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Structural Criteria for the Rational Design of Selective Ligands. 2. Effect of Alkyl Substitution on Metal Ion Complex Stability with Ligands Bearing Ethylene-Bridged Ether Donors.
A novel approach is presented for the application and interpretation of molecular mechanics calculations in ligand structural design. The methodology yields strain energies that (i) provide a yardstick for the measurement of ligand binding site organization for metal ion complexation and (ii) allow the comparison of any two ligands independent of either the number and type of donor atoms or the identity of the metal ion. Application of this methodology is demonstrated in a detailed examination of the influence of alkyl substitution on the structural organization of ethylene-bridged, bidentate, ether donor ligands for the alkali and alkaline earth cations. Nine cases are examined, including the unsubstituted ethylene bridge (dimethoxyethane), all possible arrangements of individual alkyl groups (monoalkylation, gem-dialkylation, meso-dialkylation,d,l-dialkylation, trialkylation, and tetraalkylation), and both cis and trans attachments of the cyclohexyl group. The calculated degree of binding site organization for metal ion complexation afforded by these connecting structures is shown to correlate with known changes in complex stability caused by alkyl substitution of crown ether macrocycles. |
Copyright © 2008-2017 Katherine Flavel <kate@elide.org>
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR
CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
EXEMPLARY OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
|
Driving Tours
Plan now to enjoy touring one of the most scenic areas in Pennsylvania for viewing fall foliage. Hundreds of species of deciduous trees provide a wide spectrum of color-rich reds, bright yellows and brilliant orange. Low traffic and winding roads make driving a relaxing experience.
National Longhouse Scenic Byway
One of the most scenic roads in the nation, this peaceful meandering 27-mile loop through the heart of the Allegheny National Forest allows for leisurely driving and offers plenty of breathtaking vistas and overlooks for photo buffs.
Kinzua Bridge Scenic Byway
If you’re up for a longer trip and still have plenty of daylight, plan to continue along scenic Route 6 to the National Civil Engineering Landmark – the Kinzua Viaduct.
Scenic Hiking, Biking and Walking trails
Autumn is the ideal time for exploring the forest by foot or on bike – the air is crisp and cool, the trails are dry and the colors up close are simply breathtaking.
Some of the best trails in the Unite States are located here, and Fall is great for enjoying the beauty of the forest. Or take the self guided walking tour through the Smethport Mansion district to admire the architecture of the 1800s framed within the colors of the fall foliage.
FREE Pennsylvania Wilds Outdoor Discovery Maps are available at the ANFVB Visitors Center in the Old Post Office, 80 E. Corydon St, Bradford, PA or by calling 800-473-9370.
Fall Festivals & Farm Markets
Visit a local alpaca farm, stop at a road side stand, or plan your visit during one of our annual Fall Festivals to sample the cuisine of the region. |
Q:
why simple select query returns List but join query return List in jpa
I am using play framework with jpa. I have a model Jobads with 2 functions to findall() findByLocation()
My Model
public class Jobads {
@Id
@Column(name = "id", nullable = false)
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
private Long id;
private String title;
@ManyToOne
private Jobindistry industry;
@ManyToMany
@JoinTable(
name = "jobads_city",
joinColumns = {@JoinColumn(name = "jobads_id", referencedColumnName = "id")},
inverseJoinColumns = {@JoinColumn(name = "city_id", referencedColumnName = "id")})
private List<City> city;
}
findall()
public static List<Jobads> findall() {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
List<Jobads> el = JPA.em().createQuery("from Jobads order by id").getResultList();
return el;
}
findByLocation()
public static List<Jobads> findByLocation(String location) {
List<Jobads> jadList = JPA.em().createQuery("FROM Jobads j join j.city c WHERE c.name LIKE :location ").setParameter("location", "%" + location + "%").getResultList();
return jadList;
}
I am printing both the function output in my console findall() works fine but findByLocation() gives me an exception [ClassCastException: [Ljava.lang.Object; cannot be cast to models.Jobads]
Why this problem in occuring only in findByLocation() and what is the solution of this problem??
Thanks
A:
It's happening because that's how HQL queries without a select clause work. Note that these are not valid JPQL queries. JPQL makes the select clause mandatory, and using a select clause would allow you to specify what you want the query to return:
select j from Jobads j join j.city c WHERE c.name LIKE :location
|
Q:
How to display a custom render element after an existing one?
So I've implemented hook_ENTITY_TYPE_view hook.
In there I add a view mode to the $build array:
$build['sessions'] = array(
[
"#markup" => "<h2>Sessies</h2>",
"content" => array(
Drupal::entityManager()->getViewBuilder('node')->viewMultiple($nodes, 'speaker_sessions')
)
]
);
What happends now is that this will allways be rendered before all the other content. How can I manipulate this? Adding #weight to this element does not seems to effect the other content.
A:
Are you sure that code is correct?
$build['sessions'] = array(
[
"#markup" => "<h2>Sessies</h2>",
"content" => array(
Drupal::entityManager()->getViewBuilder('node')->viewMultiple($nodes, 'speaker_sessions')
)
]
);
It appears you are creating 2 arrays (array() and []). The given example hook_ENTITY_TYPE_view() looks like this:
$build['mymodule_addition'] = array(
'#markup' => mymodule_addition($entity),
'#theme' => 'mymodule_my_additional_field',
);
The problem you are likely having is because of the nested array. If you apply a weight to the inner array, it will sink to the bottom of the outer array. You however still have no control over the position of the outer array. So either use a single array and add the weight there, or use the double array as it is, but apply the weight to the outer array.
But that conflicts a bit with your question because this is not a view mode, it is just an extra render element.
|
Q:
How to calculate random subnet first/last address
Lets say I have to create 256 subnets (it could be any number), how would I find the first and last (network/broadcast addresses) for a randomly chosen subnet? For instance, subnet 139.
I'll give an example.
Network IP: 145.0.0.0/8
This IP needs to be subsetted into 300 subnets.
Network mask: 255.0.0.0
Network address (first address):145.0.0.0/8
Broadcast address: 145.255.255.255/8
Number of hosts: 2^(32-8) = 16777216
Addresses/subnet: 65536 (16777216/256)
Subnet mask: /16
I'm not really concerned about usable addresses, just trying to understand a concept.
The first subnet would be:
Network address: 145.0.0.0/16
Broadcast Address: 145.0.255.255
So, is there a formula or method to finding a randomly picked subnet's network/broadcast address?
A:
Take the subnet number, subtract one (the first one is 0), and put that in the subnet part of the address. In your example, 145.0.0.0/8 will have 256 /16 subnets. The 139th subnet will be 145.138.0.0/16. You only need the subnet and the mask to figure out anything else.
To do this correctly (otherwise you can make some serious mistakes with non-octet bounded networks), you need to do it in binary. See this answer for how to do all the calculations.
|
---
title: Layout text window reverse
categories:
- Layout
tags:
- layout
- columns
---
|
Fear of falling (FF): Psychosocial and physical factors among institutionalized older Chinese men in Taiwan.
Fear of falling (FF) can have multiple adverse consequences in the elderly. Although there are various fall prevention programs, little is known of FF and its associated characteristics. This study examined FF-associated physical and psychosocial factors in older Chinese men living in a veterans home in southern Taiwan. Subjects with a recent episode of delirium, of bed-ridden or wheelchair-bound status, severe hearing impairment or impaired cognition were excluded. Overall, 371 residents (mean age 82.1 ± 5.11 years, all males) participated. The prevalence of FF was 25.3%. Univariate analysis revealed that subjects in the FF group were older age, having lower education level, poorer sitting and standing balance, poorer activities of daily living (ADL), more depressive symptoms, higher chances of using walking aids, neurologic diseases, and a history of fall within the past 6 months. Logistic regression showed that depressive symptoms (odds ratio = OR = 6.73, 95%CI: 3.03-14.93, p < 0.001), activities of daily living (OR = 2.48, 95%CI: 1.08-5.71, p = 0.033), history of fall in the past 6 months (OR = 2.47, 95%CI: 1.04-5.9, p = 0.041), and neurological diseases (OR = 2.75, 95%CI: 1.15-6.56, p = 0.023) were all independent risk factors for FF. |
The prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV) infection among veterans treated within Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) is 3 to 4 times higher than the general population prevalence of 1.8%. Approximately 50 to 60% of patients with HCV are at risk for progression to end-stage liver disease. The risk for progression to end-stage liver disease is significantly increased in individuals with heavy alcohol consumption and veterans with HCV have a high rate of co-morbid alcohol use. Treatments that reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption among HCV-positive veterans may reduce the impact of the disease for the individual.
Motivational enhancement treatments (MET) have shown the greatest efficacy in treating alcohol use disorders in general. Further, medications that reduce alcohol craving and consumption, that are also not metabolized in the liver are equally beneficial. The objectives of this presentation are to detail two ongoing studies at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center that aim to reduce alcohol consumption for veterans with hepatitis C. The first study assesses the efficacy of MET to reduce number of drinking days over the period of six months. This study is being conducted in two VA Medical Centers and compares a four session MET intervention to a four session educational (control) intervention. The second study being conducted at three VA medical centers assesses the use baclofen, a generic medication approved for use in muscle spasm that has been shown in initial trials to reduce alcohol craving and consumption. Baclofen is not metabolized in the liver and is potentially ideal for patients with HCV. Both non-medication and medication interventions are crucial strategies for improving the health of veterans with HCV who have co-morbid alcohol use.
|
Spinal cord damage produces a wave of secondary injury that produces continuing damage over the hours and days following insult. It appears that an early phase of secondary injury is related to excitotoxic cell death and the presence of inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). We have found that TNF-a and kainic acid (KA), a glutamate agonist, combine to produce much more cell death in the spinal gray matter than either substance alone. This effect is blocked by an AMPA/KA receptor (AMPAR) antagonist, CNQX (Hermann et al, 2001). TNF-a also appears to rapidly increase the number of AMPARs expressed on the surface of hippocampal neurons in culture, and increases glutamatergic post-synaptic activity, probably through modulation of constitutive AMPAR trafficking (E. Beattie et al, 2002). Our hypothesis is that in the minutes following spinal cord contusion, both glutamate and TNF-a levels rise. The TNF increase results in the rapid increase in AMPARs available on the cell surface. This increases the susceptibility of spinal neurons to glutamate-induced cell death. We propose the following specific aims: 1) Determine whether TNF-a injected into motoneuron pools will increase the cell surface expression of AMPARs using confocal techniques for measuring this effect and compare the time course of this effect with this with MN death induced by co-injections of TNF and glutamate agonists (kainic acid, KA), 2) We will compare the results of injections from aim 1 to mild contusion lesions that we know produce similar MN cell death to determine if injury also results in increases in cell surface AMPARs, 3) We will determine whether blockade of TNF-a action by co-injection of soluble TNFR or blocking antibodies reduces both cell death induced by co-injection of KA and increased surface expression of AMPARs, and whether these treatments can reduce secondary injury after mild cervical SCI. In the fourth aim, we will extend these studies to include oligodendrocytes of the white matter tracts. The same strategies will be used as for gray matter neurons. These studies should provide evidence to test whether this novel interaction between a cytokine and a neurotransmitter may be involved in the exacerbation of secondary injury following SCI. If so, it may be a new target for therapies. |
---
abstract: 'We present the results of a new study investigating the relationship between equivalent width () and the metallicity of the ionizing stellar population ([[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}) for a sample of $768$ star-forming galaxies at $3 \leq z \leq 5$ drawn from the VANDELS survey. Dividing our sample into quartiles of rest-frame across the range $-58 \rm{\AA} \lesssim$ $\lesssim 110 \rm{\AA}$ we determine [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} from full spectral fitting of composite far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectra and find a clear anti-correlation between and [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}. Our results indicate that [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} decreases by a factor $\gtrsim 3$ between the lowest quartile ($\langle$$\rangle=-18\rm{\AA}$) and the highest quartile ($\langle$$\rangle=24\rm{\AA}$). Similarly, galaxies typically defined as Lyman Alpha Emitters (LAEs; $>20\rm{\AA}$) are, on average, metal poor with respect to the non-LAE galaxy population ( $\leq20\rm{\AA}$) with [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}$_{\rm{non-LAE}}\gtrsim 2 \times$ [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}$_{\rm{LAE}}$. Finally, based on the best-fitting stellar models, we estimate that the increasing strength of the stellar ionizing spectrum towards lower [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} is responsible for $\simeq 15-25\%$ of the observed variation in across our sample, with the remaining contribution ($\simeq 75-85\%$) being due to a decrease in the /dust covering fractions in low [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} galaxies.'
author:
- 'F. Cullen$^{1}$[^1], R. J. McLure${^{1}}$, J. S. Dunlop${^{1}}$, A. C. Carnall${^{1}}$, D. J. McLeod${^{1}}$,'
- 'A. E. Shapley${^{2}}$, R. Amorín${^{3,4}}$, M. Bolzonella${^{5}}$, M. Castellano${^{6}}$, A. Cimatti${^{7,8}}$,'
- 'M. Cirasuolo${^{9}}$, O. Cucciati${^{5}}$, A. Fontana${^{6}}$, F. Fontanot${^{10}}$, B. Garilli${^{11}}$,'
- 'L. Guaita${^{6,12}}$, M. J. Jarvis${^{13, 14}}$, L. Pentericci${^{6}}$, L. Pozzetti${^{5}}$, M. Talia${^{5,7}}$,'
- 'G. Zamorani${^{5}}$, A. Calabrò${^{6}}$, G. Cresci${^{8}}$, J. P. U. Fynbo${^{15}}$, N. P. Hathi${^{16}}$,'
- |
M. Giavalisco${^{17}}$, A. Koekemoer${^{16}}$, F. Mannucci${^{8}}$ and A. Saxena${^{6}}$\
Affiliations are listed at the end of the paper
bibliography:
- 'vandels\_lya.bib'
date: 'Accepted – . Received'
title: 'The VANDELS survey: A strong correlation between Ly$\alpha$ equivalent width and stellar metallicity at $\mathbf{3\leq z \leq 5}$'
---
\[firstpage\]
galaxies: metallicity - galaxies: high redshift - galaxies: evolution - galaxies: star-forming
Introduction {#sec:introduction}
============
The emission line remains a powerful tool for determining the nature of ionizing sources within galaxies as well as probing the ionization state and covering fraction of their interstellar and/or circumgalactic gas and dust. In addition, since emission appears to be intrinsically linked to the escape fraction of Lyman continuum (LyC) photons [e.g. @nestor2013; @verhamme2017; @steidel2018; @marchi2018], understanding the nature of emitting galaxies will be crucial in characterizing the galaxy population responsible for reionization at $z\gtrsim6$ [@fontanot2014; @robertson2015].
The observability of depends on the production rate of photons within galaxies and on the probability that those photons can escape without being absorbed and/or scattered by the surrounding gas and dust [@dijkstra2014]. Over the past two decades it has become clear that the strength of emission increases towards lower mass, relatively dust-free galaxies [@kornei2010; @hayes2014; @cassata2015; @hathi2016; @marchi2019]. These galaxies typically have low covering fractions of gas as inferred from weak Lyman series or low-ionization metal line absorption in their rest-frame UV spectra [e.g. @shapley2003; @du2018; @trainor2019]. Furthermore, for galaxies with large rest-frame equivalent widths (), the peak of the emission is observed to be closer to a galaxy’s systemic redshift, again highlighting the fact that emission is favoured when the opacity in the immediate vicinity of the galaxy is low [@erb2014; @trainor2015]. In general, these probes of opacity favour higher escape fractions in low-mass galaxies.
More recently, signatures of the intrinsic production rate of photons have also been explored. Using tracers primarily based on rest-frame optical emission-line ratios, various studies have shown that is larger in galaxies containing low-metallicity, high-excitation, regions powered by stellar populations that emitting a harder ionizing continuum. Galaxies selected via line ratios indicative of highly-ionized gas (e.g. /, /) typically exhibit stronger emission than the general population [@erb2016; @trainor2016; @trainor2019]. Moreover, gas-phase metallicity ([[$Z_{\rm{g}}$]{}]{}) estimates of emitters (LAEs) indicate that they are metal-poor with respect to non-LAEs of similar stellar mass and star-formation rate [@charlot1993; @finkelstein2011; @nakajima2013; @song2014; @du2019]. Of course, it is likely that the physical processes governing production and escape are fundamentally linked. For example, we would expect young, low-metallicity, stellar populations that emit harder ionizing spectra to be more effective at ionizing gas in their immediate vicinity, thereby reducing the covering fraction of and aiding the escape of photons [e.g. @erb2010; @heckman2011; @law2012; @erb2014]. In other words, those galaxies that produce photons most efficiently should also be the ones from which those photons have the highest likelihood of escape.
Based on this picture, we expect to observe a correlation between and the stellar metallicity ([[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}) of the ionizing population. Although existing measurements of [[$Z_{\rm{g}}$]{}]{} strongly hint at such an association, the correlation between [[$Z_{\rm{g}}$]{}]{} and still suffers from various systematics associated with determining [[$Z_{\rm{g}}$]{}]{}, which become especially severe in the highly-ionized regions typical of $z\gtrsim2$ emitters, where locally-calibrated line ratio diagnostics may not be applicable [@kewley2013; @cullen2014; @steidel2014; @kewley2019]. In principle, a cleaner estimate of the metallicity dependence can be made with [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}, although to date this has never been demonstrated explicitly. In a recent paper we showed how [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} of the young, hot, O- and B-type stellar populations in high-redshift galaxies can be estimated from rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectra using a sample of star-forming galaxies at $2.5 < z < 5.0$ from the VANDELS survey [@cullen2019]. Using this approach, it should be possible to investigate the connection between and [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} and provide a new and powerful constraint on the nature of emitting galaxies.
In this paper, we focus on a subset of VANDELS galaxies with spectral coverage of the line to investigate, for the first time, the relationship between and [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}. In Section \[sec:data\] we describe our $z\gtrsim3$ VANDELS star-forming galaxy sample and our method for determining . Our determination of the $-$ [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} relation is presented in Section \[sec:results\] and the implications are discussed in Section \[sec:discussion\]. Finally, we list our main conclusions in Section \[sec:conclusion\]. Throughout the paper all metallicities are quoted relative to the solar abundance taken from @asplund2009, which has a bulk composition by mass of $Z_{\ast}=0.0142$, and all equivalent width values are quoted in the rest-frame with positive values corresponding to emission and negative values to absorption. We assume the following cosmology: $\Omega_{M} =0.3$, $\Omega_\Lambda =0.7$, $H_0 =70$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$.
Data and Sample Selection {#sec:data}
=========================
{width="8in"}
The spectroscopic data used in this work were obtained as part of the VANDELS ESO public spectroscopic survey [@mclure_vandels; @pentericci_vandels]. VANDELS is a deep, optical, spectroscopic survey of the CANDELS [@grogin2011; @koekemoer2011] CDFS and UDS fields with the ESO-VLT VIMOS spectrograph on ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), targeting massive passive galaxies at $1.0 \leq z \leq 2.5$, bright star-forming galaxies at $2.4 \leq z \leq 5.5$ and fainter star-forming galaxies at $3.0 \leq z \leq 7.0$. VIMOS observations were obtained using the medium-resolution grism which covers the wavelength range $4800 < \lambda_{\rm{obs}} < 10000 \rm{\AA}$ with a resolution of $R=580$ and a dispersion of 2.5 [Å]{} per pixel. The observations and reduction of the VIMOS spectra are described in detail in the first VANDELS data release paper [@pentericci_vandels].
The sample utilized here is drawn from the third VANDELS data release (DR3)[^2]. Redshifts for all of the spectra have been determined by members of the VANDELS team and assigned a redshift quality flag ($z_{\rm{flag}}$) as described in @pentericci_vandels. In this work, we focus exclusively on star-forming galaxies at $3 \leq z \leq 5$ to ensure both coverage of the emission/absorption feature and to enable robust determination of stellar metallicities [@cullen2019]. All galaxies are required to have a redshift quality flag of $z_{\rm{flag}}=3, 4$ or $9$ (corresponding to a $\geq 95\%$ probability of being correct). In total, $777$ galaxies in DR3 satisfy these criteria. We derived stellar masses for our sample using <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">fast++</span>, a rewrite of <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">fast</span> [@kriek2009] described in @schreiber2018. We adopted the same set of fiducial SED fitting parameters as described in @mclure_vandels, but in addition allowed for rising star-formation histories using a delayed exponentially-declining model ($M_{\ast} \propto te^{-t/\tau}$) and a range of metallicity values ($0.3-2.5 \times \mathrm{Z}_{\odot}$). The stellar masses of the galaxies in our sample range from $10^8 - 10^{11} \mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ with a median value of $3 \times 10^9 \mathrm{M}_{\odot}$; the median redshift of the sample is $z_{\rm{median}}=3.60$. The redshift distribution is illustrated in Fig. \[fig:sample\_properties\].
Measuring equivalent widths
----------------------------
To estimate for each galaxy we followed the method described in @kornei2010 . This technique is designed to provide a robust determination of the wavelength range over which the flux should be integrated based on the morphology of the line. Individual galaxies were visually classified as either ‘emission’, ‘absorption’, ‘combination’ or ‘noise’ (see for a description of the various classifications). In the first three cases, the peak of the emission/absorption is located and the upper and lower wavelength limits for the flux integration are defined as the wavelength values either side of the peak where the flux intersects an average continuum level. The blue (i.e. lower) continuum ($c_{\rm{blue}}$) is defined as the median flux value in the range $1120 \rm{\AA} < \lambda_{\rm{rest}} < 1180 \rm{\AA}$ and the red continuum ($c_{\rm{red}}$) as the median value in the range $1228 \rm{\AA} < \lambda_{\rm{rest}} < 1255 \rm{\AA}$. In the case of ‘absorption’ and ‘combination’ sources, the spectra are first smoothed with a boxcar function of width 6 pixels ($\simeq 3.5 \rm{\AA}$ rest-frame) to minimize the possibility of noise spikes affecting the determination of the upper and lower wavelength boundaries. For ‘noise’ sources, the flux is simply defined as the integrated flux in the range $1200 \rm{\AA} < \lambda_{\rm{rest}} < 1228 \rm{\AA}$. In all cases the line flux is divided by $c_{\rm{red}}$ to yield . For $10/777$ objects $c_{\rm{red}}$ was detected at $\leq 2 \sigma$ in the spectrum; in these cases $c_{\rm{red}}$ was estimated using the best fitting SED from the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">fast++</span> photometric fits. For each object, this process was repeated 500 times, each time perturbing the flux value in each pixel using its estimated error. The value of was taken as the median value of the resulting distribution and the error was estimated using the median absolution deviation (MAD) of the distribution, where $\sigma \simeq 1.4826 \times \mathrm{MAD}$.
![Composite spectra in four independent quartiles (black lines) with the best-fitting Starburst99 WM-Basic SPS model over-plotted. In each panel the median and standard deviation of within the quartile is indicated, along with the best-fitting value of and its $1\sigma$ (statistical) error.[]{data-label="fig:fuv_fits"}](fig2.pdf){width="\columnwidth"}
[crrcccccc]{} Quartile & (individual)$^a$ & (composite)$^b$ & $^b$ & $^a$ & & $\beta^c$\
Q1 & $23.68\pm12.69$ & $19.41\pm0.78$ & $2.89\pm0.23$ & $9.18\pm0.47$ & $<1.08$ $(68\%)$ & $-1.99\pm0.02$\
Q2 & $2.04\pm6.14$ & $3.76\pm0.22$ & $1.53\pm0.24$ & $9.45\pm0.47$ & $-0.98\pm0.04$ & $-1.75\pm0.02$\
Q3 & $-7.30\pm3.02$ & $-4.61\pm0.21$ & $1.22\pm0.16$ & $9.54\pm0.44$ & $-0.82\pm0.04$ & $-1.34\pm0.02$\
Q4 & $-17.69\pm6.12$ & $-18.82\pm0.18$ & $0.84\pm0.37$ & $9.59\pm0.31$ & $-0.69\pm0.04$ & $-1.14\pm0.02$\
\
\
\
There were $8$ objects for which could not be estimated due to strong contamination at the location of the line. One further object had a extreme equivalent width value of $> 2000 \rm{\AA}$; this object was undetected in the continuum and potentially contaminated by a secondary object in the slit. These $9$ objects were removed from the sample leaving a total of $768$ galaxies. Of these, $239/768$ objects were classified as emission spectra, $355/768$ as absorption, $64/768$ as combination and $110/768$ as noise. The resulting rest-frame equivalent widths span the range $-52 \rm{\AA} \lesssim$ $\lesssim 112 \rm{\AA}$ with a median value of $= -3.6 \rm{\AA}$ as shown in Fig. \[fig:sample\_properties\]. We note that this median value is slightly lower than the median determined for Lyman Break Galaxy (LBG) selected samples at similar redshifts [c.f. $4\rm{\AA}$, @kornei2010] which is a result of LBG selection criteria being biased towards bluer galaxies that exhibit, on average, stronger emission (see Section \[sec:discussion\]).
Fig. \[fig:sample\_properties\] also shows the relation between and stellar mass for the galaxies in our sample. Consistent with results reported elsewhere in the literature [e.g. @du2018; @marchi2019], we find a mild anti-correlation such that the average is increasing towards lower stellar-mass galaxies. We note that this trend should not be a result of observational biases since, by design, the median continuum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the VANDELS spectra is approximately constant as a function of stellar mass [@mclure_vandels]. Therefore, we are not biased against low-[[$M_{\star}$]{}]{}, low- objects (i.e. objects that would lie in the bottom left-hand corner of the rightmost panel in Fig. \[fig:sample\_properties\]). In the following section we will return to a discussion of the -[[$M_{\star}$]{}]{} correlation.
Analysis {#sec:results}
========
Armed with the VANDELS spectra, we can explore whether a scaling relation exists between and the stellar metallicity of the young, ionizing, stellar populations in star-forming galaxies at $3.0 \leq z \leq 5.0$. In this section we first present the $-$ relation derived for our sample, followed by a discussion of how this relation compares to the scaling relations observed between both of these quantities and . Finally, we discuss further insights that can be gained from comparing to the equivalent width of the emission line doublet ().
strength as a function of stellar metallicity
----------------------------------------------
To assess the dependence of stellar metallicity ([[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}) on we divided our sample into four independent quartiles of and formed composite spectra following the method outlined in @cullen2019 . Briefly, the individual contributing spectra were first shifted into the rest frame using the measured VANDELS redshift[^3] and then median-combined with an error spectrum estimated via bootstrap re-sampling. The composite spectra were sampled at $1\rm{\AA}/$pixel and covered the rest-frame wavelength range $1200-2000\rm{\AA}$ with an effective spectral resolution element of $3.0 \rm{\AA}$. The median and standard deviation (determined from the MAD) of for the four quartiles are given in Table \[table:lya\_stack\_properties\]. The composite spectra are shown in Fig. \[fig:fuv\_fits\] where the transition from net emission to net absorption can clearly be seen.
Stellar metallicities for the composites were determined following the method described in . Below we give a brief description of this method, but we refer interested readers to for full details. We adopted the Starburst99 (SB99) high-resolution WM-Basic stellar population synthesis (SPS) models described in @leitherer2010, considering constant star-formation models over timescales of 100 [[Myr]{}]{} with $Z_{\ast}=(0.001, 0.002, 0.008, 0.014, 0.040)$. To fit the SB99 models to the composite spectra we used a Bayesian nested sampling algorithm implemented in the code <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">multinest</span> [@feroz2008; @feroz2009][^4]. The four parameters in the fit were the stellar metallicity ([[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}) and three dust parameters based on a flexible and physically-motivated form of the attenuation curve described in @salim2018 [see also @noll2009]. The prior in was imposed by the SB99 models to be $-1.15 <$ $< 1.45$. Since the models are provided for five fixed metallicity values, we linearly interpolated the logarithmic flux values between the models to generate a model at any metallicity within the prescribed range. The 1D posterior distribution for was obtained by marginalizing over all other parameters in the fit. The best-fitting value was then calculated from the $50$th percentile of this distribution along with the $68\%$ confidence limits. We note that the errors derived in this way represent the statistical errors for our fitting method and do not account for potential systematic effects related to our choice of SPS model and assumed star-formation history; for a discussion of these issues see . The best-fitting models for the four stacks are shown in Fig. \[fig:fuv\_fits\] and the best fitting values with associated errors are given in Table \[table:lya\_stack\_properties\].
Fig. \[fig:logz\_vs\_lyaew\] shows the resulting $-$ relation. The black data points show the four quartiles (Q1-Q4) from Fig. \[fig:fuv\_fits\], with the downward pointing arrow representing the $68\%$ confidence upper limit on for Q1. We observe a clear correlation between and of the form expected: galaxies that exhibit the strongest emission contain the lowest metallicity ionizing populations. Between the lowest and highest quartiles the stellar metallicity decreases from [[$Z_{\star}$/$Z_{\odot}$]{}]{}$=0.20 \pm 0.02$ to [[$Z_{\star}$/$Z_{\odot}$]{}]{}$\lesssim 0.07$ (i.e. greater than a factor 3 at $\simeq 6\sigma$ significance) and the $-$ relation (excluding the Q1 upper limit) can be approximately captured by a simple log-liner equation of the form: $$\label{eq:lz_wlya}
\mathrm{log}(Z_{\ast}/\mathrm{Z}_{\odot})=-0.016 (\pm 0.001)W_{\lambda}(\rm{Ly}\alpha)-0.95(\pm0.01).$$
As a further check, we also produced composite spectra for the LAEs ( $>20\rm{\AA}$) and the non-LAEs ( $\leq20\rm{\AA}$) in our sample. The red open diamonds in Fig. \[fig:logz\_vs\_lyaew\] show the average and for these populations, which are fully consistent with the quartile data. For our sample, the ionizing stellar population of non-LAE’s is $\gtrsim 2 \times$ more metal enriched than for the LAE population. Again, however, we can only place an upper limit on for the LAEs. In general, the fact that it is only possible to set an upper limit on [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} for the highest galaxies highlights the fact that high-resolution stellar populations at [[$Z_{\star}$/$Z_{\odot}$]{}]{} $<< 10\%$ will be required for modeling the low-mass, low-metallicity, galaxy population likely to have played a significant role in reionization at $z\gtrsim6$.
![The relation between and for star-forming galaxies at $3 \leq z \leq 5$. The black circular data points with error bars show the data for our sample split into quartiles of . The values represent the median of all individual values in each quartile. The error bars represent the standard deviation of individual values in each quartile (estimated as $\sigma \simeq 1.4826 \times$ median absolute deviation). The red diamond data points show the sample split into LAEs ( $>20\rm{\AA}$) and non-LAEs ( $\leq20\rm{\AA}$). Downward pointing arrows represent $68\%$ confidence upper limits on . The black dot-dashed line is a log-linear fit to the quartile data excluding the upper limit.[]{data-label="fig:logz_vs_lyaew"}](fig3.pdf){width="\columnwidth"}
We can rule out the possibility that the observed $-$ relation is simply a product of differences in the median stellar mass of the quartiles. This could potentially be an issue because of the known correlation between [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} and [[$M_{\star}$]{}]{} [i.e. the stellar MZR @gallazzi2005; @cullen2019]. However we find, at least for quartiles Q2-Q4, that the stellar mass distributions have similar median values and variance (Table \[table:lya\_stack\_properties\]). The highest quartile (Q1) has a slightly lower median [[$M_{\star}$]{}]{} value, although there is still significant overlap with Q2-Q4 given the large variance within each bin. Overall, there is no strong evidence to suggest that the change in [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} with is being driven by differences in the stellar mass distributions of the composite spectra.
Linking equivalent width, metallicity and mass
----------------------------------------------
In we presented the relation between and (i.e. the stellar MZR) for VANDELS star-forming galaxies at $2.5 \leq z \leq 5.0$. It is interesting to test whether this relation and the $-$ relation presented here are consistent with the observed distribution of and for the individual galaxies shown in Fig. \[fig:sample\_properties\]. We note that, although the samples used here and in are not fully independent, the three parameters of interest ([[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}, [[$M_{\star}$]{}]{}, ) have been determined independently, and therefore consistency between the three resulting scaling relations would provide (i) evidence for the robustness of our parameter estimates and (ii) further insight into the nature of emission.
To test whether the three relations are self-consistent we performed a simple simulation. The MZR, which can be approximated by an equation of the form $$\label{eq:mzr}
\mathrm{log}(Z_{\ast}/\mathrm{Z}_{\odot})=0.30(\pm0.06)\mathrm{log}(M_{\ast}/\mathrm{M}_{\odot})+3.7(\pm0.6),$$ was used to generate a value of for each galaxy in our sample, with an additional scatter of $\sigma_{\rm{log}(Z_{\ast}/\rm{Z}_{\odot})}=0.1$ dex. Based on the value, a value of was generated using Equation \[eq:lz\_wlya\], again adding a scatter of $\sigma_{W_{\lambda}(Ly\alpha)}=10\rm{\AA}$[^5]. The resulting distribution of simulated $-$ data is shown overlaid on top of the observed distribution in Fig. \[fig:simulation\]. It can be seen that the bulk of observed values are well-recovered, demonstrating an encouraging consistency between the three independently-measured quantities and highlighting the clear connection between the stellar mass of a galaxy, the metallicity of its young, ionizing, stellar population, and the emergent emission.
However, it is interesting to note that this simple model fails to account for the large values ($\gtrsim 50 \rm{\AA}$; $\simeq5\%$ of the full sample) typically seen in galaxies with $\lesssim 9.5$. At these values of , the MZR and $-$ relations would predict significantly lower values of than are observed. This failure of the model could be a result of a number of factors. Most obviously, the relations provided above are probably not applicable at the lowest stellar mass and values in our sample, where at present we can only estimate upper limits on [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}. Placing absolute constraints on [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} in this / regime will likely reveal that a more complex functional form is required to capture the true relations. Moreover, some of the physical assumptions used in our derivation of [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}, which is based purely on analysing composite spectra, may not be applicable on a galaxy-by-galaxy basis. For example, the large values seen in some low mass galaxies may be a result of recent bursts on star formation [e.g. @matthee2017] which elevate with respect to the constant star formation histories assumed in our analysis. However, as this phenomenon only affects a small percentage of our full sample, we defer a more detailed analysis to a future work. Overall, it is clear that this simple model works remarkably well within the / range for which we can robustly determine [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}.
Finally, it is interesting to note that the observed distribution can be recovered assuming relatively small values for the scatter in and , implying a perhaps surprisingly small intrinsic scatter for these relations. Again, this is something we that we will be able to investigate in more detail in a future work utilizing the full VANDELS dataset.
![A comparison between the observed and simulated $-$ relations. The underlying 2D histogram shows the observed distribution for the VANDELS sample (see also Fig. \[fig:sample\_properties\]) and the orange circular points show a simulated distribution derived using the $-$ relation (Fig. \[fig:logz\_vs\_lyaew\] and Equation \[eq:lz\_wlya\]) in combination with the stellar mass-metallicity relation from @cullen2019 (see text for details).[]{data-label="fig:simulation"}](fig4.pdf){width="\columnwidth"}
The correlation with emission
------------------------------
Another prominent FUV emission feature, visible in Fig. \[fig:fuv\_fits\], is the emission line doublet. Theoretical models predict that the emergent emission will increase towards lower [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} due to the increasing strength and hardness of the ionizing stellar continuum, which regulates both the gas temperature and ionization of $\rm{C}^+$ within regions [@jaskot2016; @senchyna2017; @schaerer2018; @nakajima2018]. A variety of previous studies have reported a positive correlation between and [e.g. @shapley2003; @stark2014; @rigby2015; @du2018; @lefevre2019] and it can clearly be seen from Fig. \[fig:fuv\_fits\] that we observe a similar trend.
To quantify the relation, we measured and directly from the composite spectra. was measured using the same method as for the individual spectra, and the values with their 1$\sigma$ error bars are reported in Table \[table:lya\_stack\_properties\]. was measured by first subtracting a local continuum the in the region of the line and measuring the flux from the continuum-subtracted spectra; this flux was then divided by the average absolute continuum value in the wavelength range $1930-1950\rm{\AA}$. The final value of and its associated $1\sigma$ error bar was calculated using the same Monte Carlo approach adopted for the line measurements. Again, these values are reported in Table \[table:lya\_stack\_properties\].
The results are shown in Fig. \[fig:lya\_ciii\_relation\], where it can be seen that we find a clear positive correlation between and . This trend is consistent with the results of @shapley2003 and @du2018 at similar redshifts, with increasing by a factor 3 as evolves from $\simeq -20\rm{\AA}$ to $20\rm{\AA}$. Moreover, as the equivalent width of both lines increase, [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} decreases. The trend we observe is therefore consistent with a scenario in which the hard ionizing SED of low metallicity stars is closely connected to the observed strength of both the and emission lines, which we discuss in more detail below. We also note that our composite spectra show no evidence for extreme values indicative of AGN photoionization [$\gtrsim10\rm{\AA}$, @nakajima2018]. Finally, it is worth noting that our results also imply that the strength of both and emission in galaxies should increase towards higher redshifts as the metallicity of stellar populations decreases further. Although the visibility of will be impeded by an increasing IGM fraction at $z > 5$, the line should remain a promising line for study in the reionization era [e.g. @stark2014; @stark2017].
![The relation between and . The circular data points with error bars show the results of our sample split into quartiles colour-coded by the best-fitting stellar metallicity. In this case, the values of , , and their respective errors are measured directly from the composite spectra as discussed in the text. The grey data points are values measured from composite spectra at similar redshifts from @shapley2003.[]{data-label="fig:lya_ciii_relation"}](fig5.pdf){width="\columnwidth"}
Discussion {#sec:discussion}
==========
The results presented above have demonstrated, for the first time, a direct correlation between and [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} of the young O- and B-type stellar populations in high-redshift star-forming galaxies. In this section we briefly discuss this result with respect to other recent investigations of emission at high-redshift and finally consider the relative importance of intrinsic production/escape in governing the observed .
Factors governing the observed
-------------------------------
As discussed in Section \[sec:introduction\], the observed is dependent on both the production efficiency of photons within galactic regions, and on the likelihood that these photons can escape the surrounding ISM/CGM. In this respect, a strong correlation between and [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} is perhaps unsurprising. Stellar population synthesis models predict that the ionizing flux of a stellar population increases as stellar metallicity decreases [e.g. @schaerer2003; @stanway2016]. An increase in the ionizing flux will naturally lead to an increase in the number of photons produced per unit star formation in lower metallicity galaxies. The increasing strength of the emission line in tandem with also supports the idea that the harder ionizing continuum produced by low metallicity stellar populations is crucial in producing large . In addition, an increase in the ionizing photon flux may reduce the covering fraction or column density of neutral hydrogen, easing the escape of photons [e.g. @erb2014].
This picture is generally supported by previous studies that have correlated with proxies of the ionizing flux and gas-phase metallicity. Most recently, @trainor2019 have shown that, as well as anti-correlating with the strength of low-ionization UV absorption lines, correlates with the / and / nebular emission line ratios in star-forming galaxies at $2\lesssim z \lesssim3$. Both of these ratios are known to be effective proxies for the ionization parameter as well as being potential signatures of low metallicity gas in galaxies [e.g. @nakajima2014; @cullen2016; @sanders2016; @strom2018]. Similarly, @erb2016 have shown that emission is stronger in highly-ionized, low metallicity galaxies selected via their high / and low / ratios. Comparable results have also been found using local ‘Green Pea’ galaxies [@yang2017]. Generally, studies that probe gas-phase metallicity find that emission is enhanced in low metallicity environments [e.g. @finkelstein2011; @nakajima2013; @du2019]. Our results add further support to this picture, by explicitly demonstrating that increases in galaxies with lower stellar metallicity populations and, therefore, harder ionizing radiation fields.
Finally, another important factor in determining escape is the dust content of galaxies. Dust absorbs and scatters photons and therefore galaxies with higher dust covering fractions should have lower . Indeed, this correlation has been demonstrated in a number of different studies [e.g. @kornei2010; @pentericci2010; @marchi2019; @sobral2019]. Using the global shape of the composite spectra we can roughly estimate the typical FUV dust attenuation in our quartiles. The FUV continuum slope of a galaxy, $\beta$, (where $f_{\lambda}\propto \lambda^{\beta}$) is known to be an effective proxy for the global dust attenuation at all redshifts, with bluer slopes indicating less dust [e.g. @meurer1999; @cullen2017][^6]. $\beta$ values were measured for each of the composite spectra following the method outlined in @cullen2017 and are given in Table \[table:lya\_stack\_properties\]. The slopes clearly become bluer (i.e. steeper) as increases (as can also be clearly seen in Fig. \[fig:fuv\_fits\]). Converting these $\beta$ values into dust attenuation at $1500 \rm{\AA}$ following the prescription of @cullen2017 indicates that $\rm{A}_{1500}$ decreases by a factor $\simeq 5$ between the highest and lowest quartiles.
The relative importance of intrinsic production versus escape
-------------------------------------------------------------
[cccc]{}\
Qartile & & log($N_{\rm{ion}}/\rm{s}^{-1}$) & $_{\rm{int}}/\rm{\AA}$\
Q1 & $-0.69$ & $53.28$ & $102$\
Q2 & $-0.82$ & $53.31$ & $106$\
Q3 & $-0.98$ & $52.32$ & $107$\
Q4 & $<1.08$ & $>52.32$ & $>107$\
\
Q1 & $-0.69$ & $53.58$ & $117$\
Q2 & $-0.82$ & $53.60$ & $121$\
Q3 & $-0.98$ & $53.62$ & $125$\
Q4 & $<1.08$ & $>53.63$ & $>127$\
![Intrinsic difference in equivalent width ($\Delta$$_{\rm{int}}$) as a function of the observed difference ($\Delta$$_{\rm{obs}}$) between Q$_{\rm{N}}$ and Q4. For the blue circular data points, $\Delta$$_{\rm{int}}$ was calculated based on the ionizing continuum properties of the best-fitting Starburst99 model (see text for details). For the red square data points, $\Delta$$_{\rm{int}}$ was calculated using the BPASSv2.2 models assuming the same star formation history and best-fitting stellar metallicity. If the data fell on the 1:1 relation (dashed black line) this would imply that changes in the ionizing production efficiency of the stellar population with [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} alone could account for the observed variation in .[]{data-label="fig:intrinsic_ew_evolution"}](fig6.pdf){width="\columnwidth"}
While it is clear that our results are consistent with a picture in which the observed depends both upon the intrinsic production rate of photons and on the overall opacity (or equivalently the escape fraction), we can also attempt to estimate the relative importance of these two physical effects. For each quartile we first determined the rate of ionizing photon emission ($N_{\rm{ion}}$ \[s$^{-1}$\]) from the best-fitting Starburst99 model by integrating the spectrum below $912 \rm{\AA}$. Then, assuming a simple conversion between $N_{\rm{ion}}$ and luminosity [@kennicutt1998] and an intrinsic / ratio of 8.7 [@osterbrock1989], we estimated the luminosity as $$L(\mathrm{Ly}\alpha) [\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{s}^{-1}]=1.18\times10^{-11}N_{\rm{ion}}[\mathrm{s}^{-1}].$$ The continuum luminosity density ($L_{\lambda,\rm{UV}}$) was defined as the median model luminosity density between $1228-1255\rm{\AA}$ and the intrinsic equivalent width ($_{\rm{int}}$) estimated as $L(\mathrm{Ly}\alpha)/L_{\lambda,\rm{UV}}$. Values for $N_{\rm{ion}}$ and $_{\rm{int}}$ are given in Table \[table:intrinsic\_wlya\]. We also report, in Table \[table:intrinsic\_wlya\], the same values calculated using the BPASSv2.2 SPS models [@eldridge2017; @stanway2018], where we have assumed the same star formation history and best-fitting metallicity as for the Starburst99 models. We note that for Q1, since we can only estimate and upper limit on [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}, we can also only estimate a lower limit on $_{\rm{int}}$. We also note that this analysis assumes a $0\%$ escape fraction of ionizing continuum photons ($f_{\rm{esc}}=0$). However, given the low average escape fraction of galaxies at these redshifts [e.g. $f_{\rm{esc}}=0.09\pm0.01$, @steidel2018], for the purpose of this discussion it should be a reasonable assumption.
It can clearly be seen that the values of $_{\rm{int}}$ reported in Table \[table:intrinsic\_wlya\] are much larger than the observed values in Table \[table:lya\_stack\_properties\], which is unsurprising given the relatively large opacities expected in general. Perhaps more interesting is the fact that the differences in $_{\rm{int}}$ across the quartiles $-$ which are due exclusively to changes in the ionizing continuum strength with [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} $-$ are much smaller than the observed differences in . This is clearly illustrated in Fig. \[fig:intrinsic\_ew\_evolution\]. For the Starburst99 models, we estimate that $_{\rm{int}}$ varies by $\simeq 5\rm{A}$ between Q4 and Q1, which accounts for only $\simeq 12 \%$ of the total observed variation ($\simeq 40 \rm{\AA}$). The value is slightly larger assuming the BPASSv2.2 models ($\simeq 10\rm{A}$) but is still a minority effect ($\simeq 25 \%$).
This result suggests that the change in across the quartiles is being driven primarily by a variation in the escape fraction in low [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} galaxies ($\simeq75-85\%$ contribution) as opposed to the intrinsic production rate of photons ($\simeq15-25\%$ contribution). Based on this picture, the strong correlation between and [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} we observe, which results in low [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} galaxies exhibiting stronger emission, is a result of three factors: (i) an increase in the production rate of photons at lower [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}, (ii) a decrease in the covering fraction of gas due to stronger ionizing continua at lower [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} and, (iii) a decrease in the overall dust content of galaxies at lower [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}, with the combination of (ii) and (iii) providing the dominant contribution to the observed relation.
Conclusions {#sec:conclusion}
===========
In this paper we have presented, for the first time, an investigation into the correlation between equivalent width and stellar metallicity for a sample of 768 star-forming galaxies at $3 \leq z \leq 5$ drawn from the VANDELS survey [@mclure_vandels; @pentericci_vandels]. Our main results can be summarised as follows:
1. Splitting our sample into four quartiles we observe a strong anti-correlation between and [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}. We find that [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} decreases by a factor $\gtrsim 3$ between the lowest quartile ($\langle$$\rangle=-18\rm{\AA}$) and the highest quartile ($\langle$$\rangle=24\rm{\AA}$).
2. The same relation is observed if we split our sample into LAEs ( $>20\rm{\AA}$) and non-LAEs ( $\leq20\rm{\AA}$). On average, the non-LAEs in our sample are $\gtrsim 2 \times$ more metal enriched than the LAE population.
3. Employing a simple simulation, we show that the - relation presented here, in combination with the stellar MZR presented in @cullen2019, can reproduce the observed - distribution for $\simeq 95\%$ of our sample. Crucially, however, this simple model fails to account for the $\simeq 5\%$ of our sample with $\gtrsim 50\rm{\AA}$ (and typically with $\lesssim9.5$). This result could indicate that our assumption of a constant star-formation history breaks down for some individual galaxies at the lowest stellar masses, where bursty star-formation histories may become more prevalent.
4. We observe a clear correlation between and consistent with previous measurements at similar redshifts. Our results indicate that the strength of both lines increases with decreasing stellar metallicity. This provides further evidence to support the idea that the harder ionizing continuum spectra emitted by low metallicity stellar populations plays a role in modulating both the emergent and emission in star-forming galaxies.
5. Finally, by estimating the intrinsic equivalent widths ($_{\rm{int}}$) for each quartile, we show that the contribution to the observed variation of due to changes in the ionizing spectrum with [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} is of the order $\simeq 15-25\%$. The dominant contribution ($75-85\%$) is therefore a variation in the opacity (or escape fraction) with [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}, presumably due to a combination of lower and dust covering fractions in low [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} galaxies.
Overall, the results presented here provide further evidence$-$using, for the first time, direct estimates of [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{}$-$ for a scenario in which low-mass, less dust obscured, galaxies with low-metallicity ionizing stellar populations are both the most efficient producers of photons, and the systems from which those photons have the highest likelihood of escape.
Acknowledgments
===============
FC, RJM, JSD, AC and DJM acknowledge the support of the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. A. Cimatti acknowledges the grants ASI n.2018-23-HH.0, PRIN MIUR 2015 and PRIN MIUR 2017 - 20173ML3WW 001. This work is based on data products from observations made with ESO Telescopes at La Silla Paranal Observatory under ESO programme ID 194.A-2003(E-Q). This research made use of Astropy, a community-developed core Python package for Astronomy [@astropy2018], NumPy and SciPy [@oliphant2007], Matplotlib [@hunter2007], [IPython]{} [@perez2007] and NASA’s Astrophysics Data System Bibliographic Services.
$^{1}$SUPA[^7], Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ\
$^{2}$Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA\
$^{3}$Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinar en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile\
$^{4}$Departamento de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Juan Cisternas 1200 Norte, La Serena, Chile\
$^{5}$INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna, via P. Gobetti 93/3,I-40129, Bologna, Italy\
$^{6}$INAF$-$Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy\
$^{7}$University of Bologna, Department of Physics and Astronomy (DIFA) Via Gobetti 93/2- 40129, Bologna, Italy\
$^{8}$INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125, Firenze, Italy\
$^{9}$European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 86748 Garching b. München, Germany\
$^{10}$INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy\
$^{11}$INAF-IASF Milano, via Bassini 15, I-20133, Milano, Italy\
$^{12}$Núcleo de Astronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejército 441, Santiago, Chile\
$^{13}$Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK\
$^{14}$Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa\
$^{15}$The Cosmic Dawn Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen [[Ø]{}]{}, Denmark\
$^{16}$Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA\
$^{17}$Astronomy Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
\[lastpage\]
[^1]: E-mail:fc@roe.ac.uk
[^2]: Data available through the ESO database: http://archive.eso.org/programmatic/$\#$TAP
[^3]: Although the VANDELS redshifts are typically measured using and/or the ISM absorption lines and therefore do not represent the true systemic redshift of each galaxy, this does not affect the derivation of stellar metallicities from the composite spectra (see @cullen2019 for a discussion).
[^4]: We accessed <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">multinest</span> via the python interface <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">pymultinest</span> [@buchner2014].
[^5]: The values of the scatter in and were tuned to return a reasonable reproduction of the observed data.
[^6]: Although the intrinsic UV slope also has a dependence on [[$Z_{\star}$]{}]{} and stellar population age [e.g. @castellano2014; @rogers2014], dust attenuation should be the dominant factor in determining the observed $\beta$ value for typical star-forming galaxies at these redshifts [e.g. @cullen2017].
[^7]: Scottish Universities Physics Alliance
|
Q:
Expected Value of Dollars in Bank
Ralph has $\$500$ in the bank when he decides to try a savings experiment. On each day $i \in [1;30]$, Ralph flips a fair coin. If it comes up heads, he deposits $i$ dollars into the bank; if it comes up tails, he withdraws $\$10$. How many dollars should he expect to have in the bank after $30$ days?
I'm a bit unsure of how to approach this problem. Should I calculate the expected value of dollars saved each day till day $30$ and then sum them all up. For instance, the expected value of day $1$ is $(1/2 * 1) - (1/2 * 10)$, the expected value of day $2$ is $(1/2 * 2) - (1/2 * 10)$, etc. My thinking is that by calculating the expected savings of each day, I can add the sum of those values to $\$500$ to obtain the expected money Ralph expects to have in the bank? Any help would be great!
A:
As you suggest, you can just sum the expected changes on each day. The expected change in savings on day $i$ are $\frac 12(i-10)$. Thus at the end of the month you expect to have $$500+\frac 12\times \sum_{i=1}^{30} (i-10)=\frac {1165}2=582.5$$
|
Q:
How to prevent useCallback from triggering when using with useEffect (and comply with eslint-plugin-react-hooks)?
I have a use-case where a page have to call the same fetch function on first render and on button click.
The code is similar to the below (ref: https://stackblitz.com/edit/stackoverflow-question-bink?file=index.tsx):
import React, { FunctionComponent, useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
import { fetchBackend } from './fetchBackend';
const App: FunctionComponent = () => {
const [selected, setSelected] = useState<string>('a');
const [loading, setLoading] = useState<boolean>(false);
const [error, setError] = useState<boolean>(false);
const [data, setData] = useState<string | undefined>(undefined);
const query = useCallback(async () => {
setLoading(true)
try {
const res = await fetchBackend(selected);
setData(res);
setError(false);
} catch (e) {
setError(true);
} finally {
setLoading(false);
}
}, [])
useEffect(() => {
query();
}, [query])
return (
<div>
<select onChange={e => setSelected(e.target.value)} value={selected}>
<option value="a">a</option>
<option value="b">b</option>
</select>
<div>
<button onClick={query}>Query</button>
</div>
<br />
{loading ? <div>Loading</div> : <div>{data}</div>}
{error && <div>Error</div>}
</div>
)
}
export default App;
The problem for me is the fetch function always triggers on any input changed because eslint-plugin-react-hooks forces me to declare all dependencies (ex: selected state) in the useCallback hook. And I have to use useCallback in order to use it with useEffect.
I am aware that I can put the function outside of the component and passes all the arguments (props, setLoading, setError, ..etc.) in order for this to work but I wonder whether it is possible to archive the same effect while keeping the fetch function inside the component and comply to eslint-plugin-react-hooks?
A:
Add all of your dependecies to useCallback as usual, but don't make another function in useEffect:
useEffect(query, [])
For async callbacks (like query in your case), you'll need to use the old-styled promise way with .then, .catch and .finally callbacks in order to have a void function passed to useCallback, which is required by useEffect.
Another approach can be found on React's docs, but it's not recommended according to the docs.
After all, inline functions passed to useEffect are re-declared on each re-render anyways. With the first approach, you'll be passing new function only when the deps of query change. The warnings should go away, too. ;)
|
Q:
There is no timeout exception in socket
I am very confused about sockets... I have two scripts, one is server.py, and second is client.py:
server.py
import socket
server = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
server.bind(('0.0.0.0', 1235))
server.listen(1)
while True:
client, address = server.accept()
try:
client.recv(1024)
except socket.Timeouterror:
print 'timeout'
client.py
import socket
client = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
client.connect(('ip', 1235))
Why server.py script does not show an error of timeout?
A:
You need to set the timeout for the socket if you wan to have one:
...
client, address = server.accept()
client.settimeout(10)
...
Or you can use a default timeout for all sockets.
socket.Timeouterror doesn't exist, it should be socket.timeout.
Also, you probably should close the client socket, otherwise the client will not know that the connection is closed. The timeout alone doesn't do that for you.
A:
Some of the socket calls are blocking, by default. If nothing happens, they would block indefinitely. recv() is one of those calls. Other blocking calls are accept(), recvfrom(), read().
|
WEALTH HEALTH: Don’t ‘invest’ in accounts now paying 2 percent
Friday
Aug 3, 2018 at 11:38 AM
Interest rates have been so low for so long that some would-be savers are now excited that the best savings accounts are paying 2 percent.
Worse yet, a generation of savers that grew up disenchanted with the stock market apparently believes that the paltry yields available on cash deposits today are going to help them reach the promised land of a secure retirement.
Yes, rate hikes are good for consumers, but there is a big difference between “consumers benefit” and “This will carry you to your financial goals.”
Higher rates are not a panacea for savers, no matter how much some people want to think that happy days for savings instruments are here again.
The latest Financial Security Index from Bankrate.com shows that nearly one-third of millennials (people aged 18 to 37) believe that cash is the best place to park money they won’t need for a decade or more. Less than one-quarter of the millennial generation believes that the stock market is the best place for long-term money growth.
If millennials favor cash, you’d think they would be good at socking the dollars away, but the same Bankrate study showed that millennials had the lowest propensity of any generation to earn above 1.5 percent on their savings, and were the most likely to be holding accounts that pay nothing, or to have savings where they simply didn’t know the rate being paid.
All this at a time when savers are being thrown a bone by a string of rate hikes that have finally – if only just barely -- lifted savings rates off the floor.
And while it’s easy to single out the millennials, the truth is that nearly one-in-four Americans, regardless of age, thinks cash is still king.
What makes this hard to believe is that the stock market has been on a bull run that has lasted nearly a decade now, while rates paid on savings accounts, certificates of deposit and money-market funds have been near zero for the vast majority of that time.
“There’s no question that some savers – especially those who have never really seen savings accounts with interest rates above 2 percent – are getting excited now that we are seeing 2 percent out there,” said Jason Reposa, chief executive officer at MyBankTracker.com. “They might be excited by the rate, but if they don’t know the terms, and they sign up for an account with, say, a monthly maintenance fee, they’re not actually earning 2 percent, they’re actually getting something like a negative 12 percent.”
Indeed, as rates have slowly crept up, financial institutions first re-instituted fees and other charges – and eliminated past waivers that kept accounts from having negative interest rates – before they actually increased payouts.
Meanwhile, the millennials who first came of age to invest as the financial crisis was blasting the market before the bull run are still recovering from seeing their first efforts to save cut in half right out of the box – has scarred them.
A recent millennial study by Bank of the West noted that while the generation is confident that it can use investment products well, they instead prefer to keep their savings out of the market, having been made forever more conservative due to the financial crisis.
Greg McBride, chief analyst at Bankrate.com, noted that part of the problem that all savers face now – but especially the millennial generation – boils down to appearances.
“Anyone who has been around a long time know that 2 percent is not a great rate, but when you have been at 1 percent or less for so long, you can’t help but see the number and think that 2 percent as twice as good as one percent,” McBride said.
“But even that is not necessarily true because inflation is moving up too,” he added. “For the last decade, you were trailing inflation in the best of savings accounts; today, you may be able to keep pace with it, but that’s not a win for someone looking to grow their long-term savings. That’s just treading water.”
Improving bank yields, CD rates and money-market accounts are good news for anyone parking cash for the short-run or keeping powder dry for the foreseeable future.
But the Bankrate study showed that when you lump all Americans together, cash was the second most popular pick as a long-term investment, trailing the stock market but ahead of real estate, gold and precious metals, bonds and even Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.
Even if they feel strongly about cash, however, just 18 percent of U.S. adults are earning more than 1.5 percent on their savings, a rate that is far short of the top savings and money-market accounts now.
Savers who see cash as a long-term investment need to understand just how far behind they are falling.
At 2 percent, it takes 36 years for a saver to double their money; by comparison, at 5 percent, their savings would double every nine years. On a $10,000 investment for that time frame, that’s the difference between hitting $20,000 and reaching $60,000.
If the stock market was simply to return its historical norm of roughly 10 percent, that $10,000 investment would grow to $320,000.
The difference is why savers can’t be fooled into thinking that 2 percent is a “good rate” at which to grow savings.
Putting some money to work at improved rates is a fine idea, but keep the long-term money that needs to show growth in a well-diversified portfolio, and let the power of compounding work in your favor.
“It’s okay to be scared, especially when the bull market has gone on so long and you are worried that it is overdue for a correction,” McBride said, “but it’s not okay to give in to those fears. Cash is not an appropriate long-term investment. It wasn’t at 1 percent, it’s not at 2 percent and it’s not going to be under current interest rate conditions, even if the Federal Reserve keeps raising rates for a while.”
Chuck Jaffe of Cohasset is senior columnist for MarketWatch. Read more of his columns. Reach him at cjaffe@marketwatch.com.
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Background
==========
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHLs) is a heterogeneous group of hematological malignancies that can rarely involve the breast as either a primary or secondary tumor. Primary NHL of the breast account for less than 1% of all breast cancers and are predominantly B cell in origin \[[@b1-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Less than 10% of NHLs are derived from mature, CD30^+^ T cells \[[@b1-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b2-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) are a rare subtype of T cell NHLs that accounts for only 3% of all adult NHLs and 6% of breast NHLs \[[@b3-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. ALCLs are subcategorized as anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive or -negative tumors. ALK positivity is predominantly seen in children or young adults, while ALK-negative ALCL is more common in populations approximately 40--65 years of age and is managed more aggressively \[[@b4-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Approximately 1 in 500 000 women are diagnosed with ALCL in the United States annually and 3 in 100 million primarily involve the breast \[[@b5-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b6-amjcaserep-18-605]\].
The association between breast implants and ALCL has been discussed in the literature and is an extremely rare event. The first reported case describing an association between breast implants and ACLC was presented by Keech and Creech in 1997 \[[@b7-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Since then, between 34 and 173 cases have been described \[[@b6-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b8-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. The annual incidence of breast implant-associated ALCL (BI-ALCL) is 0.1 to 0.3 per 100 000 women who undergo breast reconstruction \[[@b9-amjcaserep-18-605]\] and cases are often underreported due to the rarity of these tumors \[[@b10-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b11-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. In 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cautioned that breast implants carry a very small but increased risk of developing ALCL \[[@b6-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Interestingly, a report published by Jacob (2016) showed that more women with unilateral breast cancer diagnosis are deciding to undergo double mastectomy despite lack of survival benefit, a trend that may increase the number of women opting for breast reconstructive surgery \[[@b12-amjcaserep-18-605]\].
