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Q:
NullPointer exception when executing prepared statement
im trying to use the below piece of code to insert in temp table and select it...when I run it, I get a NullPointer exception...Not sure what is the problem..the same runs well with mysql driver..Im using jdbc in both the cases
package mysql.first;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Statement;
public class MSSqlAccess {
private Connection connect = null;
private Statement statement = null;
private PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
private int dmlresultSet = 0;
private ResultSet ddlresultSet = null;
/**
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
MSSqlAccess dao = new MSSqlAccess();
//dao.readDataBase();
dao.createtemptable();
}
public void createtemptable() throws Exception{
try
{
// This will load the MySQL driver, each DB has its own driver
Class.forName("com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver");
// Setup the connection with the DB
String db_connect_string = "jdbc:sqlserver://localhost";
String db_userid = "Test";
String db_password ="test";
Connection connect = DriverManager.getConnection(db_connect_string
,db_userid, db_password);
connect.setAutoCommit(false);
// Statements allow to issue SQL queries to the database
statement = connect.createStatement();
// Result set get the result of the SQL query
String sql = "CREATE TABLE #REGISTRATION " +
"(id INTEGER not NULL, " +
" first VARCHAR(255), " +
" last VARCHAR(255) )";
dmlresultSet = statement
.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Temp table created return code = " + dmlresultSet);
insertRows(1,"FNAME1","LNAME1");
selectRows();
insertRows(2,"FNAME2","LNAME2");
selectRows();
updateRows();
selectRows();
insertRows(3,"FNAME3","LNAME3");
}
catch (Exception e){
System.out.println("Error = " + e);
throw e;
} finally{
close();
}
}
private void insertRows(int id, String first, String last) throws SQLException {
System.out.println(id);
System.out.println(first);
System.out.println(last);
preparedStatement = connect
.prepareStatement("insert into REGISTRATION values (?, ?, ?)");
preparedStatement.setString(2, first);
preparedStatement.setString(3, last);
preparedStatement.setInt(1, id);
preparedStatement.executeUpdate();
}
private void selectRows() throws SQLException {
preparedStatement = connect
.prepareStatement("SELECT id, first, last from REGISTRATION");
ddlresultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
writeResultSet(ddlresultSet);
}
private void updateRows() throws SQLException {
preparedStatement = connect
.prepareStatement("Update REGISTRATION set first = 'RENAMED' WHERE ID = 1");
dmlresultSet = preparedStatement.executeUpdate();
}
private void writeResultSet(ResultSet resultSet) throws SQLException {
System.out.println(" ");
System.out.println("***** Printing the Rows *****");
// ResultSet is initially before the first data set
while (resultSet.next()) {
// It is possible to get the columns via name
// also possible to get the columns via the column number
// which starts at 1
// e.g. resultSet.getSTring(2);
int id = resultSet.getInt("id");
String first = resultSet.getString("first");
String last = resultSet.getString("last");
System.out.println("ID: " + id);
System.out.println("First: " + first);
System.out.println("Last: " + last);
}
}
// You need to close the resultSet
private void close() {
try {
if (ddlresultSet != null) {
ddlresultSet.close();
}
if (statement != null) {
statement.close();
}
if (connect != null) {
connect.close();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
}
}
}
A:
In "insertRows", you call a method on your class variable "connect" which is never initialized.
Instead of:
Connection connect = DriverManager.getConnection(db_connect_string ,db_userid, db_password);
do:
this.connect = DriverManager.getConnection(db_connect_string ,db_userid, db_password);
That should do the trick.
|
Show HN: GitPrint.com – A site to easily print Markdown files on GitHub - flog
https://gitprint.com/jquery/jquery/blob/master/README.md
======
flog
Hi everyone - I'm the author of this post/site. This is last weekend's
project.
I got frustrated with not having a good way to print Markdown files from
GitHub (root level repo READMEs and individual .md/mdown files).
It's super simple to use: just replace 'github.com' with 'gitprint.com' (when
on a GitHub markdown file page) and it will convert it to a beautiful print-
friendly PDF and prompt you to print.
Any feedback would be appreciated. (It's just a fun side project, but would
like to improve it as I think it could be useful for like-minded people)
~~~
dfc
What is doing the typesetting? I do not recognize:
Producer: Qt 4.8.4 (C) 2011 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies)
Why didn't you use pandoc+latex:
$ pandoc -s -S -o gitprint.pdf FILE.md
~~~
616c
As a fun exercise, you should checkout the Gitit README[0], which is a cool
VCS-managed wiki that renders everything via Pandoc, using this Gitprint
service. Or not. I see you or someone else constantly retorting with "Why not
Pandoc?" and I agree with you. I started to get interest in Haskell again just
because Pandoc, and Gitit, and some other very impressive stuff, is written in
Haskell and seems to do some stuff very powerfully.
However, a caveat. It is not mentioned in the documentation, but Gitit does
not enable PDF export by default, when Pandoc is more than capable of doing
so? Why? Because, in all fairness, it can add significant load. According to
the conf file comments.
> pdf-export: yes
> # if yes, PDF will appear in export options. PDF will be created using
> # pdflatex, which must be installed and in the path. Note that PDF
> # exports create significant additional server load.
How much load, I am not sure. I would love to see a similar Happstack app like
this program that runs gitit or the new fork gitit2, rewritten for Happstack
updates now that the API has matured. This makes me think performance is an
issue.
As an aside, I know ShareLatex opened up their code. I have not had time to
check, but I was curious if they do use standard Latex for generating files
and if they do, how they make it performant (I know they have a couple layers,
I watched their old Node/JS London talk, I mean hear Latex in particular) so
fast for potentially thousands of people at once.
[0]
[https://gitprint.com/jgm/gitit/blob/master/README.markdown](https://gitprint.com/jgm/gitit/blob/master/README.markdown)
~~~
dfc
The server load is due to using Latex for the typesetting. Is it surprising
that publication quality typesetting takes more resources than the ragged
right text that this puts out? No.
Is it surprising that processing inline TeX equations or Bibtex citations
takes more resources? No.
Compare and Contrast:
Gitprint's pdf of README:
[https://gitprint.com/jgm/gitit/blob/master/README.markdown](https://gitprint.com/jgm/gitit/blob/master/README.markdown)
Gitit's html export of README:
[http://gitit.net/README?printable](http://gitit.net/README?printable)
If I don't care about the quality of the text layout gitit's printable html
page is equivalent to the gitprint pdf. Adding Merriweather to default.html is
trivial. But as another commentator pointed out maybe using a new trendy font
might not be the best choice if you want decent unicode coverage; just in case
one of your users is among the "minority" of people who were unsatisfied by
the basic ASCII charset.
Moreover comparing gitprint's markdown support to pandoc as if it is apples to
apples is silly.
~~~
616c
I definitely appreciate what you are saying but when I read the thread three
separate response to comments were example incantations of Pandoc. Pandoc is
amazing, this appears to a weekend project.
Is Latex requiring processing power to generate PDFs that become professional
publishing house books surprising? Of course not. Latex is sick. I was a non-
tech student in college, and when I discovered Latex in a CS class my mind was
blow and loved it for a while, despite fucking up regularly with its learning
curve. (Funny anecdote: I even had a terrible philosophy professor in my
liberal arts college senior year who went to Stanford and noticed he used
Latex for everything, unlike any professor at my tech-illiterate school; he
used it because his friend was this guy Donald Knuth; I kissed that guy's ass
for the rest of the semester after that tidbit just for stories about Knuth).
My point was scaling Latex in a server environment would be difficult, and I
was addressing a few people equating this whole thing to Pandoc, which I did
not find fair. Running Latex concurrently for lots of people sounds rough to
me, but then again I never implemeneted anything nearly as complicated as
that.
Gitit does not just give you just a printable HTML page. If you notice, gitit
uses the Pandoc backend to export many formats. It might not set them as
printable, but to see gitit+pandoc in action, look at the export menu to the
bottom left corner of the default them on the page you link. You do not see
the PDF format export, because as I mentioned in my original comment, by
default Pandoc Latex+PDF support is not enabled because of said performance
load.
I was speculating writing an equivalent of this service with Pandoc and
Haskell is doable, but solely generating PDFs would be a load that might make
it difficult at scale. I do not know. ShareLatex, who arguably is way ahead
beyond my speculation because they implemented a powerful web-based Latex
editor, did some very unorthodox (as far as just reloading Latex in the shell
every time) architecture to make it fast and resilient.
I am not sure how to respond to the comment re Gitit and Pandoc. Gitit is
basically a wrapper around Pandoc, and it is merely a web interface to
everything Pandoc does for different document formats, and hackage clearly
lists it as a dependency with version 1.10+.[0] I know they are not apple to
apple comparison. It was just a speculation. In the other post I was actually
using Gitit and Pandoc interchangeably because the latter is the integral
component of the former.
I feel there is a type checking joke lurking in my last line, but I am too
tired to find it.
[0]
[http://hackage.haskell.org/package/gitit-0.10.3.1](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/gitit-0.10.3.1)
~~~
dfc
I totally agree: pandoc is amazing, this is _just_ a weekend project that is a
solution in search of a problem. I can just highlight github's markdown pretty
print and tell iceweasel to print selection and select save as pdf instead of
sending to cupsd queue.
To be clear this project:
1. Converts a certain unknown basic markdown syntax to html
(iff the filename is something that it recognizes[^1])
2. adds css for Merriweather, Open Sans, Dejavu Mono and a silly iconfont
(I prefer pandoc's pygments syntax highlighting over goofy icon)
3. renders html->pdf using webkit by way of phantomjs.
Pandoc to pdf at ROFLSCALE? Speculate no more:
$ pandoc -s -S -t html5 -o out.html README.md
$ wkhtmltopdf out.html out.pdf
or
$ pandoc -s -S -t html5 -o out.html README.md
$ phantomjs rasterize.js ./out.html out.pdf Letter
To be honest using pdflatex is just as fast as phantomjs/wkhtmltopdf.
The type checking joke is that I never compared gitit to pandoc. So don't
worry about responding to any comment you think I made regarding gitit and
pandoc.
[^1]:
[https://gitprint.com/jgm/pandoc/master/README](https://gitprint.com/jgm/pandoc/master/README)
= "Something went wrong! Couldn't process
[https://raw.github.com/jgm/pandoc/master/README/master/READM...](https://raw.github.com/jgm/pandoc/master/README/master/README.md")
= _ROFLSATIRE_
~~~
616c
The Gitprint error is cute. I did not have that when I tried. I guess more
indication I will stick to my own tools. As for everything else, thanks for
the clarification.
