mollisols, and in criteria for certain taxa such as Sodic subgroups. Soils that have values for exchangeable sodium of 15 percent or more may have an increased dispersion of organic matter and clay particles, reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity and aeration, and a general degradation of soil structure.
Measurement.—The ESP is calculated by several methods which use the results of separate procedures to measure the sodium extractable by NH4OAc and the cation-exchange capacity by NH4OAc, pH 7.0 (CEC-7) as outlined in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS. Units of measure for extractable sodium and cation-exchange capacity are centimoles per kilogram (cmol(+) kg-1) of soil, which are equivalent to milliequivalents per 100 grams (meq 100 g-1) of soil. In some soils with high salt content (i.e., >20 dS m-1) the ESP is calculated using the sodium extractable by NH4OAc, the cation-exchange capacity by NH4OAc, pH 7.0 (CEC-7), the water saturation percentage, and the water-soluble sodium (mmol (+) L-1).
Entries.—Enter high, low, and representative values as percentages for each horizon for which data is available. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed.
618.28 Extractable Acidity
Definition.—“Extractable acidity” is a measure of soil exchangeable hydrogen ions that may become active by cation exchange.
Significance.—Extractable acidity is important for certain evaluations of soil nutrient availability or of the effect of waste additions to the soil. Extractable acidity is indirectly important data for soil classification because it is needed to calculate cation-exchange capacity by sum of cations (at pH 8.2). The cation-exchange capacity by the sum of cations method is used to calculate percent base saturation by sum of cations.
Measurement.—Extractable acidity is determined by a method using a solution of barium chloride-triethanolamine buffered at pH 8.2, as outlined in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS. Units of measure are centimoles per kilogram (cmol(+) kg-1) of soil, which are equivalent to milliequivalents per 100 grams (meq 100 g-1) of soil.
Entries.—Enter the range of extractable acidity in milliequivalents per 100 grams (meq 100 g-1) of soil for the horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 250 meq 100 g-1, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed. A NASIS calculation is available and can be viewed in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.101.
618.29 Extractable Aluminum
Definition.—“Extractable aluminum” is the amount of aluminum that approximates the aluminum considered exchangeable. It is a measure of the “active” acidity present in soils with a 1:1 water pH ≤5.5.
Significance.—Extractable aluminum is important for certain evaluations of soil nutrient availability and of toxicities. An aluminum saturation of about 60 percent is usually regarded as toxic to most plants. It may be a useful measurement for assessing potential lime needs for acid soils. Extractable aluminum is used for soil classification in the criteria for Alic and some Eutric subgroups of Andisols.
Measurement.—Extractable aluminum is determined by a method using a solution of one normal potassium chloride, as outlined in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS. Units of measure are centimoles per kilogram (cmol(+) kg-1) of soil, which are equivalent to milliequivalents per 100 grams (meq 100 g-1) of soil.
Entries.—Enter the range of extractable aluminum as milliequivalents per 100 grams (meq 100 g-1) of soil for the horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 150 meq 100 g-1, and hundredths (two decimal places) are allowed.
618.30 Flooding Frequency Class, Duration Class, and Month
Definition.—“Flooding” is the temporary covering of the soil surface by flowing water from any source, such as streams overflowing their banks, runoff from adjacent or surrounding slopes, inflow from high tides, or any combination of sources. Shallow water standing or flowing that is not concentrated as local runoff during or shortly after rain or snowmelt is excluded from the definition of flooding. Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey Manual provides additional information. Standing water (ponding) or water that forms a permanent covering is also excluded from the definition.
Classes.—Estimates of flooding class are based on the interpretation of soil properties and other evidence gathered during soil survey fieldwork. Flooding hazard is expressed by flooding frequency class, flooding duration class, and time of year that flooding occurs. Not considered here, but nevertheless important, are velocity and depth of floodwater. Frequencies used to define classes are generally estimated from evidence related to the soil and vegetation. They are expressed in wide ranges that do not indicate a high degree of accuracy. Flooding frequencies that are more precise can be calculated by performing complex analyses used by engineers. The class “very frequent” is used for areas subject to daily and monthly high tides.
Flooding Frequency Class.—Flooding frequency class indicates the number of times flooding occurs over a period of time. The classes of flooding are defined as follows:
Flooding Frequency Class
Definition
None
No reasonable possibility of flooding; one chance out of 500 of flooding in any year or less than 1 time in 500 years.
Very rare
Flooding is very unlikely but is possible under extremely unusual weather conditions; less than 1 percent chance of flooding in any year or less than 1 time in 100 years but more than 1 time in 500 years.
Rare
Flooding is unlikely but is possible under unusual weather conditions; 1 to 5 percent chance of flooding in any year or nearly 1 to 5 times in 100 years
Occasional
Flooding is expected infrequently under usual weather conditions; 5 to 50 percent chance of flooding in any year or 5 to 50 times in 100 years.
Frequent
Flooding is likely to occur often under usual weather conditions; more than a 50 percent chance of flooding in any year (i.e., 50 times in 100 years), but less than a 50 percent chance of flooding in all months in any year.
Very frequent
Flooding is likely to occur very often under usual weather conditions; more than a 50 percent chance of flooding in all months of any year.
Flooding Duration Class.—The average duration of inundation per flood occurrence is given only for the occasional, frequent, and very frequent classes (defined above).
Flooding Duration Class
Duration
Extremely brief
0.1 to 4 hours
Very brief
4 hours to < 2 days
Brief
2 days to < 7 days
Long
7 days to < 30 days
Very long
> 30 days
Assignment.—Yearly flooding frequency classes are assigned to months and indicate the months of occurrence and not the frequency of the flooding during the month, except for the very frequent class. The time period expressed includes two-thirds to three-fourths of the occurrences. Time period and duration of flooding are the most critical factors that determine the growth and survival of a given plant species. Flooding during the dormant season has few if any harmful effects on plant growth or mortality and may improve the growth of some species. If inundation from floodwater occurs for long periods during the growing season, the soil becomes oxygen deficient and plants may be damaged or killed.
Significance.—The susceptibility of soils to flooding is an important consideration for building sites, sanitary facilities, and other uses. Floods may be less costly per unit area of farmland as compared to that of urban land, but the loss of crops and livestock can be disastrous.
Estimates.—The most precise evaluation of flood-prone areas for stream systems is based on hydrologic studies. The area subject to inundation during a flood of a given frequency, such as one with a 1 percent or 2 percent chance of occurrence, is generally determined by one of two basic methods.
The first method is used if stream flow data are available. In this method, the data are analyzed to determine the magnitude of floods of different frequencies. Engineering studies are made to determine existing channel capacities and flow on the flood plain by the use of valley cross sections and water-surface profiles.
The second method is used if stream flow data are not available. In this method, hydrologists make an estimate of flood potential from recorded data on rainfall. They consider such factors as—
Size, slope, and shape of the contributing watershed.
Hydrologic characteristics of the soil.
Land use and treatment.
Hydraulic characteristics of the valley and channel system.
With the use of either method, soil surveys can aid in the delineation of flood-prone areas. Possible sources of flooding information are—
NRCS project-type studies, such as those arising from Public Law 556, flood protection, river basin, or resource conservation and development projects.
Flood hazard analyses.
Corps of Engineers (COE) flood plain information reports.
Special flood reports.
Local flood-protection and flood-control project reports.
Department of Housing and Urban Development flood-insurance study reports.
Maps by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), NRCS, Tennessee Valley Authority, COE, or National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
General estimates of flooding frequency and duration are made for each soil. However, in intensively used areas where construction has materially altered the natural water flow, flood studies are needed to adequately reflect present flooding characteristics.
Soil scientists collect and record evidence of flood events during the course of the soil survey. The extent of flooded areas, flood debris in trees, damage to fences and bridges, and other signs of maximum water height are recorded. Information that is helpful in delineating soils that have a flood hazard is also obtained. Hydrologists may have flood stage predictions that can be related to kinds of soil or landscape features. Conservationists and engineers may have recorded elevations of high flood marks. Local residents may have recollections of floods that can help to relate the events to kinds of soil, topography, and geomorphology.
Certain landscape features have developed as the result of past and present flooding and include former river channels, oxbows, point bars, alluvial fans, meander scrolls, sloughs, natural levees, backswamps, sand splays, and terraces. Most of these features are easily recognizable on aerial photographs when the photo image is compared to on-the-ground observations. Different kinds of vegetation and soils are normally associated with these geomorphic features.
The vegetation that grows in flood areas may furnish clues to past flooding. In the central and southeastern United States, the survival of trees in flood-prone areas depends on the frequency, duration, depth, and time of flooding and on the age of the tree.
Past flooding may sometimes leave clues in the soil, such as—
Thin strata of material of contrasting color, texture, or both.
An irregular decrease in organic matter content, not due to human-alteration by mixing or transportation of material, which is an indication of a buried genetic surface horizon.
Soil layers that have abrupt boundaries to contrasting kinds of material, which indicate that the materials were laid down suddenly at different times and were from different sources or were deposited from stream flows of different velocities.
Artifacts which are easily moved and deposited by flood waters (e.g., plastic bottles).
Entries.—If a map unit component floods, then the annual flooding frequency and duration are populated, as stated above in Section 618.30 B, for the specific months in which the flooding events most commonly occur. All other months have records in the Component Month table but the data elements for frequency and duration are left NULL. Flooding entries reflect the current existing and mapped condition with consideration for dams, levees, and other human-induced changes affecting flooding frequency and duration.
Enter the flooding duration class name that most nearly represents the soil: extremely brief, very brief, brief, long, or very long.
618.31 Fragments in the Soil
Definition.—“Fragments” are unattached, cemented pieces of bedrock, bedrock-like material, durinodes, concretions, nodules, or pedogenic horizons (e.g., petrocalcic fragments) 2 mm or larger in diameter and unprocessed woody material 20 mm or larger in diameter in organic soils. Fragments are separated into three types: rock fragments, pararock fragments (which are distinguished by cementation class), and wood fragments. The words “rock” and “pararock” are used here in the broad sense and do not connote only natural fragments of geologic material. Some artifacts behave in a similar manner to fragments in the soil. See Section 618.5 for detailed information on the measurement, classes, and data entries for artifacts.
Rock fragments are unattached pieces of geologic or pedogenic material 2 mm in diameter or larger that are strongly cemented or more resistant to rupture. Rock fragments from 2 mm to 75 mm (3 inches) are considered when estimating the percent passing sieves, as discussed in section 618.47.
Pararock fragments are unattached, cemented pieces of geologic or pedogenic material 2 mm in diameter or larger that are extremely weakly cemented to moderately cemented. These fragments are not retained on sieves because they are crushed by grinding during sample preparation.
Wood fragments are unprocessed (i.e., naturally occurring) woody materials that cannot be crushed between the fingers when moist or wet and are larger than 20 mm in size. Wood fragments are only used in organic soils. They are comparable to rock and pararock fragments in mineral soils. Processed wood products, whether treated or untreated, are considered artifacts and not wood fragments.
Significance
The fraction of the soil 2 mm or larger in diameter has an impact on the behavior of the whole soil. Soil properties, such as available water capacity, cation-exchange capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, structure, and porosity, are affected by the volume, composition, and size distribution of rock fragments in the soil. Fragments also affect the management of the soil and are used as interpretation and classification criteria (e.g., particle-size and substitute classes). Terms related to volume, size, and hardness of fragments are used as texture modifier terms.
Generally, the fraction of soil greater than 75 mm (3 inches) in diameter is not included in the engineering classification systems. However, it can be added as a descriptive term to the group name, for example, poorly graded gravel with silt, sand, cobbles, and boulders. Estimates of the percent of cobbles and boulders are presented in the soil descriptions for a group name (see ASTM Designation D 2487, appendix X1.1). A small amount of these larger particles generally has little effect on soil properties. The particles may, however, have an effect on the use of a soil in certain types of construction. Often, the larger portions of a soil must be removed before the material can be spread in thin layers, graded, or compacted and graded to a smooth surface. As the quantity of this “oversized” fraction increases, the properties of the soil can be affected. If the larger particles are in contact with each other, the strength of the soil is very high and the compressibility very low. If voids exist between the larger particles, the soil will likely have high saturated hydraulic conductivity and may undergo some internal erosion as a result of the movement of water through the voids. Most of the smaller and more rapid construction equipment normally used in excavating and earthmoving cannot be used if the oversize fraction of a soil is significant.
Measurement.— The fraction from 2 to 75 mm in diameter may be measured in the field. However, 50 to 60 kg of sample material may be necessary if there is an appreciable amount of fragments near 75 mm. An alternative means of measuring is to visually estimate the volume of the 20- to 75-mm fraction, then sieve and weigh the 2- to 20-mm fraction. The fraction 75 mm (3 inches) or greater is usually not included in soil samples taken in the field for laboratory testing. Measurements can be made in the field by weighing the dry sample and the portion retained on a 3-inch screen. The quantity is expressed as a weight percentage of the total soil. A sample as large as 200 pounds to more than a ton may be needed to assure that the results are representative. Measurements of the fraction from 75 to 250 mm (3 to 10 inches) and the fraction greater than 250 mm (10 inches) in diameter are usually obtained from volume estimates.
Estimates
Estimates are usually made by visual means and are on the basis of percent by volume. The percent by volume is converted to percent by weight by using the average bulk unit weights for soil and rock. These estimates are made during investigation and mapping activities in the field. They are expressed as ranges that include the estimating accuracy as well as the range of values for a component.
Measurements or estimates of fragments less than strongly cemented are made prior to any rolling or crushing of the sample.
Rock Fragments Greater Than 10 Inches (250 mm)
Definition.—“Rock fragments greater than 10 inches” is the percent by weight of the horizon occupied by rock fragments greater than 10 inches (250 mm) in diameter. Although the upper limit is undefined, for practical purposes it generally is no larger than a pedon, up to 10 meters square. For flat rock fragments, the intermediate dimension is used for the 250 mm (10 inch) measurement. For example, a flat-shaped rock fragment that is 100 mm x 250 mm x 380 mm has an intermediate dimension of 250 mm and is not counted as greater than 250 mm. A flat-shaped rock fragment that is 100 mm x 275 mm x 380 mm has an intermediate dimension of 275 mm and is counted as greater than 250 mm.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values in the Component Horizon Table in the NASIS database as whole number percentages for each horizon, as appropriate.
Rock Fragments 3 to 10 Inches (75 to 250 mm)
Definition.—“Rock fragments 3 to 10 inches” is the percent by weight of the horizon occupied by rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (75 to 250 mm) in diameter.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values in the Component Horizon Table in the NASIS database as whole number percentages for each horizon, as appropriate.
Fragment Kind
Definition.—“Fragment kind” is the lithology or composition of the 2 mm or larger fraction of the soil (20 mm or larger for wood fragments).
Entries.—Enter the appropriate fragment kind name for the record of fragments populated in the Component Horizon Fragments Table in the NASIS database. The class names appear in a choice list and can also be viewed in the NASIS data dictionary.
Fragment Roundness
Definition.—“Fragment roundness” is an expression of the sharpness of edges and corners of fragments.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate fragment roundness class name for the record of fragments populated in the Component Horizon Fragments Table in the NASIS database.
Fragment Hardness
Definition.—“Fragment hardness” is equivalent to the “rupture resistance cemented” of a fragment of specified size that has been air dried and then submerged in water.
Measurements.—Measurements are made using the procedures and classes of cementation that are listed with the rupture resistance classes in the Soil Survey Manual. Classes are described for block-like specimens about 25-30 mm on edge, which are air dried and then submerged in water for at least 1 hour. The specimen is compressed between an extended thumb and forefinger, between both hands, or between a foot and a nonresilient flat surface. If the specimen resists compression, a weight is dropped onto it from progressively greater heights until it ruptures. Failure is considered at the initial detection of deformation or rupture. Stress applied in the hand should be over a 1-second period. The tactile sense of the class limits may be learned by applying force to top-loading scales and sensing the pressure through the tips of the fingers or through the ball of the foot. Postal scales may be used for the resistance range that is testable with the fingers. A bathroom scale may be used for the higher rupture resistance range.
Significance.—The hardness of a fragment is significant where the rupture resistance class is strongly cemented or greater. These classes can impede or restrict the movement of soil water vertically through the soil profile and have a direct impact on the quality and quantity of ground water and surface water.
Classes.—The fragment hardness (rupture resistance) classes are—
Extremely weakly cemented
Very weakly cemented
Weakly cemented
Strongly cemented
Very strongly cemented
Indurated
Entries.—Enter the appropriate class namefor each record of fragments populated in the Component Horizon Fragments Table in the NASIS database. Choose the term without the word “cemented” (i.e., choose “moderately” to represent the moderately cemented class).
Fragment Shape
Definition.—“Fragment shape” is a description of the overall shape of the fragment.
Significance.—Fragment shape is important for fragments that are too large to be called channers or flagstones.
Classes.—The fragment shape classes are flat and nonflat.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate fragment shape class name for each record of fragments populated in the Component Horizon Fragments Table in the NASIS database.
Fragment Size
Definition.—“Fragment size” is based on the multiaxial dimensions of the fragment.
Significance.—The size of fragments is significant to the use and management of the soil. Fragment size is used as a criterion in naming map units. It affects equipment use, excavation, construction, and recreational uses.
Classes.—Classes of fragment size are subdivided as flat or nonflat based on the shape of the fragments (described above).
Flat fragment classes are:
Flat Fragment Class
Length of Fragment (mm)
Channers
2-150
Flagstones
150-380
Stones
380-600
Boulders
≥600
Nonflat fragment classes are:
NonFlat Fragment Class
Diameter (mm)
Gravel
2-75
fine gravel
2-5
medium gravel
5-20
coarse gravel
20-75
Cobbles
75-250
Stones
250-600
Boulders
≥600
Gravel is a collection of fragments having a diameter ranging from 2 to 75 mm. Individual fragments in this size range are properly referred to as pebbles, not “gravels.” For fragments that are less than strongly cemented, “para” is used as a prefix to the above terms (e.g., paracobbles).
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values of each size class populated in the Component Horizon Fragments Table in the NASIS database. The range of valid entries is from 2 to 3,000 millimeters, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed.
Fragment Volume
Definition.—“Fragment volume” is the volume percentage of the horizon occupied by the 2 mm or larger fraction (20 mm or larger for wood fragments) on a whole soil base.
Significance.—The volume occupied by the 2 mm or larger fraction is important in selecting texture modifiers (i.e., gravelly, very gravelly, extremely paragravelly).
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the percent volume present of each size class and kind of fragment populated in the Component Horizon Fragments Table in the NASIS database. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed.
618.32 Free Iron Oxides
Definition.—“Free iron oxides” are secondary iron oxides, such as goethite, hematite, ferrihydrite, lepidocrocite, and maghemite. These forms of iron may occur as discrete particles, as coatings on other soil particles, or as cementing agents between soil mineral grains. They consist of iron extracted by dithionite-citrate from the fine-earth fraction.
Significance.—The amount of iron that is extractable by dithionite-citrate is used in the ferritic, ferruginous, parasesquic, and sesquic mineralogy classes defined in Soil Taxonomy. The ratio of dithionite-citrate (free) iron to total iron in a soil is a measure of the degree of soil weathering. Free iron oxides are important in the soil processes of podzolization and laterization and play a significant role in the phosphorous fixation ability of soils.
Measurement.— Free iron oxides are measured as the amount extracted by a solution of sodium dithionite and sodium-citrate using a method outlined in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS.
Entries.—Enter high, low, and representative values as percentages for each horizon for which data is available. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent, and hundredths (two decimal places) are allowed.
618.33 Frost Action, Potential
Definition.—“Potential frost action” is a rating of the susceptibility of the soil to upward or lateral movement by the formation of segregated ice lenses. It rates the potential for frost heave and the subsequent loss of soil strength when the ground thaws.
Soils are susceptible to the formation of ice lenses, which results in frost heave and subsequent loss of soil strength.
High
Soils are highly susceptible to the formation of ice lenses, which results in frost heave and subsequent loss of soil strength.
Significance.—Damage from frost action results from the formation of segregated ice crystals and ice lenses in the soil and the subsequent loss of soil strength when the ground thaws. Frost heave damages highway and airfield pavements. It is less of a problem for dwellings and buildings that have footings which extend below the depth of frost penetration. In cold climates, unheated structures that have concrete or asphalt floors can be damaged by frost heave. Driveways, patios, and sidewalks can heave and crack. The thawing of the ice causes a collapse of surface elevation and produces free-water perches on the still-frozen soil below. Soil strength is reduced. Backslopes and side slopes of cuts and fills can slough during thawing. Seedlings and young plants of clover, alfalfa, wheat, and oats can be raised out of the soil or have their root systems damaged by frost heave.
Estimates
Freezing temperatures, soil moisture, and susceptible soils are needed for the formation of segregated ice lenses. Ice crystals begin to form in the large pores first. Water in small pores or water that was adsorbed on soil particles freezes at lower temperatures. This supercooled water is strongly attracted to the ice crystals, moves toward them, and freezes on contact with them. The resulting ice lens continues to grow in width and thickness until all available water that can be transported by capillary has been added to the ice lens and a further supply cannot be made available because of the energy requirements.
Soil temperatures must drop below 0° C for frost action to occur. Generally, the more slowly and deeply the frost penetrates, the thicker the ice lenses are and the greater the resulting frost heave is. Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.85 is a map that shows the design freezing index values in the continental United States. The values are the number of degree days below 0° C for the coldest year in a period of 10 years. The values indicate duration and intensity of freezing temperatures. The 250 isoline is the approximate boundary below which frost action ceases to be a problem. Except on the West Coast, the frost action boundary corresponds closely to the functional boundary between the mesic and thermic soil temperature regimes as defined in Soil Taxonomy. More information is provided in the U.S. Army Engineer School, Student Reference, 1967, Soil Engineering, Section I, Volume II, Chapters VI-IX, Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
Water necessary for the formation of ice lenses may come from a high water table or from infiltration at the surface. Capillary water in voids and adsorbed water on particles also contribute to ice lens formation but, unless this water is connected to a source of free water, the amount generally is insufficient to produce significant ice segregation and frost heave.
The potential intensity of ice segregation is dependent to a large degree on the effective soil pore size and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, which are related to soil texture. Ice lenses form in soils in which the pores are fine enough to hold quantities of water under tension but coarse enough to transmit water to the freezing front. Soils that have a high content of silt and very fine sand have this capacity to the greatest degree and hence have the highest potential for ice segregation. Clayey soils hold large quantities of water but have such slow saturated hydraulic conductivity that segregated ice lenses are not formed unless the freezing front is slow moving. However, sandy soils have large pores and hold less water under lower tension. As a result, freezing is more rapid and the large pores permit ice masses to grow from pore to pore, entombing the soil particles. Thus, in coarse grained soils, segregated ice lenses are not formed and less displacement can be expected.
Estimates of potential frost action generally are made for soils in mesic or colder temperature regimes. Exceptions are on the West Coast, where the mesic-thermic temperature line crosses below the 250 isoline, as displayed in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.85, and along the East Coast, where the soil climate is moderated by the ocean. Mesic soils that have a design freezing index of less than 250 degree days should not be rated because frost action is not likely to occur. The estimates are based on bare soil that is not covered by insulating vegetation or snow. They are also based on the moisture regime of the natural soil. The ratings can be related to manmade modifications of drainage or to irrigation systems on an onsite basis. Frost action estimates are made for the whole soil to the depth of frost penetration, to bedrock, or to a depth of 2 meters (6.6 feet), whichever is shallowest. Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.84 is a guide for making potential frost action estimates. It uses the soil moisture regimes and taxonomic family particle-size classes as defined in Soil Taxonomy.
Entries.—Enter one of the following classes for the whole soil: low, moderate, or high. If frost action is not a problem, enter “none.”
618.34 Gypsum
Definition.—“Gypsum” is the percent, by weight, of hydrated calcium sulfates in the <20 mm fraction of soil.
Significance.—Gypsum is partially soluble in water and can be dissolved and removed by water. Soils with more than 10 percent gypsum may collapse if the gypsum is removed by percolating water. Gypsum is corrosive to concrete. Corrosion of concrete is most likely to occur in soils that are more than about 1 percent gypsum when wetting and drying occurs. Gypsum percentage is used for soil classification in the required characteristics for gypsic and petrogypsic horizons, the gypseous substitute classes, several strongly contrasting particle-size classes, and the hypergypsic, gypsic, and carbonatic mineralogy classes.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values to represent the range in gypsum content as a weight percent of the soil fraction less than 20 mm in size. Round values to the nearest 5 percent for layers that are more than 5 percent gypsum and to the nearest 1 percent for layers that are less than 5 percent gypsum (for example, 0-1, 1-5, 5-10). If the horizon does not have gypsum, enter “0.” The range of valid entries is from 0 to 120 percent, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed.
618.35 Horizon Depth to Bottom
Definition.—“Horizon depth to bottom” is the distance from the top of the soil to the base of the soil horizon.
Measurement.— Distance is measured from the top of the soil, which is defined as the top of the mineral soil, or, for soil with “O” horizons, the top of any organic layer that is at least slightly decomposed. For soils that are covered by 80 percent or more rock or pararock fragments, the top of the soil is the mean height of the top of the fragments. See chapter 3 in the Soil Survey Manual for a complete discussion. Measurement should be estimated to a depth of 200 cm for most soils and to a depth at least 25 cm below a lithic contact if the contact is above 175 cm. For soils, including those that have a root-restricting contact such as a paralithic contact, the lowest horizon bottom should extend to a depth of at least 25 cm below the contact or to a depth of 200 cm, whichever is shallower.
Entries.—Horizon depth to bottom values used to populate component data in NASIS are not specific to any one point but rather are a reflection of commonly observed values based on field observations and are intended to model the component as it occurs throughout the map unit. Enter the high, low, and representative values in whole centimeters. The high value represents either the greatest depth to which the base of the horizon extends or, for horizons extending beyond the limit of field observation, is the depth to which observation was made (usually no more than 200 cm but at least 150 cm).
618.36 Horizon Depth to Top
Definition.—“Horizon depth to top” is the distance from the top of the soil to the upper boundary of the soil horizon.
Measurement.— Distance is measured from the top of the soil, which is defined as the top of the mineral soil, or, for soils with “O” horizons, the top of any organic layer that is at least slightly decomposed. For soils that are covered by 80 percent or more rock or pararock fragments, the top of the soil is the mean height of the top of the fragments. See chapter 3 in the Soil Survey Manual for a complete discussion.
Entries.—Horizon depth to top values used to populate component data in NASIS are not specific to any one point but rather are a reflection of commonly observed values based on field observations and are intended to model the component as it occurs throughout the map unit. Enter the high, low, and representative values in whole centimeters. See Section 618.37, “Horizon Designation,” for a discussion as to how to list E/B and E and Bt type horizons.
618.37 Horizon Designation
Definition.—“Horizon designation” is a concatenation of three kinds of symbols used in various combinations to identify layers of soil that reflect the investigator’s interpretations of genetic relationships among layers within a soil.
Significance.—Soils vary widely in the degree to which horizons are expressed. The range is from little or no expression to strong expression. Layers of different kinds are identified by symbols. Designations are provided for layers that have been changed by soil formation and for those that have not. Designations are assigned after comparison of the observed properties of the layer with properties inferred for the material before it was affected by soil formation. Designations of genetic horizons express a qualitative judgment about the kind of changes that are believed to have taken place. A more detailed discussion can be reviewed in the latest edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy and in the Soil Survey Manual, Chapter 3. Horizon designations shown in field pedon descriptions (point data) represent a specific location on the landscape. Horizon designations used to populate component data in NASIS are not specific to any one point but rather are a reflection of commonly observed horizon sequences based on field observations and are intended to model the component as it occurs throughout the map unit so that accurate interpretations can be derived.
Entries.—Enter combinations of symbols to reflect master horizons and their vertical subdivisions. Commonly occurring master horizon sequences, identified in field pedon descriptions (e.g., A-Bt1-Bt2-Btk-2Bk-2C), are used for soil components in NASIS. Generalized horizon layer designations (e.g., H1-H2-H3 etc.) may be used instead of genetic horizon designations. Users of generalized horizon layer designations must be cognizant of the fact that certain master horizon designations such as O, Cr, and R, are still required entries in NASIS for proper soil interpretations.
It is not possible to include all master horizon sequences observed in individual pedon descriptions when populating the interpretive horizons of soil components. For example, if an Ap horizon is present and the former E horizon is incorporated into the Ap horizon, a sequence of Ap-E should not be used because the horizons would not normally occur together. Judgment is required when determining how much detail is required to represent the component adequately for interpretations. Care must be taken to maintain important differences between generic horizons whose range in properties are specified separately on the official series descriptions. Some general guidance follows. Master horizons (i.e., O, A, E, B) represent unique sets of pedogenic processes and therefore should not be combined when aggregating data, even if their basic properties are similar.
Transitional horizons, such as EB and BC, should be recorded if they are commonly more than about 10 cm thick. After applying careful judgment, some horizons may be combined in order to avoid overly complex horizon sequences representing map unit components. Keep in mind, however, that once combined, any useful information gained by their separation is lost. Transitional horizons thinner than about 10 cm may be combined with an adjacent master horizon if they are not considered important to the interpretation of the component. Master horizon subdivisions showing genetic variations not deemed significant to interpretations may be combined. For example, a horizon sequence of Bt1-Bt2-Bt3, based solely on color variation and having no other significant differences, may be combined and shown simply as Bt. Master horizon subdivisions showing genetic variations that are deemed significant to interpretations should not be combined. For example, a horizon sequence of Bt-Btx-BC should not be combined. Do not combine horizons that straddle the criteria break to a diagnostic horizon. For example, a Bk1 with insufficient calcium carbonate content to qualify as a calcic horizon should not be combined with a Bk2 that is a calcic horizon. Enter only what the documentation can support.
Combination horizons (E and Bt, Btn/E, E/Bt, etc.) should be entered as two separate horizon records, such as one for the E part of the horizon and the second for the Bt part of the horizon. Both records must have the same horizon designations assigned (e.g., “E/Bt”). But these separate horizon records must have different RV depth values for the top and bottom depths. The RV horizon depths must be completely in sync with no duplication, overlaps, or gaps. For example, the E part of a E/Bt horizon could have RV depths of 20 to 35 cm and the Bt part of the E/Bt horizon could have RV depths of 35 to 50 cm. The depth values for the “Low” and “High” columns of the horizon top and bottom depths may be populated to identify the overlapping nature of the horizon (e.g., both records may have the same low value for the top depth of 10 cm). Soil property data elements would be populated for each part to describe the characteristics of that separate part of the combination horizon.
Allowable codes are listed in the NASIS data dictionary (see Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.82 for the Web address of the current version). The rules for use of horizon designations are in the latest edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy and in the Soil Survey Manual,Chapter 3.
618.38 Horizon Thickness
Definition.—“Horizon thickness” is a measurement from the top to bottom of a soil horizon throughout its areal extent.
Measurement.— Soil horizon thickness varies on a cyclical basis. Measurements should be made to record the range in thickness as it normally occurs in the soil.
Entries.—Horizon thickness values used to populate component data in NASIS are not specific to any one point but rather are a reflection of commonly observed values based on field observations and are intended to model the component as it occurs throughout the map unit. Enter the high, low, and representative values in whole centimeters. The minimum allowable entry is 1 cm. For horizons extending beyond the limit of field observation, thickness is only populated to the depth at which an observation was made.
618.39 Hydrologic Group
Definition
The complete definition and official criteria for hydrologic soil groups are available online in the National Engineering Handbook.
“Hydrologic group” is a group of soils having similar runoff potential under similar storm and cover conditions. Soil properties that influence runoff potential are those that influence the minimum rate of infiltration for a bare soil after prolonged wetting and when not frozen. These properties are depth to a seasonal high water table, saturated hydraulic conductivity after prolonged wetting, and depth to a layer with a very slow water transmission rate. Changes in soil properties caused by land management or climate changes also cause the hydrologic soil group to change. The influence of ground cover is treated independently.
Classes.—The soils in the United States are placed into four groups, A, B, C, and D, and three dual classes, A/D, B/D, and C/D.
Significance.—Hydrologic groups are used in equations that estimate runoff from rainfall. These estimates are needed for solving hydrologic problems that arise in planning watershed-protection and flood-prevention projects and for planning or designing structures for the use, control, and disposal of water.
Measurements.—The original classifications assigned to soils were based on the use of rainfall-runoff data from small watersheds and infiltrometer plots. From these data, relationships between soil properties and hydrologic groups were established.
Estimates.— Assignment of soils to hydrologic groups is based on the relationship between soil properties and hydrologic groups. Wetness characteristics, water transmission after prolonged wetting, and depth to very slowly permeable layers are properties used in estimating hydrologic groups.
618.40 Landform
Definition.—“Landform” is any physical, recognizable form or feature of the earth’s surface having a characteristic shape and produced by natural causes.
Significance.—Geographic order suggests natural relationships. Running water, with weathering and gravitation, commonly sculptures landforms within a landscape. Over the ages, earthy material is removed from some landforms and deposited on others. Landforms are interrelated. An entire area has unity through the interrelationships of its landform.
Each landform may have one kind of soil present or several. Climate, vegetation, and time of exposure to weathering of the parent materials are commonly about the same throughout the extent of the landform, depending on the relief of the area. Position on the landform may have influenced the soil-water relationships, microclimate, and vegetation.
The proper identification of the landform is an important part of understanding the formative history of the soil and the materials from which the soil formed. This aids in the development of the soil mapping model and in the transfer of information between areas.
Landform terms are also used as local phase criteria for separating components or uniquely naming soil map units. See Part 627 of this handbook for more information on naming physiographic phases.
Classes.—The allowable list of landform terms is included in the NASIS data dictionary. Definitions of the terms are included in Part 629 of this handbook.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate class name for the landforms on which each map unit component occurs. A representative value (term) may be indicated. It is possible to indicate the presence of one landform occurring on another landform (e.g., a dune on a flood plain).
618.41 Linear Extensibility Percent
Definition.—“Linear extensibility percent” is the linear expression of the volume difference of natural soil fabric at 1/3-bar or 1/10-bar water content and oven dryness. The volume change is reported as percent change for the whole soil.
Classes.—Shrink-swell classes are based on the change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture content is decreased from a moist to a dry state. If this change is expressed as a percent, the value used is LEP, linear extensibility percent. If it is expressed as a fraction, the value used is COLE, coefficient of linear extensibility. The shrink-swell classes are defined as follows:
Shrink-Swell Class
LEP
COLE
Low
<3.0
<0.03
Moderate
3.0-5.9
0.03-0.06
High
6.0-8.9
0.06-0.09
Very High
≥9.0
≥0.09
Significance.—If the shrink-swell classes is rated moderate to very high, shrinking and swelling can damage buildings, roads, and other structures. The high degree of shrinkage associated with high and very high shrink-swell classes can damage plant roots. Linear extensibility (expressed as cm of extension per meter of soil) is used for soil classification in the required characteristics for Vertic subgroups. Such soils will typically have LEP values of 6 or more.
Measurement.— Coefficient of linear extensibility is measured directly as the change in clod dimension from moist to dry conditions and is expressed as a percentage of the volume change to the dry length:
COLE = (moist length - dry length)/dry length
When expressed as LEP (linear extensibility percent):
LEP = COLE x 100
Linear extensibility may be determined by any of the following methods:
For the core method of measurement, select a sample core from a wet or moist soil. Carefully measure the wet length of the cores and set the core upright in a dry place. If the core shrinks in a symmetrical shape without excessive cracking or crumbling, its length can be measured and linear extensibility percent calculated. If the core crumbles or cracks, measurements cannot be accurately determined by this method.
In the coated clod method of measurement, shrink-swell potential can be estimated from the bulk density of soil measured when moist and when dry. The coated clod method is widely used and is the most versatile procedure for determining the bulk density of coherent soils. Procedures and calculations are given in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS.
Linear extensibility percent can be calculated from bulk density moist (Dbm) and bulk density dry (Dbd) using the following formula:
LEP = 100 [(Dbd/Dbm)1/3 -1] [1-(Volume % > 2 mm/100)]
This equation is used to simplify the determination of shrink-swell potential classes. The classes are as follows:
Dbd/Dbm
Shrink-Swell Potential
< 1.10
Low
1.10 - 1.20
Moderate
1.20 - 1.30
High
≥1.30
Very High
Estimates.— Field estimates of shrink-swell potential can be made by observing desiccation cracks, slickensides, gilgai, soil creep, and leaning utility poles. Shrink-swell potential correlates closely with the kind and amount of clay. The greatest shrink-swell potential occurs in soils that have high amounts of 2:1 lattice clays, such as clay minerals in the smectite group. Illitic clays are intermediate, and kaolinitic clays are least affected by volume change as the content in moisture changes.
Entries.—Enter the low, high, and representative linear extensibility percent values. If laboratory measurements or accurate field estimates are available, the high and low values do not need to correspond with shrink-swell class limits. However, if data is limited, the high and low values may correspond to the high and low limits of the appropriate shrink-swell class. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 30 percent, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed.
618.42 Liquid Limit
Definition.—“Liquid limit” is the water content of the soil material, which passes a no. 40 sieve, at the change between the liquid and plastic states.
Significance.—The plasticity chart, given in ASTM Designation D 2487, is a plot of liquid limit (LL) versus plasticity index (PI) and is used in classifying soil in the Unified soil classification system. The liquid limit is also a criterion for classifying soil in the AASHTO classification system, as shown in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.83. Generally, the amount of clay- and silt-size particles, the organic matter content, and the type of minerals determine the liquid limit. Soils that have a high liquid limit have the capacity to hold a lot of water while maintaining a plastic or semisolid state.
Measurement.— Tests are made on thoroughly puddled soil material that has passed a no. 40 (.425 mm) sieve and is expressed on a dry weight basis, according to ASTM Designation D 4318. This procedure requires the use of a liquid limit device, a special tool designed to standardize the arbitrary boundary between a liquid and plastic state of a soil. Estimates of liquid limit are made on soils during soil survey investigations and mapping activities. The liquid limit is usually inferred from clay mineralogy and clay content. If soils are tested later in the laboratory, adjustments are made to the field estimates as needed. Generally, experienced personnel can estimate these values with a reasonable degree of accuracy.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values as a range for each horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 400 percent, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed. However, entries should be rounded to the nearest 10 percent unless they represent measured values. Enter “0” for nonplastic soils. The liquid limit for organic soil material is not defined and is assigned “null.” A NASIS calculation is available and can be viewed in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.102.
618.43 Organic Matter
Definition.—“Organic matter percent” is the weight of decomposed plant and animal residue and expressed as a weight percentage of the soil material less than 2 mm in diameter.
Significance
Organic matter influences the physical and chemical properties of soils far more than the proportion to the small quantities present would suggest. The organic fraction influences plant growth through its influence on soil properties. It encourages granulation and good tilth, increases porosity and lowers bulk density, promotes water infiltration, reduces plasticity and cohesion, and increases the available water capacity. It has a high capacity to adsorb and exchange cations and is important to pesticide binding. It furnishes energy to micro-organisms in the soil. As it decomposes, it releases nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur. The distribution of organic carbon according to depth indicates different episodes of soil deposition or soil formation.
Soils that are very high in organic matter have poor engineering properties and subside upon drying.
Measurement.— Laboratory measurements are made using a dry combustion method to determine percent total carbon. For an estimate of organic carbon in calcareous soils, the carbon present in carbonate compounds, such as CaCO3, must be calculated and then subtracted from the total carbon. This is done using the equation: percent organic carbon = percent total carbon - [% <2 mm CaCO3 x 0.12]. The results are given as the percent of organic carbon in dry soil. To convert the figures for organic carbon to those for organic matter, multiply the organic carbon percentage by 1.724. The detailed procedures are outlined in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS.
Estimates.— Color and “feel” are the major properties used to estimate the amount of organic matter. Color comparisons in areas of similar materials can be made against laboratory data so that a soil scientist can make estimates. In general, black or dark colors indicate high amounts of organic matter. The contrast of color between the A horizon and subsurface horizons is also a good indicator.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the range in organic matter in each horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent and hundredths (two decimal places) are allowed.
618.44 Parent Material, Kind, Modifier, and Origin
Parent material is the unconsolidated material, mineral or organic, from which the soil develops. The soil surveyor considers parent material in developing a model to be used for soil mapping. Soil scientists and specialists in other disciplines use parent material data to help interpret soil boundaries and project performance of the material below the soil. Many soil properties relate to parent material. Among these properties are proportions of sand, silt, and clay; chemical content; bulk density; structure; and the kinds and amounts of fragments. These properties affect interpretations and may be criteria used to separate soil series. Soil properties and landscape information infer parent material. Three data elements – parent material kind, parent material modifier, and parent material origin – describe parent material.
Parent Material Kind
Definition.—“Parent material kind” is a term describing the general physical, chemical, and mineralogical composition of the material, mineral or organic, from which the soil develops. Mode of deposition, weathering, or both may be implied or implicit.
Classes.—The list of allowable entries is included in the NASIS data dictionary. Definitions of many of these terms are included in Part 629 of this handbook.
Entries.—Enter the applicable class names for each map unit component. Multiple entries are permissible. Multiple rows of parent materials may also be indicated for a single component, such as loess over till over residuum.
Parent Material Modifier
Definition.—“Parent material modifier” is the general description of the texture of the parent material. Class limits correspond to those of the general texture defined in the Soil Survey Manual and the family category particle-size classes defined in Soil Taxonomy.
Classes.—The classes of parent material modifiers are as follows:
Clayey
Coarse-loamy
Coarse-silty
Fine-loamy
Fine-silty
Gravelly
Loamy
Sandy
Sandy and gravelly
Sandy and silty
Silty
Silty and clayey
Entries.—Enter the appropriate class name to modify the corresponding row of parent material kind.
Parent Material Origin
Definition.—“Parent material origin” is the type of bedrock from which the parent material is derived.
Classes.—The allowable class names are included in the NASIS data dictionary and are the same as for the “bedrock kind” data element.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate parent material origin class names that correspond to each parent material kind. Although this data element is intended to be used when “residuum” is the chosen parent material kind, it may also be used with other kinds of parent material.
618.45 Particle Density
Definition.—“Particle density” is the mass per unit of volume of the solid soil particle, either mineral or organic. Also known as specific gravity.
Significance.—Particle density is used in the calculation of weight and volume for soil (porosity). The relationship between bulk density, percent pore space, and the rate of sedimentation of solid particles in a liquid depends on particle density. The term “particle density” indicates wet particle density or specific gravity.
Measurement.—The standard methods of measurement for particle density are: the ASTM standard test method for specific gravity of soils, ASTM Designation D 854-92, which uses soil materials passing a no. 4 sieve; the method described by Blake and Hartge in Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1, Agronomy 9; or the method for volcanic soils described by Bielders and others in Soil Science Society of America Journal 54, pages 822-826.