All cases of BI-ALCLs are ALK-negative and arise from the inflammatory T cells surrounding the fibrous capsule, and in advanced disease these cells can invade the native breast parenchyma \[[@b13-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. The breast tissue itself does not show any malignant changes \[[@b13-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Histologically, BI-ALCLs are composed of large pleomorphic cells with kidney-shaped nuclei \[[@b10-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. In addition, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)-positive, epithelioid cells resembling breast cancer have also been described \[[@b14-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. ALCL usually presents late, with a median onset of 9.2 years after surgery (range: 4 months to 25 years) \[[@b14-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Tumors are indolent and carry an excellent prognosis with a median overall survival (OS) of 12 years \[[@b14-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Of note, no difference has been observed between saline *vs.* silicone implants and the development of BI-ALCL \[[@b13-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. We present a case report of ALK-negative ALCL following bilateral silicone breast implants.
Case Report
===========
Our patient was a 51-year-old white woman who underwent bilateral breast augmentation in 2007 with McGhan Style 120 silicone implants from lot \# 1315735. Six weeks prior to presentation, she noted an increase in the size of one of her breasts. Reviewing recent photographs, it was apparent the discrepancy in breast size began approximately 3 months prior. She denied any other symptoms such as pain, redness, fever, chills, night sweats, nipple discharge, or focal masses in either breast. Upon initial consultation, a mammogram and breast ultrasound revealed a large effusion surrounding the left implant, but no masses within the capsule or in either breast ([Figure 1](#f1-amjcaserep-18-605){ref-type="fig"}). A 200-ml collection of mildly turbid, straw-colored fluid was aspirated and sent for histological examination. Clinical and radiographic evaluations of the right breast were normal ([Figure 1](#f1-amjcaserep-18-605){ref-type="fig"}). A breast MRI noted a large loculated fluid collection surrounding the fibrous capsule of the left breast implant, without enhancement of the capsule or within either breast ([Figure 1](#f1-amjcaserep-18-605){ref-type="fig"}).
Histological examination of the fluid revealed scattered large atypical cells admixed within a population rich in small lymphocytes, suggestive of a lymphoid malignancy. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated that the atypical cells were positive for CD45, CD3, CD30, TIA1, and granzyme B, but were negative for ALK1. A subset of large cells was positive for EMA. CD20, a marker for B cells, was negative ([Figure 2](#f2-amjcaserep-18-605){ref-type="fig"}).
Staging work-up was done and noted minimal abnormal FDG uptake (less than the mediastinal blood pool uptake) within the left breast effusion ([Figure 1](#f1-amjcaserep-18-605){ref-type="fig"}). Bilateral sub-centimeter, minimally FDG avid axillary adenopathy was thought to be inflammatory as opposed to neoplastic ([Figure 1](#f1-amjcaserep-18-605){ref-type="fig"}). After aspiration, the left breast with implant remained at baseline size, comparable to the right breast.
Relevant history in this pre-menopausal woman included menarche at 11, G6P3, first live birth at 25, and excision of a left breast lipoma in 2007 prior to implants. Medications included vortioxetine, lisdexamfetamine, armodafinil, and multivitamins. Family history noted breast and ovarian carcinomas in her mother (at the age of 68 and 71, respectively), glioblastoma in her father, and colon cancer in a paternal grandfather. Social history was non-contributory, except for 2--4 alcohol portions per week and a remote history of smoking (20 pack years, quit 30 years ago).
Physical exam results were normal except for intact subpectoral breast implants bilaterally and well-healed scars from the implant ([Figure 3A](#f3-amjcaserep-18-605){ref-type="fig"}). The left breast continues to appear modestly larger than the right. The patient underwent bilateral capsulectomy and extraction of silicone implants ([Figure 3B](#f3-amjcaserep-18-605){ref-type="fig"}).
Discussion
==========
Since its first description in 1997, the association between breast implants and ACLC has generated much attention, including recent reports from several regulatory agencies, including the US FDA \[[@b6-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b7-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. All patients diagnosed with BI-ALCL have been women, with a median age of occurrence of 54 years (range, 28--87 years) \[[@b9-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. In the largest meta-analysis of BI-ALCL, 37 reports documenting 79 cases globally have been published and an additional 94 unpublished cases were presented \[[@b8-amjcaserep-18-605]\].
Patients with BI-ACLC present most commonly with breast discomfort or enlargement due to swelling, without breast pain requiring further follow-up. The late onset of these symptoms following breast implants placement is a common characteristic of BI-ALCL \[[@b15-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Development of breast mass, contractures, and, in rare cases, lymphadenopathy, ulcerations, rash, pruritus, lymphomatoid papulosis, and B symptoms have also been reported, although less frequently \[[@b8-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b10-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b15-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Follow-up imagining studies with ultrasound and mammogram often reveals a fluid collection or a seroma confined to the capsular space \[[@b11-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Interestingly, 28 out of 71 (39.4%) patients with BI-ALCL have had a prior history of breast cancer that required reconstructive surgery (with 14 cases unreported) and 5 out of 71 (7%) had a previous history of lymphomas (with 17 cases unreported) \[[@b15-amjcaserep-18-605]\].
BI-ALCL arises from mature, CD30^+^ T cells surrounding the implant capsule, and 65.5% of cases are *in situ* tumors \[[@b11-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b13-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Although treatment guidelines are lacking, retrospective studies have shown that complete surgical excision, which includes removal of the implant, total capsulectomy, and complete removal of any disease or mass with negative margins, is recommended for all patients with BI-ALCL \[[@b11-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Patients with complete surgical excision showed improved event-free survival (EFS) and median OS when compared to patients who underwent only limited surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy \[[@b11-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b15-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. The most commonly used chemotherapy regimen is cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP), which had been used in 44 out of 51 cases of BI-ALCL reported (86.3%) \[[@b11-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b14-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. BI-ALCL patients treated with chemotherapy have a relapse rate of 29%, perhaps related to the more aggressive clinical behavior leading to clinicians to use it post-surgically \[[@b11-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b15-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Several case reports have also described unusually aggressive and treatment-refractory forms of BI-ALCL, suggesting that subtypes of BI-ACLC may also exist \[[@b16-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b17-amjcaserep-18-605]\].
Histologically, BI-ALCL is composed of large pleomorphic cells that express markers of T cell lineage, including CD3, CD30, TIA1, and granzyme B \[[@b10-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. In addition, cells lack B cells markers (CD20, CCD79a, and PAX5). All cases of BI-ALCL are ALK-negative. In contrast to systemic ALK-negative ALCL, BI-ALCL have an excellent prognosis despite the lack of ALK expression. Once the diagnosis of ALCL is established, differentiating systemic ALK-negative ALCL from primary BI-ALCL is very important due to striking differences in the clinical behavior and management of both conditions. Furthermore, 40% to 70% of patients with BI-ALCL are positive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), which may lead clinicians to incorrectly diagnose cases as primary or recurrent triple-negative breast carcinomas \[[@b13-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. The indolent presentation of BI-ALCL may further delay diagnosis and lead clinicians to diagnose other diseases. A detailed history and physical exam and lack of systemic signs may aid clinicians in the proper diagnosis of BI-ALCL, and differentiate it from other more aggressive forms of ALK-negative ALCL.
The pathophysiology of BI-ALCL is poorly defined. Chronic inflammation secondary to a foreign body (i.e., the implants) has been hypothesized to be responsible for the development of BIALCL. The development of hematological malignancies due to chronic inflammation, as seen with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas (MALTomas) in the background of chronic *Helicobacter pylori* infection, is well documented \[[@b18-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. The immunogenic potential and pro-inflammatory role of silicone in breast implants has also been described previously \[[@b19-amjcaserep-18-605]--[@b24-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Increased antibody titers and granulomatous reactions have been observed following silicone breast implantation \[[@b19-amjcaserep-18-605]--[@b24-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. In addition, breast implants have also been associated with the development of several autoimmune disorders, including scleroderma, morphea, systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, CREST syndrome, and "human adjuvant disease" \[[@b19-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. Although silicone has largely been recognized as a biologically inert material, a subset of individuals may have an increased sensitivity to implants, leading to a more robust foreign body immune response or chronic inflammation and the development of BI-ALCL. In fact, a stronger immune response has also been observed in implants with textured surfaces *vs.* smooth surfaces, irrespective of the implant filling material \[[@b8-amjcaserep-18-605]\]. The excellent response of BI-ALCL to complete surgical excision therapy also suggests that foreign body removal is sufficient to withdraw the antigenic stimulation that promotes chronic inflammation. The tumorigenic potential of silicone and the role of infection, or biofilm, in the development of BI-ALCL have also been described, but have not gained much acceptance \[[@b15-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b25-amjcaserep-18-605],[@b26-amjcaserep-18-605]\].
Conclusions
===========
Due to the rarity of these tumors and broad differential diagnosis as described above, a coordinated response among plastic surgeons, oncologists, radiologist, and pathologists is required for the management of patients diagnosed with BIALCL. Clinicians should be aware of the relationship that exists between breast implants and ALCL. Future studies are required to develop optimal guidelines for prevention, treatment, and management of BI-ALCL.
{#f1-amjcaserep-18-605}
{#f2-amjcaserep-18-605}
{#f3-amjcaserep-18-605}
[^1]: Authors' Contribution:
[^2]: Study Design
[^3]: Data Collection
[^4]: Statistical Analysis
[^5]: Data Interpretation
[^6]: Manuscript Preparation
[^7]: Literature Search
[^8]: Funds Collection
[^9]: **Conflict of interest:** None declared
|
The first Video Journal for Zach Snyder’s 300 adaptation has gone up at the official website. Here’s how Warner Bros. describes the clip:
Writer/Director Zack Snyder provides a first glimpse into the amazing world of “300.” Discussing the initial process of adapting the graphic novel and some of the challenges he faces as a filmmaker while bringing the illustrated pages to life. |
Nocturnal and circadian body temperatures of depressed outpatients during symptomatic and recovered states.
Forty-one recurrent unipolar depressed outpatients were studied at baseline (symptomatic period) and at recovery. Rectal temperatures were measured continuously between 1800h and 0600h on 2 successive nights at each time point. In those 24 patients who recovered after receiving interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) alone ("psychotherapy responders") and who thus remained drug-free throughout, there was no difference in nocturnal body temperatures between baseline and recovery time points. Moreover, nocturnal temperature patterns appeared to be very similar to those of a healthy contrast group (n = 17). The contrast group was not matched for age and gender with the patient group, though, so the comparison was only suggestive. At baseline, those recovering after psychotherapy alone (n = 24) did not differ from those eventually failing to respond to IPT and requiring medications to achieve recovery ("medication responders") (n = 17). Medication responders did show some baseline versus recovery differences in nocturnal temperatures, but these may possibly have been a function of the medications used. At recovery, a subset of 19 psychotherapy responders and 13 medication responders underwent an "unmasking" experiment involving 36 hours of wakeful bedrest. In the resulting endogenous temperature rhythms, there was no evidence of any reliable differences between the psychotherapy responder and medication responder patient groups. Both groups showed rhythms that were very similar to those of a healthy contrast group (n = 17), although, again, the contrast group was not matched for age or gender with the patient group. In conclusion, in measures of body temperature, at least, there appeared to be little evidence of circadian dysfunction in this group of recurrent outpatient depressives. |
Charles Woodson hasn't stepped foot in Green Bay in an official capacity since the Packers released him following the 2012 season. That changes later this offseason when the legendary defensive back returns to present former teammate Nick Collins during the Packers Hall of Fame induction ceremony.
Woodson and Collins played together for six years, a stretch that began in 2006 when the former signed with the Packers as a free agent. Along with Al Harris, Tramon Williams and others, they helped form one of the best secondaries in all of football. During their time together, Woodson earned four Pro Bowl nods, two All-Pro selections and a Defensive Player of the Year honor while Collins made three Pro Bowl squads of his own. Both also started for the 2010 Green Bay team that won Super Bowl XLV. Collins likely would have earned more accolades had a neck injury not prematurely ended his career during the 2011 season.
Though Woodson only returns to Green Bay this offseason for Collins, he should do so again in the near future when the team inducts him into their Hall of Fame as well. As a future Pro Football Hall of Famer who spent his best years with the team, few have stronger claims to the honor than Woodson.
Collins has familiar company in this year's Packers Hall of Fame class. Former teammate Chad Clifton earns induction as well, with current Green Bay offensive line coach James Campen set to present him. Clifton started nearly every game at left tackle for the team from his 2000 rookie campaign through his final season in 2011. |
Q:
Problems Unit Testing with Simpletest
I am using PHP and simpletest for unit testing. My tests work fine until I try and set the cookie
try{
setcookie($name,$cookie,$cookie_expires );
}catch Exception($e){
blah
}
The exception is thrown because simpletest has already written out header information so I get the following:
Unexpected PHP error [Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /tests/simpletest/reporter.php:43)] severity [E_WARNING] in [blah_code.php line 280]
I've seen vague explanations on catching this with $this->expectException(new Exception()); but no further documentation or examples that work. Could someone provide a working example or point me to documentation? To be clear. This is NOT my code producing the output but rather SimpleTest.
A:
One way to get around this is by using output buffering.
You can turn it on globally in PHP's configuration (and possibly in .htaccess), or you can use ob_start() and its related functions (ob_get_clean(), ob_end_flush(), etc). For example:
ob_start();
// your SimpleTest here.
// your header/ cookie manipulation here.
And then:
ob_end_clean(); // Stop buffering and dump everything (don't echo).
ob_end_flush(); // Stop buffering and echo out the buffer.
ob_get_clean(); // Stop buffering and return everything as a string.
Or any of the other related functions. I believe PHP calls ob_flush() at the end of a file if you don't.
|
The mechanism of drug interaction with and localization in cardiac and model membranes will be investigated at the molecular level utilizing neutron diffraction with stable isotopic deuteration of drug molecules, and x-ray diffraction with drug molecules containing an electron dense atom (e.g. sulfur, iodine, and mercury). The high lipid solubility of several calcium channel and beta blocking drugs suggests that the primary nonspecific site of interaction is the lipid bilayer component of biological membranes. The purified (light fraction) skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane and extracted lipids from a canine sarcolemmal preparation will be used as a model for studying nonspecific drug interaction since these membrane preparations do not contain protein receptors specific for these drugs. Nonspecific site of drug interaction will be examined for drug concentrations approximately equal to 10-6 M. A reconstituted receptor enriched membrane prepared from canine cardiac sarcolemma will be used in x-ray diffraction studies of specific drug interaction over a concentration range suitable for specific binding of the drug to the receptor as well as higher drug concentrations favoring nonspecific binding to non receptor and receptor enricched membranes in an attempt to define a structural model for drug interactions with membranes. Such determinations of the localization of these drug molecules in the lipid bilayer of biological membranes with and without specific receptors may provide insight into the mechanism by which these drug molecules "locate" their specific protein receptor sites via the lipid bilayer component of these membranes. This approach can provide unique information as to how these drugs perturb the structure of the membrane, where they act in a specific and nonspecific fashion, and may provide a structural basis for elucidating their molecular mechanism of action. This last possibility offers prospects for the development of new drugs for clinical use that capitalize on structural aspects related to their desired actions while avoiding those structural features that can lead to detrimental side effects. |
[Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of cefpiramide in children].
Thirty-six febrile patients were administered cefpiramide (CPM) of 20 approximately 75 mg/kg/day for 3 approximately 11 days, and the clinical and side effects were evaluated. Among children with bacterial infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infection, sepsis, pharyngitis and bronchitis, the results were excellent in 9, good in 13, and fair in 3 patients. Out of 36 patients, adverse reactions were observed in 9 cases, i.e. vascular pain at one shot intravenous injection in 4, diarrhea in 2, eosinophilia in 2, and diarrhea and eosinophilia in 1 case. One shot intravenous administration of CPM of 10 mg/kg to 4 patients yielded mean serum level of 100 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes and mean serum half-life of 2.5 hours, and administration of 20 mg/kg to 3 patients yielded mean serum level of 200 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes and mean serum half-life of 3.5 hours. The half-life in 1 patient with slight liver lesion was 5.36 hours. The rates of urinary recovery within 8 approximately 12 hours were 7.2 to 28.0% in 5 patients, 45.1% in a patient with nephrotic syndrome, and 50.9% in a patient with slight liver lesion. |
Mission
The mission of the Office of Petroleum Reserves (OPR) is to protect the United States from severe petroleum supply interruptions through the acquisition, storage, distribution, and management of emergency petroleum stocks, and to carry out the U.S. obligations under the International Energy Program. The OPR manages the operational readiness of three emergency stockpiles - the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), the United States’ crude oil stockpile; the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve (NEHHOR), a one million barrel stockpile of ultra-low sulfur distillate (diesel/heating oil); and the Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve (NGSR), a one million barrel supply of gasoline. In the event of a natural disaster or other national emergency, the United States can rely on these emergency stockpiles to maintain a constant supply of crude oil and other petroleum products.
Vision
OPR directly supports the Department of Energy's primary goal of energy dominance by ensuring energy security for America.
Goals |
Q:
Rediect to another page in blueprints
Im looking for a way to redirect to another page while using flask blueprints
from flask import Blueprint, request, render_template, redirect, url_for
import json
user = Blueprint("user",__name__,template_folder='templates')
@user.route("/index")
def index():
return render_template("index.html")
@user.route("/signup")
def signup():
return render_template("signup.html")
@user.route("/login")
def login():
return render_template("login.html")
from models.user_model import User
from app import db
@user.route('/saveuser/', methods=['GET'])
def saveuser():
username = request.args["username"]
emailid = request.args["email"]
password = request.args["password"]
try:
u = User(str(username),str(emailid),password=str(password))
db.session.add(u)
db.session.commit()
except Exception, excp:
return excp
# return redirect('/index')
return render_template("index.html")
In saveuser() I want to redirect to index page if Im able to insert successfully
A:
Use redirect and url_for:
return redirect(url_for('user.index'))
|
Root O2 consumption, CO2 production and tissue concentration profiles in chickpea, as influenced by environmental hypoxia.
Roots in flooded soils experience hypoxia, with least O2 in the vascular cylinder. Gradients in CO2 across roots had not previously been measured. The respiratory quotient (RQ; CO2 produced: O2 consumed) is expected to increase as O2 availability declines. A new CO2 microsensor, and an O2 microsensor, were used to measure profiles across roots of chickpea seedlings in aerated or hypoxic conditions. Simultaneous, non-destructive flux measurements of O2 consumption, CO2 production, and thus RQ, were taken for roots with declining O2 . Radial profiling revealed severe hypoxia and ≈0.8 kPa CO2 within the root vascular cylinder. The distance that O2 penetrated into the roots was shorter at lower O2 . The gradient in CO2 was in the opposite direction to that of O2 , across the roots and diffusive boundary layer. RQ increased as external O2 was lowered. For chickpea roots in solution at air-equilibrium, O2 was very low and CO2 was elevated within the vascular cylinder; the extent of the severely hypoxic core increased as external O2 was reduced. The increased RQ in roots in response to declining external O2 highlighted the shift from respiration to ethanolic fermentation as the severely hypoxic/anoxic core became a progressively greater proportion of the root tissues. |
Euronet reports the following consolidated results for the fourth quarter 2013 compared with the same period of 2012:
Revenues of $375.4 million, a 7% increase from $351.2 million (6% increase on a constant currency(1) basis).
Operating income of $16.1 million, compared with operating loss of $1.9 million.
Adjusted operating income(2) of $34.5 million, a 29% increase from $26.8 million (26% increase on a constant currency basis).
Adjusted EBITDA(3) of $53.1 million, a 16% increase from $45.8 million (14% increase on a constant currency basis).
Net income attributable to Euronet of $10.0 million or $0.19 diluted earnings per share, compared with net loss of $13.0 million or $0.26 diluted loss per share.
Adjusted cash earnings per share(4) of $0.63, a 43% increase from $0.44.
Transactions of 606 million, compared with 606 million.
Euronet reports the following consolidated results for the full year 2013 compared with the same period of 2012:
Revenues of $1,413.1 million, an 11% increase from $1,267.6 million (11% increase on a constant currency basis).
Operating income of $118.4 million, a 104% increase from $58.0 million (101% increase on a constant currency basis).
Adjusted operating income of $117.5 million, a 36% increase from $86.7 million (33% increase on a constant currency basis).
Adjusted EBITDA of $194.0 million, a 19% increase from $162.8 million (17% increase on a constant currency basis).
Net income attributable to Euronet of $88.0 million or $1.69 diluted earnings per share, compared with $20.5 million or $0.40 diluted earnings per share.
Adjusted cash earnings per share of $2.04, a 30% increase from $1.57.
Transactions of 2,338 million, a 1% increase from 2,308 million.
See the reconciliation of non-GAAP items in the attached financial schedules.
"We finished the year with solid growth in all three segments," stated Michael J. Brown, Euronet's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. "EFT benefited from an expanded ATM network and additional cards under management. epay results reflect the increased sales of higher-margin, non-mobile transactions and money transfer gains were from increased transactions across our markets."
"Our 2013 business expansion was exceptional on many fronts - highlighted by our adjusted cash earnings per share of $2.04, a 30% increase over 2012," continued Mr. Brown. "This earnings expansion is primarily the result of double-digit annual operating income growth from all three segments, driven by exceptional work of our employees to add more devices, more products and more locations to our portfolio."
In the fourth quarter 2013, the Company completed its annual goodwill impairment testing and recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $18.4 million related to the Company's epay businesses in Australia and Spain. While the Company continues to introduce new electronic payment products in both countries, the financial contribution of those products has not replaced the earnings impact from the change in mobile operator strategies in Australia and increased competition and economic pressure in Spain. In order to provide a more transparent comparison of operating results, adjusted operating income has been provided to exclude the impact of this impairment as well as the 2012 impairment of goodwill and acquired intangible assets in Brazil from the fourth quarter and full year results. Full year adjusted operating income also excludes the third quarter 2013 recognition of a gain related to the reduction of contingent consideration on an acquisition in the EFT segment.
The fourth quarter and full year results include tax benefits stemming from the realization of certain deferred tax assets in various jurisdictions.
Segment and Other Results
The EFT Processing Segment reports the following results for the fourth quarter 2013 compared with the same period of 2012:
Revenues of $77.1 million, a 19% increase from $64.8 million (20% increase on a constant currency basis).
Operating income of $15.2 million, a 12% increase from $13.6 million (7% increase on a constant currency basis).
Adjusted EBITDA of $22.5 million, an 11% increase from $20.2 million (8% increase on a constant currency basis).
Transactions of 311 million, a 4% increase from 299 million.
The EFT Processing Segment reports the following results for the full year 2013 compared with the same period of 2012:
Revenues of $296.2 million, a 25% increase from $237.9 million (25% increase on a constant currency basis).
Operating income of $81.4 million, an 83% increase from $44.4 million (85% increase on a constant currency basis).
Adjusted operating income of $62.1 million, a 40% increase from $44.4 million (36% increase on a constant currency basis).
Adjusted EBITDA of $91.7 million, a 32% increase from $69.7 million (29% increase on a constant currency basis).
Transactions of 1,188 million, a 2% increase from 1,164 million.
Operated 18,311 ATMs as of December 31, 2013, a 4% increase from 17,600 ATMs.
Revenue, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted operating income growth for the fourth quarter and full year was driven by ATM network expansion, greater demand for value added products and increased cards under management. Fourth quarter adjusted operating income and adjusted EBITDA growth was partially offset by ramp-up costs related to the fourth quarter deployment of additional brown label ATMs in India.
ATMs increased from additions in India, Poland, Pakistan, China and the Middle East. Transaction growth for the fourth quarter and full year was driven by increases across nearly all markets. Both full year and fourth quarter ATM and transaction growth were partially offset by the previously announced contract termination by IDBI bank in India. Removing the impact of the IDBI agreement, ATMs and transactions would have grown 14% and 11%, respectively, over the fourth quarter last year.
The epay Segment reports the following results for the fourth quarter 2013 compared with the same period of 2012:
Revenues of $199.8 million, compared with $199.5 million (0% increase on a constant currency basis).
Operating income of $0.1 million compared with an operating loss of $13.8 million.
Adjusted operating income of $18.5 million, a 24% increase from $14.9 million (25% increase on a constant currency basis).
Adjusted EBITDA of $22.7 million, a 17% increase from $19.4 million (17% increase on a constant currency basis).
Transactions of 286 million, a 4% decrease from 298 million.
The epay Segment reports the following results for the full year 2013 compared with the same period for 2012:
Revenues of $748.6 million, a 5% increase from $714.2 million (5% increase on a constant currency basis).
Operating income of $39.4 million, a 101% increase from $19.6 million (92% increase on a constant currency basis).
Adjusted operating income of $57.8 million, a 20% increase from $48.3 million (19% increase on a constant currency basis).
Adjusted EBITDA of $74.4 million, a 9% increase from $68.1 million (9% increase on a constant currency basis).
Transactions of 1,115 million, compared with 1,113 million.
Point of sale ("POS") terminals of approximately 665,000 as of December 31, 2013, a 2% decrease from approximately 680,000.
Retailer locations of approximately 294,000 as of December 31, 2013, a 13% decrease from approximately 339,000.
Fourth quarter revenue, adjusted operating income and adjusted EBITDA growth compared with the prior year was primarily from growth in non-mobile content in Germany and Italy. Revenue growth was offset by declines in Australia and the Middle East. Fourth quarter and full year adjusted operating income and adjusted EBITDA grew at a faster rate than revenue due to a shift towards higher-margin products which are seasonally highest in the fourth quarter and one-time expenses incurred in the fourth quarter 2012.
In addition to the explanations related to the fourth quarter above, full year results compared with the prior year were favorably impacted by increased sales of value-added products in the U.S. and the December 2012 acquisition of ezi-pay in New Zealand.
Changes in fourth quarter and full year transactions were driven by increases in India, Germany and North America, offset by declines in the U.K., Australia and the Middle East. The decline in retail locations and POS terminals stems from the elimination of certain U.S. sites.
The Money Transfer Segment reports the following results for the fourth quarter 2013 compared with the same period of 2012:
Revenues of $98.8 million, a 13% increase from $87.2 million (12% increase on a constant currency basis).
Operating income of $8.8 million, a 19% increase from $7.4 million (14% increase on a constant currency basis).
Adjusted EBITDA of $13.4 million, a 10% increase from $12.2 million (7% increase on a constant currency basis).
Total transactions of 9.2 million, a 7% increase from 8.6 million.
The Money Transfer Segment reports the following results for the full year 2013 compared with the same period for 2012:
Revenues of $370.4 million, a 17% increase from $316.1 million (16% increase on a constant currency basis).
Operating income of $31.1 million, a 26% increase from $24.6 million (23% increase on a constant currency basis).
Adjusted EBITDA of $49.5 million, a 14% increase from $43.4 million (12% increase on a constant currency basis).
Total transactions of 35.2 million, a 15% increase from 30.7 million.
Network locations of approximately 216,000 as of December 31, 2013, a 22% increase from approximately 177,000 as of December 31, 2012.
Revenue, adjusted EBITDA and operating income increased in the fourth quarter and full year, driven by a 7% and 15% increase in total transactions, respectively. Transaction increases were the result of continued focus on network expansion, which grew 22% over the prior year. Adjusted EBITDA and operating income growth for the fourth quarter and full year were partially offset by costs to launch digital products.
Money transfers for the fourth quarter increased 13%, including an 11% increase in transfers from the U.S. and a 14% increase in transfers initiated outside the U.S. Fourth quarter transfers from the U.S. to Mexico increased 10% and 12% from the U.S. to non-Mexico destinations. For the full year, money transfers increased 17%, with 19% growth from the U.S. and 14% growth from transfers outside the U.S. For the full year transactions from the U.S. to Mexico and from the U.S. to non-Mexico destinations both increased 19%.
Corporate and Other reports $8.0 million of expense compared with $9.1 million for the fourth quarter 2012. The fourth quarter decrease in Corporate expense is primarily related to lower professional fees and lower compensation expense booked in the fourth quarter 2013. Full year expense is $33.5 million for 2013 compared with $30.6 million for 2012, primarily attributable to increased professional fees and other miscellaneous expenses.
Balance Sheet and Financial Position
Unrestricted cash on hand was $209.8 million as of December 31, 2013, compared to $244.5 million as of September 30, 2013. Total indebtedness was $204.7 million as of December 31, 2013, compared to $250.1 million as of September 30, 2013. Total cash decreased as a result of debt repayments and the timing of settlements within the epay and money transfer businesses, partially offset by cash flow generated from operations.
Guidance
Based on current foreign exchange rates, the Company expects adjusted cash earnings per share for the first quarter 2014 to be approximately $0.45, assuming foreign currency exchange rates remain stable through the end of the quarter.
Non-GAAP Measures
In addition to the results presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company presents non-GAAP financial measures, such as constant currency financial measures, adjusted operating income, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted cash earnings per share. These measures should be used in addition to, and not a substitute for, net income, operating income and earnings per share computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We believe that these non-GAAP measures provide useful information to investors regarding the Company's performance and overall results of operations. These non-GAAP measures are also an integral part of the Company's internal reporting and performance assessment for executives and senior management. The non-GAAP measures used by the Company may not be comparable to similarly titled non-GAAP measures used by other companies. The attached schedules provide a full reconciliation of these non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure.
(1) Constant currency measures are computed as if foreign currency exchange rates did not change from the prior period. This information is provided to illustrate the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on the Company's results when compared to the prior period.
(2)Adjusted operating income is defined as operating income excluding goodwill and acquired intangible asset impairment charges, changes in the value of acquisition contingent consideration and non-recurring items that are considered expenses under U.S. GAAP.
(3)Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income excluding interest, income tax expense, depreciation, amortization, share-based compensation expenses and other non-operating or non-recurring items that are considered expenses under U.S. GAAP.
(4) Adjusted cash earnings per share is defined as diluted U.S. GAAP earnings per share excluding the tax-effected impacts of: a) foreign exchange gains or losses, b) goodwill and acquired intangible asset impairment charges, c) gains or losses from the early retirement of debt, d) share-based compensation, e) acquired intangible asset amortization, f) non-cash interest expense, g) non-cash income tax expense, and h) other non-operating or non-recurring items. Adjusted cash earnings per share includes shares potentially issuable in settlement of convertible bonds or other obligations, if the assumed issuances are dilutive to adjusted cash earnings per share. Adjusted cash earnings per share represents a performance measure and is not intended to represent a liquidity measure.
Conference Call and Slide Presentation
Euronet Worldwide will host an analyst conference call on February 12, 2014, at 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time to discuss these results. To listen to the call via telephone, dial 877-303-6313 (USA) or +1-631-813-4734 (non-USA). The conference call will also be available via webcast at http://ir.euronetworldwide.com. Participants should go to the website at least five minutes prior to the scheduled start time of the event to register. A slideshow will be included in the webcast.
A webcast replay will be available beginning approximately one hour after the event at http://ir.euronetworldwide.com and will remain available for one year.
Euronet's global payment network is extensive - including 18,311 ATMs, approximately 68,000 EFT POS terminals and a growing portfolio of outsourced debit and credit card services which are under management in 43 countries; card software solutions; a prepaid processing network of approximately 665,000 POS terminals at approximately 294,000 retailer locations in 35 countries; and a consumer-to-consumer money transfer network of approximately 216,000 locations serving 135 countries. With corporate headquarters in Leawood, Kansas, USA, and 52 worldwide offices, Euronet serves clients in approximately 155 countries. For more information, please visit the Company's website at www.euronetworldwide.com.
Statements contained in this news release that concern Euronet's or its management's intentions, expectations, or predictions of future performance, are forward-looking statements. Euronet's actual results may vary materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including: conditions in world financial markets and general economic conditions, including economic conditions in specific countries or regions; technological developments affecting the market for the Company's products and services; the ability of the Company to successfully introduce new products and services; foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations; the effects of any potential future computer security breaches; the Company's ability to renew existing contracts at profitable rates; changes in fees payable for transactions performed for cards bearing international logos or over switching networks such as card transactions on ATMs; changes in the Company's relationship with, or in fees charged by, the Company's business partners; competition; the outcome of claims and other loss contingencies affecting the Company; and changes in laws and regulations affecting the Company's business, including immigration laws. These risks and other risks are described in the Company's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K. Copies of these filings may be obtained via the SEC's Edgar website or by contacting the Company or the SEC. Any forward-looking statements made in this release speak only as of the date of this release.Euronet does not intend to update these forward-looking statements and undertakes no duty to any person to provide any such update under any circumstances. The Company regularly posts important information to the investor relations section of its website.
EURONET WORLDWIDE, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(unaudited - in millions, except share and per share data)
Year Ended
Three Months Ended
December 31,
December 31,
2013
2012
2013
2012
Revenues
$ 1,413.1
$ 1,267.6
$ 375.4
$ 351.2
Operating expenses:
Direct operating costs
893.0
812.1
236.0
225.1
Salaries and benefits
208.3
184.2
54.9
49.4
Selling, general and administrative
129.3
120.4
33.8
33.9
Acquisition-related contingent consideration gain
(19.3)
—
—
—
Impairment of goodwill and acquired intangible assets
18.4
28.7
18.4
28.7
Depreciation and amortization
65.0
64.2
16.2
16.0
Total operating expenses
1,294.7
1,209.6
359.3
353.1
Operating income (loss)
118.4
58.0
16.1
(1.9)
Other income (expense):
Interest income
2.0
4.0
0.6
0.5
Interest expense
(9.9)
(19.5)
(1.8)
(3.0)
Income (loss) from unconsolidated affiliates
0.1
0.9
(0.1
0.1
Other gains, net
2.4
4.1
—
—
Foreign currency exchange gain (loss), net
2.3
(0.2)
(0.4)
1.1
Total other expense, net
(3.1)
(10.7)
(1.7)
(1.3)
Income (loss) before income taxes
115.3
47.3
14.4
(3.2)
Income tax expense
(27.8)
(27.0)
(5.2)
(9.6)
Net income (loss)
87.5
20.3
9.2
(12.8)
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests
0.5
0.2
0.8
(0.2)
Net income (loss) attributable to Euronet Worldwide, Inc.
$ 88.0
$ 20.5
$ 10.0
$ (13.0)
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to Euronet
Worldwide, Inc. stockholders - diluted
$ 1.69
$ 0.40
$ 0.19
$ (0.26)
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding
51,982,620
51,412,510
52,828,845
50,002,236
EURONET WORLDWIDE, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in millions)
As of
December 31,
As of
2013
December 31,
(unaudited)
2012
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
$ 209.8
$ 201.4
Restricted cash
78.0
71.7
Inventory - PINs and other
92.8
101.2
Trade accounts receivable, net
390.6
370.8
Other current assets, net
69.2
68.1
Total current assets
840.4
813.2
Property and equipment, net
116.2
115.5
Goodwill and acquired intangible assets, net
591.4
565.2
Other assets, net
50.1
57.6
Total assets
$ 1,598.1
$ 1,551.5
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and other current liabilities
$ 718.7
$ 686.7
Short-term debt obligations
13.3
10.0
Total current liabilities
732.0
696.7
Debt obligations, net of current portion
188.5
286.7
Capital lease obligations, net of current portion
2.9
4.6
Deferred income taxes
17.7
22.0
Other long-term liabilities
18.6
14.9
Total liabilities
959.7
1,024.9
Equity
638.4
526.6
Total liabilities and equity
$ 1,598.1
$ 1,551.5
EURONET WORLDWIDE, INC.
Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to Adjusted EBITDA and Operating Income (Loss) to Adjusted Operating Income (Expense)
(1) Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted operating income (expense) are non-GAAP measures that should be considered in addition to, and not a substitute for, net income (loss) and operating income (expense) computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
EURONET WORLDWIDE, INC.
Reconciliation of Net Income to Adjusted EBITDA and Operating Income (Expense) to Adjusted Operating Income (Expense)
(1) Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted operating income (expense) are non-GAAP measures that should be considered in addition to, and not a substitute for, net income (loss) and operating income (expense) computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
(1) As required by U.S. GAAP, the interest cost and amortization of the convertible debt issuance cost are excluded from income for the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share for any period when the convertible debentures, if converted, would be dilutive to earnings per share. The assumed conversion of the convertible debentures was dilutive to the Company's U.S. GAAP and adjusted cash earnings per share for the twelve month period ended December 31,2013 and although it was not dilutive to U.S. GAAP earnings per share for the three and twelve month periods ended December 31, 2012, it was dilutive to adjusted cash earnings per share for those periods. Accordingly, the interest cost and amortization of the convertible debt issuance cost are excluded from income and the convertible shares are treated as if all were outstanding for the period.
(2) Adjusted cash earnings and adjusted cash earnings per share are non-GAAP measures that should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, net income (loss) and earnings (loss) per share computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP. |
Functionalizing hydrogen-bonded surface networks with self-assembled monolayers.
One of the central challenges in nanotechnology is the development of flexible and efficient methods for creating ordered structures with nanometre precision over an extended length scale. Supramolecular self-assembly on surfaces offers attractive features in this regard: it is a 'bottom-up' approach and thus allows the simple and rapid creation of surface assemblies, which are readily tuned through the choice of molecular building blocks used and stabilized by hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interactions, pi-pi bonding or metal coordination between the blocks. Assemblies in the form of two-dimensional open networks are of particular interest for possible applications because well-defined pores can be used for the precise localization and confinement of guest entities such as molecules or clusters, which can add functionality to the supramolecular network. Another widely used method for producing surface structures involves self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which have introduced unprecedented flexibility in our ability to tailor interfaces and generate patterned surfaces. But SAMs are part of a top-down technology that is limited in terms of the spatial resolution that can be achieved. We therefore rationalized that a particularly powerful fabrication platform might be realized by combining non-covalent self-assembly of porous networks and SAMs, with the former providing nanometre-scale precision and the latter allowing versatile functionalization. Here we show that the two strategies can indeed be combined to create integrated network-SAM hybrid systems that are sufficiently robust for further processing. We show that the supramolecular network and the SAM can both be deposited from solution, which should enable the widespread and flexible use of this combined fabrication method. |
crazy
crazy 01:02
01:02 19395
19395 2017-01-20 10:07:53
50 year old spanjard dies while taking pictures of the dakar rally, he got smashed into the wall by the hyndai rally car. He died before the paramedics where there. |
Mian Bashir Ahmed
Mian Bashir Ahmed Laaravi (born November 1923) is a Kashmiri politician and a religious person in Jammu and Kashmir.
He was born in November 1923 in Wanghat, Kashmir.
Early life and family
He was born in November 1923 in Kashmir. His native name is "Sajjada-Nasheen Zayaarat Baba Jee Sahib Laarvi", his father Mian Nizam Din Laarvi and his grandfather Baba Jee Sahib Laaravi were also religious personalities in Kashmir. They buried in Wanghat, Kashmir. Main Bashir Sahib has two sons Mian Sarfraz Ahmed and Mian Altaf Ahmed. Mian Altaf Ahmed has been serving as Minister of Forestry, Ecology and Environment in Jammu and Kashmir. He has been a Cabinet minister in Jammu and Kashmir.
Religious view
He proselytizes the doctrines of Naqshbandi and (Mujadadi) in order to Sufism to his followers through Bayyet. He has performed the Hajj two times.
Political career
While on a pilgrimage to his ancestral (Sufi) saint's mausoleum in Hazara, Pakistan during the period of General Zia-ul-Haq, he was followed by a large group of people. Pakistani officials, in the wake of his political influence on the Indian side of Jammu and Kashmir considered it a security risk and the Pakistani army was deployed. He was not allowed to go to his mausoleum and this was His reason of quitting Politics.
He has been elected four times to the State Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir. He was closely associated with Shiekh Mohammad Abdullah, Mir Qasim and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, he was a minister in their cabinets. He has been closely associated with various top leaders in India including Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Shiekh Mohammad Abdullah and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad.
Mian Bashir Ahmed represented the country in the United Nations to argue for peace in Kashmir. He has headed Indian delegations to international forums.
Indo-Pakistan Wars
During the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistan Wars he worked for peace and prosperity of the State and helped rehabilitate people in the tribal and border belts of Jammu and Kashmir. During the course of the ongoing insurgency since 1989 he has worked to eradicate misconceptions between various communities.
Awards
He was awarded the Padma Bhushan (the third highest civilian award), by the government of India on 26 January 2008 for his contribution to the society.
See also
Jammu and Kashmir
References
Category:1923 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian Sufis
Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir
Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs
Category:State cabinet ministers of Jammu and Kashmir
Category:Kashmiri people
Category:People from Ganderbal district |
Macro-creatine kinase type 1. Immunological studies in 14 patients with comments on clinical significance.
Circulating autoantibodies directed at creatine kinase (CK) BB isozyme are detected in plasma in the form of an immune complex (immunoglobulin CK BB) termed macro-CK type 1. Fourteen patients presented a falsely elevated CK MB isozyme fraction as measured by the immunoinhibition method; they were found to have IgG-CK BB complexes, which was considered to be indirect evidence of circulating anti-CK BB autoantibodies. No evident clinical association between the detection of this autoantibody in complexed form and autoimmune disease could be established, there was no significantly increased incidence of other autoantibodies, and there was no specific alteration in immunoglobulin and complement levels; however, the HLA haplotype A1,B8,DR3, which is known to be associated with autoimmunity, was present in five patients. |
Centrally administered neuropeptide Y enhances the hypothermia induced by peripheral administration of adrenoceptor antagonists.
The distribution of neuropeptide Y in the brain includes extensive coexistence within adrenaline- and noradrenaline-containing neurons and many of its actions are often associated with adrenergic systems. Since neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity is particularly intense in the preoptic area, one of the principal sites for thermoregulation, we have tested the effects of neuropeptide Y on core temperature in normothermic rats, and rats rendered hypothermic by systemic treatment with adrenergic antagonists. In the normothermic rat, intracerebroventricular administration of 1 microgram of neuropeptide Y did not have a significant effect on core temperature. Intraperitoneal treatment with the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin, or the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol, caused an immediate and significant hypothermia; the intracerebroventricular administration of 1 microgram of neuropeptide Y, 10 minutes after these drugs, strongly potentiated their hypothermic effect. Although intraperitoneal treatment with the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, idazoxan, had no hypothermic effect per se, the intracerebroventricular administration of NPY 10 minutes after this antagonist led to a significant decrease in core temperature. |
Royal Observer Corps
The Royal Observer Corps (ROC) was a civil defence organisation intended for the visual detection, identification, tracking and reporting of aircraft over Great Britain. It operated in the United Kingdom between 29 October 1925 and 31 December 1995, when the Corps' civilian volunteers were stood down (ROC headquarters staff at RAF Bentley Priory stood down on 31 March 1996). Composed mainly of civilian spare-time volunteers, ROC personnel wore a Royal Air Force (RAF) style uniform and latterly came under the administrative control of RAF Strike Command and the operational control of the Home Office. Civilian volunteers were trained and administered by a small cadre of professional full-time officers under the command of the Commandant Royal Observer Corps; latterly a serving RAF Air Commodore.
Overview
In 1925, following a Defence Committee initiative undertaken the previous year, the formation of an RAF command concerning the Air Defence of Great Britain led to the provision of a Raid Reporting System, itself delegated to a sub-committee consisting of representatives from the Air Ministry, Home Office and the General Post Office. This Raid Reporting System was to provide for the visual detection, identification, tracking and reporting of aircraft over Great Britain, and was eventually to become known as the Observer Corps. The Observer Corps was subsequently awarded the title Royal by His Majesty King George VI in April 1941, in recognition of service carried out by Observer Corps personnel during the Battle of Britain.
Throughout the remainder of the Second World War, the ROC continued to complement and at times replace the Chain Home defensive radar system by undertaking an inland aircraft tracking and reporting function, while Chain Home provided a predominantly coastal, long-range tracking and reporting system. With the advent of the Cold War, the ROC continued in its primary role of aircraft recognition and reporting, and in 1955 was allocated the additional task of detecting and reporting nuclear explosions and associated fall-out. By 1965, thanks to advances in (radar) technology, most roles and responsibilities relating to aircraft had been withdrawn and the ROC assumed the role of field force for the United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation (UKWMO); a role which the ROC continued until the early 1990s and the cessation of the Cold War.
By the late 1980s the ROC comprised 69 professional full-time officers, approximately 10,500 civilian spare-time volunteers, and over 100 Ministry of Defence (MoD) civilian support staff. At HQROC (RAF Bentley Priory), over a dozen full-time secretarial, clerical and other administrative staff were present. Each of the five Area HQs were staffed by a clerical officer and a typist, and each of the 25 Group HQs were staffed by a clerical officer, typist and handyperson. (Many MoD civilian support staff were also civilian spare-time volunteers.)
Following the UK Government's Options for Change defence spending review in 1990, the vast majority of the civilian spare-time volunteers were stood down on 30 September 1991, with the remainder being stood down on 31 December 1995. The closure of HQROC on 31 March 1996 and redeployment of those few remaining HQROC staff marked the disbandment of the ROC after over 70 years of service.
First World War
The ROC can trace its roots to the First World War and the requirement for a warning system to bolster UK defences, predominantly over south east England, against bombing raids by Zeppelin airships of the German Empire's Luftstreitkräfte. A system of observation posts and observers was organised, with a network of approximately 200 posts established in strategic areas. Initially these posts were manned by British Army personnel, who were in turn replaced by Special (Police) Constables, and posts were coordinated on an area basis with telephone communications provided between themselves and their associated anti-aircraft defences.
Throughout 1917 Germany began to deploy increasing numbers of fixed-wing bombers, with the result that the number of airship raids decreased rapidly in favour of raids by such aircraft. In response to this new threat, Major General Edward Bailey Ashmore, a Royal Flying Corps pilot who later commanded an artillery division in Belgium, was appointed to devise an improved system of detection, communication and control. The system, called the Metropolitan Observation Service, encompassed the London Air Defence Area and later extended eastwards towards the Kentish and Essex coasts.
The Metropolitan Observation Service met with some success and although not fully operational until the late summer of 1918 (the last German bombing raid taking place on 19 May 1918), the lessons learned were to prove invaluable for future developments in the field of aircraft observation, identification and reporting. Major General E B Ashmore is often considered to have been the founder of what would eventually become the Royal Observer Corps.
Interwar period
Following the Armistice in 1918, it had been intended that the knowledge, experience and skills gained by the Metropolitan Observation Service during the First World War would be maintained for the future security of the nation. However, by the end of 1920, the observation-post networks and their associated anti-aircraft hardware had been decommissioned, and in 1922 the responsibility for air defence was transferred from the War Office (responsible for the army) to the Air Ministry.
Following this transfer, Major General Ashmore, who had been responsible for air defence during World War I, reported to a new Air Raid Precautions (ARP) committee, established in January 1924. In areas surrounding Romney Marsh and the Weald a series of trials were undertaken to develop a Raid Reporting System which would employ an optimum arrangement of observation posts and associated control-centres. During 1925 these trials were further extended to cover parts of the counties of Essex and Hampshire, and by October a proven modus operandi had been developed for a new organisation to be known as the Observer Corps, which was established on 29 October 1925.
Within a year four groups operated in South East England, covering much of Kent, Sussex, Hampshire and Essex, with the intention that a total of eighteen groups would cover the whole of Great Britain. The system required cooperation between and the participation of the RAF, the army, the British police forces and the General Post Office (GPO). (The GPO at that time operated Britain's national telecommunications system.) In January 1926 county police constabularies recruited observers as special constables, and each observation post was manned by a sergeant and six special constables. Recruits were spare-time volunteers who received neither pay, uniform, nor allowances. Individual volunteers purchased the only distinguishing insignia, Observer Corps lapel badges, at their own expense.
In 1929 the control of the Observer Corps passed from the county police forces to the Air Ministry, although Chief Constables retained responsibility for personnel and recruitment matters. 1 March 1929 saw the establishment of the new Headquarters of the Observer Corps at Hillingdon House, RAF Uxbridge in the west of London, and Air Commodore Edward A D Masterman CB CMG CBE AFC RAF (Rtd) was appointed as the first commandant of the Observer Corps. Air Cdre Masterman held this appointment until his retirement on 1 March 1936, and was succeeded by Air Commodore Alfred Warrington-Morris CG CMG OBE AFC RAF (Rtd), who would lead the Observer Corps through the critical period during the Second World War which saw the RAF emerge bruised but victorious following the Battle of Britain of 1940.
During the 1930s the number of groups increased until by 1936, England had a full coverage of observation posts south-east of a line between Flamborough Head in Yorkshire and Poole Harbour in Dorset. (In 1936 the Headquarters of the Observer Corps relocated from RAF Uxbridge to RAF Bentley Priory in north-west London). By 1939 a system of observation posts covered practically the whole of Great Britain, with the western parts of Wales and Scotland together with England's West Country incorporated during 1940. The final group, Portree in the Western Isles, formed in 1941.
Second World War
Preparation
At the end of September 1938 the political crisis which culminated in the Munich Agreement had led to the Observer Corps being mobilised for a period of one week. This single act proved to be invaluable as it highlighted a number of organisational and technical shortcomings, and provided the impetus for the development of solutions to resolve these. A series of exercises held throughout 1939 provided opportunities for the fine tuning of improvements made to command and control functions. Operational procedures would continue to evolve throughout the war, a process facilitated by the enthusiasm, dedication and professionalism which volunteer members, coming from every walk of life, brought with them to the Observer Corps.
At this time the only uniform items issued to Observer Corps personnel were steel helmets bearing the stenciled letters 'O C', together with blue/white (vertically striped) armbands bearing the same. Both items of equipment were similar in style to those issued to members of the civil defence emergency services, including the Auxiliary Fire Service ('AFS') and Air Raid Precautions ('ARP'). With their status having previously been that of Special Constable, it was ironic that the initial batch of helmets issued to Observer Corps members were the same as those issued to Police forces; black in colour with the word 'POLICE' stencilled in white. (This led some Observer Corps members to simply scratch off the stencilled letters P, L, I, and E, to leave letters O and C remaining). High quality Royal Navy-issue binoculars were issued to observers, whose observation posts often consisted of nothing more than a wooden garden shed located next to a telegraph pole, this arrangement enabling a telecommunications link to be established with a control centre, often via a manual switchboard at local telephone exchange.
These 'garden shed' style observation posts were eventually replaced by more substantial brick-built structures, protected by sandbags, which due to their often having been constructed by Observer Corps personnel themselves meant that no two posts were identical. Observation posts were located in open playing fields, hilltops or cliff edges and, particularly in urban areas, on the rooftops of public buildings and factories. Purpose-built observation posts introduced later were usually two-storey structures, constructed of brick or concrete with an open-topped observation platform above a small crew rest area. (These 1940s-era posts are sometimes incorrectly referred to as 'Orlit' posts; this term is correctly associated with 1950s-era, pre-cast concrete aircraft observation posts, manufactured by Orlit Ltd).
Early days of the war
On 24 August 1939 Chief Constables issued Mobilisation Notices to all members of the Observer Corps, with war being declared just ten days afterwards. From 3 September 1939, observation posts and control centres would be manned continuously until 12 May 1945, four days after VE Day.
The first months of the Second World War were known as the Phoney War, with little significant enemy aircraft activity over Great Britain. The Battle of Dunkirk commenced at the end of May 1940, with Allied troops cut off in retreat by the German Army in north-east France, resulting in the evacuation of British troops in Operation Dynamo. During this time the RAF lost a total of 944 aircraft, with half of these being fighter aircraft. Observer Corps posts in Kent and around the Thames estuary were able to play some part in plotting aircraft while they were over south east England. This was a useful period of exposure to war-time operations for Observer Corps personnel, and one which would provide invaluable experience.
Despite it being crucial that armed service personnel could correctly identify the various types of allied and German aircraft operating in the skies above and around Great Britain, in 1939 aircraft recognition was not yet the highly developed skill it was to become in the Observer Corps. Other armed services regarded accurate aircraft identification as being almost impossible; observers, however, realised that skills in this area were deficient, and the profile of aircraft recognition was raised within the ranks of the Observer Corps. Aircraft recognition training material, consisting of aircraft silhouettes and other data, was introduced almost entirely under the auspices of the unofficial Observer Corps Club. Only much later did this skill obtain official recognition, with the result that it eventually spread throughout the armed forces.
Battle of Britain
After the Fall of France, the goal of Germany was to achieve air superiority over Great Britain by destroying RAF fighters, both in the air and on the ground, and by bombing aircraft manufacturing facilities. Winning the Battle of Britain, as it became known, was Germany's prerequisite in preparation for the invasion of Britain; Operation Sea Lion.
The British Chain Home radar defence system was able to warn of enemy aircraft approaching the British coast, but once having crossed the coastline the Observer Corps provided the only means of tracking their position. During the period from July to October 1940, the Observer Corps was at full stretch operating 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, plotting enemy aircraft and passing this essential information to RAF Fighter Command Groups and Sector Controls. (ROC personnel were deployed in two specific roles: Those in Class A were required to undertake 56 hours duty per week, while Class B personnel undertook up to 24 hours duty per week). The Battle of Britain also saw the introduction of the Blitz campaign and the shift of German bombing from airfields to cities. Again, the Observer Corps provided vital information which enabled timely air-raid warnings to be issued, thereby saving countless lives. The Blitz itself continued until early in the summer of 1941 and bombing continued, albeit on a reduced scale, until March 1945. The Observer Corps formed the cornerstone of Air Marshal Hugh Dowding's air defence system, who stated in a despatch following the Battle of Britain that:
It is important to note that at this time they (the Observer Corps) constituted the whole means of tracking enemy raids once they had crossed the coastline. Their work throughout was quite invaluable. Without it the air-raid warning systems could not have been operated and inland interceptions would rarely have been made.
As a result of their role during the Battle of Britain, in April 1941 the Observer Corps was granted the title Royal by King George VI, and the Royal Observer Corps (ROC) became a uniformed civil defence organisation administered by RAF Fighter Command. Also during that same year, in a change from the policy of the Observer Corps, the ROC undertook to recruit women personnel for the first time. Initially, the only uniforms provided were RAF overalls, (boiler suits), with an ROC breast badge, commonly referred to as the "soup plate" because of its shape and size. Standard issue RAF No.2 Battledress uniforms were issued in a rolling programme over the next two years. For the remainder of the war, the ROC would provide an essential part of Great Britain's air defences.
Seaborne Observers
In 1944, during preparations for the invasion of France, (Operation Overlord), a request for volunteers from within the ranks of the ROC produced 1,094 highly qualified candidates, from which 796 were selected to perform aircraft recognition duties as Seaborne Observers.
These Seaborne Observers, under the command of Group Commandant C.G. Cooke, undertook specialist training at the Royal Bath Hotel, Bournemouth, prior to being temporarily seconded to the Royal Navy with the rank of Petty Officer (Aircraft Identifier). The Seaborne Observers continued to wear their ROC uniform, but in addition wore a "SEABORNE" shoulder flash and Royal Navy brassard bearing the letters "RN". During the D-day landings, two Seaborne Observers were allocated to all participating US Navy vessels and Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships. The Seaborne Observers assumed control of each ship's anti aircraft batteries with the intention of reducing the previously high incidence of friendly fire (collateral damage) between allied vessels and allied aircraft. The success of the Seaborne Observers in undertaking this role can be measured by a signal sent from Wing Commander P.B. Lucas, Air Staff Officer, who stated that:
The general impression amongst the Spitfire wings, covering our land and naval forces over and off the beach-head, appears to be that in the majority of cases the fire has come from British Navy warships and not from the merchant ships. Indeed I personally have yet to hear a single pilot report that a merchant vessel had opened fire on him
During Operation Overlord a total of two Seaborne Observers lost their lives, several more were injured and twenty two survived their ships being sunk. In addition, ten Seaborne Observers were mentioned in despatches. The deployment of Seaborne Observers was regarded as an unqualified success and in recognition for their contribution to the success of the landings, King George Vl approved the permanent wearing of the SEABORNE shoulder flash on the ROC uniforms of those individuals who had taken part. Following the invasion, Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory wrote a message which was circulated to all ROC personnel:
Seaborne Observers remain the only members of the ROC whose service during World War II entitles them to wear the HM Armed Forces Veterans Badge, their qualifying for such resulting from the approximately ten-week period of secondment to the Royal Navy. (The ROC itself was never a component of HM Armed Forces; ROC members being non-combatants during wartime with the exception of full-time officers who could be armed and therefore legally classed as combatants). A Seaborne Observers' Association exists with Air Vice Marshal George Black CB OBE AFC RAF (Rtd), a former Commandant ROC, acting as Honorary President.
Flying bombs
Intelligence reports detailing the threat posed by Germany's flying bombs resulted in the instigation of Operation Totter, whereby ROC posts would fire 'Snowflake' illuminating rocket flares in order to alert RAF fighters to the presence of V-1 flying bombs. Observers at the coastal post of Dymchurch identified the very first of these weapons and within seconds of their report the defences were in action.
This new weapon gave the ROC much additional work, both at posts and control centres. RAF fighter controllers temporarily moved their radio equipment into the operations rooms of ROC control centres at Horsham and Maidstone in order to direct fighters to intercept V-1 flying bombs using information displayed on ROC plotting tables. Critics who had earlier claimed that the ROC would be unable to assist the new fast-flying Gloster Meteor jet aircraft were answered when these aircraft, on their first operational combat sorties to intercept V-1s, were controlled entirely using ROC derived information. The optimism shown by the then Commandant ROC, Air Cdre Crerar, that the ROC would cope with this new technology was vindicated.
The first V1 over London is credited as spotted by Sydney Fenton of the ROC.
Organisation and modus operandi
The headquarters of each ROC Group operated from a control Centre, responsible for and controlled between 30 and 40 observation Posts, each of which would be some 10 km to 20 km from its neighbour. By 1945 there were 40 centres covering Great Britain, controlling in total more than 1,500 posts. (The ROC did not operate in Northern Ireland until 1954).
In order to monitor aircraft, observers used a simple but effective mechanical tracking device. Where the approximate height of an aircraft is known it becomes possible, by using a horizontal bearing and a vertical angle taken from a known point, to calculate the approximate position of that aircraft. Posts were equipped with a mechanical sighting Post Instrument plotter consisting of a sighting system over a map grid. After setting the instrument with the aircraft's approximate height, the observer would align a sighting bar with the aircraft. This bar was mechanically connected to a vertical pointer which would indicate the approximate position of the aircraft on the map grid. Observers would report the map coordinates, height, time, sector clock code and number of aircraft for each sighting to the aircraft Plotters located at the Centre. Positioned around a large table map, plotters would wear headsets to enable a constant communications link to be maintained with their allocated Cluster of posts, usually three in number.
The plotting table consisted of a large map with grid squares and posts being marked. Counters were placed on the map at the reported aircraft's position, each counter indicating the height and number of aircraft, and a colour-coded system was used to indicated the time of observation in 5-minute segments. The table was surrounded by plotters, responsible for communicating with their allocated cluster of posts. Over time the track of aircraft could be traced, with the system of colour-coding enabling the extrapolation of tracks and the removal of time expired (historical) data. From 1942, long-range boards were introduced into centre operations rooms, with Tellers communicating with neighbouring ROC groups in order to handover details of inbound and outbound aircraft tracks as they were plotted on this map.
Specific duties in the centre operations room included those undertaken by:
Plotters – responsible for updating the plotting table and long range board
Tellers – responsible for communicating with neighbouring ROC groups, Fighter Command Group and Sector controls, anti-aircraft batteries and searchlight units
Alarm Controllers – responsible for liaising with the Police, the National Alert System, the Ministry of Home Security and with local industrial facilities
Interrogator – responsible for liaising with ground controlled interception (GCI) radar units
Duty Controller – together with an Assistant Duty Controller and Post Controller, responsible for supervising both the centre plotters and group observation posts
A royal visit
Perhaps the most unusual ROC post location was No.17 Group (Watford) Easy-4 Windsor Post, nestling between the battlements and chimneys on the top of Windsor Castle's Brunswick Tower. Reporting for duty through the castle gates, many newly appointed ROC Group Officers were caught unawares when the castle Guardsmen in their sentry boxes snapped smartly to attention and presented arms. Observers frequently encountered King George VI, Queen Elizabeth and the Royal Princesses, (Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret), in the castle grounds, where they would often make a point of stopping to enquire as to ROC activities.
On one memorable occasion the observers on duty received a one-minute advance warning from a royal footman that they were about to receive a royal visit. A few minutes later, the King and Queen, together with the teenage Princess Elizabeth, climbed up the steep ladder and joined the observers on the darkened roof-top while a major V-1 flying bomb attack was taking place over London. The royal visitors stayed for over an hour, asking technical questions and peering through binoculars at the unfolding aerial battle. Prior to departing, the royal party autographed the post Duty Log. The following evening, the royal party again appeared and on this occasion stayed for a longer period, although there was little aerial activity due to poor weather.