------
hodgesmr
Awesome. I had been using this bookmarklet:
javascript:(function(e,a,g,h,f,c,b,d)%7Bif(!(f=e.jQuery)%7C%7Cg>f.fn.jquery%7C%7Ch(f))%7Bc=a.createElement("script");c.type="text/javascript";c.src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/"+g+"/jquery.min.js";c.onload=c.onreadystatechange=function()%7Bif(!b&&(!(d=this.readyState)%7C%7Cd=="loaded"%7C%7Cd=="complete"))%7Bh((f=e.jQuery).noConflict(1),b=1);f(c).remove()%7D%7D;a.documentElement.childNodes%5B0%5D.appendChild(c)%7D%7D)(window,document,"1.3.2",function($,L)%7B$('%23header, .pagehead, .breadcrumb, .commit, .meta, %23footer, %23footer-push, .wiki-actions, %23last-edit, .actions, .header,.site-footer,.repository-sidebar,.file-navigation').remove(); $('%23files, .file').css(%7B"background":"none", "border":"none"%7D); $('link').removeAttr('media');%7D);javascript:(function(e,a,g,h,f,c,b,d)%7Bif(!(f=e.jQuery)%7C%7Cg>f.fn.jquery%7C%7Ch(f))%7Bc=a.createElement("script");c.type="text/javascript";c.src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/"+g+"/jquery.min.js";c.onload=c.onreadystatechange=function()%7Bif(!b&&(!(d=this.readyState)%7C%7Cd=="loaded"%7C%7Cd=="complete"))%7Bh((f=e.jQuery).noConflict(1),b=1);f(c).remove()%7D%7D;a.documentElement.childNodes%5B0%5D.appendChild(c)%7D%7D)(window,document,"1.3.2",function($,L)%7B$('%23header, .pagehead, .breadcrumb, .commit, .meta, %23footer, %23footer-push, .wiki-actions, %23last-edit, .actions, .header,.site-footer,.repository-sidebar,.file-navigation').remove(); $('%23files, .file').css(%7B"background":"none", "border":"none"%7D); $('link').removeAttr('media');%7D);
------
jimktrains2
I've been fighting with print css for a while this week. I guess they just
render it server side and show a pdf?
I wish print css was more supported. I'll read blog articles describing my
plight, but from 10 years ago. It makes me sad.
------
AdrianRossouw
so i've been taking a similar tack with my online portfolio, although i
haven't followed through completely.
i really despise word processors, so i've been building out a jekyll/github
pages site with each of my past jobs/projects as small markdown posts with the
necessary metadata.
Then on the theme level I pull in the markdown files into a responsive site
that degrades down all the way to mobile, and that has a print stylesheet that
will generate a presentable resume from all this content.
I never really seem to get to the point of finishing the print stylesheet,
because I seem to always find a job before I get to that point.
Still, at least now I can just update some small text files as I continue my
career, and ultimately it just feels more sensible for me to manage that data
than something like LinkedIn.
I was also thinking about adding some client side filtering of the past
projects/jobs based on the technologies I tag them with, so I can generate a
customized resume for each position. Maybe if I abstract it out into a
separate project ...
------
joshpeek
This looks so great. I just looked at the current print.css styles today on a
README and they look really awful comparatively.
There might be some JS hacks that could be done on github.com itself to render
a more stylized view when ⌘+P is pressed. Avoiding the need for a special
"print this page" button.
------
omegote
Bookmarklet to jump from github to gitprint
javascript:if (location.href.slice(0,18) == "https://github.com" && document.body.classList.contains('page-blob')) location.href = 'https://gitprint.com' + location.href.slice(18)
------
cec
Great service! I noticed however that it is unable to resolve image paths that
use relative addresses.
Example: [https://gitprint.com/chriscummins/pip-
db](https://gitprint.com/chriscummins/pip-db) Image tag: 
~~~
flog
Great point. Will see what I can do.
------
isaacb
In Chromium this initiates an automatic download as soon as I open the URL.
Yuck. Otherwise, cool service.
------
spiralpolitik
Doesn't appear to handle markdown GISTs on gist.github.com. Probably a fairly
easy fix if you just create a gist.gitprint.com alias and rewrite the request
URL to the slightly different pattern.
Otherwise excellent work.
------
csense
More cross-browser testing is in order.
In Chromium on Linux Mint, it wants to download the PDF file right away
(doesn't wait for a button press). And it never actually loads, just keeps
showing the loading icon.
------
oneeyedpigeon
Could you not have posted a link to the main home page for gitprint, rather
than direct to a URL that invokes a print dialog? That's pretty nasty.
(Aprt from that, though, this looks like a handy service :))
~~~
flog
Yeah, I know. I did think about that too, but decided seeing it in action was
the best way to express it's intent. I might update the submission title to
warn people though.
~~~
bowerbird
that link is a _very_ bad idea. awful.
and i'm the person who told you last week that this service is a good idea. it
is.
so change the link.
-bowerbird
~~~
flog
A bit strong, but have disabled the onload printing for now.
~~~
bowerbird
> A bit strong
no, actually, it was just right.
taking people to the print-set dialog when they have _clicked_a_link_ is not
just confusing, it's unsettling.
especially when -- as is common here on hacker news -- someone has opened
several different tabs and thus has no idea which caused this totally
unexpected situation.
"unsettling" is quite deserving of the "awful" label.
(perhaps that word has an emotional connotation to you. but i'm using it the
same way that i would describe, say, a "saturday night live" skit that was
worse than usual.)
the "improvement" you have made is thus good... but...
...the current state is still unnecessarily confusing... clickers are shown a
"jquery - new wave javascript" page. which is most definitely _not_ what they
clicked to see.
you have a perfectly good home-page explaining the service, and how we can use
it quite easily, with a button to click to summon up a canned example if we
want that. excellent!
_that_ is where the h.n. link should go -- your home page.
welcome people at the front door, and _then_ give the tour.
don't just dump people into the middle of your canned demo, when some of them
(certainly those who opened multiple tabs) will not even know exactly how they
arrived there, or why.
it would have been a little bit better if your demo content was an explanatory
page about gitprint itself. but even then, linking to the home-page is still a
much smarter strategy...
maybe you'll think this is "strong" too.
it's not. i'm just telling you like it is.
i don't have any emotion invested. this is dispassionate.
i don't even care if you heed what i say or not.
it's no skin off my nose. i'm just trying to help you.
remember, i was the _only_ person who commented on this when you posted it
last week. "good idea", i posted...
so instead of getting criticized this week, you _should_ have said "thank
you", and then implemented my suggestion.
there's still time...
-bowerbird
------
jbaudanza
This is great! In the past, I've had to write kudgy scripts to do this. Two
features requests:
- Syntax highlighting on code blocks
- Ability to insert page breaks
Great work!
~~~
thearn4
Agreed, syntax highlighting for repos with a lot of example code blocks in
their README.md would be great:
[https://gitprint.com/thearn/stl_tools](https://gitprint.com/thearn/stl_tools)
~~~
flog
Are you expecting to print in B/W or colour? B/W syntax printing poses a great
design challenge ;) Should be fun
------
reeze_xia
Great, it looks beautiful!
@see [https://gitprint.com/reeze/tipi](https://gitprint.com/reeze/tipi), but
Chinese text didn't display correct :(
------
bunkat
What are you using to generate the PDF? I've been looking for a good html to
PDF converter for a project I'm working on.
~~~
flog
It's Phantom doing the printing.
~~~
boldrikboldrik
Foxit Phantom? Sorry, I'm new to this.
~~~
martinml
[http://phantomjs.org/](http://phantomjs.org/)
------
keehun
It keeps on printing blank pages. And, only blank pages.
~~~
flog
On separate URLs?
------
thirdknife
Nice tool. I started thinking of applications already.
------
sb2nov
Is it possible to print gists right now ?
~~~
flog
No, not right now. Will add that to the task list too. Thanks
~~~
sb2nov
Are there any plans to open source this ?
~~~
Lord_DeathMatch
[https://github.com/adamburmister/gitprint.com](https://github.com/adamburmister/gitprint.com)
------
mplewis
Nice work!
|
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
project(stb)
set(TARGET stb)
set(OUR_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/..)
set(PUBLIC_HDR_DIR ${OUR_DIR})
add_library(${TARGET} INTERFACE)
target_include_directories(${TARGET} INTERFACE ${PUBLIC_HDR_DIR})
file(GLOB_RECURSE PUBLIC_HDRS ${PUBLIC_HDR_DIR}/*.h)
target_sources(${TARGET} INTERFACE ${PUBLIC_HDRS})
|
INTRODUCTION
============
Epinephelinae contains 159 species in 15 genera and generally inhabits rocky or coral subtropical and tropical regions ([@R6]). There are 11 species of grouper inhabit the Southern Sea near Jeju Island in Korea, including *Epinephelus bruneus, E. septemfasciatus, E. akaara* and *E. fasciatus* ([@R11]). Groupers are commercially important species in Southeast Asian countries including Korea. Recently, grouper resources decreased rapidly due to overfishing in Jeju coastal waters. Thus, there are many studies on artificial seed production of groupers in several Asian countries including Korea. Previous research on the *E. bruneus* has been conducted as follows: spawning behavior and ontogeny development in indoor rearing tank ([@R14]; [@R27]), larvae\'s environmental tolerance, growth, and morphological development ([@R16]; [@R21]), the effectiveness of water temperature on the growth, feeding of juvenile ([@R10]), seed production ([@R13]) and pubertal characteristics ([@R19]).
Epinephelinae has sex characterization of protogynous hermaphrodism in that all fish sex differentiate and function as a female, and then some fish reverse sex to male as they age and grow. The grouper's natural sex reversal has been found in an *E. tauvina* ([@R3]) showing it took seven years to have natural sex reversal after hatching. Another study on *E. costae* showed 11.0 kg in body weight fish have natural sex reversal ([@R7]). As for the *E. akaara* ([@R8]), the fish longer than 25.0 cm in total length and heavier than 500.0 g in body weight has an increased ratio of males. Due to their sex characteristics in nature, capture of mature male is difficult and it is the most significant constraint to artificial seed production of grouper. Thus, the sex reversal technique is being used to produce functional males by injecting androgen. Previous experiments attempted masculization in groupers through hormonal manipulation. In *E. tauvina* ([@R5]; [@R2]), *E. septemfasciatus* ([@R24]; [@R23]; [@R22]), and *E. akaara* ([@R9]), functional males were obtained when exogenous androgen or 17*α*-methyltestosterone (MT) was administered. In *E. merra* ([@R1]), an aromatize inhibitor, or anendogenous hormone, was used to induce masculinization. However, more research is needed whether the functional males remained male after the maturation season or if they revert back to be females.
In this study, we investigated induced sex reversal and sex revert of *E. bruneus* reared in indoor artificial rearing condition to obtain functional males for fertilization egg production and seed production via observation of the treatment of 17*α*-methyltestosterone (MT).
MATERIALS AND METHOD
====================
1.. Specimen
------------
From September 2002 to December 2005, 64 wild caught *E. bruneus* (total length 65.6±13.1 cm, body weight 4.7±4.0 kg) were used in this study. Specimens were transported to the Ocean and Fisheries Research Institute in Korea's Jeju Province and maintained in 6 inner concrete rearing tanks (two tanks were 5.0×5.0×3.0 m; 62 m^3^, and four tanks were 4.0×4.0×2.5 m; 36 m^3^). Specimens were individually marked via insertion of micro ID tag into the dorsal skin (ID tag, Trovan Ltd. UK). Specimens were fed frozen horse mackerel twice a week and were fed a mixture of frozen horse mackerel and squid 2 to 3 months before the maturation season.
2.. Sex reversal and masculinization
------------------------------------
### 1). The sex ratio of broodstock and sex reversal
We examined the sex ratio depending on the body weight and sex reversal of *E. bruneus* with ID tags reared in indoor rearing tanks. The sex division was judged by cannulation between June and August. Female *E. bruneus* were identified when the oocyte diameter in the gonad is larger than 200 μm, males showing spermiation when pressed on the abdomen, and unidentified when showing neither ovulation nor spermiation. When spermiation occurred to specimens identified as female the previous year, we decided those were naturally sex reversed in the rearing tank.