Estimates
Particle density is often assumed to be 2.65 g cm-3; however, many minerals and material of various origins exhibit particle densities less than or greater than this standard. Particle density (Dp) may be calculated using the extractable iron and the organic carbon percentages in the following formula:
OC is the organic carbon percentage and Fe is the percent extractable iron determined by dithionite-citrate extraction, or by an equivalent method. The particle density of the organic matter (Dp1) is assumed to be 1.4 g cm-3, that of the minerals from which the extractable iron originates (Dp2) is assumed to be 4.2 g cm-3, and that of the material exclusive of the organic matter and the minerals contributing to the extractable Fe (Dp3) is assumed to be 2.65 g cm-3.
Entries.—Enter the representative value for the horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0.01 to 5 g cm-3, and hundredths (two decimal places) are allowed.
618.46 Particle Size
Definition.—“Particle size” is the effective diameter of a particle as measured by sedimentation, sieving, or micrometric methods. Particle sizes are expressed as classes with specific effective diameter class limits. The broad classes are clay, silt, and sand, ranging from the smaller to the larger of the less than 2 mm mineral soil fraction. It includes fragments of weathered or poorly consolidated fragments that disperse to particles less than 2 mm.
Significance.—The physical behavior of a soil is influenced by the size and percentage composition of the size classes. Particle size is important for most soil interpretations, for determination of soil hydrologic qualities, and for soil classification.
Measurement.— Particle size is measured by sieving and sedimentation. The method used is method 3A1, which is outlined in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS. A NASIS calculation is available and can be viewed in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.103.
Classes.—The USDA uses the following size separates for the <2 mm mineral material:
Definition.—“Total clay percentage” is the weight percentage of the mineral particles less than 0.002 mm in equivalent diameter in the less-than-2-mm soil fraction. Most of the material is in one of three groups of clay minerals or in a mixture of these clay minerals. The groups are kaolinite, smectite, and hydrous mica, the best known member of which is illite.
Significance.—Physical and chemical activities of a soil are related to the kind and amount of clay minerals. Clay particles may have thousands of times more surface area per gram than silt particles and nearly a million times more surface area than very coarse sand particles. Thus, clay particles are the most chemically and physically active part of mineral soil.
Clay mineralogy and clay percentage have a strong influence on engineering properties and the behavior of soil material when it is used as construction or foundation material. They influence linear extensibility, compressibility, bearing strength, and saturated hydraulic conductivity.
The kind and amount of clay influence plant growth indirectly by affecting available water capacity, water intake rate, aeration, cation-exchange capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, erodibility, and workability. Up to a certain point, an increase in the amount of clay in the subsoil is desirable. Clay can increase the amount of water and nutrients stored in that zone. By slightly slowing the rate of water movement, it can reduce the rate of nutrient loss through leaching. If the amount of clay is great, it can impede water and air movement, restrict root penetration, increase runoff and, on sloping land, result in increased erosion.
Clay particles are removed by percolating water from surface and subsurface horizons and deposited in the subsoil horizons. The amount of clay accumulation and its location in the profile provide clues for the soil scientist about soil genesis. Irregular clay distribution as related to depth may indicate lithologic discontinuities, especially if accompanied by irregular sand distribution.
Measurement.— Clay content is measured in the laboratory by the pipette or hydrometer methods after the air-dry soil is pretreated to remove organic matter and soluble salts. Field estimates of clay content are made by manual methods. The way a wet soil ribbons (develops a long continuous ribbon) when pressed between the thumb and fingers gives a good idea of the amount of clay present. Excessive amounts of sodium can toughen the soil, making the soil feel more clayey. Care should be taken not to overestimate the amount of clay in sodic soils. Accuracy depends largely on frequent and attentive observation. Texture reference samples determined in the laboratory are used by soil scientists to calibrate the feel of soils with various percentages of clay.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values of the clay total separate as a percent of the material less than 2 mm in size for each horizon. Enter a “0” if the amount is not significant, as in organic layers or in some andic soil materials. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed. The representative value chosen should equate to a valid clay total content for the representative texture class posted for each horizon.
Sand Percentage
Definition.—“Sand percentage” is the weight percentage of the mineral particles less than 2 mm and greater than or equal to 0.05 mm in equivalent diameter in the less than 2 mm soil fraction. The sand separates recognized are very coarse, coarse, medium, fine, very fine, and total. Respective size limits are shown in Section 618.42(D) above. Much of the sand fraction is composed of fragments of rocks and primary minerals, especially quartz. Therefore, the sand fraction is quite chemically inactive.
Significance.—Physical properties of the soil are influenced by the amounts of total sand and of the various sand fractions present in the soil. Sand particles, because of their size, have a direct impact on the porosity of the soil. This impact influences other properties, such as saturated hydraulic conductivity, available water capacity, water intake rates, aeration, and compressibility related to plant growth and engineering uses.
Measurement.— Sand content is measured in the laboratory by the wet sieving method and then fractionated by dry sieving. Field estimates are made by manual methods. The degree of grittiness in a wet soil sample, when worked between the thumb and forefinger, gives an estimate of the sand content. The size of sand grains may be observed with the naked eye or with the aid of a hand lens.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative value of the sand total separate and each sand size separate (sand very coarse separate, sand coarse separate, sand medium separate, sand fine separate, and sand very fine separate) as a percent of the material less than 2 mm in size for each horizon. The sum of the representative values for the five sand size fractions must equal the representative value for the sand total separate. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed. Enter a “0” if the amount is not significant, as in organic layers or in some andic soil materials. The representative values chosen should equate to a valid sand total content and sand size fraction content for the representative texture class posted for each horizon.
Silt Percentage
Definition.—“Silt percentage” is the weight percentage of the mineral particles greater than or equal to 0.002 mm but less than 0.05 mm in the less than 2 mm soil fraction. The silt separates recognized are fine, coarse, and total. The respective size limits are listed in paragraph 618.42(D) above. The silt separate is dominated by primary minerals, especially quartz, and therefore has a low chemical activity.
Significance.—The silt separate possesses some plasticity, cohesiveness, and absorption, but to a much lesser degree than the clay separate. Silt particles act to slow water and air movement through the soil by filling voids between sand grains. A very high content of silt in a soil may be physically undesirable for some uses unless supplemented by adequate amounts of sand, clay, and organic matter.
Measurement
The silt content is measured in the laboratory in two phases. The fine silt is measured using the pipette method on the suspension remaining from the wet sieving process. Aliquots of the diluted suspension are removed at predetermined intervals based on Stokes Law. The aliquots are then dried and weighed. The coarse silt fraction is the difference between 100 percent and the sum of the sand, clay, and fine silt percentages.
The silt content may be estimated in the field using the ribbon test as described for clay. The content of silt is usually estimated by first estimating the clay and sand portions and then subtracting that number from 100 percent. Silt tends to give the soil a smooth feel.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative value of the silt total separate and each silt size separate (silt coarse separate and silt fine separate) as a percent of the material less than 2 mm in size for each horizon. The sum of the representative values for the two silt size fractions must equal the representative value for the silt total separate. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed. Enter a “0” if the amount is not significant, as in organic layers or in some andic soil materials. The representative value chosen should equate to a valid silt total content for the representative texture class posted for each horizon.
618.47 Percent Passing Sieves
Definition.—The percent passing sieve numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 is the weight of material that passes through these sieves, based on the material less than 3 inches (75 mm) in size and expressed as a percentage.
Significance.—Data for the percent passing sieves are used to classify the soil in the engineering classifications and to make judgments on soil properties and performance. Many soil characteristics are influenced by the depth distribution of grain sizes for the soil as well as the soil’s mode of deposition, stress history, density, and other features.
Measurement.— Measurements involve sieve analysis for the determination of grain size distribution of that portion of the soil having particle diameters between 3 inches and 0.074 mm (no. 200 sieve). ASTM Designations D 422, C 136, and C 117 are applicable procedures. Measurements are made on most benchmark soils and other representative soils in survey areas.
Estimates
Estimates of the content of sand, silt, clay, and rock fragments that are made for soils during soil survey investigations and mapping activities are used to estimate percent passing sieves. If samples are tested later in a laboratory, adjustments are made to the field estimates as needed. Generally, experienced personnel can estimate these values with a high degree of accuracy. Estimates for percent passing sieves can be made from soil texture using the following general guidance:
The percent passing #10 equals the less-than-2-mm fraction, and soil texture is based on the less than 2 mm fraction. Since sieves represent the less-than-3-inch fraction, the #40 and #200 sieve estimates must be adjusted when the percent passing #10 is less than 100 percent. The percent passing #40 and #200 that is determined by texture must be adjusted by multiplying the percent passing #40 and percent passing #200 by the percent passing #10. Pararock fragments are not cemented strongly enough to be retained on sieves. They are crushed and estimated into percent passing sieves. ASTM procedures use a roller crusher as a pretreatment of the soil material prior to sieving. Field estimates should try to replicate this procedure. Discrete artifacts which are either noncohesive or nonpersistent (e.g., paper) are not considered in estimating sieve values.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values to represent the range of percent passing each sieve size for each horizon. The range includes the estimating accuracy as well as the range of values for a soil. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed. A NASIS calculation is available and can be viewed in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.104.
618.48 Plasticity Index
Definition.—“Plasticity index” is the numerical difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit. It is the range of water content in which a soil exhibits the characteristics of a plastic solid. The plastic limit is the water content that corresponds to an arbitrary limit between the plastic and semisolid states of a soil.
Significance.—The plasticity index, when used in connection with the liquid limit, serves as a measure of the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The plasticity chart, given in ASTM Designation D 2487, is a plot of the liquid limit (LL) versus the plasticity index (PI) and is used in classifying soil in the Unified soil classification system. The plasticity index is also a criterion for classifying soil in the AASHTO classification system, as shown in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.83. Soils that have a high plasticity index have a wide range of moisture content in which the soil performs as a plastic material. Highly and moderately plastic clays have large PI values.
Measurements.—Tests are made on that portion of the soil having particles passing the no. 40, (425 micrometer) sieve, according to ASTM Designation D 423. Measurements are made on most benchmark soils and on other representative soils in survey areas. Estimates of plasticity index are made on all soils during soil survey investigations and mapping activities. The plasticity index is usually not estimated directly: a position on the plasticity chart in ASTM Designation D 2487 is estimated and the plasticity index is determined from the chart. If soils are later tested in the laboratory, adjustments are made to the field procedures as needed. Generally, experienced personnel can estimate these values with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Estimates are expressed in ranges that include the estimating accuracy as well as the range of values from one location to another within the map unit.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values to represent the range of plasticity index for each horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 130 percent, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed. However, entries should be rounded to the nearest 5 percent unless they represent measured values. Enter “0” for nonplastic soils. The plasticity index for organic soil material is not defined and is assigned “null.” A NASIS calculation is available and can be viewed in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.102.
618.49 Ponding Depth, Duration Class, Frequency Class, and Month
Ponding is standing water in a closed depression. The water is removed only by deep percolation, transpiration, evaporation, or by a combination of these processes. Ponding of soils is classified according to depth, frequency, duration, and the beginning and ending months in which standing water is observed.
Ponding Depth
Definition.—“Ponding depth” is the depth of the surface water that is ponding on the soil.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the ponding depth, in centimeters, for the map unit component. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 185 cm, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed.
Ponding Duration Class
Definition.—“Ponding duration class” is the average duration, or length of time, of the ponding occurrence.
Classes.—The ponding duration classes are:
Ponding Duration Class
Duration of the Ponding Occurrence
Very brief
4 to 48 hours
Brief
2 to 7 days
Long
7 to 30 days
Very long
> 30 days
Entries.—Enter very brief, brief, long, or very long for the map unit component. Only use entries if ponding frequency (defined below) occurs more often than rare.
Ponding Frequency Class
Definition.—“Ponding frequency class” is the number of times ponding occurs over a period of time.
Classes.—The ponding frequency classes are:
Ponding Frequency Class
Definition
None
No reasonable possibility of ponding; near 0 percent chance of ponding in any year.
Rare
Ponding is unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions; nearly 0 to 5 percent chance of ponding in any year or nearly 0 to 5 times in 100 years.
Occasional
Ponding is expected infrequently under usual weather conditions; 5 to 50 percent chance of ponding in any year or nearly 5 to 50 times in 100 years.
Frequent
Ponding is likely to occur under usual weather conditions; more than a 50 percent chance in any year (i.e., 50 times in 100 years).
Entries.—Enter none, rare, occasional, or frequent as appropriate for the map unit component.
Ponding Month
Definition.—“Ponding month” is the calendar months in which ponding is expected.
Classes.—The time of year when ponding is likely to occur is expressed in months for the expected beginning to expected end of the ponding period. The time period expressed includes two-thirds to three-fourths of the occurrences.
Entries.—Yearly ponding frequency classes are assigned to months and indicate the months of occurrence and not the frequency of the ponding during the month. Enter the name of each month of the year in which ponding is expected.
Significance.—The susceptibility of soils to ponding is important for homes, building sites, and sanitary facilities. Time and duration of the ponding are critical factors in determining plant species. Ponding during the dormant season has few if any harmful effects on plant growth or mortality and may even improve growth.
Estimates.— Generally, estimates of ponding frequency and duration can be made for each soil. Where the natural infiltration, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and surface and subsurface drainage of soils is altered, ponding studies are needed to reflect present ponding characteristics.
Evidence of ponding events should be gathered during soil survey fieldwork. High water lines and other signs of maximum water height are recorded. Other records may also exist.
Certain landform features are subject to ponding. These features are characteristics of closed drainage systems and include potholes, playas, sloughs, and backswamps. Most of these features are recognizable when correlating features on aerial photographs with ground observations. Different kinds of vegetation and soils are normally associated with these geomorphic features.
The vegetation that grows in ponded areas may furnish clues to past ponding and indicate the potential for ponding in the future. Generally, native vegetation in ponded areas consists of obligate and facultative wet hydrophytes. Some plant species are intolerant of ponding and do not grow in areas that are ponded.
The soil provides clues to past ponding, but characteristics vary according to climate and soil conditions. Some of the clues (alone or in any combination) are—
A dark surface horizon or layer overlying a gleyed subsoil.
Many prominent redoximorphic features that have low value and chroma.
Capillary transport and concentrations of carbonates or sulfates, or both, in the upper soil horizons.
Dark colors and high levels of organic matter throughout the profile.
618.50 Pores
“Pore space” is a general term for voids in the soil material. The term includes matrix, nonmatrix, and interstructural pore space. For water movement at low suction and conditions of satiation, the nonmatrix and interstructural porosity have particular importance.
Matrix Pores.—Matrix pores are formed by the agents that control the packing of the primary soil particles (i.e., primary packing voids). These pores are usually smaller than nonmatrix pores. Additionally, their aggregate volume and size can change markedly according to water state for soil horizons or layers with high extensibility.
Nonmatrix Pores.—Nonmatrix pores are relatively large voids that are expected to be present both when the soil is moderately moist or wetter as well as in drier states. The voids are not bounded by the planes that delimit structural units. Nonmatrix pores may be formed by roots, animals, the action of compressed air, and other agents. The size of the distribution of nonmatrix pores usually bears no relationship to the particle-size distribution and the related matrix pore-size distribution.
Interstructural Pores.—Interstructural pores are delimited by structural units. Inferences as to the interstructural porosity may be obtained from the structure description. Commonly, interstructural pores are at least crudely planar.
Nonmatrix pores are described by quantity, size, shape, and vertical continuity (generally in that order).
Pore Quantity
Definition.—“Pore quantity” is defined by classes that pertain to the number of a selected size of pores per unit area of undisturbed soils. The unit area that is evaluated varies according to the size class of the pores: 1 cm2 for very fine and fine pores, 1 dm2 for medium and coarse pores, and 1 m2 for very coarse pores.
Classes.—The pore quantity classes are:
Pore Quantity Class
Number of Pores per Unit Area
Few
< 1
Common
≥ 1-5
Many
≥ 5
Entries.—Enter pore quantity as pores/area. Enter the high, low, and representative values as whole numbers between 0 and 99 for the horizon.
Pore Size
Definition.—“Pore size” is the average diameter of the pore.
Classes.—The pore size classes are:
Pore Size Class
Pore Size (mm)
Very fine
< 1
Fine
1 - <2
Medium
2 - <5
Coarse
5 - <10
Very coarse
≥ 10
Entries.—Enter a single class or classes for the horizon.
Pore Shape
Definition.—“Pore shape” is a description of the multiarial shape of the pore. The shapes of nonmatrix pores are dendritic tubular (approximately cylindrical, elongated, and branching), irregular (nonconnected cavities or chambers), tubular (approximately cylindrical and elongated), or vesicular (approximately spherical or elliptical). The primary packing voids between soil particles or rock fragments are referred to as interstitial pores.
Classes.—The pore shape classes are:
Dendritic tubular
Interstitial
Irregular
Tubular
Vesicular
Entries.—Enter one of the classes from the pore shape list for the horizon.
Vertical Continuity
Definition.—“Vertical continuity” is the average vertical distance through which the minimum pore diameter exceeds 0.5 mm when the soil layer is moist or wetter.
Classes.—The vertical continuity classes are:
Vertical Continuity Class
Vertical Distance (cm)
Low
< 1
Moderate
1 - <10
High
≥ 10
Entries.—Enter one of the vertical continuity classes.
618.51 Reaction, Soil (pH)
Definition.—“Soil reaction” is a numerical expression of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a soil.
Classes.—The descriptive terms for reaction and their respective ranges in pH are:
Reaction Class
Range in pH
Ultra acid
1.8-3.4
Extremely acid
3.5-4.4
Very strongly acid
4.5-5.0
Strongly acid
5.1-5.5
Moderately acid
5.6-6.0
Slightly acid
6.1-6.5
Neutral
6.6-7.3
Slightly alkaline
7.4-7.8
Moderately alkaline
7.9-8.4
Strongly alkaline
8.5-9.0
Very strongly alkaline
9.1-11.0
Significance
A principal value of soil pH is the information it provides about associated soil characteristics. Two examples are phosphorus availability and base saturation. Soils that have a pH of approximately 6 or 7 generally have the most ready availability of plant nutrients. Strongly acid or more acid soils have low extractable calcium and magnesium; a high solubility of aluminum, iron, and boron, and a low solubility of molybdenum. In addition, these soils may possibly have organic toxins and generally have a low availability of nitrogen and phosphorus. At the other extreme are alkaline soils. Calcium, magnesium, and molybdenum are abundant where there is little or no toxic aluminum and nitrogen is readily available. If pH is above 7.9, the soils may have an inadequate availability of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, and especially phosphorus and boron.
Soil reaction is one of several properties used as a general indicator of soil corrosivity or the soil’s susceptibility to dispersion. In general, soils that are either highly alkaline or highly acid are likely to be corrosive to steel. Soils that have pH <5.5 are likely to be corrosive to concrete. Soils that have pH >8.5 are likely to be highly dispersible and may have a piping problem.
Soil reaction is used for soil classification in the required characteristics for sulfidic materials, in the key to calcareous and reaction classes for mineral soils, in the key to reaction classes for Histosols and Histels, and in criteria for certain taxa such as Sulfic subgroups.
Measurement.—The most common soil laboratory measurement of pH is the 1:1 water method. In this method, a crushed and sieved soil sample is mixed with an equal amount of water and a measurement is made of the suspension using a pH meter. Another common method, used for mineral and organic soils, is the 0.01M calcium chloride method. A new method to indicate the possible presence of sulfidic materials is the hydrogen peroxide test, delta pH for acid sulfate soils. This method uses hydrogen peroxide to rapidly oxidize sulphur compounds which releases elemental sulphur and quickly decreases the pH. In NASIS, the pH values derived from these three methods are populated in separate data elements.
The pH values derived from water suspension are affected by field applications of fertilizer or other salts in the soil, the content of carbon dioxide in the soil, and the moisture content at the time of sampling. The 0.01M calcium chloride method reduces these influences.
The laboratory procedure for measuring pH by the 1:1 water and 0.01 M calcium chloride methods are described in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS.
Estimates.— A variety of field test kits are available for determination of pH in the field. The methods include a water-soluble dye, which is mixed with soil and thus produces a color that is compared with a chart; a dye-impregnated paper, which changes color according to differences in pH; and portable glass electrodes. Each State office can recommend a suitable pH method for the soils in the State. If requested, the NSSC Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory makes suggestions for suitable methods for field measurements and furnishes NRCS soil scientists with the proper chemicals.
Entries.—Soil reaction (pH) is time and moisture dependent, and water pH can vary up to a whole unit during the growing season. The range of pH should reflect the variations. The 1:1 water method generally is used with mineral soils. Mineral and organic soils are measured in a 1:2 0.01M calcium chloride solution and with the hydrogen peroxide test, delta pH method. Separate entries are made by horizon for pH 1:1 water, pH 1:2 0.01M calcium chloride, and final pH oxidized, as needed. Enter the high, low, and representative values of the appropriate estimated pH range for each horizon. If laboratory measurements or accurate field estimates are available, the high and low values do not need to correspond with reaction class limits. However, if data is limited, then pH values may reflect reaction class limits such as 1.8-3.4, 3.5-4.4, etc., or a combination of reaction classes, such as 4.5-5.5, can be entered.
618.52 Restriction Kind, Depth, Thickness, and Hardness
Restriction Kind
Definition.—“Restriction kind” is the type of nearly continuous layer that has one or more physical, chemical, or thermal properties that significantly reduce the movement of water and air through the soil or that otherwise provide an unfavorable root environment. Bedrock (e.g., limestone), cemented horizons (e.g., duripan), densic material (e.g., dense till), frozen horizons or layers (e.g., permanent ground ice), and horizontally oriented, human-manufactured materials (e.g., concrete) are examples of subsurface layers that are kinds of restrictions.
Significance.—Restrictive layers limit plant growth by restricting the limits of the rooting zone. They also impede or restrict the movement of soil water vertically through the soil profile and have a direct impact on the quality and quantity of ground water and surface water. Restrictions are important for both soil interpretations and soil classification.
Measurement.—Identify and describe restrictive soil layers in the field. Observe, measure, and record the restriction kind along with their depth, thickness, and hardness (defined below). When describing pedons, identify types or kinds of restrictions by suffix symbols, such as "d," "f," "m," "r," "v," or "x," or by the master layers “M” or "R." Use measurements or observations made throughout the extent of occurrence of a soil as a basis for estimates of restriction kind.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate choice for the kind of restrictive horizon or layer from the following list—
Abrupt textural change
Bedrock, densic
Bedrock, lithic
Bedrock, paralithic
Cemented horizon
Densic material
Duripan
Fragipan
Human-manufactured materials
Natric
Ortstein
Permafrost
Petrocalcic
Petroferric
Petrogypsic
Placic
Plinthite
Salic
Strongly contrasting textural stratification
Sulfuric
Restriction Depth
Definition.—“Restriction depth” is the vertical distance from the soil surface to the upper and lower boundaries of the restriction.
Measurement.—Use measurements or observations made throughout the extent of occurrence of a soil as a basis for estimates of restriction depth.
Entries.—Restriction depth values used to populate component data in NASIS are not specific to any one point. They are a reflection of commonly observed values based on field observations and are intended to model the component as it occurs throughout the map unit. Enter the high, low, and representative values for the top and bottom restriction depths in centimeters using whole numbers (integers).
Restriction Thickness
Definition.—“Restriction thickness” is the distance from the top to the bottom of a restrictive layer.
Significance.—Restriction thickness has a significant impact on the ease of mechanical excavation.
Measurement.—Use observations made throughout the extent of occurrence of a soil as a basis for estimates of restriction thickness.
Entries.—Restriction thickness values used to populate component data in NASIS are not specific to any one point. They are a reflection of commonly observed values based on field observations and are intended to model the component as it occurs throughout the map unit. Enter the high, low, and representative values for the thickness in centimeters. The range of valid entries is from 1 to 999, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed.
Restriction Hardness
Definition.—“Restriction hardness” is the rupture resistance cemented of an air-dried, then submerged block-like specimen of mineral material. Ice is not applicable.
Significance.—Restriction hardness has a significant impact on the ease of mechanical excavation. Use excavation difficulty classes (defined above) to evaluate the relationships of restriction layers to excavations.
Measurement.—Use observations made throughout the extent of occurrence of a soil as a basis for estimates of restriction hardness. For measurements of the restriction hardness, use the procedures and classes of cementation listed with the rupture resistance classes. Classes are described for like specimens about 25-30 mm on edge that are air-dried and then submerged in water for at least 1 hour. Compress the specimen between extended thumb and forefinger, between both hands, or between the foot and a nonresilient flat surface. If the specimen resists compression, drop a weight onto it from progressively greater heights until it ruptures. Failure is the point of the initial detection of deformation or rupture. Stress applied in the hand should be over a 1-second period. Learn the tactile sense of the class limits by applying force to top-loading scales and sensing the pressure through the tips of the fingers or through the ball of the foot. Use postal scales for the resistance range that is testable with the fingers. Use a bathroom scale for the higher rupture resistance range.
Classes.—Restriction hardness is rated using the following classes and operation descriptions:
Restriction Hardness (Rupture Resistance) Class
Operation Description
Noncemented
Fails under very slight force applied slowly between thumb and forefinger (<8N).
Extremely weakly cemented
Fails under slight force applied slowly between thumb and forefinger (8 to 20N).
Very weakly cemented
Fails under moderate force applied slowly between thumb and forefinger (20 to 40N).
Weakly cemented
Fails under strong force applied slowly between thumb and forefinger (about 80N maximum force can be applied) (40 to 80N).
Moderately cemented
Cannot be failed between thumb and forefinger but can be failed between both hands or by placing specimen on a nonresilient surface and applying gentle force underfoot (80 to 160N).
Strongly cemented
Cannot be failed in hands but can be failed underfoot by full body weight (about 800N) applied slowly (160 to 800N).
Very strongly cemented
Cannot be failed underfoot by full body weight but can be failed by <3J blow (800N to 3J).
Indurated
Cannot be failed by blow of 3J (≥ 3J).
Both force (Newtons, N) and energy (joules, J) are employed. The number of Newtons is 10 times the kilograms of force. One joule is the energy delivered by dropping a 1 kg weight a distance of 10 cm.
618.53 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Definition.—“Saturated hydraulic conductivity” is the ease with which pores of a saturated soil transmit water. Formally, it is the proportionality coefficient that expresses the relationship of the rate of water movement to hydraulic gradient in Darcy's Law (a law that describes the rate of water movement through porous media). It is expressed in micrometers per second. To convert micrometers per second to inches per hour, multiply micrometers per second by 0.1417. The historical definition of “saturated hydraulic conductivity” is the amount of water that would move vertically through a unit area of saturated soil in unit time under unit hydraulic gradient.
Significance.—Saturated hydraulic conductivity is used in soil interpretations. It is also known as Ksat. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is used for soil classification in criteria for certain taxa such as the Albaqualfs and Albaquults great groups.
Measurement.—Means of measurement, such as the Amoozemeter and double ring infiltrometers, provide some basis for estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity. No method has been accepted as a standard. Since measurements are difficult to make and are only available for relatively few soils, estimates of saturated hydraulic conductivity are based on soil properties.
Estimates.— The soil properties that affect saturated hydraulic conductivity are distribution, continuity, size, and shape of pores. Since the pore geometry of a soil is not readily observable or measurable, observable properties related to pore geometry are used to make estimates of saturated hydraulic conductivity. These properties are texture, structure, pore size, density, organic matter content, and mineralogy. Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.88 provides a guide for estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity according to soil texture and bulk density or according to specified overriding conditions.
In making estimates, the soil characteristic that exerts the greatest control for many soils is texture.
The general relationships shown in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.88 are adjusted up or down depending on bulk density. Structure, pore size, organic matter content, clay mineralogy, and other features observed within the soil profile, such as consistency, dry layers in wet seasons, root mats or absence of roots, and evidence of perched water levels or standing water, are good field indicators for adjusting estimates.
Measurement.— Slope aspect is measured clockwise from true north as an angle between 0 and 360 degrees. Tools such as geographic information systems (GIS) can be used to consistently predict and identify slope aspect.
Entries.—For map unit components that are aspect dependent, enter the slope aspect counterclockwise, slope aspect clockwise, and slope aspect representative. The range of valid entries is from a minimum of 0 degrees to a maximum of 360 degrees. Record values to the nearest whole number (integer). The fields may be left NULL for those components that are not aspect dependent.
“Slope aspect counterclockwise” is one end of the range in characteristics for the slope aspect of a component. This end of the range is expressed in degrees measured clockwise from true north, but in the direction counterclockwise from the representative slope aspect.
“Slope aspect clockwise” is one end of the range in characteristics for the slope aspect of a component. This end of the range is expressed in degrees measure clockwise from true north, and in the direction clockwise from the representative slope aspect.
“Slope aspect representative” is the common, typical, or expected direction toward which the surface of the soil faces, measured in degrees clockwise from true north.
618.55 Slope Gradient
Definition.—“Slope gradient” is the difference in elevation between two points and is expressed as a percentage of the distance between those points. For example, a difference in elevation of 1 meter over a horizontal distance of 100 meters is a slope of 1 percent.
Significance.—Slope gradient influences the retention and movement of water, the potential for soil slippage and accelerated erosion, the ease with which machinery can be used, soil-water states, and the engineering uses of the soil. Slope is used for soil classification in criteria for certain taxa such as the Fluvents suborder, Fluvaquents great group, Fluvaquentic and Fluventic subgroups, and several Cumulic subgroups.
Measurement.— Slope gradient is usually measured with a hand level or clinometer. The range is determined by summarizing data from several sightings.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values to represent the range of slope gradient as a percentage for the map unit component. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 999 percent, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed but should only be used for values less than 1 percent.
618.56 Slope Length, USLE
Definition.—“Slope length” is the horizontal distance from the origin of overland flow to the point where either the slope gradient decreases enough that deposition begins or runoff becomes concentrated in a defined channel. Refer to Agriculture Handbook 703.
Significance.—Slope length has considerable control over runoff and potential accelerated water erosion. Slope length is combined with slope gradient in erosion prediction equations to account for the effect of topography on erosion.
Measurement
Slope length is measured from the point of origin of overland flow to the point where the slope gradient decreases enough that deposition begins or runoff becomes concentrated in a defined channel. In cropland, defined channels are usually ephemeral gullies or, in rare instances where they are near a field edge, are a classic gully or stream. Surface runoff will usually concentrate in less than 400 feet (120 meters), although longer slope lengths of up to 1000 feet are occasionally found. The maximum distance allowed in erosion equations is 1000 feet (305 meters). Conversion to the horizontal distance is made in the conversion process within the equation model.
Assume no support practices. Ignore practices such as terraces or diversions. Slope length is best determined by pacing or measuring in the field. Do not use contour maps to estimate slope lengths unless contour intervals are 1 foot or less. Slope lengths estimated from contour maps are usually too long because most maps do not have the detail needed to indicate all ephemeral gullies and concentrated flow areas that end the slope lengths. Refer to figures 4-1 through 4-10 within Agriculture Handbook 703 for more landscape guidance.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the range for each map unit component. Enter a whole number that represents the slope length in meters, from the point of origin of overland flow to the point of deposition or concentrated flow, of the slope on which the component lies. The slope length may be fully encompassed within one map unit or may cross several map units. The minimum value is 0, and the maximum value used in erosion equations is 305 meters. The NASIS database allows valid entries from 0 to 4000 meters.
618.57 Sodium Adsorption Ratio
Definition.—“Sodium adsorption ratio” (SAR) is a measure of the amount of sodium (Na+) relative to calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) in the water extracted from a saturated soil paste. It is the ratio of the Na concentration divided by the square root of one-half of the Ca + Mg concentration. SAR is calculated from the equation:
SAR = Na+ / [(Ca2+ + Mg2+)/2]0.5
Significance.—Sodium adsorption ratio is used for soil classification in the required characteristics for the natric horizon, in the key to soil orders and key to suborders of Inceptisols and Mollisols, and in criteria for certain taxa such as Sodic subgroups. Soils that have values for sodium adsorption ratio of 13 or more may have an increased dispersion of organic matter and clay particles, reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity and aeration, and a general degradation of soil structure.
Measurement.— The concentration of Na, Ca, and Mg ions is measured in a water extract from a saturated soil paste. The method is described in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS. The sodium adsorption ratio is then calculated from the molar concentrations of the three cations using the equation shown above in Section 618.57 (A).
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the range of sodium adsorption ratio for each horizon. Enter “0” where SAR is negligible. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 9999, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed.
618.58 Soil Erodibility Factors, USLE, RUSLE2
Definition.—Soil erodibility factors (Kw) and (Kf) quantify soil detachment by runoff and raindrop impact. These erodibility factors are indexes used to predict the long-term average soil loss from sheet and rill erosion under crop systems and conservation techniques. Factor Kw applies to the whole soil and factor Kf applies only to the fine-earth (less than 2.0 mm) fraction. The procedure for determining the Kf factor is outlined in Agriculture Handbook 703, Predicting Soil Erosion by Water: A Guide to Conservation Planning With the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1997. The K factors for soils in Hawaii and the Pacific Basin were extrapolated from local research. The nomograph, shown in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.91, was not used to determine K factors for soils in Hawaii.
Significance.—Soil erodibility factors Kw or Kf are used in the erosion prediction equations USLE and RUSLE. Soil properties that influence rainfall erosion are those that affect—
Infiltration rate, movement of water through the soil, and water storage capacity.
Dispersion, detachability, abrasion, and mobility by rainfall and runoff.
Some of the most important properties are texture, organic matter content, structure size class, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the subsoil.
Estimates
The Kw factor is measured by applying a series of simulated rainstorms on freshly tilled plots. Direct measurement of K factors is both costly and time consuming and is conducted only for a few selected soils.
Reliable estimates of Kf factor are obtained from the soil erodibility nomograph, which is presented on page 11 of Agriculture Handbook 537 and reproduced in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.91, or by using the soil erodibility equation. The nomograph integrates the relationship between the Kf factor and the following five soil properties:
Percent silt plus very fine sand
Percent sand greater than 0.10 mm
Organic matter content
Soil structure
Saturated hydraulic conductivity
The soil erodibility equation which follows also provides an estimate of Kf. K factor = {2.1 x M1.14 X 10-4 x (12-a)+3.25 x (b-2)+2.5 x (c-3)}/100 where: M = (percent si + percent vfs) X (100 - percent clay). Example: For a soil with 29.0% silt, 12.3% very fine sand, and 36% clay M = (29.0+12.3) x (100-36) = 2,643.20. a = percent organic matter (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4). Use worse case organic matter content assuming long-term cultivation. b = soil structure code (1, = very fine granular, 2, = fine granular, 3, = med or coarse granular, or 4 = blocky, platy, or massive) c = profile saturated hydraulic conductivity code (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6). Use the layer with the lowest Ksat rv (representative value) in the permeability control section. The permeability control section is the zone from the top of the mineral soil layer being evaluated to a depth of 50 cm below the top of that soil layer but should not exceed a profile depth of 200 cm. The permeability control section guarantees that a specific zone is only considered relative to the mineral soil layer being evaluated. Include the permeability of any bedrock or other non-soil layers in the permeability control section. Note that the codes were initially established using the 1951 Soil Survey Manual. The codes correspond to the following saturated hydraulic conductivity ranges:
Profile permeability
class code
Permeability class
of 1951
Saturated hydraulic conductivity
range μm/sec
Saturated hydraulic conductivity
classes 1993
6
Very slow
<0.30
very low or mod. low
5
Slow
0.30 to <1.20
mod. low
4
Slow or mod.
1.20 to <4.80
mod. high
3
Moderate
4.80 to <15.00
mod. high or high
2
Mod. or rapid
15.00 to <30.00
high
1
Rapid
≥30.00
high or very high
The accuracy of the nomograph and equation has been demonstrated for a large number of soils in the United States. However, the nomograph and the equation may not be applicable to some soils having properties that are uniquely different from those used in developing the nomograph. For example, the nomograph does not accurately predict Kf factors for certain Oxisols in Puerto Rico or the Hawaiian Islands; some soils with andic properties, organic soil materials, or low activity clays; and some calcareous or micaceous soils. In these cases, Kf factors are estimated using the best information at hand and knowledge of the potential for rainfall erosion. See Agriculture Handbook 703 for more information.
When using the nomograph and the equation, care should be taken to select an organic matter percentage that is most representative of the horizon being considered, assuming long-term cultivation. It is acceptable to use linear interpolations between plotted lines on the nomograph and values in hundredths (two decimal places) for organic matter content in the equation. For horizons that have organic matter content greater than 4 percent, use the 4 percent curve in the nomograph and exactly 4 percent in the equation.
Rock or pararock fragments are not taken into account in the nomograph or the soil erodibility equation. If fragments are substantial, they have an armoring effect. Pararock fragments are assumed to break down with cultivation or other manipulation and so are not used in determining Kw factors. If a soil has mixtures of rock and pararock fragments, the Kw factor should reflect the degree of protection afforded only by the rock fragments. Guidelines for determining Kw factors are as follows:
Then use the table in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.92 to convert the Kf value of the soil fraction less than 2 mm in diameter, which is derived from either the nomograph in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.91 or from the soil erodibility equation, to a Kw factor adjusted for the total volume of rock fragments. The Kw factor is adjusted only when the total content of rock fragment values in the layer, by volume, is equal to or greater than 15 percent. If total rock fragment content, by volume, is less than 15 percent, the Kw factor equals the Kf factor. In practice, the representative values (rv’s) for rock fragment volume, as populated in the NASIS Horizon Fragments Table, are summed for each size fraction to compute the total rock fragment content for the layer.
If the soil on site contains more or less rock fragments than the mean of the range reported, adjustments can be made in Kf by using Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.92. Select the estimates of total rock fragment volume percentages, and then use Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.92. Enter Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.92 in line with the rock fragment volume percentage and find, in the appropriate line, the nearest value to the Kf factor. Within that column, read the Kw factor on the line with the percentage of rock fragments of the soil for which you are making the estimate. Round the K factor displayed in the table to the closest acceptable K factor class entry, as shown below. This is the new Kw factor adjusted for rock fragments on site.
The acceptable entries for Kw and Kf classes are 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.17, 0.20, 0.24, 0.28, 0.32, 0.37, 0.43, 0.49, 0.55, and 0.64. Use the comparison reports and calculation script in NASIS for help in populating Kf and Kw factors. Use the reports to print or export the currently stored values for Kf and Kw factor classes for each component in a selected set for comparison with the computed Kf and Kw factor classes using the calculation script formulas. The comparison reports give a preview of the results of the K factor calculations and should be used before the decision is made to run the calculation and save the new data.
Soil horizons that do not have rock fragments are assigned equal Kw and Kf factors. In horizons where total rock fragments are 15 percent or more, by volume, the Kw factor is always less than the Kf factor. For example:
Depth (in)
USDA Texture
Kw
Kf
0-5
GR-L
0.20
0.32
0-5
L
0.32
0.32
0-5
GRV-L
0.10
0.32
0-46
CL
0.28
0.28
46-60
SL
0.20
0.20
Soils that have similar properties and erosivity should be grouped in similar K factor classes.
618.59 Soil Erodibility Factors for WEPP
Soil erodibility factors for WEPP include interrill erodibility (Ki), rill erodibility (Kr), and critical hydraulic shear stress (Tc). These erodibility factors for the WEPP erosion model quantify the susceptibility of soil detachment by water. These erodibility factors predict the long-term average soil loss which results from sheet and rill erosion under various alternative combinations of crop systems and conservation techniques.
The Ki, Kr, and Tc factors are used in a continuous simulation computer model which predicts soil loss and deposition on a hillslope. Reference NSERL Report No. 9, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Erosion Research Laboratory, August 1994, documentation version 94.7. This procedure does not include data for soils with highly weathered material (e.g., oxic horizons) and those with andic soil properties. These factors are quantitative and calculated using experimental equations. They are different than the soil erodibility factors used in USLE and RUSLE.
Interrill erodibility (Ki)
Definition.—“Interrill erodibility (Ki)” is the susceptibility of detachment and transport of soil particles by water. It is the susceptibility of the soil to movement to a rill carrying runoff.
Significance.—Interrill erodibility (Ki) is a measure of sediment delivery rate to rills as a function of rainfall intensity. The Ki values for soil need to be adjusted if factors that influence the resistance of soil to detachment occur. These factors include live and dead root biomass, soil freezing and thawing, and mechanical and livestock compaction.
Measurement.— Interrill erodibility (Ki) measurements are determined from rainfall simulation experiments. These experiments require the use of specialized equipment and specialized measurement techniques in a research setting.
Calculations.—Use the following equations:
For cropland soils with 30 percent or more sand:
Ki = 2,728,000 + 192,100 x (% very fine sand)
Where:
Very fine sand must be less than or equal to 40 percent; if very fine sand is greater, use 40 percent.
Definition.—“Rill erodibility (Kr)” is a measure of the susceptibility of a soil to detachment by flowing water. As rill erodibility (Kr) increases, rill erosion rates increase.
Significance.—Rill erodibility (Kr) is often defined as the soil detachment per unit increase in shear stress of clear water flow. The rate of soil detachment in rills varies because of a number of factors, including soil disturbance by tillage, living root biomass, incorporated residue, fragments, soil consolidation, freezing and thawing, and wheel and livestock compaction.
Measurement.— Rill erodibility (Kr) measurements are determined by rainfall simulation and flow simulation experiments. These experiments require the use of specialized equipment and specialized measurement techniques in a research setting.
Calculations.—Use the following equations:
For cropland soils with 30 percent or more sand:
Kr = 0.00197 + 0.00030 x (% very fine sand) + 0.03863 x EXP(-1.84 x ORGMAT)
Where:
Organic matter (ORGMAT) is the organic matter in the surface soil (assuming that organic matter equals 1.724 times organic carbon content). Organic matter must exceed 0.35 percent; if less, use 0.35 percent. Very fine sand must be less than or equal to 40 percent; if greater, use 40 percent.
Entries.—The computer generates the value by using the above formulas. Allowable Kr values range from 0.002 to 0.045 s/m.
Critical shear stress (Tc)
Definition.—“Critical shear stress (Tc)” is the hydraulic shear that must be exceeded before rill erosion can occur.
Significance. Critical shear stress (Tc) is important in the rill detachment equation. It is the shear stress below which no soil detachment occurs. Critical shear stress (Tc) is the shear intercept on a plot of detachment by clear water versus shear stress in rills.
Measurements.—Critical shear stress (Tc) is derived from a specialized research project.
Calculations.—Use the following equations:
For cropland soils with 30 percent or more sand:
Tc = 2.67 + 0.065 x (% clay) - 0.058 x (% very fine sand)
Where:
Very fine sand must be less than or equal to 40 percent; if greater, use 40 percent.
For cropland soils with less than 30 percent sand:
Tc = 3.5
Entries.—No manual entry is needed. The value is computer generated using the above formulas. Allowable Tc values range from 1 to 6 N/m2.
618.60 Soil Moisture Status
Definition.—“Soil moisture status” is the mean monthly soil water state at a specified depth.