In the early 1960s, when the nuclear reporting role building programme was in full swing, the ROC post at Windsor relocated to the cellar beneath the Brunswick Tower and a partial monitoring room was excavated under the garden in front of the tower's base. The BPI (Bomb Power Indicator) and FSM (Fixed Survey Meter) instrument fittings on the lawn were clearly visible to the many tourists visiting the castle, although few would have realised their significance. The GZI (Ground Zero Indicator) was mounted on top of the tower's battlements involving an exhausting climb of several hundred circular stone steps and 400 feet in each direction. The observers at the Windsor post were unique in the country in not having to provide their own food during exercises. Instead, they received hot meals, brought by royal footman, from the castle kitchens. Twelve months after the ROC post was closed, the Brunswick Tower was the starting point and seat of the 1992 Windsor Castle fire and was substantially damaged.
Ghosts in ROC uniforms
The ROC provided an additional and highly useful function to the war-time UK Government by providing a plausible cover story for a number of covert war-time operations. Up to twenty highly secret electronic warfare units and Y-stations were established across the UK, with their associated scientists, technicians and engineers being dressed in Royal Observer Corps uniforms so as to avoid arousing any suspicion while entering and leaving Royal Air Force, Army, Royal Navy and other MoD establishments.
Throughout the Second World War, ROC personnel were paid expenses and allowances in cash via their Group HQ and several Deputy Group Commandants discovered that they had up to one hundred additional observers appearing on their staff roll, with each additional observer being seen to receiving higher than normal allowances, despite these individuals having never reported for duty as members of the Royal Observer Corps.
A notable example of one such cover story involving the ROC is that which took place at RAF Little Rissington, where a series of tunnels were excavated during the 1940s. RAF Little Rissington forces personnel and local residents were informed that this activity was associated with an ROC unit, which was indeed seen to be manned by individuals wearing ROC uniforms. The ROC however had no knowledge of the existence of this supposed ROC facility until many years after the war had drawn to a close.
The true nature of the activities of these Ghost ROC personnel remains classified information, with public access to related documents being denied until 2045.
Briefly stood down
On 12 May 1945, when it was confirmed that the Luftwaffe had ceased combat operations, the ROC stood down. In recognition of the contribution made by ROC personnel in the Allied victory, the Air Ministry held a massed RAF rally and air display at RAF North Weald, in Essex, from Saturday 23 to Monday 25 June 1945. Over 2,000 ROC personnel were invited to attend, with at least two observers from each ROC facility representing their respective post or centre. As part of the event, the new ensign of the ROC (a Royal Air Force Ensign, defaced with the ROC badge in the fly in place of the RAF roundel – a design approved by King George VI), was dedicated at a special service.
On the day of the dedication of the ensign, (Sunday 24th), the approximately 2,000 observers present undertook the first ever uniformed ROC march-past to the accompaniment of the RAF Band, with the Under-Secretary of State for Air, Lord Beatty, taking the salute. The parade then formed into a huge square and the ROC Ensign was presented by Lord Beatty. The Ensign was borne from the drumhead by Observer Lieutenant Pollock, VC. During the parade, Observer Lieutenant Pollock carried the Ensign, flanked by two senior NCOs, at the head of the massed contingent of observers. A film record of these events is held in the archives at the Imperial War Museum. However, in a matter of only a few months, the ROC would again be called upon to meet the challenges posed by a new threat: the Cold War.
The Cold War
A change of role
In September 1947, over a year after VE Day, the ROC held the first of a series of small scale exercises in southern England, which included for the first time substantial numbers of jet aircraft, principally in the form of the Gloster Meteor. The following year the first large scale exercise took place over a four-day period; in the latter half of which radar was used as the sole means of monitoring and controlling participating aircraft. By the mid-1950s, the greater speeds and altitudes attained by jet aircraft combined with the improved performance of radar led to a reduced requirement on the part of the RAF for the services of the ROC in tracking aircraft. However, to compensate for a reduced role with regard to aircraft, an additional role for the ROC, in the form of defending against the effects of nuclear weapons, was announced in June 1955. The first significant exercise undertaken by the ROC involving a simulated nuclear attack took place during 1956, and by the following year the British Government had concluded that the combination of a risk of nuclear attack and a need for a nuclear deterrent would be the overriding considerations which would shape UK defence policy. With that view firmly in place, any pretence that an aircraft recognition and reporting role for the ROC would continue all but disappeared.
In 1957, the United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation (UKWMO) was established under Home Office control. It was intended that the UKWMO would provide both civil and military authorities in the UK with essential information during a nuclear attack, with the ROC providing primary data on the position and magnitude of atomic weapons detonated during any such attack. This data would be used by the UKWMO, in conjunction with weather information provided by the Meteorological Office, to produce a forecast of radioactive fallout. Fallout would be monitored as and where it occurred, with its actual location and strength mapped using data obtained from instrumentation at ROC posts. Such information when combined with ROCMet, (data concerning actual wind speed and direction obtained from cluster Master Posts equipped with wind anemometers and other basic meteorological instruments), would permit the dissemination of accurate forecasts predicting the distribution and strength of nuclear fallout.
Restructuring and reconstruction
In 1962, the forty ROC Groups were reorganised and reduced in number to thirty-one, with a further reduction to twenty-five taking place in 1968. Service age limits of 16 to 65 were introduced, with service after the age of 65 only occurring where replacements could not be recruited, subject to annual review, and where appropriate medical certificates could be provided. (Some individuals acting as wartime post observers had served well into their seventies and eighties, although wartime centre observers had been forced to retire at fifty.)
To enable the ROC to operate in a nuclear environment, changes were necessary to both centres and posts in order to provide protection against blast effects and radiation from nuclear bursts. It would also now be necessary for control centres and observation posts to be occupied for a period of between seven and twenty-one days following any nuclear event. Between 1958 and 1968 a countrywide building programme resulted in a network of 1,563 underground monitoring posts, approximately eight miles apart, distributed throughout England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, at an estimated cost of almost £5,000 each. The posts were excavated to a depth of twenty five feet, a monocoque reinforced concrete building was cast and bitumen tanked (or waterproofed), before the whole structure was covered by a compacted soil mound. Entry was facilitated by a steel ladder in a vertical shaft leading to a single room, providing accommodation for three observers to live and work, with a separate toilet compartment with chemical closet. Air was circulated from grilled ventilators at both ends of the post and electricity was provided by a crated 12 volt lead–acid battery, charged occasionally by a portable petrol electric generator. New instrumentation detected the peak overpressure from any nuclear burst, together with photographic indications of the burst location and size, plus resulting levels of radiation. Conditions in these spartan posts were cramped, cold, and in some cases damp.
ROC centres were renamed as Controls and provided with bomb proof nuclear protected buildings. A small number of these were converted from suitable pre-existing Second World War anti-aircraft operations rooms (AAORs), with the remainder specially constructed as above ground or semi-sunk blockhouse buildings. These were constructed to a standard layout, dependent upon the subsoil composition at the construction site. Controls provided living and operational accommodation for up to a hundred observers and UKWMO warning teams. Included in the centre layout were male and female dormitories, kitchen and canteen provision, life support systems and decontamination facilities, a communications centre and a split level central operations room with balcony positions.
In the vicinity of each control was a compact, brick built shack called the Radiac Store, which housed approximately 20 nuclear radiation sources in the form of milled metal discs. These discs, with strengths of 0.5 röntgen, 1 röntgen, 5 röntgens and 10 röntgens, were securely stored in lead-lined containers. Discs had to be audited monthly which entailed an ROC officer physically counting the discs into the palm of their bare hands, with the results being recorded in a log book. (This task was usually achieved with a degree of haste). Discs were used to calibrate and check the stocks of radiac instruments and for simulated live-training using such instruments. In practice, Health and Safety at Work regulations introduced in the 1970s resulted in radioactive sources being rarely if ever used, and as a result they seldom left the radiac store. Discs were finally withdrawn from service and returned to Aldermaston during the mid-1980s, with the last exercise involving such live radiation sources taking place at RAF West Raynham in 1980, during the annual ROC summer training camp.
Nuclear Reporting Cells
During 1958, RAF Fighter Command expressed a desire to obtain data similar to that provided by the ROC in the event of a nuclear attack, specifically that concerning the location of nuclear bursts and the resulting nuclear fallout. The Air Defence Commander at the Air Defence Operations Centre, (ADOC), RAF Bentley Priory, in order to ensure continued operations by RAF mobile and static units, wished to use such data in determining which UK airfields, (both civil and military), had been subject to blast damage and/or exposed to any subsequent nuclear fallout.
Due to issues surrounding RAF personnel shortages and training restrictions, HQ Fighter Command formally requested that HQROC assist in providing suitably qualified ROC personnel to staff the Fallout Reporting Sections at both the ADOC and at Fighter Command's Sector Operations Centres, (SOCs). Apart from wartime ROC/RAF Liaison Officers, this was to be the first occasion whereby ROC personnel would undertake their duties within a wholly military operational environment. In case of the ADOC at RAF Bentley Priory, sixteen ROC personnel were required to staff the Fallout Reporting Section, with the operation itself consisting of marking the position of nuclear bursts, and plotting both the reported and predicted path of fallout onto a large, vertical, transparent (perspex) map display. (Two Observers working at the rear of the display would plot and update data by writing in 'reverse', thereby enabling an unobstructed view of the front of display). Actual reports of fallout were drawn onto initial templates which, when combined with meteorological forecasts, were used to extrapolate the predicted path and intensity of the fallout. This system enabled initial and subsequent predictions of fallout to be drawn, together with identifying those areas actually being affected.
During October 1958, "Exercise Nightbird", a joint air defence and nuclear fallout exercise, saw ROC personnel undertaking operational duties at the ADOC for the first time. Subsequently, operational RAF Command and Group HQs in the UK received nuclear fallout information over 2 broadcast circuits from the ADOC, with Fallout Reporting Section map displays at each site being updated by local ROC Special Duties Teams. This system of Fallout Reporting Sections was enhanced further when nuclear burst and fallout data was distributed by ROC Group HQs directly to what became formally designated as ROC Nuclear Reporting Cells (NRC). Nuclear Reporting Cells would go on to be located within several major armed forces HQ throughout the UK, with ROC personnel being responsible for providing the Army, Royal Navy and RAF with comprehensive visual displays and interpretation of data provided by ROC controls.
As a result of such developments taking place throughout the 1970s, a third category of Observer was introduced in addition to Post Observer and Control Observer; that of NRC Observer. The role of NRC Observer combined basic ROC training with specialist scientific skills and training normally reserved for UKWMO warning teams. Similarly, a higher level of security clearance was required by those ROC personnel acting as NRC Observers.
Several Cold War-era Government facilities which were also home to NRCs are maintained as museums and are open to the public, including those at Kelvedon Hatch, Hack Green, Dover Castle and Anstruther.
Instrumentation
For the detection of nuclear bursts
Atomic Weapons Detection Recognition and Estimation of Yield known as AWDREY was a desk mounted automatic instrument, located at certain selected controls, which detected nuclear explosions and indicated the estimated size of the blast in megatons.
The Bomb Power Indicator or BPI consisted of a peak overpressure gauge with a dial which would register the pressure wave from a nuclear explosion passing over the instrument.
The Ground Zero Indicator, or GZI or shadowgraph, consisted of four horizontally mounted cardinal compass point pinhole cameras within a metal drum. Each 'camera' contained a sheet of photosensitive paper on which were printed horizontal and vertical calibration lines and, in effect, photographed the fireball of a nuclear explosion.
For the measurement of Ionizing radiation
The Radiac Survey Meter No 2 or RSM, introduced in 1955, counted particles produced by radioactive decay.
The Fixed Survey Meter or FSM, introduced in 1958, could be operated from within the post with a cable leading to the externally mounted detector which was protected by a polycarbonate dome. The FSM used the same obsolete high voltage (30 V) batteries as the RSM. In 1985 this instrument was replaced by the PDRM 82(F).
The PDRM82 or Portable Dose Rate Meter and the desktop fixed PDRM 82(F) version of the same meter, manufactured by Plessey, were introduced in 1985.
Measurement of personal absorption
The Dosimeter pocket meters were issued to individual observers for measuring their personal levels of radiation absorption.
Communications and technological developments
Initially, communications between posts and controls were made using former Army-issue head-and-breast communication sets via above-ground telephone lines, these being manually switched by telephone engineers prior to use. Army head-and-breast sets were replaced in 1964 by metal housed "Teletalk" units which only permitted one-way communications when the push-to-talk switch was depressed. The Teletalk units also used manually switched telephone lines, but with integral transistorisation to boost transmission and reception power. In 1981 a new design of Teletalk (AD8010) was introduced by British Telecom together with underground, permanently wired, landline connections that were hardened against the effects of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) from nuclear bursts.
Posts were organised in "clusters" of three, four or five posts, with a single post in each cluster designated as the "Master Post". To guard against the possibility of a cluster being disconnected from the parent control, master posts were provided with radio equipment capable of communicating with the parent control and up to three adjacent controls using separate radio frequencies.
Inter-group control-to-control exchange of burst and radiation data was initially via "teller" voice message using telephone lines between adjacent groups. In 1971 this method was replaced by punched tape data exchanges by telegraph teleprinters located in the communications centre. Between 1981 and 1985 the teleprinters were replaced with modern computerised AD9000 message switch equipment, operating over a permanent and EMP hardened landline network, permitting direct communications between groups nationally. In the late 1980s the manually operated PMBX switchboards were replaced with computerised direct dial SX2000 equipment.
During the years immediately prior to the stand down of the ROC, trials were undertaken with the intention of providing monitoring posts with remotely operated above ground petrol generators to provide a constant electricity supply (a portable generator capable of producing both 12 V and 240 V(Yamaha EF1000) was supplied in small quantities to a number of groups), "black" heaters to provide a warmer environment and new sealed, recycling ventilators to allow air changes without requiring the post to be exposed to a contaminated air source.
Rank structure
Commandants Royal Observer Corps
The Commandant of the Royal Observer Corps was a Royal Air Force officer with the rank of Air Commodore. With only three exceptions, (two Navigators and one General Duties (Ground) Supply Branch officer), all Commandants ROC were RAF pilots with extensive service records and previous command appointments. Had an ROC officer been appointed to the post of Commandant ROC they would have held the rank of Observer Commodore, although no such appointment was ever made.
Rank insignia
Uniform and other insignia
The ROC crest and cap badge depict a 16th-century soldier holding aloft a flaming torch while shielding his eyes with his free hand, as though looking towards a distant place or object. This central figure is encircled by a wreath of gilt laurel and surmounted by the Royal Crown, the motto being Forewarned is Forearmed. Uniform tunic buttons, lapel badges and the reverse of the ROC Medal also depict the soldier in the same pose while standing beside a coastal signal fire or warning beacon, with a chain of lit beacons extending along the coastline into the far distance. (In this representation it was easy to imagine the figure looking out towards the next beacon in the chain). The symbol of the coast watcher has its origins in the Elizabethan era, where such individuals were organised and paid for by the County Sheriff to tend and light beacons to warn of approaching enemies, such as the Spanish Armada of that period.
Unlike an Armed Services unit, (having a Regimental Colour), the ROC has, in place of such, a Royal Banner. Presented by HM the Queen, both in 1966 and 1991, these were laid up in 1991, (St Clement Danes), and 1995, (RAF Cranwell), respectively. Unusually, the Imperial State Crown and St Edward's Crown appear together. (The ROC Ensign, first authorised in 1945, differs from the ROC Royal Banner in that from 1952, following the accession of HM Queen Elizabeth II, the ROC badge was thenceforth ensigned with the St Edward's Crown). During October 2015, the Royal Banner at RAF Cranwell was temporarily 'Lodged-Out' to RAF Northolt, prior to being laid up at St Clement Danes Church, where it replaced the 1966 Banner.
When the ROC was first issued with RAF style uniforms in 1941, the RAF was able to provide the majority of the uniform items but held insufficient stocks of RAF blue berets. However, at that time the Army held a surplus of black Royal Tank Regiment berets, therefore the ROC was initially issued with black berets, which remained part of the ROC uniform only until a manufacturer was able to produce the prescribed midnight blue berets, which then remained part of the ROC uniform throughout its history. There was a similar shortage of both Sergeant and Corporal stripes. However, there existed a large surplus of rank badges destined for the quasi-military Royal Canadian (Volunteer) Storekeeper Corps who served in UK dockside warehouses during the Second World War. These badges, displaying horizontal bars within a wreath of laurel leaves, were adopted for the ROC, with Chief Storekeeper becoming Chief Observer and Leading Storekeeper becoming Leading Observer. The four bar rank of Master Storekeeper was discounted initially, but was again under consideration in 1990 as an RAF Warrant Officer equivalent rank styled Master Observer; intended to act as dedicated assistants to Crew, Group and NRC officers. However, the decision on whether to introduce the rank of Master Observer was overtaken by the standing down announcement. (The surplus rank badges destined for the Royal Canadian (Volunteer) Storekeeper Corps were also used by the United States' Civilian Technical Corps, who were based in the UK during the Second World War).
Many observers joined the ROC after service in other armed forces. Aircrew brevets from the RAF, Army Air Corps and Royal Naval Air Service were permitted to be worn on ROC uniforms, along with any medal ribbons from British or British Empire (later Commonwealth) countries. Other permitted badges were specialist trade badges such as parachute brevets, marksman badges, radio operator badges, etc. The 796 volunteer observers who served on board Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships and US Navy vessels during the D-Day landings were permitted to wear the Seaborne shoulder flash for the remainder of their service with the ROC, including where promoted to officer ranks. A handful of Seaborne Observers remained in active service with the ROC when the majority of the spare-time volunteer members were stood down in 1991. (Several Seaborne Observers purportedly lied about their age in 1941 in order to qualify for special service duty).
From 1977 the uncomfortable wartime-issue "hairy mary" RAF No.2 Battledress uniforms were replaced in a rolling programme with comfortable, modern zip-fronted 1972 pattern No.2 RAF uniforms, immediately christened as 'mothercare suits' due to the shapeless style of these loose fitting jackets. RAF-issue blue shirts with collars attached, black ties, practical woollen jerseys known as 'wooly and additionally, for post observers only, new style green overalls and blue nylon foul weather jackets and overtrousers were issued. Standard RAF footwear was issued to all ranks below that of officer and to all spare-time officers. (Full-time officers purchased footwear at their own expense). ROC stable belts incorporating the colours of the ROC Medal ribbon were authorised by the Commandant ROC and introduced in 1985 for male observers. These were introduced as an optional, non-issue item and were purchased at the individual's expense. Another optional self-purchase item were the RAF forage cap, also called the side hat, "chip bag" or "cheese cutter". In 1983, female members were granted permission to purchase and wear the WRAF hat in place of the beret.
ROC proficiency badges
All ROC ranks below that of Observer Officer were entitled to wear a Spitfire proficiency badge to mark success in the annual ROC Master Test examination. The first version of this test was introduced during the Second World War as a measure of competency in the field of aircraft recognition, with candidates required to correctly identify a set of aircraft silhouette cards in order to be judged proficient. (Results and names of those observers who had met the required standard were published at the rear of the ROC magazine). The insignia awarded to those who had been successful was a printed badge depicting a white Spitfire on blue/grey material. The test cards were later replaced by photographic slides projected onto a screen using a "Flash Trainer" projector. Between 1956 and 1966 the test became a mix of aircraft recognition and written answers to questions relating to the nuclear detection role. Latterly, the master test was a 100 question multiple-choice test, and separate specialist papers were provided for post and NRC observers.
The five levels of test result ranged from Failure to Basic Pass to Intermediate Pass, a First Class Pass and finally Master Pass. A score of 90% or above was required for the award of a Master Pass. On the first occasion a Master Pass was achieved, a Blue Spitfire badge would be awarded, with each subsequent pass rated as a Blue Star badge until the fifth pass when a Red Spitfire badge replaced the combined Blue Spitfire and 3 Blue Stars. After the award of the Red Spitfire, each subsequent five master passes were awarded with a Red Star badge until the twenty fifth pass, when the combined Red Spitfire and 3 Red Stars were replaced with a Gold Spitfire. (The Gold Spitfire badge was first introduced in 1988, although it could be awarded retrospectively).
The age limits of ROC service meant that in order to achieve the coveted Gold Spitfire and 3 Gold Stars a master level pass was required during almost every year of an observer's service, assuming having joined at the minimum age. As a result, very few Gold Spitfire badges were awarded, and yet fewer Gold Stars.
Latterly in 1987 it was announced that a First Class pass in the master test would be recognised by the award of a stand-alone blue star, for those observers who had not previously achieved a master pass and the award of a Spitfire badge.
Proficiency badge progression table
Royal Observer Corps Medal
Prior to the Second World War, observers were employed by county police forces and qualified for the Special Constabulary Long Service Medal after nine years continuous service. However, following RAF Fighter Command assuming control of the ROC in 1939, this medal ceased to be awarded to members of the ROC.
In 1950, King George VI granted permission for the issue of a Royal Observer Corps Medal for twelve years continuous service. Each subsequent period of twelve years was recognised by the award of a clasp depicting a winged crown attached to the medal ribbon. Peace time service by full-time officers was calculated at a rate of 50% for qualifying years, thereby requiring up to twenty four years service to qualify for a medal or subsequent clasp. However, any war or part-time service previously undertaken by such individuals counted in full.
The medal ceased to be awarded when the ROC was stood down in December 1995.
The medal ribbon is a mix of pale blue, dark blue and silver vertical stripes, representing the pale blue of the daytime sky with a searchlight's beam in a night sky at the centre. A pattern which, together with additional outer stripes of dark blue, is repeated in the ROC stable belt.
Second World War Medals
ROC personnel who served for 1,080 days during the war qualified for the Defence Medal. The 796 members of the ROC temporarily enrolled in the Royal Navy for services afloat during the June 1944 Normandy landings qualified for the appropriate campaign medals. Most served for one or two months and were entitled to the France and Germany Star and the War Medal. Two members of the Corps were killed, one wounded and ten mentioned in despatches, and were additionally entitled to the 1939-1945 Star. A total of 235 of these D Day veterans went on to receive the ROC Medal.
Uniform and insignia gallery
Annual training
Exercises
Several major war simulation exercises were held each year 2 x WARMON (Warning and Monitoring) one day UK exercises and the two-day INTEX (International exercise) along with other NATO countries.
Four times a year minor and limited exercises called POSTEX were held on a stop – start basis across three evenings of a week, Monday to Wednesday. Realistic simulation material was provided for realtime simulations of a nuclear attack.
Approximately every four or five years each group was subjected to a "no notice" and in depth "OPEVAL" assessment similar to an RAF "TACEVAL" or Tactical Evaluation, where a mixed team of UKWMO and ROC full-time staff would appear and evaluate all aspects of the group's planning and operations under realistic wartime conditions over a period of 48 hours.
Annual summer training camps
After the concept was first introduced in 1948 by the then Commandant ROC, (Air Cdre Percy Bernard, 5th Earl of Bandon), annual summer training camps were held to enable spare-time volunteers, while spending a week in uniform at an RAF station, to attend a series of lectures, training courses and social events. A series of six to eight training camps would be held annually, with approximately 500 to 600 spare-time observers attending each week. Ranks below those of officer would be accommodated in vacant barracks block accommodation, while officers would be accommodated in the station Officers' Mess. Vacant offices and aircraft hangars would be converted into temporary training facilities.
A core-team of instructors, provided with pre-formatted lesson plans, would be drawn from those spare-time officers present, who in turn would be supervised by a team of up to nine full-time officers. Full-time officers would be present for the duration of the summer programme of training camps, one of which being appointed as Camp Entertainments Officer; organising events including social dances, visits to local places of interest and an end of camp grand raffle. On the last full day of each camp, a Cabinet Minister or senior RAF officer of the rank of Air Vice-Marshal or above would visit to inspect a Guard of Honour, tour the training facilities and address the assembled personnel.
A typical camp's day-to-day programme would consist of:
Sunday – Afternoon arrival of junior officers and volunteer NCO instructors.
Monday – Instructors spend day familiarising and rehearsing. Students arrive during afternoon. Formal evening opening assembly, (in uniform), followed by 'Meet and Greet' in the NAAFI club.
Tuesday – Morning parade. Lessons from 0900 to 1730, with one hour break for lunch. Evening free, with optional coach trips to local places of interest and entertainment venues.
Wednesday – Morning parade. Lessons from 0900 to 1200. Afternoon and evening free, with optional coach trips to local places of interest and entertainment venues.
Thursday – Morning parade. Lessons from 0900 to 1730, with one hour break for lunch. Evening free, with optional coach trips to local places of interest and entertainment venues.
Friday – Morning parade followed by VIP visit; Guard of Honour, tour of training area and VIP address. Afternoon lessons followed by closing assembly and grand raffle. Evening farewell social dance in NAAFI Club.
Saturday – Morning dispersal.
Initially it was not difficult for RAF stations operating on a 'care and maintenance' basis or between squadron deployments to accommodate a seasonal influx of ROC personnel. During their first few years of operation, ROC annual summer training camps had even taken place entirely under canvas. In later years, reductions in RAF manpower resulted in there being vacant accommodation and training facilities at most RAF stations in the UK, including those home to front-line operational units such as RAF Scampton and RAF Waddington. The final camp venue at RAF Watton had actually closed in 1990 and was supported by a skeleton staff of caterers, stewards and RAF Regiment security patrols, all of which were drafted in from nearby RAF stations.
There were no camps held during 1966 and 1991, when up to 3,000 observers gathered instead for Royal Reviews and garden parties at RAF Bentley Priory. In 1986, and for the only time in the history of ROC annual summer training camps, the RAF was unable to provide an RAF station capable of providing the facilities and accommodation required. The ROC then took the unusual step of locating the camp at the Medical Faculty within Newcastle University, with observers being accommodated in student halls of residence. A temporary bar facility was added to the senior lecturers' dining room, which itself functioned as an officer's mess.
Until 1984 the camp training programme consisted of approximately twenty lessons, each concerned with distinct and unrelated subjects. From 1985 onwards, the training syllabus was reorganised as a series of five or six concentrated mini-courses concerned with specific subjects which observers would study throughout the entire week, thus permitting individual subjects to be taught in greater detail. Subjects included Techniques of Instruction (TOI), First Aid, Triangulation, Transition to War (TTW) and Communications Management. UKWMO Assistant Sector Controllers provided a 'Warning Officers' course for control observers, detailing the UKWMO Warning Team's role and responsibilities in the event of war.
Training camp venues
Joint training events
On at least one occasion during the mid-1980s, ROC personnel were briefly called upon to resume their historic role in visually identifying aircraft for the purpose of air defence. The Royal Artillery, conducting exercises at the Otterburn Training Area involving the deployment of the Rapier surface-to-air missile, invited personnel from the ROC to assist Rapier crews with aircraft identification. The exercises involved both rotary and fixed-wing aircraft conducting simulated attacks on high-value ground targets, the defence of which was tasked to the Rapier crews. The high energy manoeuvres conducted by fixed-wing aircraft at low level meant that the task of identifying such targets as Hostile or Friendly proved to be extremely challenging.
Early versions of the Rapier missile system relied heavily upon the optical acquisition of targets and also suffered problems with the Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) system. The avoidance of friendly fire incidents required an advanced level of aircraft recognition skills on the part of Rapier crews; a skill which those ROC personnel selected to attend deftly demonstrated and in turn passed on to those Rapier crews to which they were assigned.
Similar voluntary organisations overseas
Organisations similar to the ROC were formed elsewhere during the Second World War, including the Ground Observer Corps, (USA), the Aircraft Identity Corps, (Canada), and the Volunteer Air Observers Corps, (Australia). However, unlike the Royal Observer Corps, most of these organisations had been disbanded by the end of the 1950s.
Following the Second World War, the Danish Home Guard also sought to develop an organisation with a similar role to that of the ROC. Links were formed by the ROC with the Luftmeldekorpset (LMK), the Danish Air Reporting Corps, who also performed a similar nuclear warning role in Denmark whilst retaining the aircraft recognition role due to the proximity of Warsaw Pact countries. Aircraft recognition competitions between the LMK and ROC took place annually until 1991, despite the ROC no longer having an operational role of aircraft recognition. Honours remained roughly even over the history of the competitions, with the four-man ROC team taking the trophy in the final contest. Liaison visits to the LMKHQ proved popular, particularly as it was located in the basement of the main Carlsberg brewery in Copenhagen, with the LMK mess having free lager piped direct from the factory above. (The LMK was disbanded in 2004).
Stand down and legacy
Following the 1990 defence spending review Options for Change, the main field force of the ROC's monitoring post and group control personnel were stood down on 30 September 1991. The previous day, the original 1966 ROC Royal Banner was laid up at St Clement Danes Church, London, with attending ROC personnel conducting a slow-march, (Skywatch being the ROC regimental quick-march), while carrying the banner to its final resting place, where it remains on display. (A replacement banner had been presented previously by Queen Elizabeth II at a Royal Review of the ROC in July 1991). The ROC, along with the UKWMO, was officially disestablished following what was described by The Queen at the 1991 Royal Review as "the end of the Cold War". This move was linked to a Government press release which referred to "possible future developments and improvements in automated nuclear explosion and fallout detection from remote sensors".
Of the remaining 170 full-time ROC uniformed and civilian staff, many were transferred to other appointments within the Ministry of Defence and other UK Government departments, some opted to take early retirement, however the majority were made redundant. The Senior Administration Officer (S Ad O) and Personnel Services Officer (P Serv O) at HQROC undertook an extensive campaign of arranging relocation or retirement courses for staff from all over the UK. The S Ad O and an Observer Lieutenant remained in post to administer the reduced ROC contingent under a revised RAF structure. A massive exercise in recalling instruments, equipment, furniture and stores from all monitoring posts and controls took place over a period of nine months, controlled by the HQROC Supply Officer. Arrangements were made with the Ministry of Defence and RAF Historical Branch to archive ROC files, documents and historical memorabilia at various locations across the country.
Only the Nuclear Reporting Cell (NRC) elements of the ROC remained in service which, working alongside major armed forces headquarters, themselves entered a new and highly uncertain phase. Reduced to fewer than 260 members, the 16 retained NRCs now found themselves tasked with the daunting challenge of providing a comprehensive Nuclear, Biological and Chemical (NBC) warfare analysis and warning service for the Military Home Commands, on a reserve-manned basis as NBCCs but operating without the countrywide flow of data from posts and controls.
The removal of Home Office involvement in the ROC from 1991 onwards resulted in those "Remnant Elements" becoming effectively a single reserve Directly Administered Unit within RAF Strike Command (RAFSTC). For the final four years of its existence the role of Commandant ROC became a secondary appointment held by the Senior Air Staff Officer (SASO) of No. 11 Group RAF. All remaining members of the ROC were required to remove their original ROC Group designations from their RAF uniforms, and accept moves towards changes in conditions of service during any Transition-To-War (TTW) which would make them effectively members of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force (RAuxAF), with protected rights. As a direct result, closer links were forged between the ROC and war-appointable flights of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (RAFVR).
Despite having successfully built upon the extensive NBC reporting trials, undertaken with the RAF Regiment, and meeting full NATO standards and evaluations (STANAGs and OPEVALs), the conclusion reached by the UK MoD was that retention of the ROC in its NBC Cell role was "desirable, but not essential in the existing format". As a consequence, the remaining part-time members of the ROC were stood down on 31 December 1995, following the laying-up ceremony conducted for the 1991 ROC Royal Banner in the Rotunda at RAF College Cranwell on 8 December 1995, where it remains on display alongside other stood-down Air Force units and squadrons which remain subject to possible future reactivation. Headquarters ROC at RAF Bentley Priory finally closed on 31 March 1996, after all administrative winding up tasks were completed. Assisted by the Senior ROC Officer (SROCO), Observer Commander N A Greig, MBE, the honour of being the last Commandant of the ROC fell to Air Commodore Martin K Widdowson RAF, who held the position jointly with his appointment as Senior Air Staff Officer (SASO) of the newly combined No. 11/18 Group RAF.
After the Corps
Several monitoring posts across the UK have since been bought or leased, re-equipped and opened to the public as museums. Some posts situated in scenic rural locations have proved popular with those seeking permanent locations for holiday caravans, i.e. the mostly intact Penrith monitoring post in the Carlisle group was sold at auction in April 2008 for £182,000 ($360,000 US).
The majority of control buildings have been sold into private ownership and demolished or converted to other uses, such as 17 Group Wrexham that is now a recording studio, 16 Group Shrewsbury is a veterinary hospital and 1 Group Maidstone is a solicitor's storage archive. Several others still remain, albeit for the most part abandoned and derelict. There are two notable exceptions. 20 Group York's semi-sunken control building that has been adopted by English Heritage as a museum of the ROC and its cold war activities, and is open to the public from Wednesday – Sundays from Easter until November, and Saturdays and Sundays from November onwards. 28 Group Dundee’s control bunker is managed by 28 Group Observed (SCIO) and has been restored to its 1991 condition. Private tours can be arranged via the charity's website and facebook page. The York museum closed for several months during 2008, when an unknown mould was discovered in the data centre, but reopened in October after investigations showed the mould to be harmless. It was forced to close again in August 2015 for one month due to serious flooding after a prolonged period of heavy rain..
RAF Bentley Priory, home of HQROC for the entire history of the Royal Observer Corps, closed in May 2008 and will be developed as a private hotel or luxury apartments, with the historic officers' mess rooms and a selection of ROC items retained as a public museum. With effect from July 2011, the ROC Museum, Winchester, assumed responsibility from the MoD for the maintenance, storage and dissemination of information relating to ROC Service Records of those individuals who served with the Corps.
ROC Association
In 1986 the Royal Observer Corps Association (ROCA) was established with membership open to members of the ROC to provide close and continuing links between former ROC members. The association is organised on a regional basis with representation in each of the twenty five groups. Each group produces and distributes a magazine several times a year to keep the membership informed of developments and both local or national news.
The stated aims of the association are:
The association has actively continued since the ROC disbanded and still provides an additional contact point for ex-observers and their dependants. The ROCA also organises the annual reunion weekend each October at a suitable holiday resort hotel and provides an ROC contingent to the annual Remembrance Sunday event at the Cenotaph in London.
Many control and post crews have formed sub-groups of the ROCA and have continued to meet on a weekly or monthly basis throughout the years since the initial stand down in 1991. Meeting at local Royal Air Forces Association Clubs or hotels, they invite visiting speakers, or arrange visits to local places of interest. Local ROCA members turn out for Remembrance Sunday and parades all over the country, with former members being permitted to wear the ROC beret and cap badge, together with any medals.
During early 2008, ROCA 17 Group (North Wales) and 4 Group (Colchester) seceded from the national organisation. Both groups rejoined the association in 2012.
Commemorating 'The Corps'
On 12 September 2008, a replica of a No. 41 Squadron Spitfire MkIIA, wearing the "Observer Corps" badge and title, was installed as gate guardian at RAF High Wycombe. The original aircraft on which the replica is based; EB-Z ser. no P7666, was the personal aircraft of Sqn/Ldr Donald Finlay, Commanding Officer of No. 41 Squadron at RAF Hornchurch. This aircraft being one of two which Observer Corps personnel raised sufficient funds in order to purchase for the RAF at the start of World War II. (In 2010 a BAe Harrier GR9A was adorned with the tail code EB-Z and title "Observer Corps" in order to mark the 70th anniversary of the Battle of Britain. Harrier ZG857 displayed these additional markings during the months which preceded the type's retirement from RAF service in March 2011).
The ROC has twice been commemorated by the naming of railway locomotives. Constructed in 1946, the Battle of Britain class steam locomotive no.34050 was named "Royal Observer Corps" in February 1948, and was presented with an ROC Long Service Medal ribbon at Waterloo station on 2 July 1961 by Air Commodore C M Wight-Boycott. Withdrawn from service and scrapped in 1965, the locomotive's nameplate survived and now forms part of the collection at the RAF Museum. Constructed in 1966, the British Rail Class 73 electro-diesel locomotive no.73137 was from 1985 until 1999 named "Royal Observer Corps". Marking the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Corps, Air Chief Marshal Sir David Craig undertook the naming ceremony at Waterloo Station on 30 October 1985.
Several Group Control surface buildings which were demolished to make way for private housing developments have been commemorated by the naming of streets, including Observer Court, Prestwick, Observer Close, Truro, and Observer Close, Bedford. The area of housing development at Kennet Heath, Thatcham, on the former site of RAF Thatcham, (until 1999 a distribution facility owned by the Defence Communication Services Agency), includes Observer Drive among the military-themed street names of the David Wilson Homes development. Royal Observer Way forms the access road to the Tesco superstore in Seaton, Devon.
The Royal Banner, (displayed at St Clement Danes Church), the stained glass window at Bentley Priory, those former posts, group controls, MoD bunkers and other sites operating as museums, and those individuals who attend memorial parades as members of the ROC Association, continue to provide a link to the ROC and its distinguished past roles in contributing to the defence of the United Kingdom. The ROC and those who have served throughout its history are commemorated at the National Memorial Arboretum, where members of the ROC Association regularly undertake practical grounds maintenance of the ROC grove.
Main sources
Wood, Derek (1975 and revised 1992). Attack Warning Red (Rev. ed.). Portsmouth; Carmichael and Sweet Ltd. . The History of the ROC
Buckton, Henry (1993). Forewarned in Forearmed, an Official Tribute and History of the Royal Observer Corps. Ashford; Buchan and Enright. .
See also
ROC articles
Commandant Royal Observer Corps
List of ROC Group Headquarters and UKWMO Sector controls
List of Royal Observer Corps / United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation Posts
Operational instruments of the Royal Observer Corps
RAF Bentley Priory
Royal Observer Corps Medal
Royal Observer Corps Monitoring Post
Skywatch march
United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation
Duties and methods
Aircraft recognition
Bomb Power Indicator
Fixed Survey Meter
Four-minute warning
Ground Zero Indicator
Similar organisations
Aircraft Detection Corps Newfoundland
Aircraft Identity Corps (Canada)
Civil Air Patrol (USA)
Ground Observer Corps (USA)
Luftmeldekorpset
Volunteer Air Observers Corps (Australia)
References
External links
History
ROC Association A History
D-Day – the ROC's part Combined Ops – Seaborne volunteers
ROC History 1925–1992
The Royal Observer Corps Remembered, Mark Russell
ROC in Scotland A project documenting its history
TRHS versus ROC & UKWMO monitoring posts Information about ROC after World War II in Czech language (ROC v poválečném vývoji, Česky)
TheTimeChamber A History & Photos
York bunker English Heritage
Technical
Royal Observer Corps – No. 6 Group Museum, Norfolk Aviation Heritage Collection
Battle of Britain Control Systems Part of the RAF BoB website.
Subterranea Britannica Nuclear role and database of posts
UK Warning and Monitoring Organisation includes underground post description
Identification by radio and radar in the Second World War
pdfs of ROC documents
Other
Forewarned is Forearmed (date unknown) – Royal Observer Corps MOD film AF9441 on YouTube
Category:Ground-based air defence observation corps
Category:1925 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:Military units and formations established in 1941
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1995
Category:Royal Observer Corps
Category:Cold War military history of the United Kingdom
Category:Military units and formations of the Royal Air Force in World War II
Category:Military units and formations of the Cold War
Category:Operation Overlord
Category:1995 disestablishments in the United Kingdom |
Stig Olav Larsen
Stig Olav Larsen (born 26 September 1973) is a retired Norwegian football player.
Playing for Fana IL, he was loaned to Hartlepool United in December 1997, playing four league games and one Football League Trophy game, all as a substitute.
References
Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:Norwegian footballers
Category:Fana IL players
Category:Hartlepool United F.C. players
Category:Expatriate footballers in England
Category:Sportspeople from Bergen
Category:Norwegian expatriate footballers
Category:Association football forwards |
Story of Bhishma’s Death
~~OM~~
Bhishma got the boon of “ichcha mrityu” which means you can choose the time of your death. So when Bhishma was shot by arrows from Arjuna, the sun had just moved over the equator into the southern hemisphere. Bhishma was laying there on a be of arrows, shot so many times by Arjuna, he could lay down flat.
He said, “Well, I am not going to leave my body when the sun is in the southern hemisphere. I am going to wait until the sun goes into the northern hemisphere. So everybody gather around. Stop the war. All the disciples, all the grandchildren on both sides of the dispute, the whole family gather around me and I am going to tell you about the code of Manu and I am going to tell you about Indian philosophy and I am going to tell you about so many of the traditions and customs and heritage and I am going to tell you what you want to remember everytime of your death.”
And there were so many stotrams and stavs and many, many jewels that came from those discourses and they have been collected into many volumes. Much of it was included in the Mahabharat, some of it came in later traditions. Bhishma became the mouth through which all of the vedic knowledge was expounded and preserved. Whoever wanted to preserve a tradition or point of history said “Bhishma said” and it became a tradition just like Vyas. |
'use strict';
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", {
value: true
});
exports.default = void 0;
var _ManOutlined = _interopRequireDefault(require('./lib/icons/ManOutlined'));
function _interopRequireDefault(obj) { return obj && obj.__esModule ? obj : { 'default': obj }; }
var _default = _ManOutlined;
exports.default = _default;
module.exports = _default; |
Run Commands, the 'rc' in '.bashrc' - rspivak
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_commands
======
IMMUNISE
The history of /usr and /home are pretty amusing too:
'When the operating system grew too big to fit on the first RK05 disk pack
(their root filesystem) they let it leak into the second one, which is where
all the user home directories lived (which is why the mount was called /usr).
They replicated all the OS directories under there (/bin, /sbin, /lib,
/tmp...) and wrote files to those new directories because their original disk
was out of space. When they got a third disk, they mounted it on /home and
relocated all the user directories to there so the OS could consume all the
space on both disks and grow to THREE WHOLE MEGABYTES (ooooh!).' \-
[http://lists.busybox.net/pipermail/busybox/2010-December/074...](http://lists.busybox.net/pipermail/busybox/2010-December/074114.html)
~~~
runn1ng
I found it funny that random decisions from 60s, 70s, 80s still have
repercussions on how we use computers today, because backwards compatibility
beats cleanliness every time.
Be right back, solving some Windows backslash and CRLF issues.
~~~
jhanschoo
Interestingly, some distros have undone/are undoing the usr split, fedora
around 2012 and Debian still ongoing, see
[https://wiki.debian.org/UsrMerge](https://wiki.debian.org/UsrMerge) and its
associated links
~~~
flukus
Why are they going from /bin to /usr/bin instead of /usr/bin to /bin ? I would
have thought they could flatten things out.
~~~
jhanschoo
A goal of Fedora was to have a "snapshottable" /usr that includes as much as
possible (all?) of the generic OS files. That is, multiple machines running
the same OS can have a shared /usr, and everything machine-specific in the
other dirs.
See
[https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Features/UsrMove#Why_don.E2.8...](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Features/UsrMove#Why_don.E2.80.99t_you_move_all_.2Fusr_contents_to_.2F_and_forget_about_.2Fusr.3F)
------
aidos
More interestingly, I only recently learned that you can add a ~/.ssh/rc to
run commands on every ssh login. Are there other common useful rc locations
people are aware of?
~~~
jeremyjh
Can anyone give an example of a command I'd want to run on every .ssh login,
but not put into my .zshrc/.bashrc on that machine?
~~~
syncsynchalt
As an example: I'd love to run `set -o vi` on every ec2-user login, but the
machines tend to be ephemeral and this command might not be wanted by other
users, so I don't add it to /etc/profile or /etc/bashrc.
~~~
jeremyjh
Why wouldn't you put that in ~/.bashrc ?
~~~
syncsynchalt
The ec2-user is shared by all users who might login; our EC2 hosts usually
only last a few minutes/hours and are only accessed during debugging or
extraordinary circumstances.
~~~
jeremyjh
The .ssh/rc file goes on the server though, so you’d still have that problem.
------
weinzierl
So _' run commands'_ is the historically correct interpretation.
For me, I've heard it explained as _' run configuration'_ many years ago and
that is the explanation that stuck because _rc_ is in essence used for config
files no matter if they run commands or not. Others have found different
expansions, which are probably equally obvious for them. The ones I stumbled
upon by a quick search [1,2,3,4]:
run commands
run control
run configuration
runtime configuration
resource control
Maybe there are more.
[1] [https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3467/what-does-
rc-i...](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/3467/what-does-rc-in-bashrc-
stand-for/3469#3469)
[2] [https://superuser.com/questions/144339/vimrc-screenrc-
bashrc...](https://superuser.com/questions/144339/vimrc-screenrc-bashrc-kshrc-
etc-what-does-the-rc-mean)
[3] [https://askubuntu.com/questions/23482/what-does-rc-in-
bashrc...](https://askubuntu.com/questions/23482/what-does-rc-in-bashrc-
nanorc-stand-for)
[4]
[http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/ch10s03.html](http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/ch10s03.html)
~~~
Sharlin
Certainly the other expansions are backronyms, invented by people wondering
what the "rc" stands for.
------
frereubu
There's a little bit of history in there too though, which I appreciated. The
fact that the title of the linked article on Wikipedia is "Run Commands" could
make the HN title seem clickbaity, but I would never have clicked on something
that just said "Run Commands", and now I know something new.
~~~
phillco
Wikipedia could also be safely considered as "not a clickbait site".
~~~
spodek
Oh yeah? This Wikipedia page is pure clickbait:
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickbait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clickbait)
~~~
cerberusss
Comes with a pretty amazing example as well: "7 Clickbait Advertisements You
Won't Believe".
------
curtis
OK, now can somebody explain to me the difference between _.bashrc_ and
_.bash_profile_?
~~~
sirn
They're part of a complicated initialization process that can only be answered
with this beautiful diagram.[1][2]
[1]: [https://blog.flowblok.id.au/static/images/shell-startup-
actu...](https://blog.flowblok.id.au/static/images/shell-startup-actual.png)
[2]: [https://blog.flowblok.id.au/2013-02/shell-startup-
scripts.ht...](https://blog.flowblok.id.au/2013-02/shell-startup-scripts.html)
~~~
al_form2000
Which gets it apparently wrong, as bash executes the *profile stuff on
interactive login shells also.
------
budhajeewa
Interestingly, in a `readme.md` that I had to write[1] yesterday, I had to
refer to this file, and I used the term "rc file".
I wondered what "rc" actually meant. It's interesting because I found the
answer today on HN. So random and unexpected .
Anyway, I wonder whether if I referred to it as the "Run Commands File", would
the people recognize what I meant.
\---
1\. [https://github.com/a2way-com/template-docker-
laravel/blob/55...](https://github.com/a2way-com/template-docker-
laravel/blob/55f95489d359c85370f61ca7d06b0570cd8ffca4/readme.md)
------
neom
Spurred me to find out that the ht in .htaccess is Hypertext
------
biztos
I spent the last 20 years thinking it was for “resource” — and now I can’t
even remember why I thought that.
~~~
thope
I thought that too, for me it's due to Windows resource files having `.rc`
extension. how mind works
[https://docs.microsoft.com/en-
us/windows/win32/menurc/about-...](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-
us/windows/win32/menurc/about-resource-files)
------
k__
Run commands is funny since many modern tools use ...RC files which usually
don't include direct commands, but declarative configuration.
------
satyanash
I always thought it was 'runtime configuration'.. as opposed to compile-time
configuration.
~~~
airstrike
I always thought of it as "remote controlled" even though it makes absolutely
zero sense
------
segfaultbuserr
Interesting. So basically, the "rc" in ".bashrc" has a meaning similar to the
"EXEC" in "AUTOEXEC.BAT".
------
loeg
Same as /etc/rc. (From which are obviously derived: /etc/rc.local, /etc/rc.d,
etc.)
FreeBSD init(8) still refers to it as "runcom":
[https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd/blob/90b1841/sbin/init/in...](https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd/blob/90b1841/sbin/init/init.c#L1041-L1054)
[https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd/blob/90b1841/sbin/init/pa...](https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd/blob/90b1841/sbin/init/pathnames.h#L42)
------
cmroanirgo
Ironically, .bashrc is not mentioned specifically at all in the Wikipedia
page, whereas .vimrc is.
> _It is used for any file that contains startup information for a command._
------
m4r35n357
Hmm, I thought it was "run control" . . . ;)
~~~
JasonFruit
I bet we all read the same Eric Raymond book/article.
~~~
rmwaite
ESR making things up authoritatively on the spot - no way.
------
benj111
I like how it was termed a fossil when it was added to Unix.
Now we seem to be flooded with them. TTY, terminal, core dump, floppy disk
save icon.
------
MisterTea
Interestingly the Plan 9 shell is called rc, written by Tom Duff (see Duff's
Device). This has at times lead to some confusion on my part when working
between unix and plan 9. Syntax is similar to bash.
------
cat199
to note the:
rc in Unix
mentioned by K&R in the article likely refers to '/etc/rc', which was a shell
script run by init in research Unix (and still BSD, but not SysV)
~~~
cat199
see also:
https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=init&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=Unix+Seventh+Edition
for 'then', and:
https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rc&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.0-RELEASE+and+Ports
https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rc&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=OpenBSD+6.5
for (some of) 'now'.
------
alanbernstein
I thought it stood for "reconnect", now I can't figure out where I got that
idea.
------
ryanmarsh
I always thought rc files stood for ResourCe... in hindsight I realize how
doumb that was.
~~~
sanlyx
Not dumb at all; in fact, Win32 resource scripts[1] end with the ".rc"
extension
[1]: [https://docs.microsoft.com/en-
us/windows/win32/menurc/about-...](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-
us/windows/win32/menurc/about-resource-files)
~~~
nwellnhof
That's probably because they're named after the RC tool which stands for
"resource compiler".
------
rezeroed
Are there any distros with no interest in backward compatibility?
------
spraak
Somehow I interpreted and pronounced it as [r]esour[c]e
------
7ewis
>run commands
In case you didn't want to click the link.
~~~
nkkollaw
Saved my life.
~~~
HALtheWise
I know that it's a figure of speech, but I'm amused by trying to imagine
circumstances where needing to click a HN link could be a life threatening
situation.
~~~
benj111
Well hypothetically each mouse button has a certain finite number of clicks in
it before it breaks.
It could be in the future you'd need to click to send some crucial evidence to
stop you getting sentenced to death. It could be that this saved click is the
difference between the mouse failing or not on that occasion.
Of course the parent clicked send on their comment undoing the OPs good work.
This is all astoundingly improbable, but people buy lottery tickets each week.
~~~
NullPrefix
>Well hypothetically each mouse button has a certain finite number of clicks
in it before it breaks.
Omron switches (most commonly used) are rated from 1M to 20M clicks.
>It could be in the future you'd need to click to send some crucial evidence
to stop you getting sentenced to death. It could be that this saved click is
the difference between the mouse failing or not on that occasion.
Double click is the most common failure mode. When clicking, the switch
hesitates back and forth resulting in two mouse click events generated. This
could turn "drag and drop" into "launch program". Will leave the rest for your
imagination.
~~~
alluro2
"And thus The Last War begun and ended, in a fiery blaze of thermonuclear
detonations, initiated by a faulty $10 mouse, whose left switch has far
surpassed its expected rating, before failing at a critical probability
junction, along with whole of humanity."
------
gingabriska
I used to think bash RC is for Remote Control.
RC files were remote control files for m. I am pretty sure, I can't be the
only one who asssumed that.
~~~
Sebb767
Would be my first association as well, from things like RC cars and RC planes.
Doesn't really make sense in this context, though (but run commands sounds a
little bit of as well; something like configuration commands would've sounded
better in my opinion).
------
coding123
Wow, the HN title was the click bait and the article was just an article.
------
mindfulplay
I wish Hacker News had a section called Daily Factoids .. this particular
article is really interesting but isn't News.
|
Market square
The market square (or sometimes, the market place) is a square meant for trading, in which a market is held. It is an important feature of many towns and cities around the world. A market square is an open area where market stalls are traditionally set out for trading, commonly on one particular day of the week known as market day.
A typical English market square consists of a square or rectangular area, or sometimes just a widening of the main street. It is usually situated in the centre of the town, surrounded by major buildings such as the parish church, town hall, important shops and hotels, and the post office, together with smaller shops and business premises. There is sometimes a permanent covered market building or a cloth hall, and the entire area is a traditional meeting place for local people as well as a centre for trade.