### 2). Masculinization
#### (1). Induced males with the 17*α*-methyltestosterone treatment
Sexually immatured *E. bruneus* (n=14) between 50 to 69 cm in total length (61.5±4.5 cm) and a body weight between 2.3 to 4.3 kg (3.4±0.5 kg) were used to experiment induced masculinization 4 times from 2003 to 2006. To induce masculinization via the method of Tsuchihashi *et al*. ([@R23]), a silastic capsule with androgen hormone (MT, 17*α*-methyltestosterone, Sigma Co. Ltd, USA) was implanted into the abdomonal cavity. MT (1 mg MT/10 μl) in the silastic capsule was produced by adding castor oil (Junsei Chemical Co. Ltd., Japan) 800 μl to 100 mg of MT dissolved in 200 μl of 95% ethanol. The lower abdominal underneath the pectoral fin was cut about 0.5 cm to inject the silastic capsule after anesthetizing with 2-phenoxyethanol (Sigma Co. Ltd, USA) 300 ppm, and the wound sealed after-wards. We examined the success of artificial sex reversal with a histological analysis and external observation by a method of seeing if spermiation occurs when pressing the abdomen in 2003. From 2004 to 2006, we judged sex reversal with external observation described above. For the histological analysis, gonads were dissected from abdominal cavity, and fixed in Bouin's solution before the silastic capsule implantand 8 weeks after the implant. The samples were dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol, embedded in paraffin and then cut into 5 μm cross section. Slides were stained with Hansen\'s hematoxylin and 0.5% eosin then observed using a light microscope (HBO 50, Carl Zeiss). For external observation, we judged if masculinization was successful through observing spermiation by pressing the abdomen between 8 and 14 weeks after the silastic implant.
#### (2). Induced males revert to female
Once specimens were identified as functional males, they were tested a year after the MT treatment. The spermiation for specimen was observed between June and August in the maturation season by the abdomen pressing method and the cannulation method. Revert to females among masculinized specimen was determined that oocytes could be obtained by cannulation or ovulation occurred after HCG treatment.
RESULTS
=======
1.. The sex ratio and sex reversal of inner rearing broodstock
--------------------------------------------------------------
Body weight between 1.0 to 3.0 kg, had 1 female (14.2%), 0 male (0%), and 6 indiscernible (85.7%) from a sample of 7 fish. Body weight between 3.0 to 5.0 kg, had 9 females (60.0%), 4 males (26.6%) and 2 indiscernible (13.3%) from a sample of 15 fish. Body weight between 5.0 to 8.0 kg, had 7 females (63.6%), 3 males (27.2%), 1 indiscernible (9.0%) from a sample of 11 fish. Body weight between 8.0 to 11.0 kg, had 1 female (20.0%), 3 males (60.0%), 1 indiscernible (20.0%) from a sample of 5 fish. Body weight more than 11.0 kg, had 1 female (50.0%), 1 male (50.0%) from a sample of 2 fish (Fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}).
{#F1}
######
Sex reversal of wild caught longtooth grouper *E. bruneus* broodstock in culturing period from year 2002 to 2006 at inner rearing tank
--
--
For the sex reversal in indoor rearing condition, we obtained 1 sex-reversed male (total length 99.0 cm, body weight 13.2 kg) from a sample of 5 females bought in 2002. We obtained 5 sex-changed males out of 23 females bought in 2003. It occurred in a different time period, 1 female (total length 63.0 cm, body weight 4.4 kg) in 2004, 1 female (total length 72.0 cm, body weight 5.0 kg) in 2005, 3 females (total length 77.0 cm, body weight 6.7 kg; total length 77.0 cm, body weight 7.0 kg; total length 78.0 cm, body weight 7.3 kg) in 2006. In 2005, we obtained 1 sex-reversed male (total length of 70.0 cm, body weight of 7.2 kg) from a sample of 22 females that were bought in 2004. Sex reversal was observed when fish were 63.0 to 99.0 cm total length and 4.4 to 13.2 kg body weight, but most of sex reversal occurred in 5.0 to 8.0 kg body weight.
2.. Induced functional males
----------------------------
### 1). Induced functional males with 17*α*-methyltestosterone treatment
At the onset to the experiment in March 2003, the gonad of *E. bruneus* mainly contained perinucleous oocyte (Fig. [2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). 8 weeks after the experiment, the control group had gonad with perinucleolus oocyte (Fig. [2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}) but the gonad of MT treated had developed into testes, which the lumen of lobule and efferent duct was filled with sperms (Fig. [2C](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). 14 weeks after implant silastic capsule, we collected sperm by pressing the abdomen and were able to collect again 17 days later (Fig. [2D](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The following is the yearly amount of induced functional males by silastic capsule that showed spermiation: 4 out of 6 in 2003, 3 out of 5 in 2004, 1 out of 3 in 2005, 1 out of 2 in 2006 (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}).
{#F2}
######
Induced spermiation of sex changed male *E. bruneus* implanted with 17*α*-methyltestosterone (MT 2 mg/kg • BW)
--
--
### 2). Revert to females
Two (2.3 and 2.6 kg) out of 8 sex-reversed males (2.3 to 4.3 kg) with artificial masculinization during 2003 to 2005 reverted back to being female and ovulated. One out of 4 sex-reversed males that had artificial masculinization in 2003 has reverted to female in 2004, and ovulated with HCG treatment in 2006. One out of 5 sex-reversed males that had artificial masculinization in 2004 reverted back to being female in 2005, and ovulated with HCG treatment in 2006 (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}).
######
Revert to females in sex-changed males *E. bruneus* implanted with 17*α*-methyltestosterone (MT 2mg/kg • BW)
--
--
DISCUSSION
==========
Most groupers are protogynous hermaphrodites, which change sex depending on the rearing condition such as age, size and social control. In the different size *E. coioides* of the same rearing tank, the bigger fish changed into males, while the smaller ones remained female ([@R17]). Each species had a different period for the sex reversal. *E. morio* had sex reversal when 9 years old and weighing 11.0 kg, *E. marginatus* when 9 to 16 years old and weighing 6.0 to 10.0 kg ([@R4]; [@R18]), *E. septemfasciatus* when weighing more than 6.0 kg ([@R23]), and *E. malabaricus* when 5 years after hatching and weighing more than 6.0 kg (body length 60.0 to 70.0 cm) ([@R26]; [@R23]). From this study, inner tank reared *E. bruneus* reversed sex from female to male when their body length was 63.0 to 99.0 cm and their weight was 4.4 to 13.2 kg. In the male population according to the body weight, 5 out of 32 (less than 5.0 kg body weight) were male and 10 out of 18 (5.0 kg or more body weight) were male.
Since groupers, such as *E. septemfasciatus* and *E. marginatus* reverse their sex at a large size, it is difficult to obtain sex-reversed males in the rearing tank for those fish. To solve this problem, many studies are being done to induce small sized females to have sex reversal with androgen treatment ([@R5]; [@R24]; [@R2]; [@R23]). Sex reversal in groupers induced by androgen administration is more common, but various dose concentrations and methods of hormone administration. In *E. tauvina*, sexreversed males were obtained when a dose of 145.0 mg MT for a year and MT 120.0 mg/kg • BW for seven months was given orally, and in *E. septemfasciatus* males sex-reversed when a dose of MT 1.0 mg/kg • BW once a day for 73 days was given orally ([@R5]; [@R24]; [@R2]). For the abdominal cavity or muscle injection methods, sex reversal occurred when MT 30.0 mg/kg • BW was injected 6 times every other week to *E. coioides* ([@R3]). *E. suillus* were induced to functional males when injected with a MT 0.5 mg/kg • BW silastic capsule over 4 months ([@R25]). *E. septemfasciatus* had spermiation 2 months after a MT 1.0 mg/kg • BW and 4.0 mg/kg • BW silastic capsule was implanted and was induced to have sex reversal when injected with MT 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg • BW and a MT 1.0 to 2.0 mg/kg • BW silastic capsule implanted into the abdomen ([@R23]; [@R22]). *E. merra* were induced to functional males after 24 days injecting an aromatase inhibitor fadrozole 1.0 mg/kg • BW with a silastic capsule during the maturation season ([@R1]). For *E. bruneus*, we obtained functional males from the 12 weeks of implant a MT 2.0 mg/kg • BW silastic capsule into the abdomen and was able to identify spermiation in 9 out 14 fish. In some specimen, we did not produce sex-reversed males due to the silastic capsules slipping out of the fish.
Two sex-reversed males reverted back to female 2 to 3 years after the hormone treatment. It was due to the aspect of hormone treatment for immature fish (body weight 2.3 to 2.6 kg). We suggested that immature fish had androgen with MT silastic capsule for a while, and they reverted back to female because there is no effect or low concentration level of MT treatment. This result corresponds to the result of an experiment where MT treated sex-reversed males did not remain as males and reverted back to being females during the next maturation period ([@R15]; [@R20]). These results show that masculinization in *E. bruneus* with MT treatment is more effective for fish weighing more than 3.0 kg to have sex-reversed males remain as functional males.
|
/* -*- mode: C++; indent-tabs-mode: nil; -*-
*
* This file is a part of LEMON, a generic C++ optimization library.
*
* Copyright (C) 2003-2010
* Egervary Jeno Kombinatorikus Optimalizalasi Kutatocsoport
* (Egervary Research Group on Combinatorial Optimization, EGRES).
*
* Permission to use, modify and distribute this software is granted
* provided that this copyright notice appears in all copies. For
* precise terms see the accompanying LICENSE file.
*
* This software is provided "AS IS" with no warranty of any kind,
* express or implied, and with no claim as to its suitability for any
* purpose.
*
*/
#ifndef LEMON_BINOMIAL_HEAP_H
#define LEMON_BINOMIAL_HEAP_H
///\file
///\ingroup heaps
///\brief Binomial Heap implementation.
#include <vector>
#include <utility>
#include <functional>
#include <lemon/math.h>
#include <lemon/counter.h>
namespace lemon {
/// \ingroup heaps
///
///\brief Binomial heap data structure.
///
/// This class implements the \e binomial \e heap data structure.
/// It fully conforms to the \ref concepts::Heap "heap concept".
///
/// The methods \ref increase() and \ref erase() are not efficient
/// in a binomial heap. In case of many calls of these operations,
/// it is better to use other heap structure, e.g. \ref BinHeap
/// "binary heap".
///
/// \tparam PR Type of the priorities of the items.
/// \tparam IM A read-writable item map with \c int values, used
/// internally to handle the cross references.
/// \tparam CMP A functor class for comparing the priorities.
/// The default is \c std::less<PR>.
#ifdef DOXYGEN
template <typename PR, typename IM, typename CMP>
#else
template <typename PR, typename IM, typename CMP = std::less<PR> >
#endif
class BinomialHeap {
public:
/// Type of the item-int map.
typedef IM ItemIntMap;
/// Type of the priorities.
typedef PR Prio;
/// Type of the items stored in the heap.
typedef typename ItemIntMap::Key Item;
/// Functor type for comparing the priorities.
typedef CMP Compare;
/// \brief Type to represent the states of the items.
///
/// Each item has a state associated to it. It can be "in heap",
/// "pre-heap" or "post-heap". The latter two are indifferent from the
/// heap's point of view, but may be useful to the user.