Classes.—The water state classes used in soil moisture status are dry, moist, and wet. These classes are defined as follows:
Water State Class
Definition
Dry
≥15 bar suction
Moist
<15 bar to ≥0.0 bar (moist plus nonsatiated wet)
Wet
<0.0 bar; free water present (satiated wet)
Significance.—Soil moisture status is a recording of the generalized water states for a soil component. Soil moisture greatly influences vegetation response, root growth, excavation difficulty, albedo, trafficability, construction, conductivity, soil chemical interactions, workability, chemical transport, strength, shrinking and swelling, frost action, seed germination, and many other properties, qualities, and interpretations. Soil moisture states are significant to soil taxonomic classification, wetland classification, and other classification systems. The recording of soil moisture states helps to document the soil classification as well as convey information useful for crop and land management models.
Measurement
Soil water status can be measured using tensiometers or moisture tension plates. Soil water status also can be field estimated. Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey Manual provides more information. It is important to note that the three water state classes and eight subclasses described in the Soil Survey Manual are used to describe the moisture state at a point in time for individual pedons (spatial and temporal point data), while the water state classes discussed here are used to estimate the mean monthly aggregated moisture conditions for a map unit component. As a consequence, only three classes are used and the definitions for the moist and wet classes are modified from the definitions in the Soil Survey Manual. The wet class used here includes only the satiated wet class and corresponds to a free water table. The moist class is expanded to include the nonsatiated wet class given in the Soil Survey Manual.
Dry is separated from moist at 15 bar suction. Wet satiated has a tension of 0.0 bar or less (zero or positive pore pressure).
Changes in natural patterns of water movement from dams and levees are considered in evaluating and entering soil moisture status. Infiltration, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and organic matter, which affect soil moisture movement, are strongly impacted by land cover and land use. Land use and land cover should be considered as a mapping tool for separating map units or map unit components. The difference in soil moisture status resulting from differences in land use and land cover constitute a difference in soil properties. However, conservation practices, such as irrigating and fallowing the land, alter the soil moisture status but are not considered in the map unit component data. Use-dependent databases may allow entries for these altered states in the future. Permanent installations, such as drainage ditches and tile, affect soil moisture status, and the drained condition should be reflected in the soil moisture status entries for map unit components that are mapped as “drained.” Undrained areas are mapped as “undrained” components, and the entries for soil moisture status reflect the undrained condition.
Irrigation and drainage canals are shown on soil maps; their effects on the soil should be shown in the properties of the soils in mapping and in the property records. Soils that are now wet because of excessive irrigation and leaking canals should be mapped, and their properties should reflect the current soil moisture status.
Guiding Concepts
The intent is to describe a mean moisture condition, by month, for a soil component. Layer depths may or may not be the same as horizon depths in the Component Horizon Table. Layers define the zone having a specific soil moisture state. If the soil is wet throughout 0 to 200 cm, then one entry (“wet”) is made for 0 to 200 cm for that month.
For frozen soils, enter the appropriate soil moisture state that the soil would have if thawed. For example, if the soil is frozen and then determined to be wet when thawed, enter “wet.”
The horizons can be subdivided or combined, as appropriate, into layers for the various soil moisture states as needed. Remember that these are monthly averages for the extent of the component across the landscape.
The entries are expected to come from the best estimates that local knowledge can provide. If local knowledge is supported by data, so much the better. The information as aggregated data is not expected to be exact but should be generalized and reflect an average condition.
Entries for the representative values (rv) on distance to the upper and lower boundary of the moisture layer should reflect the soil moisture conditions expected in a normal year, as defined in the latest edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy.
Make entries for each month by layer. Enter the dominant condition for the month. This is the condition that exists for more than 15 days on the long-term average. The low and high values represent the depth range within the component for the normal year; they should not represent the extremes, such as years of drought.
If the depth to free water fluctuates during the month, use the depth for the average between the high and low levels.
Entries.—Enter the soil moisture status as dry, moist, or wet for each soil layer for each month. Enter only one soil moisture state for a given layer. The number of layers depends upon the number of changes of soil moisture status in the profile. Enter the values for component soil moisture depth to top and depth to bottom that represents the distance, in whole centimeters, from the soil surface to the top and bottom respectively, of each soil layer for each month. Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.97 contains examples of entries in a worksheet format that graphs soil moisture status by month and depth.
618.61 Soil Slippage Potential
Definition.—“Soil slippage potential” is the hazard that a mass of soil will slip when vegetation is removed, soil water is at or near saturation, and other normal practices are applied. Conditions that increase the hazard of slippage but are not considered in this rating are undercutting lower portions or loading the upper parts of a slope or altering the drainage or offsite water contribution to the site, such as through irrigation. The publication Landslides Investigation and Mitigation Special Report 247 (Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1996) provides additional information on landscape slippage.
Significance.—Slippage is an important consideration for engineering practices, such as constructing roads and buildings, and for forestry practices.
Estimates.— Soil slippage potential classes are estimated by observing slope; lithology, including contrasting lithologies; strike and dip; surface drainage patterns; and occurrences of such features as slip scars and slumps.
Entries.—Enter one of the following soil slippage potential classes for the component:
High (unstable)
Medium (moderately unstable)
Low (slightly unstable to stable)
618.62 Soil Temperature
Definition.—“Soil temperature” is the temperature calculated as both the mean annual temperature at a single depth in the soil and the mean monthly temperature calculated at a specified depth range for each month of the year.
Estimates.— Soil temperature according to depth can be estimated from measured soil temperatures of the vicinity. Air temperature fluctuations, soil moisture, aspect, slope, color, snow cover, plant cover, and residue cover affect soil temperature. Estimates of soil temperature should take these factors into account when soil temperatures are extrapolated from one soil map unit component to another.
Measurement.— Soil temperature can be measured by many types of thermometers, including mercury, bimetallic, thermisters, and thermocouples. Many types of thermometers can be configured for remote, unattended operation.
Mean Annual Soil Temperature (MAST)
Definition.—“Mean annual soil temperature (MAST)” is the temperature generally determined at a depth of 50 cm below the soil surface, or at the upper boundary of a root-limiting layer as defined in Soil Taxonomy, whichever is shallower.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the range of mean annual soil temperature for the component as the long-term average of the mean monthly soil temperatures in the Component table. The long-term average is generally considered to be a 30-year average. The range of valid entries is from -40 to 50 degrees Celsius, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed.
Mean Monthly Soil Temperature
Definition.—“Mean monthly soil temperature” is the long-term monthly average of the mean daily high and daily low soil temperature at a specified depth for the month in question. Long-term is generally considered to be a 30-year average.
Entries.—Enter soil temperature for the component as the long-term monthly average of the mean daily soil temperature at a specified depth for the month in question in the Component Soil Temperature table. The long-term average is generally considered to be a 30-year average. The range of valid entries is from -25 to 50 degrees Celsius, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed. The number of layers populated depends upon the number of changes of soil temperature status in the profile.
Soil Temperature, Depth to Top
Definition.—“Soil temperature, depth to top” is the distance from the top of the soil to the upper boundary of the soil temperature layer.
Entries.—Enter the value for soil temperature depth to top that represents the distance, in centimeters, from the soil surface to the top of each soil temperature layer for each month in the Component Soil Temperature table.
Soil Temperature, Depth to Bottom
Definition.—“Soil temperature, depth to bottom” is the distance from the top of the soil to the lower boundary of the soil temperature layer.
Entries.—Enter the value for soil temperature depth to bottom that represents the distance, in centimeters, from the soil surface to the bottom of each soil temperature layer for each month in the Component Soil Temperature table.
618.63 Subsidence, Initial and Total
Definition.—“Subsidence” is the decrease in surface elevation as a result of the drainage of wet soils that have organic layers or semifluid, mineral layers. Initial subsidence is the decrease of surface elevation that occurs within the first 3 years of the drainage of these wet soils. Total subsidence is the potential decrease of surface elevation as a result of the drainage of these wet soils.
Significance
The susceptibility of soils to subsidence is an important consideration for organic soils that are drained. If these soils are drained for community development, special foundations are needed for buildings. Utility lines, sidewalks, and roads that lack special foundations may settle at different rates, thus causing breakage, high maintenance costs, and inconvenience. If the soils are drained for farming, the long-term effects of subsidence, the possible destruction of land if it subsides below the water table, and possible legal implications where the soils are in wetlands must be considered.
Subsidence as a result of drainage is attributed to the following factors. The first three factors are responsible for the initial subsidence that occurs rapidly, specifically within about 3 years after the water table is lowered.
Shrinkage from drying
Consolidation because of the loss of ground-water buoyancy.
Compaction from tillage or manipulation
Wind erosion
Burning
Biochemical oxidation
After the initial subsidence, a degree of stability is reached and the loss of elevation declines to a steady rate, primarily because of oxidation. The oxidation and subsidence continue at this slower rate until stopped by the water table or underlying mineral material. The rate of subsidence depends on—
Ground-water depth.
Amount of organic matter.
Kind of organic matter.
Soil temperature.
pH.
Biochemical activity.
Estimates
A number of studies have been made to measure actual subsidence. Other useful studies have measured the bulk density of organic soils after drainage. Based on these studies, some general guidelines can be given for initial and total subsidence.
Initial subsidence generally is about half of the depth to the lowered water table or to mineral soil, whichever is shallower. It occurs within about 3 years after drainage. Total subsidence is the total depth to the water table or the thickness of the organic layer, whichever is shallower. It is rarely reached, except where organic layers are thin or where drainage systems have been installed for a long time.
Measurement.— After organic soils have been drained and cultivated for a number of years, they reach a nearly steady rate of subsidence that is reflected by the rather stable bulk density. Unpublished studies by the NSSC Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory have shown that the bulk density of the organic component, such as that with the percent mineral calculated out, stabilizes at around 0.27 g/cc for surface layers and 0.18 g/cc for subsurface layers. These values can be used to calculate the amount of subsidence at some time in the future as compared to the thickness of soil at the time of observation or measurement. The procedure is as follows:
Sample the surface and subsurface layers for field state bulk density. Methods are described in the Handbook of Soil Survey Investigations Field Procedures, I 4-2, 1971, USDA, Soil Conservation Service, and in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS.
Calculate out the weight contribution of the mineral component to obtain the bulk density of the organic component (DbOM). This manipulation allows bulk densities to be on a common base so that various layers can be compared. The formula for the computation is as follows:
DbOM = Db (1 - percent mineral/100), where Db is the field state bulk density.
Calculate the subsidence percent (SP) for surface and subsoil horizons as follows:
For surface horizons:
SP = 100 - [(DbOM/0.27) x 100]
For subsurface horizons:
SP = 100 - [(DbOM/0.18) x 100]
Where DbOM is obtained from step (2).
Convert initial subsidence percent to depth of subsidence in inches as follows:
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values that represent the range for initial and total subsidence, in centimeters, for the map unit component. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 999, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed. If subsidence is not a concern, enter “0.”
618.64 Sum of Bases
Definition.—“Sum of bases” is the sum of the basic cations calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium that are extractable from the < 2 mm soil fraction using a solution of ammonium acetate (NH4OAc, pH 7).
Significance.—Sum of bases is important for certain evaluations of soil nutrient availability or of the effect of waste additions to the soil. Sum of extractable bases is used directly in soil classification as a criterion to classify soils in most of the Eutric subgroups of Andisols. It is also used indirectly in soil classification to calculate percent base saturation by the sum of cations method. Base saturation by sum of cations is used as a criterion for Ultisols, Ultic subgroups of Alfisols, Andisols, and Mollisols, Alfic and Dystric subgroups of Inceptisols, and Alfic subgroups of Spodosols.
Measurement.—Sum of bases is calculated from the results of methods outlined in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS. Sum of bases is reported in centimoles per kilogram (cmol(+) kg-1), which are equivalent to milliequivalents per 100 grams (meq 100 g-1) of soil.
Entries.—Enter the range of sum of bases as milliequivalents per 100 grams (meq 100 g-1) of soil for the horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 300 and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed.
618.65 Surface Fragments
Definition.—“Surface fragments” are unattached, cemented pieces of bedrock, bedrocklike material, durinodes, concretions, nodules, or pedogenic horizons (e.g., petrocalcic fragments) 2 mm or larger in diameter and woody material 20 mm or larger in diameter that are exposed at the surface of the soil. Surface fragments can be rock fragments, pararock fragments, or wood fragments, as defined in Section 618.31. Vegetal material other than wood fragments, whether live or dead, is not included.
Surface Fragment Cover Percent
Definition.—“Surface fragment cover percent” is the percent of ground covered by fragments 2 mm or larger in diameter (20 mm or larger in diameter for wood fragments).
Significance.—Fragments on the soil surface are used as map unit phase criteria and greatly affect the use and management of the soil. They affect equipment use, erosion, excavation, and construction. They act as a mulch, slowing evaporation and armoring the soil against rainfall impact. They also affect the heating and cooling of soils.
Estimates.— An estimation of cover by surface fragments can be made visually without quantitative measurement, by transect techniques, or by some combination of visual and quantitative measures. Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey Manual provides more information.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the percent of the surface covered by each size class and kind of fragment populated in the Component Surface Fragments Table of the NASIS database. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent, and hundredths (two decimal places) are allowed.
Surface Fragment Kind
Definition.—“Surface fragment kind” is the lithology or composition of the surface fragments 2mm or larger in diameter (20 mm or larger in diameter for wood fragments).
Significance.—Fragments vary according to their resistance to weathering. Consequently, fragments of some lithologies are more suited than others for use as building stone, road building material, or riprap to face dams and stream channels.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate fragment kind name for the record of fragments populated in the Component Surface Fragments Table in the NASIS database. The class names are present in a choice list and can also be viewed in the NASIS data dictionary.
Surface Fragment Size
Definition.—“Surface fragment size” is the size based on the multiaxial dimensions of the surface fragments.
Significance.—The size of surface fragments is significant to the use and management of the soil. The adjective form of fragment size is used as phase criteria for naming map units. The size affects equipment use, excavation, construction, and recreational uses.
Classes
Classes of surface fragment size are subdivided based on the shape of the fragments (described below).
Flat fragment classes are:
Flat fragment class
Length of fragment (mm)
Channers
2-150
Flagstones
150-380
Stones
380-600
Boulders
≥600
Nonflat fragment classes are:
Nonflat fragment class
Diameter (mm)
Gravel
2-75
Fine gravel
2-5
Medium gravel
5-20
Coarse gravel
20-75
Cobbles
75-250
Stones
250-600
Boulders
≥600
Gravel is a collection of fragments having a diameter ranging from 2 to 75 mm. Individual fragments in this size range are properly referred to as pebbles, not “gravels.” For fragments that are less than strongly cemented, “para” is used as a prefix to the above terms, i.e., paracobbles.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for each size class populated in the Component Surface Fragments Table in the NASIS database. Valid entries are 2 millimeters (mm) or larger, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed.
Mean Distance Between Rocks
Definition.—“Mean distance between rocks” is the average distance between surface stones, boulders, or both, measured between edges.
Significance.—The mean distance between rocks is a field clue for naming stony or bouldery map units. The closer the distance, the more equipment limitations there are for harvesting forestland or soil cultivation.
Estimates.— Table 3-12 of the Soil Survey Manual shows the distance between stones and boulders if the diameter is 0.25 m, 0.6 m, or 1.2 m. This table should be used with caution because stones and boulders are rarely equally spaced or have the same diameter.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the mean distance between rocks. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 50 meters, and hundredths (two decimal places) are allowed.
Surface Fragment Roundness
Definition.—“Surface fragment roundness” is an expression of the sharpness of edges and corners of surface fragments.
Classes.—The surface fragment roundness classes are:
Roundness class
Definition
Very angular
Strongly developed faces with very sharp, broken edges
Angular
Strongly developed faces with sharp edges (SSM)
Subangular
Detectable flat faces with slightly rounded corners
Subrounded
Detectable flat faces with well-rounded corners (SSM)
Rounded
Flat faces absent or nearly absent with all corners rounded (SSM)
Well rounded
Flat faces absent with all corners rounded
Entries.—Enter the appropriate surface fragment roundness class name for the record of surface fragments populated in the Component Surface Fragments Table in the NASIS database.
Surface Fragment Hardness
Definition.—“Surface fragment hardness” is equivalent to the rupture resistance cemented of a surface fragment of specified size that has been air-dried and then submerged in water.
Measurements.—Procedures and classes of cementation are listed with the rupture resistance classes in the Soil Survey Manual. Classes are described for similar specimens about 25-30 mm on edge which are air-dried and then submerged in water for at least 1 hour. The specimen is compressed between extended thumb and forefinger, between both hands, or between the foot and a hard flat surface. If the specimen resists compression, a weight is dropped onto it from progressively greater heights until it ruptures. Failure is considered at the initial detection of deformation or rupture. Stress applied in the hand should be over a 1-second period. The tactile sense of the class limits may be learned by applying force to top-loading scales and sensing the pressure through the tips of the fingers or through the ball of the foot. Postal scales may be used for the resistance range that is testable with the fingers. A bathroom scale may be used for the higher rupture resistance range.
Significance.—The hardness of a surface fragment is significant where the rupture resistance class is strongly cemented or greater. These classes can impede or restrict the movement of soil water vertically through the soil profile and have a direct impact on the quality and quantity of ground water and surface water.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate class name for each record of surface fragments populated in the Component Surface Fragments Table in the NASIS database. Choose the term without the word “cemented” (e.g., choose the “moderately” class to represent the moderately cemented class).
Surface Fragment Shape
Definition.—“Surface fragment shape” is a description of the overall shape of the surface fragment.
Classes.—The surface fragment shape classes are “flat” and “nonflat.”
Entries.—Enter the appropriate surface fragment shape class name for each record of surface fragments populated in the Component Surface Fragments Table in the NASIS database.
618.66 T Factor
Definition.—The “T factor” is the soil loss tolerance (in tons per acre). It is defined as the maximum amount of erosion at which the quality of a soil as a medium for plant growth can be maintained. This quality of the soil to be maintained is threefold in focus. It includes maintaining the surface soil as a seedbed for plants, the atmosphere-soil interface to allow the entry of air and water into the soil and still protect the underlying soil from wind and water erosion, and the total soil volume as a reservoir for water and plant nutrients, which is preserved by minimizing soil loss. Erosion losses are estimated by USLE and RUSLE2.
Classes.—The classes of T factors are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Significance.—Soil loss tolerances commonly serve as objectives for conservation planning on farms. These objectives assist in the identification of cropping sequences and management systems that can maximize production and also sustain long-term productivity. T factors represent the goal for maximum annual soil loss.
Guidelines.—Conservation objectives for soil loss tolerance include maintaining a suitable seedbed and nutrient supply in the surface soil, maintaining an adequate depth and quality of the rooting zone, and minimizing unfavorable changes in water status throughout the soil. A single T factor is assigned to each map unit component.
Estimates.— The T factor is assigned to soils without respect to land use or cover. T factors are assigned to compare soils and do not imply differences to vegetation response directly. Many of the factors used to assign a T factor are also important to vegetation response, but the T factor is not assigned to imply vegetation sensitivity to all vegetation. The general guideline given in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.93 is used to assign T factors but more specific criteria are used to select limiting soil properties.
Entries.—The estimated soil loss tolerance should be calculated from the soil properties and qualities posted in the database for each map unit component based generally on the guideline given in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.93. Acceptable values are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
618.67 Taxonomic Family Temperature Class
Definition
The soil temperature classes are part of the family categorical level as defined in Soil Taxonomy. They differ from “soil temperature regimes,” (Data Element: taxonomic temp regime), in that the cryic temperature regime is divided between the frigid and isofrigid classes based on differences in mean winter and mean summer soil temperatures. Soil temperature classes are based on mean annual and mean seasonal soil temperatures using the Celsius (centigrade) scale and taken either at a depth of 50 cm from the soil surface or at a lithic or paralithic contact, whichever is shallower.
For soil families in Gelisols, Gelic suborders, and Gelic great groups the soil temperature classes, defined in terms of the mean annual soil temperature, are as follows:
Hypergelic: -10°C or lower
Pergelic: -4°C to -10°C
Subgelic: +1°C to -4°C
For soil families that have a difference of 6°C or more between mean summer (June, July, and August in the northern hemisphere) temperature and mean winter (December, January, and February in the northern hemisphere) temperature, the soil temperature classes, defined in terms of the mean annual soil temperature, are as follows:
Frigid: Lower than 8°C
Mesic: 8°C to 15°C
Thermic: 15°C to 22°C
Hyperthermic: 22°C or higher
For soil families that have a difference of less than 6°C between the mean summer and mean winter soil temperatures, the soil temperature classes, defined in terms of the mean annual soil temperature, are as follows:
Isofrigid: Lower than 8°C
Isomesic: 8°C to 15°C
Isothermic: 15°C to 22°C
Isohyperthermic: 22°C or higher
Significance.—All soils have a taxonomic soil temperature class. Soil temperature classes are used as family differentiae in all the orders defined in Soil Taxonomy. The names are used as part of the family name unless the criteria for a higher taxon carry the same limitation. The frigid or isofrigid class is implied in all cryic suborders and great groups, but the class is not used as part of the family name because it would be redundant.
Estimates.— Estimates of soil temperature classes are made with models that use climatic data including mean annual and mean seasonal air temperatures, precipitation, and evapotranspiration. Some models include snow cover, topographic, and vegetative inputs.
Measurement.— The Celsius (centigrade) scale is the standard. It is assumed that the temperature is that of a nonirrigated soil. The soil temperature classes are based on long-term averages of mean annual and mean seasonal soil temperatures taken either at a depth of 50 cm from the soil surface or at a lithic or paralithic contact, whichever is shallower.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate soil temperature class from the following list:
Frigid
Hypergelic
Hyperthermic
Isofrigid
Isohyperthermic
Isomesic
Isothermic
Mesic
Pergelic
Subgelic
Thermic
Not used
618.68 Taxonomic Moisture Class
Definition.—Soil moisture classes refer to the soil moisture regimes defined in Soil Taxonomy. Soil moisture regimes are defined by the presence or absence either of ground water or of water held at a tension of less than 1500 kPa, in the soil or in specific horizons, by periods of the year.
Significance.—All soils have a soil moisture regime. Soil moisture regimes are used as differentiae in all the orders defined in Soil Taxonomy. Data on the moisture regime are used for making interpretations for cropland agriculture, correlating soils to ecological sites, and determining suitability for wildlife habitat. The moisture regime of some soils is not apparent in the classification given in Soil Taxonomy. Ustolls and Xerolls, for example, can have an aridic moisture regime. Some soils have more than one moisture regime. An example is a soil that meets the requirements of the aquic moisture regime in the wet season and also meets the requirements of the ustic regime.
Estimates.— Estimates of soil moisture regimes are made with models that use climatic data, including mean annual and mean seasonal air temperatures, precipitation, and evapotranspiration. Some models include topographic and vegetative inputs. The soil moisture control section, also defined in Soil Taxonomy, is used to facilitate the estimation of soil moisture regimes. See Soil Survey Technical Note 9 for more guidance.
Measurement.— The soil moisture regimes are based on annual and seasonal soil moisture measurements taken in the soil moisture control section. The soil should not be irrigated, fallowed, or influenced by other moisture-altering practices.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate soil moisture regimes from the following list:
Definition.—“Subclasses of soil moisture regimes” are defined at the subgroup categorical level in Soil Taxonomy. The criteria differ among the great groups. For example aquic, aridic, and udic are subclasses of the soil moisture regime in Haplustalfs. A subclass is entered for all soils in a great group that meet the subclass criteria, even if the subclass is not part of the taxonomic classification. For example, aquic, aridic, udic, or typic should be used as a subclass of the soil moisture regime in Lithic Haplustalfs if the criteria are met.
Significance.—Subclasses of soil moisture regimes are used at the subgroup categorical level in all orders in Soil Taxonomy except Histosols. They typically indicate an intergrade between two moisture regimes that affect the use and management of the soil. The subclasses of soil moisture regimes are used for making interpretations for cropland agriculture, correlating soils to ecological sites, and determining suitability for wildlife habitat.
Estimates.— Estimates of subclasses of soil moisture regimes are made with models that use climatic data, including mean annual and mean seasonal air temperatures, precipitation, and evapotranspiration. Some models include topographic and vegetative inputs. The soil moisture control section, also defined in Soil Taxonomy, is used to facilitate estimation of some subclasses of soil moisture regimes. For more guidance, see Soil Survey Technical Note 9.
Measurement.— The subclasses of soil moisture regimes are based on annual and seasonal soil moisture measurements taken in the soil moisture control section. The soil should not be irrigated, fallowed, or influenced by other moisture-altering practices.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate subclass of soil moisture regimes from the following list:
Aeric
Anthraquic
Aquic
Aridic (torric)
Oxyaquic
Typic
Udic
Ustic
Xeric
618.70 Taxonomic Temperature Regime (Soil Temperature Regimes)
Definition.—“Soil temperature regimes” refer to the temperature regimes as defined in Soil Taxonomy.
Significance.—Soil temperature regimes are used as differentiae above the family categorical level in all orders in Soil Taxonomy. (Soil temperature classes, defined above, are used as family differentiae.) Soil temperature regimes greatly affect the use and management of soils, particularly the selection of adapted plants. Temperature regimes are used for making interpretations for cropland agriculture, correlating soils to ecological sites, and determining suitability for wildlife habitat.
Estimates.— Estimates of soil temperature regimes are made with models that use climatic data including mean annual and mean seasonal air temperatures, precipitation, and evapotranspiration. Some models include topographic and vegetative inputs.
Measurement.— The soil temperature regime is based on mean annual and seasonal soil temperatures using the Celsius (centigrade) scale and taken either at a depth of 50 cm from the soil surface or at a lithic or paralithic contact, whichever is shallower.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate soil temperature regimes from the following list:
Gelic
Cryic
Frigid
Mesic
Thermic
Hyperthermic
Isofrigid
Isomesic
Isothermic
Isohyperthermic
618.71 Texture Class, Texture Modifier, and Terms Used in Lieu of Texture
Definition.—“Texture class” refers to the soil texture classification used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as defined in the Soil Survey Manual. Soil texture is the relative proportion, by weight, of the particle separate classes finer than 2 mm in equivalent diameter. The material finer than 2 mm is the fine-earth fraction. Material 2 mm or larger is rock or pararock fragments.
Significance.—Soil texture influences engineering works and plant growth and indicates how soils formed. Soil texture has a strong influence on soil mechanics and the behavior of soil when it is used as construction or foundation material. It influences such engineering properties as bearing strength, compressibility, saturated hydraulic conductivity, shrink-swell potential, and compaction. Engineers are also particularly interested in rock and pararock fragments. Soil texture influences plant growth by its affect on aeration, the water intake rate, the available water capacity, the cation-exchange capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, erodibility, and workability. Changes in texture as related to depth are indicators of how soils formed. When texture is plotted with depth, smooth curves indicate translocation and accumulation. Irregular changes in particle-size distribution, especially in the sand fraction, may indicate lithologic discontinuities, specifically differences in parent material. Soil texture is used for soil classification in criteria for certain taxa such as the Psamments suborder, “Psamm” great groups, and Arenic, Grossarenic, and Psammentic subgroups. Soil texture is also used in the family category of Soil Taxonomy for differentiae such as particle-size class.
Measurement.— USDA texture can be measured in the laboratory by determining the proportion of the various size particles in a soil sample. The analytical procedure is called particle-size analysis or mechanical analysis. Stone, gravel, and other material 2 mm or larger are sieved out of the sample and thus are not considered in the analysis of the sample. Their amounts are measured separately. Of the remaining material smaller than 2 mm, the amount of the various sizes of sand is determined by sieving. The amount of silt and clay is determined by a differential rate of settling in water. Either the pipette or hydrometer method is used for the silt and clay analysis. Organic matter and dissolved mineral matter are removed in the pipette procedure but not in the hydrometer procedure. The two procedures are generally very similar, but a few samples, especially those with high organic matter or high soluble salts, exhibit wide discrepancies. The detailed procedures are outlined in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Version 4.0, November 2004, USDA, NRCS.
Estimates
The determination of soil texture for the less than 2 mm material is made in the field mainly by feeling the soil with the fingers. The soil must be well moistened and rubbed vigorously between the fingers for a proper determination of texture class by feel. This method requires skill and experience but good accuracy can be obtained if the field soil scientist frequently checks his or her estimates against laboratory results. Many NRCS offices collect reference samples for this purpose. The content of particles larger than 2 mm cannot be evaluated by feel. The content of the fragments is determined by estimating the proportion of the soil volume that they occupy. Fragments in the soil are discussed in Section 618.31.
Each soil scientist must develop the ability to determine soil texture by feel for each genetic soil group according to the standards established by particle-size analysis. Soil scientists must remember that soil horizons that are in the same texture class but are in different subgroups or families may have a different feel. For example, natric horizons generally feel higher in clay than “non-natric” horizons. Laboratory analysis generally shows that the clay in natric horizons is less than the amount estimated from the field method. The scientist needs to adjust judgment and not the size distribution standards.
Entries.—Texture is displayed by the use of six data elements in the NASIS database: texture class, texture modifier, texture modifier and class, stratified texture flag, representative value indicator, and terms used in lieu of texture. Only use multiple textures if they interpret the same for the horizon. Only textures that represent complete horizons should be entered. In NASIS the representative value indicator is identified (i.e., representative? = yes) for the single row that contains the texture term considered typical for each interpretive horizon of the component. This choice should match the representative values of the various soil particle-size separates posted elsewhere in the database.
Texture Class
Definition
“Texture class” is an expression, based on the USDA system of particle sizes, for the relative portions of the various size groups of individual mineral soil grains less than 2 mm equivalent diameter in a mass of soil.
Each texture class has defined limits for each particle separate class of mineral particles less than 2 mm in effective diameter. The basic texture classes, in the approximate order of increasing proportions of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam classes may be further subdivided into coarse, fine, or very fine. The basic USDA texture classes are given graphically in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.87 as a percentage of sand, silt, and clay. The chart at the bottom of the figure shows the relationship between the particle size and texture classes among the AASHTO, USDA, and Unified soil classification systems.
Definition.—“Terms used in lieu of texture” are substitute terms applied to materials that do not fit into a texture class because of high organic matter content, high fragment content, high gypsum content, cementation, or another reason. Examples include artifacts, bedrock, gravel, and muck. Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.94 provides a list of these terms and their codes. Some of these terms may be modified with terms from the list of texture modifiers, such as mossy (code MS) when used to modify the term peat (i.e., “mossy peat”).
Application
The terms used in lieu of texture “highly decomposed plant material,” “moderately decomposed plant material,” and “slightly decomposed plant material” (codes HPM, MPM, and SPM), should only be used to describe near surface horizons composed of plant material in various stages of decomposition that are saturated with water for less than 30 cumulative days in normal years and are not artificially drained. These terms are used to describe folistic epipedons (i.e., in mineral soils only) or organic horizons of any thickness (i.e., in organic or mineral soils) provided they meet the saturation requirements. The terms “muck,” “mucky peat,” and “peat” (codes MUCK, MPT, and PEAT) are used to describe histic epipedons (i.e., in mineral soils only) and organic horizons of any thickness (i.e., in organic or mineral soils) that are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days in normal years or are artificially drained.
For soil materials with 40 percent or more, by weight, gypsum in the fine-earth fraction, gypsum dominates the physical and chemical properties of the soil and particle-size classes are not meaningful. Two terms in lieu of texture are used. “Coarse gypsum material” (code CGM) is used for these materials where 50 percent or more of the fine-earth fraction is comprised of particles ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 mm in diameter. “Fine gypsum material” (code FGM) is applied to materials where less than 50 percent of the fine-earth fraction is comprised of particles ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 mm in diameter.
The term “material,” (code MAT), is generic and requires the use of a texture modifier. It is intended for cemented diagnostic horizons such as duripans, petrocalcic horizons, and petrogypsic horizons (coded CEM-MAT), by using the texture modifier “cemented” with the term in lieu of texture “material.” The concatenated texture term for such horizons in pedon descriptions is “cemented material.” In the past, texture modifier terms, such as “coprogenous,” “gypsiferous,” and “marly,” were used to describe material, but such use has been discontinued and is no longer permitted. Examples of current usage are shown below and combine the texture modifier with an appropriate texture class (e.g., marly silt loam).
Definition.—“Texture modifier” is a term used to denote the presence of a condition or object other than sand, silt, or clay.
Application.—Texture modifier terms may apply to both texture and terms used in lieu of texture. Some may apply to both, others only apply to one or the other. Combinations of some texture modifiers are allowed. A list of allowable texture modifier terms and their codes is given in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.94. Some rules of application are given below.
If the content of fragments equals 15 percent or more, by volume, texture modifiers are used. An example is gravelly loam or parachannery loam. The adjectives “very” and “extremely” are used when the content of fragments equals 35 to less than 60 percent and 60 to less than 90 percent, by volume, respectively.
Texture modifiers, such as paragravelly and paracobbly, are used to identify the presence of pararock fragments. The size, shape, and amounts of pararock fragments required for these terms are the same as for rock fragments.
“Mucky” and “peaty” are used to modify near surface horizons of mineral soils that are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days in normal years or are artificially drained. An example is mucky loam. Excluding live roots, the horizon has an organic carbon content (by weight) of one of the following:
5 to < 12 percent if the mineral fraction contains no clay
12 to < 18 percent if the mineral fraction contains 60 percent or more clay
“Highly organic” is used to modify near surface horizons of mineral soils that are saturated with water for less than 30 cumulative days in normal years and are not artificially drained. Excluding live roots, the horizon has an organic carbon content (by weight) of one of the following:
5 to < 20 percent if the mineral fraction contains no clay
12 to < 20 percent if the mineral fraction contains 60 percent or more clay
Compound texture modifiers may be used. For example, a term may be used to indicate the presence of fragments and another used to indicate some nonfragment condition. The term used to indicate fragments should be listed first. Examples are very gravelly mucky silt loam and paragravelly ashy loam.
In some instances, mineral soil may contain a combination of both artifacts and fragments in the soil such as rock fragments and pararock fragments. In all cases, the artifacts, rock fragments, and pararock fragments are each described separately. The assignment of texture modifiers for such horizons is handled differently depending on the nature of the artifacts. Artifacts in soils which are discrete (i.e., ≥ 2 mm), cohesive, and persistent (e.g., concrete) function in a manner which is similar to rock fragments. Artifacts which are either noncohesive or nonpersistent (e.g., cardboard) behave differently than other discrete artifacts and also rock fragments. When describing the texture of soil horizons with artifacts or a combination of artifacts and fragments, the following rules of application are followed:
Describe the individual kinds and amounts (percent by volume) of artifacts and any fragments, if present. Record all pertinent attributes for artifacts (see Section 618.5), paying particular attention to data on artifact cohesion and persistence.
If the combined volume of artifacts, which are both cohesive and persistent, plus any rock fragments present is less than 15 percent, use the following table:
Less than 15 percent:
No artifact texture modifier is used.
15 to < 35 percent:
The adjectival term “artifactual” is used as a modifier of the texture class, such as “artifactual loam.”
35 to < 60 percent:
The adjectival term “very artifactual” is used as a modifier of the texture class, such as “very artifactual loam.”
60 percent to < 90 percent:
The adjectival term “extremely artifactual” is used as a modifier of the texture class, such as “extremely artifactual loam.”
90 percent or more
No texture modifier terms are used. If there is too little fine earth to determine the texture class (less than about 10 percent, by volume) the term used in lieu of texture, “artifacts”, is populated.
If both artifacts and rock fragments are present and the combined volume of rock fragments and artifacts, which are both cohesive and persistent, is 15 percent or more, assign dual rock fragment-artifact texture modifiers. Dual rock fragment-artifact texture modifiers are based on the combined volume of both. The modifiers are concatenated terms joined with a hyphen. For example, use “gravelly-artifactual loam” as the texture modifier for a horizon with a fine-earth texture class of loam that contains 10 percent quartzite gravel, 3 percent brick (a cohesive and persistent artifact), 2 percent glass (a cohesive and persistent artifact), and 25 percent plasterboard (a noncohesive artifact). See Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.94 for the list of 18 dual rock fragment-artifact texture modifiers.
If artifacts, pararock fragments, and rock fragments are present, but the combined volume of artifacts, which are both cohesive and persistent, and any rock fragments present is less than 15 percent, compound texture modifiers are used. The compound texture modifiers connote only the artifacts and the pararock fragments. The modifier for artifacts is assigned (using the table shown above) preceding the texture modifier for pararock fragments. Some examples are “artifactual paracobbly coarse sandy loam” for a horizon that contains 20 percent rubber (e.g., shredded tires) and 20 percent granite paracobbles and “very artifactual parachannery clay” for a horizon with 40 percent carpet pieces and 20 percent siltstone parachanners.
If a horizon includes both rock fragments and pararock fragments, use the following rules for selecting texture modifiers:
Describe the individual kinds and amounts of rock fragments and pararock fragments.
Do not use a fragment texture modifier when the combined volume of rock fragments and pararock fragments is less than 15 percent.
When the combined volume of rock fragments and pararock fragments is 15 percent or more and the volume of rock fragments is less than 15 percent, assign pararock fragment modifiers based on the combined volume of fragments. For example, use paragravelly as a texture modifier for soils with 10 percent rock and 10 percent pararock gravel-sized fragments.
When the volume of rock fragments is 15 percent or more, use the appropriate texture modifier for rock fragments (see Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.90), regardless of the volume of pararock fragments. (Do not add the volume of rock and pararock fragments to determine the texture modifier.)
The definitions of the following four compositional texture modifiers guide their usage:
Hydrous.—Material that has andic soil properties and an undried 15 bar (1500 kPa)water content of 100 percent or more of the dry weight.
Medial.—Material that has andic soil properties and has a 15 bar (1500 kPa) water content of less than 100 percent on undried samples and of 12 percent or more on air-dried samples.
Ashy.—Material that has andic soil properties and is neither hydrous nor medial or material that does not have andic soil properties and the fine-earth fraction contains 30 percent or more particles 0.02 to 2.0 mm in diameter, of which 5 percent or more is composed of volcanic glass and the [(aluminum plus 1/2 iron percent by ammonium oxalate) times 60] plus the volcanic glass percent is equal to or more than 30.
Woody, grassy, mossy, and herbaceous texture modifiers are only used to modify muck, peat, or mucky peat terms (used for histic epipedons and organic horizons of any thickness that are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days in normal years, or are artificially drained, including those in Histels and Histosols, except for Folists). The definitions of the following four compositional texture modifiers guide their usage:
Woody.—Any material that contains 15 percent or more wood fragments larger than 2 cm in size or organic soil materials other than SPM, MPM, or HPM, that contain 15 percent or more fibers that can be identified as wood origin and contain more wood fibers than any other kind of fiber.
Grassy.—Organic soil material that contains more than 15 percent fibers that can be identified as grass, sedges, cattails, and other grasslike plants and contains more grassy fibers than any other kind of fiber.
Mossy.—Organic soil material that contains more than 15 percent fibers that can be identified as moss and contains more moss fibers than any other kind of fiber.
Herbaceous.—Organic soil material that contains more than 15 percent fibers that can be identified as herbaceous plants other than moss and grass or grasslike plants and more of these fibers than any other kind of fiber.
In rare instances, some soil materials can be described by using a texture modifier, even though they do not fit the requirements of texture. An example is “gypsiferous material.”
Limnic materials have modifiers to texture to connote the origin of the material. The three kinds of limnic materials are coprogenous earth, diatomaceous earth, and marl. These materials were deposited in water by precipitation or through the action of aquatic organisms or derived from plants and organisms. Refer to the Keys to Soil Taxonomy for the complete definitions and taxonomic criteria of limnic materials. The following three compositional texture modifiers are used with limnic materials to indicate presence and origin without respect to any set quantity of pellets, grains, or particles:
Coprogenous.—Soil material that is a limnic layer containing many very small (0.1 to 0.001 mm) fecal pellets.
Diatomaceous.—Soil material that is a limnic layer composed of diatoms.
Marly.—Soil material that is a limnic layer that is light colored and reacts with HCl to evolve CO2.
“Permanently frozen” is a texture modifier term applied to a soil layer in which the temperature is perennially at or below 0 degrees C, whether its consistence is very hard or loose.
Entries.—Enter the applicable texture modifiers from the list in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.94. Multiple texture modifiers are used in some horizons based on the application rules for texture modifier presented above. They must be assigned sequence numbers in the Horizon Texture Modifier Table in the NASIS database for the proper calculated result.
Texture Modifier and Class
Definition.—“Texture modifier and class” is a concatenation of texture modifier and texture class or texture modifier and a term used in lieu of texture. This data element indicates the full texture term of the horizon. If texture modifiers are used, they are attached to the texture class by a hyphen, for example, GR-SL. If a layer is stratified, enter SR as a texture modifier and the end members of the textural range and connect them by hyphens, for example, SR-C-L and SR-GR-S-GR-C.
Entries.—Enter the appropriate texture modifier and class for each horizon. These entries are calculated in the Horizon Texture Group Table in the NASIS database.
Stratified Texture Flag
Application.—A “stratified texture flag” is used to identify stratified textures in the Horizon Texture Group Table in the NASIS database.
Entries.—A Boolean flag is set to “yes” by checking the box for the stratified texture flag. This indicates that the textures that comprise a particular record are stratified. The default entry is “no” and is displayed by keeping the box for stratified texture flag unchecked.
Representative Indicator Flag
Application.—A “representative indicator flag” is used to identify one representative texture (comprised of texture modifier and class) in the Horizon Texture Group Table in the NASIS database.
Entries.—A Boolean flag is set to “yes” by checking the box for the representative indicator flag. This indicates that the texture that comprises a record in the particular horizon texture group is representative. It also indicates that the selected texture validates the soil properties populated for the layer. The selected texture record must be in agreement with the representative values for important soil properties such as clay content, sand content, rock fragment content, and organic matter content. The flag must be set even when only one texture record is populated for a particular horizon (such as in surface layers or bedrock layers). The default entry is “no” and is displayed by keeping the box for representative indicator flag unchecked. Only one texture record may be selected as representative for a given horizon or layer.
618.72 Water, One-Tenth Bar
Definition.—“Water, one-tenth bar” is the amount of soil water retained at a tension of 1/10 bar (10 kPa), expressed as a percentage of the whole soil on a volumetric basis.
Significance.—Water retained at one-tenth bar is significant in the determination of soil water-retention difference, which is used as the initial estimation of available water capacity for some soils.
Measurement.—Measurement in the laboratory is done on natural clods using a pressure desorption method. Measurement for nonswelling soils, loamy sand or coarser soils, and some sandy loams is also done using a a pressure desorption method but sieved (< 2 mm) air-dry samples are used. Gravimetric water contents are reported in laboratory measurements as a percentage of the fine-earth (<2 mm) fraction. Conversion to a volumetric basis is made using bulk density and rock fragment content.
Entries.—Enter the low, high, and representative values for the horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed. A NASIS calculation is available and can be viewed in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.105.