See also
List of city squares
List of city squares by size
Marketplace
Markt
Piazza
Plateia
Plaza
References
Category:Town squares
Category:Retail markets |
include LICENSE.txt
include README.md
include CONTRIBUTIONS.md
include setup.py
recursive-include djng *.py
recursive-include djng/static *
recursive-include djng/templates *
|
Navigation
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How Much Does a Crime Scene Technician Make Per Year? Average Crime Scene Technician Salary
A career as a crime scene technician is often competitive and requires hard work and determination. On average, a crime scene technician, also known as a crime scene investigator, earns $52,000 per year. Their income may vary mainly owing to the length of service and education that assures advancement prospects. The main duties of a crime scene technician include examining and recording finger and palm impressions taken from the scene of crime and taking photos of the crime scene. They also appear in courts whenever necessary. |
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<div class="progress progress-xs">
<div class="progress-bar progress-bar-success" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="80" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100" style="width: 80%">
<span class="sr-only">80% Complete</span>
</div>
</div><!-- End div .progress .progress-xs -->
<p class="text-center">15% Higher than Yesterday</p>
</div><!-- End div .info-box -->
</div>
<!-- End Visitor Info Box -->
<!-- Orders Info Box -->
<div class="col-sm-3 col-xs-6">
<!-- Box info -->
<div class="box-info">
<!-- Icon box -->
<div class="icon-box">
<span class="fa-stack">
<i class="fa fa-circle fa-stack-2x danger"></i>
<i class="fa fa-bell fa-stack-1x fa-inverse"></i>
</span>
</div><!-- End div .icon-box -->
<!-- Text box -->
<div class="text-box">
<h3>1,234</h3>
<p>ORDERS</p>
</div><!-- End div .text-box -->
<div class="clear"></div>
<!-- Progress bar -->
<div class="progress progress-xs">
<div class="progress-bar progress-bar-danger" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="65" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100" style="width: 65%">
<span class="sr-only">65% Complete</span>
</div>
</div><!-- End div .progress .progress-xs -->
<p class="text-center">5% Higher than Yesterday</p>
</div><!-- End div .info-box -->
</div>
<!-- End Orders Info Box -->
<!-- Downloads Info Box -->
<div class="col-sm-3 col-xs-6">
<!-- Box info -->
<div class="box-info">
<!-- Icon box -->
<div class="icon-box">
<span class="fa-stack">
<i class="fa fa-circle fa-stack-2x info"></i>
<i class="fa fa-cloud-download fa-stack-1x fa-inverse"></i>
</span>
</div><!-- End div .icon-box -->
<!-- Text box -->
<div class="text-box">
<h3>5,214</h3>
<p>DOWNLOADS</p>
</div><!-- End div .text-box -->
<div class="clear"></div>
<!-- Progress bar -->
<div class="progress progress-xs">
<div class="progress-bar progress-bar-info" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="95" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100" style="width: 95%">
<span class="sr-only">95% Complete</span>
</div>
</div><!-- End div .progress .progress-xs -->
<p class="text-center">12% Higher than Yesterday</p>
</div><!-- End div .info-box -->
</div>
<!-- End Downloads Info Box -->
<!-- Shipping Info Box -->
<div class="col-sm-3 col-xs-6">
<!-- Box info -->
<div class="box-info">
<!-- Icon box -->
<div class="icon-box">
<span class="fa-stack">
<i class="fa fa-circle fa-stack-2x warning"></i>
<i class="fa fa-truck fa-stack-1x fa-inverse"></i>
</span>
</div><!-- End div .icon-box -->
<!-- Text box -->
<div class="text-box">
<h3>572</h3>
<p>SHIPPING</p>
</div><!-- End div .text-box -->
<div class="clear"></div>
<!-- Progress bar -->
<div class="progress progress-xs">
<div class="progress-bar progress-bar-warning" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="55" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100" style="width: 55%">
<span class="sr-only">55% Complete</span>
</div>
</div><!-- End div .progress .progress-xs -->
<p class="text-center">3% Higher than Yesterday</p>
</div><!-- End div .info-box -->
</div>
<!-- End Shipping Info Box -->
</div>
<!-- End of info box -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-8">
<!-- Website statistic -->
<div class="box-info">
<h2><strong>Website</strong> Statistic</h2>
<!-- Additional buttons -->
<div class="additional-btn">
<a class="additional-icon" href="#fakelink"><i class="fa fa-refresh fa-spin"></i></a>
<a class="additional-icon" id="dropdownMenu1" data-toggle="dropdown">
<i class="fa fa-cog"></i>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu pull-right animated half fadeInDown" role="menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenu1">
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Action</a></li>
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Another action</a></li>
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Something else here</a></li>
<li role="presentation" class="divider"></li>
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Separated link</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="additional-icon" href="#fakelink" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#website-statistic"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></a>
<a class="additional-icon" href="#fakelink"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i></a>
</div><!-- End div .additional-button -->
<!-- Statistic inner -->
<div id="website-statistic" class="statistic-chart collapse in">
<!-- Button group -->
<div class="btn-group btn-group-xs pull-right">
<button class="btn btn-default">All time</button>
<button class="btn btn-default">This year</button>
<button class="btn btn-default">This month</button>
<button class="btn btn-default">Today</button>
</div><!-- End div .btn-group -->
<!-- Call morris cart with selector #morris-home -->
<div id="morris-home" style="height: 200px;"></div>
<!-- End morris cart with selector -->
</div><!-- End div #website-statistic -->
</div><!-- End div .box-info -->
</div>
<div class="col-sm-4">
<!-- Begin user profile -->
<div class="box-info text-center user-profile-2">
<div class="header-cover">
<img src="images/user-bg.jpg" alt="User cover">
</div>
<div class="user-profile-inner">
<h4 class="white">Howdy, Mas Bro</h4>
<img src="assets/img/avatar/masarie.jpg" class="img-circle profile-avatar" alt="User avatar">
<h5>Administrator</h5>
<!-- User button -->
<div class="user-button">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm btn-block"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i> Send Message</button>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-block"><i class="fa fa-user"></i> Add as friend</button>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- End div .user-button -->
</div><!-- End div .user-profile-inner -->
</div><!-- End div .box-info -->
<!-- End user profile -->
</div><!-- End div .col-sm-4 -->
</div><!-- End div .row -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<!-- Weather widget -->
<div class="box-info full weather-widget">
<img src="images/weather-bg.jpg" class="img-responsive" alt="Weather city">
<div class="overlay-weather-info">
<h4>WEATHER WIDGET</h4>
<div class="weather-info-city">
<h4><i class="fa fa-map-marker"></i> YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA</h4>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-3">
<i class="wi-day-sprinkle weather-icon"></i>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-9">
<h5>Sprinkle day</h5>
<h1>32<sup>°</sup>C</h1>
</div>
</div><!-- End div .row -->
</div><!-- End div .weather-info-city -->
</div><!-- End div .overlay-weather-info -->
</div><!-- End div .box-info -->
<!-- End weather widget -->
<!-- Begin Bar cart by country -->
<div class="box-info success">
<!-- Additional button -->
<div class="additional-btn">
<a class="additional-icon" href="#fakelink"><i class="fa fa-refresh fa-spin"></i></a>
<a class="additional-icon" id="dropdownMenu3" data-toggle="dropdown">
<i class="fa fa-cog"></i>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu pull-right animated half fadeInDown" role="menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenu3">
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Action</a></li>
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Another action</a></li>
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Something else here</a></li>
<li role="presentation" class="divider"></li>
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Separated link</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="additional-icon" href="#fakelink"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i></a>
</div><!-- end div .additional-btn -->
<!-- Call morris bar with selector #morris-bar-home -->
<div id="morris-bar-home" style="height: 168px;"></div>
<!-- End morris bar selector -->
<!-- Additional info -->
<div class="additional">
<div class="list-box-info">
<ul>
<li>
<span class="label label-success">952</span>
INDONESIA
</li>
<li>
<span class="label label-danger">955</span>
MALAYSIA
</li>
<li>
<span class="label label-warning">985</span>
INDIA
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><!-- End div .additional -->
</div><!-- End div .box-info -->
<!-- End Bar cart by country -->
</div><!-- End div .col-sm-6 -->
<div class="col-md-6">
<!-- Begin timeline -->
<h4>Timeline</h4>
<div class="the-timeline">
<ul>
<li>
<div class="the-date">
<span>01</span>
<small>Feb</small>
</div>
<h4>Lorem ipsum dolor!</h4>
<p>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<div class="the-date">
<span>31</span>
<small>Jan</small>
</div>
<h4>Yohoo! you can put video here</h4>
<div class="videoWrapper">
<iframe src="//player.vimeo.com/video/85847275?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0"></iframe>
</div>
<p>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<div class="the-date">
<span>20</span>
<small>Des</small>
</div>
<p>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div><!-- End div .the-timeline -->
<!-- End timeline -->
</div><!-- End div .col-sm-6 -->
</div><!-- End div .row -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-8">
<!-- Sales report -->
<div class="box-info full">
<h2><strong>Sales</strong> Report</h2>
<!-- Additional buttons -->
<div class="additional-btn">
<a class="additional-icon" href="#fakelink"><i class="fa fa-refresh"></i></a>
<a class="additional-icon" id="dropdownMenu2" data-toggle="dropdown">
<i class="fa fa-cog"></i>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu pull-right animated half fadeInDown" role="menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenu2">
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Action</a></li>
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Another action</a></li>
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Something else here</a></li>
<li role="presentation" class="divider"></li>
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Separated link</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="additional-icon" href="#fakelink" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sales-report"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></a>
<a class="additional-icon" href="#fakelink"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i></a>
</div><!-- End div .additional-button -->
<!-- Sales report collapse body -->
<div id="sales-report" class="collapse in">
<div class="table-responsive">
<table data-sortable class="table table-striped">
<thead>
<tr><th>No</th><th data-sortable="false"><input type="checkbox" id="select-all-rows"></th><th>Order ID</th><th>Buyer</th><th>Status</th><th>Location</th><th>Total</th></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td>1</td><td><input type="checkbox" class="rows-check"></td><td>#0021</td><td><a href="#fakelink">John Doe</a></td><td><span class="label label-primary">Order</span></td><td>Yogyakarta, ID</td><td><strong class="text-primary">$ 1,245</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td><input type="checkbox" class="rows-check"></td><td>#0022</td><td><a href="#fakelink">Johnny Depp</a></td><td><span class="label label-success">Payment</span></td><td>London, UK</td><td><strong class="text-success">$ 1,245</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>3</td><td><input type="checkbox" class="rows-check"></td><td>#0023</td><td><a href="#fakelink">Annisa Rusmanovski</a></td><td><span class="label label-success">Payment</span></td><td>Canbera, AU</td><td><strong class="text-success">$ 1,245</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>4</td><td><input type="checkbox" class="rows-check"></td><td>#0024</td><td><a href="#fakelink">Hana Sartika</a></td><td><span class="label label-danger">Cancel</span></td><td>Bali, ID</td><td><strong class="text-danger">$ 1,245</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>5</td><td><input type="checkbox" class="rows-check"></td><td>#0025</td><td><a href="#fakelink">Ari Rusmanto</a></td><td><span class="label label-primary">Order</span></td><td>Bandung, ID</td><td><strong class="text-primary">$ 1,245</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>6</td><td><input type="checkbox" class="rows-check"></td><td>#0026</td><td><a href="#fakelink">Willy Wonka</a></td><td><span class="label label-danger">Cancel</span></td><td>Semarang, ID</td><td><strong class="text-danger">$ 1,245</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>7</td><td><input type="checkbox" class="rows-check"></td><td>#0027</td><td><a href="#fakelink">Mohammed Sujiono</a></td><td><span class="label label-warning">Waiting</span></td><td>New York, US</td><td><strong class="text-warning">$ 1,245</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td>8</td><td><input type="checkbox" class="rows-check"></td><td>#0028</td><td><a href="#fakelink">Jenny Doe</a></td><td><span class="label label-primary">Order</span></td><td>Boston, US</td><td><strong class="text-primary">$ 1,245</strong></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div><!-- End div #sales-report -->
</div>
<!-- End sales report -->
<div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-6">
<!-- Begin tab comment and popular posts -->
<div class="box-info full">
<!-- Tab comments and popular posts -->
<ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-justified">
<li class="active"><a href="#comments" data-toggle="tab"><i class="fa fa-comments"></i> New Comments</a></li>
<li><a href="#popular" data-toggle="tab"><i class="fa fa-star"></i> Popular Posts</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- Tab panes -->
<div class="tab-content">
<!-- Pane comments -->
<div class="tab-pane active animated fadeInRight" id="comments">
<!-- Begin scroll wrappper -->
<div class="scroll-widget">
<ul class="media-list">
<li class="media">
<a class="pull-left" href="#fakelink">
<img class="media-object" src="assets/img/avatar/2.jpg" alt="Avatar">
</a>
<div class="media-body">
<h4 class="media-heading"><a href="#fakelink">John Doe</a> <small>Just now</small></h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit</p>
</div>
</li>
<li class="media">
<a class="pull-left" href="#fakelink">
<img class="media-object" src="assets/img/avatar/1.jpg" alt="Avatar">
</a>
<div class="media-body">
<h4 class="media-heading"><a href="#fakelink">Annisa</a> <small>Yesterday at 04:00 AM</small></h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam rhoncus</p>
</div>
</li>
<li class="media">
<a class="pull-left" href="#fakelink">
<img class="media-object" src="assets/img/avatar/5.jpg" alt="Avatar">
</a>
<div class="media-body">
<h4 class="media-heading"><a href="#fakelink">Rusmanovski</a> <small>January 17, 2014 05:35 PM</small></h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit</p>
</div>
</li>
<li class="media">
<a class="pull-left" href="#fakelink">
<img class="media-object" src="assets/img/avatar/4.jpg" alt="Avatar">
</a>
<div class="media-body">
<h4 class="media-heading"><a href="#fakelink">Ari Rusmanto</a> <small>January 17, 2014 05:35 PM</small></h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit</p>
</div>
</li>
<li class="media">
<a class="pull-left" href="#fakelink">
<img class="media-object" src="assets/img/avatar/3.jpg" alt="Avatar">
</a>
<div class="media-body">
<h4 class="media-heading"><a href="#fakelink">Jenny Doe</a> <small>January 17, 2014 05:35 PM</small></h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit</p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div><!-- End div .scroll-widget -->
<div class="box-footer">
<p><a href="#fakelink"><i class="fa fa-share"></i> See all comments</a></p>
</div>
</div><!-- End div .tab-pane -->
<!-- Pane popular posts -->
<div class="tab-pane animated fadeInRight" id="popular">
<!-- Begin scroll wrappper -->
<div class="scroll-widget">
<ul class="media-list">
<li class="media">
<div class="media-body">
<h4 class="media-heading"><a href="#fakelink">Cras sit amet erat sit amet lacus egestas</a>
<br /><small>January 17, 2014 at 11:24 PM</small></h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit...</p>
</div>
</li>
<li class="media">
<div class="media-body">
<h4 class="media-heading"><a href="#fakelink">Cras sit amet erat sit amet lacus egestas</a>
<br /><small>January 17, 2014 at 08:24 AM</small></h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit...</p>
</div>
</li>
<li class="media">
<div class="media-body">
<h4 class="media-heading"><a href="#fakelink">Cras sit amet erat sit amet lacus egestas</a>
<br /><small>January 17, 2014 at 05:24 AM</small></h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit...</p>
</div>
</li>
<li class="media">
<div class="media-body">
<h4 class="media-heading"><a href="#fakelink">Cras sit amet erat sit amet lacus egestas</a>
<br /><small>January 17, 2014 at 11:24 PM</small></h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit...</p>
</div>
</li>
<li class="media">
<div class="media-body">
<h4 class="media-heading"><a href="#fakelink">Cras sit amet erat sit amet lacus egestas</a>
<br /><small>January 17, 2014 at 08:24 AM</small></h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit...</p>
</div>
</li>
<li class="media">
<div class="media-body">
<h4 class="media-heading"><a href="#fakelink">Cras sit amet erat sit amet lacus egestas</a>
<br /><small>January 17, 2014 at 05:24 AM</small></h4>
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit...</p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div><!-- End div .scroll-widget -->
<div class="box-footer">
<p><a href="#fakelink"><i class="fa fa-share"></i> See all posts</a></p>
</div>
</div><!-- End div .tab-pane -->
</div><!-- End div .tab-content -->
</div><!-- End div .box-info .full -->
<!-- End tab comment and popular posts -->
</div><!-- End div .col-sm-6 -->
<div class="col-sm-6">
<!-- Project progress -->
<div class="box-info">
<h2><strong>Project</strong> Progress</h2>
<p>PROJECT FOR COMPANY A <strong>80%</strong></p>
<div class="progress progress-sm">
<div class="progress-bar progress-bar-success" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="80" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100" style="width: 80%">
<span class="sr-only">80% Complete</span>
</div>
</div>
<p>BACKUP FROM SERVER <strong>80%</strong></p>
<div class="progress progress-sm">
<div class="progress-bar progress-bar-warning" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="55" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100" style="width: 55%">
<span class="sr-only">55% Complete</span>
</div>
</div>
<p>ENTRY DATA FOR MASTER SYSTEM <strong>25%</strong></p>
<div class="progress progress-sm">
<div class="progress-bar progress-bar-danger" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="25" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100" style="width: 25%">
<span class="sr-only">25% Complete</span>
</div>
</div>
<p>MAKE SALES REPORT <strong>55%</strong></p>
<div class="progress progress-sm">
<div class="progress-bar progress-bar-info" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="55" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100" style="width: 55%">
<span class="sr-only">55% Complete</span>
</div>
</div>
<p>PROJECT FOR COMPANY ABC <strong>90%</strong></p>
<div class="progress progress-sm">
<div class="progress-bar progress-bar-success" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="90" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100" style="width: 90%">
<span class="sr-only">90% Complete</span>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- End div .box-info -->
</div><!-- End div .col-sm-6 -->
</div><!-- End div .row -->
</div><!-- End div .col-md-8 -->
<div class="col-md-4">
<!-- Chat widget -->
<div class="box-info">
<h2><strong>Chat</strong> Widget</h2>
<!-- Additional button -->
<div class="additional-btn">
<a class="additional-icon" href="#fakelink"><i class="fa fa-refresh"></i></a>
<a class="additional-icon" id="dropdownMenu4" data-toggle="dropdown">
<i class="fa fa-cog"></i>
</a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu pull-right animated half fadeInDown" role="menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenu4">
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Action</a></li>
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Another action</a></li>
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Something else here</a></li>
<li role="presentation" class="divider"></li>
<li role="presentation"><a role="menuitem" tabindex="-1" href="#fakelink">Separated link</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="additional-icon" href="#fakelink"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i></a>
</div><!-- ENd div .addirional-btn -->
<!-- Chat widget inner -->
<div class="chat-widget">
<ul class="media-list">
<li class="media">
<a class="pull-left" href="#fakelink">
<img class="media-object img-circle" src="assets/img/avatar/1.jpg" alt="Avatar">
</a>
<div class="media-body warning">
Hello, liquam ultricies malesuada feugiat?
<p class="time">Just Now</p>
</div>
</li>
<li class="media">
<a class="pull-right" href="#fakelink">
<img class="media-object img-circle" src="assets/img/avatar/5.jpg" alt="Avatar">
</a>
<div class="media-body">
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam rhoncus
<p class="time">A minute ago</p>
</div>
</li>
<li class="media">
<a class="pull-left" href="#fakelink">
<img class="media-object img-circle" src="assets/img/avatar/2.jpg" alt="Avatar">
</a>
<div class="media-body danger">
Cras sit amet erat sit amet lacus egestas placerat?
<p class="time">23 minutes ago</p>
</div>
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Kam’s Kapsules: Weekly Previews That Make Choosing a Film Fun
Dark Skies (PG-13 for violence, sexuality, drug use and pervasive terror) Haunted house horror flick about a happy family (Keri Russell, Josh Hamilton, Dakota Goyo and Kadan Rockett) whose serene, suburban home life is irreversibly affected by the arrival of a deadly, demonic force. Co-starring J.K. Simmons, L.J. Benet and Annie Thurman.
Snitch (PG-13 for violence and drug use) Action thriller about a desperate father’s (Dwayne Johnson) infiltration of a drug cartel for the DEA in order to help his framed teenage son (James Allen McCune) avoid a ten-year prison sentence. With Susan Sarandon, Benjamin Bratt, Barry Pepper and Harold Perrineau.
Bless Me, Ultima (PG-13 for violence and sexual references) Screen adaptation of Rudolfo Anaya’s haunting novel, set in New Mexico during World War II, about a mysterious medicine woman (Miriam Colon) who teaches a 6 year-old boy (Luke Ganalon) about the spirit world and about the battle between good and evil brewing in their tiny town. Supporting cast includes Benito Martinez, Dolores Heredia and Castulo Guerra.
Inescapable (Unrated) Abduction drama, set in Syria, about a Canadian immigrant (Alexander Siddiq) who returns to Damascus for the first time in a quarter century to search for his suddenly-missing daughter (Jay Anstey). With Joshua Jackson, Marisa Tomei and Oded Fehr. (In English and Arabic with subtitles)
Kai Po Che! (Unrated) Disney-produced, Bollywood adaptation of “The 3 Mistakes of My Life,” Chetan Bhagat’s best-selling novel, set in Ahmedabad at the turn of the millennium, about three BFFs (Amit Sadh, Raj Kumar Yadav and Sushant Singh Rajput) who start a business with the hope of finding fame and fortune. Featuring Amrita Puri. (In Hindi with subtitles)
One Life (Unrated) Ambitious eco-documentary, narrated by Daniel Craig, examining the life cycles of a menagerie of animals all over the planet.
Red Flag (Unrated) Alex Karpovsky wrote, directed and stars in this road comedy about a fledgling filmmaker who embarks on a promotional tour of his latest film with a reluctant pal (Onur Tukel) after being dumped by his marriage-minded, longtime girlfriend (Caroline White). With Dustin Guy Defa, Keith Poulson and Jennifer Prediger.
Rubberneck (Unrated) Alex Karpovsky wrote, directed and stars in this stalker thriller as a scientist who becomes increasingly infatuated with a co-worker (Jaime Ray Newman) after they share a one-night stand, despite the fact that she’s clearly no longer interested. With Dennis Staroselsky, Amanda Good Hennessey and Andrew Horowitz. |
Monday, February 7, 2011
Tittytainment and the 20:80 Society
"Tittytainment" was a term coined by Zbigniew Brzezinski, the National Security advisor of US president Jimmy Carter, essentially to convey the thought that a mixture of "intoxicating entertainment and sufficient nourishment" that can "tranquilize the frustrated minds of the globe's population."
The term gained currency during/ after the famous first State of the World Forum held at San Francisco's Fairmont Hotel in 1995, where this idea was apparently proposed as the solution to the "20-80 society" of the 21st century. This excerpt from The Global Trap (1997) by H.P. Martin and H. Schuhmann describes the proceedings:"...The pragmatists in the Fairmont Hotel reduce the future to a pair of numbers and a term: "20 to 80" and "tittytainment".
20 percent of the working age population will be enough in the coming century to keep the world economy going. "More workers will not be needed", said magnate Washington SyCip. A fifth of all jobseekers will be enough to produce all the goods and perform all the top-flight services that the world society can afford....
What about the others? Will 80 percent of those willing to work be without a job? "Certainly"... The question in the future will be "to have lunch or be lunch", to eat or be devoured.
....The term "tittytainment" makes the rounds... The frustrated population of the world could be kept happy with as mixture of numbing entertainment and adequate food.
The managers soberly discuss the possible doses and reflect how the wealthy fifth can employ the superfluous remnant.... The organizers of the three memorable days in the Fairmont imagined themselves underway to a new civilization. However the direction envisaged by the assembled experts from the executive floors and science leads directly back into the pre-modern age... The world model of the future follows the formula 20 to 80. The one-fifth society is brewing in which the excluded will be immobilized with "tittytainment"." |
[Prolonged hypotension after the first dose of atenolol (author's transl)].
A 30 year-old male patient with accelerated arterial hypertension relatively resistent to diazoxide received a single oral dose of 100 mg of atenolol, following which hypotension of more than 24 hours duration and acute renal failure ensued. These alterations were reversible and did not recur with subsequent doses of atenolol. Prior therapy with diazoxide might have potentiated the hypotensive action of atenolol. The abnormality could be due to a phenomenon of hyperreactivity to the first dose of atenolol, similar to what has been described following first doses of prazosin or labetalol. This observation suggests that atenolol therapy must be started with caution, especially in patients previously treated with diazoxide. |
Role of the lower esophageal sphincter and hiatal hernia in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
The relative importance of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and hiatal hernia in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease is controversial. To identify the role of hiatal hernia and LES in reflux disease, 375 consecutive patients with foregut symptoms and no previous foregut surgery were evaluated. All patients underwent upper endoscopy, stationary manometry, and 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Hiatal hernia was diagnosed endoscopically, when the distance between the crural impression and the gastroesophageal junction was >/=2 cm. The LES was considered structurally defective when the resting pressure was </=6 mm Hg, the overall length was less than 2 cm, and/or the abdominal length was less than 1 cm. Factors predicting abnormal esophageal acid exposure (composite score >14.7) were analyzed using multivariate analysis. The presence of a hiatal hernia and a defective LES were identified as independent predictors of abnormal esophageal acid exposure. LES pressure and abdominal length were reduced in patients with hiatal hernia by 4 mm Hg and 0.4 cm, irrespective of the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. It is concluded that both a structurally defective LES and hiatal hernia are important factors in the pathogenesis of reflux disease. It is hypothesized that in the presence of a structurally normal LES, the altered geometry of the cardia imposed by a hiatal hernia facilitates the ability of gastric wall tension to pull open the sphincter. |
I know, it sounds a bit crazy. Good value is good value, right? Who doesn't love value? As it turns out, me-- at least some of the time. This is an idea that has been floating around in my head for a few months, peeking out in posts here and there, and finally I decided I was going to push aside a lackluster review that was too boring to write and explore this idea in earnest.This is not a traditional or "authentic" Korean beauty concept (after all, I'm not Korean; I do believe that K-Beauty is accessible to everyone), it's just something that's been percolating around my head for a while, with roots in both Korean beauty and the international K-Beauty community. The evolution of ideas that take root and then flourish into countless branches of inspiration and personal discovery is pretty fascinating, after all!I've been really captivated by the concepts that have evolved naturally from the international K-Beauty community in the last year . For better or ill, the international K-Beauty scene is as much of a force as the trends that are coming out of Korea itself, in no small part due to deliberate and official incentive from the Korean government for brands and shops. But back to the point, which is that the international K-Beauty community generates some very interesting ideas and concepts, as well as endless variations in approach and personal skincare philosophy.I think it's important to give oneself room to evolve; ideas can stagnate and then become be perceived as the only "right" way to do something; skincare is so complex and there's just so many factors involved that there's no truism more apt than YMMV aka "your mileage my vary" and there's so much room for figuring out what works for your unique skin.A lot of these concepts also work synergistically; for example, one can be a proponent of both theand also the, by practicingwhen making purchases. The one I'm going to talk about today works well with both, even if it's going to sound a little crazy at first.
The seed: Go Hyun Jung's skincare tips
Go Hyun Jung @ 40.
img credit: ajnews
Seasonal Skincare: not just capitalism at work
Portion control: in your hauls and on your face
*horrified shrieking*
Putting it together: Good value is not necessarily a good thing
Travel size Sulwhasoo is more than 50% empty, the Goodal is barely dented.
On the road to empty; travel sizes giving me all of the perks with none of the guilt.
So what's today's concept? The idea that getting a great value on your purchases may not actually be a good idea, or sustainable. I know, nuts, but hear me out.If you're a longtime reader, you'll be no stranger to my respect for the ideas of skincare idol Go Hyun Jung, even if I cherry-pick the ones that work for me;is something I still follow every time I cleanse.She's also very concerned with hygiene, and according to blogger, advised in her 2011 beauty book that she throws out her open skincare after two months-- for hygiene reasons. [This was admittedly a little shocking for me, since it's not uncommon in the west for people to have skincare or makeup for months or even (in the case of dry powders) years. The only exception I can immediately think of is the recommendation to replace mascara every 3 months due to the vulnerability of one's eyes to infection, etc.I already swap out my cushions every 3 months for hygiene reasons (I'm nervous about) so it wouldn't bemuch of a stretch to apply it to skincare, but it still seemed ... excessive.Even though I brushed it off, it stuck in my mind as a niggling thought that just wouldn't go away, and it's been simmering there for a year or two now. Should people be throwing out their skincare every few months, especially if they are acne-prone like I am? It makes sense, although presumably therebe enough preservatives that such steps aren't needed. What about emptying them within 3 months, so you don't have to throw them out? What iffor 3 months-to-empty was just a ... best practice? It would certainly cut down on the temptation to open too many things at once. Hmmm.Another contributing factor to this percolating idea was the concept of seasonal skincare. What really drove this point home for me was an episode of Get It Beauty (a popular Korean beauty talk show) where they discussed the idea of having different skincare for each season, because the needs of the skin. Once I encountered this idea, I was surprised that it wasn't already common knowledge, because it made perfect sense. Yet never in all my 30-odd, pre-K-Beauty, years of skincare use did I ever change my skincare around the seasons or really hear it discussed outside of "stronger/more sunscreen for the summer." Maybe I just missed the memo.Some brands have an entire schtick built around this concept; Lalavesi, beloved byTracy of, releases, which have different formulations. Innisfree also releases limited edition cushions that are (I hear, have not purchased them myself) seasonally-focused.I don't have any "seasonal" cushions but Iuse different ones based on the season; the Hera below is too dry for the winter, and the Sulwhasoo is too dewy for the summer without powder.Do I think that brands are releasing seasonal skincare as some sort of public service, rather than attempting to generate revenue turnover by convincing people they need to buy a newfangled thing every few months? No, it's obvious that seasonal turnover is a good business practice, but it doesn't mean that using a seasonal-sensitive approach to your personal skincare isn't a good idea on its own.You don't have to buy what brands are telling you is a good product for X season; you should be making that call yourself since you know your skin best.Personally, I tend to use the base routine products year-round and then just, and I've already got a flexible and customizable routine which allows me to adjust things on a daily basis, let alone seasonally.Even if the root of the seasonal skincare idea was as much capitalism as good sense, it did get me thinking ... 3 monthsthe approximate length of a season, anyway. I already aim to only purchase what I can use in a season, because there's no sense buying something that won't work for the weather conditions.What if I was to be even more mindful of this 'seasonal buying' instead of 'oh hey, let's shove that interesting thing into my cart!' aka thewe all make?So let's explore that a bit more. What if I deliberately aimed to use andproducts within 3 months, as Go Hyun Jung does, and purchased things seasonally, with the intent to empty (or toss) those products by the end of the season when my skin's needs change?Certainly I'm never going to use the last 3 uses of my Winter 2014/2015 creams, because no doubt there's something growing in there by now. But those last 3 uses are still left in the jar, because the season change meant my skin no longer wanted something that heavy. I recently realized that I was still using a lip balm that I'd had open and been using for over 12 months!It's a wonder that I didn't end up with some sort of terrifying lip-flesh-eating bacteria or having my face fall off.So there's really not much point in "stocking up" especially now that K-Beauty is so much more accessible than it used to be-- gone are the days where making $200 hauls a few times a year to maximize on shipping costs was the only sensible option.Another concept which was floating around in the international K-Beauty community, and then eventually picked up on by shops, was the idea of "portion control" meaning that one does not necessarily thickly slather on all 12 steps in their routine; products are applied sparingly and in ultra thin layers. Sometimes only a few drops' worth, meaning that products can last you months of use. If you have a, that could take even longer.Here's my current Winter 2015/2016 skincare wardrobe:As you can see, it's quite a bit. Granted, cleansers are not really 'seasonal' for me and I use them 2x a day (and there are two of us), so I'm comfortable with full sized cleansers, but what about things that you layer in drops of product, like essences, serums, creams, oils?If people are only using small amounts of their products instead of an indulgent slather, how do you reconcile that with a seasonal purge-and-replace? Wouldn't that be a lot of waste?Well, if you bought full-sized everything,, it would be wasteful. It would be especially wasteful if you are someone like me, who loves trying new things and who quickly falls out of love with things, who treats, and who is aiming to overhaul/purge their products every season. Unless it's an already-established base product that gets used daily (you can see what my actual daily routines look like on my) there's just no reason for me to buy things full-sized.Except for value per ml, that is-- but is that enough of a reason?Sure, it's tempting to think about it that way; getting the "best bang for the buck" and maximizing on the return of our hard-earned cash. It's what encourages people to buy in bulk or snag that second item for "half off" when we really only need one. It's what gets us spending $30 on 500ml of product instead of $15 on 150ml, because we're aiming for the "best value" even if it means we're ultimately faced with grinding our way through a giant bottle of something that we're not enjoying anymore.For example. take these two mists I have. As you can see from the photo at the top of this post, the Sulwhasoo mist is quite tiny (30ml) in comparison to the Goodal mist (150ml).The Goodal is a "better value" coming in at $20ish for 150ml, whereas the tiny Sulwhasoo travel size mist was $11 for 30ml. (It was one of my picks for, in fact!) So why is the Sulwhasoo the purchase I'm the most happy with?It's not just the formulation (it's nice, but it doesn't blow my mind) or the packaging (also nice, and I will repurpose it when it's empty) but it's also the; I've been using this mist a few times a week since December and I've only used a bit more than half of it.On the other hand, I've been chugging away at that Goodal mist since last summer, even using it on my feet, and it just won't. It's like the Mary Poppins carpet bag of mists; no matter how much I use, it never depletes. I'm so tired of it and I don't want to use it anymore, it's been open since last summer, it's a 'refreshing, cooling, light' mist type, which is the last thing I want to be putting on my face when it's so cold I'm wearingto be able to type. I also feel guilty about exploring other, more winter-appropriate mists, because I've got this giant bottle of Goodal mist sitting there unused, but I really don't want to use it. Sure, I can keep it for next summer, but then it will have been opened for a year, and should I really be using it at that point? (Spoilers: no.)Realization dawns. I should only be looking at things that I will be able to empty in 3-6 months, because I'm not going to use it next summer. I'm certainly not using things left over from Winter 2014/2015; even the repeats are fresh jars of the same product.The answer was in mypost, where I'd picked up several travel-sized luxury products to test them out on the cheap. I discovered they let me try a wardrobe's worth of options without exploding my wallet, scratched my 'pretty packaging' itch, and contained just enough product to last anywhere from 1-3 months.As you can see from this image, I'm anywhere from 1/3rd to 3/4ths through the Sulwhasoo products, and the Innisfree capsule is a 1-2 use size which is perfect for those rare occasions I want to do a clay mask. I've had two clay mask products go stale/old on me, because I only use them every two months or two. Sure, buying these at $3 a pop isn't as affordable as buying an entire tube for $20, but when I only get 2-3 uses out of that tube before it goes bad, which approach is ultimately saving me money?As it turns out, travel sizes are perfect for seasonal use; there's enough product to last me through a season with myapproach. The cost is low compared to full-size products, even if it's not as good a 'value' per ml compared to the full size. If I don't like it or if there's a tiny bit left at the end of 3 months, I can toss it without guilt. If my skin's needs/the season changes or I feel the whim to try something new, I've only put a small portion of product on my plate that I need to finish before I can have a new product for dessert.So, does this mean that my skincare philosophy has shifted to travel-size zealotry? Of course not. Not everything is available in travel sizes. But I've recognized that travel sizes areway for me to get everything I want, without wasting money or product, and that sometimes, getting the "best value for your dollar" isn't always the best fit for my needs. |
These are the two of the biggest and most important programs in college football, playing what is traditionally one of the biggest and most important games in college football – at least in some way – and now it’s taking a back seat to the War on I-4.
USF vs. UCF is the bigger Sunshine State game, but there’s still something to come out of this.
It’s Florida’s last game – it didn’t reschedule a cupcake after the Northern Colorado game was cancelled – while FSU rescheduled a game against ULM next week to keep bowl hopes alive.
But Florida can ruin all that with a win, or FSU can keep on going if it beats the Gators. For a young team that needs reps, the extra bowl practices matter for next year.
Again, it’s sad, but it should be competitive.
One Reason Why Florida Will Win
The defense hasn’t been that bad.
It melted down against Georgia and Missouri, but it’s been solid for most of the season on third downs and FSU can’t keep the chains moving in any way.
Dead last in the ACC and 123rd in the country in third down conversions, the Seminoles were fine against Delaware State, but for weeks it couldn’t move the ball a lick, converting 7-of-40 tries in a three-game stretch.
FSU scored 77 points on Delaware State last week, and it’s still dead last in the ACC in total offense averaging just 340 yards per game.
And there is the last game factor for Florida. There’s something to be said for playing the spoiler at home against a rival. Beating FSU wouldn’t make the season any better, but it would be a rare positive moment.
Speaking of bad offenses …
One Reason Why Florida State Will Win
There’s not going to be anything coming from the Florida passing game.
Syracuse was able to bomb away for 314 yards and two touchdowns – because that’s what Syracuse does – but no one else has ben able to throw with any consistency.
Clemson was held to 151 yards, and only the Orange have hit the 200-yard mark over the last five games. The run defense has been the issue – the Gators are going to pound and pound some more – but the UF O has failed to hit more than 50% of its passes in three of the last four games.
That’s not going to start now.
What’s Going To Happen
Whose offense will be worse?
Both teams have mediocre quarterback issues, both teams will run the ball well, and both teams will come up with big defensive performances.
It’ll come down to one or two big plays and defensive breakdowns, and since Florida isn’t getting those without luck, the team that still has something to play for will be just a wee bit less awful. |
import Nerv, { findDOMNode } from 'nervjs'
import { renderToString } from 'nerv-server'
import { Simulate, renderIntoDocument } from 'nerv-test-utils'
import AtFab from '../../.temp/components/fab/index'
describe('AtFab Snap', () => {
it('render AtFab -- default props', () => {
const component = renderToString(<AtFab>按钮</AtFab>)
expect(component).toMatchSnapshot()
})
it('render AtFab -- props className', () => {
const component = renderToString(<AtFab className='button'>按钮</AtFab>)
expect(component).toMatchSnapshot()
})
it('render AtFab -- size 50', () => {
const component = renderToString(<AtFab size={50}>按钮</AtFab>)
expect(component).toMatchSnapshot()
})
})
describe('AtFab Event', () => {
it('AtFab onClick', () => {
const onClick = jest.fn()
const component = renderIntoDocument(<AtFab onClick={onClick}>按钮</AtFab>)
const componentDom = findDOMNode(component, 'at-fab')
Simulate.click(componentDom)
expect(onClick).toBeCalled()
})
})
|
SINGAPORE (Reuters) - Oil prices tumbled nearly 4 percent amid a commodities-wide rout on Monday, falling to their lowest since February as traders feared efforts to contain a growing credit crisis would fail to stave off a sharper decline in oil demand.After Friday's passage of a landmark U.S. $700 billion bailout bill seemed to quell, for now, weeks of U.S.-centered turmoil, the focus shifted to Europe where officials scrambled at the weekend to save three banks and offered different ways to soothe the frayed nerves of investors and savers.U.S. light crude for November delivery tumbled $3.39 a barrel or 3.6 percent to $90.49 by 0711 GMT, a fourth day of losses that deepened last week's 12 percent slump, the market's biggest such loss in almost four years. Earlier in the day, it fell 3.8 percent to as low as $90.27.London Brent crude dropped $3.25 to $87.00 a barrel."There's a growing perception that the bailout package will put a further drag on U.S. growth, and that really this is just a Band-Aid initiative to bail out Wall Street," said Mark Pervan, senior commodities analyst at ANZ.The U.S. dollar's rise to a 13-month high versus the euro added to pressure on beleaguered commodities, which slumped more than 10 percent last week in their biggest-ever weekly loss. Asian stocks tumbled by around 5 percent on Monday.Oil demand in the world's top consumer has already slumped this year under the weight of record prices, while consumption in Japan and Europe has also weakened, knocking crude off a record peak over $147 a barrel struck in July.Traders may begin to fear next for China, whose rapid growth helped trigger oil's rise from just $20 a barrel in 2002."I think the market's starting to build this into prices," said Pervan. "You would expect the market is now joining the dots and thinking ... this will probably flow through to China."Though the United States bought breathing room in the credit crisis with a series of takeovers and bailouts, Europe fought at the weekend to contain the fallout.Germany said it would guarantee more than 500 billion euros ($693 billion) in private deposit accounts to protect savers from the worst financial crisis since the 1930s. Austria and Denmark quickly followed suit.German officials clinched a rescue deal for lender Hypo Real Estate, Belgium and Luxembourg found a buyer for Fortis in BNP Paribas, and UniCredit, Italy's second-biggest bank, announced plans to raise capital.Just a day after leaders of Europe's four biggest economies decided against a coordinated bank bailout, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi said Italy would revive the idea at a meeting of finance ministers on Monday, but Germany then said it remained opposed to such a measure.With prices sliding anew, one of OPEC's most consistent price hawks, Iran, said $100 a barrel was too low and urged members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to respect their quotes to prevent oversupply from worsening."With the OPEC decision to cut, oversupply could be controlled in the first quarter of 2009," said Oil Minister Gholamhossein Nozari, referring to OPEC's agreement last month. "But if they (OPEC members) do not carry out the cut, oversupply could reach 1.2 million bpd."OPEC oil supply fell in September, the first monthly decline since April, thanks to disruptions from two of its African members and lower shipments from Iran and Saudi Arabia, a Reuters survey showed on Friday.But ANZ's Pervan warned that OPEC's influence was limited in a market being driven more by demand fears than supply concerns."I have (oil's floor) at $80 now, but there are risks it could move down to $60," he said |
Mahamoudou Kéré
Mahamoudou Kéré (born 2 January 1982, in Ouagadougou) is a Burkinabé football Central defender. He currently plays for Belgian side RWDM Brussels.
Career
On 9 June 2010, the 28-year-old Burkinabé defender left Charleroi SC to join Turkish side Konyaspor on a 3-year contract.
International career
He was a member of the Burkinabé 2004 African Nations Cup team, who finished bottom of their group in the first round of competition, thus failing to secure qualification for the quarter-finals.
Career statistics
International goals
References
External links
Category:1982 births
Category:Burkinabé footballers
Category:Burkinabé expatriate footballers
Category:Burkina Faso international footballers
Category:2000 African Cup of Nations players
Category:2004 African Cup of Nations players
Category:2010 Africa Cup of Nations players
Category:2012 Africa Cup of Nations players
Category:Sportspeople from Ouagadougou
Category:Association football central defenders
Category:Living people
Category:R. Charleroi S.C. players
Category:Belgian First Division A players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Category:Santos FC Ouagadougou footballers
Category:Konyaspor footballers
Category:Süper Lig players
Category:RWDM Brussels FC players
Category:Belgian Second Division/Belgian First Division B players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Category:Burkinabé expatriate sportspeople in Turkey |
Single introverted men are some of the most intriguing people on the planet.
Every time someone asks me what I do at Introverted Alpha, I say, “I help smart introverted men attract women naturally,” and they’re like, “What?! Tell me more! That’s fascinating. I want to hear everything…”
They start asking questions, and I know immediately I can forget about sitting back and listening because for the rest of the night, I’m talking about the men I love and support.
Through my years of working with introverted men, I’ve discovered 10 common fears they seem to all have in common when it comes to dating and attraction. I’ve gotten the immensely satisfying pleasure of watching them overcome ALL these fears I’ve mentioned below.
It’s also important to note that not all introverted men have all these fears, just the ones who haven’t yet cracked the code on finding their own natural groove with women.
When guys handle this part of their lives in a way that feels genuine and real for them, the fears below fade away and are replaced with the love and warmth of extraordinary women who adore them.
Before that point though, here are the fears racing through a lot of single introverted guys’ minds and my best tips on how to move through each:
1. What if she thinks I’m creepy for wanting to talk to her?
I’m afraid I’ll just be one of the other million guys hitting on her tonight. What if she and her friends think I’m delusional for even thinking I could approach her? Knowing she might be RIGHT about that is what keeps me from approaching women at all.
Sound familiar? Here’s what to do: If you are (a) good-hearted and (b) presentable (well-groomed, taking care of yourself, etc), you are NOT delusional! The next time you’re out, try on this mindset for fun: “I know I’m an attractive man, and she seems like an attractive woman, so of course it makes sense for us to connect.”
Notice that in the above, you KNOW you are attractive because you are yourself, so you know yourself well, whereas she SEEMS to be attractive because you’ve not yet gotten a good enough sense of her to know whether you find her truly attractive or not.
So instead of, “She’s definitely attractive, and who am I to approach her?” it’s more like, “Well I’m clearly attractive, and I’m open exploring where this may go.”
2. What if I touch her at the wrong time or don’t touch her at all?
I feel like I’m stuck between a rock and a hard place because if I don’t touch her at all or enough, she’ll just think of me as a friend, right? But if I touch her too much or at the wrong time, I’ll creep her out. I wish touch would just magically happen and that I could always know what to do!
Sound familiar? Here’s what to do: If chemistry feels like a foreign language, remember that it is just that: a LANGUAGE. The great thing about a language is you can learn it!
The way I teach it is there are three stages of touch between you and a woman you’re attracted to: (1) Friendly Touch, (2) Flirtatious Touch, (3) Making The First Kiss Inevitable.
You can progress as quickly or as slowly through those stages as you want, and you’re never obligated to go further than you want to. You’re also reading her at each stage so that you never go too much more slowly or quickly than the vibe calls for.
A good way to get started on this is to introduce light friendly touch when you or she has made a point or shared a laugh in conversation. You can lean in a bit, touch her lightly on the forearm, hand, or knee if you’re sitting, and watch for her reaction.
If she seems relaxed and excited by your touch, great! It means she’s warm to you and is receptive to more of that. If she shrinks back, then also great! It’s information that she’s not warm to you yet. At least you get clear signs rather than just assuming she’s not interested.
When your eyes are open and eager to read the language, you’ll see many times, women ARE interested in you and really enjoy your touch.
3. What if I’m just inherently not sexually attractive?
Sometimes I worry that while I have a lot of great qualities, they might not be appealing on a chemistry level. I feel like my strengths of being a good listener, supportive, and loyal make me a good FRIEND, but not a good LOVER or BOYFRIEND. I look at the guys who are super bold with women and worry that’s what it takes to be sexually attractive. The truth is, I’m just not that guy.
Sound familiar? Here’s what to do: If you think about it, you know you do have some sex appeal in there somewhere, even if you have no idea what it is yet. It’s important to go on that quest to find out what is sexually attractive about you because if you don’t know, how on earth will she?
Here’s how: For the next several days and weeks, be on the lookout for women attracted to mysterious, quiet men. You can look out for this in movies you watch and in everyday situations you see at work, among friends, and out and about.
Ask yourself, “What does she see in this reserved, quiet man? How is he appealing to her, and what do I have about me that is similar?” Just asking the right questions is half the battle sometimes.
When you know why and how you’re attractive, you can stop relying on luck to facilitate women being attracted to you. You can intentionally turn up the dial on your own unique attractive edge and watch women become intoxicated with you. There is nothing more fun than that!
4. What if I friend-zone myself again?
With every single woman I meet, I seem to end up as their friend. Even if I have an inkling that a woman likes me, I’m not sure. When I’m not sure, I’m too afraid to do anything. I don’t want to get to the end of my life where all I have left is a bunch of regrets from missed opportunities. I know that’s depressing, but that’s how I feel sometimes.
Sound familiar? Here’s what to do: If you think about it, I bet you can remember times where you COULD have made a move with an interested woman, but you didn’t. What friend-zoned you there was not being upfront and bold about how you feel.
How can a woman be attracted to a man who practically forces her to prove to him that she likes him? That’s not right. So here’s how to move forward when you’re unsure: invite her on a DATE early on.
“You want to maybe hangout sometime?” is not a date.
“I’d like to take you to drinks this week,” is a date.
If it takes you a long time to warm up to people, it may take you a few different times seeing a woman before you know whether you’re interested or not, and that’s okay.
When you give yourself time to get to know her on a date, you’re not forcing anything. You’re just exploring a potential possibility with her, while she’s doing the same with you.
5. What if women only like extroverted men?
The guys who get all the girls seem to be the “life of the party” type. They always have something to say, and they’re naturally loud and outgoing.
I’m not like that.
I know I have a lot to offer, but being more reserved means it’s harder to show that, at least quickly. It takes me a long time to warm up to people, and I worry that the current dating environment is not conducive to that.
Sound familiar? Here’s what to do: Focus on what you DO have to offer. Study men you admire and relate to, and ask your female friends and family what they like about you.
Consider these 7 Reasons Introverted Men Are So Damn Attractive. Open your mind, and be curious, and your confidence will follow.
6. What if she finds out that I’m inexperienced with women?
Because it takes me a long time to warm up to people, I’ve not had a lot of experience. Pretty much the only experiences I’ve had are with women who initiate with me, and if I’m honest, I’ve never really felt like *I’m* the one choosing. No matter how much I try to make myself, it just never feels natural to approach women.
Sound familiar? Here’s what to do: While yes, women do tend to prefer men who know what they’re doing, even MORE than that, warm and loving women prefer men who are open to learning them and what they uniquely like.
If you’re just going to bulldoze through without taking her into consideration because you’re “experienced,” that’s not sexy. And it’s what many men do. You would never do that.
What you’ve got going for you is your innate sensitivity and intuition about reading a woman and what turns HER on uniquely. Because of your thoughtfulness, you have the makings for a skilled lover, even before you’ve had a lot of experience.
7. What if I’m bothering her by saying hello?
When I see a girl I’m attracted to, I always feel weird just randomly approaching her. The last thing I want is to feel like she’s only talking to me because she thinks she has to. Either she’s already having a good time, or she’s busy. She’s not just staring blankly at a wall, waiting for me to roll up to her and start talking.
Sound familiar? Here’s what to do: Even if you’re interrupting something, oftentimes an interruption is welcome if it provides a nice change of pace. Interruptions are not inherently bad or unpleasant.
Focus on being pleasant and relaxed yourself first.
When you’re relaxed, it helps her to relax, and she is likely to enjoy the feeling of your attracted attention on her when it is so relaxed and non-demanding. You can even say, “I don’t mean to interrupt, but you really struck me, and I had to come say ‘hello.’”
If she’s disoriented or not receptive, you can tell her with a smile, “That’s all. Enjoy your day, and just know that you’re gorgeous,” or whatever feels natural for you. Zan Perrion talks about this beautifully on this episode of the Knowledge for Men podcast.
8. What if she thinks I’m boring?
What if I run out of things to say halfway through the conversation, and we have a super awkward silence? I’m not that good at keeping conversations alive. What if I’m talking about things she’s not interested in or ask her questions that are boring for her to answer?
Sound familiar? Here’s what to do: Pay close attention, and follow the thread of interest. An easy thing to talk about is the environment you’re both in: the weather, the drinks, the music, that puppy over there. Anything pleasant about where you are. You can check out my free Ultimate Conversation Guide for Introverted Men for more things to talk about.
As you talk and listen, pay attention to where she lights up and then pleasantly say, “Oh I notice you light up when you talk about X. Tell me more about that,” and let her continue. No one is bored when they’re talking about their favorite things to someone who’s interested!
9. What if other people are watching and think I’m trying to be some sort of pickup artist?
I really hate the scammy, sleazy vibe of a lot of “pickup artists” or guys who go out and and spew a bunch of lines at women just to try and get laid. That’s not me! I don’t even feel comfortable touching a woman at first, much less sleeping with her right away.
Sound familiar? Here’s what to do: As a more reserved guy, it’s likely that the last thing you want is to sleep with 10 women this week. And yet, when you approach a woman you’re attracted to in front of other people, you may worry that’s exactly what they’ll take you for. They’ll think you’re just trying to get in her pants, when in reality you’re doing your best to make a genuine connection.
The way to solve this? Remember that people are WAY more interested in themselves than in you. They’re not likely dropping everything to analyze your style. And even if they are, that’s neither here nor there as long as YOU know who you are and what you’re about.
As you communicate your genuine desire to connect more and more clearly through a relaxed and open body posture and an open mind, those fears will fade and you will look and feel more and more genuine — because you will be.
10. What if I have to try to be someone I’m not just to get her attention?
Because of the plethora of pickup artists out there, and even guys who are not into pickup but are just genuinely outgoing and gregarious “life of the party” guys, I worry what room there is left for me. Do I have to be like those guys? I’m not really willing to do that, to be honest.
Integrity is a strong value for me, so I have to be true to myself and what I feel is right deep down. Sometimes I do worry though, what if the only way I can attract women is to be untrue to myself and pretend I’m someone I’m not? Since I’m not willing to do that, what will become of me?
I’ll tell you what will become of you: you will figure this out. You will learn a few core skills and understand how to attract women naturally and genuinely, just as you are.
* * *
All your fears may seem overwhelming, but they are pretty simple underneath. The common thread is not knowing how to attract and date women in a way that feels genuinely good for you.
That is LEARNABLE.
There is nothing inherently wrong with you. There’s nothing inherently unappealing about you.
So remember that. Women love you. They’re fascinated by you. You’re mysterious and intriguing and so much more sexually appealing than you realize.
While there’s still a lot to learn, try this simple next step: Next time a woman smiles at you… smile back at her. Just for fun, just because you feel like making her day, no strings attached. |
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Dr. Mark, Neurologist (MD)
Category: Neurology
Satisfied Customers: 11946
Experience: Neurosurgeon - Brain, spine, and peripheral nerve surgery
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I am experiencing severe pain in the middle of my lower back. I have not fallen or injure
Resolved Question:
I am experiencing severe pain in the middle of my lower back. I have not fallen or injured myself. One day I was fine, the next day the pain started. I do not have a pulled muscle as nothing is sore to the touch rather deep pain below the surface at the base of my spine in the middle of my back. I think it is a pinched nerve because it hurts most when moving from a laying or sitting position to a standing position, but once I am standing, the pain is not that bad and I can walk. Bending over and standing from a sitting position is also very painful. I took an 800 ml ibuprofan which did not touch the pain. What could be causing this and what pain meds could I try. I do not have medical coverage so how would I get a perscription for any pain meds.
Well, this could certainly be an issue with nerve irritation, as nerve irritation can cause the muscles in the lower back to spasm and cause pain.
This would also make sense in the fact that when you are stressing and using the lower back muscles (changing positions, bending, etc) -- that this makes the pain worse.
However, to obtain anything stronger than Advil or Aleve - you would have to be seen by a medical professional. This, in your case, would mean being seen in an urgent care center, or by your primary care doctor.
You will not be able to get any type of medication prescribed in any other way. It is against the law to do anything online.
What can I do to relieve pain caused by a pinched nerve? Should I stretch, put ice on it, heat, what? Like I said, I don't recall doing anything to cause this, it just came on suddenly. Will it go away on its own? What can I do to make it go away or ease the pain? Would you recommend a chiropractic visit? what would you recommend that I do?
I would try heat before ice, but certainly which ever one works for you would be fine.
In general, this type of pain does improve with time, generally several days to a few weeks, as nerve inflammation improves with time. Continuing to take the medications, the ibuprofen or naproxen can help eventually, because they also are anti-inflammatory pain relievers, and can help with the inflammation in the nerve.
I would not recommend a chiropractic visit.
If you need something stronger for pain during this time, unfortunately, a visit to urgent care is all I can recommend, as you would need to see a physician to get stronger medications prescribed.
I will tell you that...the things you have to go through to be an Expert are quite rigorous.
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Wallace, Victoria
Wallace is a town in Victoria, Australia in the Shire of Moorabool local government area, north-west of the state capital, Melbourne.
The township was established in the 1880s. Wallace Post Office opened on 2 October 1885 and closed on 26 February 1993.
Wallace was the birthplace of Edmond Hogan, twice Victorian Premier in the 1920s.
References
Category:Towns in Victoria (Australia) |
MegaMag Fem Balance
MegaMag Fem Balance is a high strength magnesium formula incorporating myo-inositol, vitamin B6, calcium and magnesium, together with B vitamins, vitamin E and vitamin C. This tasty orange flavoured powder mixes into water or juice to make a refreshing beverage.
High strength magnesium beverage, with myo-inositol. Contains vitamin B6, which contributes to the regulation of hormonal activity. Features folate, which contributes to maternal tissue growth during pregnancy. Contains magnesium and calcium, which both contribute to normal muscle function. Tasty orange flavour!
Customers also bought these items in this range.
Disclaimer:
Always read product information, including warnings, directions and ingredients contained on actual product labels before using. If you have any safety concerns regarding a product contact the manufacturer. WWSM accepts no liability for inaccuracies in information given, or provided by manufacturers, nor for any loss or damage that may arise from use of the information contained within material on this website. Read our full Legal Disclaimer |
---
title: "O2SS0343: FORALL statement with SAVE EXCEPTIONS clause is not supported (Error)"
description: "Describes why SQL Server Migration Assistant (SSMA) for Oracle does not support the SAVE EXCEPTION clause in the FORALL statement."
author: nahk-ivanov
ms.prod: sql
ms.technology: ssma
ms.devlang: "sql"
ms.topic: "article"
ms.date: "1/22/2020"
ms.author: "alexiva"
---
# O2SS0343: FORALL statement with SAVE EXCEPTION clause is not supported (Error)
This article describes why SQL Server Migration Assistant (SSMA) for Oracle does not support the `SAVE EXCEPTIONS` clause in the `FORALL` statement.
## Background
Exception handling is a programming language construct or mechanism designed to handle the occurrence of exceptions, special conditions that change the normal flow of program execution. In Oracle, `FORALL` statement lets you run multiple DML statements very efficiently and can only repeat a single DML statement, unlike a general-purpose `FOR` loop. `SAVE EXCEPTIONS` clause causes the `FORALL` loop to continue even if some DML operations fail.
The Oracle exception model differs from SQL Server both in exception raising and exception handling. It is preferable to use the SQL Server exceptions model as part of the Oracle PL/SQL code migration.
Whenever `FORALL` statement used with `SAVE EXCEPTIONS` clause, SSMA doesn't support it and generates an error message.
## Example
Consider the example below which uses a `FORALL` statement with `SAVE EXCEPTIONS` clause.
```sql
CREATE TABLE DIVISION_RESULT_Exception (RESULT NUMBER);
/
DECLARE
TYPE NUMLIST IS TABLE OF NUMBER;
NUM_TAB NUMLIST := NUMLIST(1000, 0, 100, 0, 10);
ERRORS NUMBER;
DML_ERRORS EXCEPTION;
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(DML_ERRORS, -24381);
BEGIN
FORALL i IN NUM_TAB.FIRST..NUM_TAB.LAST
SAVE EXCEPTIONS
INSERT INTO DIVISION_RESULT_Exception
VALUES(1000 / NUM_TAB(i));
EXCEPTION
WHEN DML_ERRORS THEN
ERRORS := SQL%BULK_EXCEPTIONS.COUNT;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Number of errors is ' || ERRORS);
FOR i IN 1..ERRORS LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('SQLCODE: ' || SQL%BULK_EXCEPTIONS(i).ERROR_INDEX);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('SQLERRM: ' ||SQLERRM(-SQL%BULK_EXCEPTIONS(i).ERROR_CODE));
END LOOP;
END;
```
When you try to convert the above code in SSMA, it generates the following error message:
> O2SS0343: FORALL statement with SAVE EXCEPTIONS clause is not supported
## Possible remedies
One possible remediation is to use the try and catch block to handle the exceptions in T-SQL using `ERROR_NUMBER` and `ERROR_MESSAGE` functions instead of the `SQLCODE` and `SQLERRM` Oracle functions. For this, we need to update the SQL Server code as follows:
```sql
BEGIN
/* Declaration and initialization of table of input values */
DECLARE
@CollectionIndexInt$TYPE varchar(max) = ' TABLE OF DOUBLE'
DECLARE
@NUM_TAB dbo.CollectionIndexInt =
dbo.CollectionIndexInt::[Null]
.SetType(@CollectionIndexInt$TYPE)
.AddDouble(1000)
.AddDouble(0)
.AddDouble(100)
.AddDouble(0)
.AddDouble(10)
/* Declaration and initialization of other variables */
DECLARE
@ERRORS int,
@DML_ERRORS$exception nvarchar(1000)
SET @DML_ERRORS$exception = N'ORA-24381%'
/* Declaration and initialization of temporary variables */
DECLARE
@i int
SET @i = 1
/* Running the loop for all the input values*/
WHILE @i <= @NUM_TAB.Count
BEGIN
/* Performing the required operation in Try block */
BEGIN TRY
INSERT dbo.DIVISION_RESULT_EXCEPTION(RESULT)
VALUES (1000 / @NUM_TAB.GetDouble(@i))
END TRY
/* Catch block to handle exception generated in Try block */
BEGIN CATCH
SET @Errors = @Errors + 1;
PRINT ('SQL error is ' + CONVERT(varchar(20), ERROR_NUMBER()) +
':' + CONVERT(varchar(100), ERROR_MESSAGE()))
PRINT (CONVERT(Varchar(30), ERROR_NUMBER()))
END CATCH;
/* Incrementing the loop variable */
SET @i = @i + 1
END
END
```
## Related conversion messages
* O2SS0282: RAISE without exception specified can be placed only in exception handler
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a clock recovery circuit, and more particularly, to an over-sampling type clock recovery circuit which performs sampling of a data signal based on a plurality of clock signals having different phases.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, a high-speed protocol is proposed such as Gbit Ethernet and Fiber Channel for data transmission. For this purpose, high speed processing is requested in a clock recovery circuit to extract a clock signal from a data signal in a high speed transmission and in a PLL circuit to establish frequency synchronization between the clock signal used in the circuit and the transmitted clock signal. In order to respond to such a request, as disclosed in 1996 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, an over-sampling type clock recovery circuit is proposed in which the transmitted data signal is sampled based on a plurality of clock signals with different phases generated by an internal circuit.
FIG. 1 shows a circuit block diagram of a clock recovery circuit which is disclosed in the conventional example. A data signal is supplied to eight phase comparators TIPD0 to TIPD7. The respective phase comparators TIPD0 to TIPD7 are supplied with 24 clock signals having fixed delays outputted from a fixed delay circuit for every set of three clock signals.
Each phase comparator detects the phase state between the data signal and the set of three clock signals. When the set of clock signals and the data signal are matched in phase to each other, the phase comparator detects a locking state to set a corresponding one of up signals up0 to up7 to an disable state and a corresponding one of dn signals dn0 to dn7 to a disable state, as shown in FIGS. 2A to 2F. When the set of clock signals leads the data signal, the phase comparator detects the leading of the clock signals to set a corresponding one of up signals up0 to up7 to the disable state and a corresponding one of dn signals dn0 to dn7 to an enable state. Similarly, when detecting the delay of the clock signal compared to the data signal, the phase comparator sets the up signal to the enable state and the dn signal to the disable state, as shown in FIGS. 3A to 3F.
Charge pumps CP0 to CP7 increase the output voltages when the up signals are set to the enable state and decrease the output voltages decrease when the dn signal is set to the enable state. The output voltages are supplied to a low pass filter LPF. The low pass filter LPF integrates the changes of the voltages supplied from the charge pumps CP0 to CP7 and outputs the integrated voltage to a variable delay circuit VD. A voltage controlled oscillator VCO oscillates and generates a reference clock signal to output to the variable delay circuit VD. The variable delay circuit VD delays the reference clock signal from the voltage controlled oscillator VCO in accordance with the integrated voltage from the low pass filter LPF. Then, a fixed delay circuit FD receives the delayed clock signal from the variable delay circuit FD and generates the 24 clock signals having fixed delays from the delayed clock signal.
In the clock recovery circuit, the up signal or dn signal is set to the enable state in each phase comparator, as described above. As a result, the voltage outputted from the corresponding charge pump CP increases or decreases, when the leading or delaying state of the set of clock signals is detected. Therefore, the delayed clock signal is outputted from the variable delay circuit VD based on the phase leading or delaying state, and the 24 clock signals are generated by the fixed delay circuit FD based on the delayed clock signal. As a result, the leading or delaying state of the clock signals to be supplied to each of the phase comparators TIPD0 to TIPD7 is controlled so that the appropriate sampling of the data signal can be realized.
However, in this clock recovery circuit, the data sampling cannot be correctly performed, when the phase differences are generated between the 24 clock signals due, to the influence of the wiring layout of the circuit. Especially, when a phase difference is generated between three clocks supplied to the phase comparator, the data sampling cannot be correctly performed. For example, when delay of a clock signal clkn+1 is generated as shown in FIG. 3D, the phase comparator detects a clock delaying state so that the up signal is set to the enable state. For this reason, owing to the operation in the stage subsequent to the charge pump CP receiving the enable state of the up signal, the delay of the 24 clock signals generated in the fixed delay circuit FD is controlled. As a result, the correct data sampling cannot be performed in the whole clock recovery circuit, including other phase comparators.
Also, in such a clock recovery circuit, the number of bits of the transmitted data signal continuously having the same value is limited. Therefore, in a locking state in which any phase difference is not detected, even if the number of clock signals used for the sampling is decreased, the phase difference can be correctly detected.
However, in the above-mentioned clock recovery circuit, the eight phase comparators TIPD0 to TIPD7 are always in the operating state regardless of whether or not they are in the locking state. As the result, in the locking state, ones of the phase comparators other than the phase comparators necessary to detect phase differences perform unnecessary operation. Therefore, the eight phase comparators with the relatively large power consumption operate continuously at the same time. Thus, the power consumption as the whole clock recovery circuit cannot be ignored. Also, each of the charge pumps CP0 to CP7 subsequent to the phase comparators TIPD0 to TIPD7 operate based on phase difference data outputted from the respective phase comparators. Moreover, the power consumption in the low pass filter LPF and the subsequent circuits cannot be ignored.
In addition to the above conventional example, a disqueque apparatus is disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Application (JP-B-Showa 61-18274). In this reference, the disqueque apparatus is composed of first and second sections and a memory section. The first section determines a majority of sync signals for channels to produce a signal. The second section produces a synthetic signal in response to an output obtained by adding clocks for the channels. The memory section executes performs a read operation in response to the signal and the synthetic signal. Thus, when a data block is composed of a plurality of tracks each of which includes a frame sync signal and a data, the disqueque apparatus can remove a time shift of data between the tracks in a multi-track digital magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus.
Also, a digital signal receiving apparatus is disclosed in Japanese Laid Open Patent application (JP-A-Showa 61-145945). In this reference, the digital signal receiving apparatus is composed of a reproducing section and a majority determining section and a conversion section. The reproducing section reproduces clock signals having a basic clock signal frequency fr and a frequency n (n is a positive integer equal to or larger then 3) times of the basic clock signal frequency fr locked to a digital reproduction signal in phase. The majority determining section extracts n samples values during one bit of the digital reproduction signal based on nfr clock signals, and determines binary values of the n sample values on the majority side as a value during the bit. The converting section converts the determined value to have 1/fr width. Thus, the digital reproduction signal is shaped in units of basic clocks fr of the digital reproduction signal.
Also, a data sampling converting circuit is disclosed in Japanese Laid Open Patent application (JP-A-Showa 61-214842). In this reference, the data sampling converting circuit includes a clock reproducing circuit, a frequency dividing circuit and a determining circuit. The clock reproducing circuit reproduces a clock pulse from a character multiplexed signal. The frequency dividing circuit divides the reproduced clock signal in frequency to 1 to n-th, and generates n sampling pulses with different phases. The determining circuit performs sampling of the character multiplexed signal with the n sampling pulses and determines based on majority determination of m continuous sampling results whether a digital data is in a high level or a low level.
Also, a demodulation data identifying and determining apparatus is disclosed in Japanese Laid Open Patent application (JP-A-Heisei 3-69238). In this reference, the demodulation data identifying and determining apparatus is composed of a detecting and demodulating circuit, a comparator, a clock reproducing circuit, a timing determining section, a latch circuit. The detecting and demodulating circuit demodulate an input signal to output a base band signal. The comparator converts the base band signal into a binary signal. The clock reproducing circuit reproduces a reproduction clock signal having the same frequency as a bit rate of a transmission data, and generates a clock signal faster than the reproduction clock signal. The timing determining section performs sampling of the binary signal using the clock signal and performs majority determination to a plurality of values corresponding to a plurality of sampling points to output the result of the majority determination. The latch circuit latches the output from the timing determining section in accordance with the reproduction clock signal to output as a reproduced digital data.
Also, a digital signal reproducing circuit is disclosed in Japanese Laid Open Patent application (JP-A-Heisei 4-11431). In this reference, the digital signal reproducing circuit is composed of a demodulating section, a sampling section and a majority determining section. The demodulating section demodulates a digital modulated signal. The sampling section performs sampling of the demodulated digital signal in accordance with clock signals from a clock source. The majority determining section performs majority determination to a plurality of sampling values supplied from the sampling section. |
Current treatment considerations in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
In general, debulking neprhectomy is still considered for metastatic RCC patients with primary tumor in place, assuming good performance status. Initial systemic therapy should consider high-dose IL-2 for the highly select patient. One reason for initial consideration of this therapy is the less certain risk/benefit profile if employed after targeted therapy. Notably, due to its potential toxicity and emergence of new effective and more tolerable drugs, IL-2 has become a less favorable and subsequently a less utilized therapeutic tool in the current era. Otherwise, VEGF-targeted therapy is the treatment of choice, preferably on a clinical trial. Off trial, sunitinib has long been favored but pazopanib is gaining more use for tolerance pending the comparative trial. Continued VEGF targeting is favored by these authors given the underlying biology of RCC and the prospective clinical data, noting no direct comparison of mTOR and VEGF agents has yet occurred. Maintaining patient dose is critical and requires optimal supportive care and appreciation/early intervention for toxicity. Predictive biomarkers are desperately needed, and enrollment on clinical trials remains a priority to optimize patient outcome. |
Q:
How to get the size of belong_to record
I followed this tutorial for making the exact same comments section on my website and now i want to display the number of comments on the article but I can only have the number of answers to the article without including the number of answers of comments.