///
/// The item-int map must be initialized in such way that it assigns
/// \c PRE_HEAP (<tt>-1</tt>) to any element to be put in the heap.
enum State {
IN_HEAP = 0, ///< = 0.
PRE_HEAP = -1, ///< = -1.
POST_HEAP = -2 ///< = -2.
};
private:
class Store;
std::vector<Store> _data;
int _min, _head;
ItemIntMap &_iim;
Compare _comp;
int _num_items;
public:
/// \brief Constructor.
///
/// Constructor.
/// \param map A map that assigns \c int values to the items.
/// It is used internally to handle the cross references.
/// The assigned value must be \c PRE_HEAP (<tt>-1</tt>) for each item.
explicit BinomialHeap(ItemIntMap &map)
: _min(0), _head(-1), _iim(map), _num_items(0) {}
/// \brief Constructor.
///
/// Constructor.
/// \param map A map that assigns \c int values to the items.
/// It is used internally to handle the cross references.
/// The assigned value must be \c PRE_HEAP (<tt>-1</tt>) for each item.
/// \param comp The function object used for comparing the priorities.
BinomialHeap(ItemIntMap &map, const Compare &comp)
: _min(0), _head(-1), _iim(map), _comp(comp), _num_items(0) {}
/// \brief The number of items stored in the heap.
///
/// This function returns the number of items stored in the heap.
int size() const { return _num_items; }
/// \brief Check if the heap is empty.
///
/// This function returns \c true if the heap is empty.
bool empty() const { return _num_items==0; }
/// \brief Make the heap empty.
///
/// This functon makes the heap empty.
/// It does not change the cross reference map. If you want to reuse
/// a heap that is not surely empty, you should first clear it and
/// then you should set the cross reference map to \c PRE_HEAP
/// for each item.
void clear() {
_data.clear(); _min=0; _num_items=0; _head=-1;
}
/// \brief Set the priority of an item or insert it, if it is
/// not stored in the heap.
///
/// This method sets the priority of the given item if it is
/// already stored in the heap. Otherwise it inserts the given
/// item into the heap with the given priority.
/// \param item The item.
/// \param value The priority.
void set (const Item& item, const Prio& value) {
int i=_iim[item];
if ( i >= 0 && _data[i].in ) {
if ( _comp(value, _data[i].prio) ) decrease(item, value);
if ( _comp(_data[i].prio, value) ) increase(item, value);
} else push(item, value);
}
/// \brief Insert an item into the heap with the given priority.
///
/// This function inserts the given item into the heap with the
/// given priority.
/// \param item The item to insert.
/// \param value The priority of the item.
/// \pre \e item must not be stored in the heap.
void push (const Item& item, const Prio& value) {
int i=_iim[item];
if ( i<0 ) {
int s=_data.size();
_iim.set( item,s );
Store st;
st.name=item;
st.prio=value;
_data.push_back(st);
i=s;
}
else {
_data[i].parent=_data[i].right_neighbor=_data[i].child=-1;
_data[i].degree=0;
_data[i].in=true;
_data[i].prio=value;
}
if( 0==_num_items ) {
_head=i;
_min=i;
} else {
merge(i);
if( _comp(_data[i].prio, _data[_min].prio) ) _min=i;
}
++_num_items;
}
/// \brief Return the item having minimum priority.
///
/// This function returns the item having minimum priority.
/// \pre The heap must be non-empty.
Item top() const { return _data[_min].name; }
/// \brief The minimum priority.
///
/// This function returns the minimum priority.
/// \pre The heap must be non-empty.
Prio prio() const { return _data[_min].prio; }
/// \brief The priority of the given item.
///
/// This function returns the priority of the given item.
/// \param item The item.
/// \pre \e item must be in the heap.
const Prio& operator[](const Item& item) const {
return _data[_iim[item]].prio;
}
/// \brief Remove the item having minimum priority.
///
/// This function removes the item having minimum priority.
/// \pre The heap must be non-empty.
void pop() {
_data[_min].in=false;
int head_child=-1;
if ( _data[_min].child!=-1 ) {
int child=_data[_min].child;
int neighb;
while( child!=-1 ) {
neighb=_data[child].right_neighbor;
_data[child].parent=-1;
_data[child].right_neighbor=head_child;
head_child=child;
child=neighb;
}
}
if ( _data[_head].right_neighbor==-1 ) {
// there was only one root
_head=head_child;
}
else {
// there were more roots
if( _head!=_min ) { unlace(_min); }
else { _head=_data[_head].right_neighbor; }
merge(head_child);
}
_min=findMin();
--_num_items;
}
/// \brief Remove the given item from the heap.
///
/// This function removes the given item from the heap if it is
/// already stored.
/// \param item The item to delete.
/// \pre \e item must be in the heap.
void erase (const Item& item) {
int i=_iim[item];
if ( i >= 0 && _data[i].in ) {
decrease( item, _data[_min].prio-1 );
pop();
}
}
/// \brief Decrease the priority of an item to the given value.
///
/// This function decreases the priority of an item to the given value.
/// \param item The item.
/// \param value The priority.
/// \pre \e item must be stored in the heap with priority at least \e value.
void decrease (Item item, const Prio& value) {
int i=_iim[item];
int p=_data[i].parent;
_data[i].prio=value;
while( p!=-1 && _comp(value, _data[p].prio) ) {
_data[i].name=_data[p].name;
_data[i].prio=_data[p].prio;
_data[p].name=item;
_data[p].prio=value;
_iim[_data[i].name]=i;
i=p;
p=_data[p].parent;
}
_iim[item]=i;
if ( _comp(value, _data[_min].prio) ) _min=i;
}
/// \brief Increase the priority of an item to the given value.
///
/// This function increases the priority of an item to the given value.
/// \param item The item.
/// \param value The priority.
/// \pre \e item must be stored in the heap with priority at most \e value.
void increase (Item item, const Prio& value) {
erase(item);
push(item, value);
}
/// \brief Return the state of an item.
///
/// This method returns \c PRE_HEAP if the given item has never
/// been in the heap, \c IN_HEAP if it is in the heap at the moment,
/// and \c POST_HEAP otherwise.
/// In the latter case it is possible that the item will get back
/// to the heap again.
/// \param item The item.
State state(const Item &item) const {
int i=_iim[item];
if( i>=0 ) {
if ( _data[i].in ) i=0;
else i=-2;
}
return State(i);
}
/// \brief Set the state of an item in the heap.
///
/// This function sets the state of the given item in the heap.
/// It can be used to manually clear the heap when it is important
/// to achive better time complexity.
/// \param i The item.
/// \param st The state. It should not be \c IN_HEAP.
void state(const Item& i, State st) {
switch (st) {
case POST_HEAP:
case PRE_HEAP:
if (state(i) == IN_HEAP) {
erase(i);
}
_iim[i] = st;
break;
case IN_HEAP:
break;
}
}
private:
// Find the minimum of the roots
int findMin() {
if( _head!=-1 ) {
int min_loc=_head, min_val=_data[_head].prio;
for( int x=_data[_head].right_neighbor; x!=-1;
x=_data[x].right_neighbor ) {
if( _comp( _data[x].prio,min_val ) ) {
min_val=_data[x].prio;
min_loc=x;
}
}
return min_loc;
}
else return -1;
}
// Merge the heap with another heap starting at the given position
void merge(int a) {
if( _head==-1 || a==-1 ) return;
if( _data[a].right_neighbor==-1 &&
_data[a].degree<=_data[_head].degree ) {
_data[a].right_neighbor=_head;
_head=a;
} else {
interleave(a);
}
if( _data[_head].right_neighbor==-1 ) return;
int x=_head;
int x_prev=-1, x_next=_data[x].right_neighbor;
while( x_next!=-1 ) {
if( _data[x].degree!=_data[x_next].degree ||
( _data[x_next].right_neighbor!=-1 &&
_data[_data[x_next].right_neighbor].degree==_data[x].degree ) ) {
x_prev=x;
x=x_next;
}
else {
if( _comp(_data[x_next].prio,_data[x].prio) ) {
if( x_prev==-1 ) {
_head=x_next;
} else {
_data[x_prev].right_neighbor=x_next;
}
fuse(x,x_next);
x=x_next;
}
else {
_data[x].right_neighbor=_data[x_next].right_neighbor;
fuse(x_next,x);
}
}
x_next=_data[x].right_neighbor;
}
}
// Interleave the elements of the given list into the list of the roots
void interleave(int a) {
int p=_head, q=a;
int curr=_data.size();
_data.push_back(Store());
while( p!=-1 || q!=-1 ) {
if( q==-1 || ( p!=-1 && _data[p].degree<_data[q].degree ) ) {
_data[curr].right_neighbor=p;
curr=p;
p=_data[p].right_neighbor;
}
else {
_data[curr].right_neighbor=q;
curr=q;
q=_data[q].right_neighbor;
}
}
_head=_data.back().right_neighbor;
_data.pop_back();
}
// Lace node a under node b
void fuse(int a, int b) {
_data[a].parent=b;
_data[a].right_neighbor=_data[b].child;
_data[b].child=a;
++_data[b].degree;
}
// Unlace node a (if it has siblings)
void unlace(int a) {
int neighb=_data[a].right_neighbor;
int other=_head;
while( _data[other].right_neighbor!=a )
other=_data[other].right_neighbor;
_data[other].right_neighbor=neighb;
}
private:
class Store {
friend class BinomialHeap;
Item name;
int parent;
int right_neighbor;
int child;
int degree;
bool in;
Prio prio;
Store() : parent(-1), right_neighbor(-1), child(-1), degree(0),
in(true) {}
};
};
} //namespace lemon
#endif //LEMON_BINOMIAL_HEAP_H
|
775 N.W.2d 759 (2009)
Traci A. MESSENGER, Gregory G. Messenger, M.D., and Traci A. Messenger as Personal Representative of the Estate of Michael Ryan Messenger, Deceased, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
James T. HEOS and Church, Kritselis & Wyble, P.C., Defendants-Appellees.
Docket No. 138421. COA No. 279968.
Supreme Court of Michigan.
December 21, 2009.
Order
On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the December 9, 2008 judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court.
|
Q:
Javascript GetElementsByClassName Variable Position
Will try to make this as succinct as possible.
Using a browser control in VB.Net to run Javascript to loop through through elements on a webpage.
I have it mostly working and this would solve my last weeks worth of problems I'd really appreciate a pointer here.
So far:
Dim s As String = browser.ExecuteJavascriptWithResult("document.getElementsByTagName('li').length")
If s <> "undefined" Then
Dim iCount As Integer = CInt(s)
For i As Integer = 0 To iCount - 1
Dim classcounter As String = browser.ExecuteJavascriptWithResult("document.getElementsByClassName('classnamehere').length")
Dim iCount2 As Integer = CInt(classcounter)
For i2 As Integer = 0 To iCount2 - 1
MsgBox(BetfairCSControl.ExecuteJavascriptWithResult("document.getElementsByClassName('classnamehere')[0].textContent"))
MsgBox(BetfairCSControl.ExecuteJavascriptWithResult("document.getElementsByClassName('classnamehere')[1].textContent"))
MsgBox(BetfairCSControl.ExecuteJavascriptWithResult("document.getElementsByClassName('classnamehere')[2].textContent"))
Next
Next
End If
This works. It loops through the li tags and gives me the data I was expecting. The amount of results can vary however and I thought something like this would work:
For i2 As Integer = 0 To iCount2 - 1
MsgBox(BetfairCSControl.ExecuteJavascriptWithResult("document.getElementsByClassName('classnamehere')[i2].textContent"))
Next
I'm just replacing the hard coded integer with a variable. I thought that would of been the easy part.