618.73 Water, One-Third Bar
Definition.—Water, one-third bar” is the amount of soil water retained at a tension of 1/3 bar (33 kPa), expressed as a percentage of the whole soil on a volumetric basis.
Significance.—Water retained at one-third bar is significant in the determination of soil water-retention difference, which is used as the initial estimation of available water capacity for some soils.
Measurement.—Measurement in the laboratory is done on natural clods using a pressure desorption method. Measurement for nonswelling soils, loamy sand or coarser soils, and some sandy loams is also done using a pressure desorption method but sieved (< 2 mm) air-dry samples are used. Gravimetric water contents are reported in laboratory measurements as a percentage of the fine-earth (< 2 mm) fraction. Conversion to a volumetric basis is made using bulk density and rock fragment content.
Entries.—Enter the low, high, and representative values for the horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed. A NASIS calculation is available and can be viewed in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.105.
618.74 Water, 15 Bar
Definition.—“Water, 15 bar” is the amount of soil water retained at a tension of 15 bars (1500 kPa), expressed as a percentage of the whole soil on a volumetric basis.
Significance.—Water retained at 15 bar is significant in the determination of soil water-retention difference, which is used as the initial estimation of available water capacity for some soils. Water retained at 15 bar is an estimation of the wilting point.
Measurement.—Measurement in the laboratory is done on sieved (< 2 mm) air-dry samples using a pressure desorption method. Gravimetric water contents are reported in laboratory measurements as a percentage of the fine-earth (< 2 mm) fraction. Conversion to a volumetric basis is made using bulk density and rock fragment content.
Entries.—Enter the low, high, and representative values for the horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed. A NASIS calculation is available and can be viewed in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.105.
618.75 Water, Satiated
Definition.—“Water, satiated” is the estimated volumetric soil water content at or near zero bar tension, expressed as a percentage of the whole soil.
Significance.—Water, satiated, represents the total possible water content of the soil, including the amount in excess of field capacity, and is used to estimate the amount of water available for leaching and translocation. Satiated water content approximates the water content at saturated conditions. It is used in such resource assessment tools as Soil Hydrology, Water Budgets, Leaching, and Nutrient/Pesticide Loading models.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the horizon. The range of valid entries is from 0 to 100 percent, and only whole numbers (integers) are allowed. A NASIS calculation is available and can be viewed in Part 618, Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.105.
618.76 Water Temperature
Definition.—“Water temperature”, is the mean annual water temperature (MAWT) at or near the water/soil contact in a subaqueous soil setting.
Significance.—Temperature is important to many biological and physical processes that occur in marine and freshwater aquatic environments. The properties of the water column above subaqueous soils are important to interpretations such as aquaculture, shellfish restoration, and seagrass survival.
Estimates.—Water temperature can be estimated from measured water temperatures of the vicinity. Seasonal air temperature and water current fluctutations affect water temperatures. Estimates of water temperature should take these factors into account when water temperatures are extrapolated from one soil map unit component to another. Temperatures can be summations of the daily values collected and populated for point data in the NASIS data element “Water Temp – Lower” (sas_water_temp_lower) . Such temperatures are measured in the lower 10 cm of the water column immediately above the surface of subaqueous soils.
Measurement.—Water temperature can be measured by many types of thermometers, including mercury, bimetallic, thermisters, and thermocouples. Many types of instruments can be configured for remote, unattended, and submerged operation.
Entries.—Enter the high, low, and representative values for the range of mean annual water temperature for the component as the average of the mean monthly water temperatures in the Component table. The range of valid entries is from -10 to 50 degrees Celsius, and tenths (one decimal place) are allowed.
618.77 Wind Erodibility Group and Index
Definition.—A wind erodibility group (WEG) is a grouping of soils that have similar properties affecting their resistance to soil blowing in cultivated areas. The groups indicate the susceptibility to blowing. The wind erodibility index (I), used in the wind erosion equation, is assigned using the wind erodibility groups.
Significance.—There is a close correlation between soil blowing and the size and durability of surface clodiness, fragments, organic matter, and the calcareous reaction. The soil properties that are most important with respect to soil blowing are listed below. Soil moisture and the presence of frozen soil also influence soil blowing.
Soil texture class
Organic matter content
Carbonates in the fine-earth fraction as determined by effervescence class
Rock and pararock fragment content
Mineralogy
Estimates.— Soils are placed into wind erodibility groups on the basis of the properties of the soil surface layer. Subpart B, Exhibits, Section 618.95 lists the wind erodibility index assigned to the wind erodibility groups. The wind erodibility index values are assigned because the dry soil aggregates are very use-dependent on crop management factors.
Entries.—Enter the wind erodibility group and wind erodibility index values for surface layers only. The range of valid entries for wind erodibility group data is 1, 2, 3, 4, 4L, 5, 6, 7, and 8. The lowest valid entry for wind erodibility index data is 0, and the highest is 310. The index values should correspond exactly to their wind erodibility group. |
Sinn Fein is good at playing for sympathy in the court of public opinion. Until recently, the temptation for other nationalist parties like the SDLP and Fianna Fail has been to give them a soft ride for the sake of the peace process and to support Adams against the hardliners who are supposedly yapping at his heels.
As things stand, the main effect of the robbery will be to prolong political stasis in the north, preventing the return of devolved power sharing for the foreseeable future. That is something that Sinn Fein can play to its advantage, pointing to it as evidence of the irreformability of the northern state, the intractability of unionism and the need for rapid movement toward Irish unity.
It is not a bad line to pursue over the next year of Ruane-led celebrations, in which they will push the Irish government for a green [sic] paper on how a united Ireland will be achieved. Looked at from that perspective, a failed settlement in Northern Ireland and an IRA that is still there in the wings doesn’t look bad for Sinn Fein — provided there is no return to violence.
Sinn Fein’s big card will be that it is the only all-Ireland party, that it represents the majority of nationalists in the north and that it is the next big thing in the south. The SDLP now looks like a loser and some of its brightest and best young talent, men like Martin Morgan, the former lord mayor of Belfast, are thinking of stepping aside. Its former links with the Irish Labour party, which is already recruiting members on its own account in the north, count for less and less.
Connections with Fianna Fail could change all that. It would certainly attract new members and could halt the haemorrhage of old ones. It would also give Fianna Fail an all-Ireland organisation that could counter Sinn Fein. |
When 3ft foot 1″ Amanda Moore, 25, from Swindon, was told to abort her pregnancy she was devastated, but she defied doctors orders and has now celebrated the christening of the special baby that could have killed her and has achieved the title of Britain’s smallest mum…
“Can everyone just clear out and leave me alone?” I yelled. I needed peace and quiet to get myself ready.
It was the day of the christening of my beautiful seven-month-old baby boy Aidan and I wanted it to be perfect.
I was never supposed to have a baby and probably won’t be able to ever again and so I wanted the day to be an extra special one.
That’s because I’m a 3ft 1″ woman with brittle bone disorder – I’m one of the smallest woman in Britain.
I was born with osteogenesis imperfecta which meant my bones fractured easily and has caused my stunted growth. When I was born I had 14 broken bones – doctors told my mum that they didn’t think I would survive.
I kept breaking bones till I was about 18. But I was a fighter. My elder siblings Amy and Adrian, who are now 29 and 27, were always given instructions to look out for me but I was actually fine looking after myself.
I’ve never let my disorder stop me. I use a special electric chair to get me around and it’s the same height as beds and chairs so I don’t need anyone to lift me.
I’ve always gone out with friends and I could shop for England but I knew there were things I wouldn’t be able to do like other woman.
There was no way I could consider having a baby with my condition but it hadn’t really bothered me – I’d never met anyone special enough to want that.
Then last year that all changed.
“Do you want to go out sometime?” Steven Fyfe text me shyly one day at work. We worked together at a taxi firm and we’d been texting a bit but this was the first time he’d officially asked me out.
I really liked him but I was five and a half years older than him. He was just nineteen. I would talk to my mum for hours about it, just going over the same ground. I really appreciated my mum’s patience and advice on it.
“When you fall for someone you just can’t control it, stop worrying Amanda,’ she’d say.
“But he’s only nineteen and the son of my boss!”, I’d reply.
I decided to bite the bullet. I told him how much I liked him and it turned out he did like me – a lot. He saw past my shortness and my brittle bones and my special chair and fell in love with me. His mum loved me too. Within a year, we had moved in together.
It was a dream come true. We did things like normal couples. I’ve been used to people staring at me every day of my life and when I started going out with Steven I didn’t mind the looks anymore.
I was truly happy and I could appreciate we did look a slightly odd couple – he’s 6ft 1.5″!
My mum continued to be my rock throughout dishing out advice and allowing me my rants when Steven was spending too much time playing play station or making my pristine house messy.
Even as her own health deteriorated she would always there at the end of the phone despite her daily hospital visits for dialysis for her kidney failure.
Steven and I had discussed children and it was definitely something we wanted but it was a subject we were going to deal with much later on. In an ideal world when Steven was about 25 and I was 30.
It was a complicated matter – having a baby would be very dangerous for a woman of my size and with my condition.
However, our plans went out the window and our lives changed forever when I discovered I had fallen pregnant.
“But I’ve been using protection!” I wailed to the doctors when they confirmed my dodgy bloated stomach and strange food cravings were actually due to a baby growing inside me.
Steven and I were both extremely shocked but also very excited, we couldn’t help it.
Doctors advised me to have a termination and we did think about it. I didn’t want to die and there was a real and likely possibility that the baby growing inside me would kill me.
But at the same time I felt a love developing for our unborn child I just couldn’t dismiss. We both wanted this baby so much.
We told doctors that we planned to go through for it. I could tell a lot of them thought we were mad.
Telling my mum was a bit scary. I knew she would be worried about my health.
She had picked me up and cuddled me after every broken bone and accompanied me on my numerous hospital visits.
“I just don’t want to see you in any more pain, Mandy,” she told me. “Have you really thought about how hard it will be if the baby has your condition? It’s not fair on the baby.”
A tidal wave of guilt hit me. I was a strong person and was proud of the person I was but my condition had taken me through some really dark times.
Could I put my baby through that?
There was a 50/50 chance of me passing it on.
Steven and I discussed it for hours on end but we both decided we would go for it. Once I’d made the decision I felt happier. I could now focus on eating the correct foods and doing my best to stay healthy.
Then I received the most devastating call.
It was Tony, my mum’s partner.
“Your mum has taken a turn for the worse – we don’t think you should come up in your condition though.”
Of course I ignored him and Steven and I drove up straight away.
She had contracted MRSA during one of her dialysis visits.
When I entered the ward I knew I was there to say good-bye. I held her hand tightly and said how I would tell her grandchild all about her. She slipped away with us all around her.
I felt like a part of me died with her. She was a huge part of my life. I was three months pregnant and my hormones were everywhere – I began doubting whether I had done the right thing.
How would I cope without her?
Every daughter needs their mum with them when having their first child and I was more in need than most girls.
But she had gone. I shed a lot of tears in private.
In the end it was my unborn baby that kept me going. We decided to find out whether we were having a boy or a girl.
If it was a girl we knew we would call her Diana after my mother.
But it was a boy.
It was actually Steven that came up with the perfect name for him – Aidan. It was the letters of my mum’s name rearranged.
The rest of the pregnancy went reasonably well although it was very painful. Steven was very good though and massaged my feet when I moaned and fanned me when I got hot.
Sometimes he would even take the extra weight in his hands as he helped me into bed and onto the sofa. I only weighed 3 stone before and during pregnancy I went up to five stone! It felt very uncomfortable.
They told me they would have to operate early as my body would not be able to take it but I kept telling them no when ever they suggested a date.
I said I felt fine – I wanted Aidan left in the womb as long as possible.
But then I had a bit of an episode in Asda. We were in a long queue and it was boiling and I began to feel really uncomfortable.
“Help me I can’t breathe!” I cried and then I blacked out.
I woke up in hospital and doctors said I really must give birth. It was getting too dangerous.
So at 35 weeks they began the Caesarean process at John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford. I was in the Silver Star unit, which deals with complicated pregnancies. I’d like to pretend that I felt happy and strong about it but I was absolutely terrified.
I was so worried I would never wake up. I rubbed my stomach and begged Aidan to be gentle with me.
My anxiety ebbed away as the anaesthetic kicked in and I was wheeled to surgery, dreaming of finally being able to see baby Aidan’s face.
I went in on the Thursday and on Friday 27th February, Aidan Fyfe was born weighing 5lbs 5ozs.
He was beautiful and he hadn’t inherited the disorder! I was so happy.
As he was five weeks premature he was kept in the special care unit.
Two weeks later as Aidan grew stronger they transferred him to the hospital in Swindon.
I went to him every day. At first I found it torturous not being able to look after my baby without nurses and tubes to help him breathe and feed around him.
But actually it was a good period for me to prepare and come to terms with things. I think while I was pregnant, I was so concerned that he would have the disorder, that he might not survive or that I would die that I hadn’t actually considered it all working out and what would happen next.
I bought even more parenting books to add to my collection.
Steven thought I was mad.
“Amanda you’re being silly,” he told me. “You’re going to be a great Mum and you’ll just pick it up along the way. You don’t need a book.”
But as usual I ignored him and bought and read them all anyway.
After two and a half weeks we brought Aidan home.
I started to worry if he wasn’t doing what he was supposed to do at certain stages according to the book.
But then I started to discover Steven was right. I was picking things up along the way. I was coping.
I found singing Twinkle Twinkle Little Star stopped him crying every time and I knew the difference between when he was crying for his bottle and when his nappy needed changing.
I couldn’t believe it – I was coping just fine as Britain’s smallest Mum!
I knew what I had to do next – plan the christening. Steven isn’t particularly religious but my mum had me christened while I was in hospital and it was something that was very important to her.
I began planning the perfect day. I scoured the internet for the perfect outfit for Aidan and shopped till I dropped for a dress for me.
In the end I settled on a £45 size 8 Jane Norman one. It would have been a short dress on most girls but on me it was more like a proper ball dress. It was cream with black sequin embroidery and it was fitted round the bust. My boobs had grown with the pregnancy so they fitted into it perfectly.
Everyone would be watching and I wanted to look amazing. I knew it would go perfectly with my most treasured piece of jewellery – my ‘Mummy’ necklace from Aidan for Mother’s Day. I couldn’t wait.
I picked Aidan a cream and gold suit out from Sazoo online. It came with a cute bonnet and shoes. The shoes didn’t arrive in time so in the end my sister had to nip to Sainsbury’s to get a pair.
We had asked my brother Adrian to be godfather as well as out best friends Robert, Kathleen and Louisa.
On the morning of the christening, I thought of the one person that couldn’t be there. Mum.
I wish she could have met Aidan or at least known that I was going to survive giving birth before she died.
I took my favourite picture of her and folded it into my purse. That way she would be with me on the day.
Whilst my dad and Steven fussed around the house getting all the last minute things done – sausage rolls ready in a tray in the oven, wine in the fridge, laying out the buffet – I got ready.
It was really important for everything to go well. No one had expected me to ever have a christening and yet here I was. I also knew I wouldn’t be arranging another one. Although we would love Aidan to have a little baby brother or sister, Steven and I had decided we wouldn’t go through the process again.
I needed a good two hours to get ready. Aidan sat and gurgled at me throughout. He had a little bit of a cold and had been up in the night but he was content now.
As we rolled up to the church late – thanks to me blow-drying and straightening my hair – I knew it was going to be a good day. A crowd of smiling faces welcomed us and the sun was shining.
Aidan bawled his eyes out as he was christened but when Steven handed him to be I soothed him and he stopped.
Everyone noticed and I loved the comments of how well they could see I was doing.
I clutched my purse the whole time knowing the important photo was inside. I don’t know if it was being in a church or if it was the emotion of the day but right then and there I knew my Mum was smiling down on me. Smiling back with Aidan in my arms and Steven beside me I could not be any happier.
I know there will be challenges to overcome. Soon Aidan will be bigger than me and we are working out how I can move him around the house in my chair while Steven is at work.
We will also have to tell Aidan that he has to be gentle with Mummy and much later on we will have to talk about his decision to have children as he could be a carrier of the brittle bone disorder.
But for now I am proudly wearing my ‘Mummy’ necklace knowing that I am Britain’s smallest.
I just have to work on completing my dream and adding to my my prized jewellery collection – with a diamond engagement ring! |
1960–61 French Division 2
Statistics of Division 2 in the 1960–61 season.
Overview
It was contested by 19 teams, and Montpellier won the championship.
League standings
References
France - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Category:Ligue 2 seasons
French
2 |
We are currently evaluating the viability and cell count of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) subjected to different time lapses under different anticoagulants but same temperature (RT). Time evaluated are 0, 24, 48 and 72 hrs after blood draw into ACD, EDTA and Citrate Vacutainer tubes. We are new at this and have only yet started to get experienced with cell counts and viability estimations using trypan blue. Our preliminary data shows EDTA-stored PBMCs nicely falling in both total cell count and viability...However, Sodium Citrate-Stored PBMCs show a paradoxical increase in cell numbers (although not in viability). Numbers for Citrate-PBMCs start at around 2E6 to 2.5E6 at 0 hrs and hit between 3E6 and 4E6 by 72 hrs! Cells are only subjected to ficoll-1077 isolation immediately after withdrawal (blood withdrawal that is, no sex in our lab, Thank you! ) and are not subjected to any type of stimulation. All procedures are carried out under strict sterile technique (cells are cultured for a week after the procedure to rule out bacterial contamination). Has anyone encountered this ?
I am currently pointing my finger at either: 1) cells being stimulated to proliferate (could this be?) or 2) we are getting better at cell counts, thus the higher cell numbers in the last parts (last 48 hrs that is) of the experiments.
Any suggestions?
-biomol.uaslp-
QUOTE (biomol.uaslp @ May 15 2008, 10:46 PM)
...(blood withdrawal that is, no sex in our lab, Thank you! ) and are not subjected to any type of stimulation.
What kind of dull lab you work in? ..
-cellcounter-
QUOTE (cellcounter @ May 15 2008, 10:54 PM)
QUOTE (biomol.uaslp @ May 15 2008, 10:46 PM)
...(blood withdrawal that is, no sex in our lab, Thank you! ) and are not subjected to any type of stimulation. |
Does Twitter have a secret patent strategy?
(MoneyWatch) COMMENTARY Not so long ago, Twitter's patent strategy seemed to be not to bother. There were no disclosed filings and the company never replied to inquiries. It seemed as though the five-year-old company depended on speed of innovation and operation rather than patents.
But maybe there should be more notice of how Twitter might be carrying on a stealth patent strategy to keep competitors -- and, as a result, investors -- from seeing what it is doing. All it would take would be some completely legal steps, some of which others have used in the past to muddy the trail of their strategy and intent.
I regularly follow patent filings and have often wondered why Twitter never seemed to have any. I've contacted the company in the past and never heard back.
Typically, patent applications are published and publicly available within 18 months of the filing date. For a long time, the only patent application associated with Twitter was one gained with the acquisition of Tweetie, a company that makes client software to use Twitter on the Mac, iPhone, and iPad. That application had originally been filed in April 2010 and was published in August 2010.
And then, last month, Twitter saw its own first patent application made public. Called Prioritizing Messages Within a Message Network, it was filed on Oct. 6, 2010 and published on April 12, 2012, the normal time lag you might expect.
If that is the first application to be made public, does that mean Twitter didn't bother filing any patents before? Given that its first investment round came in 2007 and that savvy investors and VCs tend to want patents, or at least patent filings, to protect the company's value, that seems unlikely.
That's what raises the question of whether Twitter -- or other companies -- could keep patent filings out of the public eye beyond what you might ordinarily expect. (Twitter did not respond to a request for a comment for this story.)
There are clear business reasons why a company might want to keep the wraps on patent applications before a company gets an actual patent from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Although companies often file for patents on technologies that they ultimately do not use, the applications can give early insights into the research directions a given corporation takes and how it thinks about certain technologies and business directions. Not only can competitors get important insights, but so can investors.
According to patent attorney Raymond Van Dyke, who has significant experience in the software industry, one way to keep a patent filing quiet is to simply not file for international patents: "If you don't [file for foreign patents] in the United States, a U.S. patent applicant can file a case and at the filing point designate non-publication." The patent application remains private until a patent actually issues. Van Dyke says that option was commonly used before international patent cooperation treaties and that a U.S.-only strategy makes it available again.
A second way is to keep a patent from being associated with a company. One corporation could create a wholly-owned shell, possibly through a chain of holdings to obfuscate things even more, and have the shell own the patents and license them to the parent. It isn't unheard of: As Forbes has noted, Apple has used front companies in trademark situations. Why assume the same couldn't happen with patents?
In the meantime, we'll have to see what other patent applications eventually come spilling out of Twitter.
Erik Sherman is a widely published writer and editor who also does select ghosting and corporate work. The views expressed in this column belong to Sherman and do not represent the views of CBS Interactive. Follow him on Twitter at @ErikSherman or on Facebook. |
Wooden Heart Jewellery Rack: Bangles and Beads
Share with your friends
This gorgeous jewelry holder is the perfect gift for any little girl. Excellent for displaying a collection of bangles and accessories. It comes with a string hanger and 6 hooks, beautifully finished with handpainted flowers and butterflies.
Please note this is not a toy, and is unsuitable for children under the age of 3. |
! H0 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
! H0 X
! H0 X libAtoms+QUIP: atomistic simulation library
! H0 X
! H0 X Portions of this code were written by
! H0 X Albert Bartok-Partay, Silvia Cereda, Gabor Csanyi, James Kermode,
! H0 X Ivan Solt, Wojciech Szlachta, Csilla Varnai, Steven Winfield.
! H0 X
! H0 X Copyright 2006-2010.
! H0 X
! H0 X These portions of the source code are released under the GNU General
! H0 X Public License, version 2, http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html
! H0 X
! H0 X If you would like to license the source code under different terms,
! H0 X please contact Gabor Csanyi, gabor@csanyi.net
! H0 X
! H0 X Portions of this code were written by Noam Bernstein as part of
! H0 X his employment for the U.S. Government, and are not subject
! H0 X to copyright in the USA.
! H0 X
! H0 X
! H0 X When using this software, please cite the following reference:
! H0 X
! H0 X http://www.libatoms.org
! H0 X
! H0 X Additional contributions by
! H0 X Alessio Comisso, Chiara Gattinoni, and Gianpietro Moras
! H0 X
! H0 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
module elasticity_module
use libatoms_module
use Potential_module
implicit none
private
public :: calc_elastic_constants
interface calc_elastic_constants
module procedure pot_calc_elastic_constants
end interface
public :: youngs_modulus, poisson_ratio, graphene_elastic, einstein_frequencies, elastic_fields
contains
subroutine pot_calc_elastic_constants(this, at, fd, args_str, c, c0, relax_initial, return_relaxed, relax_tol, relax_method, linmin_method)
type(Potential), intent(inout) :: this
type(Atoms), intent(inout) :: at !% Atoms object for which to compute $C_{ij}$
real(dp), intent(in), optional :: fd !% Finite strain to apply. Default $10^{-2}$.
character(len=*), intent(in), optional :: args_str !% Optional args_str to pass to 'minim'
real(dp), intent(out), optional :: c(6,6) !% Elastic constants (with relaxation)
real(dp), intent(out), optional :: c0(6,6) !% Elastic constants (without relaxation)
logical, optional :: relax_initial !% Should the initial cell be relaxed?
logical, optional :: return_relaxed !% If true, overwrite 'at' with relaxed positions and lattice (default false)
real(dp), optional :: relax_tol !% Relaxation df$^2$ tolerance. Default 1e-8
character(len=*), optional :: relax_method !% method to pass for minim
character(len=*), optional :: linmin_method !% method to pass for minim
logical my_relax_initial, my_return_relaxed
integer ii, jj
type(atoms) :: at_bulk
type(atoms) :: at_t
real(dp) :: my_fd, my_relax_tol
real(dp) :: volume
real(dp) :: Fp(3,3), Fm(3,3)
real(dp) :: V0p(3,3), V0m(3,3), Vp(3,3), Vm(3,3)
integer iter
character(len=100) :: my_relax_method, my_linmin_method
real(dp) :: e0, V0(3,3)
my_fd = optional_default(1.0e-2_dp, fd)
my_relax_tol = optional_default(1e-8_dp, relax_tol)
my_relax_initial = optional_default(.true., relax_initial)
my_return_relaxed = optional_default(.false., return_relaxed)
my_relax_method = trim(optional_default('cg_n', relax_method))
my_linmin_method = trim(optional_default('FAST_LINMIN', linmin_method))
at_bulk = at
call set_cutoff(at_bulk, cutoff(this))
call calc_connect(at_bulk)
if (current_verbosity() > PRINT_VERBOSE) then
call verbosity_push_decrement(PRINT_NERD)
call calc(this, at_bulk, energy=e0, virial=v0, args_str=args_str)
call verbosity_pop()
call print("initial config")
call write(at_bulk, 'stdout')
call print("e " // e0)
call print("V")
call print(V0)
endif
if (my_relax_initial) then
call verbosity_push_decrement(PRINT_VERBOSE)
iter = minim(this, at_bulk, my_relax_method, my_relax_tol, 1000, trim(my_linmin_method), do_print=.false., &
do_pos=.true., do_lat=.true., args_str=args_str)
call verbosity_pop()
if (current_verbosity() >= PRINT_VERBOSE) then
call verbosity_push_decrement(PRINT_VERBOSE)
call calc(this, at_bulk, energy=e0, virial=v0, args_str=args_str)
call verbosity_pop()
call print("relaxed config")
call write(at_bulk, 'stdout')
call print("e " // e0)
call print("V")
call print(V0)
endif
if (my_return_relaxed) at = at_bulk
endif
volume = cell_volume(at_bulk)
call print("volume " // volume, PRINT_VERBOSE)
do ii=1, 3
do jj=ii, 3
call print("doing strain [" // ii // "," // jj//"]", PRINT_VERBOSE)
Fp = 0.0_dp; call add_identity(Fp)
Fm = 0.0_dp; call add_identity(Fm)
Fp(ii,jj) = Fp(ii,jj) + my_fd
Fm(ii,jj) = Fm(ii,jj) - my_fd
at_t = at_bulk
call set_lattice(at_t, Fp .mult. at_t%lattice, scale_positions=.true.)
call calc_connect(at_t)
call calc(this, at_t, energy=e0, virial=V0p, args_str=args_str)
call verbosity_push_decrement(PRINT_VERBOSE)
call print("plus perturbed config")
call write(at_t, 'stdout')
call print("E0p" // e0)
call print("V0p")
call print(V0p)
call verbosity_pop()
if (present(c)) then
call verbosity_push_decrement(PRINT_VERBOSE)
iter = minim(this, at_t, my_relax_method, my_relax_tol, 1000, trim(my_linmin_method), do_print=.false., &
do_pos=.true., do_lat=.false., args_str=args_str)
call verbosity_pop()
call calc_connect(at_t)
call calc(this, at_t, energy=e0, virial=Vp, args_str=args_str)
call verbosity_push_decrement(PRINT_VERBOSE)
call print("plus perturbed relaxed config")
call write(at_t, 'stdout')
call print("Ep" // e0)
call print("Vp")
call print(Vp)
call verbosity_pop()
endif
at_t = at_bulk
call set_lattice(at_t, Fm .mult. at_t%lattice, scale_positions=.true.)
call calc_connect(at_t)
call calc(this, at_t, energy=e0, virial=V0m, args_str=args_str)
call verbosity_push_decrement(PRINT_VERBOSE)
call print("minus perturbed config")
call write(at_t, 'stdout')
call print("E0m" // e0)
call print("V0m")
call print(V0m)
call verbosity_pop()
if (present(c)) then
call verbosity_push_decrement(PRINT_VERBOSE)
iter = minim(this, at_t, my_relax_method, my_relax_tol, 1000, trim(my_linmin_method), do_print=.false., &
do_pos=.true., do_lat=.false., args_str=args_str)
call verbosity_pop()
call calc_connect(at_t)
call calc(this, at_t, energy=e0, virial=Vm, args_str=args_str)
call verbosity_push_decrement(PRINT_VERBOSE)
call print("minus perturbed relaxed config")
call write(at_t, 'stdout')
call print("Em" // e0)
call print("Vm")
call print(Vm)
call verbosity_pop()
endif
if (present(c0)) then
c0(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(1,1)) = V0m(1,1)-V0p(1,1)
c0(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(1,2)) = V0m(1,2)-V0p(1,2)
c0(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(1,3)) = V0m(1,3)-V0p(1,3)
c0(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(2,2)) = V0m(2,2)-V0p(2,2)
c0(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(2,3)) = V0m(2,3)-V0p(2,3)
c0(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(3,3)) = V0m(3,3)-V0p(3,3)
c0(strain_index(1,1),strain_index(ii,jj)) = c0(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(1,1))
c0(strain_index(1,2),strain_index(ii,jj)) = c0(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(1,2))
c0(strain_index(1,3),strain_index(ii,jj)) = c0(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(1,3))
c0(strain_index(2,2),strain_index(ii,jj)) = c0(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(2,2))
c0(strain_index(2,3),strain_index(ii,jj)) = c0(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(2,3))
c0(strain_index(3,3),strain_index(ii,jj)) = c0(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(3,3))
endif
if (present(c)) then
c(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(1,1)) = Vm(1,1)-Vp(1,1)
c(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(1,2)) = Vm(1,2)-Vp(1,2)
c(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(1,3)) = Vm(1,3)-Vp(1,3)
c(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(2,2)) = Vm(2,2)-Vp(2,2)
c(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(2,3)) = Vm(2,3)-Vp(2,3)
c(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(3,3)) = Vm(3,3)-Vp(3,3)
c(strain_index(1,1),strain_index(ii,jj)) = c(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(1,1))
c(strain_index(1,2),strain_index(ii,jj)) = c(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(1,2))
c(strain_index(1,3),strain_index(ii,jj)) = c(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(1,3))
c(strain_index(2,2),strain_index(ii,jj)) = c(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(2,2))
c(strain_index(2,3),strain_index(ii,jj)) = c(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(2,3))
c(strain_index(3,3),strain_index(ii,jj)) = c(strain_index(ii,jj),strain_index(3,3))
endif
end do
end do
if (present(c0)) c0 = c0 / (2.0_dp*my_fd*volume)
if (present(c)) c = c / (2.0_dp*my_fd*volume)
end subroutine pot_calc_elastic_constants
function strain_index(i, j)
integer, intent(in) :: i, j
integer :: strain_index
if (i == j) strain_index = i
if ((i == 2 .and. j == 3) .or. (i == 3 .and. j == 2)) strain_index = 4
if ((i == 3 .and. j == 1) .or. (i == 1 .and. j == 3)) strain_index = 5
if ((i == 1 .and. j == 2) .or. (i == 2 .and. j == 1)) strain_index = 6
end function strain_index
!% Calculate Youngs modulus $E_l$ from $6\times6$ elastic constants matrix $C_{ij}$
!% This is the modulus for loading in the $l$ direction.
!% Formula is from W. Brantley, Calculated elastic constants for stress problems associated
!% with semiconductor devices. J. Appl. Phys., 44, 534 (1973).
function youngs_modulus(c, l) result(E)
real(dp), intent(in) :: c(6,6)
real(dp), dimension(3), intent(in) :: l
real(dp) :: E
real(dp) :: s(6,6)
real(dp), dimension(3) :: lhat
call inverse(c, s)
! Normalise directions
lhat = l/norm(l)
! Youngs modulus in direction l, ratio of stress sigma_l
! to strain response epsilon_l
E = 1.0_dp/(S(1,1)-2.0_dp*(s(1,1)-s(1,2)-0.5_dp*s(4,4))*(lhat(1)*lhat(1)*lhat(2)*lhat(2) + &
lhat(2)*lhat(2)*lhat(3)*lhat(3) + &
lhat(1)*lhat(1)*lhat(3)*lhat(3)))
end function youngs_modulus
!% Calculate Poisson ratio $\nu_{lm}$ from $6\times6$ elastic
!% constant matrix $C_{ij}$. This is the response in $m$ direction
!% to pulling in $l$ direction. Result is dimensionless.
!% Formula is from W. Brantley, Calculated elastic constants for stress problems associated
!% with semiconductor devices. J. Appl. Phys., 44, 534 (1973).
function poisson_ratio(cc, l, m) result(v)
real(dp), intent(in) :: cc(6,6)
real(dp), dimension(3), intent(in) :: l, m
real(dp) :: v
real(dp) :: s(6,6)
real(dp), dimension(3) :: lhat, mhat
call inverse(cc, s)
! Normalise directions
lhat = l/norm(l)
mhat = m/norm(m)
! Poisson ratio v_lm: response in m direction to strain in
! l direction, v_lm = - epsilon_m/epsilon_l
v = -((s(1,2) + (s(1,1)-s(1,2)-0.5_dp*s(4,4))*(lhat(1)*lhat(1)*mhat(1)*mhat(1) + &
lhat(2)*lhat(2)*mhat(2)*mhat(2) + &
lhat(3)*lhat(3)*mhat(3)*mhat(3))) / &
(s(1,1) - 2.0_dp*(s(1,1)-s(1,2)-0.5_dp*s(4,4))*(lhat(1)*lhat(1)*lhat(2)*lhat(2) + &
lhat(2)*lhat(2)*lhat(3)*lhat(3) + &
lhat(1)*lhat(1)*lhat(3)*lhat(3))))
end function poisson_ratio
!% Calculate in-plane elastic constants of a graphene sheet with lattice
!% parameter 'a' using the Potential 'pot'. On exit, 'poisson'
!% will contain the in plane poisson ratio (dimensionless) and 'young' the
!% in plane Young's modulus (GPa).
subroutine Graphene_Elastic(pot, a, poisson, young, args_str, cb)
type(Potential), intent(inout) :: pot
real(dp), intent(out) :: a, poisson, young
character(len=*), intent(in), optional :: args_str !% arg_str for potential_calc
real(dp), intent(out), optional :: cb
type(Atoms) :: cube, at, at2, tube
real(dp) :: a0, v(3,3), eps(3,3)
integer :: steps, tube_i, i, n, m
real(dp) :: fix(3,3)
integer, parameter :: nx = 2, ny = 3
real(dp) :: tube_r(12), tube_energy(12), graphene_e_per_atom, radius, energy, c(1), chisq
a0 = 1.45_dp
cube = Graphene_Cubic(a0)
call Supercell(at, cube, nx, ny, 1)
call Set_Cutoff(at, cutoff(pot))
call randomise(at%pos, 0.01_dp)
call calc_connect(at)
! fix lattice in x and y directions
fix = 1.0_dp
fix(1,1) = 0.0_dp
fix(2,2) = 0.0_dp
call set_param_value(at, "Minim_Lattice_Fix", fix)
! Geometry optimise with variable lattice
steps = minim(pot, at, 'cg', 1e-6_dp, 100, &
'FAST_LINMIN', do_pos=.true.,do_lat=.true.,do_print=.false.)
! Set a to average of x and y lattice constants
a = 0.5_dp*(at%lattice(1,1)/(3.0_dp*nx) + at%lattice(2,2)/(sqrt(3.0_dp)*ny))
call calc(pot, at, energy=graphene_e_per_atom, args_str=args_str)
graphene_e_per_atom = graphene_e_per_atom/at%N
cube = Graphene_Cubic(a)
call Supercell(at2, cube, nx, ny, 1)
call Set_Cutoff(at2, cutoff(pot))
call calc_connect(at2)
! Apply small strain in x direction
eps = 0.0_dp; call add_identity(eps)
eps(1,1) = eps(1,1)+0.001_dp
call set_lattice(at2, eps .mult. at2%lattice, scale_positions=.true.)
! Fix lattice in x direction
fix = 1.0_dp
fix(1,1) = 0.0_dp
call set_param_value(at, "Minim_Lattice_Fix", fix)
! Geometry optimse, allowing to contract in y direction
steps = minim(pot, at2, 'cg', 1e-6_dp, 100, &
'FAST_LINMIN', do_print=.false., do_pos=.true.,do_lat=.true.)
poisson = -((at2%lattice(2,2) - at%lattice(2,2))/at%lattice(2,2))/ &
((at2%lattice(1,1) - at%lattice(1,1))/at%lattice(1,1))
! Calculate stress to find Young's modulus
call Calc(pot, at2, virial=v)
young = -v(1,1)/(eps(1,1)-1.0_dp)*EV_A3_IN_GPA/cell_volume(at2)
if (present(cb)) then
! Finally, calculate bending modulus by fitting strain energy per atom to
! curve 1/2 c_b/r**2 for a series of nanotubes. We use 12 nanotubes (n,m)
! where n runs from 10 to 20 in steps of 2 and m is either 0 or n.
tube_i = 1
tube_r = 0.0_dp
tube_energy = 0.0_dp
call verbosity_push_decrement(PRINT_VERBOSE)
do n=10,20,2
do m=0,n,n
radius = graphene_tube(tube, a, n, m, 3)
call set_cutoff(tube, cutoff(pot))
call calc_connect(tube)
i = minim(pot, tube, 'cg', 1e-5_dp, 1000, 'FAST_LINMIN', do_print=.false., &
do_pos=.true., do_lat=.false.)
call calc(pot, tube, energy=energy, args_str=args_str)
tube_r(tube_i) = tube_radius(tube)
tube_energy(tube_i) = energy/tube%N - graphene_e_per_atom
tube_i = tube_i + 1
end do
end do
call verbosity_pop()
call least_squares(tube_r, tube_energy, (/ ( 1.0_dp, i=1,12) /), &
c, chisq, inverse_square)
cb = 2.0_dp*c(1)
call finalise(tube)
end if
call Finalise(cube)
call Finalise(at)
call Finalise(at2)
end subroutine Graphene_Elastic
subroutine inverse_square(x,afunc)
real(dp) :: x, afunc(:)
afunc(1) = 1.0_dp/(x*x)
end subroutine inverse_square
function einstein_frequencies(pot, at, args_str, ii, delta) result(w_e)
type(Potential), intent(inout) :: pot !% Potential to use
type(Atoms), intent(in) :: at !% Atoms structure - should be equilibrium bulk configuation
character(len=*), intent(in), optional :: args_str !% arg_str for potential_calc
integer, optional, intent(in) :: ii !% The atom to displace (default 1)
real(dp), optional, intent(in) :: delta !% How much to displace it (default 1e-4_dp)
real(dp), dimension(3) :: w_e
type(Atoms) :: myatoms
integer :: myi, j
real(dp) :: mydelta, mass
real(dp), allocatable, dimension(:,:) :: f
myatoms = at
myi = optional_default(1, ii)
mydelta = optional_default(1e-4_dp, delta)
if (has_property(at, 'mass')) then
mass = at%mass(myi)
else
mass = ElementMass(at%Z(myi))
end if
allocate(f(3,at%N))
call set_cutoff(myatoms, cutoff(pot)+0.5_dp)
call calc_connect(myatoms)
do j=1,3
myatoms%pos = at%pos
myatoms%pos(j,myi) = myatoms%pos(j,myi) + mydelta
call calc_connect(myatoms)
call calc(pot, myatoms, force=f, args_str=args_str)
w_e(j) = sqrt(-f(j,myi)/(mass*mydelta))*ONESECOND
end do
deallocate(f)
end function einstein_frequencies
subroutine elastic_fields(at, a, C11, C12, C44, Cij)
type(Atoms), intent(inout) :: at
real(dp), intent(in) :: a
real(dp), intent(in), optional :: C11, C12, C44
real(dp), intent(in), optional :: Cij(6,6)
real(dp) :: C(6,6), strain(6), stress(6), b
real(dp), dimension(3) :: n1,n2,n3, d
real(dp), dimension(3,3) :: rotXYZ, E123, EEt, V, S, R, SS, Sig, RSigRt, RtE, SigEvecs
integer :: i, j, m, nn, ngood, maxnn
real(dp), pointer, dimension(:) :: S_xx_sub1, S_yy_sub1, S_zz_sub1, S_yz, S_xz, S_xy, &
Sig_xx, Sig_yy, Sig_zz, Sig_yz, Sig_xz, Sig_xy, SigEval1, SigEval2, SigEval3, &
von_mises_stress, von_mises_strain, atomic_vol, energy_density
real(dp), pointer, dimension(:,:) :: SigEvec1, SigEvec2, SigEvec3
logical :: dum
real(dp), dimension(:), allocatable :: dist
real(dp), dimension(:,:), allocatable :: ndiff
rotXYZ = 0.0_dp
rotXYZ(1,2) = 1.0_dp
rotXYZ(2,3) = 1.0_dp
rotXYZ(3,1) = 1.0_dp
! Elastic constants matrix C_{ij}
if (present(C11) .and. present(C12) .and. present(C44)) then
C = 0.0_dp
C(1,1) = C11; C(2,2) = C11; C(3,3) = C11;
C(4,4) = C44; C(5,5) = C44; C(6,6) = C44;
C(1,2) = C12; C(1,3) = C12; C(2,3) = C12;
C(2,1) = C12; C(3,1) = C12; C(3,2) = C12;
else if (present(Cij)) then
C = Cij
else
call system_abort('elastic_fields: either C11, C12 and C44 (for cubic cell) or full Cij matrix must be present')
end if
! Create properties and assign pointers
call add_property(at, 'S_xx_sub1', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'S_yy_sub1', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'S_zz_sub1', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'S_yz', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'S_xz', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'S_xy', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'Sig_xx', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'Sig_yy', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'Sig_zz', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'Sig_yz', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'Sig_xz', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'Sig_xy', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'SigEval1', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'SigEval2', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'SigEval3', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'SigEvec1', 0.0_dp, n_cols=3)
call add_property(at, 'SigEvec2', 0.0_dp, n_cols=3)
call add_property(at, 'SigEvec3', 0.0_dp, n_cols=3)
call add_property(at, 'von_mises_stress', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'von_mises_strain', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'atomic_vol', 0.0_dp)
call add_property(at, 'energy_density', 0.0_dp)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'S_xx_sub1', S_xx_sub1)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'S_yy_sub1', S_yy_sub1)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'S_zz_sub1', S_zz_sub1)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'S_yz', S_yz)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'S_xz', S_xz)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'S_xy', S_xy)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'Sig_xx', Sig_xx)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'Sig_yy', Sig_yy)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'Sig_zz', Sig_zz)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'Sig_yz', Sig_yz)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'Sig_xz', Sig_xz)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'Sig_xy', Sig_xy)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'SigEval1', SigEval1)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'SigEval2', SigEval2)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'SigEval3', SigEval3)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'SigEvec1', SigEvec1)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'SigEvec2', SigEvec2)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'SigEvec3', SigEvec3)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'von_mises_stress', von_mises_stress)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'von_mises_strain', von_mises_strain)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'atomic_vol', atomic_vol)
dum = assign_pointer(at, 'energy_density', energy_density)
call calc_connect(at)
! Check max number of nearest neighbours
maxnn = 0
do i=1,at%N
nn = 0
do m=1, n_neighbours(at,i)
if (is_nearest_neighbour(at,i,m)) nn = nn + 1
end do
if (nn > maxnn) maxnn = nn
end do
call print('Max number of nearest neighbours: '//maxnn, PRINT_VERBOSE)
allocate(dist(maxnn), ndiff(3,maxnn))
! Loop over all atoms
ngood = 0
do i=1,at%N
call print('Atom '//i, PRINT_VERBOSE)
! Count number of nearest neighbours
nn = 0
do m=1,n_neighbours(at, i)
if (is_nearest_neighbour(at,i,m)) then
nn = nn + 1
j = neighbour(at, i, m, distance=dist(nn), diff=ndiff(:,nn))
if (at%Z(j) == 1) then ! Skip hydrogen neighbours
nn = nn - 1
cycle
end if
call print(nn//': '//dist(nn)//ndiff(:,nn), PRINT_VERBOSE)
if (nn > 5) exit
end if
end do
if (nn == 4) then
ngood = ngood + 1
! Find cubic axes from neighbours
n1 = ndiff(:,2)-ndiff(:,1)
n2 = ndiff(:,3)-ndiff(:,1)
n3 = ndiff(:,4)-ndiff(:,1)
call print('n1 '//norm(n1)//n1, PRINT_VERBOSE)
call print('n2 '//norm(n2)//n2, PRINT_VERBOSE)
call print('n3 '//norm(n3)//n3, PRINT_VERBOSE)
! Estimate volume of Voronoi cell as rhombic dodecahedron with volume 16/9*sqrt(3)*b**3 * 1/2
b = (norm(ndiff(:,1)) + norm(ndiff(:,2)) + norm(ndiff(:,3)))/3.0_dp
atomic_vol(i) = 16.0_dp/9.0_dp*sqrt(3.0_dp)*b**3/2.0_dp
call print('atomic volume '//atomic_vol(i), PRINT_VERBOSE)
e123(:,1) = (n1 + n2 - n3)/a
e123(:,2) = (n2 + n3 - n1)/a
e123(:,3) = (n3 + n1 - n2)/a
! Kill near zero elements
where (abs(e123) < 1.0e-6_dp) e123 = 0.0_dp
if (all(e123 < 0.0_dp)) e123 = -e123
call print('det(e) = '//matrix3x3_det(e123), PRINT_VERBOSE)
call print(e123, PRINT_VERBOSE)
if (matrix3x3_det(e123) < 0) then
e123(:,3) = -e123(:,3)
call print('reflected axis 3', PRINT_VERBOSE)
call print(e123, PRINT_VERBOSE)
end if
! Find polar decomposition: e123 = S*R where S is symmetric,
! and R is a rotation
!