I don't want to add a column to my comment model with a reference of the article ID because my website is already online and all the old post will have 0 comments because they will not have this new column.
Any idea of how I can do ? I guess it as something to do with belong_to but on the official doc I cannot find it.
My model/comment.rb
class Comment < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :commentable, polymorphic: true
has_many :comments, as: :commentable
serialize :report, Array
validates :commenter, presence: true, length: { in: 1..500 }
end
my model/article.rb
class Article < ApplicationRecord
include BCrypt
serialize :view, Array
serialize :upvote, Array
serialize :report, Array
has_many :comments, as: :commentable, dependent: :destroy
validates :title, presence: true, length: { in: 1..60 }
validates :content, presence: true
has_secure_password
end
EDIT:
Maybe I could do a method in my helper with a loop which will count every comment of a comment, but I don't how I could make this loop like Article.find(my_article_id).comments.each do and then I don't know how to do, then maybe I should do like Comment.comments.each do ?
I was thinking to do a recursive method but I always struggle to do recursive method
EDIT2:
schema/article
create_table "articles", force: :cascade do |t|
t.string "title"
t.string "author"
t.string "author_ip"
t.string "password_digest"
t.text "content"
t.string "upvote"
t.integer "upvote_count", default: 0
t.string "view"
t.integer "view_count", default: 0
t.string "report"
t.integer "report_count", default: 0
t.datetime "created_at", null: false
t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
t.boolean "activate", default: true
t.integer "comments_count", default: 0, null: false
end
schema/comment
create_table "comments", force: :cascade do |t|
t.text "commenter"
t.string "author"
t.string "author_ip"
t.string "date"
t.integer "commentable_id"
t.string "commentable_type"
t.string "report"
t.integer "report_count", default: 0
t.datetime "created_at", null: false
t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
t.string "article_id"
end
EDIT3:
comment migration
class AddCommentsCountToComments < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.2]
def change
add_column :comments, :comments_count, :integer, default: 0, null: false
Comment.reset_column_information # to reset cached values
Comment.find_each do |comment|
comment.update(comments_count: comment.comments.count) # updating old articles comments_counter
end
end
end
A:
You can always use article.comments.size but it's not ideal as it will always make queries to the database.
Another way is to add counter cache comments_count column in your articles model, also you can update comments_count for any article created prior to the counter cache in the same migration.
You can start by adding migration
def change
add_column :articles, :comments_count, :integer, default: 0, null: false
Article.reset_column_information # to reset cached values
Article.find_each do |article|
article.update(comments_count: article.comments.count) # updating old articles comments_count
end
end
Now if you ran the migration and checked in the console for articles made prior to this migration, comments_count should reflect the number of comments for articles.
Now, the last step is to add counter_cache option to your comment model.
The counter_cache option makes sure the number in comments_count column is always updated whenever a comment is added or removed.
belongs_to :commentable, polymorphic: true, counter_cache: true
Now to get the cached value, you can either use:
article.comments.size, as if you use a counter_cache on a has_many association, size will use the cached count directly, and won't make any queries at all.
article.comments_count.
Similarly, to have comment.comments.count or comment.comments_count cached value, you need also to add another counter cache for comments table.
To get all the comments including nested comments for specific article, you need to get the article comments count(outer comments) + each comment comments count.
article.comments_count + article.comments.sum(:comments_count)
To DRY your code if you need to reuse it, you can add a instance method inside your article model as so:
def comments_count_including_nested
comments_count + comments.sum(:comments_count)
end
Then you can call article.comments_count_including_nested
|
Cool shop bike: Early 1960’s Helyett Speciale
Sorry to have been slacking a bit on this series, but my other shop internet duties take precedence over the blog posts. So I am coming back to the topic with a good one! This bike is an early 1960’s Helyett Speciale in fantastic original finish with period correct componentry. It is a prime example of a bike that would have been ridden in the Tour De France in the 60’s. It is built with Reynolds 531 tubing with the French decal, which I always liked. Jaques Anquetil’s face graces the elaborate seat tube decal. He was one of the classic champions of the era and is regarded as one of the best ever. The typography of the down tube and top tube decals is amazing in my opinion, they remind me of Daniel Rebour’s style of illustration. Nice head lugs with a lot of shore line and window cut outs, gold lug lining throughout. Original paint which at this point has aged to a nice warm cream color. One of my favorite head badges is affixed to the head tube. The serial number of 61270 is stamped on the rear non drive side of the Simplex drop out. a neat little detail is the rear pump peg, pretty unique. The componentry is also top French quality of the period. Rear derailleur is a Simplex JUY export 61. See the photo for the unique mechanism for adjustment in the parallelogram. Front derailleur is a Simplex LJ 23 (second version). The first version had a riveted badge where as this one has a decal. Simplex Shifters with nice wingnuts, braze on style. Early Stronglight 49D cranks with T.A. adapter and professional criterium T.A. chain rings in half step gearing. Cool acorn nuts for attachment. The hubs are Exceltoo Super Competition model, which were a little known French company that made nice hubs.Simplex skewers with intact wingnuts and the very rare white boots in great shape. Early Mafac Duralforge brakes and Mafac levers with pristine half hoods. Pivo bar and stem combo with the T.A. cable guide, always a nice touch. Stronglight P3 headset and Ideale no.88 saddle round out the build. Also of note is the Ideale seat clamp which has the tabs for the toe strap to go through and attach a tubular tire under the seat. I have never seen this version before, any info? This bike is in the permanent collection and we are proud to be its care taker, enjoy!
4 thoughts on “Cool shop bike: Early 1960’s Helyett Speciale”
Great to see, brings back memories for me. I used to ride an early 1960s Helyett Speciale, model Andre Darrigade. It was emerald green, with white panels, with Mafac, TA, Simplex etc. I loved it, and would really like to find another. Some hopes!
Hi RobJust read about your love of the Helyett Speciale Bike.I have a 1959 helyett speciale that i have owned from 1959.Its in superb condition although I have changed a few of the original components.Its on Campagnolo grand sport gears and the double chain rings have been changed.I am willing to sell this bike to the right person.If you are interested I could send you photos and a more comprehensive description if you are interested in buying.Regards Terry UnsworthLancashire UKemail tiunsworth@blueyonder.co.uk
I had a couple of those Ideal saddle clamps in the '60's. They were great for being able to get the saddle angle just right using the two bolts riding in the curved slots. The 'flats' of the clamp were 'knurled' rather than 'grooved' as in a normal clamp so you aren't restricted to the pre-ordained angles.
The gear adjuster system on these early Simplex parallelogram mechs was so simple. It also appeared on the first Prestige all-plastic mech, som much simpler than the grub screw method. |
package preact
import (
"github.com/matthewmueller/joy/dom/document"
"github.com/matthewmueller/joy/macro"
"github.com/matthewmueller/joy/vdom"
)
// var preact = macro.File("./preact.js")
// var _ jsx.Node = (*Component)(nil)
// Component interface
// js:"component,omit"
// type Component struct{}
// // Render fn
// func (c *Component) Render() jsx.JSX {
// return nil
// }
// // SetState fn
// // js:"setState"
// func (c *Component) SetState(interface{}) {
// }
// // ForceUpdate fn
// func (c *Component) ForceUpdate() {
// }
// Render the component
func Render(component vdom.Child, el *document.Node) {
macro.Rewrite("$1.render($2, $3)", vdom.File(), component, el)
}
|
# uncompyle6 version 2.9.10
# Python bytecode 2.7 (62211)
# Decompiled from: Python 2.7.10 (default, Feb 6 2017, 23:53:20)
# [GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 8.0.0 (clang-800.0.34)]
# Embedded file name: type_Subkey.py
from types import *
import mcl.object.MclTime
class Subkey:
def __init__(self):
self.__dict__['lastUpdate'] = mcl.object.MclTime.MclTime()
self.__dict__['name'] = ''
def __getattr__(self, name):
if name == 'lastUpdate':
return self.__dict__['lastUpdate']
if name == 'name':
return self.__dict__['name']
raise AttributeError("Attribute '%s' not found" % name)
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
if name == 'lastUpdate':
self.__dict__['lastUpdate'] = value
elif name == 'name':
self.__dict__['name'] = value
else:
raise AttributeError("Attribute '%s' not found" % name)
def Marshal(self, mmsg):
from mcl.object.Message import MarshalMessage
submsg = MarshalMessage()
submsg.AddTime(MSG_KEY_RESULT_SUBKEY_LAST_UPDATE, self.__dict__['lastUpdate'])
submsg.AddStringUtf8(MSG_KEY_RESULT_SUBKEY_NAME, self.__dict__['name'])
mmsg.AddMessage(MSG_KEY_RESULT_SUBKEY, submsg)
def Demarshal(self, dmsg, instance=-1):
import mcl.object.Message
msgData = dmsg.FindData(MSG_KEY_RESULT_SUBKEY, mcl.object.Message.MSG_TYPE_MSG, instance)
submsg = mcl.object.Message.DemarshalMessage(msgData)
self.__dict__['lastUpdate'] = submsg.FindTime(MSG_KEY_RESULT_SUBKEY_LAST_UPDATE)
self.__dict__['name'] = submsg.FindString(MSG_KEY_RESULT_SUBKEY_NAME) |
TuneMoji’s CMO On Music In Marketing And Influencer Measurement
TuneMoji, a content creation platform, is the first provider of licensed musical GIFs and is fully integrated into iMessage, Facebook Messenger, Snapchat, Twitter and Skype. Exclusive licensing deals with Universal, Warner and Sony allow TuneMoji to be the first to distribute GIFs layered with music.
Verena Papik, TuneMoji’s CMO, spoke to AList during the DEW Conference. The former EMEA director at Musical.ly—now TikTok—talked about music in marketing, influencers and social media.
What types of hurdles are marketers facing with incorporating music into their content?
The struggle with music is that it’s a very personal thing. Music is beautiful, everyone speaks the same language with music, it’s a very united place, however, it’s still so personal. I feel—especially if you’re a brand—its very tough to pick the right music in order to support your advertising and everything you do. Also, to send the right message because everyone is interpreting music differently.
My background is from musical.ly, where you co-create as a brand and you might get influencers with music to create your content. That really speaks to everyone. One thing about TuneMoji is that we allow you to put your own music. Users can personalize and express their feelings with that social object.
The struggle for brands and for the marketers is to find a way to create a promotion with personalized music to every user—so every user can take their own advertisement and I believe that’s where it’s all going.
What is the future of music in marketing?
Attention spans are getting shorter and shorter, even 15 seconds is already too long. For example, on Instagram stories, everyone is just tapping and no one is taking the time to watch the content. Everything needs to be right now and we need to know exactly what it is.
We saw it with YouTube where we started with five-minute videos to then musical.ly where you have 15-second videos to showcase your talent. There is no time for long texts, and its just going to get shorter and shorter.
The shortest form of a video is a GIF. Also, GIFs become more and more popular across all different age groups, as even your 70-year-old auntie now is on Instagram and changes the way she communicates and expresses herself.
That’s why I feel TuneMoji is ahead of the curve. I feel like we haven’t been analyzed really as a trend. At TuneMoji, we observed the market dynamics and what was happening, so, in order to become a trend you need to create that trend. I don’t think that music GIFs is a trend right now, but we are creating it.
How does TuneMoji utilize influencers?
We have influencers on our platform, but we are giving influencers the opportunity to grow and expand their audience. We have homegrown influencers and it’s very interesting- speaking of, we’ve discovered that the biggest one on the platform is a gamer from Twitch.
We work with everyone, from comedians to musicians. The music industry can really pursue artists and they can really see the benefit of the new platform. Our influencers really appreciate the content distribution with the multiple platform approach. Our influencers or the fans of the influencers can express their feelings within social messaging with their favorite influencer’s face and that becomes an advert for the influencing.
What are your thoughts on influencer marketing measurement?
I feel brands and marketers have become very sensitive to working with influencers because it got a bad reputation. I’m here to redefine engagement metrics. Now, everyone is looking into followers. For example, like how many followers do you have, but what does follower really mean in the end?
If you look into engagement metrics if you look into how many likes, it’s still not the ultimate north star engagement metric. What really matters as a brand—its not only how many people like the content—but if they’re such a fan of the content they become an advert for the content themselves. It’s about how many shares and how many sends. TuneMoji is built upon the sends.
Views is [also] a weak number to measure the engagement of short-form content, the actual engagement of sends and shares is the new format for industries to measure.
What trends will we see on social media platforms when it comes to music and marketing?
We’re relinking back to streaming services. We are creating an acquisition funnel for Apple music for streaming platforms. This is to see where it’s going, so we know how to incorporate streaming services as a music provider.
Streaming services are as relevant as well as the labels and have their table stake, so we are combining them into the marketing. If you send the TuneMoji, for example, within iMessage, what pops up is the Apple music icon and you can see which song it is and it links you back to the streaming service. For Apple music and other music providers, this is a great opportunity to engage with the users.
I feel that we are going into a general direction in online marketing and video marketing, where our artists and influencers are going to produce their promotion videos into those short gifs. It’s going to become way more popular. For example, if you like those meme pages on Instagram they don’t necessarily have a face, but the engagement metrics are insane. These people will also lead the new wave of influencers.
That’s another thing, it’s a matter of fact social media platforms have become the most harmful to youth and mental health. This is another issue as well, and being part of the media landscape I think it’s our responsibility to ensure that we are working on this topic and that we are ensuring that everyone is comfortable. We want to make sure we are not harming our youth and that we are actually working on improving mental health. That’s another part where TuneMoji steps in, with our positive, all-inclusive strategy in making everyone authors.
Co-creation is the biggest topic nowadays in engagement, to let fans co-create a music video or even a song via social media collaborations. Fans want to be involved in the whole production and own a part of the artist’s piece, that’s why online challenges are working as the best engagement tool for promoting songs.
What do you think has changed in music since your time at musical.ly?
I think a lot has changed. I think with musical.ly and now TikTok, they did an awesome job in bringing the sound back to life and really encouraging everyone to be a part of in showing your talent. It created this kind of entertainment culture. I feel that it definitely allowed many users who didn’t think they had the talent to actually discover it. With also doing that, they also showed 15-second videos is enough.
It’s enough to have something to share, it’s not too long. It’s shorter now and I feel it encouraged people to be more open to social media as well. It created large amounts of community—the YouTubers, the Viners, the musical.lys—this very musical oriented community. It allowed the music industry to come back.
As there is a trend for the younger audience to escape from social media into social messaging, the music industry will need to find the right social object to stay relevant, as sharing a song from streaming services is not sexy (long link, the user most of the time has to leave messenger). |
"Comedian" Kathy Griffin has ignited a firestorm of revulsion and anger. She participated in a disgusting photo shoot in which she is featured holding the bloody, severed head of President Donald Trump.
President Trump tweeted that Griffin should be ashamed of herself, adding, "My children, especially my 11 year old son, Barron, are having a hard time with this. Sick!"
The Secret Service is reportedly investigating the incident and Griffin is begging for forgiveness. The only reason she is apologizing is because the left has broken ranks and abandoned her.
For the past 10 years, Griffin has co-hosted CNN's New Year's Eve coverage. The network announced it is "evaluating" her future participation. Anderson Cooper tweeted that he was "appalled" by the photo shoot, adding that it was "clearly disgusting and completely inappropriate."
Chelsea Clinton tweeted, "This is vile and wrong. It is never funny to joke about killing a president."
Donald Trump, Jr., rejected Griffin's apology as "phony," adding that it "would be a lot easier to believe if there wasn't a video of her mocking the response she knew was coming."
Tyler Shields, the so-called "artist" who did the photo shoot, said that he and Griffin "figured out the best image" before hand. Here is Shields' explanation:
"Kathy and I are friends and we worked together before. So when we started doing this shoot, she said, 'I'd love to do something political. I'd love to make a statement.' We kind of figured out what would be the best image to make out of that. . . I can't speak for her, [but] I know she [Griffin] loves to stir the pot."
Of all the things Griffin could have done to express her opposition to President Trump she chose a beheading -- something that normalizes the violence of the jihadists rampaging across the Middle East and Africa. This is an image meant to terrorize.
The real story here is that the "Resistance" -- as the left likes to call itself -- was erasing the boundaries of acceptable behavior well before the election and it has continued doing so ever since. The left feels justified in terrorizing conservatives.
There are constant suggestions that the administration is illegitimate, that the president colluded with Russia to steal the election.
White House employees have been accosted in public.
There is a constant drumbeat suggesting that the president and his supporter are Nazis. Comparisons to Hitler are routine.
There were physical attacks on Trump supporters before the election and after.
This is the atmosphere of hate the left is creating.
Not Just Trump
Don't fool yourself into thinking that Trump is the only one the left hates. "President Cruz" or "President Rubio" would also be facing the left's wrath. In fact, anyone who is committed to resisting the left's "fundamental transformation of America" will earn their hatred.
For example, most people would say that Paul Ryan is a very nice and likeable person. But dozens of New Jersey eighth graders on a recent trip to Washington, D.C., refused to have their picture taken with Speaker Ryan.
The left claims to be all about diversity and tolerance. But it has zero respect for diversity of opinion and it can't even be civil about it!
Reagan Would Be Proud
The United States conducted a successful test of our missile defense system yesterday. A mock ICBM was fired from the Marshall Islands and was intercepted by another missile from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. We hit a bullet with a bullet from a distances of 5,000 miles.
Vice Admiral Jim Syring said, "This system is vitally important to the defense of our homeland, and this test demonstrates that we have a capable, credible deterrent against a very real threat." Ronald Reagan would be proud.
We are still a long away from having a reliable missile shield like Reagan envisioned. According to Reuters, this was only the ninth successful test out of 17 attempts since 1999, and we are clearly in a race with rogue regimes like Iran and North Korea to prevent the unthinkable from happening -- hundreds of thousands of Americans dying in an attack against a major city.
But never forget this fact: If the left had prevailed since the Reagan years, we would be utterly defenseless today.
The left has resisted missile defense funding every step of the way. Progressives will give your money away to other countries to pay for climate change. They will spend billions on boondoggles. But they have tried every tactic to prevent us from being able to defend the American people from enemy missiles.
Chag Sameach
Last night, our Jewish brothers and sisters began celebrating Shavuot, which commemorates the day God gave Moses the Ten Commandments. To our Jewish friends, we wish you a joyous Shavuot!
Speaking of the Ten Commandments, one of them is translated simply, "You shall not murder." That is fairly well understood throughout Judeo-Christian civilization. Sadly, there seems to be little respect for innocent life in many parts of the Islamic world, which is producing death-worshipping jihadists.
This morning, a massive car bomb ripped through Kabul, Afghanistan, "at the height of the Wednesday morning rush hour." At least 80 people are dead and 450 are wounded. This marks the third major terror attack since the Islamic holy month of Ramadan began Friday.
Do Presbyterians set off bombs at Easter? Do Catholics celebrate Christmas with mass murder? Do Jews blow themselves up on Yom Kippur? Of course not.
Unfortunately, the "religion of peace" has a serious problem with violence. For the jihadists of Al Qaeda, the Taliban, Hamas, Hezbollah, Boko Haram, Al Shabaab, Islamic Jihad and the Islamic State, who are slaughtering innocent people in the name of Allah, it is all about religion.
Vice President Mike Pence said, "The Values Voter Summit [is] the greatest gathering of conservative pro-family Americans in the nation." And he is absolutely right!
That is why American Values, my non-profit public policy organization, has been a proud sponsor of the Summit every year.
This year's Summit features an incredible lineup of top government officials, opinion makers and faith leaders. There will be educational and informative breakout sessions, as well as events honoring those who have made significant contributions to the conservative movement. |
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From Our Community
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“I’m revisiting this today, because Adagio’s clever lil marketing game has me narrowing down an order. I’ve had 2 cups this morning. The first was plain, and it still feels like...”
Read full tasting note
“Cold-brewed this last night, 3 tsp/12 oz. for probably 24 hours. I forgot about it for a while. At first sip it’s like the standard unsweet iced tea, but once the aftertaste kicks in...”
Read full tasting note
“This is my first darjeeling from Adagio, and I have to say, I think Arbor Teas spoiled me. In comparison, this is a good tea. It gets the job done, and it’s very fresh-tasting and smooth,...”
Read full tasting note
From Adagio Teas
Black tea from the famous Darjeeling region of India. Darjeeling tea is treasured for its rich golden liquor and distinctive muscatel (a type of grape) flavor. This tea scores high on both counts. Bright and aromatic, floral muscat grape aroma, with warm spice notes and also sugary squash. Plush, tangy mouthfeel with a sweet finish and balanced astringency. This excellent summer harvest tea comes from the highly regarded Sungma Estate.
34 Tasting Notes
This is my second acquaintance with this tea, and I’m beginning to rather like it. I bought this as a sample with my last Adagio order, having only previously tried Mighty Leaf’s Organic Darjeeling Estate.
I find this a pleasant, light, refreshing tea. It doesn’t have as strong a muscatel flavour as I’d like, so my search needs to continue in that regard, but I am enjoying it. My steep time so far has been about three minutes, which I think I might extend a little next time. I’m interested to see what that does for the flavour.
In the cup, this tea has an earthy, nutty, slightly metallic aroma. This translates a little into the flavour of the tea, which tastes slightly musty and mossy. It reminds me a lot of a forest after a rain shower! The dry leaves smell slightly bitter, but, thankfully, this does not translate to the tea. In colour, they’re a mixture of green and brown-black, so I can see where some of the flavours in this tea that I associate more with green tea come from. My overall impression is of a smooth, delicate tea — perfect for a summer evening!
Preparation
I’m a beginner to fine loose-leaf teas. This tea was gifted me in March with a variety of teas in an attempt to seduce me into loving tea—and it succeeded. At this point I’ve tried 22 different varieties of such teas—and this is topped only by another Darjeeling sold by TeaSource (Selim Hill.) So no, I’m by no means a connoisseur, but this is one tea that sold me on making tea a habit. Has a brisk sweet muscatel flavor. Good hot or iced, alone or with milk. I’m only leaving room at the end of this rating because who knows what teas I’ll try I’ll love more? But for now, very much a favorite.
Preparation
This is the other Darjeeling I have been drinking recently. Even though I have been familiar with Adagio’s products for a long time, I have to admit that until I cracked this one open, this tea was new to me. At first, I did not like it at all, but now that I have tried it multiple times, it has grown on me quite a bit.
I prepared this tea using my familiar one step Western infusion. I experimented with steep times quite a bit. It took awhile, but I think I have finally found what works best for me with this tea. According to Adagio, one should steep 1 heaping teaspoon of this tea in 8 ounces of 212 F water for anywhere from 3-5 minutes. I found that a 3 minute steep using the amount described oddly lacked character, so I adjusted the amount used and the steep time. I actually used slightly less leaf and found the result to be a more balanced, nuanced brew. I still used slightly more than a traditional teaspoon of loose tea leaves, but not quite as much as what many may consider to be a heaped teaspoon if that makes sense. I also found that a steep time ranging from 4-5 minutes using the amount of tea I settled on produced a nice cuppa. For the purposes of this review, I will be specifically referencing the 5 minute infusion.
Prior to infusion, a glance at the dry leaves revealed that this is a higher quality tea compared to the Summer Puttabong offered by Adagio. I did not notice nearly as many fannings, primarily spotting larger broken leaves and some smaller full leaves. To be clear, I still highly doubt that this would qualify as a truly high end Darjeeling, but relative to the other summer Darjeeling offered by this vendor, this one at least appears to be a little nicer. After infusion, the liquor shows a dark golden amber in the glass. On the nose, I found that mellow aromas of honey, Muscat grape, toast, almonds, cream, and malt were easily detectable. In the mouth, I picked up on mellow notes of clover honey, cream, toast, malt, almonds, herbs, straw, nutmeg, and Muscat grape. The finish was longer and mellower than the Puttabong offering, with delicate notes of Muscat grape, almond, toast, cream, nutmeg, and honey lingering.
This does not come across as the most refined Darjeeling in the world, but I found that I really enjoyed the honey, nut, and spice notes offered by this tea. The Muscat grape presence is nice and pronounced too. Compared to Adagio’s other summer Darjeeling, I definitely prefer this one. I could see this being a consistent, solid introduction to the summer flushes.
Preparation
A lovely treat for the price! Rich amber, almost leaning towards light maple in the cup. Classic aromas of muscatel and dry wood come off of the steeped leaves, while the liquor carries a sweetness along with it. Wonderful sweet musk and wood flavors command the overall flavor profile, followed with hints of coco powder, black strap molasses and roasted acorn squash. Finishes with a lingering astringency which allows the coco, molasses and squash notes linger long after swallowing. Recommended infusion time from Adagio is right on at 2:00-2:30, allow the liquor to cool a bit before tasting to open up more flavors. If there is such a thing as an every-day single estate Darjeeling 2nd flush this may be it as the price is VERY reasonable and 2-3 steeps are possible.
Preparation
There’s a nice juicy onset of grape on the tongue at first taste, which is underscored by a peppery quality and faint notes of cardamom. There are even some slight notes of melon. The finish is lightly astringent but wet feeling, not dry, which is pleasant.
There’s not a lot I can say about this except that it was a pleasantly surprising Darjeeling. I don’t profess to really be a huge seeker of black teas, so I usually go in thinking “I need warmth and caffeine.” When the flavor accompanying the brew is more complex than I expect, I’m charmed. This is nice. Not my cup of tea, but nice. |
A serum nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic signature of antiphospholipid syndrome.
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a rheumatic inflammatory chronic autoimmune disease inducing hypercoagulable state associated with vascular thrombosis and pregnancy loss in women. Cardiac, cerebral and vascular strokes in these patients are responsible for reduction in life expectancy. Timely diagnosis and accurate monitoring of disease are decisive to improve the accuracy of therapy. In the present work, we present a NMR-based metabolomic study of blood sera of APS patients. Our data show that individuals suffering APS have a characteristic metabolomic profile with abnormalities associated to the metabolism of methyl group donors, ketone bodies and amino acids. We have identified for the first time the metabolomic fingerprint characterizing APS disease having potential application to improve APS timely diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic approaches. |
Tat, the master of expressions (Pooch in panel 4 especially..priceless).
Good detail, and loving the new versions of percy and pooch.
However, I've noticed this before, but it is rather striking in panel 3 here, pooch has his right front leg extended, as well as his right rear leg...I think it looks a tad odd._________________We live in a political world,
Wisdom is thrown into jail,
It rots in a cell, is misguided as hell
Leaving no one to pick up a trail.
Last edited by Pilot on Thu Apr 26, 2007 1:56 pm; edited 2 times in total
So I'm guessing that everybody missed the commentary on racism on this one? Cat supremacist/white supremacist being the most obvious, but also the "Cat ship, no dogs allowed" ties in with the "For coloured only" tag - I guess that's a reference to the good ol' bad ol' days in America when buses had seperate places for black people and white people to sit - there would be signs like that up on the walls. I wonder what Tat's trying to say?
Edit: Font size 0! What a great idea! But then you don't see it at all unless you cut and paste. I'll set it back to 1.
Last edited by filecore on Thu Apr 26, 2007 5:37 pm; edited 5 times in total
White supremacism, you know, and the thing where Americans are all secretly German and stuff...I DON'T FUCKING KNOW, OKAY, IT WAS A LIGHTHEARTED JOKE, GAWD I'M SO UPSET WHY DON'T YOU JUST DIE, LIKE, ALL OF YOU, LIKE, WHAT THE HELL, I NEED TO GO CUT MYSELF.
I've been doing a lot of Dick and Jane style explanations of my posts tonight, wow.
I was admitting that the American Civil Rights movement had nothing to do with Nazis. My first post was a joke. This post was also a joke. It was supposed to sound like Dennis J. Squidbunny. He posts on this forum. |
'use strict';
const test = require('tape');
const mocks = require('./mocks');
test('slack_presence_change_noop', async(t) => {
t.plan(0 + mocks.connectOneIrcClient.planCount);
const c = await mocks.connectOneIrcClient(t);
await c.daemon.onSlackPresenceChange(c.ircUser, {
type: 'presence_change',
presence: 'away',
user: 'U1234USER',
});
await c.daemon.onSlackPresenceChange(c.ircUser, {
type: 'presence_change',
presence: 'active',
user: 'U1234USER',
});
c.end();
t.end();
});
test('slack_presence_change_away', async(t) => {
t.plan(1 + mocks.connectOneIrcClient.planCount);
const c = await mocks.connectOneIrcClient(t, ['presence']);
c.ircSocket.expect(':irslackd MODE #test_chan_1 -v test_slack_user');
await c.daemon.onSlackPresenceChange(c.ircUser, {
type: 'presence_change',
presence: 'away',
user: 'U1234USER',
});
c.end();
t.end();
});
test('slack_presence_change_active', async(t) => {
t.plan(1 + mocks.connectOneIrcClient.planCount);
const c = await mocks.connectOneIrcClient(t, ['presence']);
c.ircSocket.expect(':irslackd MODE #test_chan_1 +v test_slack_user');
await c.daemon.onSlackPresenceChange(c.ircUser, {
type: 'presence_change',
presence: 'active',
user: 'U1234USER',
});
c.end();
t.end();
});
|
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.
// This code is licensed under the Microsoft Public License.
// THIS CODE IS PROVIDED *AS IS* WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
// PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
//
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics.Contracts;
using Microsoft.Cci.UtilityDataStructures;
namespace Microsoft.Cci.Analysis {
internal class DataFlowInferencer<BasicBlock, Instruction>
where BasicBlock : Microsoft.Cci.Analysis.BasicBlock<Instruction>, new()
where Instruction : Microsoft.Cci.Analysis.Instruction, new() {
private DataFlowInferencer(IMetadataHost host, ControlAndDataFlowGraph<BasicBlock, Instruction> cdfg) {
Contract.Requires(host != null);
Contract.Requires(cdfg != null);
var numberOfBlocks = cdfg.BlockFor.Count;
this.platformType = host.PlatformType;
this.cdfg = cdfg;
this.operandStackSetupInstructions = new List<Instruction>(cdfg.MethodBody.MaxStack);
this.stack = new Stack<Instruction>(cdfg.MethodBody.MaxStack, this.operandStackSetupInstructions);
this.blocksToVisit = new Queue<BasicBlock>((int)numberOfBlocks);
this.blocksAlreadyVisited = new SetOfObjects(numberOfBlocks); ;
this.internFactory = host.InternFactory;
}
IPlatformType platformType;
ControlAndDataFlowGraph<BasicBlock, Instruction> cdfg;
Stack<Instruction> stack;
List<Instruction> operandStackSetupInstructions;
Queue<BasicBlock> blocksToVisit;
SetOfObjects blocksAlreadyVisited;
IInternFactory internFactory;
[ContractInvariantMethod]
private void ObjectInvariant() {
Contract.Invariant(this.platformType != null);
Contract.Invariant(this.cdfg != null);
Contract.Invariant(this.stack != null);
Contract.Invariant(this.operandStackSetupInstructions != null);
Contract.Invariant(this.blocksToVisit != null);
Contract.Invariant(this.blocksAlreadyVisited != null);
Contract.Invariant(this.internFactory != null);
}
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
internal static void SetupDataFlow(IMetadataHost host, IMethodBody methodBody, ControlAndDataFlowGraph<BasicBlock, Instruction> cdfg) {
Contract.Requires(host != null);
Contract.Requires(methodBody != null);
Contract.Requires(cdfg != null);
var dataFlowInferencer = new DataFlowInferencer<BasicBlock, Instruction>(host, cdfg);
dataFlowInferencer.SetupDataFlowFor(methodBody);
}
private void SetupDataFlowFor(IMethodBody methodBody) {
Contract.Requires(methodBody != null);
//If this is a dummy body, do nothing.
if (this.cdfg.AllBlocks.Count == 1 && this.cdfg.AllBlocks[0] != null && this.cdfg.AllBlocks[0].Instructions.Count <= 1) return;
this.AddStackSetupForExceptionHandlers(methodBody);
foreach (var root in this.cdfg.RootBlocks) {
this.blocksToVisit.Enqueue(root);
while (this.blocksToVisit.Count != 0)
this.DequeueBlockAndSetupDataFlow();
}
//At this point, all reachable code blocks have had their data flow inferred. Now look for unreachable blocks.
foreach (var block in this.cdfg.AllBlocks) {
if (this.blocksAlreadyVisited.Contains(block)) continue;
blocksToVisit.Enqueue(block);
while (blocksToVisit.Count != 0)
this.DequeueBlockAndSetupDataFlow();
}
this.operandStackSetupInstructions.TrimExcess();
}
private void AddStackSetupForExceptionHandlers(IMethodBody methodBody) {
Contract.Requires(methodBody != null);
foreach (var exinfo in methodBody.OperationExceptionInformation) {
Contract.Assume(exinfo != null); //The checker can't work out that all collection elements are non null, even though there is a contract to that effect
if (exinfo.HandlerKind == HandlerKind.Filter) {
var block = this.cdfg.BlockFor[exinfo.FilterDecisionStartOffset];
Contract.Assume(block != null); //All branch targets must have blocks, but we can't put that in a contract that satisfies the checker.
this.AddStackSetup(block, exinfo.ExceptionType);
block = this.cdfg.BlockFor[exinfo.HandlerStartOffset];
Contract.Assume(block != null); //All branch targets must have blocks, but we can't put that in a contract that satisfies the checker.
this.AddStackSetup(block, exinfo.ExceptionType);
} else if (exinfo.HandlerKind == HandlerKind.Catch) {
var block = this.cdfg.BlockFor[exinfo.HandlerStartOffset];
Contract.Assume(block != null); //All branch targets must have blocks, but we can't put that in a contract that satisfies the checker.
this.AddStackSetup(block, exinfo.ExceptionType);
}
}
}
private void AddStackSetup(BasicBlock block, ITypeReference operandType) {
Contract.Requires(block != null);
Contract.Requires(operandType != null);
this.operandStackSetupInstructions.Add(new Instruction() { Type = operandType });
block.OperandStack = new Sublist<Instruction>(this.operandStackSetupInstructions, this.operandStackSetupInstructions.Count-1, 1);
}
private void DequeueBlockAndSetupDataFlow() {
var block = this.blocksToVisit.Dequeue();
Contract.Assume(block != null); //this.blocksToVisit only has non null elements, but we can't put that in a contract that satisfies the checker
if (!this.blocksAlreadyVisited.Add(block)) return; //The same block can be added multiple times to the queue.
foreach (var instruction in block.OperandStack) {
Contract.Assume(instruction != null); //block.OperandStack only has non null elements, but we can't put that in a contract that satisfies the checker
this.stack.Push(instruction);
}
foreach (var instruction in block.Instructions) {
Contract.Assume(instruction != null); //block.Instructions only has non null elements, but we can't put that in a contract that satisfies the checker
this.SetupDataFlowFor(instruction);
}
foreach (var successor in this.cdfg.SuccessorsFor(block)) {
Contract.Assume(successor != null); //block.Successors only has non null elements, but we can't put that in a contract that satisfies the checker
this.SetupStackFor(successor);
if (blocksAlreadyVisited.Contains(successor)) continue;
blocksToVisit.Enqueue(successor); //The block might already be in the queue, but we can deal with this more efficiently by checking blocksAlreadyVisited when dequeueing.
}
this.stack.Clear();
}
private void SetupStackFor(BasicBlock successor) {
Contract.Requires(successor != null);
if (successor.OperandStack.Count == 0) {
int n = this.stack.Top;
if (n < 0) return;
int startingCount = this.operandStackSetupInstructions.Count;
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
var pushInstruction = this.stack.Peek(i);
this.operandStackSetupInstructions.Add(new Instruction() { Operand2 = new List<Instruction>(4) { pushInstruction } });
}
successor.OperandStack = new Sublist<Instruction>(this.operandStackSetupInstructions, startingCount, operandStackSetupInstructions.Count-startingCount);
} else {
int n = this.stack.Top;
Contract.Assume(n == successor.OperandStack.Count-1); //This is an optimistic assumption. It should be true for any well formed PE file. We are content to crash given bad input.
for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
var pushInstruction = this.stack.Peek(i);
var setupInstruction = successor.OperandStack[i];
Contract.Assume(setupInstruction.Operand2 is List<Instruction>); //This is set up in the successor.OperandStack.Count == 0, but is hard to write a contract to that effect.
var list = (List<Instruction>)setupInstruction.Operand2;
list.Add(pushInstruction);
}
}
}
private void SetupDataFlowFor(Instruction instruction) {
Contract.Requires(instruction != null);
switch (instruction.Operation.OperationCode) {
case OperationCode.Add:
case OperationCode.Add_Ovf:
case OperationCode.Add_Ovf_Un:
case OperationCode.And:
case OperationCode.Ceq:
case OperationCode.Cgt:
case OperationCode.Cgt_Un:
case OperationCode.Clt:
case OperationCode.Clt_Un:
case OperationCode.Div:
case OperationCode.Div_Un:
case OperationCode.Ldelema:
case OperationCode.Ldelem:
case OperationCode.Ldelem_I:
case OperationCode.Ldelem_I1:
case OperationCode.Ldelem_I2:
case OperationCode.Ldelem_I4:
case OperationCode.Ldelem_I8:
case OperationCode.Ldelem_R4:
case OperationCode.Ldelem_R8:
case OperationCode.Ldelem_Ref:
case OperationCode.Ldelem_U1:
case OperationCode.Ldelem_U2:
case OperationCode.Ldelem_U4:
case OperationCode.Mul:
case OperationCode.Mul_Ovf:
case OperationCode.Mul_Ovf_Un:
case OperationCode.Or:
case OperationCode.Rem:
case OperationCode.Rem_Un:
case OperationCode.Shl:
case OperationCode.Shr:
case OperationCode.Shr_Un:
case OperationCode.Sub:
case OperationCode.Sub_Ovf:
case OperationCode.Sub_Ovf_Un:
case OperationCode.Xor:
instruction.Operand2 = this.stack.Pop();
instruction.Operand1 = this.stack.Pop();
this.stack.Push(instruction);
break;
case OperationCode.Arglist:
case OperationCode.Ldarg:
case OperationCode.Ldarg_0:
case OperationCode.Ldarg_1:
case OperationCode.Ldarg_2:
case OperationCode.Ldarg_3:
case OperationCode.Ldarg_S:
case OperationCode.Ldloc:
case OperationCode.Ldloc_0:
case OperationCode.Ldloc_1:
case OperationCode.Ldloc_2:
case OperationCode.Ldloc_3:
case OperationCode.Ldloc_S:
case OperationCode.Ldsfld:
case OperationCode.Ldarga:
case OperationCode.Ldarga_S:
case OperationCode.Ldsflda:
case OperationCode.Ldloca:
case OperationCode.Ldloca_S:
case OperationCode.Ldftn:
case OperationCode.Ldc_I4:
case OperationCode.Ldc_I4_0:
case OperationCode.Ldc_I4_1:
case OperationCode.Ldc_I4_2:
case OperationCode.Ldc_I4_3:
case OperationCode.Ldc_I4_4:
case OperationCode.Ldc_I4_5:
case OperationCode.Ldc_I4_6:
case OperationCode.Ldc_I4_7:
case OperationCode.Ldc_I4_8:
case OperationCode.Ldc_I4_M1:
case OperationCode.Ldc_I4_S:
case OperationCode.Ldc_I8:
case OperationCode.Ldc_R4:
case OperationCode.Ldc_R8:
case OperationCode.Ldnull:
case OperationCode.Ldstr:
case OperationCode.Ldtoken:
case OperationCode.Sizeof:
this.stack.Push(instruction);
break;
case OperationCode.Array_Addr:
case OperationCode.Array_Get:
Contract.Assume(instruction.Operation.Value is IArrayTypeReference); //This is an informally specified property of the Metadata model.
InitializeArrayIndexerInstruction(instruction, this.stack, (IArrayTypeReference)instruction.Operation.Value);
break;
case OperationCode.Array_Create:
case OperationCode.Array_Create_WithLowerBound:
case OperationCode.Newarr:
InitializeArrayCreateInstruction(instruction, this.stack, instruction.Operation);
break;
case OperationCode.Array_Set:
Contract.Assume(instruction.Operation.Value is IArrayTypeReference); //This is an informally specified property of the Metadata model.
InitializeArraySetInstruction(instruction, this.stack, (IArrayTypeReference)instruction.Operation.Value);
break;
case OperationCode.Beq:
case OperationCode.Beq_S:
case OperationCode.Bge:
case OperationCode.Bge_S:
case OperationCode.Bge_Un:
case OperationCode.Bge_Un_S:
case OperationCode.Bgt:
case OperationCode.Bgt_S:
case OperationCode.Bgt_Un:
case OperationCode.Bgt_Un_S:
case OperationCode.Ble:
case OperationCode.Ble_S:
case OperationCode.Ble_Un:
case OperationCode.Ble_Un_S:
case OperationCode.Blt:
case OperationCode.Blt_S:
case OperationCode.Blt_Un:
case OperationCode.Blt_Un_S:
case OperationCode.Bne_Un:
case OperationCode.Bne_Un_S:
instruction.Operand2 = this.stack.Pop();
instruction.Operand1 = this.stack.Pop();
break;
case OperationCode.Box:
case OperationCode.Castclass:
case OperationCode.Ckfinite:
case OperationCode.Conv_I:
case OperationCode.Conv_I1:
case OperationCode.Conv_I2:
case OperationCode.Conv_I4:
case OperationCode.Conv_I8:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_I:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_I_Un:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_I1:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_I1_Un:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_I2:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_I2_Un:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_I4:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_I4_Un:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_I8:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_I8_Un:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_U:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_U_Un:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_U1:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_U1_Un:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_U2:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_U2_Un:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_U4:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_U4_Un:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_U8:
case OperationCode.Conv_Ovf_U8_Un:
case OperationCode.Conv_R_Un:
case OperationCode.Conv_R4:
case OperationCode.Conv_R8:
case OperationCode.Conv_U:
case OperationCode.Conv_U1:
case OperationCode.Conv_U2:
case OperationCode.Conv_U4:
case OperationCode.Conv_U8:
case OperationCode.Isinst:
case OperationCode.Ldind_I:
case OperationCode.Ldind_I1:
case OperationCode.Ldind_I2:
case OperationCode.Ldind_I4:
case OperationCode.Ldind_I8:
case OperationCode.Ldind_R4:
case OperationCode.Ldind_R8:
case OperationCode.Ldind_Ref:
case OperationCode.Ldind_U1:
case OperationCode.Ldind_U2:
case OperationCode.Ldind_U4:
case OperationCode.Ldobj:
case OperationCode.Ldflda:
case OperationCode.Ldfld:
case OperationCode.Ldlen:
case OperationCode.Ldvirtftn:
case OperationCode.Localloc:
case OperationCode.Mkrefany:
case OperationCode.Neg:
case OperationCode.Not:
case OperationCode.Refanytype:
case OperationCode.Refanyval:
case OperationCode.Unbox:
case OperationCode.Unbox_Any:
instruction.Operand1 = this.stack.Pop();
this.stack.Push(instruction);
break;
case OperationCode.Brfalse:
case OperationCode.Brfalse_S:
case OperationCode.Brtrue:
case OperationCode.Brtrue_S:
instruction.Operand1 = this.stack.Pop();
break;
case OperationCode.Call:
case OperationCode.Callvirt:
var signature = instruction.Operation.Value as ISignature;
Contract.Assume(signature != null); //This is an informally specified property of the Metadata model.
InitializeArgumentsAndPushReturnResult(instruction, this.stack, signature);
break;
case OperationCode.Calli:
var funcPointer = instruction.Operation.Value as IFunctionPointerTypeReference;
Contract.Assume(funcPointer != null); //This is an informally specified property of the Metadata model.
InitializeArgumentsAndPushReturnResult(instruction, this.stack, funcPointer);
break;
case OperationCode.Cpobj:
case OperationCode.Stfld:
case OperationCode.Stind_I:
case OperationCode.Stind_I1:
case OperationCode.Stind_I2:
case OperationCode.Stind_I4:
case OperationCode.Stind_I8:
case OperationCode.Stind_R4:
case OperationCode.Stind_R8:
case OperationCode.Stind_Ref:
case OperationCode.Stobj:
instruction.Operand2 = this.stack.Pop();
instruction.Operand1 = this.stack.Pop();
break;
case OperationCode.Cpblk:
case OperationCode.Initblk:
case OperationCode.Stelem:
case OperationCode.Stelem_I:
case OperationCode.Stelem_I1:
case OperationCode.Stelem_I2:
case OperationCode.Stelem_I4:
case OperationCode.Stelem_I8:
case OperationCode.Stelem_R4:
case OperationCode.Stelem_R8:
case OperationCode.Stelem_Ref:
var indexAndValue = new Instruction[2];
indexAndValue[1] = this.stack.Pop();
indexAndValue[0] = this.stack.Pop();
instruction.Operand2 = indexAndValue;
instruction.Operand1 = this.stack.Pop();
break;
case OperationCode.Dup:
var dupop = this.stack.Pop();
instruction.Operand1 = dupop;
this.stack.Push(instruction);
this.stack.Push(instruction);
break;
case OperationCode.Endfilter:
case OperationCode.Initobj:
case OperationCode.Pop:
case OperationCode.Starg:
case OperationCode.Starg_S:
case OperationCode.Stloc:
case OperationCode.Stloc_0:
case OperationCode.Stloc_1:
case OperationCode.Stloc_2:
case OperationCode.Stloc_3:
case OperationCode.Stloc_S:
case OperationCode.Stsfld:
case OperationCode.Throw:
case OperationCode.Switch:
instruction.Operand1 = this.stack.Pop();
break;
case OperationCode.Leave:
case OperationCode.Leave_S:
this.stack.Clear();
break;
case OperationCode.Newobj:
Contract.Assume(instruction.Operation.Value is ISignature); //This is an informally specified property of the Metadata model.
signature = (ISignature)instruction.Operation.Value;
var numArguments = (int)IteratorHelper.EnumerableCount(signature.Parameters);
if (numArguments > 0) {
if (numArguments > 1) {
numArguments--;
var arguments = new Instruction[numArguments];
instruction.Operand2 = arguments;
for (var i = numArguments-1; i >= 0; i--)
arguments[i] = stack.Pop();
}
instruction.Operand1 = stack.Pop();
}
this.stack.Push(instruction);
break;
case OperationCode.Ret:
if (this.cdfg.MethodBody.MethodDefinition.Type.TypeCode != PrimitiveTypeCode.Void)
instruction.Operand1 = this.stack.Pop();
break;
}
}
private static void InitializeArgumentsAndPushReturnResult(Instruction instruction, Stack<Instruction> stack, ISignature signature) {
Contract.Requires(instruction != null);
Contract.Requires(stack != null);
Contract.Requires(signature != null);
var numArguments = IteratorHelper.EnumerableCount(signature.Parameters);
if (!signature.IsStatic) numArguments++;
if (numArguments > 0) {
numArguments--;
if (numArguments > 0) {
var arguments = new Instruction[numArguments];
instruction.Operand2 = arguments;
for (var i = numArguments; i > 0; i--)
arguments[i-1] = stack.Pop();
}
instruction.Operand1 = stack.Pop();
}
if (signature.Type.TypeCode != PrimitiveTypeCode.Void)
stack.Push(instruction);
}
private static void InitializeArgumentsAndPushReturnResult(Instruction instruction, Stack<Instruction> stack, IFunctionPointerTypeReference funcPointer) {
Contract.Requires(instruction != null);
Contract.Requires(stack != null);
Contract.Requires(funcPointer != null);
instruction.Operand1 = stack.Pop(); //the function pointer
var numArguments = IteratorHelper.EnumerableCount(funcPointer.Parameters);
if (!funcPointer.IsStatic) numArguments++;
var arguments = new Instruction[numArguments];
instruction.Operand2 = arguments;
for (var i = numArguments; i > 0; i--)
arguments[i-1] = stack.Pop();
if (funcPointer.Type.TypeCode != PrimitiveTypeCode.Void)
stack.Push(instruction);
}
private static void InitializeArrayCreateInstruction(Instruction instruction, Stack<Instruction> stack, IOperation currentOperation) {
Contract.Requires(instruction != null);
Contract.Requires(stack != null);
Contract.Requires(currentOperation != null);
IArrayTypeReference arrayType = (IArrayTypeReference)currentOperation.Value;
Contract.Assume(arrayType != null); //This is an informally specified property of the Metadata model.
var rank = arrayType.Rank;
if (rank > 0) {
if (currentOperation.OperationCode == OperationCode.Array_Create_WithLowerBound) rank *= 2;
rank--;
if (rank > 0) {
var indices = new Instruction[rank];
instruction.Operand2 = indices;
for (var i = rank; i > 0; i--)
indices[i-1] = stack.Pop();
}
instruction.Operand1 = stack.Pop();
}
stack.Push(instruction);
}
private static void InitializeArrayIndexerInstruction(Instruction instruction, Stack<Instruction> stack, IArrayTypeReference arrayType) {
Contract.Requires(instruction != null);
Contract.Requires(stack != null);
Contract.Requires(arrayType != null);
var rank = arrayType.Rank;
var indices = new Instruction[rank];
instruction.Operand2 = indices;
for (var i = rank; i > 0; i--)
indices[i-1] = stack.Pop();
instruction.Operand1 = stack.Pop();
stack.Push(instruction);
}
private static void InitializeArraySetInstruction(Instruction instruction, Stack<Instruction> stack, IArrayTypeReference arrayType) {
Contract.Requires(instruction != null);
Contract.Requires(stack != null);
Contract.Requires(arrayType != null);
var rank = arrayType.Rank;
var indices = new Instruction[rank+1];
instruction.Operand2 = indices;
for (var i = rank+1; i > 0; i--)
indices[i-1] = stack.Pop();
instruction.Operand1 = stack.Pop();
}
}
} |
Nicola Botting
Nicola Botting is a language and communication scientist whose work focuses on language and psychological outcomes of children with low birth weight, autism spectrum disorder, developmental language disorder, and other developmental disabilities. She is Professor of Developmental Disorders, Language & Communication Science at the City University of London. Botting is Editor in Chief of the journal Autism & Developmental Language Impairments.
Biography
Botting received her BSc with honors degree in Psychology at University of Hertfordshire and her MA in Clinical Child Psychology at the University of Nottingham. She continued her education at the University of Liverpool where she completed a PhD in Child Health. Her dissertation, titled Psychological and educational outcome of very low birthweight children at 12yrs was supervised by Richard Cooke and Neil Marlow. Their collaborative work documented increased risks of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorder, and depression at adolescence in children born with very low birthweight (i.e., less than ).
Botting worked as a Post-doctoral Research Scientist at The University of Manchester, where she collaborated with Gina Conti-Ramsden and Alison Crutchley. She later joined the faculty of the School of Education at University of Manchester. where she holds an honorary position. She was co-investigator on The Manchester Language Study, the largest UK longitudinal study of developmental language impairment. This study has followed children diagnosed with language impairment through age 23–25 years to assess long-term outcomes and psychological adjustment. At age 16–17 years, the adolescents with a history of language impairment exhibited heightened anxiety, and to a lesser extent, depressive symptoms as compared to peers with typical development.
Botting began her current position at City University of London in 2005. Her research on developmental language impairments has been funded through numerous grants from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Nuffield Foundation.
Research
Botting's research team focuses on development of children with language impairments, autism spectrum disorder, and other developmental disorders over the lifespan, with a focus on the overlap between disorders and the presence of comorbid conditions including social difficulties. Her collaborative research has documented increased risk of sleep problems among children diagnosed with communication disorders, as well as heightened risk of attention and psychiatric disorders in children with low birth weight or a history of language impairment.
Botting and her colleagues have studied nonverbal cognitive abilities in children with language impairment using longitudinal designs. One such study documented a significant decrease in IQ scores among children with a history of language impairment between ages 7 and 14 years. Another study used a battery of nonverbal tasks to assess executive functions in deaf and hearing children and found performance on the executive function tasks to be mediated by children's language abilities.
Representative Publications
Botting, N. (2002). Narrative as a tool for the assessment of linguistic and pragmatic impairments. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 18(1), 1-21.
Botting, N., & Conti‐Ramsden, G. (2003). Autism, primary pragmatic difficulties, and specific language impairment: Can we distinguish them using psycholinguistic markers?. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 45(8), 515–524.
Botting, N., Conti-Ramsden, G., & Crutchley, A. (1997). Concordance between teacher/therapist opinion and formal language assessment scores in children with language impairment. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 32(3), 317–327.
Botting, N., Powls, A., Cooke, R. W., & Marlow, N. (1997). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders and other psychiatric outcomes in very low birthweight children at 12 years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(8), 931–941.
Botting, N., Powls, A., Cooke, R. W., & Marlow, N. (1998). Cognitive and educational outcome of very‐low‐birthweight children in early adolescence. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 40(10), 652–660.
Conti-Ramsden, G., & Botting, N. (1999). Classification of children with specific language impairment: Longitudinal considerations. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42(5), 1195–1204.
References
External links
Faculty Home Page
Google Scholar Profile
Category:Living people
Category:British scientists
Category:British women scientists
Category:Women in science and technology
Category:Academics of the University of London
Category:Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Category:University of Nottingham
Category:University of Hertfordshire
Category:Developmental disabilities
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) |
Herbal Tea
The benefits of drinking herbal tea have been known for centuries. Made from Mother Earth's own herbs and fruits, they offer a distinct and exciting taste that is also good for you. Each cup offers vital nutrients, vitamins and minerals that come in the form of a simply made, delicious tea.
Served hot or cold, sweetened or plain, you can drink your herbal tea and know you are doing your body well. We add hibiscus leaves and Rosehips throughout these herb and fruit blends, which give the added benefit of naturally occurring vitamin C.
CoffeeAM wants to empower you, the reader, with information about each product. Enjoy reading where this tea originates from, its history, its flavor and its reported health benefits. With this many tempting flavors, you are sure to find a few to benefit your body and to fall in love with. |
Most Viewed & Top Rated YouTube Videos
Wednesday, January 25, 2012
WSIU, the public broadcasting station of Carbondale, Illinois, featured the horse rehabilitation non-profit Second Stride in an upcoming episode of alt.news!!!
The show is edgey, engaging and creative, and the segment on Second Stride is beautifully filmed and edited. All of us associated with Second Stride are grateful for the exposure that PBS has given to the Second Stride program!
You can watch the entire alt.news episode online at http://an2646.com/featured/episode-13-03/
Monday, January 16, 2012
I can't believe that the charge against Kentucky Steward John Veitch has dragged on this long without someone with authority speaking up on behalf of John Veitch. I'm afraid that a lot of people who would otherwise speak up are scared of establishment retaliation that could ruin their racing related business. From our point of view as owner and trainer involved in Kentucky thoroughbred racing for decades, it seems like either an insane vendetta by a corrupt racing commission or an attempt to divert guilt from the very high profile trainer and the racing commission appointed state veterinarian.
Those of us who race are very aware of the ultimate power of the state vet to examine and possibly scratch any horse leading up to a race, in the paddock, during the post parade, behind the gate. The AAEP (American Association of Equine Practitioners) clearly states on their web page at http://www.aaep.org/responsibilities_racetracks.htm titled "RESPONSIBILITIES OF VETERINARY OFFICIALS AT RACETRACKS" under "Pre-Race Inspection" -
An important duty for regulatory (commission or association) veterinarians is the pre-race inspection of all horses scheduled to race. This inspection is performed to determine, in the veterinarian’s professional opinion, whether a horse is able to compete.
A suggested pre-race inspection should include:
•proper identification of each horse;
•pre-race observation of each horse in motion;
•manual palpation when indicated;
•close observation in the paddock and saddling area, during the parade to post, at the starting gate, during and after the race and any other inspection deemed necessary.
Following inspection, regulatory veterinarians will recommend to the stewards or judges the scratching of any horse that, in their opinion, is physically unfit to race. The AAEP recognizes that pre-race inspection cannot prevent all racing injuries nor can it detect all pre-existing conditions. The primary responsibility for the condition of the horses entered to race rests with the trainer.
What the public doesn't realize is something I see every day with owners who are not hands on horsepeople - horses are just like human athletes in that they do have sluggish days when they are not 100% - for many different reasons. Sometimes it's just the weather, could be a touch of allergies that day, could be they didn't eat or sleep well the night before, could even be a reaction to LEGAL race day medication - some horses can get lethargic after being treated with Lasix (Salix). If the steward overrules the trainer and state vet every time a horse is reportedly acting different than their normal, he could scratch a horse in nearly every race.
Isn't there somebody in KY government with enough power to stand up to the KY Racing Commission in this matter? Governor Beshear? Republican senate leader Mitch McConnell, attorney general Jack Conway? This is the kind of scandal that is ruining Kentucky racing, and I'm just really sad about it, because the hard working horses and dedicated horse people of the racetrack do not deserve to be associated with it. |
Showtime at the Buckhead Coalition
If Ted Turner and Sam Massell had the time or inclination, they could take their hit show on the road. The two brought the house down at the Jan. 28, 2015, annual meeting of the Buckhead Coalition, the high-powered organization of business and civic leaders.
In what was billed as a “Keynote Conversation,” Massell, founder and president of the coalition and a former Atlanta mayor, played the straight man as he asked questions of Turner – business innovator, philanthropist and chairman of Turner Enterprises Inc.
“What drives you to continue working?” Massell asked. “Why don’t you retire and just sit on the beach somewhere?”
“You get sunburned if you sit on the beach,” Turner said, then elaborated. “Work to me never was work. It was part of the adventure of life and I was pretty good at it, so I stuck with it.”
Massell: “What can we expect from you in the future?”
Turner: “Not a whole lot.” He reminded the audience that when he was running the Braves and his TV empire, he put in a full day at CNN, then went to the ballpark every night. “For 20 years, I lived in my office.”
And, he joked, “If you’re jealous of my billions, there’s not too much left anymore … but if you’re careful, you can get by on a billion dollars.” He said “the disastrous merger with Time-Warner” and AOL in 2001 claimed 80 percent of his fortune.
Massell asked about Turner’s interest in alternative energy and mentioned solar panels, wondering if they could be made more attractive. “They look pretty good to me,” Turner said, and suggested that all parking lots and highways should be covered with solar panels.
Turner’s one-billion-dollar cash gift to the United Nations, Massell noted, made him the largest individual donor in the history of philanthropy.
“I didn’t even know that,” Turner responded. “Who’s second?”
Massell wrapped up by asking if Turner would be interested in an invitation to join the coalition; such invitations are notoriously hard to come by. “I’d need to know more about it,” Turner said. Massell said they might need to have a private chat.
It was the best live theater Buckhead has seen for quite a while and earned interviewer and interviewee a standing ovation. |
When playing around with SpineJS I also discovered Hem. I immediately loved it and really wanted to use it with all my projects, everything I build for work and home is coffeescript and stylus. The only thing missing was built in support for the models to make ajax calls to an API or CRUD server. That's where proxy-hem comes in. Proxy-hem really only does one thing, it runs hem and it runs http-proxy. All requests for static content: images, stylesheets, javascript, etc... are directed to Hem. Everything else is passed through to the default server.
#Installation
npm install -g proxy-hem
#Usage
The proxy server will setup to run at http://localhost:3000 by default. Configuration for this is coming soon.
Proxy-hem should be run from the directory where the slug.json file exists. You can specify a port for Hem to use using -p. Otherwise, the only Hem command used is 'server'.
The API server is expected to be running at https://localhost:4000. Configuration for this is coming soon. |
Q:
How to draw a geometry triangle in LaTeX?
Name explicitly used properties from the sketch (for example, parallel lines, equilateral triangles, right angles), and give common calculation rules used.
Helpful calculation rules and methods can be depending on the example:
Area and Circumferential Formula for Rectangle, Triangle (Heron), Circle, Trapezoid • Angled Sets for Circle and Triangle, Pythagoras
Use of symmetries, similarity, proportionality
Setting up equations
A:
with pure tikz, using polar coordinates and intersections:
\documentclass[11pt, tikz, margin=3.141592]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{angles, intersections, quotes}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
myangle/.style args = {#1/#2}{angle radius=#1, angle eccentricity=#2, draw, font=\footnotesize},
myangle/.default=8mm/0.8
]
\coordinate[label=$B$] (b);
\coordinate[label=below:$C$](c) at (255:6);
\coordinate[label=below:$D$](d) at (285:6);
\draw[name path=cbd] (c) -- (b) -- (d) -- cycle;
\draw[name path=A] (b) ++ (250:6) arc (250:330:6);
\path[name path=B] (b) -- ++ (315:8.5);
\draw[name path=ce,
name intersections={of=A and B, by=e}] (c) -- (e) coordinate[label=right:E];
\path[name path=C] (d) -- ++ (0:4.5);
\draw[name intersections={of=B and C, by=a}] (d) -- (a) coordinate[label=below:A];
\draw (b) -- (a);
% angles
\pic [myangle,"$\alpha$"] {angle = c--b--d};
\pic [myangle,"$\alpha$"] {angle = e--a--d};
\path[name intersections={of=ce and cbd}] coordinate[label=75:F] (f) at (intersection-2);
\pic [myangle=4mm/0.5,"$\cdot$"] {angle = b--f--c};
% small circle
\draw[fill=white] (b) circle[radius=0.5mm];
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
A:
With just tkz-euclide (v3.01 here on CTAN
First method : we search the angle CBD todo this, we call Hb the projection of B on the line CD then it's easy to see that :
Ang(Hb,B,D)+Ang(D,B,A)+Ang(Hb,A,B) = 90 or Ang(Hb,B,D)=1/2 Ang(Hb,A,B).