But it shows me undefined. Even if I give it a variable which is an integer at 0, 1 or 2 it shows undefined. [0] works but testcounter = 0 and [testcounter] doesn't.
Please someone tell me this is an easy syntax issue or something? If anyone can point me in the right direction I'd really appreciate it.
A:
I don't know much about VB.net, but shouldn't you concatenate
"document.getElementsByClassName('classnamehere')[" + i2 + "].textContent"
Otherwise you'll just end up with this exact string
"document.getElementsByClassName('classnamehere')[i2].textContent"
without replacing the i2 with it's actuall
MsgBox(BetfairCSControl.ExecuteJavascriptWithResult("document.getElementsByClassName('classnamehere')[i2].textContent"))
|
Related
Keeping It OffWe all know that it's one thing to lose weight - and quite another to keep it off for the long term. A study funded by the National Institute of Health and published recently in JAMA (2008;299(10):1139-1148) compares two strategies people might use to help maintain their weight loss: regular personal contact with a counselor via telephone or unlimited access to an interactive weight maintenance website. Could an online program take the place of an actual human being for the purpose of helping people maintain their weight loss?
What actually works to keep the weight offThere's a lot of talk, but not a lot of hard data, to show which weight-loss and weight maintenance strategies are actually effective. Fortunately, an article published last year in the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity sheds some light on the subject using a fairly straightforward strategy: asking successful dieters.
Maintenance First!It's sad, but usually true: most people who lose weight eventually gain at least some of it back - and all too many gain back more than they lost. As you might expect, preventing that bounce-back and helping people to maintain their weight loss is becoming an important part of research into overweight and obesity.
Health & Nutrition Bites
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it - sent to your Inbox once a week. Get Dr. Gourmet's Health and Nutrition
Bites sent to you via email. Sign up now!
When should you exercise?
Recent research shows that of those who maintained a significant weight loss for 7 years or more, the majority exercised at least 4 times per week and tended to exercise at about the same time every day.
In a study published in the journal Obesity (https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22535), researchers made use of information gathered by the National Weight Control Registry, an ongoing study examining those who lose at least 30 pounds and successfully maintain that weight loss for at least 1 year. Those who are admitted to the Registry are surveyed each year regarding the strategies they use to maintain their weight loss.
Although questions about the type and amount of exercise (defined as "time [set aside] to be physically active for the purpose of improving health") were already on the yearly survey, the question of when people exercised wasn't added to the survey until 2018. The participants were asked not only to specify which days per week they exercised, but also to specify what time of day they started their exercise sessions: early morning (between 4am and 9am), late morning (9am to noon), afternoon (noon to 5pm) or evening (5pm to 4am).
Only those participants who had responded to a survey featuring those questions were included in today's study, with the authors excluding those who did not exercise at least twice per week. This left 375 men and women in the study.
The authors defined "consistent exercisers" as those whose periods of exercise each week began in the same time frame at least 50% of the time.
Somewhat unsurprisingly, the authors found that 68% of the successful weight maintainers were those who consistently exercised at the same time each day. They also exercised longer in terms of total minutes per week, with the consistent exercisers averaging 285 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous exercise per week compared to 250 minutes per week for those whose exercise times varied.
Further, 48% of those who exercised consistently were most likely to exercise in the early morning, followed by those who exercised in the evening (just over 25%). Late morning and afternoon exercisers represented about 27% of the consistent exercisers.
It's interesting to note that those who responded to the physical activity questions but exercised less than 2 times per week had a higher Body Mass Index, on average, than those who did exercise at least twice per week.
The authors suggest in their discussion of the study that exercising in the early morning may be more effective in terms of creating a consistent habit of exercise, and you may see this study mentioned in the news with a somewhat-misleading headline to the effect of "Early morning exercise best for weight loss."
The truth is that the participants in this study represent a very small portion of those who had successfully lost significant weight and kept it off for at least a year. Further, participation in the Registry is purely voluntary, so there may be a certain amount of selection bias: participants may be more motivated to maintain their weight loss, for example.
We know from other analyses of these successful weight-loss maintainers that they have other strategies they also use to maintain their weight, including weighing themselves daily, keeping a close eye on portion sizes, and not drinking sugared soft drinks.
What this means for you
The take-home message here is that weight loss and maintenance is about lifestyle change. We know that going on a calorie-cutting diet for a short period and then returning to your previous eating habits is a recipe for not only losing weight but also regaining that weight fairly quickly (and often more than you lost).
While it's true that exercise alone, without a change in eating habits, is unlikely to lead to weight loss, it has many benefits completely aside from weight loss, and I encourage all of my patients to find some type of exercise that they can safely perform regularly.
For long term health, choose a balanced style of eating you can live with for the rest of your life, exercise regularly (at least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise per week), and make both of those strategies a habit. |
Diverse signalling mechanisms used by relaxin in natural cells and tissues: the evolution of a "neohormone".
The small peptide hormone relaxin is a member of a rapidly evolving family of hormones and growth factors, whose mode of action appears to be particularly adapted to purely mammalian physiology. It is representative of a new category of hormones, referred to as neohormones, which appear to have evolved specifically to accommodate the needs of viviparity, lactation and wound repair. The mechanism of receptor signalling has also evolved in this family, with older members using receptor tyrosine kinases and new members such as relaxin adopting 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors. Although relaxin primarily generates cAMP as second messenger, studies of relaxin signalling show that this does not conform to a classic G-protein dependent activation of adenylate cyclase: it requires additional cytoplasmic components, it can involve further coupling to PI3-kinase and PKCzeta and it is absolutely dependent on a tyrosine kinase activity linked closely to the relaxin receptor. Relaxin may also independently activate glucocorticoid receptors. This diversity of signalling leads to a broad range of possible downstream transcriptional effects. Finally, in tissues where relaxin is known to be effective, there is often also local relaxin induction, amplifying the effects of the endocrine hormone. |
/**
* @license
* Copyright 2020 Google Inc.
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*/
import {cssClasses, numbers, strings} from '../../mdc-ripple/constants';
import {MDCRippleFoundation} from '../../mdc-ripple/foundation';
import {captureHandlers, checkNumTimesSpyCalledWithArgs} from '../../../testing/helpers/foundation';
import {setUpMdcTestEnvironment} from '../../../testing/helpers/setup';
import {setupTest, testFoundation} from './helpers';
describe('MDCRippleFoundation - Activation Logic', () => {
setUpMdcTestEnvironment();
testFoundation(
'does nothing if component if isSurfaceDisabled is true',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
adapter.isSurfaceDisabled.and.returnValue(true);
handlers['mousedown']();
expect(adapter.addClass)
.not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
});
testFoundation(
'adds activation classes on mousedown',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['mousedown']();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
expect(adapter.addClass).toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
});
testFoundation(
'sets FG position from the coords to the center within surface on mousedown',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
const left = 50;
const top = 50;
const width = 200;
const height = 100;
const maxSize = Math.max(width, height);
const initialSize = maxSize * numbers.INITIAL_ORIGIN_SCALE;
const pageX = 100;
const pageY = 75;
adapter.computeBoundingRect.and.returnValue({width, height, left, top});
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['mousedown']({pageX, pageY});
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
const startPosition = {
x: pageX - left - (initialSize / 2),
y: pageY - top - (initialSize / 2),
};
const endPosition = {
x: (width / 2) - (initialSize / 2),
y: (height / 2) - (initialSize / 2),
};
expect(adapter.updateCssVariable)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
strings.VAR_FG_TRANSLATE_START,
`${startPosition.x}px, ${startPosition.y}px`);
expect(adapter.updateCssVariable)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
strings.VAR_FG_TRANSLATE_END,
`${endPosition.x}px, ${endPosition.y}px`);
});
testFoundation(
'adds activation classes on touchstart',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['touchstart']({changedTouches: [{pageX: 0, pageY: 0}]});
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
expect(adapter.addClass).toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
});
testFoundation(
'sets FG position from the coords to the center within surface on touchstart',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
const left = 50;
const top = 50;
const width = 200;
const height = 100;
const maxSize = Math.max(width, height);
const initialSize = maxSize * numbers.INITIAL_ORIGIN_SCALE;
const pageX = 100;
const pageY = 75;
adapter.computeBoundingRect.and.returnValue({width, height, left, top});
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['touchstart']({changedTouches: [{pageX, pageY}]});
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
const startPosition = {
x: pageX - left - (initialSize / 2),
y: pageY - top - (initialSize / 2),
};
const endPosition = {
x: (width / 2) - (initialSize / 2),
y: (height / 2) - (initialSize / 2),
};
expect(adapter.updateCssVariable)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
strings.VAR_FG_TRANSLATE_START,
`${startPosition.x}px, ${startPosition.y}px`);
expect(adapter.updateCssVariable)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
strings.VAR_FG_TRANSLATE_END,
`${endPosition.x}px, ${endPosition.y}px`);
});
testFoundation(
'adds activation classes on pointerdown',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['pointerdown']();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
expect(adapter.addClass).toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
});
testFoundation(
'sets FG position from the coords to the center within surface on pointerdown',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
const left = 50;
const top = 50;
const width = 200;
const height = 100;
const maxSize = Math.max(width, height);
const initialSize = maxSize * numbers.INITIAL_ORIGIN_SCALE;
const pageX = 100;
const pageY = 75;
adapter.computeBoundingRect.and.returnValue({width, height, left, top});
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['pointerdown']({pageX, pageY});
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
const startPosition = {
x: pageX - left - (initialSize / 2),
y: pageY - top - (initialSize / 2),
};
const endPosition = {
x: (width / 2) - (initialSize / 2),
y: (height / 2) - (initialSize / 2),
};
expect(adapter.updateCssVariable)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
strings.VAR_FG_TRANSLATE_START,
`${startPosition.x}px, ${startPosition.y}px`);
expect(adapter.updateCssVariable)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
strings.VAR_FG_TRANSLATE_END,
`${endPosition.x}px, ${endPosition.y}px`);
});
testFoundation(
'adds activation classes on keydown when surface is made active on same frame',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
adapter.isSurfaceActive.and.returnValue(true);
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['keydown']();
checkNumTimesSpyCalledWithArgs(
adapter.addClass, [cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION], 1);
});
testFoundation(
'adds activation classes on keydown when surface only reflects :active on next frame for space keydown',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
adapter.isSurfaceActive.and.returnValues(false, true);
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['keydown']({key: ' '});
expect(adapter.addClass)
.not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
expect(adapter.addClass).toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
});
testFoundation(
'does not add activation classes on keydown when surface is not made active',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
adapter.isSurfaceActive.and.returnValues(false, false);
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['keydown']({key: ' '});
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
expect(adapter.addClass)
.not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
});
testFoundation(
'sets FG position to center on non-pointer activation',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
const left = 50;
const top = 50;
const width = 200;
const height = 100;
const maxSize = Math.max(width, height);
const initialSize = maxSize * numbers.INITIAL_ORIGIN_SCALE;
adapter.computeBoundingRect.and.returnValue({width, height, left, top});
adapter.isSurfaceActive.and.returnValue(true);