! EEt = E*E', EEt = VDV' D diagonal, S = V D^1/2 V', R = S^-1*E
EEt = e123 .mult. transpose(e123) ! Normal
call diagonalise(EEt, D, V)
! Check positive definite
if (any(D < 0)) then
call print(e123, PRINT_VERBOSE)
call system_abort("EE' is not positive definite")
end if
S = V .mult. diag(sqrt(D)) .mult. transpose(V)
R = V .mult. diag(D ** (-0.5_dp)) .mult. transpose(V) .mult. e123
call print('S:', PRINT_VERBOSE); call print(S, PRINT_VERBOSE)
call print('R:', PRINT_VERBOSE); call print(R, PRINT_VERBOSE)
RtE = transpose(R) .mult. e123
! Check for permutations - which way does x point?
if (RtE(2,1) > RtE(1,1) .and. RtE(2,1) > RtE(3,1)) then
! y direction
R = rotXYZ .mult. R
else if (RtE(3,1) > RtE(1,1) .and. RtE(3,1) > RtE(2,1)) then
! z direction
R = transpose(rotXYZ) .mult. R
end if
SS = transpose(R) .mult. S .mult. R
call print('R:', PRINT_VERBOSE); call print(R, PRINT_VERBOSE)
call print('RtE:', PRINT_VERBOSE); call print(RtE, PRINT_VERBOSE)
call print('RtSR:', PRINT_VERBOSE); call print(SS, PRINT_VERBOSE)
! Strain(1:6) = (/eps11,eps22,eps33,eps23,eps13,eps12/)
strain(1) = SS(1,1) - 1.0_dp
strain(2) = SS(2,2) - 1.0_dp
strain(3) = SS(3,3) - 1.0_dp
strain(4) = 2.0_dp*SS(2,3)
strain(5) = 2.0_dp*SS(1,3)
strain(6) = 2.0_dp*SS(1,2)
else
strain = 0.0_dp
S = 0.0_dp
S(1,1) = 1.0_dp; S(2,2) = 1.0_dp; S(3,3) = 1.0_dp
end if
stress = C .mult. strain
! Now stress(1:6) = (/sig11,sig22,sig33,sig23,sig13,sig12/)
sig = 0.0_dp
sig(1,1) = stress(1)
sig(2,2) = stress(2)
sig(3,3) = stress(3)
sig(1,2) = stress(6)
sig(1,3) = stress(5)
sig(2,3) = stress(4)
sig(2,1) = stress(6)
sig(3,1) = stress(5)
sig(3,2) = stress(4)
von_mises_stress(i) = sqrt(0.5*((stress(1) - stress(2))**2.0_dp + &
(stress(2) - stress(3))**2.0_dp + &
(stress(3) - stress(1))**2.0_dp))
von_mises_strain(i) = sqrt(strain(6)**2.0_dp + strain(5)**2.0_dp + &
strain(4)**2.0_dp + &
1.0_dp/6.0_dp*((strain(2) - strain(3))**2.0_dp + &
(strain(1) - strain(3))**2.0_dp + &
(strain(1) - strain(2))**2.0_dp))
RSigRt = R .mult. sig .mult. transpose(R)
call symmetrise(RSigRt)
call diagonalise(RSigRt,D,SigEvecs)
! Return strain in such a way that vector (S_xx_sub1, S_yy_sub1, S_zz_sub1, S_yz, S_xz, S_xy)
! yields (sig_xx, sig_yy, sig_zz, sig_yz, sig_xz, sig_xy) when multiplied by C_ij matrix
! i.e. we return (e1,e2,e3,e4,e5,e6) according to compressed Voigt notation.
S_xx_sub1(i) = S(1,1) - 1.0_dp
S_yy_sub1(i) = S(2,2) - 1.0_dp
S_zz_sub1(i) = S(3,3) - 1.0_dp
S_yz(i) = 2.0_dp*S(2,3)
S_xz(i) = 2.0_dp*S(1,3)
S_xy(i) = 2.0_dp*S(1,2)
Sig_xx(i) = RSigRt(1,1)
Sig_yy(i) = RSigRt(2,2)
Sig_zz(i) = RSigRt(3,3)
Sig_yz(i) = RSigRt(2,3)
Sig_xz(i) = RSigRt(1,3)
Sig_xy(i) = RSigRt(1,2)
SigEval1(i) = D(1)
SigEval2(i) = D(2)
SigEval3(i) = D(3)
SigEvec1(:,i) = SigEvecs(:,1)
SigEvec2(:,i) = SigEvecs(:,2)
SigEvec3(:,i) = SigEvecs(:,3)
! energy density in eV/A**3, from u = 1/2*stress*strain
energy_density(i) = 0.5_dp*( (/Sig_xx(i), Sig_yy(i), Sig_zz(i), Sig_yz(i), Sig_xz(i), Sig_xy(i) /) .dot. &
(/S_xx_sub1(i), S_yy_sub1(i), S_zz_sub1(i), S_yz(i), S_xz(i), S_xy(i) /) )/EV_A3_IN_GPA
end do
call print('Processed '//ngood//' of '//at%N//' atoms.', PRINT_VERBOSE)
deallocate(dist, ndiff)
end subroutine elastic_fields
end module elasticity_module
|
Tag
In the Biomedicine Area of the Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (Espol), in Guayaquil, at least 300 samples of the vibrio cholerae bacteria,which causes cholera, rest. Researcher Eunice Ordóñez, pulled out a sample processed in a centrifuge and then stored it in a freezer... |
Q:
mysql - how to get a random time (not date) between two time ranges
I am trying to work out how to return a random time between 2 time ranges.
For example, get a random time between 15:00:00 and 22:00:00
So far, I have - but don't know how to limit it
select sec_to_time(floor(15 + (rand() * 86401)))
Any help would be much appreciated!
A:
SELECT SEC_TO_TIME(
FLOOR(
TIME_TO_SEC('15:00:00') + RAND() * (
TIME_TO_SEC(TIMEDIFF('22:00:00', '15:00:00'))
)
)
);
Calculate in seconds. Then add a random number that is in the range of seconds between 15:00:00 and 22:00:00 to 15:00:00. Then convert the seconds back to a time value.
for more information on the used functions, see this link.
|
One of the women at the center of the David Letterman alleged extortion case is Stephanie Birkitt, his former assistant -- according to the search warrant obtained by FOX 5 New York. And, the warrant says, Birkitt was the suspect's girlfriend and we've learned she was living with him until recently.
According to the warrant, the suspect, "48 Hours" producer Robert "Joe" Halderman, sent Letterman a package which allegedly included treatments for a screenplay with supporting materials.
The warrant goes on to say the "supporting materials" included copies of parts of a diary and correspondence belonging to Birkitt.
Halderman allegedly sent more documents, including letters, emails and photos.
On September 23, Halderman allegedly told undercover cops he wouldn't make the diary public if Letterman anted up $2 million.
Letterman acknowledged on his show last night he had sexual relations with female members of his staff.
Birkett has been a regular on Letterman's show (see video). |
Q:
FBSDKHashtag not attached in FBSDKShareDialogMode.FeedBrowser
I could not attach a hashtag when using the .FeedBrowser share dialog mode. I have no problem when using .Native mode, but I needed a fallback in case a native app is not installed. Here's the code I'm using:
let shareContent = FBSDKShareLinkContent()
shareContent.hashtag = FBSDKHashtag(string: "#MyHashtag")
shareContent.contentURL = NSURL(string: "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2vj7O1XEEg")
let dialog = FBSDKShareDialog()
dialog.fromViewController = viewController
dialog.shareContent = shareContent
dialog.mode = .Native
dialog.delegate = self
if !dialog.canShow() {
dialog.mode = .FeedBrowser
}
dialog.show()
I couldn't find any information in Facebook's documentation regarding this. Can anyone tell me if I'm missing something here?
A:
I updated the Facebook SDK for iOS (v4.15), and the issue seems fixed.
|
Each scenario has it's own downside. Being a Pony in Humanville means not having the required dexterity. Being Human in Ponyville means having everything be too small or too counter intuitive to function.
The solution? Turn into a Pony in Ponyville. Win/Win |
Enzymatically modified nonoxidized low-density lipoprotein induces interleukin-8 in human endothelial cells: role of free fatty acids.
Treatment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) with a protease and cholesterolesterase transforms the lipoprotein to an entity that resembles lipoprotein particles in atherosclerotic lesions, which have a high content of free cholesterol, reflecting extensive de-esterification in the intima. Because de-esterification would occur beneath the endothelium, we examined the effects of enzymatically modified LDL (E-LDL) on cultured endothelial cells. Incubation of endothelial cells with E-LDL provoked selective accumulation of interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA and production of the cytokine. Chemical analyses and depletion experiments indicated that the effect was caused by the presence of free fatty acids in the altered lipoprotein. Reconstitution studies demonstrated that the oleic and linoleic acids associated with E-LDL are particularly effective IL-8 inducers. The effects of E-LDL on endothelial cells could be abrogated with albumin. IL-8 is required for rolling monocytes to adhere firmly to the endothelium; thus, the findings reveal a link between subendothelial entrapment of LDL, cleavage of cholesterol esters, and monocyte recruitment into the lesion. |
Two scenes in "Chernobyl" reveal the genius of Mazin's process: matching clear intentional writing with masterful acting and mise-en-scene.
Craig Mazin is a workaholic who has not faced one day since 1995 without some kind of deadline. Pegged early on as a Hollywood comedy screenwriter, he weathered two “Scary Movie” and two “Hangover” sequels. So it was something of a surprise when he created riveting true-life drama “Chernobyl,” which became not only HBO’s most successful limited series since “Band of Brothers,” but scored 19 Emmy nominations, beat only by “The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel” and “Game of Thrones.”
Apart from his own output, Mazin built a reputation as a writer partly via the popular Script Notes podcast. Back in 2011, fellow writer/blogger John August invited his colleague to join him on a new podcast; they have delivered it every Tuesday ever since, free of commercial interruption. Podcast producer August is “the classic WASP-y not straight straight guy,” said Mazin in an interview at his Pasadena office. “I’m the goofy guy, the yelly Jew.”
It works. The podcast has built a huge Hollywood following, elevating both men within the ranks of the Writers Guild of America, West, where August currently serves on the board of directors. Mazin was also recently urged to run for office, but withdrew his bid for family reasons.
Rebecca Cabage/Invision/AP/Shutterstock
In the past decade, Mazin found that many of even his most acclaimed writer friends were asking for his notes on their work – including dramas. The podcast reveals why: Mazin has an analytical ability to deconstruct just about anything. Eventually he asked, “What is this faith in me I don’t have in myself?”
Gradually, Mazin turned down more assignments and gave himself permission to dabble in more personal material. Five years ago he became obsessed with researching the nuclear power plant explosion at Chernobyl: the documentaries, the online videos, the books like oral history “Voices from Chernobyl.”
He saw the miniseries unfold in his mind. He showed a pitch to his “Game of Thrones” pals David Benioff and Dan Weiss: “Is this a show?” “We think it’s a show.” He also asked their executive producer Carolyn Strauss. “Yes.” She took him to HBO, which gave him development money for a bible and a pilot. “I knew exactly how to do it, I could see it,” Mazin said. “Structure, what the perspective should be, the variations of the story.” His one mistake: the show unfolded in five episodes, not six.
Liam Daniel/HBO
Mazin understood there was ongoing interest in Chernobyl because the Soviets had withheld so much information. “We didn’t know things,” he said. “It needed to be brought up because part of the theme of the show is that truth matters.” That’s why he insisted before making the series that there be an accompanying podcast transparently explaining how he arrived at his fictional reality. “I can’t do this and not be accountable and explain the changes we made…There are so many things about ‘Chernobyl’ that are true and hard to believe.”
Mazin wrote the series with his three top actors in mind: Jared Harris as nuclear physicist Valery Legasov, because “he seems legitimate as an actual real-life scientist, who felt appropriate for the space, and felt very internal,” he said.
He was thrilled to reunite for the first time “Breaking the Waves” costars Emily Watson and Stellan Skarsgård, as the composite characters of a nuclear expert and apparatchik, respectively. “Part of why ‘Chernobyl’ works as it does is it was written for them,” he said. “When casting happens, things get broken. When you write for somebody and don’t get them, there’s a strange realignment. You go and readjust, but it’s never quite the same.”
After plenty of production experience as an on-set writer and problem-solver, from casting to the editing room – “you are the unauthorized parent at a certain level in features” – and having directed two low-budget comedies, Mazin was confident he could showrun a limited series. “In television creatively, more than a lot of movies where the directors are important,” he said, “screenwriters are important.”
Kristina Bumphrey/StarPix/Shutterstock
What he needed was the right director to shoot every episode. This was his “most nerve-wracking” decision. “I do not want a big feature director used to being in charge,” he said. “I want someone who will do things I would ever dream of doing, deliver a beauty I cannot. I also need them to do what I want and follow the vision of the show. Their beautiful thing that I can’t do should be compatible with the thing I can.”
Mazin was most impressed by Swedish commercial helmer Johan Renck, who had directed Madonna and David Bowie videos as well as episodes of “Bloodline,” “Breaking Bad” and “Better Call Saul,” as well as Channel 4’s Balkan War miniseries “The Last Panthers.” Mazin was especially struck by a Swedish thriller not on Renck’s official resume. “It was so beautifully done, with a bleakness and hyperrealism so real it wasn’t real,” he said. “His fingerprint was so specific. He was doing the things I know I can’t do.”
As a screenwriter used to being replaced at will in movies, Mazin loved being in charge, and sharing his anxious authority with his three trusted collaborators, Strauss, Renck and producer Jane Featherstone. “It was important to me to work with people who were kind and nurturing and supportive of each other,” he said. “No days of being vindictive and sniping. I was treated the way I’d always wanted to be treated.”
Liam Daniel/HBO
Two scenes in “Chernobyl” reveal the genius of Mazin’s process: matching clear intentional writing with masterful acting and mise-en-scène. Unlike most writing teachers who preach dialogue as the main screenwriter’s tool, Mazin writes thinking into his text.
In his “Chernobyl” script, he builds up to the moment in Episode 2 when the scientist Legasov realizes how bad the nuclear explosion really is. The camera holds on his face as he reads the initial report. When he goes into the big conference room meeting led by Premier Gorbachev, Legasov is anxious to know what everyone else knows. “I tried hard to maintain internality,” said Mazin. “I wanted everything processed by people’s reactions.” So in the script, Legasov goes in, sees what’s happening, and in italics, Mazin writes what he is thinking: “Please let someone else say it, anyone else but me, they don’t know!” That’s exactly what Harris shows us in the scene – which is a lot more precise than the usual screenwriter direction: “(anxious)”.
Liam Daniel/HBO
The second pivotal scene is the one that makes viewers yell at the screen. (I screamed, “You’re dead! You’re dead!”) Mazin has carefully built up to the rooftop scene. Days after the Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe, the Russians are trying to figure out how to cover and put out the still-burning fire at the crater of the explosion that has melted the core of the power plant. We know helicopters are destroyed if they fly over the crater site. The engineers need to push all the radioactive debris off the roof and into the crater. Even a high-tech German robot vehicle couldn’t sustain exposure to the radiation, which was clearly far greater than they had figured. So they have to send in bio-robots: human soldiers in “protective” suits will rush across the roof for 90 seconds at a time and hurl away the radioactive material.
“Everything about that is factual,” said Mazin, who knew that narratively, “this was a right hook you can throw.” (For his pals Benioff and Weiss, the right hook for “Game of Thrones” was the Season 3 Red Wedding.) “We would have earned the audience’s attention, and could ask them to look at something for 90 seconds that doesn’t cut.”
He and Renck carefully choreographed the shot on a hot day in Lithuania, from the point of view of one soldier crossing the roof, throwing off rocks, and returning. “It’s a oner,” said Mazin. “The camera or guy moves the wrong way, the thing falls off the shovel the wrong way, the 90-second take is no good. We used the eighth take. We probably did it nine times.”
Mazin has learned the hard way in comedy that what you think is hysterical will bomb, and minutes later “the dumbest joke in the world destroys.” While they showed the series to HBO and screened the first two episodes at BAFTA, Episode 4 went straight to audiences, and Mazin watched it at home like everyone else. “Tonight’s the night we lose them,” he’d say. Twelve million people watched the show.
HBO
The thing that matters most to Mazin is that “Chernobyl” has made a difference in the world, whether it’s Ukraine liquidators finally getting the credit they deserve or the rise in tourism in a poor country. Mazin uses his Twitter account to fight for climate change. “When we grew up we learned that the Soviets were not like us,” he said. “Everything about their system was so oppositional to ours. We would never behave as they behave. They didn’t do anything we weren’t capable of doing. And we are now doing things similar to what they do. We are acting in firm denial of something we don’t want to be true. The nuclear reactor was the one thing they could not control. Our climate doesn’t give a shit, heat melts ice, that’s how it works. That we are still engaging in climate change debate is remarkable. Most of us get it. It’s just bizarre to me: there’s no political advantage to getting hot.”
When Mazin finally visited Pripyat and Chernobyl right before shooting, nature had taken over what is now one of our largest wildlife preserves. “This world, were it not for us, belongs to bugs,” said Mazin. “There were insects everywhere. In one summer retreat area near Pripyat, a creepy, dilapidated dormitory had vibrating walls infested with bees. The part that fascinated us the most was this ghost city, what Chernobyl now is. It is a symbol of our mortality as a species. This is what happens when we are gone.”
Next up: Mazin is developing a few series for HBO. One is a dramatization, this time of a recent true event in the U.S. that “we do not know about, but need to,” he said. Another is based on an allegorical fictional story he has loved for years. And another close to his heart (and experience) portrays kids with mental health issues and their parents. “I’m obsessed with showing things for real,” he said. “It can be heartbreaking and funny and real.”
Final-round Emmy voting is open from Thursday, Aug. 15 through Thursday, Aug. 29 at 10 p.m. PT. Winners for the 71st Primetime Emmys Creative Arts Awards will be announced the weekend of Sept. 14 and 15, with the Primetime Emmys ceremony broadcast live on Fox on Sunday, Sept. 22.
Sign Up: Stay on top of the latest breaking film and TV news! Sign up for our Email Newsletters here. |
New horizons in hospital acquired pneumonia in older people.
Approximately 1.5% of hospital patients develop hospital acquired pneumonia. Aspiration is the major risk factor for pneumonia and is associated with reduced ability to mechanically clear respiratory pathogens into the stomach. Currently non-invasive methods of diagnosing hospital acquired pneumonia are less robust than invasive methods, and lead to over-diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis is key to surveillance, prevention and treatment of HAP, and also to improving outcomes; newer imaging modalities such as phase contrast X-ray imaging and nanoparticle enhanced magnetic resonance imaging may help. Potential preventative strategies such as systematic swallowing assessment in non-stroke patients, and interventions such as improving oral hygiene need further, robust randomised controlled trials. Antibiotics are likely to continue to be the mainstay of treatment, and new antibiotics such as ceftobiprole are likely to have a role in treating hospital acquired pneumonia. Given the spread of antimicrobial resistance, alternative treatment strategies including bacteriophages, peptides and antibodies are under investigation. Reducing the incidence of hospital acquired pneumonia could decrease length of hospital stay, reduce inappropriate antibiotic use, and both improve functional outcomes and mortality in our increasingly aged population. |
An expressed sequence tag analysis of the chicken reproductive tract transcriptome.
Analysis of the chicken reproductive tract transcriptome is important in comparative biology for analysis of reproductive tract development and evolution. In addition, molecular analysis of the reproductive tract is important for identification of genes affecting fertility in the poultry industry. We sampled the chicken reproductive tract (ovary, oviduct, and testis) transcriptome, generating 5,328 expressed sequence tags that assembled into 4,518 contigs. We identified 475 contigs with no match in the current expressed sequence tag databases or in GenBank. The novel contigs included 31 with no match to the current assembly of the chicken genome, 119 representing spliced transcripts, and 309 that were unspliced. More detailed molecular characterization of the 428 novel contigs present in the assembly will be important to gene discovery and annotation of the chicken and other vertebrate genomes. |
Development of a reference material using methamphetamine abusers' hair samples for the determination of methamphetamine and amphetamine in hair.
In the present study, we developed a reference material (RM) using authentic hair samples for the determination of methamphetamine (MA) and its main metabolite, amphetamine (AP) in human hair. MA abusers' hair samples were collected, homogenized and finally bottled. The concentration of each bottle was determined using two extraction methods, agitation with 1% HCl in methanol at 38 degrees C and ultrasonication with methanol/5M HCl (20:1), followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). Both analytical procedures were fully validated and their extraction efficiency was compared. The homogeneity of analytes was evaluated and their property values were determined with their uncertainties. The two methods were acceptable to analyze MA and AP in human hair through the validation and comparative studies using spiked and authentic hair samples as well as NIST SRM 2379 certified reference material. Satisfying homogeneity was reached for MA and AP in the prepared RM. Finally, a human hair RM containing MA and AP is prepared at the level of 7.64+/-1.24 and 0.54+/-0.07 ng/mg, respectively. This material can be useful in forensic laboratories for internal quality control and external quality assurance. |
[RhCp*Cl₂]₂-catalyzed directed N-Boc amidation of arenes "on water".
Rhodium(III) catalysis "on water" is effective for directed C-H amidation of arenes. The catalytic process is promoted by OH groups present on the hydrophobic water surface and is inefficient in all (most) common organic solvents investigated so far. In the presence of easily prepared tert-butyl 2,4-dinitrophenoxycarbamate, a new and stable nitrene source, the "on water" reaction can efficiently provide the desired N-Boc-aminated products with good functional group tolerance. |
Q:
Which dialect of LISP is 'The Little Lisper' [3rd Edn] written in? (at the time)
The Little Lisper is an extraordinary book.
http://www.amazon.com/Little-LISPer-Third-Daniel-Friedman/dp/0023397632/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1279715423&sr=8-1
Does anyone know which dialect/version of LISP it was written for at the time of publication?
Perhaps
Common LISP
Standardised Scheme
Some LISP-1 dialect lost in the sands of time predating modern standards from 1989
Does anyone know what the features/attributes of this version/dialect are?
A:
I do not know about the third edition, but the early ones were Scheme around R4RS. There is also the slightly newer translation "The Little Schemer'. I'm pretty sure that most of the code should run fine in any modern scheme. I'd suggest Racket (AKA PLT Scheme) as it is at constructed by a team led by Matthias Felleisen.
Edit:
Looking at the dates, it was in a pre-standardization version of Scheme.
|
The role of universities and NGOs in a new research and development system
Chris Redd is a 3rd year medical student at Peninsula Medical School in the UK. He has been on the Executive Board of Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM) Europe since April, 2013, and is now in his second term.
On May 14, 2014, a British Parliamentary Committee on Science and Technology wrote to the minister in charge of science and universities, David Willetts, to warn against Pfizer’s mooted takeover of AstraZeneca. The $69 billion bid stirred controversy in the UK, because it was seen as a threat to British science and the public interest. These discussions approached the fundamental problems of our research and development (R&D) system, exposing serious concerns about all aspects of the pharmaceutical business model. More recently, Ebola and antibiotic resistance have kept our attention on the pitfalls of commercially driven drug development. Coupling that with soaring prices on new drugs for cancer and hepatitis C, one sees a growing consensus across all sectors on the need to change. An international coalition of patients, clinicians, students, civil society, and politicians is beginning to face up to a system that is desperately close to breaking.
The words of Paul Hunt, former UN Special Rapporteur on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, seem finally to be striking home. Pharmaceutical companies exist to fulfil a function in society, Hunt said in 2009, and so “they must demonstrably do everything possible… to fulfil their social function and human rights responsibilities.”Following this logic, a system which does not honour human rights is dysfunctional and is one we need to change.
Current attitudes are summed up in a recent report from the UN Conference on Trade and Development, which concludes that the R&D system is simply falling apart, even citing pharma executives in its analysis. On the global scene, progress has been made too. The WHO has finally begun to implement the suggestions of the Consultative Expert Working Group. At the 67th World Health Assembly, the four demonstration projects, albeit less-innovative ones, were approved, and a resolution was adopted for the establishment of a pooled funding mechanism.
The non-profit sector has already begun to move into this space, with DNDi exemplifying a burgeoning non-profit sector in drug development. Other notable examples include Bioventures for Global Health, and the Medicines for Malaria Venture. The public-private partnership (PPP) model has been shown to be effective - if only because there is no other way to access the vast drug libraries of pharmaceutical companies. Even within the PPP model, reflecting a broader theme, commercialisation is seen as a tiny motivating factor. Some of the most promising cases of drug development are the open source initiatives, which abandon the traditional paradigm of patent monopolies in search of a more collaborative approach.
At the same time, a competing dialogue has been developing. ‘Encouraging a British Invention Revolution’ by Sir Andrew Witty, CEO of GlaxoSmithKline and Chancellor of the University of Nottingham, was published this summer. The report, commissioned by the UK government, calls for universities to serve a third function in addition to education and research: to facilitate economic growth as a core strategic goal.
Witty’s report represents a secondary discussion on new R&D, and one which must be given due attention. While to some they may seem innocent and well-meaning, arguments like this are behind legislation such as the Bayh-Dole Act in the US, which has driven universities to patent their research. Making university research funding dependent upon the economic growth it produces is tantamount to tying the research agenda to profit. Under the watches of pseudo-democratic organisations such as the World Trade Organization, this model is exported the world over, often in exchange for supposedly favourable trade agreements.
Universities, as centres of public science, must not be co-opted by commercial interests under the guise of economic growth. The Manchester Manifesto emphasises the reciprocal relationship between science and society, working together to further public understanding and promote mutual benefit. Universities have a social function, which is demonstrably not to make money. The steps they can take to honour human rights, for example, stretch far and wide.
And yet universities themselves have been sluggish to respond. In the UK, six universities have spoken publicly about the need to balance commercial interests with ethical ones, starting with Edinburgh in 2009, and most recently including the University of Exeter this August.
These statements, however, were the result of student activism rather than episodes of altruism. Furthermore, it seems absurd that universities don’t already consider the ethical aspects to their decisions. Finally, these commitments are often vague and non-binding, lacking in concrete steps and processes of reporting or evaluation. Unfortunately, universities in the rest of the world are not doing much better. At the moment, the most comprehensive data on the subject show that, by and large, (US) universities are falling short.
There are signs, at least in the licensing of health technology patents, that things are beginning to change. In July, a report by the UK All Party Parliamentary Group on Tuberculosis called for socially responsible licensing to be implemented across all UK research funding. On the international level, India and others have spoken in the World Trade Organization at length to try to reframe the way universities are perceived in R&D.
One of the best examples of the importance of the public versus private science debate is the Human Genome Project. It may seem absurd, but Sir John Sulston and colleagues were actually forced into a race to keep the Human Genome in the public domain. Fortunately, they succeeded in safeguarding this knowledge for society, and taught us a lesson we must not forget.
In the first Access 2 Medicines week (Nov 1-7, 2014), members of Universities Allied for Essential Medicines attempted to bring this debate to the public by providing a platform for all parties to add their voice to the discussion. With their petition, they hope to convince universities that, as hubs of innovation, universities have the potential and responsibility to deliver great advances in global health, and that they can lead the way in establishing a new, open R&D paradigm based on collaboration.
Announcement
As our journal continues to grow, we have had to reconsider the direction of the blog.
No new content is currently being published on The Lancet Global health blog.
The blog will close on 31st December 2018, at which point all published content will be archived and made available on request.
We will continue to publish leading commentary and analysis in our journal.
To find out more, including how to submit,
please see: https://www.thelancet.com/langlo/about
The Lancet Global Health Journal
To read original research articles on The Lancet Global Health journal website
click here. |
Postnatal development of skull base, neuro- and viscerocranium in man and monkey: morphometric evaluation of CT scans and radiograms.
Postnatal development of the neuro- and viscerocranium with special reference to the maxillodental structures was studied morphometrically by analyzing computer tomograms and radiograms of human and monkey heads of different age groups. The following parameters were used: the prognathic angle, the clivus angle, the palate-incisivus angle, the interincisival angle and the viscerocranial quotient. In the newborn primates including man, all parameters measured were relatively similar; postnatally, however, characteristic differences in the growth pattern between man and monkey were developing. In monkey, a marked prognathic growth of the viscerocranium was found associated with characteristic positional changes of the frontal teeth, whereas the growth of the neurocranium was retarded. Here, unlike the human, a flattening of the skull base was observed. In contrast, the human skull showed no major proportional changes during its postnatal development compared with the original spherical skull form of the newborn. |
/*
* S390x machine definitions and functions
*
* Copyright IBM Corp. 2014
*
* Authors:
* Thomas Huth <thuth@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
* Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
* Jason J. Herne <jjherne@us.ibm.com>
*
* This work is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
* by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License,
* or (at your option) any later version.
*/
#include "hw/hw.h"
#include "cpu.h"
#include "sysemu/kvm.h"
static int cpu_post_load(void *opaque, int version_id)
{
S390CPU *cpu = opaque;
/*
* As the cpu state is pushed to kvm via kvm_set_mp_state rather
* than via cpu_synchronize_state, we need update kvm here.
*/
if (kvm_enabled()) {
kvm_s390_set_cpu_state(cpu, cpu->env.cpu_state);
return kvm_s390_vcpu_interrupt_post_load(cpu);
}
return 0;
}
static void cpu_pre_save(void *opaque)
{
S390CPU *cpu = opaque;
if (kvm_enabled()) {
kvm_s390_vcpu_interrupt_pre_save(cpu);
}
}
const VMStateDescription vmstate_fpu = {
.name = "cpu/fpu",
.version_id = 1,
.minimum_version_id = 1,
.fields = (VMStateField[]) {
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[0].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[1].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[2].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[3].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[4].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[5].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[6].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[7].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[8].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[9].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[10].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[11].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[12].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[13].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[14].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.fregs[15].ll, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT32(env.fpc, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_END_OF_LIST()
}
};
static inline bool fpu_needed(void *opaque)
{
return true;
}
const VMStateDescription vmstate_s390_cpu = {
.name = "cpu",
.post_load = cpu_post_load,
.pre_save = cpu_pre_save,
.version_id = 4,
.minimum_version_id = 3,
.fields = (VMStateField[]) {
VMSTATE_UINT64_ARRAY(env.regs, S390CPU, 16),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.psw.mask, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.psw.addr, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.psa, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT32(env.todpr, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.pfault_token, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.pfault_compare, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.pfault_select, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.cputm, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.ckc, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.gbea, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT64(env.pp, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT32_ARRAY(env.aregs, S390CPU, 16),
VMSTATE_UINT64_ARRAY(env.cregs, S390CPU, 16),
VMSTATE_UINT8(env.cpu_state, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT8(env.sigp_order, S390CPU),
VMSTATE_UINT32_V(irqstate_saved_size, S390CPU, 4),
VMSTATE_VBUFFER_UINT32(irqstate, S390CPU, 4, NULL, 0,
irqstate_saved_size),
VMSTATE_END_OF_LIST()
},
.subsections = (VMStateSubsection[]) {
{
.vmsd = &vmstate_fpu,
.needed = fpu_needed,
} , {
/* empty */
}
},
};
|
Enterprise Mag Aligner Grubs
Maggot fishing can be a deadly tactic for carp particularly in the winte...read more
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Maggot fishing can be a deadly tactic for carp particularly in the winter months when the small nuisance fish are less active.
It was Rob Maylin who discovered that by sliding one of our fake maggots over the eye of the hook, it not only created a line aligner effect which ensures the hook turns in the fishes mouth, resulting in very efficient hooking, but also helps to disguise the hook. With 2 or 3 real maggots nicked on the hook and fished helicopter style in conjunction with a large PVA bag of maggots, Rob had created one of the deadly carp rigs ever. He named it the Mag-Aligner. |
Safety and efficacy of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor abciximab in Chinese patients undergoing high-risk angioplasty.
Platelets are believed to play a role in the ischemic complications of coronary angioplasty, such as abrupt closure of coronary vessels during or soon after the procedure. Accordingly, we evaluated the effect of a chimeric monoclonal antibody abciximab, directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, in patients undergoing angioplasty who were at high risk for ischemic complications. This receptor is the final common pathway for platelet aggregation. In a prospective, double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 42 patients to receive a bolus and an infusion of placebo or a bolus and an infusion of abciximab. Low-dose, weight-adjusted heparin (initial dose of 70 U/kg of body weight) was used in both groups. Patients underwent coronary angioplasty for high-risk clinical situations involving unstable angina or high-risk coronary morphologic characteristics. The primary study end-point consisted of any of the following: death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, unplanned surgical revascularization, unplanned repeat percutaneous procedure, unplanned implantation of a coronary stent, or insertion of an intra-aortic balloon pump for refractory ischemia within 30 days of randomization. Compared with placebo, the abciximab resulted in a trend toward reduction in periprocedural myocardial infarction from 15% to 0%, although the differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.099). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the risk of major and minor bleeding and the need for blood transfusion. Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with abciximab, together with low-dose, weight-adjusted heparin, had a favorable trend toward the reduction of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing high-risk angioplasty, without increasing the risk of hemorrhage. |
Q:
Debian login loop
If I try to login on a Debian with XFCE it gets a blackscreen for a few seconds, then it flashes really short and puts me back at the login screen.
The strange thing is, if I go into a terminal using Ctrl + Alt + F1 (Or any other F key) I can login, and get into the GUI using startx.
Everything works like usual.
I installed Debian the same way on 4 different machines but none of them had this error.
I used debian-8.2.0-i386-xfce.iso for installation with a USB stick.
Somebody has a idea what could cause this behavior?
A:
I had the same problem using Jessie 8.6 with the kernel 4.7 with cinnamon, and I did almost the same: I just changed the ownership of the /home/user/.Xauthority file and it also worked:
chown user.user ./.Xauthority
A:
After some research, I found an entry at Debian User Forums, where someone had almost the same issue, except that I could use startx and he didn't. The problem was that some of the hidden files inside the users home directory were owned by root. I still don't know why I could start the xserver from command line but at least I can login now with the GUI again.
The solution
I went into the command line using CTRL + ALT+ F1
Then I logged in as root and did a ls inside the home directory of the corrupted user.
cd /home/username -> ls -la
("-la" list hidden files, and the owner of the files)
depending on how many files are owned by root you can change the rights for seperate files, or be lazy like me and do:
chmod a+rwx *
(chmod changes the permissions for a usergroup)
"a" means for ALL users (i have just one user on the machine)
"+" means to ADD rights
"rwx" means read, write and execute
and * means all files inside this directory
That means, all users can now read, write (modify) and execute this files.
I know, its maybe not the cleanest solution but it worked for me.
|
/* Generated by RuntimeBrowser
Image: /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/PassKitCore.framework/PassKitCore
*/
@interface PKPaymentConfigurationResponse : PKPaymentWebServiceResponse {
NSDictionary * _configuration;
NSData * _data;
NSData * _signature;
NSString * _version;
}
@property (nonatomic, readonly, copy) NSDictionary *configuration;
@property (nonatomic, readonly, copy) NSData *data;
@property (nonatomic, readonly, copy) NSData *signature;
@property (nonatomic, readonly, copy) NSString *version;
- (void).cxx_destruct;
- (id)configuration;
- (id)data;
- (id)initWithData:(id)arg1;
- (id)signature;
- (id)version;
@end
|
Size 34C Swimwear
The Quiksilver Manic Water Repellent Baja Twill Boardshort AQYBS3151 dries fast and has a classic fit with a 22" length. Quiksilver's Manic Water Repellent Baja Twill Boardshort is made of 100% polyester.
The Original Penguin Tri Color Engineered Stripe Swim Short OPS5095 has colorful stripes and pockets galore so you won't lose anything.
Original Penguin's Tri Color Engineered Stripe Swim Short is made of Polyester.
The Sperry Top-Sider Talkin Marlin Microfiber Boardshort SM5DV19 is made for quick-drying ease whether you're in the ocean, on a boat, or by the pool. Sperry Top-Sider's Talkin Marlin Microfiber Boardshort is made of 100% polyester.
The RVCA Traditions Hybrid 4 Way Stretch Short MB121TRD save time and money with these great looking shorts that double as boardshorts. RVCA's Traditions Hybrid 4 Way Stretch Short is made of polyester/elastane.
The Quiksilver New Wave 4-Way Stretch Boardshort AQYBS3164 is made with athletic 4-way stretch and is made of recycled materials. Quiksilver's New Wave 4-Way Stretch Boardshort is made of recycled polyester/elastane.
The Quiksilver Why Can't You Boardshorts AQYBS85 are perfect for surfing the tallest waves, this striped boardshort is durable and stylish at the same time. Made of Polyester/Spandex.
Quiksilver's Why Can't You Boardshorts have a logo patch at the bottom left leg.
The Quiksilver Kelly Boardshort AQYBS185 features O'Neill's recycled 4-way stretch diamond dobby fabric for a great fit riding the waves. Made of Polyester/Spandex.
Quiksilver's Kelly Boardshort has a side right pocket.
Whether you're at the beach, pool, on the riverside or wandering the wetlands you can depend on Columbia's PFG Offshore boardshort. Made with Omni-Shield and Omni-Shade technology to prevent stains, improve drying time, and act as a sun block. the polyester/elastane blend has a smooth feel and stretches to move with you. Made with the Break-Up Infinity camo pattern for Columbia PFG.
The Quiksilver Wild Boardshort AQYBS00383 shows colors that aren't found in nature, but they will be when you're out in the water.
Quiksilver's Wild Boardshort is made of recycled polyester and elastane material.
The Under Armour Grovepoint Swim Boardshort 1235652 features UA Storm technology that repels water and anti-odor technology to keep you fresh.
Under Armour's Grovepoint Swim Boardshort has a cargo pocket at right with a zip closure.
Dane Reynolds' Scalloped Leg Boardshort for Quicksilver our his signature boardshorts that combine the look everyone is going for this season with the performance features you need when you're out in the water. They have the feel of old school California surf culture, but are designed with cutting edge tech from Quiksilver. The fabric features Quiksilver's Diamond Dobby interior for low contact with your skin and improved drying time. You don't need another pair of boardshorts once you get the Quiksilver Dane Scalloped Leg Boardshort AQYBS228.
Welcome to HisRoom! I'm Tomima Edmark, founder and CEO. Yes, I'm a woman, but having been raised with 5 brothers, I know a thing or 3 about the way men shop. And we have a staff dedicated to making HisRoom a great shopping experience. So, we've tried to make it as easy as possible to buy underwear, socks and other basics online. Skip the supermarket 3-pack and find your favorite brands of boxers, briefs, boxer briefs, undershirts and t-shirts.
Over the years, you've asked and we've asked and we've added more departments, including mens shapewear and swimwear and boys underwear. We've got the hottest brands as well as enduring favorites, including 2Xist, Fruit of the Loom, Calvin Klein, Hanro, Polo Ralph Lauren, Under Armour, Diesel, Munsingwear and much much more. Shop by item, size, collections, best sellers in your size or browse the newest items. We even offer tips on items that have unique sizing or fit issues. happy (and easy) shopping! |
This complete text of the Old and New Testaments is full of inspiration and practical help for learning to pray through, in, and from Scripture.
The Prayer Devotional Bible leads you in discovering the exciting and transforming work of prayer. Your world will never be the same once you begin reading, studying, and applying the powerful principles and practices of prayer revealed in this Bible.
Special features include: Introductory Essay on prayer and Scripture 260 Daily Devotions providing guidance, encouragement, and specific applications pointing readers back to Scripture for meditation and prayer 52 Weekend Devotions sharing stories of people who pray and their answers to prayer, plus verses to memorize Book Introductions briefly describing each book of the Bible, focusing on its significance for prayer Prayer Boxes containing quotations about prayer and Scripture excerpts that provide inspiration to pray Available exclusively in the most read, most trusted Bible translation—the NIV |
Stimulus generalization of excitation and inhibition.
Five sign-tracking experiments with pigeons investigated the breadth of stimulus generalization of excitatory and inhibitory conditioning. Using a compound stimulus test procedure, these experiments found evidence for a narrower generalization of associative strength in excitation than in inhibition. They also found a narrower associative gradient with a more strongly conditioned excitatory stimulus, although this did not seem to account for the difference between exciters and inhibitors. These results confirm earlier findings comparing generalization after acquisition and extinction and raise various theoretical issues about generalization. |
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|
TEV Wahine
TEV Wahine was a twin-screw, turbo-electric, roll-on/roll-off passenger and vehicle ferry. She was launched in 1965, at the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Govan, Scotland, and worked the New Zealand inter-island route between Wellington and Lyttelton from 1966.