We get 2.5x alpha = 90° so alpha=36°
\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){C}
\tkzDefPoint(2,6){B}
% possible \tkzDefPoint[label=below:$C$](0,0){C} but don't do this
% We get D and E with a rotation
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center B angle 36](C) \tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDefPointBy[rotation= center B angle 72](C) \tkzGetPoint{E}
% Toget A we use an intersection of lines
\tkzInterLL(B,E)(C,D) \tkzGetPoint{A}
\tkzInterLL(C,E)(B,D) \tkzGetPoint{H}
% drawing
\tkzDrawArc[delta=10](B,C)(E)
\tkzDrawPolygon(C,B,D)
\tkzDrawSegments(D,A B,A C,E)
% angles
\tkzMarkAngles(C,B,D E,A,D) %this is to draw the arcs
\tkzLabelAngles[pos=1.5](C,B,D E,A,D){$\alpha$}
\tkzMarkRightAngle(B,H,C)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,E)
% Label only now
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](C,A)
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](D)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](B,E)
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
There is another possibility because the triangle CBD is a "Gold" triangle with angles 36°,72° and 72° and tkz-euclide knows how to define this kind of triangle.
\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,4){B}
\tkzDefPoint(8,0){A}
\tkzDefTriangle[gold](A,B) \tkzGetPoint{C}
\tkzDefTriangle[gold](B,C) \tkzGetPoint{D}
\tkzDuplicateSegment(B,C)(B,A)\tkzGetPoint{E}
\tkzInterLL(C,E)(B,D) \tkzGetPoint{F}
% drawing
\tkzDrawArc[delta=10](B,C)(E)
\tkzDrawPolygon(C,B,A)
\tkzDrawSegments(D,B C,E)
\tkzDrawPoints(A,...,F)
% % angles
\tkzFillAngles[fill=blue!10](C,B,D E,A,D)
\tkzMarkAngles(C,B,D E,A,D) %this is to draw the arcs
\tkzLabelAngles[pos=1.5](C,B,D E,A,D){$\alpha$}
\tkzMarkRightAngle[fill=blue!20](B,F,C)
% % Label only now
\tkzLabelPoints[below left](C,A)
\tkzLabelPoints[below right](D)
\tkzLabelPoints[above](B,E)
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
|
Apples!
Apples!
Apple Harvest
Fall has always been my favorite season. Summer heat does nothing for me, but make me sweat!
When Fall finally arrives, it means cooler temps and fewer bugs!
2 years ago we moved to a rural town in Minnesota. We have a small 2.5-acre lot with a lovely little apple tree. The previous owner couldn’t identify the kind of apples, but she made bottles and bottles of delicious apple wine.
I was so excited for my first year’s harvest! I waited. . . .
There are several other trees with no clue what they were either. We lived by the idea of “this is an adventure” moving from the city to the country. Let’s let this first year roll and “learn as we go”. My husband and I make a pretty good team and fell comfortably into our roles as hobby farmer and wife.
Last year, in 2016, a surprisingly scraggly tree with tangled branches and a large crack in the trunk gave us bushels of plums. Little tiny pink plums. We made the most delicious Plum jelly, thanks to YouTube and Pinterest. We learned this was an American Plum tree and it blessed us with an unexpected bounty of fruit. But where were all those apples?? Nothing. Still, we waited. . .
Patience.
We waited another year. We had a tree service come out and look at our scattered, tattered and tangled orchard. He identified several more plum trees up on the hill and a cherry tree. He trimmed and pruned our apple tree and taught me how to do the same to a little pretty crab apple tree. We are learning a lot.
Applesauce Recipe: from the Pioneer Woman website. (with some Canning instructions added) Dee’s recipe is to be used for storage in refridgerator.
6 pounds Apples, Peeled, Cored, And Cut Into 8 Slices
1 cup Apple Juice Or Apple Cider
Juice Of 1 Lemon
1/2 cup Brown Sugar, Packed
1 teaspoon Cinnamon, More Or Less To Taste
Optional Ingredients: Nutmeg, Maple Syrup, Allspice, Butter…
PREPARE boiling water canner. Heat jars in simmering water until ready for use. Do not boil. Wash lids in warm soapy water and set bands aside.
COMBINE apples with just enough water to prevent sticking in a large stainless steel saucepan. Bring to a boil over medium-high heat. Reduce heat and boil gently, stirring occasionally, for 5 to 20 minutes, until apples are tender (time will depend upon the variety of apple and their maturity). Remove from heat and let cool slightly, about 5 minutes.
TRANSFER apples, working in batches, to a food mill or a food processor fitted with a metal blade and purée until smooth. |
void setup() {
size(100, 100);
noLoop();
}
void draw() {
diagonals(40, 90);
diagonals(60, 62);
diagonals(20, 40);
}
void diagonals(int x, int y) {
line(x, y, x+20, y-40);
line(x+10, y, x+30, y-40);
line(x+20, y, x+40, y-40);
}
|
Q:
Autocomplete syntax for HTML or PHP in Notepad++. Not auto-close, autocompelete
How can I get autocompletion of syntax for HTML or PHP in Notepad++?
Not auto-close, I am looking for autocompelete.
A:
Go to:
Settings -> Preferences You will see a dialog box. There click the Backup / Auto-completion tab where you can set the auto complete option :)
A:
In Notepad++ v. 6.4.1 is this possibility in:Settings->Preferences->Auto-Completion and there check Enable auto-completion on each input.
For auto-complete in code press Ctrl + Enter.
A:
Press Ctrl + Space to get a autocomplete hint.
|
Q:
Cartesian product (combinations) with empty Seq
I'd like the cartesian product (combinations) of three Seqs in scala. Any of them can be empty. I know the cartesian product of any Set with the Empty set is the empty set. I'd like a work around to supply a default value ("" in the example below). Here's the skeleton code.
val letters = Seq("a", "b")
val numbers = Seq("1")
val empty: Seq[String] = Nil
// Desired output = Seq(("a", "1", ""), ("b", "1", ""))
// Cartesian product
// What I'm trying which returns List()
for {
l <- letters
n <- numbers
e <- empty
} yield {
(l, n, e)
}
So far I've tried lift and orElse(Seq("")). The problem with orElse is that it returns a PartialFunction and I loose the ability to map or flatMap.
A:
If your default value is known beforehand, you can create a list of a single element with the default value:
def nonEmptyOrDefault[A](xs: Seq[A], default: A): Seq[A] =
if (xs.isEmpty) Seq(default)
else xs
for {
l <- nonEmptyOrDefault(letters, "")
n <- nonEmptyOrDefault(numbers, "")
e <- nonEmptyOrDefault(empty, "")
} yield (l, n, e)
Or you can use a collection that ensures non-emptiness
class NESeq[+A] private (private val xs: Iterable[A]) {
// TODO implement flatMap, map, ++, etc.
}
object NESeq {
def fromIterable[A](xs: Iterable[A]): Option[NESeq[A]] =
if (xs.isEmpty) None
else Some(new NESeq(xs))
}
|
In Scetis, a brother went to see Abba Moses to ask for advice. The old man said, “Go and sit in your cell and your cell will teach you everything.”
Nearly 1700 years ago the small vanguard of what would grow to more than 100,000 people left civilization and moved into the deserts of Egypt and Syria. They were the first monks (from the Greek, meaning “single” or “alone”); we know them today as the Desert Mothers and Fathers.
When Emperor Constantine made Christianity the state religion the Roman persecution of Christians ceased. Being a Christian became easy, even fashionable, so much so that these Christian women and men left for the hard living of the desert.
These early monks lived in caves or small dwellings, known as cells. They lived radically isolated and simple lives practicing a disciplined (ascetic) life that we would consider quite extreme by today’s standards. Yet, their lives were attractive to many—even then people would travel great distances for a word of wisdom from these monks.
This kind of simple life can be attractive to us, particularly in our frenetic world. We long for the slower pace. But I’m not talking about seeking after a simple life for the sake of escaping the pace of the world. What drove these women and men into the deserts was not their desire to escape society and live simply; rather, it was their desire to directly confront the root cause of all battles…ourselves…and this was their chosen battlefield.
You see, must have been from a the cell that Pogo’s creator finally met the enemy and discovered he was us. It was from his literal prison cell that Solzhenitsyn came to understand that the line separating good from evil does not run between countries or classes of people or political parties but through the heart of each of us.
But to enter one’s cell without the Christian God is to join the path of a downward spiral to the nothingness of Sarte’s existentialism, the place of ultimate hopelessness. By contrast, the great hopefulness contained within the writings of these early monks remains with as much veracity today as it had 1700 years ago.
Here is something I have learned: you do not have to become a monk living in the desert or a monastery to experience life in a monastic cell. Life in a cell can be had in the desert or in the midst of a bustling, modern city. There is a cell awaiting each of us if we would only seek it.
The path to eternal life is difficult. The gate of entry is narrow and the path is hard. I am coming to believe that eventually, in this world or the next, each of us must learn what our cell has to teach us; more correctly, to allow God to shape us into the image of His Son, Jesus, who is leading us into life with the Trinity: Father, Son, and Spirit. There is no other path.
Perhaps you know of such a person, a monk-in-the-world; they can be recognized as ones who strive to live with God at a different pace and with a different set of priorities. You might even envy their life. Be careful of what you wish.
What is a cell?
A cell is more a state of being than a geographical place. When we decide to respond to Jesus’ invitation to seek our true selves in Him we move into our cell. But what does this really mean? It means that we begin to learn to stop hiding from God in fear. We begin learning to step out from behind the things that we believe define us or we let distract us; things, such as job titles, street addresses, school names on our diplomas, emails, the number of zeros on our paychecks, prior accomplishments, the shape of our bodies, names on the labels on our clothes, task lists, immersion in the lives of favorite celebrities, constant music, TV shows, 401(k)s, cell phones, texting, number of Facebook friends…these things and more feed our false identity and distract us with their allure.
What awaits us in our cell?
In our cell there are several beings present. We often think of the monk living a solitary life. This is not so. God (the persons of the Father, Son, and Spirit) and the Devil and his minions are in our cell with us.
In our cell we discover that the battle takes place within the very being of the ourselves with God encouraging, beckoning, and strengthening and Satan taunting, accusing, and attacking.
In our cell we discover that in each moment we face a choice, “With whom will I side in the battle?”
In our cell we learn that we can choose poorly and there are consequences.
In our cell we ask the most profound questions of life. Questions such as, Who am I? What does it mean to be human? What lies beyond this life? From where does my worth come? How do I really measure a successful and productive life? In what (or whom) do I actually trust? Where do I find hope for today? What will tomorrow bring? How do I know whether this path is the right path? Am I really loved by God? How much longer?
In our cell the lies we have believed all of our lives are gradually exposed.
In our cell we revisit the precipitating events for our deepest wounds.
In our cell we confront head-on temptation from the eight deadly thoughts that torment us: gluttony, lust, covetousness, anger, dejection, acedia, vainglory, and pride.
In our cell we experience physical, emotional, and spiritual hardship.
In our cell we learn that no woman or man can survive their cell without the presence of God; we are simply unable to withstand the company of our sinful selves on our own.
What does our cell teach us?
In our cell we learn to distinguish between the voices of God and Satan.
In our cell we learn how to choose God, and when we choose poorly we find God who is always calling to us, helping us, and urging us to turn back toward Him.
In our cell one by one the questions we had begin to dissolve as we draw closer to God Himself. We ask. He answers, “I AM.” Mysteriously, that answer begins to satisfy us.
In our cell we gradually begin to learn that Truth is a Person and not a set of rules.
In our cell we come to understand what it really means that by His wounds we are healed.
In our cells we find new memories of our past traumas in which Jesus was indeed present though we knew it not at the time.
In our cells we learn disciplines that help us cooperate with God as He gradually digs out the roots of all temptations and our heart of stone is gradually replaced by God’s heart of flesh.
In our cell we learn that mysteriously through the work of the Holy Spirit our perseverance in the trials changes our character, and we find real hope.
In our cell we learn that we are God’s beloved son or daughter in whom He is well pleased and we begin to hear Him singing over us.
The real beauty of the cell
Each of the lessons from our cell is the Holy Spirit’s way of teaching us a new step of the Divine dance with the Trinity. As we are able to grow in our confidence in our ability to move with God to the rhythms of His grace we begin cooperate with God and allow Him to work in us, gradually we are stripped of all that we have learned to hide behind and we will once again stand before God, clothed in His righteousness and unafraid. True self being led gracefully across the dance floor by the Trinity. |
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The WordPress.com stats helper monkeys prepared a 2012 annual report for this blog. Click on the image to see full report.
Here’s an excerpt:
600 people reached the top of Mt. Everest in 2012. This blog got about 7,400 views in 2012. If every person who reached the top of Mt. Everest viewed this blog, it would have taken 12 years to get that many views.
Mom is, has been and always will be, hell bent and determined to do it her way, to follow the strength of her convictions and I pity the fool who stands in her way.
Her role model and father, Dr. Berkley Hancock Martin, was like that, too.
My grandfather would summons me by issuing his usual three word command, “Come here, boy.” And, believe you me, I would come running.
He would grab me in arms that could hold the universe, lift me high in the air, then bring me back to earth, plop me on his knee and say, “Boy, always look someone right in the eyes. If that person doesn’t look back into yours, forget them … don’t trust them … they aren’t worth it.”
He sounded like what I think God must sound like. Powerful, all knowing and sure.
“Yes sir, PaPa,” I would say … while making sure my eyes were fixed on his. I didn’t even dare blink.
He frightened my younger sister, Nel.
He gave me comfort.
My mother has always had that same strong, assuring voice as her father’s … and it has always brought me comfort, too. The tone was firm, swift and sure, but there is love and admiration in it if you listen well enough … and don’t blink.
High assertive doesn’t come close to describing this trait. Hell bent and determined or damn the torpedoes … full steam ahead, comes closer!
So, like her father, whatever mom thinks is right is right. And you know what, most of the time it really is. She has always been a bold, fearless leader and has lead with passion, courage, inspiration and conviction. She credits her father as to why she is who she is. She refers to him as daddy or Dr. B. H. Martin. She always adds, “He was something. Powerful. The most powerful man on this earth.”
Mom’s mother, Neville, passed away when mom was only six. She left four children, mom being the youngest, to be raised by a very focused, dedicated, horse and buggy doctor, my grandfather, Dr. B. H. Martin. He loved his children and was a steady, steadfast provider for them and left them a legacy that still benefits the generations that followed. Dr. Martin also loved his calling and left a legacy of compassion for the rich and poor alike, healing and faith and dedication to his Lord.
We grand kids called him PaPa. Since I was the first, I may have started that. I will surely lay claim to it until someone (and I don’t know who that would be) begs to differ.
Pa Pa didn’t have what you would call soft bedside manners with his patients, children or grand kids for that matter, and he could care less. He was direct, no, blunt. If he thought you were going to die, he would mince no words, he would just say, you are going to die.
Penicillin was his sword and the enemy was disease. He would fight mightily and that demanded his full attention, with no time for emotion or idle git chat. He fought to beat disease, not to win your approval or accolades. And, if you did what he said, more times than not, you would live to see another day.
Mom still says as if it were gospel, “My daddy was the greatest man in the world because he made everyone well.”
As the luck of the draw would have it, we were mom’s dad’s first grandchildren. And, as a result, he would give my sister, Nel, and me his undivided attention. He loved us with all his heart and soul and would parade us around as if we were trophies representing his finest of a long list of accomplishments. After all, if it wasn’t for him, we wouldn’t be on this earth. To him, that was as much a fact as it was his reward.
He didn’t have to tell us he loved us. You could feel it. You would yearn for it. You knew your visits to Richmond would always be extra special because it was PaPa’s kingdom. And Nel and I would be the princess and prince. The power of his hugs. The pride his steady eyes communicated was all we needed to know how totally he cared about us. He was constantly lifting us off the ground, high above his head, into the heavens where we knew he must live and be in charge of.
PaPa was a mighty man, and we knew he loved all of us … and yet, I always knew I was special. I was the first and I was the only one who could look him straight in the eyes and not blink. I knew I was special and it instilled a confidence early on that is at the core of who I am.
Being a doctor, he delivered my sister and me. He assisted in the operating room in both of my hernia operations as a kid. He sewed two finger back on my left hand with a plain old sewing needle and thread after I stuck it in a washing machine wringer just to see if the wringer really worked. It worked all right. And Pa Pa gave me a piece of his mind for being so dumb while putting me back together again.
He loved me passionately. And I know how my mom felt about him, because I felt that way, too. And in so many ways, PaPa was why we, mom and me, turned out to be who we are.
Whenever I face a major challenge, I hear my grandfather say, “Come here, boy”, as he lifts me high into the heavens. “You have got what it takes, boy. Just look ’em in he eye and do what’s right.”
However … there are sometimes this idea of what’s right is just not always right! And … you knew this was coming … bathing and changing clothes at 91 is not mom’s idea of what is right by a long shot.
When the professionals at mom’s day care threw in the towel when it came to bathing mom, I knew that Mr. Clean (my adopted Super Hero personification) had probably met his/my match. But, PaPa kept whispering, well more like roaring like a freight train, “You get your mom fixed up, boy. That’ is your duty. We Martins always dress to reflect who we are. And, tell her to hold her head high and …”
“I know, PaPa, look her straight in the eyes”” I heard myself saying out loud as I looked toward the heavens, not blinking.
But looking my mom straight in the eyes is easier said than done when she has her mind fixed on something. I call it the Martin Way. And when I say it, it comes out sounding like a disease that PaPa could only cure with penicillin.
I wish I could say Mr. Clean swooped down and saved the day, but I did, without even knowing it, what turned out to be the next best thing … I flew alright, but it was out of town!
Melissa and I had a consulting assignment in Orlando so the big face-off between Super Heroes (My mom is the real deal in so many ways and I am just a pretender compared to her) would have to be put on hold.
Now I don’t like excuses, but I made this one sound noble indeed. When a client calls, you come running or in this case flying. In other words, I got out of town while the getting was good!
Somehow the Beatles’ song, HELP!, couldn’t stop playing in my head.
HELP! I need somebody. HELP! Not just anybody. HELP! You know I need someone. HELP!
And, HELP, in all caps, was on the way and it came from both expected and unexpected sources. The expected one came from Tovi, my oldest daughter. She gave me four of the coolest grand kids the world has ever known. That team, plus my youngest daughter Lissi’s oldest daughter, Kenzie (are you following all of this?) decided to take on the dirty work together! (UNEXPECTED)
So, this team lead by Tovi and my grand kids, ages 6 to 13, headed to Richmond under the auspices of staying with mom while Melissa and I were gone, but they had bigger things in mind. The were going to bathe mom, change her clothes and cut her toenails to boot!
Another song is playing in my head as I write this, The Impossible Dream, from Man from La Mancha!
But, you know what, as it turned out, it wasn’t the epic battle as I imagined it would be. It wasn’t even a challenge match or a fight of wills at all!
That was Tovi and the grandkids’ genius. They made it play!
Tovi would ask who wanted their nails clipped and all the kids would laugh and say, “me, me first … do me!” And, one by one, as they sat on mom’s bed with her, they had their fingernails and toenails clipped and you know who wasn’t going to miss out on the fun … mom!
There was so much laughter going on that she missed Thomas’s (great name for my oldest grandson) comment to Tovi. “Mom, Helen has toenails that could go in the Guinness Book of Records!”
Next came hair and clean clothes and … before you knew it … there was one beautiful group of humans, all spic and span and feeling great about themselves. It was a fashion show, a Disney movie, an extravaganza. It was Sound of Music, The King and I and Mary Poppins all rolled into one. It was fun and they all had a ball!
It’s a great reminder that a spoonful of sugar helps the medicine go down … even for Super Heroes hell bent and determined to do it their way!
The HELP! Team took the fight out of the match up. It was like Tom Sawyer painting the fence! Who wouldn’t want to join in!
So, when I yelled HELP! I didn’t need just anybody. I didn’t need the Clean Helen Team pros at mom’s day care. I didn’t need my Mr. Clean outfit, all I needed was the Joyful Team. And they did it!
It was just what the Doctor ordered … PaPa that is!
They brought joy and good clean fun to the world and mom couldn’t get enough of that wonderful stuff.
And when they looked mom in the eyes, they didn’t even worry about blinking … they just did a lot of winking. And, my mom winked back!
About Tom
I guess you could say my mom taught me the values, mindsets and skill sets to get where I am, and now I am using all I have learned, and continue to learn, to show my gratitude and love for her at this stage in both of our lives.
My mom has sure been my champion, cheerleader, teacher and "primary caregiver" for as long as I have been on this planet. She is an amazing, joyful human!
I invite you to follow our journey ... we would love to have you hop aboard for what promises to be a ride of a lifetime!
Buckle up, and welcome!
98 Candles!
Mom's Birthday!December 25th, 2017
Mom turns 98!
Follow Mom's and My Journey ... The More the Merrier!
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Your Relationship With Money
Have you ever had a boyfriend, girlfriend, husband, or wife you want to see again the moment he or she is out of your sight? Has love ever felt like a drug, something you need every minute, and you need more each time? Have you ever failed to understand why you constantly desire a lover who treats you poorly? Perhaps you long for the guy or girl you knew twenty years ago, a fleeting infatuation. Like love, it’s possible for any one person to have a differently relationship with money than the next individual. Love may be a mystery, but money is usually concrete.
What role does money play in your life? I’ve seen everything.
1. Money is the goal itself. Working in the financial industry, this attitude comes as no surprise to me. When the ultimate goal is to accumulate an impressive bank account balance or net worth, the unconditional love of money helps people rationalize their behavior; the end, being wealthy, often justifies the means with this attitude. Never mind the good that can be done with this money; often, those who are obsessed use the wealth they accumulate to buy items that exist primarily to show that wealth off, not items that increase happiness. The philosophy is that displaying wealth to the world increases the chances of attracting more wealth. Even if there is some truth to that, there are other costs, as well.
I may be critical of those who place their faith in money alone, but I’m not anti-wealthy.
2. Money is evil. At the other extreme, you might find people who turn away from wealth at all time. They may have had a bad experience with money in the past. Perhaps they watch the news and take to heart the latest scandals and scams, and assume that money always makes people to awful things to one another. Nations war and people die over money. Bad behavior is often rewarded in the marketplace. How can money be a positive force when it encourages people to make bad decisions? People who think money is evil may not trust the banks to hold onto savings accounts.
This approach is dangerous because it helps those who hold this philosophy to avoid financial freedom, the ability to live mostly on one’s own terms.
3. Money is a tool. This is my camp. Money didn’t exist forever, and happiness itself is a modern concept as well. Money only increases happiness to a point, so why accumulate more money than you need to achieve maximum happiness? There are good reasons. If you set relevant life goals, like helping eliminate hunger in your country, providing all opportunities possible for your children, or encouraging education in the arts, money is one of the strongest tools for reaching your goals. These goals don’t stop at a certain dollar amount. More can always be done.
When I hear someone say their life goal is to have a nest egg of $1 million when they retire, the question I think of is, “Then what?” I understand that decades of hard work can make someone long for retirement and an end to the rate race, but it’s the financial freedom that should be important, not a monetary target. Targets are useful when deciding how to allocate and invest your wealth as it grows, but money is not the purpose intrinsically.
Squirreler shared his thoughts about the role of money in his life, putting money on an equal ground with health and relationships. Health and relationships contribute to happiness. Wealth contributes as well, but only insofar as it fosters health, relationships, and other things like experiences, self-worth, and independence. Therefore, I would not put wealth in a symbiotic equilibrium with anything else. It’s another layer that helps amplify everything else; people who have a positive outlook on life while improve with wealth, while people who take a destructive approach to living will only become more dangerous.
Wealth makes life easier and helps you reach real goals, but money is neither inherently good nor inherently bad.
I love your response to the people that say they want X amount of dollars by this certain time “Then What?”.
I am learning every day about myself in respect to money. It’s like my mindset changes every few weeks and I always think of new ideas what I want to do. For the next year, I know I want to travel and enjoy myself. That means saving and spending my money in a more meaningful fashion, rather than overpaying Sallie Mae. Time to put the money to work.
Money was the greatest invention of all time! It relieved us from the trouble of finding someone with extra eggs and a need for grain when we farmed grain. However it is neither good nor bad – it is a tool. Cash flow is the only measure of financial success because it not only implies a wise use of resources but also a measure of savings. Negative cash flow (debt) is fool’s measure of success based on toys, appearances, and an unwillingness to face the future.
I’m assuming like most people, I think of money somewhere in between. Of course it’s not the most important thing in my life, but money plays a significant role. I don’t think money itself is inherently good or evil; it depends on someone’s perception and usage.
I agree with you money is a tool! It is also a score card on how well you are doing. You can stretch it or spend it well maximizing its value. For example, buying from discount stores, avoiding pitfalls like paying interest on a credit card or a high mortgage rate.
Flexo, I’m going to tell you this, but please don’t tell anyone; I’m kind of like retirebyfory-and like to hoard money. I’m kind of infatuated with having it, although I wouldn’t say I’m extravagant for my financial station. I like knowing it’s there! And of course, I also like the security it provides!
It’ll be our secret. I’m afraid I like spending money as much as I like saving it. I’m still getting used to the idea of having money to spend. Not too long ago, there wasn’t much. I like seeing my numbers go up… but only because it’ll give me freedom and flexibility.
Money = Freedom
Without an adequate amount of savings, we are slaves to a job or to a certain standard of living. Money is what allows us to spend time doing what we find to be most important. For instance, Bill Gates now uses his time (and large amounts of money) saving lives around the world with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Along with Warren Buffet, Mr. Gates tries to convince the rest of the wealthy that they should also give large parts of their fortune away. Not in the future, but now. I think this will pass on to the future rich, and it might end up being the wealthy who do the most good. They are surely the most capable.
Money is a tool, and a means of freedom and function in our society. Because our society runs on it, I want a lot of it. This is not due to being materialistic, but because I can’t know or control what society is going to require from us. I was also thinking about the question often asked, “Do you eat to live or live to eat?” in regards to employment. We don’t live to be employed or to do what we don’t want to do in order to acquire money. We want money to live, but don’t want to give up life itself to get it. Like most people, we want enough money so that pursuing it will be entirely unnecessary – it’s called “retirement”. ;)
There is a fine line between a “love of money” and “money is a tool”. Both require you to put your focus on saving and investments as you go through life.
I know that for myself, I need to step back sometimes and realise that wealth accumulation is not an end goal, but a way of life that I wish to create for myself. If I accumulate enough income to retire from my regular work, I can spend more time with family, exercise more, and spend more time volunteering.
Money will allow me to live a better life and be with the ones I truly love: my wife and my family.
Money is just a measure in the great game, so I partially agree with 1. I think a lot of rich people don’t make / save money for the things that it can buy (this simply ends up being a bi-product of having so much wealth), but rather as measure of how ‘successful’ they have been. The more the better.
I’m of the camp that money is a tool as well. I see money as a means contributing to an end. It opens up more opportunities to pursue what truly makes you happy! For instance, I would love to go back to school and pursue a phd, or other advanced degree which would allow me to teach business at one of the local colleges here in Maine. Unfortunately, this is not practicable (financially speaking) for me without totally disrupting my family life (I have a wife and three kids).
I’m afraid it’s a love/hate thing for me. Love when there is enough and hate when I fall short. Thankfully my personal relationships are much better than my relationship with money. After a drought, I have trouble spending even if the money is there.
I’m with you that money is a tool. I used to be a money is everything person but then went through a few trials that made me realize that I would have paid any amount of money for my health and/or love or friendship. I never realized the truth of those comments people made ” I would pay any amount of money to see ???? or if I could only get rid of this bad back .
I use money as a necessary evil to survive in this world. I try to be objective and not look at issues like this simplistically. I want to create wealth for myself & my family so when I leave this world I know that my family will be secure.
I agree that money is a tool. One of many in the box. I’ve had money and not had money. Thankfully having it or not has never defined who I am. My focus has always been how to use it wisely. I use this tactic with everything I do. Guess I can be pretty boring in the big scheme of things. But, content.
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Q:
Arrays shown in output after user input
I can't seem to have my array to appear in the output here is my coding. Is there a problem?
I want my 'Jan' array to appear in my menu for example: "Jan Expenditure" however only "expenditure is appearing. And now i have a syntax error on String monthChoice. Please help me out. Thank you!
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Project {
static String[] itemList = new String[10];
static int[] amountList = new int[10];
static int choice;
public static void main(String[] args) {
{ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("***************Expenditure***************");
System.out.println("1)Enter monthly expenses");
System.out.println("2)Display detailed expenditure by month");
System.out.println("3)Quick glance at monthly expenses");
System.out.println("4)Exit");
System.out.println("Please select your choice <1-3>:");
choice = input.nextInt();
switch (choice) {
case 1:
int count = 0;
String[] monthsArray = { "", "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May",
"Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sept", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec" };
System.out.println("*******************************************");
System.out.println("\t\t\t\t");
System.out.print("Enter month <1 for Jan - 12 for Dec>:");
int month = input.nextInt();
for (int i=0; i < monthsArray.length; i++)
String monthChoice = monthsArray[month - 1];
System.out.println("-------------------------------------");
System.out.println(monthChoice + "expenditure (max 10 items)");
A:
This:
String monthChoice = monthsArray[month - 1];
Should be:
String monthChoice = monthsArray[month];
Because the first month is empty.
Also, I don't understand this for loop, since you don't even use the i variable, and you don't need to repeat that action multiple times:
for (int i=0; i < monthsArray.length; i++)
|
Q:
Trailing Number of Zeros wrong answer on SPOJ (JAVA)
Today I try to solve "Factorial" problem on SPOJ (link) and it looks like easy Trailing Number of Zeros algorithm, but all time I got on SPOJ "Wrong answer".
Algorithm is very easy and works perfect for all tests (from SPOJ, other sources and everything that I created manually), but "Wrong answer" after 0.99 sec...
Here my code:
public static int ZeroCount (int num)
{
int zeros = 0;
for (int i =5; i < num; i*=5)
zeros = zeros + (int)Math.floor(num/i);
return zeros;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception {
Scanner reader = new Scanner(System.in);
int size = reader.nextInt();
while (size > 0) {
System.out.println(Main.ZeroCount(reader.nextInt()));
size--;
}
}
I did it with 1) long vs int; 2) i*=5 vs while loop with Math.pow(a,b) function; 3) Math.floor(c/d) vs simple c/d (because in Java integer dividing works as floor function) and some other simple checks what can go wrong.
Any ideas? Thanks!
A:
Its a really small mistake.
In function ZeroCount, replace i < num by i <= num
public static int ZeroCount (int num)
{
int zeros = 0;
for (int i =5; i <= num; i*=5)
zeros = zeros + (int)Math.floor(num/i);
return zeros;
}
|
The Trump and Netanyahu governments have a problem: How to start a greatly expanded Middle-Eastern war without having a justifiable reason for one. No doubt they are working hard to solve this urgent problem. If they can’t find a “justification” (which they can’t), they will have to create one (which they will). Or perhaps they will find what they have already created. Whatever the solution, we should feel confident that they are not sitting on their hands. History teaches those who care to learn that when aggressors place a gun on the wall in the first act of their play, it must go off in the final act.
A confidant of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has agreed to turn state’s witness in one of several corruption investigations posing a serious threat to the conservative leader’s political survival, local media said.
One may wonder how is it possible that Jewish institutions are so dedicated to the restitution of Jewish property while being completely dismissive of the exact same right when it comes to the Palestinians. I guess that choseness is a possible answer. Jewish victimhood is to often blind to other victims, especially those who were victimised by the Jewish State.
The South African government is intending to cut diplomatic ties with Israel in protest of its treatment of the Palestinian people, the country’s Science and Technology Minister Naledi Pandor announced yesterday.
In wake of recent developments in investigations against the prime minister and his close associates, leader of the Labor party prepares members for possibility of early elections; 'The criminal house of cards the prime minister has built in recent years is crumbling down on top of him and his close circle,' he says.
Suspended Communications Ministry senior official and PM Netanyahu confidant Shlomo Filber signs state witness agreement with law enforcement to testify against his former benefactor; deal said to exclude actual jail time; earlier this week Bezeq owner Elovitch and CEO Handler were arrested on suspected involvement in affair.
Poland’s Deputy Minister of Culture has endorsed the creation of a special “Polocaust” museum to commemorate the non-Jews who died in Poland during World War II.
It is estimated that around three million ethnic Poles were among the six million people who were killed in Poland during the war. Minister Jaros?aw Sellin said in an interview on Poland’s Radio One that he regrets that Poland’s suffering isn’t more widely known around the world. He said it’s time “this terrible fate” was acknowledged.
Filber is reportedly suspected of bribery, fraud, breach of trust and other offenses, it was revealed on Tuesday.
He allegedly was Netanyahu’s “long-arm” in this case, and acted in his name in several deals that were allegedly done with the Bezeq telecommunications company and an attempt to sell the Walla media outlet. Filber’s testimony is reportedly expected to incriminate the prime minister.
The Justice Ministry refused to confirm or deny the report.
The state’s witness deal that is on offer to Filber does not include time in prison, said a Kan – Israel Public Broadcasting Corporation report.
Webmaster's Commentary:
IF, in fact these reports are true, it will serve to accelerate every war which Netanyahu wants the US to fight for it, including wars against Syria; Lebanon; and Iran.
President Donald Trump’s declaration that the US would move its Israel embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem was met with global condemnation and warnings that it could lead to a violent escalation.
But another threat to Jerusalem’s status quo, though no less dangerous, has received little international attention by comparison: Right-wing Israeli activists gained significant ground in their goal to take over the al-Aqsa mosque compound in the last year.
The so-called Temple movement, which has backers in Israel’s parliament and religious establishment, seeks to increase the number of Jews visiting the al-Aqsa mosque compound, one of the holiest sites for Muslims.
Swelling numbers of Jewish visitors, the movement believes, will force the hand of the Israeli government to grant permission to Jews to pray there.
Webmaster's Commentary:
I would love to hope that through some concilliatory process between Jerusalem's Muslims and Jews, there could be an accord reached about sharing the space, which is holy to both faiths.
Unfortunately, there has been such hideous emnity between both groups that this has become an absolute non-starter.
But the notion of destroying the Dome of the Rock, also housed in the mosque compound, and the construction of a Jewish temple in its place?!? I frankly think that Israel would never be able to contain the blowback from such an act.
Poland has never gotten anything out of its “alliance” with America other than being used as the Pentagon’s doormat for expanding NATO eastward to Russia’s borders and provocatively deploying offensive weapons on its doorstep, but that’s about to change now that Warsaw has realized that it could leverage its military relationship with Washington to its advantage in standing up to “Israel’s” bullying.
The Lebanese army has reaffirmed its readiness to confront the “Israeli aggression” by any means at its disposal if the ongoing disputes and already tense relations between the neighbors escalate into an armed confrontation.
“I reaffirm again our categorical rejection of the Israeli enemy infringing on Lebanon’s sovereignty and its sacred right to exploit all its economic resources,” General Joseph Aoun said, as quoted by the Lebanese army. “The army will not spare any method available to confront any Israeli aggression, whatever that costs.”
Webmaster's Commentary:
Tillerson and Satterfield are completely wasting their time here; the IDF has their game plan for an invasion of Lebanon, and the Lebanese Military and Hezbollah, have theirs for defending it.
This is not a question of if an armed conflict will break out between these two countries, as Israel's Netanyahu sees any conflict as a distraction from corruption charges which have been suggested against him; it is only a question of when.
The uncompromising message came from the influential Mohsen Rezaie, Iran's expediency council secretary, an assembly appointed by Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, which supervises the government.
The words of the Prime Minister of Poland that among the collaborators helping the Nazis during the Second World War were representatives of different nationalities, including Jews, have been confirmed by historical facts, the chief of the Polish Prime Minister's Chancellery Michal Dworczyk said on Polish television.
"Of course, the Prime Minister said that there were perpetrators both among the Polish people and among other nationalities who were living in Poland at that time, among Jewish people also, and this is a painful truth. Discussion on this topic is continuing in Israel and incites deep emotions," Michal Dworczyk said on Polish television.
"For all the PMM attackers (premier Mateusz Morawiecki) — less hysteria, more facts!" wrote the chief of the Polish Prime Minister's Chancellery Michal Dworczyk on Twitter.
It all started on February 16 when Silverman tweeted in support of Ahed Tamimi – the Palestinian teenager who was detained by Israel in December after she was filmed slapping an Israeli soldier. She has since become a global symbol of the Palestinian resistance movement.
Two Palestinian boys were killed by shelling amid a series of attacks on Gaza by Israeli occupation forces since Saturday.
Israeli forces hit several sites allegedly used by Palestinian armed groups in Gaza over the weekend and early Monday after four soldiers were wounded by an explosive device Israel says was planted along the Gaza-Israel boundary midday Saturday.
Israel’s mounting interest in Syria’s War, and in particular in picking fights with the Assad government, Iran, and any other Shi’ite factions in the country, have included reports by analysts of a growing amount of Israeli arms and ammunition flowing across the border for rebels.
Officially, Israel isn’t a big fan on Sunni Islamist organizations. Such groups are the bulk of the rebellion on the Golan frontier, and that’s made them groups Israel has a very serious interest in seeing survive and thrive on the border.
Israeli officials have been very public in the past saying they prefer ISIS over the Alawite government in Syria. Expressing such a preference and arming terrorists are two different things, and Israel’s effort to step up arming for Islamist groups risks regional blowback.
Webmaster's Commentary:
Now that corruption charges have been recommended against Netanyahu, expect a brisk acceleration of everything he is trying to to accomplish regime change in Lebanon; Syria; and Iran. And from Sunday's LA Times, we have the following development:
I originally expected such an uptick in regional Middle East conflict when he returned from addressing AIPAC here in Washington DC in the beginning of March, then seeing what President Trump was actually willing to "greenlight", in terms of US military response and involvement, once the two had met.
However, right now, he is a politcally wounded animal; and all animals are at their most dangerous when they are wounded.
I frankly am expecting much more geopolitical madness from Netanyahu, and soon, because losing the power and prestiege of the office of Prime Minister, under the conditions of an actual conviction on these charges, will leave him with no "cover" like that his current position affords him.
Over the weekend, Israel used the long-standing adversarial threat of Iran as a pretext to launch a barrage of attacks against targets in Syrian territory. According to the Israeli side, an Iranian drone launched from Syria flew deep into Israeli airspace, which prompted Israel to not only down the drone, but to also target the base the drone was allegedly launched from in Syria.
On Saturday Polish PM did it again, he told the truth. He suggested that there were also Jewish perpetrators of the Holocaust. Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki told the Munich Security Conference that it won't be punishable to say there were Polish perpetrators of the Holocaust “as there were Jewish perpetrators, as there were Russian perpetrators, as there were Ukrainian; not only German perpetrators.”
During a televised address in Beirut on Friday Hezbollah Secretary General Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah once again warned Israel to back off its claims over disputed oil and gas field just off the southern Lebanese coast, threatening that Hezbollah could "disable [Israel’s offshore oil installations] within hours."
"If you prevent us, we prevent you; if you open fire at us, we will open fire," Nasrallah threatened.
The dispute over the eastern Mediterranean gas field goes back to January 2017, but blew up starting in late January of this year as it has been put up for tender by Lebanon and is expected to be developed by an international consortium of energy companies. However, as we reported at the time Israel has aggressively pushed for major sectors of the field to be internationally recognized as lying within its rightful territorial waters, going so far as to warn "respectable" companies from participating in the tender, which would be a "major mistake".
For a second week in a row, Israel has seen severe security incidents on its borders which, with one small miscalculation, could have very easily somersaulted into another devastating conflict in the region.
Last week an Israeli F-16 was downed after Syrian air defenses launched some 20 missiles towards Israeli jets carrying out retaliatory strikes deep inside the war-torn country after an Iranian drone infiltrated Israeli airspace.
An Israeli tank fired at an observation post located in the southern Gaza Strip, the country’s Defense Forces (IDF) said. The shelling followed an explosive device being detonated near the Israeli patrol in the area.
IDF troops were patrolling an area near the security fence in the Gaza Strip, the military tweeted. It is still unclear if the explosion resulted in any casualties. In response, the IDF used a tank to target an observation post in the area.
The Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD) is a little known but highly influential hawkish think tank in Washington that has made a name for itself over the past few years by opposing the Iran nuclear deal and its subsequent (and current) efforts to derail it.
Aside from its long tradition of opposing negotiations with Iran, FDD has also been known as a safe space for its staff—chief among them CEO Mark Dubowitz—to call for war against Iran and/or regime change.
And for some reason, FDD really doesn’t like it when it gets called out on it.
In a piece in the Weekly Standard last December, Dubowitz and FDD Senior Fellow Reuel Marc Gerecht complained about being painted as warmongers for their opposition to the Iran deal. And Dubowitz himself regularly grumbles about this on Twitter, calling for a move away from what he calls “personal attacks” to instead focus on “honest discussion.”
In the wake of this week’s deadly Florida high school shooting, Broward County Sheriff Scott Israel called out local lawmakers during a candlelight vigil for the victims, saying those who did not push for new gun laws "will not get reelected."
Foreign Affairs Minister of Iran Mohammad Javad Zarif warned that Israel’s “invincibility” has “crumbled”, as he lambasted a speech given earlier by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at the Munich Security Conference on Sunday.
Zarif talked in reference to the shooting down of an Israeli F-16 jet which had reportedly attacked an Iranian site in Syria.
"What has happened in the past several days, has been that the so-called invincibility has crumbled.”
Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said on Monday that Moscow refuses to be embroiled in Iranian-Israeli hostilities and rejects that Israel should not exist, while regional problems should not be blamed on Iran.
Lavrov said at the opening of the Valdai International Discussion Club’s conference titled "Russia in the Middle East: Playing on All Fields," that tensions between Iran and Israel exist because of history.
"We have stated many times that we won’t accept the statements that Israel, as a Zionist state, should be destroyed and wiped off the map. I believe this is an absolutely wrong way to advance one’s own interests," Lavrov said.
"By the same token, we oppose attempts to view any regional problem through the prism of fighting Iran," he noted.
Israel is acting to enforce its anti-BDS law against Amnesty International, after the human rights organization embarked on a campaign calling for a boycott of products from Judea and Samaria and a weapons embargo on Israel, which it has accused of war crimes
Poland has urged Israel to clarify the incident regarding the Polish embassy being vandalized by unidentified individuals who drew a swastika on the diplomatic mission’s gate, Artur Lompart, the head of the Polish Foreign Ministry’s press service said.
“Poland has asked the Israeli authorities to clarify the incident and take measures to ensure the security of the Polish diplomatic mission,” Lompart told reporters late on Sunday.
The spokesman noted that the Israeli police had already launched investigation into the incident.
The Israel Securities Authorities has opened an investigation into allegations that the country's largest telecommunications company Bezeq received benefits so as to deal with positive media coverage of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
Several senior executives from the Israeli telecommunications giant Bezeq, including two close associates of Benjamin Netanyahu, have been arrested as part of the corruption probe into the Israeli Prime Minister's alleged corruption activities.
The detainees include Communications Ministry Director General Shlomo Filbert, who is accused of handing confidential documents to Bezeq to add to the company's favorable treatment and provide positive media coverage of Netanyahu.
Police also nabbed Shaul Elovitch, the controlling shareholder of Bezeq, who is suspected of communicating with the Israeli Prime Minister.
Israel’s Finance Minister Moshe Kahlon is “set to approve in the coming days new regulations to prevent organisations and individuals who support a boycott of Israel from receiving various tax breaks or from participating in government bids”, newspaper Haaretz has reported.
According to the report, Israeli officials in the strategic affairs ministry “expect a list of Israeli citizens and organisations who support BDS” to be compiled, in addition to “the existing list of foreign groups that promote BDS”.
The paper continued that “if and when the new regulations are approved, an inter-ministerial team will begin work on” a list “for local groups and activists under the supervision of legal advisers”.
Sources in the strategic affairs ministry “said that the effort would focus on central groups and activists – including Israelis – and not on people who are critical of Israel and believe Israel should be boycotted”.
Israel remains the only UN member state which has never declared where its borders are. In fact, it has refused to demarcate any borders due to the Zionist intention to colonise the whole of historic Palestine. For less desirable requirements, however, it does not hesitate to apply a temporary suspension of its agenda, recognise separate areas and impose additional hardships on Palestinians.
As with several other discriminatory policies, Israel acknowledges Palestinian existence and land only when it can use such recognition to suit its nefarious purposes. Human rights group B’Tselem’s December 2017 report called “Made in Israel: Exploiting Palestinian Land for Israeli Waste” reveals that there are 15 Israeli waste treatment facilities in the occupied West Bank. Six of these facilities process hazardous waste.
At least nine Palestinians were injured by Israeli forces’ live bullets or rubber-coated steel rounds as the forces quelled a number of protests across the occupied West Bank on the eleventh Friday of Rage, according to the Ministry of Health. The ministry said three Palestinian protesters were injured, two of them by rubber-coated steel rounds and the third by live shots, during clashes in Ramallah area. The injured were admitted to Palestine Medical Complex in the city for medical treatment. Meanwhile, five others who were injured were admitted to Rafidia public hospital in Nablus. Another injured protester was also admitted to Salfit public hospital, in the central West Bank, with a moderate injury. Clashes erupted in many areas of the occupied West Bank and at Gaza border following Friday prayers on the eleventh Friday of Rage against US President Donald Trump’s decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital.
Poland's prime minister said Sunday that dialogue with Israel about the Holocaust is necessary and would serve as a warning to prevent such "exceptionally terrifying" crimes from happening again.
Mateusz Morawiecki tweeted his thoughts after a telephone conversation with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The call was prompted by a comment the Polish politician made that equated Polish collaborators in the Holocaust to alleged "Jewish perpetrators."
The remark, given Saturday at the Munich Security Conference, reignited a weekslong diplomatic dispute over Poland's new law prohibiting some statements about the Holocaust. The law reflects the current Polish government's approach to World War II history, which focuses on Poland's suffering and heroism.
For many years, the leading Rabbis have made several statements against the Chabad organization referring to it, among other things, as a "criminal organization" and a "religious cult". Chabad is known to be a "mafia" a "gang" and a "group of very bad people".
The above statements are not political in nature. There are basic problems with the Chabad organization that derive from the day this group was founded about 200 years ago. Chabad Rabbis are not considered real Rabbis by any Orthodox Rabbis anywhere in the world. Chabad Rabbis cannot perform conversions, supervise Kosher food production, arrange a GET ceremony, or do shechita of Kosher animals.
From the point of view of Jewish Orthodoxy, Chabad is compared to the Reform and the Conservative movements. The difference is that Chabad claims to be part of Orthodox Judaism, when it's really not.
German police are investigating a British woman for suspected incitement after she questioned the Holocaust during a far-right protest in the eastern city of Dresden.
A spokeswoman for Dresden police says Australian-born Michele Renouf is one of two people being investigated for remarks made at a neo-Nazi rally Saturday commemorating those killed in the 1945 Allied bombing of the city.
Videos of the rally posted online show Renouf saying the only Holocaust perpetrated in Europe was against German civilians. Publicly denying the Nazis' well-documented murder of six million Jews is a criminal offense in Germany.
Most American law enforcement agencies are engaged in protecting the communities they preside over from Islamic extremists who are threats to those communities. However, in the Broward County, Florida Sheriff’s Office, under the leadership of Sheriff Scott Israel, Islamic extremists are embraced. And not only are they embraced, but they are brought into the Sheriff’s department, itself.
Sheriff Israel is the first Jewish sheriff in Florida history. Prior to taking on the role had been a 30-year police veteran in South Florida with the Fort Lauderdale Police Department and the North Bay Village Police Department. Upon his election, Sheriff Israel promised to tackle, among other thing, the levels of gun violence in the region. Directly under Sheriff Israel is his under service, Colonel Steve Kinsey.
JTA — As he leads the police response to the school shooting in Parkland, Florida, Broward County Sheriff Scott Israel is likely enduring some of the toughest days of his career. And he’s probably looking to his Judaism to guide him through it.
Israel told the Sun-Sentinel that he attends the Parkland Chabad, and he is comfortable in churches as well as synagogues. His wife, Susan, is Christian, and they raised their children in both religions.
A Democrat, he was elected sheriff in 2012 and reelected four years later. The county is home to a large Jewish population. In the 2016 campaign flier, he mentioned fighting gun violence as one of his top issues.
Nezar Hamze (Nezar Jason Nazih Hamze) is the Regional Operations Director of the Florida chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR). Essentially, he is the number two leader of the statewide chapter. Prior to that, he held the position of Executive Director for the chapter. Today, Hamze is a gun-toting Deputy Sheriff in the Broward Sheriff’s Office (BSO).
CAIR was established, in June 1994, as one of four groups under the leadership of then-global head of Hamas, Mousa Abu Marzook, who had been residing in the US for decades.
Israel told the Sun-Sentinel that he attends the Parkland Chabad, and he is comfortable in churches as well as synagogues. His wife, Susan, is Christian, and they raised their children in both religions.
A Democrat, he was elected sheriff in 2012 and reelected four years later. The county is home to a large Jewish population. In the 2016 campaign flier, he mentioned fighting gun violence as one of his top issues.
The sheriff of Broward County has described the February 14 high school shooting in his jurisdiction as “Catastrophic. There are really no words.” Sheriff Scott Israel has been in office since January 2013 having been elected to the office on a Democrat ticket the previous month.
Sheriff Israel is the first Jewish sheriff in Florida history. Prior to taking on the role had been a 30-year police veteran in South Florida with the Fort Lauderdale Police Department and the North Bay Village Police Department. Upon his election, Sheriff Israel promised to tackle, among other thing, the levels of gun violence in the region. Directly under Sheriff Israel is his under service, Colonel Steve Kinsey.
The White House wasn’t just angered by the prime minister's lie that he was holding talks with the Americans about applying Israeli sovereignty in the West Bank, but also by the liberty he took to get the US administration in trouble with the world.
Earlier, Lebanon's President Michel Aoun has said that Beirut was looking for the United States' "effective role" in resolving the brewing standoff over the offshore oil areas between Lebanon and Israel.
Lebanon's Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri told US diplomat David M. Satterfield, who also met Foreign Minister Gebran Bassil and Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri, that the Washington-proposed plan on the maritime border between Israel and Lebanon "unacceptable."
"What is proposed is unacceptable," Lebanon's NNA cited Berri as saying. It is unclear what the US has offered to Lebanon concerning the disputed waters in the Mediterranean Sea.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has strongly condemned the statement of Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, who said that the Jewish people were “perpetrators” in World War II amid the bilateral row over the so-called Holocaust bill.
"The Polish Prime Minister's remarks here in Munich are outrageous. There is a problem here of an inability to understand history and a lack of sensitivity to the tragedy of our people. I intend to speak with him forthwith,” Netanyahu said late on Saturday, as quoted in the statement by the presidential press service.
Iran’s foreign minister ridiculed a security conference speech by Netanyahu, who used a part of a drone to make a point. He lashed out at Israel’s “aggression to neighbors” and mentioned the country’s "crumbling invincibility."
A drone flew, a David star bomber fell from the sky, and it was a hell which could destroy us all. Was there such a concern when the “David Star Drones” circled all day over sovereign states like the Lebanon or terrorized people in the concentration camp in Gaza?
Silverman promoted an email campaign launched by Amnesty International which called on supporters to write to Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and protest Tamimi’s detention. “There is nothing Ahed Tamimi has done that can justify the continuing detention of a 17-year-old child,” Amnesty wrote in its appeal.
Speaker of Lebanese Parliament Nabih Berri on Friday told the state National News Agency (NNA) that a US proposal concerning the disputed Lebanon-Israel maritime border was “unacceptable.”
During a meeting with the acting Assistant US Secretary of State David Satterfield, Berri stressed that the borders could only be demarcated based on the April 1996 Understanding between Israel and Hizbullah, which was brokered by the US to end the conflict initiated by Israel’s Grapes of Wrath operation. After the conflict, a Monitoring Committee was set up to implement the Understandings; it was composed of US, France, Syria, Israel and Lebanon
Israel’s Finance Minister Moshe Kahlon is “set to approve in the coming days new regulations to prevent organisations and individuals who support a boycott of Israel from receiving various tax breaks or from participating in government bids”, newspaper Haaretz has reported.
According to the report, Israeli officials in the strategic affairs ministry “expect a list of Israeli citizens and organisations who support BDS” to be compiled, in addition to “the existing list of foreign groups that promote BDS”.
The paper continued that “if and when the new regulations are approved, an inter-ministerial team will begin work on” a list “for local groups and activists under the supervision of legal advisers”.
Sources in the strategic affairs ministry “said that the effort would focus on central groups and activists – including Israelis – and not on people who are critical of Israel and believe Israel should be boycotted”.
Webmaster's Commentary:
If this draconian law is passed, it means that BDS is working, as a peaceful, non-violent way of protesting Israeli apartheid against Palestinians.
And if Isaeli citizens are supporting it, this may be just a little light at the end of a tunnel of Tel Aviv's intransigence on the issue of the existence of the Palestinian state.
Over the weekend, Israel used the long-standing adversarial threat of Iran as a pretext to launch a barrage of attacks against targets in Syrian territory. According to the Israeli side, an Iranian drone launched from Syria flew deep into Israeli airspace, which prompted Israel to not only down the drone, but to also target the base the drone was allegedly launched from in Syria.
In turn, Syria activated its air defenses, which saw Israel lose one of its fighter jets soon after. Unhappy with this result, Israel launched a number of retaliatory strikes against Syria’s air defenses, including bases allegedly staffed with Iranian personnel as opposed to Iran’s mere proxy forces.
Israel claimed it successfully destroyed half of Syria’s air defenses, and because this is allegedly the first time Israel has actually struck Iranian targets as opposed to Iranian proxies, the weekend’s developments undoubtedly represent an escalation.
Germany is building four ships to add to Israel’s sea-based missile shield called Iron Dome, according to a spokesperson for the Israel Defense Forces.
"A ceremony which marked the construction initiation of the Saar 6 Class Corvettes was held in Kiel, Germany. Four Saar 6 Class Corvettes will be integrated gradually into the Israeli Navy over the next three years," it was announced Wednesday on the official IDF Twitter account.
Israeli Navy Commander Aluf Eli Sharvit has described the German-build corvettes as key to the maritime missile shield.
A day before Palestinian teenager Muhammad Abu Khudair was kidnapped and burned alive allegedly by six Israeli Jewish youths, Israeli lawmaker Ayelet Shaked published on Facebook a call for genocide of the Palestinians.
It is a call for genocide because it declares that “the entire Palestinian people is the enemy” and justifies its destruction, “including its elderly and its women, its cities and its villages, its property and its infrastructure.”
It is a call for genocide because it calls for the slaughter of Palestinian mothers who give birth to “little snakes.”
If Shaked’s post does not meet the legal definition of a call for genocide then nothing does.
Speaking to UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared the Golan Heights “forever” part of Israel, irrespective of international law not recognizing it as Israeli territory.
An Israeli tank fired at an observation post located in the southern Gaza Strip, the country’s Defense Forces (IDF) said. The shelling followed an explosive device being detonated near the Israeli patrol in the area.
IDF troops were patrolling an area near the security fence in the Gaza Strip, the military tweeted. It is still unclear if the explosion resulted in any casualties. In response, the IDF used a tank to target an observation post in the area.
On February 10, more than 50 Palestinian protesters were injured by Israeli forces, which used live ammunition to suppress the 10th ‘Friday of Rage’ rally. The latest major clash between the Israeli military and the Palestinian armed groups occurred in November when the IDF used tanks and jets to attack Hamas positions following the mortar shelling of an Israeli outpost by another militant group.
Webmaster's Commentary:
"An eye-for-eye and tooth-for-tooth would lead to a world of the blind and toothless."
Following the nomination of Quds as the capital city of Israel by the US president, Turkey which is known for its political and international exploitation of affairs immediately held the leaders’ summit.
To pursue the goal of political exploitation and as requested by KSA, Foreign Ministers of Arabian countries also had the Arab League Summit...
***
It makes new immigrants and returning ex-pats living abroad at least 10 years exempt from taxes on foreign assets for 10 years - whatever their source. Other Israeli citizens are taxed on all their income - whether earned domestically or abroad.
The law turned Israel into a money/laundering tax haven for super-rich Jews living abroad, encouraging aliyah, emigration to Israel, making it worth their while financially.
The capital gains exemption is the most attractive part of the law, a major incentive to emigrate, foreign assets of super-wealthy immigrants shielded from taxes
[Note: This is Part Four of a multi-part expose direct from Istanbul and Lebanon. Please see Part One, Part Two and Part 3 for information not repeated here.]
With the last shot of the 2006 war fired and the IDF moving back into Israel, Lebanon began to heal its wounds. At the same time, Hizbullah, that had so successfully turned back the tides of war, began to rebuild – this time in new ways.
Using the respect it had gained by fighting for all of Lebanon, while the Lebanese army looked on from safe havens to the north, Hizbullah began the decade-long process of moving from purely a defensive military to a full-faceted political organization. Leader Nasrallah has been consistent, methodical and unwavering in these nationalist goals and by doing so has dragged the previously Western-aligned Lebanese political parties into having to similarly support their country first or die at the ballot box. All signs point to resounding success...
History does repeat itself; if not identically, then in identical circumstances and events in different nations. History also does not just “happen,” as there are powerful forces at work in every nation. False flags have been used throughout human history: politicians and oligarchs initiate them to follow a hidden agenda. Too often the masses become the “True Believer” of Eric Hoffer. Worked up into a patriotic frenzy, they charge into the fray…little understanding that the great war or the great crusade is orchestrated by smiling bankers and nabobs, securely “in the rear with the gear,” sending men out to die to attain their secret objectives.
It is no secret that Palestinian trust in Washington as an impartial broker and mediator in future peace talks with Israel has been shredded.
And given the Trump administration’s reckless, not to mention illegal, decision to declare Washington’s recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital in December 2017, who can blame them?
This historic rupture with Washington on the part of the Palestinian Authority was articulated by President Mahmoud Abbas, at the start of talks with Russian President Vladimir Putin and Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov in Moscow.
In The Wandering Who I argue that Jews appear to disagree on many things but rather often they agree on the most ‘important things’. I contend that that which appears as harsh political polarity within the Jewish world is more than often a mere camouflage.
Whatever you think of Russia’s actual influence over the 2016 election (I’m dubious), the running sideshow to the story has been Israel’s presence in our politics. As the Russia caper unfolds breathlessly, there have also been revelations about Israel’s interference in policymaking. But of course that interference is not a scandal worthy of investigation; that interference never draws the wrath of the liberal press. |
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Strangely enough, I think I may have found it a more difficult transition returning back to work in the UK, than the initial challenge of starting work in Guatemala. Working in Guatemala was shocking for a number of reasons, but as I grew to understand the system and the culture, I found myself working harder, and achieving more. There is little more frustrating than not being able to help a sick and treatable child because the family has made the decision to leave it to God’s will. Until I began to understand and accept this as part of the necessary treatment regime, I found myself working against the system. After 5 months, and tears of frustration, I have learnt to negotiate, and to work with the family so they could accept medical as well as spiritual treatment.
I’ve returned for specialty training interviews, secured myself a training place for August, and I’m now locuming, and hunting for funding to get back to Santiago, to continue the great work.
I’ve been back for 3 weeks now, and I’m missing the drama and variety of Guatemala. I scrape the ice off my car every morning, saddened by the thought that there is no chance of me delivering a baby, extracting a machete, draining an abscess or frantically googling ‘how to deal with a lightning strike’. Not one of those things has happened on medical winter pressure beds, let alone all on the same day!
Working in Hospitalito Atitlan, I have had the privilege to use and exercise my brain and initiative more so than I find myself doing here. In Guatemala, if a patient presented with cough, fever, green sputum and signs on examination of a respiratory tract infection, we’d treat it. Initially I requested WCC’s, electrolytes and X-rays. And then the question was asked, ‘well why do you need it?’ I thought, and replied: ‘because they have an infection’. The logical answer to that, of course, is that if by using those 7 years worth of hard learnt skills you already know they do, why not just treat it?
Of course what this really boils down to is resource division, and trying to save the patient from spending the next few months diverting their pennies from other daily necessities, to pay off the bill for my compulsive ordering of investigations.