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['keydown']();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
const position = {
x: (width / 2) - (initialSize / 2),
y: (height / 2) - (initialSize / 2),
};
expect(adapter.updateCssVariable)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
strings.VAR_FG_TRANSLATE_START,
`${position.x}px, ${position.y}px`);
expect(adapter.updateCssVariable)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
strings.VAR_FG_TRANSLATE_END,
`${position.x}px, ${position.y}px`);
});
testFoundation(
'adds activation classes on programmatic activation',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
adapter.isSurfaceActive.and.returnValue(true);
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
foundation.activate();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
expect(adapter.addClass).toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
});
testFoundation(
'programmatic activation immediately after interaction',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
const documentHandlers =
captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerDocumentInteractionHandler');
adapter.isSurfaceActive.and.returnValue(true);
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['touchstart']({changedTouches: [{pageX: 0, pageY: 0}]});
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
documentHandlers['touchend']();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
foundation.activate();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
checkNumTimesSpyCalledWithArgs(
adapter.addClass, [cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION], 2);
});
testFoundation(
'sets FG position to center on non-pointer activation',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
const left = 50;
const top = 50;
const width = 200;
const height = 100;
const maxSize = Math.max(width, height);
const initialSize = maxSize * numbers.INITIAL_ORIGIN_SCALE;
adapter.computeBoundingRect.and.returnValue({width, height, left, top});
adapter.isSurfaceActive.and.returnValue(true);
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['keydown']();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
const position = {
x: (width / 2) - (initialSize / 2),
y: (height / 2) - (initialSize / 2),
};
expect(adapter.updateCssVariable)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
strings.VAR_FG_TRANSLATE_START,
`${position.x}px, ${position.y}px`);
expect(adapter.updateCssVariable)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(
strings.VAR_FG_TRANSLATE_END,
`${position.x}px, ${position.y}px`);
});
testFoundation(
'does not redundantly add classes on touchstart followed by mousedown',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['touchstart']({changedTouches: [{pageX: 0, pageY: 0}]});
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['mousedown']();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
checkNumTimesSpyCalledWithArgs(
adapter.addClass, [cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION], 1);
});
testFoundation(
'does not redundantly add classes on touchstart followed by pointerstart',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['touchstart']({changedTouches: [{pageX: 0, pageY: 0}]});
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['pointerdown']();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
checkNumTimesSpyCalledWithArgs(
adapter.addClass, [cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION], 1);
});
testFoundation(
'removes deactivation classes on activate to ensure ripples can be retriggered',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
const documentHandlers =
captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerDocumentInteractionHandler');
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['mousedown']();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
documentHandlers['mouseup']();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['mousedown']();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
expect(adapter.removeClass)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_DEACTIVATION);
});
testFoundation(
'will not activate multiple ripples on same frame if one surface descends from another',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const secondRipple = setupTest();
const firstHandlers =
captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
const secondHandlers =
captureHandlers(secondRipple.adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
secondRipple.adapter.containsEventTarget.and.returnValue(true);
foundation.init();
secondRipple.foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
firstHandlers['mousedown']();
secondHandlers['mousedown']();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
expect(adapter.addClass).toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
expect(secondRipple.adapter.addClass)
.not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
});
testFoundation(
'will not activate multiple ripples on same frame for parent surface w/ touch follow-on events',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const secondRipple = setupTest();
const firstHandlers =
captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
const secondHandlers =
captureHandlers(secondRipple.adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
secondRipple.adapter.containsEventTarget.and.returnValue(true);
foundation.init();
secondRipple.foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
firstHandlers['touchstart']({changedTouches: [{pageX: 0, pageY: 0}]});
secondHandlers['touchstart']({changedTouches: [{pageX: 0, pageY: 0}]});
// Simulated mouse events on touch devices always happen after a delay,
// not on the same frame
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
firstHandlers['mousedown']();
secondHandlers['mousedown']();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
expect(adapter.addClass).toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
expect(secondRipple.adapter.addClass)
.not.toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
});
testFoundation(
'will activate multiple ripples on same frame for surfaces without an ancestor/descendant relationship',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const secondRipple = setupTest();
const firstHandlers =
captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
const secondHandlers =
captureHandlers(secondRipple.adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
secondRipple.adapter.containsEventTarget.and.returnValue(false);
foundation.init();
secondRipple.foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
firstHandlers['mousedown']();
secondHandlers['mousedown']();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
expect(adapter.addClass).toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
expect(secondRipple.adapter.addClass)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
});
testFoundation(
'displays the foreground ripple on activation when unbounded',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
adapter.computeBoundingRect.and.returnValue(
{width: 100, height: 100, left: 0, top: 0});
adapter.isUnbounded.and.returnValue(true);
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['mousedown']({pageX: 0, pageY: 0});
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
expect(adapter.addClass).toHaveBeenCalledWith(cssClasses.FG_ACTIVATION);
});
testFoundation(
'clears translation custom properties when unbounded in case ripple was switched from bounded',
({adapter,
foundation}: {adapter: any, foundation: MDCRippleFoundation}) => {
const handlers = captureHandlers(adapter, 'registerInteractionHandler');
adapter.isUnbounded.and.returnValue(true);
foundation.init();
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
handlers['pointerdown']({pageX: 100, pageY: 75});
jasmine.clock().tick(1);
expect(adapter.updateCssVariable)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(strings.VAR_FG_TRANSLATE_START, '');
expect(adapter.updateCssVariable)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith(strings.VAR_FG_TRANSLATE_END, '');
});
});
|
Introduction
============
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation and differentiation are regulated by the networks of signaling pathways.^[@b1-1040245]^ Under stress conditions, HSCs quickly respond to a variety of proliferative stimuli, exit the quiescent phase, and undergo a period of self-renewal and differentiation to restore hematopoietic homeostasis.^[@b2-1040245]^ Fine-tuning is required to adequately control cell growth and quiescence during this process, and multiple signaling pathways are involved in maintaining the correct balance. Interestingly, studies have suggested that common or similar mechanisms regulate stem cell properties in both HSCs and leukemia stem cells (LSCs), suggesting that LSCs may originate from HSCs. The mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a key node in these pathways, and plays an essential role in regulating normal and malignant hematopoiesis.^[@b3-1040245],[@b4-1040245]^
Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb), a small GTPase, is known to directly activate mTORC1.^[@b5-1040245],[@b6-1040245]^ Rheb binds to mTORC1 at the lysosome and activates it, while TSC1-TSC2-TBC1D7, a GTPase-activating protein, inhibits mTORC1 activity by reducing GTP-bound Rheb.^[@b7-1040245]--[@b9-1040245]^ mTORC1 is a serine/threonine (Ser/Thr)-protein kinase complex that responds to multiple signals, regulates cell biological activities, and maintains homeostasis.^[@b10-1040245]^ Dysregulation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway results in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and, in some cases, acute leukemia, making mTORC an important target for therapeutic treatments.^[@b10-1040245]^ Perturbation of mTORC1 in adult mouse HSCs by Raptor deletion results in the depletion of the long-term reconstitution ability of HSCs.^[@b11-1040245]^ Deletion of TSC1, an upstream negative regulator of mTORC1, causes defective HSC cycling and adversely affects HSC function in mice due to enhanced mTORC1 activity,^[@b12-1040245]^ indicating that the level of mTORC1 activity needs to be precisely regulated. Changes in mTORC1 activity in the hematopoietic system under various conditions alters HSC function and homeostasis.
Rheb1 can also regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis *via* interaction with many other signaling pathways, such as B-Raf, Notch, small Rho GTPase and Akt signaling pathways. Knockdown of Rheb1 in a TSC2-null, angiomyolipoma-derived cell line decreased Notch activity, suggesting that Notch is a downstream target of Rheb1. However, Notch activation could not be blocked by rapamycin, the mTORC1 inhibitor.^[@b13-1040245]^ Rheb1 was also reported to directly interact with the B-Raf kinase in a rapamycin-resistant manner and inhibit its function, resulting in interference with H-Ras-induced transformation in NIH3T3 cells.^[@b14-1040245]^ In addition, Rheb1 interacts with FKBP38 and regulates apoptosis in a rapamycin-insensitive, but amino acid- and serum-sensitive manner.^[@b15-1040245]^ We have previously reported that Rheb1 plays a crucial role in myeloid development. The expression of Rheb1 is high in myeloid progenitor, and is down-regulated during granulocyte differentiation. Rheb1 deletion interferes with myeloid progenitor progression and gene expression.^[@b16-1040245]^ However, ongoing studies have not directly addressed the specific regulatory role of Rheb1 in hematopoietic stem cells.
In this study, we observed that Rheb1 is an essential regulator of hematopoietic development. Rheb1-deficient mice showed increased phenotypic HSCs, immature neutrophils in bone marrow (BM), and splenomegaly. These phenotypes are reminiscent of the hematopoiesis seen in MPNs. Rheb1-deficient HSCs were defective in their ability to reconstitute the blood tissue and differentiate into normal neutrophils. Interestingly, low Rheb expression was associated with poor survival in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Thus, our data indicate that Rheb is critical for HSC function and may be involved in the initiation of myeloid proliferation-related diseases or MPN-like disorders.
Methods
=======
Mice and genotyping
-------------------
*Rheb1^fl/fl^*mice were kindly provided by Dr. Bo Xiao.^[@b17-1040245]^ Transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the Vav1 promoter (Vav1 Cre) were purchased from the Jackson Lab. The *Rheb1^fl/fl^* mice were crossed with Vav1-Cre mice to generate specific deletion of Rheb1 in the hematopoietic system. All animal protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), the Institute of Hematology, and Blood Diseases Hospital (CAMS/PUMC). All surgery was performed under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia, and every effort was made to minimize mouse suffering.
Flow cytometry analysis
-----------------------
Peripheral blood (PB) was obtained from either the tail veins or retro-orbital bleeding of mice. Red blood cells (RBCs) were lysed by ammonium chloride-potassium bicarbonate buffer before staining. BM cells were flushed out from tibias, femurs, and ilia by a 25-gauge needle with PBS supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 20 mM EDTA (abbreviated as PBE). Cells were stained with antibodies purchased from either eBioscience or BD Bioscience. To analyze intracellular proteins, 3×10^6^ BM cells were labeled with surface antibodies, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X100, then washed 2 times with 1 mL cold PBE. Finally, the cells were resuspended with cold PBS supplemented with 25% FBS, and intracellularly stained with antibodies: p-S6 (Ser24/244), p-4EBP1 (Thr37/46). Cells were analyzed by BD Canto II flow cytometer. FlowJo software was used to analyze the results.
LKS transplant and analysis
---------------------------
Whole BM cells (WBMCs) were obtained and Lin^−^ cells were sorted using mouse lineage cell depletion kit (Miltenyi Biotec) according to the manufacturer's instruction. LKSs were stained as mentioned above and sorted by BD Influx flow cytometer; 200 LKSs (CD45.1) together with 5×10^5^ whole BM cells (WBMCs) (CD45.2) were injected intravenously into lethally irradiated recipient mice (CD45.2). The reconstitution of PB cells was analyzed every four weeks post transplantation. The recipient mice were sacrificed at four months after transplantation. The self-renewal and differentiation capacities of donor-derived HSCs derived from BM were then analyzed.