On 10 April 1968, near the end of a routine northbound overnight crossing from Lyttelton, she was caught in a fierce storm stirred by Tropical Cyclone Giselle. She foundered after running aground on Barrett Reef, capsized and sank in the shallow waters near Steeple Rock at the mouth of Wellington Harbour. Of the 734 people on board, 53 people died from drowning, exposure to the elements, or from injuries sustained in the hurried evacuation and abandonment of the stricken vessel.
Radio and television captured the drama as it happened, within a short distance of shore of the eastern suburbs of Wellington, and flew film overseas for world news.
Background
TEV Wahine was designed and built for the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand, and was one of many ferries that have linked New Zealand's North and South Islands. From 1875 ferries have plied Cook Strait and the Kaikoura Coast ferrying passengers and cargo, making port at Wellington in the north and Lyttelton in the south. From 1933 the Union Company's Wellington – Lyttelton service was marketed as the "Steamer Express". The introduction of Wahine in 1966 enabled the withdrawal of TEV Rangatira (1930–1967) from service in 1965 and TEV Hinemoa (1945–1971) in 1966 and the sale of both Rangatira and Hinemoa in 1967.
Construction
Wahine was built by the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Govan, Glasgow, Scotland. Plans were made by the Union Company in 1961, and her keel was laid on 14 September 1964 as Hull No. 830. Built of steel, her hull was completed in ten months, and she was christened and launched on 14 July 1965 by the Union Company's director's wife. Her machinery, cargo spaces and passenger accommodations were installed in the following months and she was completed in May 1966. She left Greenock, Scotland for New Zealand on 18 June 1966 and arrived at Wellington on 24 July 1966; she sailed on her maiden voyage to Lyttelton one week later, on 1 August.
The dimensions were long, had a beam of and was . At the time Wahine was the Union Company's largest ship and one of the world's largest passenger ferries. The powerplant was turbo-electric transmission, with four boilers supplying steam to two turbo alternators that drove the twin main propellers, gave a top speed of and the ship also had stern and bow thruster propellers to propel her sideways for easier berthing. She had stabilisers that halved the amount she rolled and the frequency with which she did so.
The hull was divided by 13 watertight bulkheads into 14 watertight compartments. The lifeboat complement was eight large fibreglass lifeboats, two motor lifeboats each with a capacity of 50 people, six standard lifeboats each with a capacity of 99 people, and additionally 36 inflatable rafts, each with a capacity of 25 people.
Service
Wahine entered service on 1 August 1966 with her first sailing from Wellington replacing TEV Hinemoa (1947–1967). Between then and the end of the year she made 67 crossings to Lyttelton. From August 1966, TEV Wahine and TEV Maori (1953–1972) provided a two-ship regular overnight service between Wellington and Lyttleton, with one ship departing from each port each night and crossing during the night. The arrival of Wahine enabled Hinemoa to be withdrawn from service and TEV Rangatira (1931–1965) that last sailed on 14 December 196,. and Hinemoa were subsequently sold.
On a normal crossing Wahine crew complement was usually 126. In the deck department, the master, three officers, one radio operator and 19 sailors managed the overall operation; in the engine department, eight engineers, two electricians, one donkeyman and 12 general workers supervised the operation of the engines; in the victualing department, 60 stewards, seven stewardesses, five cooks and four pursers catered to the needs of the passengers.
On trips made during the day she could carry 1,050 passengers, on overnight crossings 927, in over 300 single-, two-, three- and four-berth cabins, with two dormitory-style cabins each sleeping 12 passengers. Common areas included a cafeteria, lounge, smoke room, gift shop, two enclosed promenades and open decks. Wahine had two vehicle decks with a combined capacity for more than 200 cars.
On the evening of 9 April 1968, she departed from Lyttelton for a routine overnight crossing, carrying 610 passengers and 123 crew.
Weather conditions
In the early morning of Wednesday, 10 April, two violent storms merged over Wellington, creating a single extratropical cyclone that was the worst recorded in New Zealand's history. Cyclone Giselle was heading south after causing much damage in the north of the North Island. It hit Wellington at the same time as another storm that had driven up the West Coast of the South Island from Antarctica. The winds in Wellington were the strongest ever recorded. At one point they reached and in one Wellington suburb alone ripped off the roofs of 98 houses. Three ambulances and a truck were blown onto their sides when they tried to go into the area to rescue injured people.
As the storms hit Wellington Harbour, Wahine was making her way out of Cook Strait on the last leg of her journey. Although there were weather warnings when she set out from Lyttelton, there was no indication that storms would be severe or any worse than those often experienced by vessels crossing the Cook Strait.
Aground
At 05:50, with winds gusting at between and , Captain Hector Gordon Robertson decided to enter harbour. Twenty minutes later the winds had increased to , and she lost her radar. A huge wave pushed her off course and in line with Barrett Reef. Robertson was unable to turn her back on course, and decided to keep turning around and back out to sea.
For 30 minutes she battled into the waves and wind, but by 06:10 she was not answering her helm and had lost control of her engines. At 06:40, she was driven onto the southern tip of Barrett Reef, near the harbour entrance less than a mile from shore. She drifted along the reef, shearing off her starboard propeller and gouging a large hole in her hull on the starboard side of the stern, beneath the waterline. Passengers were told that she was aground but there was no immediate danger. They were directed to don their lifejackets and report to their muster stations as a routine "precautionary measure".
The storm continued to grow more intense. The wind increased to over and she dragged her anchors and drifted into the harbour. At about 11:00, close to the western shore at Seatoun, her anchors finally held. At about the same time the tug Tapuhi reached her and tried to attach a line and bring her in tow, but after 10 minutes the line broke. Other attempts failed, but the deputy harbourmaster, Captain Galloway, managed to climb aboard from the pilot boat.
Throughout the morning, the danger of the ship sinking seemed to pass as the vessel's location was in an area where the water depth did not exceed , and the crew's worst-case scenario was the clean-up once the vessel either arrived in Wellington or had grounded in shallower water. There was indication that the ship would even sail again that evening as usual, albeit later than scheduled while the damage done by the reef was repaired.
Disaster
Around 13:15, the combined effect of the tide and the storm swung Wahine around, providing a patch of clear water sheltered from the wind. As she suddenly listed further and reached the point of no return, Robertson gave the order to abandon ship. In an instance similar to what had occurred during the sinking of the Italian passenger liner off the coast of New England in 1956, the severe starboard list left the four lifeboats on the port side useless: only the four on the starboard side could be launched.
The first starboard motor lifeboat, boat S1, capsized shortly after being launched. Those aboard were thrown into the water, and many were drowned in the rough sea, including two children and several elderly passengers. Survivor Shirley Hick, remembered for losing two of her three children in the disaster, recalled this event vividly, as her three-year-old daughter Alma had drowned in this lifeboat. Some managed to hold onto the overturned boat as it drifted across the harbour to the eastern shore, towards Eastbourne.
The three remaining standard lifeboats, which according to a number of survivors were severely overcrowded, did manage to reach shore. Lifeboat S2 reached Seatoun beach on the western side of the channel with about 70 passengers and crew, as did Lifeboat S4, which was severely overcrowded with over 100 people. Heavily overcrowded Lifeboat S3 landed on the beach near Eastbourne, about away on the opposite side of the channel.
Wahine launched her life rafts, but waves up to high capsized some of them and many people were killed. She sank in of water. forcing hundreds of passengers and crew into the rough sea. When the weather cleared, the sight of her foundering in the harbour urged many vessels to race to the scene, including the ferry , tugs, fishing boats, yachts and small personal craft. They rescued hundreds of people. Over 200 passengers and crew reached the rocky shore of the east side of the channel, south of Eastbourne. As this area was desolate and unpopulated, many survivors were exposed to the elements for several hours while rescue teams tried to navigate the gravel road down the shoreline. It was here that a number of bodies were recovered. At about 14:30, Wahine rolled completely onto her starboard side.
Some of the survivors reached the shore only to die of exhaustion or exposure. Fifty-one people died at the time, and two more died later from their injuries, 53 victims in all. Most of the victims were middle-aged or elderly, but included three children; they died from drowning, exposure or injuries from being battered on the rocks. Forty-six bodies were found; 566 passengers were safe, as were 110 crew, and six were missing.
Aftermath
Investigation
Ten weeks after the disaster, a court of inquiry found errors of judgement had been made, but stressed that the conditions at the time had been difficult and dangerous. The free surface effect caused Wahine to capsize due to a build-up of water on the vehicle deck, although several specialist advisers to the inquiry believed that she had grounded a second time, taking on more water below decks.
The report of the inquiry stated that more lives would almost certainly have been lost if the order to abandon ship had been given earlier or later. The storm was so strong that rescue craft would not have been able to help passengers any earlier than about midday. Charges were brought against her officers but all were acquitted.
Early hopes that she could be salvaged were abandoned when the magnitude of structural damage became clear. As the wreck was a navigational hazard, preparations were made over the next year to refloat her and tow her into Cook Strait for scuttling. However a similar storm in 1969 broke up the wreck, and it was dismantled (partly by the Hikitia floating crane) where it lay.
Memorials
Wahine Memorial Park marks the disaster with a bow thruster, near where the survivors reached the shore at Seatoun. J. G. Churchill Park in Seatoun has a memorial plaque, the ship's anchor and chain, and replica ventilators. A plaque and the fore mast are at the parking area next to Burdans Gate on the eastern side of the harbour, on the coast where many of the survivors and dead washed up. The main mast is part of another memorial in Frank Kitts Park in central Wellington. The Museum of Wellington City & Sea has a permanent commemorative exhibition on its maritime floor that includes artifacts and a film about the storm and the sinking.
Replacement
It was more than a year before the Union Company ordered a ferry to replace Wahine. In May 1969 it ordered , built by a different British shipyard and to a new design. She had accommodation for 159 fewer passengers, and like Wahine could carry more than 200 cars.
Rangatira did not enter service until March 1972, almost four years after Wahine was wrecked. She was a commercial failure, carrying on average only just over half the number of passengers and a third of the vehicles for which she had capacity. From 1974 the NZ Ministry of Transport subsidised the "Steamer Express", but in 1976 it withdrew the subsidy and the service ceased.
Footnotes
Further reading
External links
Category:1960s in Wellington
Category:1968 in New Zealand
Category:Cook Strait ferries
Category:History of the Wellington Region
Category:Maritime incidents in 1968
Category:Ships of the Union Steam Ship Company
Category:Shipwrecks of Cook Strait
Category:Turbo-electric steamships
Category:Wellington Harbour
Category:1965 ships |
Q:
Understanding parts of JS code - Promise, resolve, reject, status
I have cobbled together some JavaScript code from various sources, edited them and made it work.
The problem is, that I don't understand parts of the code, and I would like some help understanding those parts.
Basically what the code does is send the username and password to the hotspot, it waits 0,5 sec and sends the user input mail to the webserver.
What I have trouble understanding is resolve("fast");. Is fast inside reslove just becouse resolve needs an "argument/parameter", as it is never displayed?
Also, at some point my code got to...
reject({
status: this.status,
statusText: xhr.statusText
});
... and I got an error. Needless to say, I don't understand what and where exactly status and statusText should display.
Alot of the code I got from Stack Overflow and Developer.Mozilla.Org.
Thank you for the help.
JS code
document.getElementById("submit_ok").addEventListener("click", sendAjax);
function resolveAfter05Second() {
console.log("starting fast promise")
return new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(function() {
resolve("fast")
console.log("fast promise is done")
}, 500)
})
}
async function sendAjax() {
let ax1 = await Ajax1 ("POST", "http://router/login")
let fast = await resolveAfter05Second()
let ax2 = await Ajax2 ("POST", "http://webserver/anti-xss.php")
}
function Ajax1 (method, url){
return new Promise (function (resolve, reject){
let xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open('POST', 'http://router/login', true);
xhr.onload = function(){
if(this.status >= 200 && this.status < 300){
resolve(xhr.response);
console.log("Success!");
console.log("You'r logged in.");
console.log("XHR1 " + xhr.readyState);
console.log("XHR1 " + xhr.status);
}else{
reject({
status: this.status,
statusText: xhr.statusText
});
}
};
xhr.onerror = function (){
reject({
status: this.status,
statusText: xhr.statusText
});
};
xhr.send("username=HSuser&password=SimpleUserPassword");
});
}
function Ajax2 (method, url){
return new Promise (function (resolve, reject){
let xhr2 = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr2.open('POST', 'http://webserver/anti-xss.php', true);
xhr2.setRequestHeader("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
xhr2.onload = function(){
if(this.status >= 200 && this.status < 300){
resolve(xhr2.response);
console.log("Success!");
console.log("You'r email is " + useremail + ".");
console.log("XHR2 " + xhr2.readyState);
console.log("XHR2 " + xhr2.status);
}else{
reject({
status: this.status,
statusText: xhr2.statusText
});
}
};
xhr2.onerror = function (){
reject({
status: this.status,
statusText: this.statusText
});
};
let useremail = document.getElementById("email").value;
xhr2.send("Email="+encodeURIComponent(useremail));
});
}
A:
You need to read some articles about callbacks in node.js and how to handle them. A promise will basically give you ability to handle the code written in it asynchronously.There are multiple ways to handle the callbacks.
You can write it like
Promise.then((data)=>{
//this will be executed if and when promise resolves and will give you the data that you passed while resolving the promise
})
.catch((err)=>{
//this will be executed if and when promise gets rejected and will give you the error that you passed while rejecting the promise
});
this is good for standing how promises works but is not a good approach in practice due to callback hell. I suggest that you study about callbacks and promises first and then use async/await after you understand the working of it.
See: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise
|
Q:
mod_wsgi with dynamically allocated UIDs
I have a system where users upload wsgi applications and we serve them using apache/mod_wsgi. For scaling reasons, we're simply using the WSGIDaemonProcess directive and setting them to dynamically allocated UID/GIDs. The problem is, we don't have associated users with these UIDs.
Is there a way to keep mod_wsgi from trying to determine the "user" associated with a particular UID? I can't find a directive anywhere that does this.
EDIT: Taking a look at the mod_wsgi.c source, it appears (near line 9700) that the conditional check for an entry in /etc/passwd is hard-coded.
In other words, this isn't possible.
A:
Discussion about this on mod_wsgi mailing list at:
http://groups.google.com/group/modwsgi/browse_frm/thread/193c15873ccba18c
|
INTRODUCTION
============
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a disease that encompasses the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Despite being a preventable problem, VTE has a high prevalence. Without prophylaxis, the incidence of hospital-acquired DVT is approximately 10% to 40% among medical or general surgery patients and 40% to 60% following major surgery \[[@B1]\]. Also, approximately 10% of hospital deaths are caused by PE \[[@B1],[@B2]\]. The effectiveness of primary thromboprophylaxis, to reduce the frequency of DVT and PE, is supported by well-established scientific evidence. Heparin products that include unfractionated heparin (UH), low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and vitamin K antagonists are the most commonly used prophylactic treatments that have demonstrated good efficacy and cost effectiveness \[[@B1]\]. While these agents have been used for many years, each class has its drawbacks and are far from being \"ideal\" anticoagulants \[[@B2]\]. VTE is feared by most surgeons performing weight loss surgery because of the perception of greater risk for the severely obese patient. VTE is considered one of the major causes of mortality for patients undergoing bariatric surgery with an incidence of DVT and PE of 1-3% and 0.3-2%, respectively. The mortality of those patients with PE has been reported to be as great as 30% \[[@B3]-[@B5]\].
Although the incidence of VTE has been modest, the widespread increase in bariatric surgery and the adoption of laparoscopic techniques could lead to a relatively large number of patients developing, and possibly dying of, VTE \[[@B4],[@B5]\]. Because these are potentially preventable deaths, primary prevention is the key to reducing the morbidity and mortality of VTE.
Despite universal agreement on the need for thromboprophylaxis, no clear consensus has been reached regarding the best regimen and treatment duration. Current modalities of thromboprophylaxis include subcutaneous injection of unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin, pneumatic compression devices, elastic stockings, and inferior vena cava filters \[[@B5],[@B6]\]. It is certain that prophylaxis has to be given in bariatric surgery patients \[[@B6]\]. However, the optimal dose, the timing and the duration of the treatment are still unknown. Some regimens consist of UH given 5,000 IU subcutaneously every 8 hours or enoxaparin 30 to 40 mg subcutaneously every 12 hours. Some groups have increased the LMWH dose up to 60 mg twice daily but some bleeding complications have occurred. The duration of the treatment is also unknown, even if it appears that expending pharmacological prophylaxis after discharge for 1 or 2 weeks is well tolerated and effective \[[@B7]-[@B9]\].
For this reason, the aim of our study was to identify the effects and complications of clinical postoperative VTE in morbidly obese patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery in a 2-week VTE prophylaxis regimen using LMWH.
METHODS
=======
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board for human investigation of Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital. The patients were studied retrospectively from a prospective database from April, 2009 to December, 2011. We identified all patients with a minimum of 6 months of follow-up who had undergone a laparoscopic bariatric procedure (i.e., laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy). There was no history of VTE prior to surgery. A protocol of thromboprophylaxis was followed. Patients received Clexane 4,000 IU subcutaneously once daily for 2 weeks. The patients were trained to self-administer the injections before discharge. Before discharge from the hospital, we gave information on using Clexane and methods to every patient, and we checked the patients who used Clexane 4,000 IU subcutaneously once daily for 2 weeks in the out-patient clinic after 2 weeks. Early mobilization from the postoperative day was mandatory. Whole leg compression stockings and pneumatic compression devices were also used during the hospitalization periods. This protocol was consecutively used in 200 patients who had bariatric surgery in Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital.
Patients were given their first follow-up appointment 2 weeks after surgery and were subsequently reviewed one month, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. The patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months after surgery to determine the incidence of clinical VTE. Development of VTE was assessed by direct interview and physical examination in out-patient clinic and phone calls to the patients for history taking if needed. The history taking was presented in questionnaire format. The patients were asked to state their symptoms about VTE by answering the questionnaire. The symptom of the VTE is such as if the patients had dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis, leg swelling, calf pain ([Suppl. 1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
The following data were extracted from the medical records of all patients: age, gender, body mass index (BMI), previous abdominal surgery, bariatric surgical procedure, hospital stays, morbidity, and previous VTE.
Three different types of bariatric surgery were performed, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, gastric banding, and sleeve gastrectomy. All procedures were performed laparoscopically, and there was no open conversion. Gastric bypass was performed in an antecolic, antegastric Roux-en-Y manner to an approximately 30 mL gastric pouch with the bilioenteric limb measuring 50 to 100 cm and the alimentary limb measuring 75 to 150 cm. The anastomoses were stapled. Gastric banding involved a pars flaccida approach and fixation of the band with anterior gastropexy. Sleeve gastrectomy was constructed after full mobilization of the body and fundus of the stomach over a 34 Fr orogastric tube with stapler division beginning 4 to 6 cm from the pylorus.
RESULTS
=======
The study population consisted of 200 cases that there were 191 primary cases and 9 revision cases. In primary cases, laparoscopic adjustable banding were 4 cases, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy were 132 cases, and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were 55 cases. The revision operations were 9 cases consisting of 3 laparoscopic sleeve gastectomies and 6 laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The patients\' mean age was 35 years (range, 14 to 63 years). Male to female ratio was 32 versus 168, and mean weight was 105 kg with mean BMI of 39 kg/m^2^. Major complications were 10 cases (5%), reoperations were 4 cases (2%) ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). The number of patients who had diabetes mellitus was 27%, hypertension was 34% ([Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}).
One hundred ninety-three patients completed a 2-week Clexane therapy (97%). Clexane was stopped in 7 patients. Among them, 5 patients had surgical related complication. 4 patients had intra-abdominal bleeding and 1 patient had reoperation due to leak. Among 4 bleeding patients, two patients stopped bleeding without transfusion. And the other two patients had reoperation. In those two cases, bleeding was stopped by reoperation. Two patients had potentially Clexane related problems. One patient had epistaxis and needed electric cautery to stop bleeding, and 1 patient had metrorrhagia needing oxytocin to stop bleeding ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). Epistaxis and metrorrhagia occurred after 2 weeks from operation.
Mean follow-up periods was 9 months. We lost follow up in 12 patients (6%). More than 6 months follow-up of outpatient clinic was with 136 patients (68%), and more than 6 months follow-up of outpatient clinic and phone call was with 177 patients (89%). The overall incidence of symptomatic postoperative VTE was 0%.
DISCUSSION
==========
The results of the present study have shown that within an active thromboprophylaxis program that includes additional measures for higher risk patients, laparoscopic bariatric surgery is associated with a low incidence of clinical VTE. But no consensus has yet been reached on the prophylactic regimen or the optimal LMWH dose and the duration for prophylaxis in the patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery \[[@B7]-[@B10]\]. Hamad et al. \[[@B10]\] described the dose and the duration of LMWH used in this study varied among the study centers. There are few data from randomized controlled trials to determine the optimal prophylactic dose of LMWH in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Kalfarentzos et al. \[[@B11]\] randomly assigned 60 gastric bypass patients to two different doses of LMWH. The lower dose of 5,700 IU was as effective as the 9,500 IU dose and was associated with fewer bleeding complications. Two studies have questioned the use of a fixed dose, as opposed to a weight-based (mg/kg) dose of LMWH in obese patients \[[@B12],[@B13]\]. Frederiksen et al. \[[@B14]\] demonstrated a strong negative correlation between body weight and the anticoagulant effect of a fixed dose of enoxaparin (40 mg) \[[@B15]-[@B17]\].
In one study of 1,025 patients who underwent laparoscopic or open gastric bypass, those who bled were significantly more likely to have received preoperative LMWH versus no VTE prophylaxis for major colon and rectal surgery; LMWH significantly reduce the risk of postoperative VTE but was associated with a significantly greater rate of bleeding-related complications \[[@B12],[@B18],[@B19]\]. Scholten et al. \[[@B20]\] observed bleeding of 0.3% and 1.1% in patients receiving LMWH 40 mg q 12 hours and 30 mg q 12 hours, respectively. In our study, 193 patients were completed 2-week Clexane therapy (97%). Clexane was stopped in 7 patients due to complications (3%). Four patients had bleeding and 1 patient had reoperation due to leak. Four patients had intraluminal bleeding; among them, two patients stopped bleeding without transfusion, two patients had reoperation. In the latter two cases, bleeding was stopped at the time of reoperation. However, we thought that the bleeding focus of one was on the remnant stomach stapler line, and the other near the mesentery. Yet we could not exclude the cause of bleeding being due to using Clexane, but in every four cases, this bleeding happened on operation day, so we decided that this bleeding is related to the operation itself, not Clexane therapy. In addition, 2 patients had potential Clexane related problems. One patient had epistaxis, and 1 patient had metrorrhagia. There was no severe major bleeding in our study. Also, there was no development of symptomatic VTE. As judged from our study, the problem with thromboembolic complications after obesity surgery seems to be small and infrequent. There are only two prospective studies in the literature on the incidence of thromboembolic disease after obesity surgery using objective testing in addition to the present study \[[@B21]\]. As judged from these studies, thromboembolic complications appear to be rare after obesity surgery.
Most of bariatric surgeons still use mechanical devices such as sequential compression devices in conjunction with a type of heparin \[[@B7]-[@B10]\]. Chemical prophylaxis used alone has not been proved to be superior to the use of mechanical devices as prophylaxis against DVT, and some have suggested that the addition of heparin to mechanical devices are used appropriately \<50% of the time when indicated for a patient, despite being properly ordered \[[@B7],[@B22]\]. Therefore, the use or addition of a type of heparin in addition to mechanical devices seems justified. For this reason, in our study, whole-leg compression stockings and pneumatic compression devices were also used.
A minimum of 6 months follow-up for the analysis of VTE incidence was chosen because the published data have suggested that at that point the risk of postoperative VTE should have return to the basal level. Furthermore, 6 months postoperatively, significant weight loss has usually occurred, thereby reducing the risk of VTE further \[[@B22],[@B23]\].
We accept that our study probably underestimated the true incidence of postoperative VTE after laparoscopic bariatric surgery, because we only included symptomatic patients in our analysis and did not routinely screen for silent VTE using duplex ultrasonography or plethysmography. However, given the low-recorded incidence of VTE in bariatric patients, the cost/benefit advantage of such screening would have been dubious, because it would be unlikely to detect DVTs of clinical significance \[[@B21]-[@B23]\].
The limitation of this study is that it is a retrospective design with no randomization. Further, long-term follow-up is necessary to evaluate VTE. Indeed, to establish a consensus guideline for LMWH prophylaxis treatment, a large-scale prospective randomized study is necessary.
In conclusion, the results of our study have demonstrated that a 2-week VTE prophylaxis regimen using LMWH after bariatric surgery is both simple and effective, is safe with very low incidence of VTE and bleeding complications.
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
=======================
######
Supplementary material can be found via <http://thesurgery.or.kr/src/sm/jkss-84-298-s001.pdf>.
######
The types of surgery (n = 200)
######
Demographics of the obesity patients
Values are presented as mean (range).
######
Patients comorbidities
######
Complication of clinical course of thromboprophylaxis
|
// <copyright file="IBackgroundTransferWorker.cs" company="Fubar Development Junker">
// Copyright (c) Fubar Development Junker. All rights reserved.
// </copyright>
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace FubarDev.FtpServer.BackgroundTransfer
{
/// <summary>
/// A background transfer worker.
/// </summary>
public interface IBackgroundTransferWorker
{
/// <summary>
/// Enqueue an entry for a background transfer (e.g. upload).
/// </summary>
/// <param name="backgroundTransfer">The background transfer to enqueue.</param>
/// <param name="cancellationToken">The cancellation token.</param>
/// <returns>The task.</returns>
Task EnqueueAsync(IBackgroundTransfer backgroundTransfer, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
/// <summary>
/// Get the status of all pending and active background transfers.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>The status of all background transfers.</returns>
IReadOnlyCollection<BackgroundTransferInfo> GetStates();
}
}
|
A A
The Quinpool Road bridge that seemed too, too far from completion three months ago now seems within commuter reach.
“The project is still on schedule,” Alexandre Boule of the CN communications team said in an email Tuesday. “CN is working with the city and citizens will be informed of the upcoming reopening of the bridge as soon as possible.”
Quinpool Road was closed to traffic April 1 to facilitate work on the deteriorating railway bridge. The rehabilitation project to repair and fortify the arch bridge structure was scheduled to continue until some time in mid-August. The road is closed from the Armdale roundabout to Connaught Avenue, a stretch of road that normally accommodated 27,000 vehicles a day in rush-hour traffic. The detour takes vehicles, including buses, onto Chebucto Road, to Connaught and back to Quinpool.
Pedestrians and cyclists are being routed through Armview Avenue, to Tupper Grove, to Prince Arthur Street. All detour routes are signed.
Now, detouring’s end is in sight. It appears that the bridge is being prepared for paving. A road roller is at the ready to compress the aggregate that will support the asphalt. The sidewalks crossing the bridge also appear to have been completed. The two outer lanes of Quinpool’s four lanes have even been partially repaved leading up to the bridge from the roundabout.
Coun. Shawn Cleary, who represents the area, said the original mid-August completion date remains intact but he and many commuters are hopeful that the project may come in ahead of schedule.
“The last bit of work to be completed is weather-dependent,” Cleary said. “If things continue to go well, I’d love for it to be done early. CN and Halifax’s transportation and public works staff meet regularly about the project. The official date remains Aug. 15 but I’m hoping this might be one of those rare projects that gets done on time or even ahead of schedule.”
CN is on the financial hook for the bridge repairs and the municipality is responsible for paving the surface, for the sidewalks and for the bridge railing. Boule said CN will not disclose the cost of the project, one of three cost-shared bridge-rehabilitation projects that CN will complete this year in Halifax Regional Municipality.
The other bridge work was scheduled to be done over several days in March, including tree removal to accommodate repairs to the Belmont on the Arm and Marlborough Woods bridges in the city’s south end. |
Q:
is it possible for git to track the ".git" folder?
I do work on the same projects on different computers, I was wondering if there is a way to track that .git folder so I won't have to reconfig the config file in all the local files.
I push all my work to bitbucket.
A:
No, there isn't.
But you can store in git a text files with the 2 or 3 commands you use to reconfigure each repository. You can make it a .sh if it helps.
|
by JAKE NUTTING
Should the New York Cosmos advance past expansion side Rayo OKC in Saturday’s postseason semifinal at Hofstra’s Shuart Stadium, they will be taking The Championship Final into the five boroughs.
But the venue is a far cry from the bright lights of New York City.
The club confirmed through a press release Tuesday that it has secured Belson Stadium at St John’s University in Queens as its site for the potential final. New York would host either the second-seeded Indy Eleven or third-seeded FC Edmonton on Sunday, November 13 at 7 p.m. ET.
There was speculation that the Cosmos considered ceding hosting rights for the final due to scheduling difficulties at Shuart Stadium and MCU Park in Brooklyn, but Cosmos Coo Erik Stover recently shot down those rumors.
“It’s important for us to play in New York,” said Cosmos Head Coach Giovanni Savarese. “That way the fans can be part of The Championship experience, and our players are rewarded for all their hard work by having the opportunity to play in front of family and friends.”
Belson Stadium has been used by the Cosmos for U.S. Open Cup matches in the past, including two of their three matches in this year’s edition of the competition. They knocked off amateur side Jersey Express SC 2-0 in the third round before ultimately being ousted by the New England Revolution in the Round of 16 in a heartbreaking 3-2 loss.
With a capacity of just over 2,000, Belson Stadium would be the smallest venue to ever host the NASL final. In comparison, Indy Eleven’s Michael Carroll Stadium seats 12,000 while Edmonton’s Clarke Stadium can hold 5,000. According to the St. John’s website, Belson Stadium can expand to 5,000 seats. However, it unclear whether that applies to soccer events.
Postseason ticket packages for this weekend’s semifinal and the potential final at Belson will go on sale starting Wednesday at 2 p.m. ET. |
headache
Recent Articles
‘Tis the season of giving, but too many Minnesotans this time of year are giving and receiving something nobody wants: norovirus infection and the nasty illness that comes with it. Noroviruses are a group of viruses that can cause inflammation of the stomach and intestines, leading to vomiting, diarrhea and stomach cramping. Other symptoms can include low-grade fever or chills, headache, and muscle aches. Noroviruses are very contagious and are the leading cause of food-borne illness outbreaks in Minnesota, infecting thousands of people each year, said state health officials. Found in the stool (feces) or vomit of infected people, the viruses are transferred to food, water or surfaces by the hands of infected people who have not washed adequately after using the bathroom. Continue Reading → |
Q:
How to convert column of text to CSV
I have the following output from a command in Unix:
"10"
"30"
"u"
"hello"
And I want it in the following CSV format without the trailing comma:
"10","30","u","hello"
I tried tr '\n' ',' but that leaves a trailing comma.
Being new to Unix, I am not sure how to go about achieving what I'm trying. Any help?
A:
You could just simply remove the trailing comma with sed.
# echo '"10"
"30"
"u"
"hello"' | tr '\n' ',' | sed s/',$'/\\n/g
"10","30","u","hello"
|
A U.S. district court judge on Saturday issued a ruling against the resale of songs purchased through digital outlets like Apple's iTunes, finding that the unauthorized transfer of digital music is illegal under the Copyright Act.
The judgment was handed down by U.S. District Judge Richard Sullivan, who found in favor of plaintiff Capitol Records' suit against ReDigi, an online marketplace for "digital used music," reports AllThingsD.
While ReDigi offered a number of counter examples to Capitol's copyright assertions, including a first-sale doctrine that allows companies like Netflix to earn profits on the transfer of DVDs, Judge Sullivan was unimpressed. According to the court, there is a clear separation between digital content, like MP3s, and physical content like CDs.
ReDigi acts as an intermediary between people who want to recoup some of the costs associated with buying digital music, and buyers. Transactions are made in the digital domain, or online, with ReDigi taking a certain percentage of each sale for providing the forum and means to transfer.
Judge Sullivan noted in the order that courts have "consistently held that the unauthorized duplication of digital music files over the Internet infringes a copyright ownerâs exclusive right to reproduce," though the question as to whether the unauthorized transfer of said music over the internet constitutes "reproduction." Ultimately, the jurist found that such transfer does in fact do so.
It should be noted that "transfer" as it is being argued in the case is not the duplication of songs, but instead the sending of a single asset so that only one file exists before and after the transfer. |
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is known as the most common arrhythmia in adults, and it is estimated that millions of people suffer from AF. Previous studies reported that AF may increase risk for other diseases such as stroke, cardiovascular mortality, and obstructive sleep apnea.
Cardiac rhythms of patients with AF possess two particular characteristics: (i) R-R interval irregularity; and (ii) absence of P waves. Although the absence of P waves is a primary indicator of AF, P waves are low amplitude which makes them difficult to analyze due to high intensity noise in electrocardiograms (ECGs) derived from ambulatory electrocardiography. Compared to P waves, R waves have much higher amplitudes and therefore higher tolerance to ECG noise, making detection mush easier. Consequently, using R-R intervals to detect AF is considered to be the most robust approach.
Accordingly, several AF detection methods based on R-R interval irregularity have been proposed. However, the R-R interval window length required for those methods varies from 32 beats to 128 beats. To exhibit high accuracy and finer temporal resolution for real-time monitoring and shorter AF episodes detection, computational complexity together with the power consumption is dramatically increased. |
dzo 3.0.0
The goal of dzo is to treat application database objects the same way the application's source code is treated, with respect to development, revision control, and deployment. Dzo uses a text file that contains native create statements for all database objects and compares them against the actual database-schema. As a result, dzo creates the SQL statements needed to update the database schema (or you can let dzo execute the SQL statements directly). If your application lives in a Tomcat or Java EE application server, dzo has a servlet that controls the deployment process, inspects and executes the necessary database changes, and finally deploys the application. Dzo currently works with HSQLDB, MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server (more to come).
Changes
In this version, the old tomcat deployment Webapp is removed. The deprecated element <dzoSchema> has been removed from ant. Persistence annotations have been added (@@Annotation). A bug has been fixed when fetching code for functions/procedures/triggers/packages in Oracle. Drop and recreate foreign keys when something changes. A bug when fetching metadata for a specific primary key in Oracle has been fixed. Support has been added for "alter table XXX add constraint ...", so dzo can use ddl generated from other tools. Support has been added for PostgreSQL 9.1. |
Q:
Why does my postgres table get much bigger under update?
I have a table, clustered on two columns (point of sale and product ID). The only index is in those two columns, and the table is clustered on those columns.
On a weekly basis, I update other columns in the table. When I do that, the size of the table and relations increases by about 5 times. I then cluster the table, and the size reverts to what it was pre-update.
This seems strange to me. If I were updating the indexed columns, I'd expect some bloat that I'd need to deal with by vacuuming, but since the indexed columns are not modified by any of the updates, I don't understand why updating the table would lead to an increase in size.
Is this working as expected, or does this point to a problem in my configuration? Is there a way to stop this?
[Postgres 9.1 on Windows 7]
A:
Even without indexed columns, PostgreSQL still has to do an MVCC update where it writes a new row then later vacuums and discards the old one. Otherwise it couldn't roll back a transaction if there was an error midway through or it crashed. (PostgreSQL doesn't have an undo log, it uses the heap instead).
HOT updates can only be done if there's enough free space in a page to avoid having to write the new row to a different page, where new index entries must then be created. So PostgreSQL still has to write new rows to new pages on the end of the table, even though you aren't updating indexed columns, because there's just nowhere to put the new row versions on the current pages.
I'd usually only expect a doubling of space, but if you're doing a series of updates without vacuum catching up in between then more increases would be expected. Try to do all your updates in one pass or VACUUM between passes.
To make the updates faster at the cost of some disk space, ALTER TABLE to set a non-100 FILLFACTOR on your table before you CLUSTER it. I suggest 45, enough room for one new version of each row plus a little wiggle space. That'll make the table twice the size but reduce the churn of all that rewriting. It'll let HOT updates occur and also speed up updates because there's no need to extend the relation all the time.
Best of all - try to find a way to avoid having to bulk update the whole table periodically.
|
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Lyme Borreliosis (LB) is a complex multisystemic infection that involves the skin, joints, nervous system, eyes, and heart, caused by spirochetes of the *Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) sensu lato* complex, which are transmitted primarily by *Ixodid* ticks. After the transmission of the spirochete, human LB generally occurs in stages, with different clinical manifestations and evolution \[[@B1], [@B2]\]. The features of LB may be different in some aspects in the various geographical areas, primarily as regards the manifestations found in America and those found in Europe and Asia \[[@B3], [@B4]\]. The prevalence of erythema migrans (EM) is similar in the USA and Northern Europe, but lower in Southern Europe \[[@B3]--[@B5]\]. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA), borrelial lymphadenosis benigna cutis (LABC), and some manifestations of carditis have been detected almost exclusively in Europe \[[@B3]--[@B6]\]. Articular involvement seems to be more frequent in the USA than in Europe, where arthritis is more frequent in Southern countries rather than in the North \[[@B3]\]. Neurological damage is more often observed in European countries, whereas in North America milder forms were reported \[[@B3]\]. It may be supposed that even in Europe the main clinical features of LB can be different in some aspects. These assumptions prompted us to carry out a retrospective study aimed at assessing the clinical features of LB in an endemic geographic area as Friuli Venezia Giulia, in order to define and recognize the clinical presentations and the evolution of the disease in these lands and consequently to describe whether there are differences in the clinical presentations compared to those found in other areas of the world.
2. Materials and Methods {#sec2}
========================
Every case history of each patient addressing to the regional reference centre for Lyme disease in San Daniele del Friuli from June 2004 to June 2010 has been retrospectively recorded and analysed. The medical records of patients that resulted seropositive for *Bb* and followed during the whole course of their disease were recruited. Patients who presented the following criteria have been excluded from the study: wrong diagnoses (not LB), seropositive patients who did not present any typical or occasionally associated manifestation of LB, seronegative patients, patients who did not report to the planned visits, subjects with EM without any other symptom who have been treated and cured and/or who made no serology test or seroconversion, and patients who made a prophylactic treatment after the tick bite or who were taking drugs that might have interfered with laboratory tests or could have hidden the clinical manifestations of LB.
Out of the 2000 analysed case histories, 705 met the inclusion criteria and were recruited in this survey. All of the subjects were resident in Friuli Venezia Giulia.
The ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) IgM/IgG and Western blot (IgM/IgG immunoblots if early disease was suspected; IgG Western blot alone if late disease was suspected) were performed to define seropositive patients, using the same kit in the same laboratory. Other laboratory and instrumental tests, such as tissue biopsy, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cerebrospinal fluid examination, sinovial liquid examination, haemochrome, liver function tests, ECG, X-rays, electromyography, and magnetic resonance, have been taken into account, particularly for the doubtful cases.
3. Results {#sec3}
==========
Seven hundred and five medical records fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and thus were recorded and analysed in this study, including 363 males and 342 females, with a male to female ratio of 1.06. The mean age of the whole survey was 44.7 years, ranging from 4 to 86 years; 67 were under 16 years; 382 were between 16 and 60 years; 256 were over 60 years.
The clinical manifestations observed in the 705 patients seropositive for *Bb* have been summarized in [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}.
There have been 536 (76.03%) cutaneous forms of LB recorded. EM was the most common manifestation and it has been detected in 437 patients (61.99%). There was neither gender difference (M : F = 215 : 222) nor age difference. EM has been found during the visit in 319 patients and it was reported by 118 subjects as an history fact. It appeared from 3 to 25 days after the tick bite (average: after 12 days). Other classical cutaneous manifestations of LB included 58 cases of multiple EM (8.23%), 7 LABC (1%), and 18 ACA (2.55%). Atypical cutaneous manifestations, that is, clinical features not surely linked to LB, were 16 (2.27%), in details: 8 cases of morphoea, 2 Raynaud\'s phenomenon, 1 lichen sclerosus and atrophicus, 1 pityriasis lichenoides, 1 Gilbert\'s pityriasis rosea, 1 urticaria, 1 anetoderma, and 1 erythema nodosum.
The musculoskeletal system was involved in 511 patients (72.48%): 262 out of 511 presented arthralgias or acute arthritis; they were 119 men and 143 women; 88 had a single episode whereas 174 suffered from several attacks. The evolution to chronic arthritis was seen in 22 cases (8% among the patients with arthralgias/acute arthritis). Muscular hypotonia and/or hypotrophy was observed in 41 patients (5.81%).
Four hundred and sixty patients presented a neurological involvement. Two patients reported Bannwarth\'s syndrome, 3 acute encephalopathy and 1 chronic encephalopathy. Two hundred and ninety-three patients (41.56%), 127 males and 166 females, reported cephalea, dizziness, memory and concentration problems, irritability, emotional lability, and sleepiness. As far as the peripheral nervous system is concerned, 161 patients (22.84%) reported paresthesias (115 cases), sensitiveness disorders (47 patients), and motion functionality disorders (19 cases). Out of these 161 patients, 74 suffered from neuritis, polyneuritis, meningoradiculitis and peripheral nerves paralysis, in particular there were 12 cases of the seventh cranial nerve paralysis.
Flu-like symptoms such as fever, arthromyalgia and headache preceded or accompanied or were the only clinical feature in 119 (16.88%) patients. Fever was the only symptom in 11 patients (1.56%) while in 165 (23.4%) cases was accompanied by other manifestations. A reactive regional or generalized lymphadenopathy was recorded in 75 patients (10.64%).
Psychiatric symptoms have been observed in 37 patients (5.25%), 22 men and 15 women. There were 21 cases of anxiety, 10 cases of depression and 6 complex syndromes characterised by panic attacks and phobias.
An intrinsic ocular disease or a disturb deriving from the neuromuscular involvement of the eye has been observed in 71 patients (10.07%), 25 males and 46 females: 28 cases of conjunctivitis, 7 cases of photophobia, 13 cases of visual impairment, 11 of bulbar pain, 4 of diplopia, 1 case of hemianopsia, 1 of orbital muscle tremor, 3 cases of lacrimation and burning and 3 of orbital oedema.
In 57 subjects (8.08%), 26 men and 31 women, there was an involvement of the cardio-vascular system: 14 patients suffered from tachycardia, 3 from bradycardia, and 13 from palpitations. Twenty-four patients presented with the acute onset of varying degrees of intermittent atrioventricular heart block, symptomatic or detected by the ECG. A case of complete atrioventricular block required the implant of a pacemaker. One patient referred angina and 2 patients suffered from a myocarditis.
An involvement of the liver was observed in 41 patients of this survey (5.81) who reported specific alterations of the cytonecrosis enzymes.
With the purpose of better investigating the severity spectrum of LB, an analysis of the summation of the number of symptoms per patient was made. Two hundred and forty-eight (35.1%) patients reported only 1 manifestation. Two different symptoms were observed in 251 (35.6%) patients, 3 clinical features were recorded in 120 (17.0%) subjects, and more than three clinical manifestations assignable to LB were reported for 86 (12.1%) cases.