Since being back, I just wonder about all those patients getting daily bloods ‘to check that they are getting better’. Might it be more productive, and cheaper to determine this by asking the patient, looking at them, and performing serial examinations? There are of course times when investigations are appropriate to reach a diagnosis or to monitor patients, but often I feel that we are ticking boxes, crossing T’s and dotting I’s to protect or comfort ourselves. I saw a patient a few days back with end stage metastatic cholangiocarcinoma who had rapidly deteriorated to a semi-comatose condition overnight. When I suggested that perhaps he didn’t need a portable chest X-ray, I was jokingly told ‘You’re not in Guatemala now!’
The following day, while completing his death certificate, I realised that no one had even looked at, or used the X-ray that had been done as an emergency to diagnose or manage the patient.
I’m not saying that Western medicine has got it wrong, but in the throes of reparation of our precious and wonderful NHS, is resource division not just the same as preserving a rural Guatemalan family’s income so they can feed their children, but on a much grander scale? Perhaps we could all learn a thing or two from developing world medicine, for the least part to have more confidence in our clinical skills.
I’m hoping to fly back in a few weeks to be thrown straight back into a 24 hour on call. A new hospital is currently being built through the funds and dedicated work of Hospitalito Atitlan, which is incredibly exciting, but also an extraordinary amount of work http://www.hospitalitoatitlan.com/. I know that I can do good and meaningful work within the community of Santiago both with patients and with the ongoing development of the new hospital and the staff.
However I find myself struggling to find the funding to get there. Does anyone know of any organisations or foundations that provide funding for international work?
Louise Kenny has completed F2 year in the Northern deanery and has spent several months working in Guatemala.
Did you go to Comolapa? I worked there in 1976 after the Earthquake…the indiginous Mayan people were just so beautiful it was such an honour and privilage to help them albeit in such a limited way….just out of Medical school,Keilands forceps in the right hand and the book in the left for cord prolapse; cleft palate repair under local..caused by running and falling on a lolly stick! It was a hospital funded by donations from California…drugs, old stock, staff all volunteers, food…funded….tents…funded.
Christina Gomes
Is Louise back in Guatemala working? and can we expect some more blogs from her??
julietwalker
Thanks for your comment Christina. Louise is back in Guatemala and will hopefully have time to write another blog soon.
Juliet, BMJ
http://www.safegreenfunds.com Celina
Louise, I don't know how to ask a question other then here as a comment.Where did you go in Guatemala? Also did you take any of the locals attitude home, for example what do you think about the people there refusing medical assistance for their child? |
// Copyright 1996-2020 Cyberbotics Ltd.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
#define WB_ALLOW_MIXING_C_AND_CPP_API
#include <webots/keyboard.h>
#include <webots/Keyboard.hpp>
using namespace webots;
void Keyboard::enable(int sampling_period) {
wb_keyboard_enable(sampling_period);
}
void Keyboard::disable() {
wb_keyboard_disable();
}
int Keyboard::getSamplingPeriod() const {
return wb_keyboard_get_sampling_period();
}
int Keyboard::getKey() const {
return wb_keyboard_get_key();
}
|
From Golden Gardens Park in Ballard to the northern shores of Lake Washington and beyond, walkers, joggers, skaters and bicyclists travel on a series of trail sections maintained by both the city's parks and transportation departments.
In Ballard, the trial begins at Golden Gardens Park, follow street traffic along Salmon Bay, linking up with a separate paved trail near the Fred Meyer store on Northwest 45th Street and continuing to Fremont and beyond.
Ballard Commons Park opened to the public in 2005 and features a skate bowl, water feature, engaging public art, relaxing seating areas and lawns and ADA accessible walkways. The park forms part of a new municipal center in Ballard, with a Seattle Public Library branch and Neighborhood Service Center located across the street in an award-winning building that also opened in 2005.
The dedication of Baker Park in 1997 culminated years of work by community members to transform the park, acquired with Open Space Bond Program "opportunity fund" dollars, into a little gem of a park in an underserved part of the city. The park complements the curriculum of neighborhood daycare and after-school programs.
Baker Park has a small play area with wood chips, a pedestrian path that meanders through it, and Totem Pole made from a monkey puzzle tree. |
This K23 Mentored Patient-Oriented Research award proposal is designed to provide the scholarly training, mentorship, and support necessary for the candidate to develop into an independent clinical investigator focused on child obesity prevention and treatment in community settings. The candidate's long-term objective is to improve the effectiveness of intervention programs for child overweight prevention and treatment, particularly community programs for underserved populations. To achieve this objective, the candidate will pursue didactic and experiential training in three specific areas: 1) qualitative research techniques to examine the needs, preferences, and participation motivations and barriers among potential intervention participants and stakeholders, 2) application of health promotion behavior change models and prevention science and use of community-based participatory research (CBPR) principles, and 3) analytic skills for the design, implementation, and assessment of community-based intervention trials. The candidate has identified two co-sponsors with complementary expertise in behavioral therapy for child overweight treatment and adherence to care in chronic disease to provide mentorship during the five-year training plan. Additional mentoring will be provided by consultants with expertise in qualitative methods and community-based research. The three inter-related studies proposed build on the training objectives and will each contribute to an improved understanding of effective approaches to help overweight children and parents adopt and sustain healthy behaviors. The specific aims are: 1) to understand primary motivations and barriers to participation and retention and to determine stakeholder recommendations for enhanced efficacy and sustainability of an existing community-based health promotion program (Strong Kids) for overweight children using the Integrative Theory of Behavior, 2) to use data gathered in Aim 1 along with published evidence regarding weight-related behavior change in a collaborative research process with community stakeholders to systematically enhance Strong Kids and to test the feasibility of training YMCA coaches in the enhanced intervention, and 3) to conduct a controlled intervention trial in collaboration with the community partners that measures change in weight-related behavior and health outcomes in an enhanced Strong Kids program compared to a wait-list control. After obtaining the training, experience and skills through this K23 Award, the candidate will be prepared to design, obtain funding for, and to conduct a large-scale trial of a community-based healthy lifestyle intervention for overweight children. |
Zinc-histidine as nucleation centers for growth of ZnS nanocrystals.
Histidine is a chelator of zinc, most notably in zinc-finger proteins (zinc coordinated by cysteine and histidine) and in hyperaccumulator plants. Sulfide incorporation into molecules containing metal-cysteinyl complexes has been shown to occur in vivo in certain yeasts, leading to enhanced metal tolerance. Demonstrated here for the first time is incorporation of sulfide into zinc-histidine, resulting in histidine-ZnS nanocrystals (NCs) having unique optical properties. Sulfide complexation occurred optimally at alkaline pH into zinc-(histidine)2 species, and UV/Vis absorption maxima were red-shifted as increasing sulfide addition occurred. Intermediate sulfide concentrations led to multiple, thermodynamically preferred NC species within a sample. Fluorescence of histidine-ZnS NCs was greater than ZnS prepared previously with cysteinyl peptides. Transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction indicated hexagonal ZnS crystals having an average size of 4.2 nm. A photocatalytic application of histidine-ZnS NCs was shown by efficient degradation of p-nitrophenol and paraquat in the presence of UV irradiation. |
---
abstract: |
The ALEA Coq library formalizes measure theory based on a variant of the Giry monad on the category of sets. This enables the interpretation of a probabilistic programming language with primitives for sampling from discrete distributions. However, continuous distributions have to be discretized because the corresponding measures cannot be defined on all subsets of their carriers.
This paper proposes the use of synthetic topology to model continuous distributions for probabilistic computations in type theory. We study the initial $\sigma$-frame and the corresponding induced topology on arbitrary sets. Based on these intrinsic topologies we define valuations and lower integrals on sets, and prove versions of the Riesz and Fubini theorems. We then show how the Lebesgue valuation, and hence continuous distributions, can be constructed.
author:
- 'Martin E. Bidlingmaier'
- Florian Faissole
- 'Bas Spitters [^1]'
bibliography:
- 'main.bib'
title: Synthetic topology in Homotopy Type Theory for probabilistic programming
---
Introduction
============
Monads on Cartesian closed categories are a semantics for a large class of effectful functional programming languages [@moggi1991notions]. The ALEA Coq library [@ALEA] provides an interpretation of $\mathcal{R}$ml, a functional programming language with primitives for random choice, by constructing a version of the Giry monad [@giry1982categorical] on the category of Coq’s types. Giry monads generally assign to a suitable class of spaces their spaces of valuations, and in ALEA’s case it is the class of discrete spaces. This monad is suitable for embedding programming languages with discrete sampling constructs into the ambient logic of Coq, as for example in applications to cryptography [@Bguelin2010FormalCO]. But continuous distributions are essential in statistics, machine learning and differential privacy, and these distributions have to be discretized in ALEA because they cannot be defined on discrete spaces. For example, the Lebesgue measure is only defined on Borel sets, and hence is not directly definable in ALEA.
We propose the use of *synthetic topology* as a principled way to deal with the problem of continuous distributions. In synthetic topology, one works with a set $S$ of open truth values, from which a notion of intrinsic topology on any set can be derived. Working internally in a model of synthetic topology, we develop a theory of valuations and lower integrals on sets which takes the intrinsic topologies into account. We show that a version of the Riesz theorem holds in this setting: Valuations are in one-to-one correspondence with lower integrals. This is then used to define a Giry monad $\mathcal{G}$ on the category of sets in terms of the continuation monad, and we prove a version of the Fubini theorem. Assuming the *metrizability* of the real numbers $\mathbb{R}$, which asserts that the intrinsic topology on the set $\mathbb{R}$ agrees with the metric topology, we then define the Lebesgue valuation as an element of $\mathcal{G}(\mathbb{R})$.
In non-classical measure theory (which is required because the metrizability of $\mathbb{R}$ is contradictory with classical logic), the Dedekind or Cauchy real numbers have to be replaced by the lower reals $\mathbb{R}_l$ because the former are not closed under enumerable suprema. A lower real is a lower closed rounded inhabited subset of $\mathbb{Q}$, and in synthetic topology it is natural to require that this subset is furthermore an open subset. An analogous construction for Dedekind reals in synthetic topology is studied by @lesnikphd in great generality. The Homotopy Type Theory (HoTT) book [@hottbook] also proposes this in the special case of $S$ equal to the initial $\sigma$-frame, and a formalization on top of Coq’s Math Classes [@math-classes] and the HoTT library [@HoTTlibrary] has been carried out by @Gilbert. We develop the theory of lower reals valued in the initial $\sigma$-frame and construct an isomorphism $\mathbb{R}_l \cong \mathbb{Q}_\omega$ with the $\omega$-cpo completion of the rationals $\mathbb{Q}$.
The initial $\sigma$-frame is itself the $\omega$-cpo completion of the partial order $\mathbb{B} = \{ \bot \leq \top \}$ of the booleans or equivalently the pointed $\omega$-cpo completion of the unit set $1 = \{ * \}$. Pointed $\omega$-cpo completions of sets are studied by @Altenkirch in HoTT using quotient inductive inductive types [@altenkirch2018quotient]. We explain how their construction can be adapted to $\omega$-cpo completions of preorders with respect to covers. This generality is needed to define $\omega$-cpo completions of the rationals and the definition of a formal $\sigma$-frame of opens in the Dedekind reals $\mathbb{R}$.
Some of the results presented in this paper have been formalized in Coq on top of the HoTT library, and an exposition of the formalization has appeared in French [@faissole:hal-01654459]. Homotopy type theory has a number of advantages over standard Coq, even when one is only interested in sets, i.e. types with trivial higher structure. ALEA can only prove its version of the Giry monad to adhere to the monad laws pointwise and resorts to setoids because neither function extensionality nor quotients are part of standard Coq. This is not a problem in homotopy type theory, where function extensionality is provable and quotients of sets can be constructed as a special case of higher inductive types. Sets in HoTT form a $\Pi W$-pretopos with a (externally) countable hierarchy universes; that is, it is a model predicative constructive mathematics including quotients and universes [@RijkeSpitters]. As we are working predicatively, the set $\Omega$ has to be understood as set of truth values in a fixed but implicit universe $\mathcal{U}_i$. We adopt the convention of the HoTT book and say that a fact holds *merely* to mean mean a proof irrelevant statement, and otherwise mean a proof relevant one.
This is the logical foundation throughout the paper, with two exceptions: First, we assume the existence of free $\omega$-cpo completions (assumption \[ass:free-omega-cpo\]), and it is to our knowledge unknown whether these can be constructed in our foundations. However, we identify three reasoning principles, all of which are generally considered constructive, and which each separately implies the existence of free $\omega$-completions. Secondly, the metrizability of the Dedekind reals is assumed in section \[sec:lebesgue\] in order to construct the Lebesgue valuation. This assumption is perhaps more limiting as it contradicts classical logic. Nevertheless, Brouwerian intuitionistic mathematics proves it [@lesnikphd], and so our results can be interpreted in models such as the big topos of topological spaces [@Fourman2013ContinuousTI; @lesnikphd] or K2-realizability topos [@bauer2005realizability; @kleene1965foundations; @weihrauch2012computable]. It is worth observing that we do not assume the axiom of countable choice.
The topos used in @fourman1984continuous [@Fourman2013ContinuousTI] and the topos of continuous $M$-actions for the localic monoid of endomorphisms of Baire space used in @vanderHoevenMoerijk are equivalent by the Comparison Lemma [@johnstone2002sketches Theorem C.2.2.3] because the topological monoid $M$ is dense in the site of separable locales, all of which can be covered by Baire space. Thus sheaves in the latter topos can be seen as a uni-typed versions of sheaves in the former topos. Both of these works provide a constructive elaboration of Brouwer’s continuity principles.
It was proved by @shulman2019infty1toposes that most of HoTT as presented in the HoTT book can be interpreted in all Grothendieck $\infty$-toposes [@lurie2009higher]. Shulman’s $\infty$-topos models can also interpret propositional resizing (impredicativity), and so assumption \[ass:free-omega-cpo\] holds in these models, too. Every Grothendieck $1$-topos is equivalent to the category of $0$-truncated objects in the corresponding $\infty$-topos. Thus the $\infty$-topos models over the sites of [@fourman1984continuous] and [@vanderHoevenMoerijk] also interpret our second assumption.
In concurrent work with our initial work on this topic [@faissole:hal-01654459], @Huang:thesis developed the semantics of a probabilistic programming language targeted at machine learning with semantics in topological domains. Meanwhile, @HuangMorrisettSpitters have connected the two approaches by showing that the interpretation of a valuation in the internal logic of the K2-realizability topos indeed gives the notion of valuation on topological domains as defined in @Huang:thesis.
The paper is structured as follows. Section \[sec:preliminaries\] contains some of the order-theoretic preliminaries and notation used throughout the paper. Section \[sec:presentations\] discusses the construction and properties of $\omega$-cpo completions. Section \[sec:synth-top\] studies the initial $\sigma$-frame as a set of truth values in synthetic topology. Section \[sec:lower-reals\] constructs the lower reals and contains a proof of their universal property (theorem \[th:lower-reals-as-completion\]). Section \[sec:valuations-integrals\] defines valuations and integrals and proves their equivalence (the Riesz theorem \[th:riesz\]). Section \[sec:giry\] constructs the Giry monad and proves a Fubini theorem \[th:fubini\]. Section \[sec:lebesgue\] discusses the metrizability of $\mathbb{R}$ and constructs the Lebesgue measure. Section \[sec:interpretation\] provides an interpretation of $\mathcal{R}$ml based on the Giry monad, which can be extended to continuous distributions. Section \[sec:conclusion\] concludes.
Preliminaries {#sec:preliminaries}
=============
A *preorder* consists of a carrier set $P$ and a transitive and reflexive relation $x \leq y$ on $P$. We generally identify a preorder with its carrier set $P$, leaving the order relation implicit. A map $f : P \rightarrow Q$ of preorders is *monotone* if $x \leq y$ implies $f(x) \leq f(y)$ for all $x, y \in P$. A *partial order* is a preorder whose ordering relation is antisymmetric. A *suborder* of a preorder $P$ is a monotone map $i : P' \hookrightarrow P$ with $P'$ a partial order such that $i(x) \leq i(y)$ implies $x \leq y$. Suborders of $P$ may be identified with subsets of $P$.
Let $I$ and $P$ be preorders and let $d : I \rightarrow P$ be a monotone map. The *join* $\bigvee d = \bigvee_{i \in I} d(i)$ of $d$ is a least element such that $d(i) \leq \bigvee d$ for all $i \in I$. Dually, a *meet* $\bigwedge d = \bigwedge_{i \in I} d(i)$ is a greatest element such that $d(i) \geq \bigwedge d$ for all $i \in I$. If $P$ is a partial order, joins and meets are unique if they merely exist. Identifying subsets $U \subseteq P$ with suborders of $P$, we write $\bigvee U \in P$ for the join over the corresponding inclusion map. A monotone map $f : I' \rightarrow I$ of preorders $I'$ and $I$ is *final* if for each $i \in i$ there merely exists $i' \in I$ such that $i \leq f(i')$. If $d : I \rightarrow P$ is a monotone map into a partial order $P$ and $f : I' \rightarrow I$ is final, then the two joins $\bigvee d$ and $\bigvee \, (d \circ f)$ exist and agree if either one exists.
A preorder $I$ is *directed* if $I$ is inhabited and there is a function $u : I \times I \rightarrow I$ (not necessarily monotone) such that for all $i, j \in I$ we have $i \leq u(i, j)$ and $j \leq u(i, j)$. The partial order $\omega$ has for its carrier set the natural numbers with its natural order (which is generated by $n \leq n + 1$ for all $n$). If $I$ is enumerable (i.e. there exists a surjection $\mathbb{N} \twoheadrightarrow I$) and directed, then there exists a final map $\omega \rightarrow I$. Thus enumerable directed joins in $P$ can be reduced to joins over maps $\omega \rightarrow P$, i.e. chains $x_0 \leq x_1 \leq \dots$ in $P$.
*Bottom* and *top* elements are joins $\bot = \bigvee \emptyset$ respectively meets $\top = \bigwedge \emptyset$ over the empty set. A *lattice* is a partial order $L$ which as all binary joins $x \vee y = \bigwedge \{x, y\}$ and binary meets $x \wedge y$ for $x, y \in L$. It is *distributive* if $x \wedge (y \vee z) = (x \wedge y) \vee (y \wedge z)$ holds for all $x, y, z \in L$. An *$\omega$-complete partial order ($\omega$-cpo)* is a partial order which has all enumerable directed joins. A monotone map $f : C \rightarrow D$ of $\omega$-cpos $C$ and $D$ is *$\omega$-(Scott-)continuous* if $f$ preserves enumerable directed joins. A *$\sigma$-frame* is a partial order with bottom and top elements, binary meets and enumerable joins which satisfy the distributivity law $x \land \bigvee_{n \in \mathbb{N}} y_n = \bigvee_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \, (x \land y_n)$. A partial order $P$ is a $\sigma$-frame if and only if it has top and bottom elements and is both a distributive lattice and an $\omega$-cpo: Arbitrary enumerable joins can be computed as $\bigvee_{n \in \mathbb{N}} x_n = \bigvee_{n \in \omega} \, (x_0 \vee \dots \vee x_n)$ using just the lattice and $\omega$-cpo structure.
Sets of truth values $\Omega = \Omega_i$ are partially ordered by implication. They are stable under joins (disjunctions) and meets (conjunctions) over small indexing sets.
Presentations of $\omega$-cpos {#sec:presentations}
==============================
In this section we adapt the notion of *dcpo presentation* described in @jung2008presenting for $\omega$-cpo presentations. We discuss three proofs of the existence of free $\omega$-cpo completions, and construct presentations of product $\omega$-cpos.
\[def:omega-cpo-presentation\] An *$\omega$-cpo presentation* consists of a preorder $P$ and a *cover relation* $\triangleleft \subseteq P \times \mathcal{P}(P)$ such that $p \triangleleft U$ ($a$ is *covered* by $U$) holds only if $U$ is an enumerable directed suborder of $P$ (thus $U$ is given by a map $\mathbb{N} \rightarrow P$ with directed image). We generally leave the covering relation $\triangleleft$ implicit and refer to the $\omega$-cpo presentation $(P, \triangleleft)$ as just $P$. A morphism of *$\omega$-cpo presentations* $f : P \rightarrow Q$ is a monotone map preserving covers, in the sense that if $p \triangleleft U$ holds in $P$, then $f(a) \triangleleft f(U)$ holds in $Q$ for all $a \in P$ and $U \subseteq P$.
Every $\omega$-cpo $C$ can be regarded as an $\omega$-cpo presentation with cover relation $$c \triangleleft U \iff c \leq \bigvee U$$ for $U \subseteq C$ directed and enumerable. $\omega$-continuous maps $C \rightarrow D$ of $\omega$-cpos may be identified with their morphisms when considered as $\omega$-cpo presentations.
\[ass:free-omega-cpo\] Let $P$ be an $\omega$-cpo presentation. Then there is a free $\omega$-cpo over $P$, i.e. there is a morphism $\eta : P \rightarrow P_\omega$ of $\omega$-cpo presentations with $P_\omega$ an $\omega$-cpo such that for any given morphism $f : P \rightarrow C$ with $C$ an $\omega$-cpo there is a unique $\omega$-continuous map $\bar f : P_\omega \rightarrow C$ such that $\bar f \eta = f : P \rightarrow C$.
It appears that assumption \[ass:free-omega-cpo\] is independent of constructive predicative mathematics. However, it follows from rather weak additional mathematical principles, all of which are generally considered constructive.
As a first option, one can work with propositional resizing (impredicativity) [@hottbook], i.e. assume that the inclusions $\Omega_0 \subseteq \Omega_1 \subseteq \dots$ are equalities. Working impredicatively, @jung2008presenting construct free dcpos over dcpo presentations. We sketch a straightforward adaptation of their proof for $\omega$-cpos. Say a lower subset $\mathfrak{a} \subseteq P$ is an *ideal* if from $p \triangleleft U$ and $U \subseteq \mathfrak{a}$ it follows that $a \in \mathfrak{a}$, and let $\mathrm{Idl}(P)$ be the partial order of all ideals. Ideals are closed under arbitrary intersections, so every subset $M \subseteq P$ is contained in the least ideal containing it: $$\langle M \rangle = \bigcap \{ \mathfrak{a} \in \mathrm{Idl}(P) \mid M \subseteq \mathfrak{a} \}.$$ It follows that $\mathrm{Idl}(P)$ has all joins and that they can be computed as $\bigvee_{i \in I} \mathfrak{a}_i = \langle \bigcup_{i \in I} \mathfrak{a}_i \rangle$. Assigning to each $p \in P$ the principle ideal $\langle \{ q \in P \mid q \leq p \} \rangle$ gives a monotone map from $P$ to $\mathrm{Idl}(P)$ which preserves covers. It exhibits $\mathrm{Idl}(P)$ as the free suplattice over $P$, i.e. the free partial order with all joins subject to the cover relations. Now $P_\omega$ can be defined as the least subset of $\mathrm{Idl}(P)$ which contains the principle ideals that is closed under joins of enumerable directed families.
Next, $P_\omega$ can be constructed as a quotient inductive inductive type (QIIT) [@altenkirch2018quotient] in homotopy type theory. The special case of the free $\omega$-cpo with bottom element over a set (i.e. discrete partial order without covers) is worked out in @Altenkirch. Given a set $A$, they define $A_\bot$ and a dependent predicate $\leq : A_\bot \times A_\bot \rightarrow \Omega$ mutually recursive as a QIIT. Elements of $A_\bot$ and their equalities are generated by the constructors
: A A\_ : (\_[x : A\_]{} \_[n : ]{} x\_n x\_[n + 1]{}) A\_\
: A\_ : \_[x, y : A\_]{} x y y x x = y.
$\leq$ has constructors corresponding to reflexivity, transitivity and the universal properties of $\bot$ and $\bigvee$. The recursion principle for $A_\bot$ as QIIT is the universal property of the free domain over $A$. This argument can easily be adapted for our purpose: To construct $P_\omega$ given an $\omega$-cpo presentation $P$, one omits from the scheme defining $P_\bot$ the constructor $\bot$ and adds constructors $\prod_{p, q : P} p \leq q \rightarrow \eta(p) \leq \eta(q)$ corresponding to monotonicity of $\eta$ and $$\prod_{p : P} \prod_{U \in \mathcal{P}(P)} p \triangleleft U \rightarrow \eta(p) \leq \bigvee c_U$$ where $c_U : \mathbb{N} \rightarrow P$ is a monotone and final map into $U$. The semantics of QIITs are not entirely understood, but it is proved in @lumsdaine_shulman that all Grothendieck $\infty$-topos models validate the existence of many HITs. Work on reducing QIITs to such simpler inductive constructions is ongoing; see [@altenkirch2018quotient].
As a third alternative, $P_\omega$ can be constructed as a quotient of the set $\mathrm{Hom}(\omega, P)$ of monotone sequences in $P$ if one is willing to assume the axiom of countable choice, at least in the important special case where the covering relation is such that $p \triangleleft U$ holds only if $u \leq p$ for all $u \in U$, which is true in all our applications. A similar construction for $A_\bot$ is worked out in @Altenkirch, with the general idea going back to @rosolini:dominance. Let $\leq'$ be the preorder on the set of monotone functions $\mathrm{Hom}(\omega, P)$ which is generated from $c \leq' d$ if for all $n$ there merely exists $m$ such that $c_n \leq d_m$, and $\eta(p) \leq' c_U$ whenever $p \triangleleft U$, where $\eta(p)$ denotes the constant sequence with value $p$ and $c_U$ is a final sequence in $U$. If $c, d: \omega \rightarrow P$ are monotone and $c \leq' d$, then it can be shown by induction over transitivity of $\leq'$ that for all $m, n$ there merely exist either $m'$ or $n'$ such that $c(m')$ respectively $d(n')$ is an upper bound for both $c(m)$ and $d(n)$. It follows that the image of the set-theoretic transpose $\bar c : \mathbb{N} \times \mathbb{N} \rightarrow P$ of a monotone function $c : \omega \rightarrow \mathrm{Hom}(\omega, P)$ ($\bar c$ need not be monotone with respect to the product order) is directed: The *mere* existence of binary upper bounds implies the existence of a function assigning upper bounds because of the bijection $\mathbb{N} \times \mathbb{N} \cong \mathbb{N}$ and countable choice. We obtain a final sequence $c' : \omega \rightarrow P$, which can be shown to be a join of $c$. Let $P_\omega$ be the quotient partial order of the preorder $(\mathrm{Hom}(\omega, P), \leq')$. By countable choice, every sequence $c : \omega \rightarrow P_\omega$ can be lifted to one in $\mathrm{Hom}(\omega, P)$, where its join can be computed and mapped back to $P_\omega$. Thus $P_\omega$ is an $\omega$-cpo, and the verification of its universal property is straightforward.
\[prop:enriched-omega-cpo-completion\] The free $\omega$-cpo completion is monotone on functions: If $f \leq g \in Q^P$, then $f_\omega \leq g_\omega \in Q_\omega^{P_\omega}$.
The subset $\{ x \in P_\omega \mid f_\omega(x) \leq g_\omega(x) \}$ contains $\eta(p)$ for all $p \in P$ and is closed under directed enumerable joins.
@jung2008presenting [proposition 2.8] construct presentations of product dcpos based on presentations of their factors, and an analogous result holds for $\omega$-cpos. Our proof differs slightly from the theirs because we do not assume that $\omega$-completions are constructed as set of ideals and instead rely solely on the universal property.
\[prop:product-presentations\] Let $P$ and $Q$ be $\omega$-cpo presentations. Define a cover relation on the product partial order $P \times Q$ by $(p, q) \triangleleft U \times \{ q \}$ if $p \triangleleft U$ in $P$ and $(p, q) \triangleleft \{ p \} \times V$ if $q \triangleleft V$ in $Q$. Then the canonical map $f : (P \times Q)_\omega \rightarrow P_\omega \times Q_\omega$ is an order isomorphism.
Let $g_0 : P \rightarrow (P \times Q)_\omega^Q$ be the function assigning to each $p \in P$ the function $q \mapsto \eta(p, q)$. $(P \times Q)_\omega^Q$ is an $\omega$-cpo with joins computed pointwise. If $p \triangleleft U$ and $q \in Q$, then $\bigvee_{u \in U} g_0(u)(q) = \bigvee \eta(U) \times \{ q \} \geq \eta(p, q) = g_0(p, q)$ by definition of the cover relation on $P \times Q$. Thus $g_0$ preserves covers and induces an $\omega$-continuous map $g_1 : P_\omega \rightarrow (P \times Q)_\omega^Q$. Let $g_2 : Q \rightarrow (P \times Q)_\omega^{P_\omega}$ be its transpose; it is valued in $\omega$-continuous functions. Suppose $q \triangleleft V$ and let us prove that for each $x \in P_\omega$ we have $$\label{eq:g2-cover-preservation}
g_2(q)(x) \leq \bigvee_{v \in V} g_2(v)(x).$$ If $x = \eta(p)$ for some $p \in P$, then this holds because $(p, q) \triangleleft \{ p \} \times V$ in $P \times Q$. If holds for every element $x \in W$ for a directed enumerable family $W \subseteq P_\omega$, then $$g_2(q)(\bigvee W) = \bigvee_{x \in W} g_2(q)(x) \leq \bigvee_{x \in W} \bigvee_{v \in V} g_2(v)(x) = \bigvee_{v \in V} g_2(v)(\bigvee W)$$ because $g_2(q)$ and $g_2(v)$ for all $v$ commute with joins and joins commute among each other. Thus $g_2$ preserves covers and induces an $\omega$-continuous map $g_3 : Q_\omega \rightarrow (P \times Q, E)_\omega^{P_\omega}$. Let $g : P_\omega \times Q_\omega \rightarrow (P \times Q)_\omega$ be its transpose.
$g$ is $\omega$-continuous in each argument. Thus if $p : I \rightarrow P_\omega$ and $q : I \rightarrow Q_\omega$ are monotone maps with $I$ enumerable and directed, then $$g(\bigvee_{i \in I} \, (p_i, q_i)) = \bigvee_{i \in I} \bigvee_{j \in I} g(p_i, q_j) = \bigvee_{k \in I} g(p_k, q_k)$$ because, $I$ being directed, the diagonal $I \rightarrow I \times I$ is final. It follows that $g$ is $\omega$-continuous. Thus $g f$ is the identity by the universal property of the $\omega$-cpo completion, and $f g = \mathrm{id}$ holds by the universal property of products.
Let $P$ be an $\omega$-cpo presentation. If $P$ has a bottom element $\bot$, then $\eta(\bot) \in P_\omega$ is a bottom element, and likewise for top elements. If $P$ has all binary joins which are compatible with covers in the sense that $\vee : P \times P \rightarrow P$ preserves the covers on $P \times P$ defined in proposition \[prop:product-presentations\], then $P_\omega$ has all binary joins and $\eta : P \rightarrow P_\omega$ preserves them. The same is true for binary meets.
Without loss of generality, we may assume that for all $p \in P$ we have $p \triangleleft \{ p \}$ because adding these covers to $P$ does not change the generated $\omega$-cpo $P_\omega$. Endow the terminal partial order $1$ with the covering relation $* \triangleleft \{ * \}$, where $* \in 1$ is the unique element of the unit set. Then the map $P \rightarrow 1$ is a map of $\omega$-cpo presentations, and so are its right or left adjoints $1 \rightarrow P$ if they exists. Because $1_\omega = 1$ and the $\omega$-cpo completion is monotone (proposition \[prop:enriched-omega-cpo-completion\]), it follows that $P_\omega \rightarrow 1$ is a right (left) adjoint if $P \rightarrow 1$ is. Thus $P_\omega$ has a bottom (top) element if $P$ has one.
Suppose $p \triangleleft U$ in $P$. Then $$(\eta(p), \eta(p)) \leq \bigvee_{u \in U} \bigvee_{v \in U} (\eta(u), \eta(v)) = \bigvee_{w \in U} (\eta(w), \eta(w))$$ because $U$ is directed. We may thus add the diagonal covers $$\label{eq:diagonal-cover}
(p, p) \triangleleft \{(u, u) \mid u \in U\}$$ to the covers of $P \times P$ without changing the generated $\omega$-cpo. Because $P \times P$ presents the product $P_\omega \times P_\omega$, the diagonal $P_\omega \rightarrow P_\omega \times P_\omega$ is obtained by $\omega$-cpo completion of the diagonal of $P$. Now suppose $P$ has binary joins which preserve the covers defined in proposition \[prop:product-presentations\]. Binary joins will always preserve diagonal covers as in . Thus the binary join map can be extended to a left adjoint to the diagonal of $P_\omega$, i.e. $P_\omega$ has binary joins. Similarly, if $P$ has a cover preserving binary meet map, then its extension to $P_\omega$ will be right adjoint to the diagonal.
Synthetic topology and the initial $\sigma$-frame {#sec:synth-top}
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In synthetic topology [@hyland1991first; @Escard2004SyntheticTO; @lesnikphd] one works with sets and functions as if they behave like topological spaces and continuous maps. For this analogy to have any value, the very least one would expect is a notion of *open subset* of a given set (i.e. space). The set of (small) subsets of a given set $A$ is given by the set of functions $A \rightarrow \Omega$. It is thus natural to expect a subset $S \subseteq \Omega$ that classifies the *open* subsets, in the sense that a function $A \rightarrow \Omega$ is the indicator function of an open subset if and only if it factors via $S$. $S$ may be thought of as *set of open truth values*. We obtain sets $\mathcal{O}(A) = S^A$ of open subsets for every set (space) $A$, and it can indeed be verified that the preimage of an open subset under every function is again open. Thus all functions are continuous.
In traditional (analytic) topology, $S$ corresponds to the *Sierpinsky space*: The space with carrier $\Omega$ whose only nontrivial open is the singleton set $\{ \top \}$. Indicator functions $\chi : A \rightarrow \Omega$ with $A$ a topological space (in the usual sense) are continuous if and only if the preimage of $\top$ is open; in other words if and only if $\chi$ corresponds to an open subset.
Without imposing any further requirements on $S$, there is not much we can say about the sets $\mathcal{O}(A)$. For example, $S = \emptyset$ might be empty, in which case only the empty subset has any open subsets at all. If $S = \{ \top \}$, then $\mathcal{O}(A) = \{ A \}$ for all $A$. For $S = \mathbb{B} = \{ \bot, \top \}$ the booleans, the opens are precisely the decidable subsets. In this case, $S$ is closed under finite conjunctions and disjunction, corresponding to open subsets being closed under finite intersections and unions. But in constructive models, the booleans are usually not closed under infinite conjunction, so we may not assume that any infinite unions of opens are open. Arguably the most interesting case is where $S$ is a proper subset of $\Omega$ (so that the topology is not discrete), contains the boolean truth values $\top$ and $\bot$ and is closed under *enumerable* disjunction. This makes it possible to study limits and first-countable spaces such as the real numbers, which are at the heart of integration theory. Following the HoTT book and @Gilbert, we take for $S$ the least subset of $\Omega$ satisfying these constraints: The initial $\sigma$-frame.
\[def-prop:sierpinsky\] The *Sierpinsky space* $\mathbb{S} = \mathbb{B}_\omega$ is the free $\omega$-cpo over the partial order $\mathbb{B} = \{ \bot \leq \top \}$ of decidable truth values. $\mathbb{S}$ admits the structure of a $\sigma$-frame, and it is the initial one. The map $\mathbb{S} \rightarrow \Omega$ given by $s \mapsto s = \top$ exhibits $\mathbb{S}$ as suborder of $\Omega$ and preserves all $\sigma$-frame structure.
Thus $\mathbb{S}$ is a suborder of $\Omega$, and we freely identify elements $s \in \mathbb{S}$ with their image in $\Omega$. The preservation of enumerable joins by the inclusion $\mathbb{S} \subseteq \Omega$ means that if $\bigvee_{n \in \mathbb{N}} s_n = \top$ holds for an enumerable family of elements $s_n \in \mathbb{S}$, then there merely exists $n$ such that $s_n = \top$.
As explained in section \[sec:presentations\], in the presence of countable choice $\mathbb{S}$ may be identified with monotone binary sequences $\omega \rightarrow \mathbb{B}$ where distinguish sequences only by whether they eventually reach $\top$. This set is also known as the *Rosolini dominance* [@rosolini:dominance] and denoted by $\Sigma_1^0$. When $\mathbb{S} = \Sigma_1^0$, open subsets $U : A \rightarrow \mathbb{S}$ can be understood as the semi-decidable subsets. Let $a \in A$ and let $s_0 \leq s_1 \leq \dots$ be an increasing binary sequence representing $U(a)$. If $s_n = \top$ for some $n$, then $a \in U$, but we can never conclude $a \notin U$ by checking only a finite prefix of $s$. Under a realizability interpretation, $s$ corresponds to a computation producing an infinite stream of digits which will eventually contain $1$ if and only if $a \in U$. If furthermore $A$ itself is enumerable, we obtain an enumeration of $U$. The Rosolini dominance is not well-behaved without countable choice. For example, it is not closed under enumerable disjunction. We circumvent this issue by using the initial $\sigma$-frame instead, which is closed under enumerable disjunction by definition.
An important requirement imposed on the set of open truth values is the *dominance axiom*. Consider inclusions of spaces $A \subseteq B \subseteq C$ such that $A$ is open in $B$ and $B$ is open in $C$. In analytic topology, this implies that $A$ is open in $C$. This is not automatic in synthetic topology, but holds if $S \subseteq \Omega$ is a *dominance* [@rosolini:dominance]:
A subset $S \subseteq \Omega$ is a *dominance* if for all $p \in \Omega$ and $s \in S$ it holds that $$\label{eq:dominance}
(s \implies (p \in S)) \implies (s \land p) \in S.$$
@rosolini:dominance proved that $\Sigma_1^0$ is a dominance under the assumption of countable choice. It follows that $\mathbb{S}$ is a dominance if countable choice holds. But $\mathbb{S}$ being a dominance can be proved directly, and even without assuming countable choice:
The Sierpinsky space $\mathbb{S} \subseteq \Omega$ is a dominance.
We prove for fixed $p \in \Omega$ using the induction principle of $\mathbb{S}$ as free $\omega$-cpo completion of $\mathbb{B}$. If $s = \top$ and $s \implies (p \in \mathbb{S})$, then in particular $p \in \mathbb{S}$ and thus $(s \land p) = p$ is in $\mathbb{S}$. If $s = \bot$, then $(s \land p) = \bot$, which is an element of $\mathbb{S}$. Now let $s = \bigvee_n s_n$ for an ascending chain $s_0 \leq s_1 \leq \dots$ in $\mathbb{S}$. Suppose that $s \implies (p \in \mathbb{S})$ and that with $s_n$ in place of $s$ holds for all $n \in \mathbb{N}$. Combining this with $s_n \implies s$ and $s \implies p$ it follows that $s_n \land p$ is in $\mathbb{S}$ for all $n$. But then $$s \land p = (\bigvee_n s_n) \land p = \bigvee_n (s_n \land p)$$ by the distributive law, which is in $\mathbb{S}$.
Given a dominance $S$ and a set $A$, Rosolini constructs a *partial map classifier* of $A$, which is an object representing partial maps $B \rightharpoonup A$ whose domains of definition are open with respect to $S$. Following @EscardoKnapp, the partial map classifier can be defined as $$\mathcal{L}_S A = \{(s, v) \mid s \in S, v : s \rightarrow A \}.$$ Here $s$ is identified with the subsingleton set $\{ * \mid s \}$. They refer to elements $(s, v) \in \mathcal{L}_S A$ as *partial elements*. $v$ is the *value*, $s$ its *extent*. Under a realizability interpretation and $S = \mathbb{S} = \Sigma_1^0$, maps $B \rightarrow \mathcal{L}_S A$ can be thought of as partial functions from $B$ to $A$, in the sense that their interpretations yield potentially non-terminating computations producing results in $A$. The interpretation of constructive logic in the effective topos even validates the axiom that for every function $\mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathcal{L}_S \mathbb{N}$ there merely exists a Turing machine which computes it [@bridges1987varieties chapter 3].
@Altenkirch propose defining the partial map classifier of $A$ as the QIIT $A_\bot$ described in section \[sec:presentations\]. In our terminology, $A_\bot$ is the $\omega$-cpo completion $(A + 1)_\omega$, where we consider $A + 1$ as the partial order obtained by freely adjoining a bottom element $* \in 1$ to the discrete partial order $A$. @EscardoKnapp mention that $A_\bot$ can be understood in terms of Rosolini’s lifting construction.
Indeed, $\mathcal{L}_\mathbb{S} A$ has the structure of an $\omega$-cpo with bottom element under $A$: The structure map $e : A \rightarrow \mathcal{L}_\mathbb{S} A$ is defined by assigning to each element $a \in A$ the unique map $\top \rightarrow A$ with value $a$. For $v : s \rightarrow A$ and $v' : s' \rightarrow A$ in $\mathcal{L}_\mathbb{S} A$ let $$(s, v) \leq (s', v') \iff ((s \implies s') \land v'_{| s} = v : s \rightarrow A;$$ this defines a partial order on $\mathcal{L}_\mathbb{S} A$. Its bottom element is the unique map $\bot \rightarrow A$. The join of an enumerable directed set $U = \{ (s_u, v_u) \mid u \in U \} \subseteq \mathcal{L}_\mathbb{S} A$ is given by $(\bigvee_{u \in U} s_u, v)$, where $v$ is defined by $v(x) = v_{u_0}(x)$ whenever $x \in \bigvee_{u \in U} s_u$ is in $u_0$. Thus there is a unique $\omega$-continuous map $f : A_\bot \rightarrow \mathcal{L}_\mathbb{S} A$ which is compatible with the structure maps and preserves the bottom element. We can then show the following:
The map $f : A_\bot \rightarrow \mathcal{L}_\mathbb{S} A$ is an order isomorphism.
First note that the projection $\mathcal{L} A \rightarrow \mathbb{S}$ that sends a partial element $(s, v)$ to its extent $s$ is $\omega$-continuous and preserves the bottom element. The unique map $A \rightarrow 1$ induces a map $A_\bot \rightarrow 1_\bot = \mathbb{S}$, which can equivalently be described as assigning to $x \in A_\bot$ the truth value $\exists a \in A(\eta(a) = x)$ by proposition \[def-prop:sierpinsky\]. (A direct proof of this can also be found in @Gilbert.) By the universal property of $A_\bot$, these maps commute with $f$, so if $f(x) = (s, v)$, then $s \iff \exists a \in A(x = \eta(a))$.
Now let us show that $f$ exhibits $A_\bot$ as suborder of $\mathcal{L}_\mathbb{S} A$. Suppose $f(x) = (s, v)$ and $f(x') = (s', v')$ such that $(s, v) \leq (s', v')$ in $\mathcal{L}_\mathbb{S} A$. We show $x \leq x'$ by induction over $x$. If $x = \bot$, then trivially $x \leq x'$. If $x = \eta(a)$ for some $a \in A$, then $s' \geq s = \top$, hence $s' = \top$. From this it follows by our initial remark that there merely exists $a' \in A$ such that $x' = \eta(a')$. In particular, $a = v(*) = v'(*) = a'$, where $* \in \top$ is the unique element of the unit set, hence $x = x'$. Now let $x = \bigvee U$ be the join of a directed enumerable subset $U \subseteq A_\bot$. We may assume that for all $u \in U$, if $f(u) \leq f(x')$, then $u \leq x'$. Thus $u \leq x'$ because $f(u) \leq f(x) \leq f(x')$ for all $u$. But then $x = \bigvee U \leq x'$ by definition of least upper bound.
It remains to show that $g$ is surjective and hence an order isomorphism. For this we must construct for each partial element $(s, v) \in \mathcal{L}_\mathbb{S} X$ an element $x \in A_\bot$ such that $f(x) = (s, v)$. We proceed by induction over $s$. We can set $x = \bot$ if $s = \bot$ and $x = \eta(v(*))$ if $s = \top$. Now let $s = \bigvee U$ be a directed enumerable join in $\mathcal{L}_\mathbb{S} X$. We may assume that for partial elements of the form $w : u \rightarrow X$ with $u \in U$ there merely exists $x \in A_\bot$ such that $f(x) = (u, w)$. Because $f : A_\bot \rightarrow \mathcal{L}_\mathbb{S} A$ was already proved to be the inclusion of a suborder, $$V = \{ x \in A_\bot \mid f(x) = (u, v_{| u}) \text{ for some } u \in U \}$$ embeds into $U$. By the induction hypothesis it is isomorphic to $U$, hence directed and enumerable. Now $f(\bigvee V) = \bigvee f(V) = \bigvee_{u \in U} (u, v_{| u}) = (s, v)$.
The lower reals {#sec:lower-reals}
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A *Dedekind cut* is pair of sets of rational numbers $(L, U)$ of the form $\ell = (\infty, x) \cap \mathbb{Q}$ and $U = (x, \infty) \cap \mathbb{Q}$ for some real number $x$. The condition that $(L, U)$ is of this form can be stated purely in terms of rational numbers without referring to the real numbers, so the (Dedekind) real numbers $\mathbb{R}$ can be defined as the set of all pairs $(L, U)$ satisfying these requirements; see e.g. @johnstone2002sketches. Constructively, even a bounded set of $\mathbb{R}$ does not necessarily have a supremum. This is problematic in integration theory as integrals of functions on non-compact spaces are constructed by approximating them from below.
A lower real is given only by the lower part $L$. Note that, constructively, $U$ cannot be reconstructed from just $L$ or vice-versa. In the setting of synthetic topology, it is natural to ask that the subsets $L$ (and $U$) are valued in the Sierpinsky space $S$, so that they correspond to open subsets of $\mathbb{Q}$. For Dedekind reals, this has been studied extensively by @lesnikphd. The usage of the initial $\sigma$-frame $\mathbb{S}$ in the definition of Dedekind real numbers is also proposed in the HoTT book (section 11.2) and has been formalized by @Gilbert. For us $\mathbb{S} = S$ is the Sierpinsky space, so real numbers $x$ given by open Dedekind cuts can be understood as those for which the predicates $q < x$ and $q > x$ on rational numbers $q$ are semi-decidable. If $x$ is a lower real, then only the predicate $q < x$ will be semi-decidable. We use the symbol $\mathbb{R}$ to refer to the Dedekind reals valued in $\mathbb{S}$ and likewise $\mathbb{R}_l$.
A *lower real* is an open subset $L : \mathbb{Q} \rightarrow \mathbb{S}$ of $\mathbb{Q}$ satisfying the following axioms:
- There merely exists $q \in \mathbb{Q}$ such that $L(q)$,
- for all $q \in \mathbb{Q}$, if $L(q)$ then there merely exists $q' > q$ such that $L(q')$, and
- for all $q < q' \in \mathbb{Q}$, if $L(q')$, then $L(q)$.
The set of all lower reals is denoted by $\mathbb{R}_l$. For $q \in \mathbb{Q}$ let $$\underline q = \{ p \in \mathbb{Q} \mid p < q \} \in \mathbb{R}_l.$$ The subset of *non-negative lower reals* is given by $$\mathbb{R}_l^+ = \{L \in \mathbb{R}_l \mid \forall q \in \mathbb{Q}(q < 0 \implies L(q)) \}.$$
In predicative foundations, the Dedekind or lower reals usually have to be parameterized by a universe level $i$, corresponding to the size of the set of truth values $\Omega_i$ the lower (and upper) cuts are valued in. The resulting set of reals will only be an element of the $(i + 1)$th universe. Using the set of open truth values $\mathbb{S}$, we avoid this nuisance and obtain just one set of Dedekind and lower reals, respectively.
Crucial for the use of lower reals in integration theory is their order-theoretic structure:
\[prop:lower-real-sigma-frame\] The lower reals endowed with the relation $$L_1 \leq L_2 \iff \forall q \in \mathbb{Q}(q \in L_1 \implies q \in L_2)$$ for $L_1, L_2 \in \mathbb{R}_l$ are a partial order. Finite meets and enumerable joins in $\mathbb{R}_l$ are computed pointwise and satisfy the distributivity law $x \land (\bigvee_{n \in \mathbb{N}} y_n) = \bigvee_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \, (x \land y)$. The suborder of non-negative lower reals $\mathbb{R}^+_l$ is a $\sigma$-frame. The map $q \mapsto \underline{q}$ exhibits $\mathbb{Q}$ as suborder of $\mathbb{R}_l$.
In view of proposition \[prop:lower-real-sigma-frame\], it is natural to wonder whether $\mathbb{R}_l$ is obtained by a completion process of $\mathbb{Q}$. This is indeed the case. Define a cover relation $\mathbb{Q}$ by $q \triangleleft U$ for enumerable directed $U \subseteq \mathbb{Q}$ such that $\bigvee U$ exists and is equal to $q$. The embedding $\mathbb{Q} \subseteq \mathbb{R}_l$ preserves enumerable joins and thus induces an $\omega$-continuous map $f : \mathbb{Q} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l$. Similarly we have $f^+ : (\mathbb{Q}^+)_\omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$, where $\mathbb{Q}^+$ is understood as $\omega$-cpo presentation with the restricted cover relation of $\mathbb{Q}$.
\[th:lower-reals-as-completion\] The unique $\omega$-continuous maps $f : \mathbb{Q}_\omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l$ and $f^+ : (\mathbb{Q}^+)_\omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^+_l$ under $\mathbb{Q}$ respectively $\mathbb{Q}^+$ are order isomorphisms.
Noting that the two operations preserve covers, we conclude with \[prop:product-presentations\] the following:
Addition on $\mathbb{Q}$ and multiplication on $\mathbb{Q}^+$ extend uniquely to $\omega$-continuous operations on $\mathbb{R}_l$ and $\mathbb{R}_l^+$, respectively.
Multiplication cannot be (constructively) extended to an operation on all lower reals because it is not monotone. In terms of lower cuts, we have $q \in (L_1 + L_2)$ if and only if there merely exist $q_1 \in L_1$ and $q_2 \in L_2$ such that $q_1 + q_2 = q$, and similarly for multiplication.
The statement analogous to theorem \[th:lower-reals-as-completion\] for the usual lower reals (which are not required to be valued in $\mathbb{S}$) and completion under arbitrary directed joins can be shown as follows. The proposed inverse $g$ to $f$ maps a lower real $L : \mathbb{Q} \rightarrow \Omega$ to the union $g(L) = \bigvee_{q \in L} \eta(q)$ in the completion of $\mathbb{Q}$ under arbitrary directed joins. This defines a continuous map which is compatible with the inclusions of $\mathbb{Q}$, hence $gf = \mathrm{id}$ by the universal property of the completion. On the other hand, $fg = \mathrm{id}$ because $L = \bigvee_{q \in \mathbb{Q}} \underline{q}$ for all $L$. Unfortunately, this proof does not directly transfer to our situation because lower reals $L : \mathbb{Q} \rightarrow \mathbb{S}$ are not necessarily enumerable in the sense that there is a surjection $\mathbb{N} \twoheadrightarrow L = \{q \in \mathbb{Q} \mid L(q) \}$, at least not in the absence of countable choice.
For brevity, we only prove the statement about $\mathbb{R}_l$, the proof for $\mathbb{R}_l^+$ being similar. Note that the covers of $\mathbb{Q}$ are stable under binary joins, thus $\mathbb{Q}_\omega$ has binary joins and hence arbitrary enumerable joins. This allows us to construct a map $g : \mathbb{R}_l \rightarrow \mathbb{Q}_\omega$ as follows. Let $L \in \mathbb{R}_l$ and pick $q \in L$. For each $p \in \mathbb{Q}$, let $s \mapsto p_s$ be the unique $\omega$-continuous map $\mathbb{S} \rightarrow \mathbb{Q}_\omega$ which sends $\bot$ to $\eta(q)$ and $\top$ to $\eta(p)$. Now set $$g(L) = \bigvee_{p \in \mathbb{Q}} p_{L(p)}.$$ If $p \in L$, then $p_{L(p)} = \eta(p)$ by definition, and so $\bigvee_{q \in \mathbb{Q}} q_{L(q)} \geq \eta(p)$. Thus $g$ is well-defined as it does not depend on the choice of $q$.
$g$ is defined as composition of $\omega$-continuous maps, so is $\omega$-continuous itself. It is compatible with the structure maps $\mathbb{Q} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l$ and $\mathbb{Q} \rightarrow \mathbb{Q}_\omega$ because $$g(\underline{q}) = \bigvee_{p \in \mathbb{Q}} p_{\underline{q}(p)} = \bigvee_{p < q} \eta(p) = \eta(q)$$ by definition of the cover relation on $\mathbb{Q}$. It follows that $gf = \mathrm{id}$ by the universal property of $\mathbb{Q}_\omega$.
Note that $f$ preserves arbitrary enumerable joins (not necessarily directed) because the map $\mathbb{Q} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l$ preserves binary joins. Let $L \in \mathbb{R}_l$. It can be shown by induction over $L(p)$ that $f(p_{L(p)}) \leq L$ for all $p \in \mathbb{Q}$. Thus $$f(g(L)) = f(\bigvee_{p \in \mathbb{Q}} p_{L(p)}) = \bigvee_{p \in \mathbb{Q}} f(p_{L(p)}) \leq L.$$ On the other hand, suppose $q \in L$ and let us show that $q \in f(g(L))$, i.e. that $L \leq f(g(L))$. Because $L$ is a rounded lower subset of $\mathbb{Q}$, there merely exists $q' > q$ such that $q' \in L$. Then $f(q'_{L(q')}) = \underline{q'} \leq f(g(L))$, hence $q \in f(g(L))$.
Integrals and Valuations {#sec:valuations-integrals}
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In this section we define valuations, which play the role of measures but are defined only on opens, and integrals. We then prove a version of the Riesz theorem, which states that there is a one-to-one correspondence between valuations and integrals. Valuations are often preferred over measures in constructive mathematics because measures would have to be valued in the hyperreals [@coquand2002metric]. They have a long tradition in the domain-theoretic semantics of probabilistic computations, see e.g. @Jones1989APP. It is observed there that classically, valuations on compact Hausdorff spaces are in bijective correspondence with regular measures. Our proof of the Riesz theorem is inspired by @integrals-valuations and @Vickers, who prove similar results in the setting of locales.
Fix a set $A$. Recall that $\mathcal{O}(A)$, the set of open subsets of $A$, is defined as the set of functions $A \rightarrow \mathbb{S}$. The $\sigma$-frame structures of $\mathbb{S}$ and $\mathbb{R}_l^+$ induce $\sigma$-frame structures on the sets of functions $\mathcal{O}(A)$ and $(\mathbb{R}_l^+)^A$, with all structure defined pointwise.
A ($\omega$-continuous) *valuation* on a set $A$ is an $\omega$-continuous map $\mu : \mathcal{O}(A) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$ preserving the bottom element that satisfies the *modularity law* $$\mu(U) + \mu(V) = \mu(U \cup V) + \mu(U \cap V).$$ for all opens $U, V \in \mathcal{O}(A)$. $\mu$ is a *sub-probability* valuation if $\mu(A) \leq 1$. The set of all valuations on $A$ is denoted by $\mathfrak{V}(A)$ and the set of sub-probability valuations by $\mathfrak{V}_{\leq 1}(A)$.
Let $r : \mathbb{S} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l$ be the unique $\omega$-continuous map such that $r(\bot) = 0$ and $r(\top) = 1$. By postcomposition we obtain a map $\mathcal{O}(A) = \mathbb{S}^A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^A$ that assigns to each $U \in \mathcal{O}(A)$ its *(real) indicator function* $\mathds{1}_U = r U : A \rightarrow \mathbb{S} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l$. This map is an order embedding, and so we can equivalently think of a valuation $\mu$ as assigning lower reals to a class of functions $A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$. The Riesz theorem states that every valuation $\mu$ can be extended to a lower integral, which is a function defined on *all* maps $A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$, and that every lower integral is determined by its restriction to indicator functions.
A *lower integral* on $A$ is an $\omega$-continuous map $\mathcal{I} : (\mathbb{R}_l^+)^A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$ preserving the bottom element that is furthermore additive, i.e. satisfies $$\mathcal{I}(f + g) = \mathcal{I}(f) + \mathcal{I}(g).$$ for all $f, g : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$. $\mathcal{I}$ is a *sub-probability* lower integral if $\mathcal{I}(\mathds{1}_A) \leq 1$. The set of all lower integrals on $A$ is denoted by $\mathfrak{G}(A)$ and the set of sub-probability lower integrals by $\mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}(A)$.
The reader might wonder at this point why we need the generality of *sub*-probability valuations and integrals, as opposed to probability valuations and integrals, which would assign to (the indicator function of) the whole space the value 1. Valuations and integrals on some set $A$ form partial orders, with ordering defined pointwise. Now if we restrict to proper probability valuations and integrals, these orders will usually not have least elements (consider, for example, valuations on the set of two elements). On the other hand, for their sub-probabilistic versions we have the following, which will be crucial for the interpretation of fixpoint operators in section \[sec:interpretation\]:
The inclusions $\mathfrak{V}_{\leq 1}(A) \subseteq \mathfrak{V}(A) \subseteq (\mathbb{R}_l^+)^{\mathcal{O}(A)}$ and $\mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}(A) \subseteq \mathfrak{G}(A) \subseteq (\mathbb{R}_l^+)^{(\mathbb{R}_l^+)^A}$ are embeddings of $\omega$-cpos with bottom elements.
\[prop:integrals-linear\] Every lower integral $\mathcal{I}$ is compatible with multiplication by scalars from $\mathbb{R}_l^+$, in the sense that $\mathcal{I}(a f) = a \mathcal{I}(f)$ for all $a \in \mathbb{R}_l^+$ and $f : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$. In particular, lower integrals are linear over $\mathbb{R}_l^+$.
If $a \in \mathbb{N}$, then $\mathcal{I}(a f) = \mathcal{I}(f + \dots + f) = a \mathcal{I}(f)$ because $\mathcal{I}$ is additive. Thus if $a = \frac{m}{n}$ is a positive rational, then $n \mathcal{I}(a f) = \mathcal{I}(n a f) = m \mathcal{I}(f)$, hence $\mathcal{I}(a f) = \frac{m}{n}\mathcal{I}(f)$. If $U$ is a directed enumerable set of lower reals such that for each $a \in U$ we have $\mathcal{I}(a f) = a \mathcal{I}(f)$ for all $f$, then $$\mathcal{I}((\bigvee U) f) = \mathcal{I}(\bigvee_{a \in U} \, (a f)) = (\bigvee U) \mathcal{I}(f)$$ by $\omega$-continuity of $\mathcal{I}$ and multiplication, so $\mathcal{I}$ is compatible with multiplication by $\bigvee U$. Because $\mathbb{R}_l^+$ is the $\omega$-cpo completion of $\mathbb{Q}^+$ (theorem \[th:lower-reals-as-completion\]), it follows that $\mathcal{I}$ is compatible with scalar multiplication by arbitrary non-negative lower reals $a$.
We are now ready to state the central result of this section.
\[th:riesz\] The assignment $$\mathcal{I} \mapsto (U \mapsto I(\mathds{1}_U))$$ defines map $\mathfrak{G}(A) \rightarrow \mathfrak{V}(A)$ that restricts to a map $\mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}(A) \rightarrow \mathfrak{V}_{\leq 1}(A)$. Both maps are order isomorphisms.
We begin the proof by showing that restrictions of lower integrals to indicator functions are valuations.
\[lem:restriction-of-integral-is-valuation\] Let $\mathcal{I}$ be an integral on $A$. Then $\mu_\mathcal{I} : U \mapsto \mathcal{I}(U)$ is a valuation on $A$. If $\mathcal{I}$ is a sub-probability integral, then $\mu_\mathcal{I}$ is a sub-probability valuation.
Recall that $\mathds{1}_U$ is obtained by postcomposing $U : A \rightarrow \mathbb{S}$ with the unique $\omega$-continuous map $r : \mathbb{S} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$ that satisfies $r(\bot) = 0$ and $r(\top) = 1$. Thus $U \mapsto \mathds{1}_U$ is $\omega$-continuous, too, hence $\omega$-continuity of $\mu_\mathcal{I}$ follows from $\omega$-continuity of $\mathcal{I}$. By definition $\mu_\mathcal{I}(A) = \mathcal{I}(\mathds{1}_A)$, so if the latter is $\leq 1$, then so is the former.
What remains to be shown is that $\mu_\mathcal{I}$ satisfies the modularity law, i.e. that $$\mathcal{I}(\mathds{1}_{U \cup V}) + \mathcal{I}(\mathds{1}_{U \cap V}) = \mathcal{I}(\mathds{1}_U) + \mathcal{I}(\mathds{1}_V).$$ holds for all $U, V \in \mathcal{O}(A)$. By linearity of $\mathcal{I}$ and the definition of indicator functions, it will suffice to show that for all $s, t \in \mathbb{S}$ it holds that $$\label{eq:s-r-modularity}
r(s \lor t) + r(s \land t) = r(s) + r(t),$$ and we will do so by induction over $s$. If $s = \top$, both sides are equal to $1 + r(t)$, and if $s = \bot$, then both sides are equal to $r(t)$. Now let $s = \bigvee U$ for an enumerable directed subset $U \subseteq \mathbb{S}$, and suppose that equation holds with $u$ in place of $s$ for all $u \in U$. Using the fact that the involved operations binary meet and join with $t$, addition and $r$ are all $\omega$-continuous, we compute $$\begin{aligned}
r(s \lor t) + r(s \land t)
={}& \bigvee_{u \in U} \,(r(u \lor t) + r(u \land t)) \\
={} & \bigvee_{u \in U} \, (r(u) + r(t)) \\
={} & r(s) + r(t).