Competitive bone marrow transplantation and analysis
----------------------------------------------------
Whole BM cells were isolated from the tibias, femurs and ilia of 8-week old *Rheb1^fl/fl^* (CD45.1) or *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice (CD45.1). 5×10^5^ *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* WBMCs (CD45.1) together with 5×10^5^ WBMCs (CD45.2) were intravenously injected into the lethally irradiated recipient mice (CD45.2). Then, the reconstituted PB cells were analyzed every four weeks after transplantation.
Lineage^−^ cell homing assay
----------------------------
Whole BM cells were obtained, and LKS^+^ cells (CD45.1) were sorted by flow cytometry. LKS^+^ cells were cultured with CFSE at 37°C for 8 minutes (min). The reaction was then terminated with 10% FBS at 4°C for 2 min and washed two times with cold PBS. LKS^+^ cells (2×10^6^) were intravenously injected into lethally irradiated (9.5 Gy) recipient mice (CD45.2). The recipient mice were sacrificed at 17 hours (h) or 24 h after transplantation. CFSE^+^ cells in BM of recipient mice were analyzed by FACS.
Histological and pathological analysis
--------------------------------------
To examine the histology of the BM neutrophils, the neutrophils were sorted with CD11b and Ly-6G from BM, then cytospun and stained with Wright-Giemsa solution. For pathological analysis, BM, spleen, liver or lung were fixed with 4% formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
*In vitro* bacterial killing assay
----------------------------------
*Escherichia coli* (strain 19138; ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were cultured overnight, suspended in PBS at an OD~600~ of 0.10, and opsonized with 10% mouse serum for 30 min at 37°C. Neutrophils and bacteria were then incubated together at a 1:5 ratio for 30 and 120 min at 37°C with intermittent shaking, and then 100 g/mL gentamicin was added for an additional 30 min to eliminate extracellular bacteria. The cells were then lysed by adding distilled water, and subsequently diluted aliquots were spread on LB agar plates. The CFU was counted after incubating the plates overnight at 37°C. A bacterial suspension without any cells was used as an input control.
Mouse colony-forming cell assay and 3BDO treatment
--------------------------------------------------
3BDO was dissolved in DMSO at 60 mM. WBMCs were treated with 3BDO (60 nM) or DMSO for 30 min.^[@b18-1040245]^ Then, GMP/CMPs (2×10^4^ cells) were sorted and cultured in MethoCult® media (Catalog \#03231) in the presence of SCF (50 ng/mL), IL3 (10 ng/mL), and GM-CSF (25 ng/mL). Colonies were counted after 5-7 days.
Serial colony-forming cell assay
--------------------------------
Whole BM cells were treated with 3BDO (60 nM) or DMSO for 30 min, then cells (1×10^5^) were isolated and cultured in MethoCult® media (Catalog \#03434). Colonies were counted seven days after plating, and serially replating. Colonies are defined as colony forming unit monocyte (CFU-M), granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), and granulocyte-eythroid-macrophage (CFU-GEM).
Cobble stone area-forming cell assay
------------------------------------
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were obtained from mouse BM cells, as previously described.^[@b19-1040245]^ MSCs were cultured in long-term culture medium M5300 (Stem Cell Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada) for two weeks, and half of the medium was changed every 3-4 days. Cells were trypsinized, irradiated with 15 Gray, and plated at 5000 cells/well in 96-well plates. LKS^+^ cells (500 cells/well) were inoculated on the irradiated cell layers and incubated at 33°C. Colonies (Cobblestone areas) were counted five weeks after plating.
Gene expression profiling and patient data analysis
---------------------------------------------------
LKS^+^ cells were sorted from WBMCs by BD Influx flow cytometer. The sorted cells were treated with Trizol, and then sent to the Shanghai Biotechnology Corporation for microarray analysis (Agilent, mouse 4\*44K). Analysis of gene expression data from *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* and *Rheb1^fl/fl^* LKSs revealed 2515 differentially expressed genes, with 922 up-regulated and 1593 down-regulated genes in Rheb1-deficient LKSs. The differentially expressed genes were filtered as *P*\<0.05 and fold change greater than 3. The gene-set enrichment data were analyzed using GSEA and GO (*FDR \<0.25, P\<0.05*, −*Lg p* = −*Log10 p*). The microarray data were deposited with the GEO under the accession number GSE79538. For the GSEA analysis of patient data, we examined AML-related data using Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) (*<http://software.broadinstitute.org/gsea/msigdb/search.jsp>*).
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)
------------------------------------
Total RNA from BM samples was extracted using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). First-strand cDNA was synthesized with an oligo-(dT) primer according to the manufacturer's instructions. The mRNA expression was determined by qRT-PCR (Stepone Fast Real-Time PCR system; Applied Biosystems) using FastStart Universal SYBR Green PCR Master mix (Roche). GAPDH was used as endogenous controls for gene expression assays.
Statistical analyses
--------------------
Experimental results were analyzed using Student *t*-test. *P*\<0.05 was considered significant for all tests. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were created using GraphPad Prism 5. All data are presented as mean±Standard Error of Mean (SEM); n ≥3.
Results
=======
Rheb1 deletion induced hematopoietic stem cell / hematopoietic progenitor cells expansion in steady state condition
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To clarify the role of Rheb1 in hematopoiesis, *Vav1-cre;Rheb1^fl/fl^* (*Rheb1^Δ/Δ^*) mice were generated and the cellular composition of the peripheral blood (PB) and BM was first analyzed in *Rheb1^fl/fl^* and *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice. There was no significant difference in normalized values of white blood cells (WBC), RBCs, hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct) and platelets (PLT) in the PB between *Rheb1^fl/fl^* and *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice, while absolute numbers of neutrophils were substantially higher in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice than those in *Rheb1^fl/fl^* mice (*Online Supplementary Figure S1A*). The absolute numbers of BM cells did not alter between *Rheb1^fl/fl^* and *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice (*Online Supplementary Figure S1B*). The percentage and absolute numbers of LKS^+^ and LKS^−^ cells were increased in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice (*Online Supplementary Figure S1C* and *D*). In the HSC-enriched LKS^+^ subsets, Rheb1 loss significantly increased the absolute numbers of CD150^+^CD48^−^LKS^+^ cells ([Figure 1A](#f1-1040245){ref-type="fig"} and *Online Supplementary Figure S1E*), while in the hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC)-enriched LKS^−^ subsets, Rheb1 loss resulted in an increase in the absolute number of CD16/32^−^CD34^+^LKS^−^ cells and CD16/32^−^CD34^+^LKS^−^ cells (GMP and CMP) ([Figure 1B and C](#f1-1040245){ref-type="fig"}, and *Online Supplementary Figure S1F*). More *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* LKS^+^ cells were in G2/S/M phase of cell cycle than that of the control ([Figure 1D](#f1-1040245){ref-type="fig"} and *Online Supplementary Figure S1G*), although the percentage of Annexin V-positive cells was not altered in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* LKS^+^ (*Online Supplementary Figure S1H*). Thus, Rheb1 deletion led to an expansion of murine HSC/HPCs.
{#f1-1040245}
Rheb1 deletion caused neutrophil immaturity in steady condition
---------------------------------------------------------------
Interestingly, the absolute numbers and percentages of myeloid cells (CD11b^+^) were increased in BM of *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice (*Online Supplementary Figure S2A* and *B*), while no significant changes were found in B (B220^+^) and T (CD3^+^) cells in the BM of *Rheb1^fl/fl^* and *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice (*Online Supplementary Figure S2C*). We then analyzed neutrophils by flow cytometry (FACS) with CD11b and Ly-6G antibodies that have been used as neutrophil subpopulation markers for the identification of myelocytes/promyelocytes, as well as immature and mature neutrophils. The CD11b^+^Ly-6G^+^ subpopulation of *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* neutrophils shifted to the left in the PB and BM ([Figure 1E](#f1-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). We divided neutrophils into three distinct subpopulations, indicated as the CD11b^low^Ly-6G^low^ population (P1), the CD11b^high^ Ly-6G^low^ population (P2), and the CD11b^+^ Ly-6G^high^ population (P3). We found that the percentages of the P1 and P2 subpopulations were increased, while the percentage of the P3 subpopulation was decreased both in the PB and BM of *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice ([Figure 1F and G](#f1-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). Morphological analysis of *Rheb1^fl/fl^* neutrophils from BM showed that the P1 subpopulation was comprised mainly of myeloblasts with oval-shaped nuclei and a wider, less basophilic cytoplasm. The segmentation of the nuclei became gradually evident in the P2 subpopulation while the P3 subpopulation was mainly composed of cells with doughnut-shaped nuclei. Interestingly, the P3 subpopulation of *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* neutrophils was composed of cells with butterfly-shaped nuclei ([Figure 1H](#f1-1040245){ref-type="fig"} and *Online Supplementary Figure S2D*). The expression levels of Ltf and Elane (encoding granule proteins) were greatly reduced in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* neutrophils from BM ([Figure 1I](#f1-1040245){ref-type="fig"}), further indicating the reduced maturity of *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* neutrophils. The bacterial survival assay showed that *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* neutrophils killed less than 10% of the bacteria, while *Rheb1^fl/fl^* neutrophils killed more than 60% of the bacteria ([Figure 1J](#f1-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). These results suggest that Rheb1 deficiency caused neutrophil immaturity.
Rheb1 deletion induced extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Physical examinations revealed that *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice displayed splenomegaly as demonstrated by the increase of their spleen size and weight ([Figure 2A and B](#f2-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). Histopathological examination showed evident extramedullary hematopoiesis, including clustered megakaryocytes ([Figure 2C](#f2-1040245){ref-type="fig"}, arrowheads) and hematopoietic islands ([Figure 2C](#f2-1040245){ref-type="fig"}, arrows) in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice. However, liver and lung examination showed no significant differences between *Rheb1^fl/fl^* and *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice (*Online Supplementary Figure S2E* and *F*). FACS analysis confirmed splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, characterized by an increase in the percentages of LKS^+^ (HSCs) and LKS^−^ (HPCs) cells ([Figure 2D and E](#f2-1040245){ref-type="fig"}) and a marked increase in the CD34^+^LKS^−^ (GMP/CMPs) populations ([Figure 2F](#f2-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). The proportion of myeloid cells was also increased, while those of T and B cells were reduced in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* spleens when compared to those of the control spleens ([Figure 2G](#f2-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). Moreover, FACS showed an increase in the percentage of neutrophils in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* spleens ([Figure 2H](#f2-1040245){ref-type="fig"}), in agreement with granulocytic expansion in the PB in comparison with the controls. Collectively, our results demonstrated that Rheb1 deficiency induces extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen to compensate the hematopoiesis defect in the BM.
{#f2-1040245}
Rheb1 deletion impaired HSC regeneration ability in transplant assay
====================================================================
To assess the role of Rheb1 in HSC function during hematopoiesis, we transplanted *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* BM cells (CD45.1) with competitive cells (CD45.2) into lethally irradiated recipient mice (CD45.2) to examine the role of Rheb1 in adult HSC reconstitution. All lineages derived from *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* cells were significantly reduced in the PB and the BM after transplantation ([Figure 3A and B](#f3-1040245){ref-type="fig"}, and *Online Supplementary Figure S3A*), while the homing capacity of transplanted *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* CFSE^+^ labeled cells was equivalent to that of *Rheb1^fl/fl^* cells ([Figure 3C](#f3-1040245){ref-type="fig"}).