4. Discussion {#sec4}
=============
Friuli Venezia Giulia is one of the endemic regions for LB in Italy because of the wide spread of piedmont zones which are full of underbrushes. Here the climatic, geographical, and faunistic conditions can foster the proliferation of the hard tick *Ixodes ricinus* and thus may represent an ideal ecosystem for the spread of *Bb* \[[@B7]\].
People living in Friuli Venezia Giulia may get in contact with the ticks over and over because the suspension of agricultural activities has caused the wide spread of woody areas.
In this study the seropositivity for *Bb* is seen in both males and females and it occurs at every age, even if the adults are more affected probably because they spend more time, for working or leisure reasons, in such zones with a thick vegetation. The observation that children are affected from a lesser extent than adults may be a result of the several campaigns of information for the prevention of LB which took place in recent years in our region. Therefore, the population has become very sensitive to this issue: people are accustomed to watching their children back from picnics or outdoor games in order to remove quickly the ticks.
Since the relatively high prevalence of antibodies against *Bb* (5% to 25%) is seen even in healthy persons, depending on their prior exposure to tick bites in their occupational and leisure-time activities \[[@B8]\], in our study, to avoid overdiagnoses, we excluded all seropositive subjects who did not present any other symptom related with LB.
The manifestations of LB recorded in this study are similar to the ones of other endemic areas in Europe, presenting a widespread clinical expressivity, even if there are some peculiar features which are different from those reported in Northern Europe and mostly in the USA, proving the existence of several genospecies of *Bb* differently distributed throughout the various geographical areas \[[@B4]--[@B10]\].
A solitary EM lesion is the most frequent presentation of LB and EM was found to be the most common manifestation in the population analysed. Its clinical characteristics resulted similar to those reported in the Literature \[[@B2]\] ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). The lower incidence in this survey has been foreseen because of the exclusion of all the EM that has been treated and cured before the seroconversion.
In the USA, EM is often accompanied by flu-like symptoms such as fever, malaise, fatigue, headache, myalgia, or arthralgia, whether in Europe it more frequently represents an indolent and localised lesion \[[@B2], [@B10]\]. Multiple EM seem to be more often seen in USA (about 20%) than in Europe (about 10%) \[[@B11], [@B12]\]; in this study 58 cases (8.33%) have multiple EM ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}).
Data gathered about the other cutaneous features are consistent with those found in literature. LABC is the typical subacute cutaneous manifestation of early disseminated LB ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). In endemic areas, its frequency is approximately 1-2% and it is the most common kind of B-cell pseudolymphoma of the skin \[[@B1]\].
ACA is the typical cutaneous feature of late LB in Europe ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}). It has been described most of all in elderly patients, especially women, and is frequently associated with extra-cutaneous symptoms as reported in other Italian observations \[[@B13]\]. In the United States, only very few cases have been described, referring to imported forms usually \[[@B14]\]. *B. afzelii* has been mostly associated with the development of ACA, even if both *B. garinii* and *Bb sensu stricto* have been isolated from specimens of ACA.
In this survey, we reported 16 patients presenting skin manifestations considered as atypical forms of LB such as lichen sclerosus and atrophicus, morphoea, and anetoderma \[[@B1], [@B15]--[@B18]\]. These manifestations have been more frequently observed in Europe than in the USA although this association remains a controversial topic \[[@B15]--[@B19]\].
In untreated LB the joint manifestations can arise months to years after the tick bite, usually in the form of a chronic mono or asymmetrical oligoarthritis. In our series the musculoskeletal involvement appears to be frequent. A not very painful arthritis characterized by brief attacks of joint swelling ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}) was observed with an incidence comparable to Northern America data \[[@B19]\]. The percentage of acute arthritis evolved in chronic arthritis recorded in this survey is similar to the one of other endemic areas in Europe \[[@B20]\].
Manifestations of acute peripheral nervous system involvement in LB include cranial neuropathy (peripheral 7th nerve palsy), eventually associated with radiculopathy ("Garin-Boujadoux-Bannwarth" syndrome) or radiculoneuritis (acute onset of severe localised radicular pain and/or motor weakness with or without sensory loss) \[[@B21]\]. In stage 3, irreversible neurological damage is present and the course of the illness is not self-limited. Chronic progressive meningoencephalitis, characterized by spastic paraparesis, cranial neuropathy, or cognitive impairment has been reported in Europe, while Lyme encephalopathy, a mild, late neurologic syndrome manifested primarily by subtle cognitive disturbances, has been reported in the United States \[[@B19], [@B20]\].
Our data demonstrated that the nervous system has been involved in 65.24% of the analysed population, also presenting severe forms, according to the data recorded in Europe. In Europe, the frequency of neuroborreliosis seems higher, potentially due to the greater neurotropism of *B garinii*, which has not been isolated in North America \[[@B3]\].
There is much controversy about whether *Bb* infection can cause psychiatric disease. In this survey, psychiatric manifestations seem to be quite frequent, but these data are comparable to those recorded in other endemic areas in Europe and can be explained by the high tropism of *Bb sensu lato* for the nervous system, in particular it can cause both a transitory and a permanent damage of the limbus, which is referred to the personal moods and behaviours \[[@B3]\].
Ocular involvement in LB, possible at every stage of the disease, is most frequently reported in European patients in the late phases of the disease \[[@B22], [@B23]\]. In this study the involvement of the eye has been reported in 10.07% of the patients, especially in women.
As reported in literature, the cardiac manifestations tend to appear one week to seven months after the tick bite (median, 21 days). Borrelial carditis is a relatively rare complication in Europe, occurring in about 1% of all cases (in contrast to 4--10% of North America) \[[@B20]--[@B24]\]. In our survey, 8.8% of patients reported symptomatic cardiac involvement associated with *Bb* seropositivity often accompanied by other manifestations, such as EM or neurological deficits. The high number of heart disease found in our series may be connected to the main limitation of our study, the recruitment of seropositive patients that can undoubtedly lead to over-diagnosis of LB. It is well known that the persistence of antibodies is common and it can usually be misconstrued as an evidence of florid infection. It is possible that symptoms such as dizziness, palpitations, or syncope, caused by disturbances of intracardiac impulse generation or impulse conduction and which usually resolve in few weeks, may be considered a coincidental finding in our patients.
Fever was detected in about 25% of the medical records analysed. In Europe the borrelial infection tends to remain localized for a long time without developing severe systemic symptoms and fever is often described during the prodromic phase. Otherwise in Northern America, flu-like symptoms, including fever, may accompany the early cutaneous lesions or can be the first manifestation of the disease. Such differences may be likely caused by the higher capacity of haematic dissemination of *Bb* serotypes found in the New Continent. Data about the prevalence of the fever gathered in this survey are consistent; however, the possibility of coinfections by other bacteria, viruses, and protozoa which can also be transmitted by a tick bite must be taken into account in order to reduce the role of *Bb* in the pathogenesis of the fevers observed \[[@B25]\].
In 5.81% of the patients, laboratory tests showed a high value of liver cyte-necrosis enzymes. Hepatic involvement is not usually a typical characteristic of LB, even if in literature sporadic cases of hepatitis are described \[[@B3]\]. Nevertheless, the alteration of hepatic enzymes in more than 5% of the samples examinated is still a very high record: even in this situation there may be a coinfection transmitted by a tick-bite. It can be assumed that the transaminase increasing can be caused by a coinfection of *Anaplasma phagocytophila*, in which hepatic alterations are more common \[[@B26]\].
This survey provides a detailed picture of the various clinical features described during the different stages of *Bb* infection in seropositive patients living in Friuli Venezia Giulia.
The main limit of the study is that it has been performed on a sample of seropositive patients that could mean a mixture of patients with active *Bb* infection, immunological memory, or nonspecific cross-reactivity. For this reason our criteria of selection were very close: the diagnosis of LB is mainly clinical, therefore clinical criteria (history, symptoms, and signs) resulted decisive for the assignment of the diagnosis and the interpretation of the serological findings. Anyway, in our results this bias must have been taken into account.
Conflict of Interests
=====================
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
{#fig1}
{#fig2}
{#fig3}
{#fig4}
{#fig5}
######
The clinical manifestations observed in the 705 patients seropositive for *Borrelia burgdorferi*.
--
--
[^1]: Academic Editors: Y. Asano and U. Wollina
|
Q:
Removing an element from a List
If I remove an element from a list, do all the elements to the right of it shift left?
List<Integer> ints = [1,2,3,4,5];
ints.remove(0);
printf( ints[0] ) --> 2;
A:
The closest you're probably going to get here is looking through documentation on Java classes to see which list-like structures there are, and how they're implemented. In the end, though, this level of detail doesn't really matter all that much to us.
The effect is that when you remove element i from a list, all indices index > i are decremented.
If you debug list[1], then remove(0), then debug list[0], you'll find that the indices have indeed "shifted". If you rely too much on that mental model, though, you'll probably end up writing fragile code.
|
Women's Bantabaa aspiration is always to tell a story that has never been told and bring a story to public that are always waving the flag of freedom yet standby silently with the concerning situation of the people, their narratives, their perspectives, their understanding of the world around them, without feeling that they are constantly defending their religious and cultural identity.
Wednesday, July 6, 2011
“I was kicked Out of My Husband’s House but.....”
Neneh Jallow a woman who has been thrown out of her husband’s house by the husband’s brothers was abandoned in a situation of pennilessness. The woman explained her baffling story to Women’s Bantaba. Abused by her former husband and left impoverished, Neneh’s ordeal is synonymous to a real guinea pig of extreme violation of rights.
This is Neneh’s unequivocal explanation of her sad experience.
“I could not still believe if it was an order from my husband, because it is sad to hear that my husband was the mastermind and could not tell me.”
“I was kicked out of his house by his brothers without a penny” Says Neneh Jallow.
“I was harassed, beaten and finally kicked out of my husband’s house” Neneh Jallow told Women’s Bantabaa in watery eyes.
As much as it is hard to accept, the Native of Brikama could not still believe if it was an order from his husband.
He recalled the happy moments with his husband but concluded that she is no more loved. “It was difficult for me to forget, but I now believed that he no more cares for me.”
Marriage requires an equal amount of nurturing if it is to blossom, but Neneh Jallow worries if she will ever get married after the sufferings.
“And the torture I endured in my husband’s house, where I was finally kicked out of the house while I was seven months pregnant,” the woman recalled her most torturous moment in life.
Neneh in her mid-thirties seems to have all the necessary qualities and abilities to deal with difficulties, stressful and painful situations refused to be silent in pain.
She is physically strong and composed under pressure. Yet in her house, she was powerless to stop her husband’s brothers to convince her husband because of the culture of silence.
Statistics shows that between 4 percent and 12 percent of women reported being physically abused during pregnancy.
Most governments have considered violence against women, particularly domestic violence by husbands or other intimate partner to be a relatively minor social problem. Today, due to the efforts of women’s organizations, violence against women is recognized as a global concern.
“I am being battered and treated violently, strongly, and they do not care how good or bad I felt, unless deliberately tried to make it as painful and humiliating as possible by kicking me out of the house.”
“I always have the good intentions to stay together forever with my husband who I have entrusted my life to, but that was not enough for him to be in successful and happy marriage,” she added.
“The excitement and joy that newly wedded couples often experience tend to wear-off within the first year of marriage which I now believed is true as I am a victim today.”
This victim is not the only one that has been going through this kind ordeal, but most of them fear to come forward to discuss the most throbbing experience of their life because of the culture of silence. “I know there are thousands of women like me, ashamed to talk about what is happening to them because our society view it as inconceivable,” she said
“Who would believe you if you tell people that your own husband asked his brothers to kick you out of his house? They would laugh at you and tell you it is his right since he is legally married to you, yet the culture of silence prevails, especially amongst women victims.”
“It did not take long after my husband left. They started harassing and humiliating me,” she vividly recalled. “They can insult me and demand food any time of the day. I used to cook food from my own earning that I manage to get from the little business I do.”
According to Neneh, her ex-husband stop calling and also stop sending her money which she said was very hard for her as she was pregnant.
Neneh lived a miserable life when she fell into the hands of his ex-husband who was just interested in abusing her and left her impoverished.
“Three to four times a day was not enough for them to call me names, but the worst was in the night when they will demand me to do works that are unacceptable. When I struggled against them they threatened that they will lie against me to my husband.”
“What’s surprising is that he never called me after I was kicked out of the house until when he heard that I have given birth to baby boy.”
“I am sure that what happens after this experience had caused a lack of trust and both of us need to build the trust again,” she thought resolvedly.
Violence in homes is becoming widespread and women bear the brunt daily. Some women are beaten seriously at their homes, insulted and facing other violence, which leaves children very scared, distressed and anxious about their own safety and that of their mothers and siblings.
Violence against women and girls is any act of gender-based violence that result in, or likely to result in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women and girls including threats such as coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.
“It is hard to tell your own parents the thing you are subjected to by your husband’s family,” she said.
“Women are unhappy in their marriages not because of their own faults and false expectations but are seen and treated as the weaker sex, especially in our communities.”
“I’ve cracked the mysterious and rather profound code on how to make him love me more - and hold in my hands the long lost secrets and protect me too, but it was the other round.”
“Some married women are so unfortunate because they spend all their monies to feed the family unnoticed by outsiders and not know knowing that one beautiful day you will be sent out of the house. I had always wanted to spend the rest of life with my husband, especially after getting kids him.”
Here in The Gambia, violence is pervasive, and as a result many women continue to suffer in the home and in the community with devastating effects.
In The Gambia, violence against women and girls is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women, as manifested by current gender relations that are marked by socio-cultural norms of male domination over the discrimination against women. This continued domination and discrimination has prevented the full advancement of women and in one of the crucial social mechanism by which women are forced into sub-ordinate positions compared to men.
Violence against women and girls is complex and diverse in its manifestations, with far-reaching, long-lasting consequences, costs and impoverishes women, their families, communities and the state. It is also a violation of the essential basic human rights of an individual to safety, security and physical integrity.
According to a family member, Neneh used to be a very prosperous businesswoman before she fell trapped into the hands of his husband. “Most of the family members were depending on her, but everything vanished after a couple of months following her marriage.”
Mariama Jallow added “I’m sure she will get over the trauma because she is a very strong woman.”
There is no available date on violence against women and girls, but the majority of Gambian women have been either beaten, coerced into sex otherwise abused in a life time.
The kind of violence prevalent in this country, although not exclusive to it includes: domestic violence, sexual violence including rape, early marriages, harmful traditional practices and widow inheritance. Amidst all these violations, women are more at risk while feminisation of poverty is perpetuated and gender equality still remains unattained.
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About Me
Binta A Bah is a young Gambian journalists/blogger who is excited, on the sustainability reporting front which she took as massive a headway as a career. She is the publisher of women’s Bantabaa, an online blog which focuses on human rights, particularly women’s right, press freedom and freedom of expression. She started the journalism trade with The Daily News in 2009 while pursuing a one year certificate course in journalism at Insight Training Center. She hold a diploma in journalism. At The Daily News, she rose through the ranks to become a senior judicial affairs correspondent. She has a vast experience of covering high profile cases including treason trials. She run the ‘Musoolula Bantabaa’ on the Daily News, a weekly column that focuses on women’s affairs. In 2011, she was awarded The Daily News Journalist of the year. She now works with the Standard Newspaper as an associate editor following the closure of The Daily News by state authorities. |
Grant Proposal: Future::AsyncAwait
The Grants Committee has received the following grant proposal for the Sep/Oct round. Before the Committee members vote, we would like to solicit feedback from the Perl community on the proposal. **Update: You have until October 17th!** Review the proposal below and please comment here by October 10th, 2018. The Committee members will start the voting process following that. # Future::AsyncAwait - Name: Paul Evans - Amount Requested: GBP 4,800 (GBP 200/day for 24 days) At time of writing, equivalent to USD 6,256 or EUR 5,388. ## Synopsis Fix and polish the implementation of the [Future::AsyncAwait](https://metacpan.org/pod/Future::AsyncAwait) CPAN module by resolving the bugs that currently prevent it from being useful. ## Benefits to the Perl Community This CPAN module implements the `async/await` syntax, which has emerged as a common standard among various other languages. At the time of writing this proposal, C#, Python 3, ECMAScript 6 (JavaScript), Dart, and Rust all implement this syntax. It centres around the use of "futures" or "promises" as containers of values to be provided by some possibly-asynchronous or background work, and greatly improves on the readability of programs written using them. Logical flow reads very similarly to standard synchronous call-style. The examples in the CPAN module should help to illustrate the readability advantages, as do other examples written in the other languages mentioned above. There can be little doubt that `async/await` is gaining traction as the standard syntax for writing control-flow around future-based concurrency across many diverse programming languages. By using this particular syntax, Perl 5 gains the same semantics with the same syntax as used by these other languages. This helps readers to use the same concepts as they may already be familiar with from using those languages. ## Deliverables The primary deliverable would be a newer version of [Future::AsyncAwait](https://metacpan.org/pod/Future::AsyncAwait) whose internal implementation is robust and fully-functional in a variety of test cases and conditions. A number of known bugs already exist and are collected on RT (at [https://rt.cpan.org/Dist/Display.html?Queue=Future-AsyncAwait](https://rt.cpan.org/Dist/Display.html?Queue=Future-AsyncAwait)). Not all of the tickets in this queue are necessary for completion of this project, as some are "wish-list" items or design discussions about possible further extensions or additions. In addition to this CPAN release, a secondary deliverable will be a set of blog posts and presentations to educate potential users - bringing the new syntax to their attention, and demonstrating its use. Some blog posts may draw contrasts and similarities to other languages, helping to further emphasize the close relationship between the syntax across these languages. In particular, parallels to Python 3 and ECMAScript 6 may be useful, as both of those languages are ones that potential users may also be familiar with. ## Project Details In its current state, the CPAN module implements a perl parser plugin that parses the newly-defined keywords, and provides implementation semantics that work in many simple test cases. The distribution contains a selection of unit test files that demonstrate these cases. However, the implementation of the suspend/resume functionality behind the keywords is as yet insufficient for many larger, real-world applications to use in existing code. This is due to the incomplete understanding of some of the internal details of the `perl` interpreter, which causes some situations to end up in a mismatched state, making it crash. Central to this project's success is performing further research and understanding on these internals. Once the operation of the interpreter is better understood, the shortcomings of the current implementation of [Future::AsyncAwait](https://metacpan.org/pod/Future::AsyncAwait) can be identified and improved upon. This may yield further details that need to be understood which have yet to come to light, but with any luck the process will eventually terminate yielding a new syntax extension that is robust and useful. ## Inch-stones Initial progress will be made from a better understanding of certain details of the `perl` interpreter, primarily on the subject of the interaction between `JMPENV_PUSH` and `PL_top_env`. A discussion of the topic can be seen here: [https://www.nntp.perl.org/group/perl.perl5.porters/2018/08/msg251864.html](https://www.nntp.perl.org/group/perl.perl5.porters/2018/08/msg251864.html). It is plausible there may be other subjects that arise once this one is fixed, so the project may continue to switch between research and implementation phases, as bugfixes uncover new areas that don't yet work. There are particular bugs on the RT queue that need fixing; these are: - [https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=126037](https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=126037) - [https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=126036](https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=126036) - [https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=125613](https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=125613) - [https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123062](https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=123062) Additionally to these, to support the secondary goals of developer education, a number of blog posts can be written: - A general introduction to the `async/await` syntax as provided by [Future::AsyncAwait](https://metacpan.org/pod/Future::AsyncAwait). Suitable for all Perl audiences. - A comparison between [Future::AsyncAwait](https://metacpan.org/pod/Future::AsyncAwait) and similar syntax provided by Python 3. This will serve as a useful comparison between the two languages, and may help to draw some existing Python developers. Where possible it should include some "Perlish rewrites" of some standard Python documentation, to drive home that similarity. - A comparison between [Future::AsyncAwait](https://metacpan.org/pod/Future::AsyncAwait) and ECMAScript 6, in similar style to above, for similar reasons. Thirdly, a presentation for a Perl conference can be prepared to demonstrate the new language feature - perhaps as a follow-up to the talk I did for TPCiA in 2017 ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xf7rStpNaT0](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xf7rStpNaT0)), except this time to report on some real-world success stories of the feature being used in production cases. Finally, the details of the perl interpreter discovered along the way can be better documented, so that even if ultimately it proves impossible to fix the implementation of [Future::AsyncAwait](https://metacpan.org/pod/Future::AsyncAwait), at least others can benefit from the new understanding discovered in that research, which may be helpful to other similar projects. ## Project Schedule There are two main phases to this project: research into the existing operation of the `perl` interpreter, and fixing the existing implementation of suspend/resume semantics as a result of the discoveries made. The first phase - research - should be achievable with around 10 days of effort through a combination of code review and instrumented builds, resulting in a textual description of the relevant "moving parts" of the interpreter. This includes time to write down documentation of the discoveries. Based on this understanding, the second phase - fixing the implementation - can take place. This is likely to take a further 10 days including building more unit test files to cover the new test cases. In addition, the three blog posts and conference presentation will take around 4 days to prepare. This brings the total to 24 days. I'm currently a self-employed contractor with approximately three weeks each month taken by existing clients. Working at a rate of 5 days per month, I believe the project will come to a conclusion after around 5 months. I intend to work at a rate of 5 days per month so regular checkpoints can be established. ## Completeness Criteria At time of writing there are no known CPAN modules able to use [Future::AsyncAwait](https://metacpan.org/pod/Future::AsyncAwait) because it is too unstable at present for even the smallest of unit-tests in other code to successfully pass. A useful moment to consider as a completion target may be when the module is sufficiently robust that it can be used as a dependency by at least a few other CPAN modules that currently use [Future](https://metacpan.org/pod/Future). For example, any of my [Device::Chip](https://metacpan.org/pod/Device::Chip) driver modules, that are currently heavily [Future](https://metacpan.org/pod/Future)-based at present, would greatly benefit using this new syntax. CPAN shows a great number of other modules using [Future](https://metacpan.org/pod/Future) by many authors, and any of these could also be used as test-cases for the robustness of [Future::AsyncAwait](https://metacpan.org/pod/Future::AsyncAwait): [https://metacpan.org/requires/distribution/Future?sort=\[\[2,1\]\]](https://metacpan.org/requires/distribution/Future?sort=[[2,1]]) ## Bio I am Paul Evans, PEVANS on CPAN ([https://metacpan.org/author/PEVANS](https://metacpan.org/author/PEVANS)). I have been a CPAN maintainer for over 10 years, and currently have 155 distributions under my name. Among this set of modules are a number of dual-life core modules - [List::Util](https://metacpan.org/pod/List::Util) and [IO::Socket::IP](https://metacpan.org/pod/IO::Socket::IP) being two that may be among the most heavily-depended upon on CPAN. I have a number of XS-based modules, including some such as [Syntax::Keyword::Try](https://metacpan.org/pod/Syntax::Keyword::Try) that provide keyword plugins to extend the Perl syntax. I am familiar with many parts of the core perl interpreter, and am well-known to many of the perl5-porters group. I maintain a blog on a variety of programming topics, often posting on Perl-related matters. [http://leonerds-code.blogspot.com/search/label/perl](http://leonerds-code.blogspot.com/search/label/perl). I have spoken at most London Perl Workshops in the past few years, and attend (and sometimes talk at) the European occurance of what was formerly called YAPC::EU, most recently called TPCiG. I maintain a YouTube playlist of recordings of talks I have given. [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9-uV\_AVx5FOzWJIvpuebmyiIuNd4L7GJ](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9-uV_AVx5FOzWJIvpuebmyiIuNd4L7GJ)
Comments (11)
I'd first like to speak to the value of this project, as I see it. As someone that loves Perl but has worked in many polyglot companies, one of the things that I constantly hear is 'how crappy Perl's support for asynchronous tasks' is. This is of course not true, there's several great systems for this on CPAN. However in a way the proliferation is confusing to newcomers to the language and makes people think asynchronous support for Perl is something bolted on, perhaps haphazardly, rather than well integrated into the language. I believe this work will go a long way towards solving that perception problem, as well as being of tremendous value in and of itself. I hope it will become a great point of integration between the various existing systems and move us closer together as a community. I am sure it will make it easier for people working in other languages to come to Perl, since they will already be familiar with the syntax and it will make it easier for those already working in Perl to take advantage of writing better asynchronous code, which is rapidly becoming a 'must have' in the programming world. In short, this is not only something I think Perl must have on CPAN, but also something we should consider for core integration as soon as possible.
Secondly, I want to speak to the ability of Paul Evans to complete this work. I've never worked with Paul on a job, but I've seen him over the years on IRC helping people and slowly but surely building up a fantastic portfolio of work on CPAN. He's been working in and with Futures and asynchronous code for many years. Additionally he has the trust and respect of some of Perl's most well known programers. I feel very confident in his estimations and ability.
In short, this is work that needs to be done and Paul Evans has my confidence! Thanks for taking the time to read my comments; feel free to follow up with me on any points raised should questions arise.
John Napiorkowski (JJNAPIORK)
+1, async/await is an extremely useful construct which is widely used in other languages. I look forward to production-ready version of Future::AsyncAwait and I certainly will use it in my code.
IMHO funding its development would be a great use of TPF's money.
This is awesome work that Paul has done so far - well worth the funding!
This would be a killer feature for Perl5, bringing much-needed parity to the existing async module support.
If it also shines a light on some of the murkier parts of the Perl internals, even better.
I'd also mention Paul's technical posts such as https://leonerds-code.blogspot.com/2018/09/develmat-investigation-into-c-part-3.html as evidence that he can manage a good publicly-available writeup as well as putting the code together in the first place.
Nearly every one of the CPAN distributions I'm personally developing would be simplified by the existence of this module. As such, I'm biased but hugely in favour.
(disclaimer: we are one of the existing clients that Paul mentions, and once this is stable we have every intention of using this module heavily in both our internal and public CPAN code)
+1 to this proposal! Having async/await in perl5 would be awesome!
I strongly support this grant request. Paul does great work and is highly responsive and communicative. This project will greatly benefit the community and Perl as a whole.
Folks, apologies; I think I accidentally deleted 2 real comments when removing the 700+ spam entries that were posted in the past week.
All queued comments have been posted as of this time; if your comment is missing, please re-add it.
Regards.
Async/Await would be a great addition to the language.
This should get funded.
After finally getting my head around promises in JavaScript it has been a pleasure to be able to use Promises in Perl via https://metacpan.org/pod/Mojo::Promise. Doing the same with async/await will also help me convince other developers at $work that Perl isn't as terrible as the 10+ year old non-strict-single-file-Perl code that they've been hacking on for the last 5 years.
First of all, I want to highly endorse this work and Paul's efforts to do it. This is an important project that Perl sorely needs. That said I do want to ask a few minor conditions on the project to support community funding of it.
This mostly revolves around Paul's use of his own Future stack to accomplish the behavior. This is understandable as with many authors we like to use our own stuff. The problem with Future is that it isn't entirely interoperable with other Promise implementations on CPAN. (Note that he and I have discussed this amicably on #mojo). There does exist a standard for Promise implementations across languages called the Promises/A+ spec (https://promisesaplus.com/). Future does not conform with that standard (fair, as it predates it) and due to some non-standard behavior as a result it isn't entirely easy for other implementations to conform to his. According to him, there are several methods that must be implemented in the Future way in order for the proposed AsyncAwait mechanism to work. I would ask that if the community were to support his work (and again, I hope we do) that he be asked to follow the Promises/A+ spec in doing so.
If that cannot be reasonably asked for in the time or support amount requested, then I could ask a lesser goal of having him expose his suspend/resume mechanism, the low level guts, in some higher level way so that other Async/Await mechanisms may be built on top of it. Preferably this would be at the perl level though if it must be in the XS level, I won't object too strongly as long as it is usable.
Once again, I want to reiterate that I want to see this grant supported, I just hope that the result is as broadly applicable as possible.
I would ask that if the community were to support his work (and again, I hope we do) that he be asked to follow the Promises/A+ spec in doing so.
We are, with some differences, following the API spec called "Promise/A" (and the clarification that is called "Promise/A+") which was created by the Node.JS community. This is, for the most part, the same API that is implemented in the latest jQuery and in the YUI Deferred plug-in (though some purists argue that they both go it wrong, google it if you care). We differ in some respects to this spec, mostly because Perl idioms and best practices are not the same as Javascript idioms and best practices. However, the one important difference that should be noted is that "Promise/A+" strongly suggests that the callbacks given to then should be run asynchronously (meaning in the next turn of the event loop). We do not do this by default, because doing so would bind us to a given event loop implementation, which we very much want to avoid.
Future::Q - a Perl implementation of http://documentup.com/kriskowal/q/ which is (claimed to be) Promises/A+-compliant
AnyEvent::Promise - the then method is only documented to support a single callback
AnyEvent::Promises - callbacks can't return AnyEvent::Promises instances directly, since the chaining behaviour means it'll wait for those to be resolved/rejected
Evo::Promise::* - mostly builds on other things, but having several different classes here makes it a bit hard to extract a common API
That seems like a reasonable request, but I don't think it'd be as effective as it might first sound.Firstly, I don't believe this is directly possible in Perl without a better definition of https://es5.github.io/#x10.3, which is required by https://promisesaplus.com/#point-34. The footnote brings in a requirement for an "event loop", which is an implementation detail - Future.pm itself does not require this, and a standard "event loop" or "event loop interface" seems a bit out of scope - look at how much time and effort has gone into getting "a MOP into core"!Given the existence of modules such as Mojo::Promise::Role::Futurify it seems more likely that Promises/A+-compatible implementations can be built on top of Future.pm rather than the other way around? There are several features of Future.pm - for example, support for a distinct "cancelled" state - that are a superset of the Promises/A+ spec. If it's not possible to build the compatibility layer on top of Future.pm, maybe it'd help to have a clear set of requirements that cannot be fulfilled by the current proposal?This section of the Promises.pm documentation also seems relevant:There are a few other Future/Promises implementations in Perl:Lastly, the Promises/A+ spec is popular in the JS/ES6 world, but C#'s Task/TaskCompletion is a different beast, as is the shocking mess of C++'s std::future. Python3's equivalent is a superset, but is at least compatible. Scala (and Java) also do their own thing: https://docs.scala-lang.org/overviews/core/futures.html (disclaimer: the majority of my CPAN modules have been based on Future.pm for years, so I know that API far better than the other options) |
McCain: Depression By Monday! Quick Run For The Hills!
They also deny that there is a political calculation in this and say without action the country could slide into a Depression by Monday and added “we’ll see 12 percent unemployment” if action is not completed. GOP sources say they believe the current deal is dead on the Hill and reject suggestions that without McCain’s vote Democrats would not support a package.
Really? 12 percent unemployment by Monday? Why exactly? And why now and not say, earlier this week when McCain’s numbers weren’t collapsing around him? Why not when Paulson first revealed how much money he wants control over?
I’m more curious about where McCain gets this “Depression by Monday” bullshit from. Because that is what it is. Bullshit. Is anyone here really going to fall for this crap?
McCain pretends to look presidential by unilaterally “suspending” his campaign, but alas, the situation really is not as dire as the Paulsons and McCains of the world claim it is. Thus McCain looks foolish instead, as his numbers are tanking and his campaign manager is caught in a damning lie regarding connections to Fannie Mae. It’s turning more into a—WOAH, LOOK what’s that over there!!! |
add_subdirectory(estimation)
add_subdirectory(distance)
SET(DGTAL_TESTS_VOLUMES_SRC
testKanungo
testBoundedLatticePolytope
testBoundedRationalPolytope
testCellGeometry
testDigitalConvexity
)
FOREACH(FILE ${DGTAL_TESTS_VOLUMES_SRC})
add_executable(${FILE} ${FILE})
target_link_libraries (${FILE} DGtal )
add_test(${FILE} ${FILE})
ENDFOREACH(FILE)
|
Q:
Mapview - protection against coordinates found nil
I have mapview that downloads records off CloudKit. The coordinates of each record is based on forward geocoder, where users add the address (ex: New York, NY) and lats and lons are obtained
Current Model is as follow:
class Place: NSObject
{
var name: String
var address: String
var comment: String?
var photo: UIImage?
var rating: Int
var location: CLLocation?
var identifier: String
var record: CKRecord!
init(record: CKRecord)
{
self.record = record
self.name = record.valueForKey(placeName) as! String
self.address = record.valueForKey(placeAddress) as! String
self.comment = record.valueForKey(placeComment) as? String
if let photoAsset = record.valueForKey(placePhoto) as? CKAsset
{
self.photo = UIImage(data: NSData(contentsOfURL: photoAsset.fileURL)!)
}
self.rating = record.valueForKey(placeRating) as! Int
self.location = record.valueForKey(placeLocation) as? CLLocation
self.identifier = record.recordID.recordName
}
// MARK: Map Annotation
var coordinate: CLLocationCoordinate2D {
get {
return location!.coordinate
}
}
This is my method to place each pin on the mapview.
func placePins()
{
for place: Place in self.places
{
let location = CLLocationCoordinate2DMake(place.coordinate.latitude, place.coordinate.longitude)
let dropPin = CustomPointAnnotation(place: place)
dropPin.pinCustomImageName = "customPin"
dropPin.coordinate = location
dropPin.title = place.title
dropPin.subtitle = place.subtitle
dropPin.name = place.name
dropPin.image = place.photo
mapView.addAnnotation(dropPin)
}
}
How do i fix them to protect against any record that doesn't have coordinates since forward geocoder is not the most reliable way?
A:
What about
for place: Place in self.places
{
if (place.location == nil) {
continue;
}
...
}
Not sure what is the issue there
|
/*
Unix SMB/CIFS implementation.
Generic Authentication Interface
Copyright (C) Andrew Tridgell 2003
Copyright (C) Andrew Bartlett <abartlet@samba.org> 2004-2006
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
#include "includes.h"
#include "system/network.h"
#include "tevent.h"
#include "../lib/util/tevent_ntstatus.h"
#include "librpc/gen_ndr/dcerpc.h"
#include "auth/credentials/credentials.h"
#include "auth/gensec/gensec.h"
#include "auth/gensec/gensec_internal.h"
#include "lib/param/param.h"
#include "lib/util/tsort.h"
#include "lib/util/samba_modules.h"
#include "lib/util/base64.h"
/* the list of currently registered GENSEC backends */
static const struct gensec_security_ops **generic_security_ops;
static int gensec_num_backends;
/* Return all the registered mechs. Don't modify the return pointer,
* but you may talloc_referen it if convient */
_PUBLIC_ const struct gensec_security_ops * const *gensec_security_all(void)
{
return generic_security_ops;
}
bool gensec_security_ops_enabled(const struct gensec_security_ops *ops, struct gensec_security *security)
{
return lpcfg_parm_bool(security->settings->lp_ctx, NULL, "gensec", ops->name, ops->enabled);
}
/* Sometimes we want to force only kerberos, sometimes we want to
* force it's avoidance. The old list could be either
* gensec_security_all(), or from cli_credentials_gensec_list() (ie,
* an existing list we have trimmed down)
*
* The intended logic is:
*
* if we are in the default AUTO have kerberos:
* - take a reference to the master list
* otherwise
* - always add spnego then:
* - if we 'MUST' have kerberos:
* only add kerberos mechs
* - if we 'DONT' want kerberos':
* only add non-kerberos mechs
*
* Once we get things like NegoEx or moonshot, this will of course get
* more compplex.
*/
_PUBLIC_ const struct gensec_security_ops **gensec_use_kerberos_mechs(TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx,
const struct gensec_security_ops * const *old_gensec_list,
struct cli_credentials *creds)
{
const struct gensec_security_ops **new_gensec_list;
int i, j, num_mechs_in;
enum credentials_use_kerberos use_kerberos = CRED_AUTO_USE_KERBEROS;
bool keep_schannel = false;
if (creds) {
use_kerberos = cli_credentials_get_kerberos_state(creds);
if (cli_credentials_get_netlogon_creds(creds) != NULL) {
keep_schannel = true;
}
}
for (num_mechs_in=0; old_gensec_list && old_gensec_list[num_mechs_in]; num_mechs_in++) {
/* noop */
}
new_gensec_list = talloc_array(mem_ctx,
const struct gensec_security_ops *,
num_mechs_in + 1);
if (!new_gensec_list) {
return NULL;
}
j = 0;
for (i=0; old_gensec_list && old_gensec_list[i]; i++) {
int oid_idx;
bool keep = false;
for (oid_idx = 0; old_gensec_list[i]->oid && old_gensec_list[i]->oid[oid_idx]; oid_idx++) {
if (strcmp(old_gensec_list[i]->oid[oid_idx], GENSEC_OID_SPNEGO) == 0) {
keep = true;
break;
}
}
if (old_gensec_list[i]->auth_type == DCERPC_AUTH_TYPE_SCHANNEL) {
keep = keep_schannel;
}
switch (use_kerberos) {
case CRED_AUTO_USE_KERBEROS:
keep = true;
break;
case CRED_DONT_USE_KERBEROS:
if (old_gensec_list[i]->kerberos == false) {
keep = true;
}
break;
case CRED_MUST_USE_KERBEROS:
if (old_gensec_list[i]->kerberos == true) {
keep = true;
}
break;
default:
/* Can't happen or invalid parameter */
return NULL;
}
if (!keep) {
continue;
}
new_gensec_list[j] = old_gensec_list[i];
j++;
}
new_gensec_list[j] = NULL;
return new_gensec_list;
}
_PUBLIC_ const struct gensec_security_ops **gensec_security_mechs(
struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx)
{
struct cli_credentials *creds = NULL;
const struct gensec_security_ops * const *backends = gensec_security_all();
if (gensec_security != NULL) {
creds = gensec_get_credentials(gensec_security);
if (gensec_security->settings->backends) {
backends = gensec_security->settings->backends;
}
}
return gensec_use_kerberos_mechs(mem_ctx, backends, creds);
}
_PUBLIC_ const struct gensec_security_ops *gensec_security_by_oid(
struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
const char *oid_string)
{
int i, j;
const struct gensec_security_ops **backends;
const struct gensec_security_ops *backend;
TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx = talloc_new(gensec_security);
if (!mem_ctx) {
return NULL;
}
backends = gensec_security_mechs(gensec_security, mem_ctx);
for (i=0; backends && backends[i]; i++) {
if (gensec_security != NULL &&
!gensec_security_ops_enabled(backends[i],
gensec_security))
continue;
if (backends[i]->oid) {
for (j=0; backends[i]->oid[j]; j++) {
if (backends[i]->oid[j] &&
(strcmp(backends[i]->oid[j], oid_string) == 0)) {
backend = backends[i];
talloc_free(mem_ctx);
return backend;
}
}
}
}
talloc_free(mem_ctx);
return NULL;
}
_PUBLIC_ const struct gensec_security_ops *gensec_security_by_sasl_name(
struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
const char *sasl_name)
{
int i;
const struct gensec_security_ops **backends;
const struct gensec_security_ops *backend;
TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx = talloc_new(gensec_security);
if (!mem_ctx) {
return NULL;
}
backends = gensec_security_mechs(gensec_security, mem_ctx);
for (i=0; backends && backends[i]; i++) {
if (gensec_security != NULL &&
!gensec_security_ops_enabled(backends[i], gensec_security)) {
continue;
}
if (backends[i]->sasl_name
&& (strcmp(backends[i]->sasl_name, sasl_name) == 0)) {
backend = backends[i];
talloc_free(mem_ctx);
return backend;
}
}
talloc_free(mem_ctx);
return NULL;
}
_PUBLIC_ const struct gensec_security_ops *gensec_security_by_auth_type(
struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
uint32_t auth_type)
{
int i;
const struct gensec_security_ops **backends;
const struct gensec_security_ops *backend;
TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx;
if (auth_type == DCERPC_AUTH_TYPE_NONE) {
return NULL;
}
mem_ctx = talloc_new(gensec_security);
if (!mem_ctx) {
return NULL;
}
backends = gensec_security_mechs(gensec_security, mem_ctx);
for (i=0; backends && backends[i]; i++) {
if (gensec_security != NULL &&
!gensec_security_ops_enabled(backends[i], gensec_security)) {
continue;
}
if (backends[i]->auth_type == auth_type) {
backend = backends[i];
talloc_free(mem_ctx);
return backend;
}
}
talloc_free(mem_ctx);
return NULL;
}
const struct gensec_security_ops *gensec_security_by_name(struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
const char *name)
{
int i;
const struct gensec_security_ops **backends;
const struct gensec_security_ops *backend;
TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx = talloc_new(gensec_security);
if (!mem_ctx) {
return NULL;
}
backends = gensec_security_mechs(gensec_security, mem_ctx);
for (i=0; backends && backends[i]; i++) {
if (gensec_security != NULL &&
!gensec_security_ops_enabled(backends[i], gensec_security))
continue;
if (backends[i]->name
&& (strcmp(backends[i]->name, name) == 0)) {
backend = backends[i];
talloc_free(mem_ctx);
return backend;
}
}
talloc_free(mem_ctx);
return NULL;
}
/**
* Return a unique list of security subsystems from those specified in
* the list of SASL names.
*
* Use the list of enabled GENSEC mechanisms from the credentials
* attached to the gensec_security, and return in our preferred order.
*/
static const struct gensec_security_ops **gensec_security_by_sasl_list(
struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx,
const char **sasl_names)
{
const struct gensec_security_ops **backends_out;
const struct gensec_security_ops **backends;
int i, k, sasl_idx;
int num_backends_out = 0;
if (!sasl_names) {
return NULL;
}
backends = gensec_security_mechs(gensec_security, mem_ctx);
backends_out = talloc_array(mem_ctx, const struct gensec_security_ops *, 1);
if (!backends_out) {
return NULL;
}
backends_out[0] = NULL;
/* Find backends in our preferred order, by walking our list,
* then looking in the supplied list */
for (i=0; backends && backends[i]; i++) {
if (gensec_security != NULL &&
!gensec_security_ops_enabled(backends[i], gensec_security))
continue;
for (sasl_idx = 0; sasl_names[sasl_idx]; sasl_idx++) {
if (!backends[i]->sasl_name ||
!(strcmp(backends[i]->sasl_name,
sasl_names[sasl_idx]) == 0)) {
continue;
}
for (k=0; backends_out[k]; k++) {
if (backends_out[k] == backends[i]) {
break;
}
}
if (k < num_backends_out) {
/* already in there */
continue;
}
backends_out = talloc_realloc(mem_ctx, backends_out,
const struct gensec_security_ops *,
num_backends_out + 2);
if (!backends_out) {
return NULL;
}
backends_out[num_backends_out] = backends[i];
num_backends_out++;
backends_out[num_backends_out] = NULL;
}
}
return backends_out;
}
/**
* Return a unique list of security subsystems from those specified in
* the OID list. That is, where two OIDs refer to the same module,
* return that module only once.
*
* Use the list of enabled GENSEC mechanisms from the credentials
* attached to the gensec_security, and return in our preferred order.