\end{aligned}$$
Next we construct the extension $\int - \, d\mu$ of a valuation $\mu$ to an integral. Fix $\mu$.
Let $f : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$. The lower *$\mu$-integral* $\int f \, d\mu \in \mathbb{R}_l^+$ is defined as follows. For $q \in \mathbb{Q}_+$ let $$[f > q] = \{ x \in A \mid q < f(x) \};$$ it is an open subset of $A$. Let $$s_{f, m, n} = \sum_{i = 1}^{mn} \frac{1}{m} \mu([f > \frac{i}{m}])$$ for $m, n \in \mathbb{N}$. Now $$\int f d\mu = \bigvee_{n, m \in \mathbb{N}} s_{f, m, n}.$$
The main difficulty in showing that $f \mapsto \int f \, d\mu$ is indeed a lower integral is the verification of linearity. Our main tool will be the *generalized modularity lemma*, originally due to @horn1948measures [corollary 1.3] in the special case of boolean algebras. More recent references are @integrals-valuations and @Vickers; the latter also contains a proof of the version that will be used here. Generalized modularity is phrased in terms of the following construction, which in the special case $L = \mathcal{O}(A)$ can be understood as the submonoid of functions $A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$ generated by the indicator functions $\mathds{1}_U$ for $U \in \mathcal{O}(A)$.
Let $L$ be a distributive lattice with bottom element. The *modular monoid* $M(L)$ is the commutative monoid generated by the carrier of $L$ subject to $$a + b = (a \wedge b) + (a \vee b)$$ for all $a, b \in L$, and $0 = \bot$.
Note that the modularity law and the preservation of bottom elements guarantee precisely that valuations $\mu : \mathcal{O}(A) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l$ factor uniquely as monoid homomorphism $L(\mathcal{O}(A)) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l$.
\[lem:generalized-modularity\] Let $L$ be a distributive lattice and $x_1, \dots, x_n \in L$. Then in $M(L)$ we have $$\sum_{i = 1}^n x_i = \sum_{k = 1}^n \bigvee \{x_I \mid I \subseteq \{1, \dots, n \}, |I| = k\}$$ where $x_I = \bigwedge \{x_i \mid i \in I\}$ for decidable $I \subseteq \{1, \dots, n\}$.
Let $q \in \mathbb{Q}^+$ and $f : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$. Define $[f > q]_0 \subseteq A$ to be $[f > q]$ if $q > 0$ and equal to $A$ if $q = 0$.
\[lem:preimages-of-sums\] Let $f, g : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$. Then in $M(\mathcal{O}(A))$ we have $$\begin{aligned}
&\sum_{k = 1}^n ([f > k] + [g > k]) \\
={}& \sum_{k = 1}^{2n} \bigvee \{[f > i]_0 \wedge [g > j]_0 \mid i, j \in \{0, \dots, n\}, i + j = k\}
\end{aligned}$$ for all natural numbers $n > 0$.
Regarding the left-hand side as a sum with $2n$ summands, we have by the generalized modularity lemma \[lem:generalized-modularity\] $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:generalized-modularity-application}
& \sum_{k = 1}^n ([f > k] + [g > k]) \\
={} & \sum_{k = 1}^{2n} \bigvee \{[f > I] \wedge [g > J] \mid I, J \subseteq \{1, \dots, n\}, |I| + |J| = k \}
\end{aligned}$$ where $[f > I] = \bigwedge \{ [f > i] \mid i \in I\}$ and similarly $[g > J] = \bigwedge \{ [g > j] \mid j \in J \}$. Because $[f > i_0] \supseteq [f > i_1]$ whenever $i_0 \leq i_1$, we have $[f > I] = [f > \bigvee I]$ for inhabited $I \subseteq \{1, \dots, n\}$. If $I$ is empty, then $\bigvee I = 0$ and hence $[f > I] = A = [f > \bigvee I]_0$. It follows that $[f > I] \leq [f > \{1, \dots, \ell\}]_0 = [f > \ell]_0$ if $I \subseteq \{1, \dots, n\}$ has $\ell$ elements and similarly for $[g > J]$. Discarding small elements from joins, we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
& \bigvee \{[f > I] \wedge [g > J] \mid I, J \subseteq \{1, \dots, n\}, |I| + |J| = k \} \\
={} & \bigvee \{ [f > i]_0 \wedge [g > j]_0 \mid i, j \in \{0, \dots, n\}, i + j = k \}
\end{aligned}$$ for $1 \leq k \leq 2n$.
\[lem:sfmn-directed\] Let $f : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$. Suppose $m, m', n, n'$ are positive integers such that $n \leq n'$ and $m | m'$ (i.e. $m$ divides $m'$). Then $s_{f, m, n} \leq s_{f, m', n'}$. The family $(s_{f, m, n})_{m, n}$ is directed.
The inequality is clear if $m = m'$, so by transitivity it will suffice to prove the inequality for $n' = n$ and $m' = m q$ for some integer $q > 0$. Dividing $i$ by $q$ with remainder, we obtain for each integer $1 \leq i \leq m'n$ unique integers $0 \leq k \leq mn - 1$ and $1 \leq j \leq q$ such that $i = qk + j$. Thus $$s_{f, m', n} = \frac{1}{m'} \sum_{i = 1}^{m'n} \mu([f > \frac{i}{m'}]) = \frac{1}{m} \sum_{k = 0}^{mn - 1} \frac{1}{q} \sum_{j = 1}^q \mu([f > \frac{qk + j}{m'}]).$$ Now $[f > \frac{qk + j}{m'}] \geq [f > \frac{q (k + 1)}{m'}] = [f > \frac{k + 1}{m}]$, hence $$\frac{1}{m} \sum_{k = 0}^{mn - 1} \frac{1}{q} \sum_{j = 1}^q \mu([f > \frac{qk + j}{m'}]) \geq \frac{1}{m} \sum_{k = 0}^{mn - 1} \mu([f > \frac{k + 1}{m}]) = s_{f, m, n}$$ by monotonicity of $\mu$. Both $m | m'$ and $n \leq n'$ are directed partial orders on the positive integers, thus $(s_{f, m, n})_{m, n}$ is a directed family.
\[lem:mu-int-is-integral\] Let $\mu$ be a valuation on $A$. Then the assignment $f \mapsto \int f \, d\mu$ is a lower integral.
*Preservation of $\bot$.* If $f = 0$ is the constant function with value zero, then $[f > q] = \emptyset$ for all $q > 0$, hence $s_{f,m,n} = 0$ for all $m, n$, so $\int f \, d\mu = \bigvee_{n, m} s_{f, n, m} = 0$.
*$\omega$-continuity.* The integral is defined in terms of the following operations, all of which are $\omega$-continuous: $f \mapsto [f > q]$, $\mu$, addition, scalar multiplication and join.
*Additivity.* Let $f, g : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$. Let $n, m \geq 1$. Note that $\int f \, d\mu + \int g \, d\mu = \bigvee_{n, m} \, (s_{f, m, n} + s_{g, m, n})$ because the families $(s_{-, m,n })_{mn}$ are directed (lemma \[lem:sfmn-directed\]) and addition is $\omega$-continuous. Application of lemma \[lem:preimages-of-sums\] for the functions $mf$ and $mg$ gives $$s_{f, m, n} + s_{g, m, n} = \frac{1}{m} \sum_{k = 1}^{2nm} \mu(\underbrace{\bigcup \{[f > \frac{i}{m}]_0 \cap [g > \frac{j}{m}]_0 \mid 0 \leq i, j \leq mn, i + j = k \}}_{\subseteq [f + g > \frac{k}{m}]}),$$ which is $\leq s_{(f + g), m, 2n}$. Letting $n$ and $m$ vary, we conclude $\int f \, d\mu + \int g \, d\mu \leq \int (f + g) \, d\mu$.
On the other hand, let $q \in \mathbb{Q}$ such that $q < \int f + g \, d\mu$. We will show $q < \int f \, d\mu + \int g \, d\mu$. By definition of $\int - \, d\mu$ as a join, there merely exist $n,m \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $q < s_{f + g, n, m}$. Thus there are rational numbers $q_k < \mu([f + g > \frac{k}{m}])$ for $1 \leq k \leq nm$ such that $q = \frac{1}{m} \sum_{k = 1}^{nm} q_k$. We have $$[f + g > \frac{k}{m}] = \bigcup_{m | m'} \bigcup \{[f > \frac{i}{m'}] \cap [g > \frac{j}{m'}] \mid i, j \in \mathbb{N}, \frac{i + j}{m'} = \frac{k}{m} \}$$ for each $k$ and the outer union on the right-hand side is directed, with upper bounds given by common multiples of the $m'$. Thus $\mu$ commutes with the outer union.
It follows that for each $k$ there is $m'_k$ such that $$\label{eq:def-qk}
q_k < \mu(\bigcup \{[f > \frac{i}{m'_k}] \cap [g > \frac{j}{m'_k}] \mid i,j \in \mathbb{N}, \frac{i + j}{m'_k} = \frac{k}{m}\}).$$ By taking upper bounds wrt. divisibility, we may assume $m'_k = m'$ for all $k$ and a single $m'$ such that $m | m'$. We obtain $$\begin{aligned}
& \int f \, d\mu + \int f\, d\mu \\
\geq{} & s_{f, m', n} + s_{g, m', n}\\
={} & \frac{1}{m'} \sum_{\ell = 1}^{2nm'} \mu(\bigcup \{[f > \frac{i}{m'}] \cap [g > \frac{j}{m'}] \mid i, j \in \mathbb{N}, i + j = \ell\}) \\
={} & \frac{1}{m} \sum_{\ell' = 0}^{2nm - 1} \frac{m}{m'} \sum_{\ell'' = 1}^{m'/m} \mu(\bigcup \{[f > \frac{i}{m'}] \cap [g > \frac{j}{m'}] \mid i, j \in \mathbb{N}, i + j = \ell' \frac{m'}{m} + \ell'' \}) \\
\end{aligned}$$ by decomposing the index $\ell$ as $\ell = \ell' \frac{m}{m'} + \ell''$. Now $$\begin{aligned}
& \bigcup \{[f > \frac{i}{m'}] \cap [g > \frac{j}{m'}] \mid i, j \in \mathbb{N}, i + j = \ell' \frac{m'}{m} + \ell'' \} \\
\supseteq {} & \bigcup \{[f > \frac{i}{m}] \cap [g > \frac{j}{m}] \mid i,j \in \mathbb{N}, i + j = \ell' + 1\},
\end{aligned}$$ for all $\ell$ and $\ell'$, which is independent of $\ell'$. Thus $$\begin{aligned}
& \int f \, d\mu + \int f\, d\mu \\
\geq {}& \frac{1}{m} \sum_{k = 1}^{2nm} \underbrace{\mu(\bigcup \{[f > \frac{i}{m}] \cap [g > \frac{j}{m}] \mid i,j \in \mathbb{N}, i + j = k \})}_{> q_k \text{ if } k \leq nm} \\
> {}& \frac{1}{m} \sum_{k = 1}^{nm} q_k \\
= {}& q
\end{aligned}$$ where we reindexed with $k = \ell' + 1$ and used equation . $q < \int f + g \, d\mu$ was arbitrary, hence $\int f + g \, d\mu \leq \int f \, d\mu + \int g \, d\mu$.
By lemma \[lem:restriction-of-integral-is-valuation\], the restriction $\mu_\mathcal{I}$ of an integral $\mathcal{I}$ to indicator functions is a valuation, and by lemma \[lem:mu-int-is-integral\] the assignment $f \mapsto \int f \, d\mu$ is an integral for all valuations $\mu$. The two functions are monotone and restrict to functions on sub-probability valuations and integrals. It remains to show that
1. \[itm:integral-extends-measure\] $\int - \, d\mu$ is an extension of $\mu$, i.e. $\int \mathds{1}_U \, d\mu = \mu(U)$ for all opens $U \in \mathcal{O}(A)$, and
2. \[itm:integral-uniquely-determined\] every integral is uniquely determined by its value on indicator functions.
\[itm:integral-extends-measure\]. Let $U \in \mathcal{O}(A)$ be an open subset. Then $[\mathds{1}_U > q] = \emptyset$ for all $q \geq 1$, and $[\mathds{1}_u > q] = U$ for all $q < 1$. Thus $$s_{\mathds{1}_U, m, n} = \frac{1}{m} \sum_{i = 1}^{mn} \mu([\mathds{1}_U > \frac{i}{m}]) = \frac{1}{m} \sum_{i = 1}^{m - 1} \mu(U) = \frac{m - 1}{m} \mu(U)$$ for all $m, n > 1$, and we conclude $\int \mathds{1}_U \, d\mu = \bigvee_{m > 0} \frac{m - 1}{m} \mu(U) = \mu(U)$.
\[itm:integral-uniquely-determined\]. Let $\mathcal{I}$ be an integral and let $f : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$. Then $$f = \bigvee_{n, m \geq 1} \frac{1}{m} \sum_{i = 1}^{nm} \mathds{1}_{[f > \frac{i}{m}]}.$$ and this join is directed (for the same reason that $(s_{f, m, n})_{mn}$ is a directed family). By linearity (proposition \[prop:integrals-linear\]) and $\omega$-continuity of $\mathcal{I}$, we have $$\mathcal{I}(f) = \bigvee_{n, m \geq 1} \frac{1}{m} \sum_{i = 1}^{nm} \mathcal{I}(\mathds{1}_{[f > \frac{i}{m}]}),$$ thus $\mathcal{I}$ is uniquely determined by its restriction to indicator functions.
The Giry monad {#sec:giry}
==============
By definition, there are inclusions $\mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}(A) \subseteq \mathfrak{G}(A) \subseteq \mathbb{R}_l^{(\mathbb{R}_l^A)}$ for all $A$. The operator $\mathrm{Cont}_{\mathbb{R}_l^+} : A \mapsto \mathbb{R}_l^{(\mathbb{R}_l^A)}$ is the *continuation monad* [@moggi1991notions] instantiated with $\mathbb{R}_l^+$. As we are working internally (i.e. an internal monad corresponds to an external *strong* monad), monad structure on an operator $M : \mathrm{Set} \rightarrow \mathrm{Set}$ is given by *unit* maps $\eta : A \rightarrow M(A)$ and *bind* maps $>\!\!>\!= : M(A) \times (A \rightarrow M(B)) \rightarrow M(B)$ for all sets $A, B$, subject to unit and associativity laws. In case of the continuation monad $M = \mathrm{Cont}_{\mathbb{R}_l^+}$, $$\eta(a) = (f \mapsto f(a))$$ is the map that evaluates a given $f : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$ at a certain $a \in A$, and bind is given by $$x >\!\!>\!= y = (f \mapsto x (a \mapsto y(a)(f))),$$ where $x \in M(A)$, $y : A \rightarrow M(B)$, $f : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$ and $a \in A$.
By the Riesz theorem \[th:riesz\], $\mathfrak{G}(A) \cong \mathfrak{V}(A)$ and $\mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}(A) \cong \mathfrak{V}_{\leq 1}(A)$. This justifies defining the Giry monad of (sub-probability) valuations as follows:
The unit and bind operations of the continuation monad $\mathrm{Cont}_{\mathbb{R}_l^+}$ restrict to operations on (sub-probability) integrals. The *(sub-probabilistic) Giry monad* is given by the operator $A \mapsto \mathfrak{G}(A)$ (resp. $A \mapsto \mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}(A)$) and the restricted unit and bind operations of the continuation monad.
We need to show stability of $\mathfrak{G}$ and $\mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}$ under $\eta$ and $>\!\!>\!=$. The verifiction of the rules of lower integrals is done by unfolding the pointwise definition of addition and the partial ordering on functions $A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$. We show how some of the rules can be derived, the other proofs being similar.
If $a \in A$ and $f, g : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$, then $\eta(a)(f + g) = (f + g)(a) = f(a) + g(a) = \eta(a)(f) + \eta(a)(g)$, thus $\eta(a)$ is linear. Let $\mathcal{I} \in \mathfrak{G}(A)$ and $\mathcal{J} : A \rightarrow \mathfrak{G}(B)$. $\omega$-continuity of $\mathcal{I} >\!\!>\!= \mathcal{J}$ can be seen as follows. Let $U \subseteq (\mathbb{R}_l^+)^B$ be a directed enumerable subset of the function space. Then for each $a \in A$ it holds that $\mathcal{J}(a)(\bigvee U) = \bigvee_{f \in U} \mathcal{J}(a)(f)$ because $\mathcal{J}(a)$ is $\omega$-continuous. Thus $$\begin{aligned}
(\mathcal{I} >\!\!>\!= \mathcal{J})(\bigvee U)
={} & \mathcal{I}(a \mapsto \bigvee_{f \in U} \mathcal{J}(a)(f)) \\
={} & \mathcal{I}(\bigvee_{f \in U} \, (a \mapsto \mathcal{J}(a)(f))) \\
={} & \bigvee_{f \in U} \mathcal{I}(a \mapsto \mathcal{J}(a)(f)) \\
={} & \bigvee_{f \in U} \, (\mathcal{I} >\!\!>\!= \mathcal{J})(f)
\end{aligned}$$ using the pointwise definition of joins on $A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$ and the $\omega$-continuity of $\mathcal{I}$.
We have $\eta(a)(\mathds{1}_A) = \mathds{1}_A(a) = 1$ for all $a \in A$, so $\eta$ is valued in sub-probability integrals. If $\mathcal{I} \in \mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}(A)$ and $\mathcal{J} : A \rightarrow \mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}(B)$, then $a \mapsto \mathcal{J}(a)(\mathds{1}_B)$ is a function $\leq \mathds{1}_A$ because $\mathcal{J}(a)$ is a sub-probability integral on $B$ for all $a$. Thus $(\mathcal{I} >\!\!>\!= \mathcal{J})(\mathds{1}_B) \leq \mathcal{I}(\mathds{1}_A) \leq 1$ by monotonicity of $\mathcal{I}$ and $\mathcal{I}$ being sub-probabilistic.
@Vickers proves that the variant of the Giry monad on the category of locales is commutative. Commutativity of $\mathfrak{G}$ would mean that for $\mathcal{I} \in \mathfrak{G}(A)$ and $\mathcal{J} \in \mathfrak{G}(B)$ the two integrals $$(\mathcal{I} \triangleright \mathcal{J})(f) = \mathcal{I}(a \mapsto \mathcal{J}(b \mapsto f(a, b)))$$ and $$(\mathcal{I} \triangleleft \mathcal{J})(f) = \mathcal{J}(b \mapsto \mathcal{I}(a \mapsto f(a, b)))$$ on $A \times B$ agree. In classical mathematics, this corresponds to the Fubini theorem $$\int_A \left(\int_B f(a, b) \, db\right) \, da = \int_B \left(\int_A f(a, b) \, da\right) \, db = \int_{A \times B} f(a, b) \, d(a, b)$$ and uniqueness of product measures.
However, the proof given in @Vickers does not directly translate to our setting because it relies on the product $X \times Y$ of locales being dual to the coproduct $\mathcal{O}(X) \otimes \mathcal{O}(Y)$ of underlying frames. In synthetic topology, this corresponds to products having the product topology:
Let $A$ and $B$ be sets. For $U \in \mathcal{O}(A)$ and $V \in \mathcal{O}(B)$, let $$U \times V = \{ (a, b) \in A \times B \mid a \in U \land b \in V \} \in \mathcal{O}(A, B);$$ it is open because $\mathbb{S}$ is closed under binary meets. $A \times B$ has the *product topology* if $\mathcal{O}(A) \subseteq \mathcal{P}(A)$ is the least subset containing the sets $U \times V$ for all $U \subseteq A$ and $V \subseteq B$ open that is closed under enumerable joins.
Note that we require that the topology on $A \times B$ is generated by the basic opens $U \times V$ under enumerable unions, as opposed to arbitrary ones. Our notion of product topology is in a sense weaker than the one that can be found in @lesnikphd [definitions 2.57 and 2.55]. There it is required that every open is an overt (e.g. countable in our case) union of the basic opens $U \times V$, while for us the opens need only be *generated* by basic opens under enumerable unions. The situation is comparable to the initial $\sigma$-frame and the Rosolini dominance: In the presence of countable choice, the two definitions are equivalent.
The problem with the Fubini theorem in synthetic topology is that $A \times B$ does not always have the product topology. Fortunately, $A \times B$ does have the product topology in many special cases. Le[š]{}nik proves that if $A$ and $B$ are *strongly locally compact*, then $A \times B$ has the product topology ([@lesnikphd], proposition 2.59). Thus finite products of countable discrete spaces and locally compact metric spaces (e.g. $\mathbb{R}$ under suitable hypotheses, see \[sec:lebesgue\]) behave well, and our Fubini theorem applies.
\[th:fubini\] Let $\mathcal{I} \in \mathfrak{G}(A)$ and $\mathcal{J} \in \mathfrak{G}(B)$ for sets $A, B$. Suppose that $A \times B$ has the product topology. Then the two integrals $\mathcal{I} \triangleleft \mathcal{J}$ and $\mathcal{I} \triangleright \mathcal{J}$ on $A \times B$ agree.
The proof of theorem \[th:fubini\] will occupy the remainder of section \[sec:giry\]. It is a direct translation of the proof given by @Vickers for locales.
\[th:inclusion-exclusion\] Let $L$ be a lattice with bottom element. Then for all $x_1, \dots, x_n \in L$ it holds in $M(L)$ that $$\bigvee_{i = 1}^n x_i + \sum_{\substack{I \subseteq \{1, \dots, n\} \\ |I| \text{ is even}}} x_I = \sum_{\substack{|I| \subseteq \{1, \dots, n\} \\ |I| \text{ is odd}}} x_I$$ where $x_I = \bigwedge_{i \in I} x_i$ for $I \subseteq \{ 1, \dots, n \}$ decidable.
\[lem:Rl\_cancellation\] Let $u_1, \dots, u_n \in \mathbb{R}_l$ and $v$ be lower reals. Then the equation $\sum_{i = 1}^n u_i + x = v$ has at most one solution $x$ such that $u_i \leq x$ for all $i$.
Note that lemma \[lem:Rl\_cancellation\], as stated in the reference refers to the standard lower reals, which are not required to be valued in $\mathbb{S}$. However, the proof given there also works for our lower reals; moreover, the open lower reals embed into the standard lower reals so that uniqueness for the latter implies uniqueness for the former.
\[lem:product-indicator\] Let $U \in \mathcal{O}(A)$ and $V \in \mathcal{O}(B)$ be opens in sets $A, B$. Then for all $a \in A$ and $b \in B$ it holds that $$\mathds{1}_{U \times V}(a, b) = \mathds{1}_U(a) \mathds{1}_V(b).$$
By definition of indicator functions and $U \times V$, the lemma will follow if we can show $$\label{eq:r-meet-vs-product}
r(s \land t) = r(s) r(t)$$ for all $s, t \in \mathbb{S}$, where $r : \mathbb{S} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l$ is the unique map of $\omega$-cpos satisfying $r(\bot) = 0$ and $r(\top) = 1$. For fixed $t$, the two $\omega$-continuous maps $s \mapsto r(s \land t)$ and $s \mapsto r(s) r(t)$ agree for $s = \bot$ and $s = \top$, so they agree by the universal property of $\mathbb{S} = \mathbb{B}_\bot$.
For $U \in \mathcal{O}(A)$ and $V \in \mathcal{O}(B)$, we compute with lemma \[lem:product-indicator\] $$\begin{aligned}
(\mathcal{I} \triangleleft \mathcal{J})(\mathds{1}_{U \times V})
={} & \mathcal{J}(b \mapsto \mathcal{I}(a \mapsto \mathds{1}_U(a) \mathds{1}_V(b))) \\
={} & \mathcal{J}(\mathcal{I}(\mathds{1}_U) \mathds{1}_V) \\
={} & \mathcal{I}(\mathds{1}_U) \mathcal{J}(\mathds{1}_V)
\end{aligned}$$ and hence by symmetry $$(\mathcal{I} \triangleleft \mathcal{J})(\mathds{1}_{U \times V}) = (\mathcal{I} \triangleright \mathcal{J})(\mathds{1}_{U \times V}) = \mathcal{I}(\mathds{1}_U) \mathcal{J}(\mathds{1}_V).$$ Because integrals are uniquely determined by their restriction to measures, it will be sufficient to show that a valuation $\mu$ on $A \times B$ is in turn uniquely determined by its restriction to opens of the form $U \times V$. $A \times B$ has the product topology, so $\mathcal{O}(A \times B)$ is the least set containing subsets of the form $U \times V$ with $U \subseteq A$ and $V \subseteq B$ open that is closed under enumerable unions. Equivalently, $\mathcal{O}(A \times B)$ is generated under *directed* enumerable unions from opens of the form $U_1 \times V_1 \cup \dots \cup U_n \times V_n$ for $U_i \subseteq A$ open and $V_i \subseteq B$ open, $1 \leq i \leq n$. It will thus suffice to prove that $\mu$ is uniquely determined by its value on finite unions of products of opens. Applying the principle of inclusion and exclusion (theorem \[th:inclusion-exclusion\]), we obtain $$\mu(\bigcup_{i = 1}^n \, (U_i \times V_i)) + \sum_{\substack{I \subseteq \{1, \dots, n\} \\ |I| \text{ is even}}} \mu(U_I \times V_I) = \sum_{\substack{|I| \subseteq \{1, \dots, n\} \\ |I| \text{ is odd}}} \mu(U_I \times V_I),$$ where $U_I = \bigcap_{i \in I} U_i$ and $V_I = \bigcap_{i \in I} V_i$ (hence $\bigcap_{i \in I} \, (U_i \times V_i) = U_I \times V_I$). By monotonicity of $\mu$, it holds that $\mu(U_I \times V_I) \leq \mu(\bigcup_{i = 1}^n \, (U_i \times V_i))$, so by lemma \[lem:Rl\_cancellation\] the values $\mu(U_I \times V_I)$ uniquely determine $\mu(\bigcup_{i = 1}^n \, (U_i \times V_i))$.
The Lebesgue valuation {#sec:lebesgue}
======================
Having studied valuations in general, we now turn to constructing a concrete valuation on a non-discrete space: The Lebesgue valuation on the reals. For this we will need that the intrinsic topology of the Dedekind reals agrees with the topology that is induced by the Euclidean metric, i.e. that $\mathbb{R}$ is *metrizable* [@lesnikphd]. We proceed by defining a $\sigma$-frame of formal real opens and state metrizability as an isomorphism between the formal and the intrinsic real opens. The Lebesgue measure can then be defined by a universal property.
The partial order $L$ is the least suborder of $\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{Q})$ containing the sets $(a, b) = \{ x \in \mathbb{Q} \mid a < q < b \}$ for all $a \leq b \in \mathbb{Q}$ that is closed under binary unions.
Every element $x \in L$ has a unique presentation as a disjoint union $$\label{eq:finite-union-of-rational-intervals}
x = (a_1, b_1) \mathop{\dot\cup} \dots \mathop{\dot\cup} (a_n, b_n)$$ for rational numbers $a_i, b_i$ such that $a_i < b_i \leq a_{i + 1}$ for $i = 1, \dots, n - 1$. We refer to the elements $(a_i, b_i)$ as the *connected components* of $x$. The decomposition into connected components can be used to construct $L$ as a subset of lists of rational numbers, and this definition is purely combinatorial and does not use the subobject classifier $\Omega$. It also follows from the decomposition that $L$ is a distributive lattice with bottom element, i.e. that it has meets: We have $$\bigg(\bigcup_{i = 1}^m (a_i, b_i)\bigg) \cap \bigg(\bigcup_{j = 1}^n (a'_j, b'_j)\bigg) = \bigcup_{i, j} \big((a_i, b_i) \cap (c_j, d_j)\big)$$ and $(a_i, b_i) \cap (c_j, d_j) = (\mathrm{max}(a_i, c_j), \mathrm{min}(b_i, d_j))$ for all $i, j$, which is in $L$.
\[def:real-cover-relation\] The *cover relation on $L$* is generated by $$\label{eq:formal-generating-covers}
(a, b) \triangleleft \bigg\{ \bigcup_{j = 1}^n \, (a'_j, b'_j) \mid n \geq 0 \text{ and } a < a'_j, b'_j < b \text { for } j \leq n \bigg\}$$ for $a < b$ under binary unions.
Thus $(\bigcup_{i = 1}^m (a_i, b_i)) \triangleleft U$ if $U$ is the set of elements $\bigcup_{j = 1}^n (a'_j, b'_j)$ such that for each $j$ there exists $i$ with $a_i < a'_j$ and $b'_j < b_i$. This cover relation is stable under binary meets and, by definition, joins. It follows that the $\omega$-cpo completion $L_\omega$ has enumerable joins and finite meets satisfying the distributivity law. The bottom element of $\emptyset \in L$ is also a bottom element of $L_\omega$. Finally, the subset of elements $\leq \bigvee_{n \in \mathbb{N}} (-n, n)$ in $L_\omega$ contains the image of $L$ and is closed under joins, thus is a top element of $L_\omega$. Thus $L_\omega$ is a $\sigma$-frame.
\[def:formal-real-opens\] The *$\sigma$-frame of formal real opens* $\mathcal{O}(\mathbb{R}_F)$ is given by the $\omega$-cpo completion of $L$ with respect to the covers of definition \[def:real-cover-relation\].
By definition, $L \subseteq \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R})$, but in fact the rational intervals $(a, b)$ are open: Given a Dedekind real $r = (\ell, u) \in \mathbb{R}$, we have $r \in (a, b)$ if and only if $\ell(a) \land u(b)$, which is a truth value in $\mathbb{S}$ because $\ell, u : \mathbb{Q} \rightarrow \mathbb{S}$. It follows that $L \subseteq \mathcal{O}(\mathbb{R})$. This inclusion is cover preserving because $(a, b) = \bigcup \{(a', b') \mid a < a' \leq b' < b \}$ as subsets of $\mathbb{R}$. We obtain a morphism of $\omega$-cpos $\mathcal{O}(\mathbb{R}_F) \rightarrow \mathcal{O}(\mathbb{R})$. It is not necessarily an isomorphism, but it will be assumed for the remainder of this section that it is:
\[ass:reals-metrizable\] The map $\mathcal{O}(\mathbb{R}_F) \rightarrow \mathcal{O}(\mathbb{R})$ is an isomorphism of partial orders.
@lesnikphd [section 5.3] proves that if one assumes the intuitionistic principles function-function choice, the continuity principle (which is absurd in classical logic) and the fan principle, then every complete metrically separable metric space is metrized. In particular, every open $U \in \mathcal{O}(\mathbb{R})$ is a countable union of metric balls, from which our assumption \[ass:reals-metrizable\] follows. Lesnik’s assumptions hold in the K2 realizability topos and the big topos of topological spaces, so assumption \[ass:reals-metrizable\] holds in these models, too.
The map $\lambda' : L \rightarrow \mathbb{Q}^+$ given by $$\lambda'(\bigcup_{i = 1}^n (a_i, b_i)) = \sum_{i = 1}^n b_i - a_i;$$ for $n \geq 0$ and rationals $a_i < b_i \leq a_{i + 1}$, $1 \leq i \leq n - 1$, is well-defined, monotone and, as a function $L \rightarrow \mathbb{Q}^+ \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$, cover-preserving. The induced map $\lambda : \mathcal{O}(\mathbb{R}) \cong L_\omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_l^+$ is a valuation, which we refer to as the *Lebesgue valuation*.
$\lambda'$ is well-defined because decompositions into connected components are unique up to reordering. It is evidently monotone. If $(a, b) \triangleleft U$, then $(a + n^{-1}, b - n^{-1}) \in U$ for all $n > 0$, so that $$\bigvee_{u \in U} \lambda'(u) \geq \bigvee_{n > 0} \lambda'((a + n^{-1}, b - n^{-1})) = b - a = \lambda'((a, b)).$$ It follows that $\lambda'$ preserves general covers because we have $\lambda'(x \cup y) = \lambda'(x) + \lambda'(y)$ if $x$ and $y$ are disjoint.
$\lambda$ preserves the bottom element because $\lambda'$ does, and it is $\omega$-continuous by construction. What remains to be proved is the modular law $$\label{eq:lebesgue-modularity}
\lambda(x \cup y) + \lambda(x \cap y) = \lambda(x) + \lambda(y)$$ for all $x, y \in \mathcal{O}(\mathbb{R})$, but we immediately reduce to $x, y \in L$ by induction. In turn, we prove equation for $x, y \in L$ by induction over the total number of connected components of $x$ and $y$. It holds trivially if $x = \emptyset$ or $y = \emptyset$. If $x = (a, b)$ and $y = (c, d)$ are rational intervals, then $$\begin{aligned}
& \lambda(x \cup y) + \lambda(x \cap y) \\
={}& \max(b, d) - \min(a, c) + \min(b, d) - \max(a, c) \\
={}& b + d - a - c \\
={}& \lambda(x) + \lambda(y)
\end{aligned}$$ so the equation holds in this case, too.
In the induction step we are given disjoint unions $(a, b) \mathop{\dot\cup} x$ and $(c, d) \mathop{\dot\cup} y$ such that $b < r$ for all $r \in x$ and $d < s$ for all $d \in y$, at least after reordering the connected components if necessary. If $n$ is the number of connected components of $x$ and $m$ that for $y$, we may assume that holds for all pairs of elements of $L$ whose total number of connected components is at most $n + m + 1$.
Suppose first that $(a, b)$ and $(c, d)$, are disjoint, wlog. say $b \leq c$. Then $(a, b)$ is disjoint from all of $x$, $(c, d)$ and $y$, thus $$\lambda((a, b) \cup x \cup (c, d) \cup y) = \lambda((a, b)) + \lambda(x \cup (c, d) \cup y).$$ By the induction hypothesis, $$\lambda(x \cup ((c, d) \cup y)) = \lambda(x) + \lambda((c, d) \cup y) - \lambda(x \cap ((c, d) \cup y)).$$ Because $(a, b)$ is disjoint from $(c, d)$ and $y$, we have $$((a, b) \cup x) \cap ((c, d) \cup y) = x \cap ((c, d) \cup y),$$ which combined with the previous equations yields the modular law for $(a, b) \cup x$ and $(c, d) \cup y$ if $(a, b)$ and $(c, d)$ are disjoint.
Otherwise $(a, b)$ and $(c, d)$ intersect, so that $(a, b) \cup (c, d) = (e, f)$ with $e = \min(a, c)$ and $f = \max(b, d)$. Without loss of generality we may assume $f = d$, so that all of $(a, b)$, $(c, d)$ and $(e, f)$ are disjoint from $y$. Thus $$\begin{aligned}
& \lambda((a, b) \cup x \cup (c, d) \cup y) \\
={}& \lambda(x \cup (e, f) \cup y) \\
={}& \lambda(x) + \lambda((e, f)) + \lambda(y) - \lambda(x \cap ((e, f) \cup y)
\end{aligned}$$ by the induction hypothesis for $x$ and $(e, f) \cup y$. The base case of two rational intervals was already proved, thus $$\lambda((e, f)) = \lambda((a, b)) + \lambda((c, d)) - \lambda((a, b) \cap (c, d)).$$ Because $(a, b)$ is disjoint from $y$ and $\lambda'$ maps disjoint unions to sums, we have $$\lambda(((a, b) \cup x) \cap ((c, d) \cup y)) = \lambda((a, b) \cap (c, d)) + \lambda(x \cap ((c, d) \cup y)).$$ Putting everything together, we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
&\lambda((a, b) \cup x \cup (c, d) \cup y) \\
={}& \lambda(x) + \lambda((a, b)) + \lambda(y) + \lambda((c, d)) - \lambda(((a, b) \cup x) \cap ((c, d) \cup y))
\end{aligned}$$ as required.
We can now define distributions on (subsets of) the real numbers for which there exists a density with respect to the Lebesgue valuation. For example, the normal distribution $\mathcal{N}(\mu, \sigma)$ has density $$f(x) = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} \exp\Big(-\frac{1}{2} (\frac{x - \mu}{\sigma})^2\Big),$$ and so $\mathcal{N}(\mu, \sigma) \in \mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}(\mathbb{R})$ can be defined by $$\mathcal{N}(\mu, \sigma)(U) = \int_U f \, d\lambda = \int \mathds{1}_U f \, d\lambda$$ on opens $U : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{S}$.
Interpreting $\mathcal{R}$ml {#sec:interpretation}
============================
The sub-probability Giry monad $\mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}$ is defined on the cartesian closed category of sets, and the sets of functions $A \rightarrow \mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}$ with the pointwise ordering form $\omega$-cpos with bottom elements. Similarly to @ALEA, we obtain an interpretation of call-by-value PCF with recursion [@plotkin2001adequacy] with effects modeled by $\mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}$. Because $\mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}$ is defined in terms of the intrinsic topology (as opposed to the discrete one), this allows the interpretation of primitives for sampling from continuous distributions.
We recall Plotkin and Power’s interpretation of PCF. Base types such as **N** (natural numbers), **B** (booleans) or **R** (real numbers) are interpreted by their analogue in the cartesian closed base category. Thus $[\textbf{N}] = \mathbb{N}$, $[\textbf{B}] = \{ \bot, \top \}$ and $[\textbf{R}] = \mathbb{R}$. The interpretation of funtion types is given by $[\sigma \rightarrow \tau] = \mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}(\tau)^\sigma$, i.e. as set of functions $\sigma \rightarrow \mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}(\tau)$. Contexts are interpreted as products of the types of their variables, and terms $\Gamma \vdash s : \sigma$ are functions $[\Gamma] \rightarrow \mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}([\sigma])$. Abstraction and application terms are interpreted using the monad structure of $\mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}$, and recursors for $\mathbf{B}$ and $\mathbf{N}$ are interpreted in terms of their semantic counterpart. Finally, if $\Gamma, f : \sigma \rightarrow \tau, x : \sigma \vdash e : \tau$, then for every $\gamma \in \Gamma$ we may identify $[e](\gamma, -, -)$ with an endofunction $k$ on the pointed $\omega$-cpo $\mathfrak{G}_{\leq 1}([\tau])^{[\sigma]}$. The interpretation of the term $\Gamma \vdash \textbf{let rec } f \, x = e$ is then defined by $$\label{eq:fixed-points}
[\textbf{let rec } f \, x = e](\gamma) = \bigvee_{n \geq 0} k^n(\bot)$$ as least fixed point. Note that this join is only well-defined if $k$ is monotone. Monotonicity can be proved by induction over the structure of $e$ using the monotonicity of the bind and fixed point operations, see @ALEA [section 3.3.3].
Sampling from discrete distributions can now be interpreted in the same way as in ALEA. For example, a term $\mathbf{flip} : \mathbf{B}$ will correspond to the uniform valuation $\mu$ on $\{ \bot, \top \}$, whose lower integral is given by $\int f \, d\mu= \frac{1}{2}(f(\bot) + f(\top))$. Under assumption \[ass:reals-metrizable\] we can furthermore interpret a term $\mathbf{norm} \, \mu \, \sigma : \mathbb{R}$ for sampling from a normal normal distribution as the valuation $\mathcal{N}(\mu, \sigma)$ constructed in section \[sec:lebesgue\].
Conclusion {#sec:conclusion}
==========
*Contributions.* This paper develops the foundations of integration theory in synthetic topology based on the initial $\sigma$-frame. The initial $\sigma$-frame $\mathbb{S}$ is the $\omega$-cpo completion of the booleans. We discuss several alternative constructions of free $\omega$-cpo completions and show how product $\omega$-cpos can be presented in terms of presentations of their factors. It is shown that $\mathbb{S}$ is a dominance and hence suitable for synthetic topology. Following @EscardoKnapp we show that the $\mathbb{S}$-partial map classifier of a set $A$ is given by its pointed $\omega$-cpo completion $A_\bot$. A set of lower real numbers based on $\mathbb{S}$ is defined and shown to satisfy the universal property of the $\omega$-cpo completion of the rationals. This set of lower reals is then used in definitions of valuations and lower integrals which take into account the intrinsic topology induced by $\mathbb{S}$. The Riesz theorem relating valuations and lower integrals is proved and used to define the Giry monad. The Fubini theorem is shown to hold for sets $A, B$ whose product has the product topology. Finally, the Lebesgue measure is defined under the assumption of metrizability of $\mathbb{R}$, which would impossible if our valuations were based on discrete topologies.
*Related work.* Much of our approach to lower integrals is adapted from Steven Vickers’s work [@Vickers; @vickers2008localic] work on the same subject, but in the setting of synthetic topology instead of locale theory. Lower integrals are better behaved on locales than in synthetic topology in certain aspects. For example, the Fubini theorem holds without restriction for locales, making the Giry monad commutative, whereas we can only prove the Fubini theorem in synthetic topology on the assumption that the involved products are topologized correctly. On the other hand, the category of locales is not cartesian closed, whereas the ambient category of sets in synthetic topology is even a elementary topos (or, predicatively, a $\Pi W$-pretopos).
@Shulman:BFT [section 11] proves the Brouwer fixpoint theorem in homotopy type theory using synthetic topology. He uses modalities to mediate between the homotopical and topological circle and other spaces. This spatial (modal) type theory is modelled in any local topos, for example Johnstone’s topological topos [@johnstone1979topological]. Fourman’s big topos that models the intuitionistic principles outlined in section \[sec:lebesgue\] is also local. This paper does not focus on homotopy theory, thus the methodology is different.
@EscardoXu use a similar big topos, but restricted to compact spaces to model the fan-theorem in a simple type theory. @CoquandMannaa provide a stack model over Cantor space for univalent type theory. It is likely that our work model can be given a constructive treatment by these methods; see @Coquand:Birmingham.
There is an interesting analogy with the semantics for higher order probabilistic programming described in @Staton2016SemanticsFP [@HeunenKSY17]. Noting that the category of standard Borel spaces is not Cartesian closed, the embed it into a supercategory (of quasi-Borel spaces) which is closed under exponentials. A similar problem exists in synthetic topology: The category of topological spaces is not Cartesian closed. The common solution is to consider a convenient super-category. @Escard2004SyntheticTO [Chapter 10] presents a number of subcategories of presheaves over the category of topological spaces for this purpose. In our case, it is more natural to consider the sheaves for the open cover topology. In this light, one could consider our construction as first embedding in a bigger category with (dependent) function types and then defining the monad on the bigger category. One advantage of semantics in toposes is that they model all of constructive mathematics, including the principle of unique choice. This enables use of a strong internal logic to simplify arguments, as is exemplified in this paper. On the other hand, our Fubini theorem holds only conditionally, whereas it holds for arbitrary products of quasi-Borel spaces, making the Giry monad on quasi-Borel spaces commutative.
*Acknowledgements.* The questions in this paper originated from discussions with Christine Paulin in 2014, when Spitters held a Digiteo chair at LRI, Inria. We also benefited from Faissole’s internship with Paulin about lower reals in Coq. We are grateful for both.
We thank Alex Kavvos for discussions on the interpretation of effectful programming and fixed points.
[^1]: This research was partially supported by the Guarded homotopy type theory project, funded by the Villum Foundation, project number 12386, AFOSR project ‘Homotopy Type Theory and Probabilistic Computation’, 12595060, and Digiteo.
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After the 2nd pass is done, copy the video.mp4 to nokia 5800 xm or n97's memory card and open the file using file manager of nokia after removing the device from the computer.
we need to run the above two commands in the folder where video.avi is present. play around with abitrate, vbitrate, and scale values to get video quality and size of your liking. alternate formatfactory is a mencoder gpl application for windows which runs in wine, can also convert all-to-mp4.
scale=640:-3 will try to keep the video width to 640 and resize the video height accordingly. Do use the "original" aspect in nokia's mp4 player "option->aspect" for 16:9 and 4:3 aspect ratio videos.
複数の音声が入った多言語の MKV 動画を音声ストリームが複数ある MP4 にエンコード
to encode multi-audio file to mp4 we need to use the "-aid <audio stream number>" like -map 0:1 in ffmpeg)
Hybrid is a multi platform (Linux/macOS/Windows) Qt based frontend for a bunch of other tools which can convert nearly every input to x264/Xvid/VP8 + ac3/ogg/mp3/aac/flac inside an avi/mp4/m2ts/mkv/webm container, a BluRay or an AVCHD structure.
Hyper Video Converter is a frontend for various cli videoencoder tools I have made because I wanted something, that let's me quickly convert videos from konqueror without typing 3-line-commands in the console.
Kmenc15 is an advanced Qt/KDE MEncoder frontend, generally designed to be a VirtualDub replacement for Linux. It is most useful for editing and encoding large high quality AVIs capped from TV. It allows cutting and merging at exact frames, applying any MPlayer/MEncoder filter, with preview. It's a little outdated now (was built on Qt 3, so needs PKGBUILD update at least). |
FIG. 1A shows a prior art output voltage controlled hysteretic voltage regulator comprising a transistor for connecting a load to a supply voltage Vs through an inductor L when the output voltage Vo falls below a first reference voltage Vref 1, and for disconnecting the output voltage Vo from the supply voltage Vs when the output voltage Vo exceeds a second reference voltage Vref2 higher than the first reference voltage Vref1. In the example of circuitry of FIG. 1A, an S/R flip-flop turns the transistor 2 on/off in response to the output voltage Vo. Because the feedback is based on the output voltage Vo, the prior art hysteretic voltage regulator of FIG. 1A may exhibit poor transient response if there is a sudden change in load current.
FIG. 1B shows a prior art inductor-current/output-voltage controlled hysteretic voltage regulator which helps address the poor transient response of the prior art regulator of FIG. 1A. With the prior art design of FIG. 1B, a current sensor 6 senses the inductor current 8. When the inductor current 8 falls below a second reference current Iref2, and the output voltage Vo falls below a reference voltage Vref, the S/R flip-flop 4 turns the transistor 2 on. When the inductor current 8 rises above a first reference current Iref1, the S/R flip-flop 4 turns the transistor 2 off. Although this design may improve the response to transients in the load current, it may also cause higher current ripple leading to inefficient operation. The current ripple increases because the inductor current 8 is forced to ramp from Iref1 to Iref2 and then back to Iref1 (or lower depending on the output voltage Vo). |
Tuesday, May 14, 2013
The future of Canadian Science at stake?
Polanyi is here reacting against another false perception propagated by the neconservative ideology of the present government. This view holds that research is not good if it does not directly aid the business community's bottom line. The problem here is with the world "directly". Fundamental research is often a roulette game. If you hit big you hit BIG! Think about lasers..
Much fundamental research, though, does not pan out or does not produce knowledge of immediate benefit. But neocon ideologues want immediate results.They can't see beyond the next quarter's profit margin. They seem to suffer from a kind of mental myopia, a short sightedness of vision.. meanwhile human demography, our planet's ecology, the climate, the resource base we live from, all go to hell in a handbasket.
The Haper government, true to its ideological roots, has announced a further re-visioning of the goals of Research Canada: science will be the handmaiden of industry. The cart will drive the horse.. |
Fall 2015
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A Fall Escape to the Beauty of Canyon Country Seeing the sign that reads “I-70 one mile ahead” caught my attention. What? We were already down to Interstate 70? My wife, Louise, and I had literally driven south on Highway 6 to the goods of canyon country a 100 times or so before. […]
From deep religious symbolism to mere graffiti, their meaning has been the subject of endless speculation. Images have been reproduced as fine art, on tacky refrigerator magnets, car window stickers and plastic light switch covers in faux-adobe, southwestern condos. Ubiquitously scattered on cliff faces throughout the desert southwest, the chipped and painted figures of […] |
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Quantitative analysis of the active tablet ingredient by powder X-ray diffractometry.
A powder X-ray diffraction technique has been developed for the quantitative analysis of the active ingredient in intact tablets. Two model drugs were used: lithium carbonate (LC) and carbamazepine (CBZ). Mixtures containing various weight fractions of each drug and microcrystalline cellulose were compressed into tablets and the integrated intensities of several diffraction lines of each were used for quantitative purposes. The ratio of the integrated intensity of these lines in tablets, made from mixtures of drug and microcrystalline cellulose, to the intensity of the same lines in tablets made from only drug was calculated as a function of the weight fraction of the drug in the mixture. These ratios were also experimentally determined and the relative error in the determination of LC was less than 12%. CBZ tablets containing starch were also prepared. In the CBZ tablets containing microcrystalline cellulose or starch, the relative error in the determination of CBZ was less than 10% only when the weight fraction of CBZ in the tablets was greater than or equal to 0.4. |
Q:
Elegant and fast way to join all string sequences
I want to do what title says:
{"a","b",1,2,3,4,"a",2,2,2,"edg","?"} => {"ab",1,2,3,4,"a",2,2,2,"edg?"}
in the most elegant way. For example one replacement rule for ReplaceAll.
I have manage to do this:
test = {"a", "a", 1, 2, "A", "b", 123, "a", "end"}
SplitBy[test, Head] /. {x__String} :> StringJoin[{x}] // Flatten
{"aa", 1, 2, "Ab", 123, "aend"}
But I find this way inelegant. Could You help me with creating good pattern?
Edit
Bonus request: It should be comparable in duration.
Also there is not need to do this via pattern-matching.
Conclusion:
There are many great answers. Each one is educational and worth an upvote. I should now accept one, the problem is I have not stated this question's goal so clearly, my fault.
rm -rf's is the fastes and the shortest however,
I decided to accept Jacob's answer as the fastest one and because it seems it has not focused attention as it deserves.
Yves Klett answer fulfill my need of a single pattern solution.
As Mr. Wizard pointed out one could think I should accept rm- rf's answer. One could also think Yves Klett should receive it as his answer fits my primordial need.
I will abuse a vague form of this question to give them a bounty insted.
A:
Ok, since you dismissed SplitBy, which IMO is quite clean, and you wanted other's ideas, here's an unconventional solution that relies on a side-effect of how StringJoin works :)
list = {"a", "b", 1, 2, 3, 4, "a", 2, 2, 2, "edg", "?"};
List @@ Quiet@StringJoin@list
(* {"ab", 1, 2, 3, 4, "a", 2, 2, 2, "edg?"} *)
I wouldn't recommend this for production code. Stick with your SplitBy solution (or a faster alternative answer).
A cleaner version using StringExpression (thanks to Rojo):
List @@ StringExpression @@ list
which probably works very similar to Simon's answer because of the Flat and OneIdentity attribute of StringExpression.
A:
I think this satisfies all the requirements, except for elegance and speed:
SetAttributes[f, {Flat, OneIdentity}]
f[a_String, b_String] := a <> b
test = {"a", "a", 1, 2, "A", "b", 123, "a", "end"};
List @@ f @@ test
(* {"aa", 1, 2, "Ab", 123, "aend"} *)
A:
If we are going for least efficient here, I think I may have a winner (using Fold):
ffs[any___, a_String, b_String] := Sequence[any, StringJoin[a, b]];
ffs[any___] := Sequence[any];
with
list = {"a", "b", 1, 2, 3, 4, "a", 2, 2, 2, "edg", "?"};
Rest@{Fold[ffs, 1, list]}
(* {"ab", 1, 2, 3, 4, "a", 2, 2, 2, "edg?"} *)
The "1" being auxiliary hence dropped.
--EDIT--
Actually amending a little bit makes this quite efficient:
ffs2[any___] := {any}
ffs2 /: ffs2[{any___, a_String}, b_String] := ffs2[any, StringJoin[a, b]];
and
Rest@Flatten@Fold[ffs2, 1, list]
(* {"ab", 1, 2, 3, 4, "a", 2, 2, 2, "edg?"}*)
and it can deal with longer lists a little better than the one originally proposed by Kuba:
longlist = NestList[PadLeft, list, 100000] // Flatten;
AbsoluteTiming[mine = Rest@Flatten@Fold[ffs2, 1, longlist];]
AbsoluteTiming[original = SplitBy[longlist, Head] /. {x__String} :> StringJoin[{x}] //Flatten;]
mine == original
(* {1.370464, Null} *)
(* {1.556161, Null} *)
(* True *)
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BME Education 5 Years at Zhejiang University.
Biomedical engineering (BME) is a developing interdisciplinary subject derived from the combination of modern life science, medical science and engineering. In this paper, the development of BME education during the past five years in Zhejiang University has been presented, especially some effective and innovative acts, such as modularizing curriculum, establishing the common platform for the undergraduates□experiment and practice, setting up student research train program (SRTP), etc. All these acts have been carried into execution in the process of education and training of undergraduates. |
Summary of key points
This response focuses on the
impacts of air quality on the natural environment in the context of
UK nature conservation policies and obligations.
There is strong evidence of the
effects of air pollution on semi-natural ecosystems in the UK.
Large areas of sensitive ecosystems remain at risk from
atmospheric deposition in 2020. This includes nature
conservation sites protected under national and European
legislation.
The UK‟s monitoring networks for
concentrations and deposition of the main atmospheric air
pollutants are adequate. There is a need to review monitoring
requirements in respect of ecosystem impacts. JNCC is funding
work in this area in collaboration with Defra and the country
conservation agencies.
The Government‟s understanding
of, and commitment to, investigating the environmental risks of air
quality at a broad level is good. However, there is a need
for more work to interpret effects in relation to policies for
biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Impacts on ecosystem services
should be a central part of air pollution policy alongside human
health. There are synergies between air pollution policies focused
on human health and environmental health.
The UK Air Quality Strategy
should give greater attention to protection of ecosystems,
including more ambitious targets. |
1, 2, 3, 4 I love the Marine Corps!
San Diego, CA – December 22, 2009 – As the 2009 holiday season approached, WakeWorld.com, an online wakeboarding magazine, once again stepped forward to help out those that are less fortunate during the season of giving. Owner and editor, David Williams, kicked off the 5th Annual WakeWorld Toys For Tots Benefit Auction by putting a call out to the wakeboarding industry for donations of product. 2009 Was a record-breaking year as an overwhelming 100 products were eventually donated, ranging from 2010 wakeboards autographed by pro riders to one-of-a-kind and limited edition gear. We even had a boat involved in the auction from Tige Boats.
The plan was to enlist the help of wakesports companies by asking them to donate packages of gear to be sold to WakeWorld readers via online auctions. Despite the weak economy, the industry came through in a big way. The response was so overwhelming that we more than doubled the amount of money raised from last year. CWB Board Co. led the list of donations with 11 products donated, including several 2010 model boards and bindings, some of which were autographed by the pro riders themselves.
“It seems like every year I’m worried that this will be the year that our donations go down, but it never seems to happen,” said Williams. “How we went from 46 items donated in 2008 to 100 items donated in 2009 is beyond me, especially in this economy. I think it just goes to show how generous this industry is. And you can’t forget all the WakeWorld readers that bid on the auctions either. They’re the ones that came through with the dollars!”
When all was said and done, the proceeds generated from the auctions added up to over $13,000. That money was then donated to the Marine Corps Toys for Tots program in the form of a truckload of new toys, including five BMX bikes, valued at just over $5,000, and a check for nearly $8,000. That brings the donation total to more than $34,000 over the five years WakeWorld has been doing the Toys For Tots benefit.
“It’s always a blast to take my kids shopping for the toys and delivering them to the Marine Corps,” exclaimed Williams. “They each get to fill up a basket with whatever they can fit into it, so we end up with a parade of over-stuffed baskets attracting stares as we roll through the store. This year we even had a chance to deliver the toys live on NBC during their new broadcast!” Video of the entire experience can be found at http://vimeo.com/8284024.
For information on next year’s auction or details on how your company can get involved, contact David Williams at gobig@wakeworld.com or 619-204-2885.
Toys for Tots collects new, unwrapped toys during October, November and December each year and distributes those toys as Christmas gifts to needy children in the community. The primary goal of Toys for Tots is to deliver, through a shiny new toy at Christmas, a message of hope to needy youngsters that will motivate them to grow into responsible, productive, patriotic citizens and community leaders. For additional information, visit www.ToysForTots.org. |
As hiring managers, we have a lot of tough choices to make. One choice most hiring managers get wrong is compensation for developers. This article will help you get in the right ballpark based on your needs.
Baseline salary data comes from Indeed.com, but we help you interpret and apply that data to your particular needs by defining 5 distinct levels of experience and expertise, and grouping compensation ranges into three different compensation strategies (Budget, Competitive, and Golden Handcuffs).
JavaScript Salaries
JavaScript Salary Distributions in Thousands, 2020 (USA)
The bars in this graph represent the percent of the software developer workforce that fall into that salary range. The upper middle of the budget range is where most salaries are clumped. The graph is scaled up, so the top end of the golden handcuffs appears larger than it really is. Those salaries are exceptionally rare, and represent fewer than the top 1 percentile.
Most junior developer salaries range from $59k — $100k
Most mid level salaries range from $110k — $150k
Most Senior developer salaries range from $125k — $200k
Most Principal/Architect salaries range from $138k — $230k
Experience Levels
Entry Level: Little knowledge of the language or tech stack. Limited or no professional programming experience.
Little knowledge of the language or tech stack. Limited or no professional programming experience. Junior: Some knowledge of the language or tech stack. 0–3 year’s experience.
Some knowledge of the language or tech stack. 0–3 year’s experience. Mid Level: Strong knowledge of the language or tech stack. 1–3 year’s experience.
Strong knowledge of the language or tech stack. 1–3 year’s experience. Senior: Strong knowledge of the language or tech stack. 3+ year’s experience (5 or more preferred, but harder to find and hire).
Strong knowledge of the language or tech stack. 3+ year’s experience (5 or more preferred, but harder to find and hire). Principal/Tech Lead: Mastery of the language or tech stack. 5+ year’s experience (10 or more preferred, but very hard to find and hire). Great mentor.
Note: Knowledge and demonstrated skills tend to weigh more than experience in determining seniority. Many developers with 5+ year’s experience would be classified as junior or mid level if the job is competitive, such as working for a well known company, applying for a remote role, or joining a hotly buzzed startup where there is more incoming developer interest than jobs to go around.
Budget Ranges
Budget: You want to attract great talent, but you’re working on a tight budget.
You want to attract great talent, but you’re working on a tight budget. Competitive: You want to attract and retain great talent, with better than average retention, culture, and quality results.
You want to attract and retain great talent, with better than average retention, culture, and quality results. Golden Handcuffs: You’re very well funded with money to burn. You have the cash flow to overpay for talent in hopes of maximizing retention and keeping your best talent out of your competitor’s reach. You already have well respected fellows and your company produces groundbreaking technology and research which drives the entire industry forward.
Quick Facts & Advice
Location is Not an Important Factor in 2020
Whether your company is based in a lower-paying area, or your employee is based in a lower-paying area does not matter in the field of software development if you want to attract and retain above-average developers.
Why not? Because software developers are generally open to relocation to find the right job. If you’re offering $80k/year, and a company in a tech hub like Seattle is offering $120k/year, guess which one your candidate will choose.
What’s worse though is that companies in tech hubs like the San Francisco Bay Area and Seattle have more demand than they can fill locally, and they’re increasingly open to hiring remote workers. That means you’re competing with tech hub salaries and remote work. And remote work is a big bonus attraction to half of the tech workforce.
These factors create a brain drain — not only into tech hubs like San Francisco, Seattle, and New York, but also into higher pay brackets, globally. Talent who can compete in the more demanding markets and remote playing fields will rise up the pay brackets, and will not stick around for jobs paying too little. In other words, sub-par pay rates anywhere in the world will not allow you to retain great workers who are aware of their options and know how to find remote work or relocate to higher-paying tech hubs.
If you want to be competitive, you need to pay better than the US national average to attract top talent, regardless of location.
Developers: This advice for employers does not mean that if you’re making less than the salaries listed here that you are a below-average developer, but it does mean that there may be better paying work for you in the market, and it could be that if you watch for job openings, you could find better pay.
Keep in mind that if you’re being paid enough to manage your living needs and responsibilities, your happiness means a lot more than salary. If you’re not stressed about money and you’re happy with the work and the people you work with, consider the other benefits of the job before you start looking to jump ship.
Avoiding Turnover
The longer you retain a developer, the more valuable they become. Losing a developer can cost you 90% of the annual salary in lost productivity, recruiting, training, and onboarding, and potentially significantly more in opportunity costs (over 200% for senior, leadership, or executive talent).
Rule of thumb: Annual (or even quarterly) raises in the software industry are a must, and those raises should be competitive with what the employee could find on the market.
Next Steps
Developers, want to learn the JavaScript skills you need to command better salaries? Join EricElliottJS.com and get access to an ever expanding supply of videos and interactive lessons covering topics like functional programming, React, Redux, TDD, and more.
If you’d like to learn more on how to recruit, retain, and build software development teams, DevAnywhere.io provides a mentorship track for engineering leaders. Learn how to build well balanced development teams, how to optimize your team’s development process, and build a culture of mentorship and support. Tell us about your team and your needs. |
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