*/
_PUBLIC_ const struct gensec_security_ops_wrapper *gensec_security_by_oid_list(
struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx,
const char * const *oid_strings,
const char *skip)
{
struct gensec_security_ops_wrapper *backends_out;
const struct gensec_security_ops **backends;
int i, j, k, oid_idx;
int num_backends_out = 0;
if (!oid_strings) {
return NULL;
}
backends = gensec_security_mechs(gensec_security, gensec_security);
backends_out = talloc_array(mem_ctx, struct gensec_security_ops_wrapper, 1);
if (!backends_out) {
return NULL;
}
backends_out[0].op = NULL;
backends_out[0].oid = NULL;
/* Find backends in our preferred order, by walking our list,
* then looking in the supplied list */
for (i=0; backends && backends[i]; i++) {
if (gensec_security != NULL &&
!gensec_security_ops_enabled(backends[i], gensec_security))
continue;
if (!backends[i]->oid) {
continue;
}
for (oid_idx = 0; oid_strings[oid_idx]; oid_idx++) {
if (strcmp(oid_strings[oid_idx], skip) == 0) {
continue;
}
for (j=0; backends[i]->oid[j]; j++) {
if (!backends[i]->oid[j] ||
!(strcmp(backends[i]->oid[j],
oid_strings[oid_idx]) == 0)) {
continue;
}
for (k=0; backends_out[k].op; k++) {
if (backends_out[k].op == backends[i]) {
break;
}
}
if (k < num_backends_out) {
/* already in there */
continue;
}
backends_out = talloc_realloc(mem_ctx, backends_out,
struct gensec_security_ops_wrapper,
num_backends_out + 2);
if (!backends_out) {
return NULL;
}
backends_out[num_backends_out].op = backends[i];
backends_out[num_backends_out].oid = backends[i]->oid[j];
num_backends_out++;
backends_out[num_backends_out].op = NULL;
backends_out[num_backends_out].oid = NULL;
}
}
}
return backends_out;
}
/**
* Return OIDS from the security subsystems listed
*/
static const char **gensec_security_oids_from_ops(
struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx,
const struct gensec_security_ops * const *ops,
const char *skip)
{
int i;
int j = 0;
int k;
const char **oid_list;
if (!ops) {
return NULL;
}
oid_list = talloc_array(mem_ctx, const char *, 1);
if (!oid_list) {
return NULL;
}
for (i=0; ops && ops[i]; i++) {
if (gensec_security != NULL &&
!gensec_security_ops_enabled(ops[i], gensec_security)) {
continue;
}
if (!ops[i]->oid) {
continue;
}
for (k = 0; ops[i]->oid[k]; k++) {
if (skip && strcmp(skip, ops[i]->oid[k])==0) {
} else {
oid_list = talloc_realloc(mem_ctx, oid_list, const char *, j + 2);
if (!oid_list) {
return NULL;
}
oid_list[j] = ops[i]->oid[k];
j++;
}
}
}
oid_list[j] = NULL;
return oid_list;
}
/**
* Return OIDS from the security subsystems listed
*/
_PUBLIC_ const char **gensec_security_oids_from_ops_wrapped(TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx,
const struct gensec_security_ops_wrapper *wops)
{
int i;
int j = 0;
int k;
const char **oid_list;
if (!wops) {
return NULL;
}
oid_list = talloc_array(mem_ctx, const char *, 1);
if (!oid_list) {
return NULL;
}
for (i=0; wops[i].op; i++) {
if (!wops[i].op->oid) {
continue;
}
for (k = 0; wops[i].op->oid[k]; k++) {
oid_list = talloc_realloc(mem_ctx, oid_list, const char *, j + 2);
if (!oid_list) {
return NULL;
}
oid_list[j] = wops[i].op->oid[k];
j++;
}
}
oid_list[j] = NULL;
return oid_list;
}
/**
* Return all the security subsystems currently enabled on a GENSEC context.
*
* This is taken from a list attached to the cli_credentials, and
* skips the OID in 'skip'. (Typically the SPNEGO OID)
*
*/
_PUBLIC_ const char **gensec_security_oids(struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx,
const char *skip)
{
const struct gensec_security_ops **ops;
ops = gensec_security_mechs(gensec_security, mem_ctx);
return gensec_security_oids_from_ops(gensec_security, mem_ctx, ops, skip);
}
/**
Start the GENSEC system, returning a context pointer.
@param mem_ctx The parent TALLOC memory context.
@param gensec_security Returned GENSEC context pointer.
@note The mem_ctx is only a parent and may be NULL.
@note, the auth context is moved to be a referenced pointer of the
@ gensec_security return
*/
static NTSTATUS gensec_start(TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx,
struct gensec_settings *settings,
struct auth4_context *auth_context,
struct gensec_security **gensec_security)
{
(*gensec_security) = talloc_zero(mem_ctx, struct gensec_security);
NT_STATUS_HAVE_NO_MEMORY(*gensec_security);
(*gensec_security)->max_update_size = 0;
SMB_ASSERT(settings->lp_ctx != NULL);
(*gensec_security)->settings = talloc_reference(*gensec_security, settings);
/* We need to reference this, not steal, as the caller may be
* python, which won't like it if we steal it's object away
* from it */
(*gensec_security)->auth_context = talloc_reference(*gensec_security, auth_context);
return NT_STATUS_OK;
}
/**
* Start a GENSEC subcontext, with a copy of the properties of the parent
* @param mem_ctx The parent TALLOC memory context.
* @param parent The parent GENSEC context
* @param gensec_security Returned GENSEC context pointer.
* @note Used by SPNEGO in particular, for the actual implementation mechanism
*/
_PUBLIC_ NTSTATUS gensec_subcontext_start(TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx,
struct gensec_security *parent,
struct gensec_security **gensec_security)
{
(*gensec_security) = talloc_zero(mem_ctx, struct gensec_security);
NT_STATUS_HAVE_NO_MEMORY(*gensec_security);
(**gensec_security) = *parent;
(*gensec_security)->ops = NULL;
(*gensec_security)->private_data = NULL;
(*gensec_security)->subcontext = true;
(*gensec_security)->want_features = parent->want_features;
(*gensec_security)->max_update_size = parent->max_update_size;
(*gensec_security)->dcerpc_auth_level = parent->dcerpc_auth_level;
(*gensec_security)->auth_context = talloc_reference(*gensec_security, parent->auth_context);
(*gensec_security)->settings = talloc_reference(*gensec_security, parent->settings);
(*gensec_security)->auth_context = talloc_reference(*gensec_security, parent->auth_context);
return NT_STATUS_OK;
}
/**
Start the GENSEC system, in client mode, returning a context pointer.
@param mem_ctx The parent TALLOC memory context.
@param gensec_security Returned GENSEC context pointer.
@note The mem_ctx is only a parent and may be NULL.
*/
_PUBLIC_ NTSTATUS gensec_client_start(TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx,
struct gensec_security **gensec_security,
struct gensec_settings *settings)
{
NTSTATUS status;
if (settings == NULL) {
DEBUG(0,("gensec_client_start: no settings given!\n"));
return NT_STATUS_INTERNAL_ERROR;
}
status = gensec_start(mem_ctx, settings, NULL, gensec_security);
if (!NT_STATUS_IS_OK(status)) {
return status;
}
(*gensec_security)->gensec_role = GENSEC_CLIENT;
return status;
}
/**
Start the GENSEC system, in server mode, returning a context pointer.
@param mem_ctx The parent TALLOC memory context.
@param gensec_security Returned GENSEC context pointer.
@note The mem_ctx is only a parent and may be NULL.
*/
_PUBLIC_ NTSTATUS gensec_server_start(TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx,
struct gensec_settings *settings,
struct auth4_context *auth_context,
struct gensec_security **gensec_security)
{
NTSTATUS status;
if (!settings) {
DEBUG(0,("gensec_server_start: no settings given!\n"));
return NT_STATUS_INTERNAL_ERROR;
}
status = gensec_start(mem_ctx, settings, auth_context, gensec_security);
if (!NT_STATUS_IS_OK(status)) {
return status;
}
(*gensec_security)->gensec_role = GENSEC_SERVER;
return status;
}
NTSTATUS gensec_start_mech(struct gensec_security *gensec_security)
{
NTSTATUS status;
if (gensec_security->credentials) {
const char *forced_mech = cli_credentials_get_forced_sasl_mech(gensec_security->credentials);
if (forced_mech &&
(gensec_security->ops->sasl_name == NULL ||
strcasecmp(forced_mech, gensec_security->ops->sasl_name) != 0)) {
DEBUG(5, ("GENSEC mechanism %s (%s) skipped, as it "
"did not match forced mechanism %s\n",
gensec_security->ops->name,
gensec_security->ops->sasl_name,
forced_mech));
return NT_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
}
DEBUG(5, ("Starting GENSEC %smechanism %s\n",
gensec_security->subcontext ? "sub" : "",
gensec_security->ops->name));
switch (gensec_security->gensec_role) {
case GENSEC_CLIENT:
if (gensec_security->ops->client_start) {
status = gensec_security->ops->client_start(gensec_security);
if (!NT_STATUS_IS_OK(status)) {
DEBUG(gensec_security->subcontext?4:2, ("Failed to start GENSEC client mech %s: %s\n",
gensec_security->ops->name, nt_errstr(status)));
}
return status;
}
break;
case GENSEC_SERVER:
if (gensec_security->ops->server_start) {
status = gensec_security->ops->server_start(gensec_security);
if (!NT_STATUS_IS_OK(status)) {
DEBUG(1, ("Failed to start GENSEC server mech %s: %s\n",
gensec_security->ops->name, nt_errstr(status)));
}
return status;
}
break;
}
return NT_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
/**
* Start a GENSEC sub-mechanism with a specified mechansim structure, used in SPNEGO
*
*/
NTSTATUS gensec_start_mech_by_ops(struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
const struct gensec_security_ops *ops)
{
gensec_security->ops = ops;
return gensec_start_mech(gensec_security);
}
/**
* Start a GENSEC sub-mechanism by DCERPC allocated 'auth type' number
* @param gensec_security GENSEC context pointer.
* @param auth_type DCERPC auth type
* @param auth_level DCERPC auth level
*/
_PUBLIC_ NTSTATUS gensec_start_mech_by_authtype(struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
uint8_t auth_type, uint8_t auth_level)
{
gensec_security->ops = gensec_security_by_auth_type(gensec_security, auth_type);
if (!gensec_security->ops) {
DEBUG(3, ("Could not find GENSEC backend for auth_type=%d\n", (int)auth_type));
return NT_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
gensec_security->dcerpc_auth_level = auth_level;
/*
* We need to reset sign/seal in order to reset it.
* We may got some default features inherited by the credentials
*/
gensec_security->want_features &= ~GENSEC_FEATURE_SIGN;
gensec_security->want_features &= ~GENSEC_FEATURE_SEAL;
gensec_want_feature(gensec_security, GENSEC_FEATURE_DCE_STYLE);
gensec_want_feature(gensec_security, GENSEC_FEATURE_ASYNC_REPLIES);
if (auth_level == DCERPC_AUTH_LEVEL_INTEGRITY) {
gensec_want_feature(gensec_security, GENSEC_FEATURE_SIGN);
} else if (auth_level == DCERPC_AUTH_LEVEL_PRIVACY) {
gensec_want_feature(gensec_security, GENSEC_FEATURE_SIGN);
gensec_want_feature(gensec_security, GENSEC_FEATURE_SEAL);
} else if (auth_level == DCERPC_AUTH_LEVEL_CONNECT) {
/* Default features */
} else {
DEBUG(2,("auth_level %d not supported in DCE/RPC authentication\n",
auth_level));
return NT_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
return gensec_start_mech(gensec_security);
}
_PUBLIC_ const char *gensec_get_name_by_authtype(struct gensec_security *gensec_security, uint8_t authtype)
{
const struct gensec_security_ops *ops;
ops = gensec_security_by_auth_type(gensec_security, authtype);
if (ops) {
return ops->name;
}
return NULL;
}
_PUBLIC_ const char *gensec_get_name_by_oid(struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
const char *oid_string)
{
const struct gensec_security_ops *ops;
ops = gensec_security_by_oid(gensec_security, oid_string);
if (ops) {
return ops->name;
}
return oid_string;
}
/**
* Start a GENSEC sub-mechanism by OID, used in SPNEGO
*
* @note This should also be used when you wish to just start NLTMSSP (for example), as it uses a
* well-known #define to hook it in.
*/
_PUBLIC_ NTSTATUS gensec_start_mech_by_oid(struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
const char *mech_oid)
{
SMB_ASSERT(gensec_security != NULL);
gensec_security->ops = gensec_security_by_oid(gensec_security, mech_oid);
if (!gensec_security->ops) {
DEBUG(3, ("Could not find GENSEC backend for oid=%s\n", mech_oid));
return NT_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
return gensec_start_mech(gensec_security);
}
/**
* Start a GENSEC sub-mechanism by a well know SASL name
*
*/
_PUBLIC_ NTSTATUS gensec_start_mech_by_sasl_name(struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
const char *sasl_name)
{
gensec_security->ops = gensec_security_by_sasl_name(gensec_security, sasl_name);
if (!gensec_security->ops) {
DEBUG(3, ("Could not find GENSEC backend for sasl_name=%s\n", sasl_name));
return NT_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
return gensec_start_mech(gensec_security);
}
/**
* Start a GENSEC sub-mechanism with the preferred option from a SASL name list
*
*/
_PUBLIC_ NTSTATUS gensec_start_mech_by_sasl_list(struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
const char **sasl_names)
{
NTSTATUS nt_status = NT_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER;
TALLOC_CTX *mem_ctx = talloc_new(gensec_security);
const struct gensec_security_ops **ops;
int i;
if (!mem_ctx) {
return NT_STATUS_NO_MEMORY;
}
ops = gensec_security_by_sasl_list(gensec_security, mem_ctx, sasl_names);
if (!ops || !*ops) {
DEBUG(3, ("Could not find GENSEC backend for any of sasl_name = %s\n",
str_list_join(mem_ctx,
sasl_names, ' ')));
talloc_free(mem_ctx);
return NT_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
for (i=0; ops[i]; i++) {
nt_status = gensec_start_mech_by_ops(gensec_security, ops[i]);
if (!NT_STATUS_EQUAL(nt_status, NT_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER)) {
break;
}
}
talloc_free(mem_ctx);
return nt_status;
}
/**
* Start a GENSEC sub-mechanism by an internal name
*
*/
_PUBLIC_ NTSTATUS gensec_start_mech_by_name(struct gensec_security *gensec_security,
const char *name)
{
gensec_security->ops = gensec_security_by_name(gensec_security, name);
if (!gensec_security->ops) {
DEBUG(3, ("Could not find GENSEC backend for name=%s\n", name));
return NT_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER;
}
return gensec_start_mech(gensec_security);
}
/**
* Associate a credentials structure with a GENSEC context - talloc_reference()s it to the context
*
*/
_PUBLIC_ NTSTATUS gensec_set_credentials(struct gensec_security *gensec_security, struct cli_credentials *credentials)
{
gensec_security->credentials = talloc_reference(gensec_security, credentials);
NT_STATUS_HAVE_NO_MEMORY(gensec_security->credentials);
gensec_want_feature(gensec_security, cli_credentials_get_gensec_features(gensec_security->credentials));
return NT_STATUS_OK;
}
/*
register a GENSEC backend.
The 'name' can be later used by other backends to find the operations
structure for this backend.
*/
_PUBLIC_ NTSTATUS gensec_register(const struct gensec_security_ops *ops)
{
if (gensec_security_by_name(NULL, ops->name) != NULL) {
/* its already registered! */
DEBUG(0,("GENSEC backend '%s' already registered\n",
ops->name));
return NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION;
}
generic_security_ops = talloc_realloc(talloc_autofree_context(),
generic_security_ops,
const struct gensec_security_ops *,
gensec_num_backends+2);
if (!generic_security_ops) {
return NT_STATUS_NO_MEMORY;
}
generic_security_ops[gensec_num_backends] = ops;
gensec_num_backends++;
generic_security_ops[gensec_num_backends] = NULL;
DEBUG(3,("GENSEC backend '%s' registered\n",
ops->name));
return NT_STATUS_OK;
}
/*
return the GENSEC interface version, and the size of some critical types
This can be used by backends to either detect compilation errors, or provide
multiple implementations for different smbd compilation options in one module
*/
_PUBLIC_ const struct gensec_critical_sizes *gensec_interface_version(void)
{
static const struct gensec_critical_sizes critical_sizes = {
GENSEC_INTERFACE_VERSION,
sizeof(struct gensec_security_ops),
sizeof(struct gensec_security),
};
return &critical_sizes;
}
static int sort_gensec(const struct gensec_security_ops **gs1, const struct gensec_security_ops **gs2) {
return (*gs2)->priority - (*gs1)->priority;
}
int gensec_setting_int(struct gensec_settings *settings, const char *mechanism, const char *name, int default_value)
{
return lpcfg_parm_int(settings->lp_ctx, NULL, mechanism, name, default_value);
}
bool gensec_setting_bool(struct gensec_settings *settings, const char *mechanism, const char *name, bool default_value)
{
return lpcfg_parm_bool(settings->lp_ctx, NULL, mechanism, name, default_value);
}
/*
initialise the GENSEC subsystem
*/
_PUBLIC_ NTSTATUS gensec_init(void)
{
static bool initialized = false;
#define _MODULE_PROTO(init) extern NTSTATUS init(void);
#ifdef STATIC_gensec_MODULES
STATIC_gensec_MODULES_PROTO;
init_module_fn static_init[] = { STATIC_gensec_MODULES };
#else
init_module_fn *static_init = NULL;
#endif
init_module_fn *shared_init;
if (initialized) return NT_STATUS_OK;
initialized = true;
shared_init = load_samba_modules(NULL, "gensec");
run_init_functions(static_init);
run_init_functions(shared_init);
talloc_free(shared_init);
TYPESAFE_QSORT(generic_security_ops, gensec_num_backends, sort_gensec);
return NT_STATUS_OK;
}
|
Home run expectations high for both New York teams
The stands and berm at First Data Field in Port St. Lucie were jam-packed Wednesday for the matchup between the New York Mets and New York Yankees.(Photo: iPhone panorama by Tim Walters/FLORIDA TODAY)Buy Photo
PORT ST. LUCIE – The Mets and Yankees coexisted in New York for 35 years before finally playing each other in an official regular season game in 1997.
Since, the teams have played 112 regular season games, with the Yankees holding an overall lead in the series 66-46. They also had a memorable five-game World Series won by the Bronx Bombers in 2000.
When the two teams met for the first of two spring meetings on Wednesday at First Data Field, the standing room only crowd had a pretty good split of fans wearing the home team orange and blue and fans wearing the away team’s pinstripes.
In the end, the Yankees rallied for 10 runs in the final two innings to defeat the Mets 11-4 in front of an announced crowd of 7,419 people. Capacity is listed at 7,160, but on this day, even the berm was packed.
The Yankees played without their top two bombers – Giancarlo Stanton and Aaron Judge – only playing two projected starters: Brett Gardner and Brandon Drury.
Much of the offseason talk surrounding the Yankees has been about whether their newly-formed dynamic duo – which combined for 111 home runs last year – can recreate the same magic now that they’re on the same team.
But is it far-fetched to think the two players can average 50 home runs again to top the 100-mark?
New York Yankees second baseman Ronald Torreyes (74) greets New York Mets third baseman and former teammate Todd Frazier (21) before their spring training game at First Data Field on Wednesday.(Photo: Steve Mitchell-USA TODAY Sports)
Mets slugger Todd Frazier, who played for the Yankees last year with Judge and who has played against Stanton many times, doesn’t think so.
“I’ve seen both take BP and they’re both phenomenal,” Frazier said. “They are power hitters. It wouldn’t surprise me if they hit 125.”
Frazier knows a thing or two about hitting home runs.
He was the 2015 All-Star weekend Home Run Derby Champion. His Mets teammate Yoenis Cespedes is a back-to-back Home Run Derby champ, doing so in 2013 and 2014.
Stanton and Judge won the 2016 and 2017 Home Run Derbies, respectively, so there’s sure to be plenty of pop on both ends of New York this season.
Frazier’s career best for home runs came in 2016, when he hit 40. Cespedes’ career best was 35 in 2015.
While 100 combined home runs might not be expected of Frazier and Cespedes, Frazier believes with teammate Jay Bruce in the mix, the trio could hit 100.
“I think we can if we all stay healthy,” Frazier said. “We’ve all hit 30 or more home runs. I could definitely see us doing that.”
Bruce hit 36 home runs last season. Frazier had 27 and Cespedes had 17, but he only played 81 games. The three tallied 80 homers combined in 2017.
Hitting home runs is hard. There’s no guarantee a player who hit 50 one year will be able to do it again the next.
After all, only 10 players have ever had multiple 50-home run seasons.
Power was on display during Wednesday’s game, but it wasn't the usual suspects: Yankees first baseman Billy McKinney smacked an eighth inning grand slam that gave the Yankees their first lead; Yankees right fielder Trey Amburgey hit a three-run homer in the ninth; and Mets catcher Travis D’Arnaud hit a solo shot in the fourth inning.
Both the Mets and the Yankees have the promise of hitting a lot of long balls.
When asked which team – the Mets or the Yankees – would hit more home runs in 2018, Frazier barely let the question finish before answering: “The Mets, 100 percent, if I had a crystal ball in front of me. But, at the end of the season, that stat doesn’t mean anything if you’re not winning.”
Walters is Sports Editor for FLORIDA TODAY and the Treasure Coast newspapers. He can be reached at twalters@gannett.com |
Insulin and platelet-derived growth factor acutely stimulate glucose transport in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts independently of protein kinase C.
Insulin and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are mitogenic for murine 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. Both these mitogens acutely stimulate glucose transport by 2-4-fold in these cells, evident within minutes of agonist exposure. The tumour promoter and protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) also stimulates glucose transport by 2-3-fold over a similar time frame, suggesting that protein kinase C may be involved in the mitogenic action of insulin and PDGF in this cell line. In an attempt to address this, we have measured intracellular sn-1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) levels in response to insulin, PDGF and PMA. We show that PDGF and PMA induce a rapid elevation in intracellular diacylglycerol levels, but insulin was without effect. In addition, we have shown that PMA and PDGF, but not insulin, stimulate protein kinase C activity. However, depletion of protein kinase C by overnight exposure to PMA, abolished PMA-stimulated glucose transport but had no effect on insulin- and PDGF-stimulated glucose transport, suggesting that the stimulation of glucose transport by these mitogens does not involve protein kinase C. The use of the selective protein kinase C inhibitor, Roche 31-8220, which inhibited PMA-stimulated glucose transport, but was without effect on insulin- and PDGF-stimulated glucose transport further supports this conclusion. Taken together, these data argue against a role for protein kinase C in the stimulation of glucose transport in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts caused by acute exposure to insulin or PDGF. |
NEXT RACE – Round 1
2017 Championship Standings
Pos
Driver
Chassis
Points
1
Aaron McClintock
F301
275
2
Graeme Holmes
F304
239
3
Andrew Wlodek
F307
221
4
Greg Muddle
F399
192
5
Glenn Lynch
F397
175
The FRCA is a fully affiliated CAMS motorsport club, incorporated in Australia. 2011 was the first year as a stand-alone category in the CAMS NSW Motor Race Championship and the category has grown continuously ever since.
FRCA attracts several new competitors, cars and club members each season and this has continued to grow as the theme of combining different open wheel cars – all competing together – gains popularity.
If you’re interested in competing in one of the best racing caterories on the NSW Motor Race Championship bill, get in touchwith one of our committee members. They’ll be happy to answer any and all of your questions, as well as point you in the right direction if you’re on the look-out for one of these amazing cars. |
Q:
Lookup value to match conditions
I've searched quite a while but can't find a correct answer.
As image shown below, I'd like to to find the value of Book name is Red book, and Category is Novel. I found vlookup can't match multi conditions, could someone please advice what function should I use?
So like
if (Book name == "Red book" && Category == "Novel") {
get "in Stock" value // which is 4
}
Thanks
A:
Try this:
=ARRAYFORMULA(VLOOKUP("Red Book"&"Novel",{A1:A500&B1:B500,C1:C500},2,0))
|
By Bryan Smith on March 15, 2015 at 12:22pm
WARNING: This article will feature an unprecedented amount of spoiler content for the “Five Nights at Freddy’s” series. Please proceed with caution if you aren’t caught up on the events of the three games and wish not to be spoiled.
The “Five Nights at Freddy’s” series made a big explosion ever since the first game launchedin August 2014. Barely eight months later, the third game has released and mystery still lingers around every corner. With “Five Nights at Freddy’s 3” being the supposedly last game (though doubtful with secrets teasing even more), there’s still a lot of answers missing that only theories and guesses can fill in.
At this point in time, players know that Springtrap contains the body of the Purple Guy, the real antagonist of the game. Since the Purple Guy destroyed the animatronics containing the spirits of the children he murdered, those spirits go after him. In a panic, Purple Guy hides into a golden Bonnie suit (though not officially called Golden Bonnie, it might as well be) that so happens to be a hybrid animatronic. As we also know from recordings from the Phone Guy (the one from the first two games, not Phone Dude), these hybrid suits are lethally dangerous because of faulty springs and mechanics. The Purple Guy broke the rules of not breathing on the locks and making sudden movements, which causes the suit to revert to the animatronic. With the locks failing, the Purple Guy is murdered in the suit and is left to rot away in the pizzeria until “Five Nights at Freddy’s 3.”
So we know what happened, but there’s still the big question: Who is the Purple Guy? That question is still left in the shadows of some bigger secrets that Scott Cawthon hid so expertly. While there isn’t any way of finding out right now, we can easily deduce a likely culprit. For the basis of this speculation, I'll be building upon Game Theory's second video talking about the game.
To put it simply, Game Theory suggests that the Phone Guy was the Purple Guy based off the information, clues, hints, and lack of any other possibilities. His guess could be right… assuming that “Five Nights at Freddy’s 3” doesn’t disprove that idea. Unfortunately for the theory, it’s been debunked in several ways.
To help put things into perspective, the timeline for “Five Nights at Freddy’s” goes as follows with the help of the Phone Guy’s dialogue, paychecks, newspaper clips, and minigames: FredBear’s Family Diner started off the events with the Purple Guy murdering a kid outside the diner, which presumably becomes the Puppet. At some point two children disappear between here and the events at “Five Nights at Freddy’s 2.” Flash forward to “Five Nights at Freddy’s 2,” where the animatronics (presumably under the Puppet’s influence), attack the security guards - this time you as Jeremy Fitzgerald. After the fifth night (or during/between the sixth night), someone used a Golden Freddy suit (Purple Guy) to lure in five more children and kill them. After the sixth night, Jeremy is set to take the day shift, which is most likely the day the Bite of 1987 happened. This particular facility is then shut down as the older models, not the toy ones, are put into storage for a smaller facility.
Flash forward to “Five Nights at Freddy’s.” Mike Schmidt is now the night guard for the smaller facility. The animatronics have a very distinct child scream this time around, which means Purple Guy must have stuffed their bodies in these suits or the spirits of the kids are possessing these specific animatronics. Phone Guy is presumably murdered by the animatronics. After seven nights, Mike is fired for (humorously to us) tampering with the animatronics. This facility is soon shut down as well, thus ending the Fazbear franchise in restaurants.
The Purple Guy then comes back. Judging by the leaking and holes seen during the minigames for “Five Nights at Freddy’s,” the pizzeria has been shutdown for a while. He destroys the animatronics that he stuffed the children in before as he feared that either they’ll come after him or more investigation could mean more jail time or a death sentence for him. Despite destroying the animatronics, the spirits of the children corner him in a secret room previously sealed away. He hides into the Golden Bonnie suit dubbed Springtrap, which kills him almost immediately. The spirits depart as the suit with the Purple Guy is left to rot in the pizzeria for many years. That is, until “Five Nights at Freddy’s 3.”
So what do we know about the Purple Guy? We know that he’s a murderer who has killed at least eight children, possibly more. The Purple Guy wasn’t convicted, as seen in “Five Nights at Freddy’s 3” with him not in jail for murdering children. Some unfortunate soul may have taken his place in jail (or he was released/escaped jail, but there’d most likely be newspaper clips about that). We do know someone was captured for the murders, but yet again Purple Guy is free when he returns to destroy the animatronics. He also seems to enjoy Foxy. The most interesting part of Purple Guy (as seen in the second game) is that he has a badge and a phone. The first thought is that the Purple Guy is a security guard, seeing he can get into the pizzeria so easily and without question. The second thought is that the phone makes the Phone Guy the most likely suspect, since he matches up a lot in comparison. That is, again, until “Five Nights at Freddy’s 3.”
Phone Guy is most likely dead judging by his last call on the fourth night. He’s most likely gone before Jeremy even gets into his seat. Since the animatronics here have the childish screams for the first game, the suits are still intact before Purple Guy even got to them. Unless Phone Guy just so happens to be the world’s strongest man and muscled his way out of the building, he’s pretty much dead. Another interesting note for the Phone Guy is that he knew that about the spring lock failures in the hybrid suits. We find that out in the third game from his recordings. Considering Phone Guy has been around these suits for so long, it would be very unlikely he’d be stupid enough to go into the hybrid suit. The Purple Guy probably didn’t even know about how intricate the suits functioned and his first attempt with Golden Freddy probably was luckier than anything.
With Phone Guy out of the way, that leaves the other security guards and the Phone Dude. We can rule out the Phone Dude and the last protagonist since Purple Guy is in Springtrap at this point. Mike Schmidt probably isn’t likely either, judging how infamous the franchise became after 1987. He probably didn’t even know about the whole ordeal or is in desperate need of income. It’ll also be incredibly stupid to return to Freddy Fazbear’s place when he could easily be caught.
That leaves Jeremy Fitzgerald, Fritz Smith, or an unknown security guard. Or even possibly someone who just happened to be a murderer and Scott Cawthon is pulling our legs. The two known security guards are around during the main events that heavily damaged Freddy Fazbear’s reputation. For Fritz, him being Purple Guy seems unlikely. The first thing to note is that the night Fritz takes is his first and only night. He gets fired (just like Mike did) for tampering with the animatronics. Now, say, if Fritz wanted to dispose of the bodies properly, he would have taken the chance then and there seeing they’d be easy to deal with.
With one last guess, that leaves Jeremy Fitzgerald. For one thing, he starts several days before the incident with the missing children. This could easily give him enough time to get used to the facility without others getting suspicious of his actions right away. That also gives Jeremy amble time to come in and use the Golden Freddy suit to lure the children in. The Purple Guy also wasn’t an employee when he first murdered a child back at the first diner nor when Foxy was a main attraction, if we assume that the Foxy death minigame is accurate at all. Though that minigame could just be Scott hammering in the fact that Purple Guy was in fact the murderer.
Interesting to note that during the fourth night onward the place is “under investigation.” While the Phone Guy states that previous employees may be… suspicious at the very least, the facility is on lockdown. The Phone Guy tells us this on the fifth night:
“Hello, hello? Hey, good job, night 5! Um, hey, um, keep a close eye on things tonight, okay? Um, from what I understand, the building is on lockdown, uh, no one is allowed in or out, y'know, especially concerning any... previous employees. Um, when we get it all sorted out, we may move you to the day shift, a position just became... available.”
Now the possibility that a day shift guard could easily disprove any theory that Jeremy could be Purple Guy. Phone Guy’s mention of other night shift guards being suspicious could also mean Jeremy didn’t do it. However, that would raise the question on why the animatronics don’t strike the day guards if Purple Guy is standing right there. The animatronics are much more aggressive towards the night shift guards. A very damning piece of information also comes forefront when someone used the Golden Freddy suit. The Phone Guy tells us on the sixth night:
“Hello? Hello...uh...what on earth are you doing there, uh didn’t you get the memo, uh, the place is closed down, uh, at least for a while. Someone used one of the suits. We had a spare in the back, a yellow one; someone used it... now none of them are acting right. Listen j-just finish your shift it’s safer than trying to leave in the middle of the night. Uh we have one more event scheduled for tomorrow, a birthday. You’ll be on day shift, wear your uniform, stay close to the animatronics, make sure they don’t hurt anyone okay, uh for now just make it through the night, uh when the place eventually opens again I’ll probably take the night shift myself. Okay, good night and good luck.”
The two biggest events take place almost in a row. Remember, Jeremy was around for both of them. The next day is most likely the Bite of 1987 for him. Now why would the animatronics suddenly go berserk and bite now? The one night shift guard, who just so happens to be around when the children went missing, is now doing the day shift. The Puppet, presuming he’s controlling the animatronics, made whoever caused the Bite of 1987 attack Jeremy. Whether Jeremy himself got bit or some poor child/parent is still unknown, but the person did survive the bite. Even if Jeremy got bit, that could have given him even more incentive to come back and destroy the animatronics.
With this knowledge, it may look like Jeremy is the most likely suspect to being the Purple Guy. However, this is simply speculation. Fritz or another unknown security guard could very well be the Purple Guy. This is simply what I guessed at with the given information.
So who do you think the Purple Guy is? Do you think it’s Jeremy Fitzgerald or someone else completely?
Game Theory |
Darth Vader is easily one of the greatest, if not the single greatest movie villain in the history of cinema. A lot of that has to do with the brilliant voice work by James Earl Jones in the original Star Wars trilogy. Not only just his iconic voice itself, but the lines and the way in which they were delivered. But what if instead of James Earl Jones, Darth Vader was voiced by action movie star Arnold Schwarzenegger using lines from his own movies? You need no longer wonder.
YouTuber Jason Einert decided to take it upon himself to take some of the most famous scenes featuring Darth Vader in the original Star Wars trilogy and swap out James Earl Jones' dialogue for Schwarzenegger's. The video has been on YouTube since 2012, but it has recently been making the rounds again. So if you've never seen it, now would be a great time to check it out. If you have seen it, probably wouldn't hurt to check it out again, because it is very well done and absolutely hilarious.
It all works shockingly well. One great example is when Darth Vader is getting ready to shoot down the Y-Wings during the trench run on the Death Star and, just as he is getting one in his sights the Arnold line from Last Action Hero kicks in where he says "To be or not to be? Not to be." That is not to say that we would have necessarily wanted to hear James Earl Jones say something that utterly cheesy as Darth Vader in Star Wars, but it does work in a way that is quite different, but effective.
This does serve as a reminder that things can go any number of ways in the development process. Not that George Lucas would have cast Arnold Schwarzenegger in the part of Darth Vader, but it wasn't always going to be James Earl Jones. And the scripts went through various drafts. What if George Lucas had decided to turn him into a cheesy catchphrase machine instead of the chilling, brooding, mysterious villain that we cherish and love today? Or what if Darth Vader loved puns? That is something we got a small taste of in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. James Earl Jones came back to voice the character again, but the line, "Be careful not to choke on your aspirations," has been the subject of a bit of criticism due to its cheesiness. Some fans love it, some fans, not so much. Can you imagine Arnold Schwarzenegger saying it, though? After you watch the video, I'm sure you can.
The lines that Jason Einert used to create the video are mostly from when Arnold Schwarzenegger was one of the biggest movie stars on the planet throughout the 80s and 90s. And he had more than enough to work with. Fair warning, this video is most definitely NSFW, so you may want to throw on some headphones if you're not in the comfort of your own home. Be sure to check out the video for yourself below. |
Application of pharmacogenomics to clinical problems in depression.
The goal of this article is to review the literature for evidence supporting an association between polymorphisms within drug target genes and clinical outcomes for treating depression, with a purpose to identify a research area having the most promising potential to be introduced into clinical settings, and thus, discussing the perspectives of genotyping in antidepressant therapy. A total of 67 articles were identified. Polymorphic sites within the serotonin transporter gene promoter, 5-HTTLPR, were the most studied polymorphisms. All except three articles were designed as cohort studies. The other three articles included two meta-analyses and one decision-analytic model. The main finding from these meta-analyses was that the l variant was associated with a better response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The main conclusion from the decision-analytic model study was that performing genetic testing before prescribing antidepressant treatment may lead to greater numbers of patients experiencing remission early in treatment. Clinical outcomes of genotyping this polymorphism were evaluated by improvement of depression score, odds ratio and absolute risk reduction. |
Immunohistopathological reactions for liver-specific membrane lipo-protein in experimental autoimmune hepatitis.
Antibody to the hepatocyte membrane protein, was induced in inbred strain C57BL/6 and C3H mice by immunisation with 100,000 g supernatant of syngeneic liver homogenate in CFA. Three weekly intraperitoneal injection of 200 ul of liver homogenate with CFA for continuous 4 weeks gave the best possible result. Histopathological changes were characterised mainly by perivascular inflammatory infiltrates and hepatocyte necrosis which mimicked human autoimmune hepatitis. In one of the immunological parameters, antibody to hepatocyte membrane protein (LSP) has been demonstrate by ouchterlony method in the test serum of those animals, who had received weekly doses of liver antigen. Thus in experimental autoimmune liver disease, semi-purified syngeneic liver fluid (S-100) leads to hepatic destruction and to an inflammatory process with several features in common with human chronic aggressive hepatitis. The presence of antibody against syngeneic liver antigen (S-100) in the test sera emphasizes that hepatocyte membrane protein does have an important role in liver tissue pathogenesis and disease process in experimental model. In this study we tried to prove that hepatocyte membrane protein may act as a target antigen in developing experimental autoimmune hepatitis. |
Q:
Slickgrid - One-click checkboxes?
When I create a checkbox column (through use of formatters/editors) in Slickgrid, I've noticed that it takes two clicks to interact with it (one to focus the cell, and one to interact with the checkbox). (Which makes perfect sense)
However, I've noticed that I am able to interact with the checkbox selectors plugin (for selecting multiple rows) with one click. Is there any way I can make ALL of my checkboxes behave this way?
A:
For futher readers I solved this problem by modifing the grid data itself on click event. Setting boolean value to opposite and then the formatter will display clicked or unclicked checkbox.
grid.onClick.subscribe (function (e, args)
{
if ($(e.target).is(':checkbox') && options['editable'])
{
var column = args.grid.getColumns()[args.cell];
if (column['editable'] == false || column['autoEdit'] == false)
return;
data[args.row][column.field] = !data[args.row][column.field];
}
});
function CheckboxFormatter (row, cell, value, columnDef, dataContext)
{
if (value)
return '<input type="checkbox" name="" value="'+ value +'" checked />';
else
return '<input type="checkbox" name="" value="' + value + '" />';
}
Hope it helps.
A:
The way I have done it is pretty straight forward.
First step is you have to disable the editor handler for your checkbox.
In my project it looks something like this. I have a slickgridhelper.js to register plugins and work with them.
function attachPluginsToColumns(columns) {
$.each(columns, function (index, column) {
if (column.mandatory) {
column.validator = requiredFieldValidator;
}
if (column.editable) {
if (column.type == "text" && column.autocomplete) {
column.editor = Slick.Editors.Auto;
}
else if (column.type == "checkbox") {
//Editor has been diasbled.
//column.editor = Slick.Editors.Checkbox;
column.formatter = Slick.Formatters.Checkmark;
}
}
});
Next step is to register an onClick event handler in your custom js page which you are developing.
grid.onClick.subscribe(function (e, args) {
var row = args.grid.getData().getItems()[args.row];
var column = args.grid.getColumns()[args.cell];
if (column.editable && column.type == "checkbox") {
row[column.field] = !row[column.field];
refreshGrid(grid);
}
});
Now a single click is suffice to change the value of your checkbox and persist it.
A:
Register a handler for the "onClick" event and make the changes to the data there.
See http://mleibman.github.com/SlickGrid/examples/example7-events.html
grid.onClick.subscribe(function(e, args) {
var checkbox = $(e.target);
// do stuff
});
|
miR-199a-3p promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation by inhibiting Cd151 expression.
Adult mammalian cardiomyocytes have extremely limited capacity to regenerate, and it is believed that a strong intrinsic mechanism is prohibiting the cardiomyocytes from entering the cell cycle. microRNAs that promote proliferation in cardiomyocyte can be used as probes to identify novel genes suppressing cardiomyocytes proliferation, thus dissecting the mechanism(s) preventing cardiomyocytes from duplication. In particular, miR-199a-3p has been found as a potent activator of proliferation in rodent cardiomyocyte, although its molecular targets remain elusive. Here, we identified Cd151 as a direct target of miR-199a-3p, and its expression is greatly suppressed by miR-199a-3p. Cd151 gain-of-function reduced cardiomyocyte proliferation, conversely Cd151 loss-of-function increased cardiomyocytes proliferation. Overexpression of Cd151 blocks the activating effect of miR-199a-3p on cardiomyocyte proliferation, suggesting Cd151 is a functional target of miR-199a-3p in cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, we found that Cd151 induces p38 expression, a known negative regulator of cardiomyocyte proliferation, and pharmacological inhibition of p38 rescued the inhibitory effect of Cd151 on proliferation. Together, this work proposes Cd151 as a novel suppressor of cardiomyocyte proliferation, which may provide a new molecular target for developing therapies to promote cardiac regeneration. |
“The Big Short,” a darkly comic look at the 2008 financial meltdown, won the Academy Award for best adapted screenplay for Charles Randolph and Adam McKay — who blasted banks and big oil in his acceptance.
“The Big Short,” based on the Michael Lewis book “The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine,” won over scripts for “Brooklyn,” “Carol,” “The Martian” and “Room.” The announcement was the second of the Oscar telecast following original screenplay.
“Thank you to Paramount for making a movie about financial esoterica,” said McKay, who then made a political pitch.
“Don’t vote for candidates who take money from big banks, big oil or weirdo billionaires,” he added.
“Thank you so much to the Academy,” he said. “Also thank you to Michael Lewis for writing an amazing book. It inspired Charles and I so much. Thank you to my beautiful wife Shira Piven and my children, my two daughters Lili Rose and Pearl.”
“The Big Short” is also nominated for best picture, best director for McKay, best supporting actor for Christian Bale and best editing.
“The Big Short,” boasting a star-studded cast that included Bale, Steve Carell, Ryan Gosling and Brad Pitt, has been a frontrunner in the screenwriting category during awards season. It won the Producers Guild’s best feature award and the Writers Guild Award in the adapted category.
McKay and Randolph make extensive use of breaking the fourth wall as a way to engage the audience with unexpected appearances by Selena Gomez, Anthony Bourdain, Richard Thaler and Margot Robbie to explain details of the subprime mortgage collapse.
It was the first nomination for Randolph or McKay, who’s been konw director-producer of Will Ferrell comedies such as the “Anchorman” movies, “Step Brothers” and “The Other Guys” — which closed with extensive charts about the impact of the 2008 financial crisis.
“This was a really horrible tragedy,” McKay said of the 2008 financial crisis in his acceptance speech at the WGA Awards. “Millions of people lost their homes and millions of people lost their jobs.”
Paramount released “The Big Short” in December and has seen worldwide grosses hit $124 million. |
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