{#f3-1040245}
In addition, *Rheb1^fl/fl^* and *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice were subjected to 4 Gy of X-ray irradiation and we examined the effects of Rheb1 deficiency on HSCs under hematopoietic stress. Interestingly, all *Rheb1^fl/fl^* mice survived while most *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice died, probably due to impaired recovery of the BM and thymic cellularity ([Figure 3D--F](#f3-1040245){ref-type="fig"}) and impaired B lymphopoiesis in the BM and spleen ([Figure 3G](#f3-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). The absolute number of *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* HS/PCs was reduced compared with *Rheb1^fl/fl^* HS/PCs at 21 days after 4 Gy irradiation (*Online Supplementary Figure S3B*). Thus, a delicate balance of developmental decisions for HSC homeostasis, including stem cell quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation, was maintained under steady state conditions in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice but was broken under hematopoietic stress.
We further examined the self-renewal and differentiation capacities of HSCs using LKS^+^ transplantation. A total of 200 LKS^+^ cells isolated from *Rheb1^fl/fl^* and *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice (CD45.1) together with 5×10^5^ WBMCs (CD45.2) were intravenously injected into lethally irradiated recipient mice. The chimerism in PB was analyzed every four weeks post transplantation. The repopulating capacity of *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* LKS^+^ cells in the PB was significantly lower in recipient mice than the control LKS^+^ cells ([Figure 3H](#f3-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). All lineages derived from *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* HSCs were significantly reduced in the PB and the BM after transplantation (*Online Supplementary Figure S3C*). The recipient mice were sacrificed at four months after transplantation and their donor-derived HSCs in BM were analyzed. We found the donor-derived *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* cells decreased significantly in the BM at four months after transplantation ([Figure 3I](#f3-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). To quantify the function of HSCs, we calculated the LKS^+^ cell amplification and differentiation ability four months after transplantation.^[@b20-1040245]^ We found that the number of *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* LKS^+^-derived HSCs was substantially lower than that of the control ([Figure 3J](#f3-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). The self-renewal quotient (the number of donor-derived HSCs recovered at the end of the transplant per original input HSC) was also significantly reduced in mice receiving *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* LKS^+^ cells ([Figure 3K](#f3-1040245){ref-type="fig"}), while there was no change in the differentiation quotient (WBC count/mL blood × the percentage test-cell blood chimerism/number of donor-derived HSCs) when compared with the control ([Figure 3L](#f3-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). Rheb1 deficiency thus impaired the ability of HSCs to repopulate under hematopoietic stress due to reduced self-renewal capability.
Aged *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice develop myeloproliferative disorders
-----------------------------------------------------------
Since adult mice lacking Rheb1 have impaired HSC function and splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, we went on to perform a detailed phenotypic analysis to investigate whether Rheb1 deletion leads to progressive hematopoiesis defects in aged *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice up to two years of age. We found the survival time of aged *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice was significantly shorter than that of littermate controls ([Figure 4A](#f4-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). Furthermore, *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice, but not *Rheb1^fl/fl^* littermates, had evident progressive leukocytosis. Neutrophil count in PB was significantly increased in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice ([Figure 4B](#f4-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). Peripheral blood analysis revealed that the percentage of neutrophils was also increased in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice (*Online Supplementary Figure S4A*). The number of RBC and Hgb was normal in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice while the number of PLTs was decreased in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice (*Online Supplementary Figure S3B*). Myeloproliferative disorders were apparent in both BM and PB as defined by myeloid left shift (presence of blasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, or metamyelocytes) ([Figure 4C and D](#f4-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, Rheb1 deletion led to an expansion of HSCs and myeloid progenitors in BM ([Figure 4E--G](#f4-1040245){ref-type="fig"} and *Online Supplementary Figure S4C* and *D*). Furthermore, we isolated BM cells and performed serial colony forming unit assays *in vitro*. We found the number of colonies formed by *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* BM cells was increased when compared with *Rheb1^fl/fl^* BM cells both in first plating experiment and second serial replating experiment ([Figure 4H](#f4-1040245){ref-type="fig"} and *Online Supplementary Figure S4E*). These data demonstrated that loss of Rheb1 increased proliferation ability of hematopoietic progenitor.
{#f4-1040245}
Aged *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice had enlarged spleens in comparison to the littermate controls. Histopathological analysis revealed that *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice developed splenomegaly, consistent with significant myeloproliferation disorder (*Online Supplementary Figure S4F*). Histopathological analysis revealed that *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice had not only prominent myeloproliferative features including extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen, but also infiltration of liver and neutrophilia in BM ([Figure 4I](#f4-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). FACS analysis of the spleen revealed a significant enlargement of both the HSC (LKS^+^) and HPC populations ([Figure 4J](#f4-1040245){ref-type="fig"} and *Online Supplementary Figure S4G*), and with granulocytic expansion ([Figure 4K](#f4-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). Collectively, these data demonstrate that Rheb1 loss leads to progressive myeloproliferation disorder *in vivo.*
Low expression of RHEB was correlated with poor survival in AML patients with normal karyotype
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The phenotypes observed in Rheb1 loss and progressive myeloproliferative disorder prompted us to investigate if RHEB also plays a role in human leukemia or myeloproliferative diseases. We used a curated database (*<http://www.cbioportal.org/>*), which provides large-scale cancer genomics data sets, to analyze the mutations and copy number alteration (CNA) of RHEB in leukemia patients. It was found that deep deleted mutations in RHEB were about 3% (6 of 188) in an AML patient cohort ([Figure 5A](#f5-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). We also analyzed the mutation types in ICGA (international cancer genome consortium; *<http://dcc.icgc.org/>*) and found that the percentage of loss-of-function mutations in RHEB was 1.7% (2 of 117) in AML patients and 0.92% (2 of 218) in CLL patients (*Online Supplementary Figure S5A*). We then compared the expression of RHEB in AML patients with high-risk *versus* AML patients with low risk in SurvExpress (*<http://bioinformatica.mty.itesm.mx/Surv> Express*). We found the expression of RHEB was significantly lower in AML patients with high risk than that of the low risk in two GSE set analyses (GSE5122 and GSE12417-GPL97; *P*\<0.0001) ([Figure 5B](#f5-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). We then collected prognostic values for 163 AML patients with normal karyotype in PrognoScan database (*<http://www.abren.net/PrognoScan-cgi/>, GSE12417*), and divided these patients into two groups for analysis: patients with RHEB expression above median and patients with RHEB expression below median (*Online Supplementary Figure S5B*). The survival curve showed that lower RHEB expression was associated with poor survival in AML patients with normal karyotype (log-rank test; *P*=0.034) ([Figure 5C](#f5-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). These results indicated that loss of RHEB was correlated with AML progression.
{#f5-1040245}
3BDO partially rescued the defect of *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* neutrophils
-------------------------------------------------------------
Intrigued by the underlying phenotypic plasticities observed in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* HSCs, we further explored the potential transcriptional changes associated with the phenotypes by microarray analysis. Differentially expressed genes between *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* and *Rheb1^fl/fl^* HSCs were significantly enriched in pathways involved in cell adhesion and cell development ([Figure 6A](#f6-1040245){ref-type="fig"}, and *Online Supplementary Tables S1* and *S2*), suggesting that complete loss of Rheb1 in hematopoietic stem cells affected the expression of genes involved in HSCs engraftment and differentiation. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of pairwise comparisons revealed that *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* HSCs had a significant increase in the expression of genes associated with AML incidence and development ([Figure 6B](#f6-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). The analysis also suggests that *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* HSCs adopt a transcriptional program similar to AML cells due to loss of Rheb1.
{#f6-1040245}
Furthermore, mTORC1 signaling pathway-related genes were also down-regulated due to Rheb1 deletion ([Figure 6B](#f6-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). S6 ribosomal protein (Ser240/244) and 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) are typical downstream targets of mTORC1. We found that p-S6 was reduced significantly in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* LKS^+^ cells while p-4E-BP1 did not change by phosphorylation-flow analysis ([Figure 6C](#f6-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). To determine whether reduced p-S6 causes HSCs differentiation to immature neutrophils, we cultured *Rheb1^fl/fl^* and *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* LKS^+^ cells with mTORC1 activator 3BDO in CFC assays to analyze the myeloid development. *Rheb1^fl/fl^* and *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* BM cells were treated with 3BDO (60 nM) or DMSO for 30 min, then analyzed for phosphorylation level of S6 and sorted for LKS^+^ cells seeding in M3231 medium. As expected, the p-S6 level in Rheb1-deficient BM cells was lower than that of wild-type (WT) BM cells. However, it was markedly increased with treatment of 3BDO in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* BM cells ([Figure 6D](#f6-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). p-S6 level was also restored in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* Lin^−^ cells with the treatment of 3BDO measured by phospho-flow analysis ([Figure 6E](#f6-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). Interestingly, 3BDO addition in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* LKS^+^ cell culture resulted in a decrease in the percentage of immature neutrophils when compared with non-treatment controls ([Figure 6F and G](#f6-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). These data suggest that Rheb1 may regulate neutrophil differentiation partially through mTORC1 signaling pathway.
To investigate the function effects of 3BDO on *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* HSCs, we performed a long-term culture assay *in vitro* and found that the CAFC (cobblestone area) formed by *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* HSCs was similiar to that of the control in both 3BDO and DMSO groups (*Online Supplementary Figure S6A* and *B*). We further treated *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* and *Rheb1^fl/fl^* BM cells with 3BDO or DMSO. Then, we transplanted *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* and *Rheb1^fl/fl^* BM cells (CD45.1) together with competitive cells (CD45.2) to lethally irradiated mice. The chimerism was analyzed every four weeks after transplantation. We found that the repopulating capacity of *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* BM cells in the PB was significantly lower when compared with *Rheb1^fl/fl^* cells, both in 3BDO and DMSO groups (*Online Supplementary Figure S6C* and *D*). These data indicated that Rheb1 may regulate HSCs engraftment independently of the mTORC1 signaling pathway.
Discussion
==========
Although Rheb1 has been known to regulate TSC1/2 upstream of mTORC1, its role in the regulation of hematopoiesis is still not fully understood. The somatic loss-function mutation in the *RHEB* gene in AML patients also provides genetic evidence that mutational inactivation of *RHEB* might be a pathogenic event in myeloid malignancies ([Figure 5](#f5-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). Notably, we showed here that AML patients with low RHEB expression had shorter survival time than AML patients with high RHEB expression, indicating that RHEB could be a prognosticator for leukemia patient survival. In a Rheb1 conditional deletion mouse model, we determined that loss of Rheb1 caused defective HSCs and an increased number of immature neutrophils in BM, accompanied by excessive extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen. In addition, Rheb1 loss leads to progressive myeloproliferation in aged *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice. These data suggest that Rheb1 participates in proliferation and differentiation in myeloproliferative disease.^[@b21-1040245]^ Our gene transcriptional expression data also reinforce the idea that Rheb1 loss leads to an increased expression of myeloid leukemia-related gene expression programs ([Figure 6A and B](#f6-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). Further studies are needed to functionally dissect the downstream targets of Rheb1 that confer enhanced proliferation ability for stem/progenitor cells or LSCs.
In the steady-state condition, the majority of HSCs are in a quiescent state.^[@b22-1040245]^ However, when mice are under hematopoietic stresses, such as transplantation, HSCs actively proliferate to generate progenitors that enable rapid hematologic regeneration.^[@b23-1040245]^ Successful reconstitution upon transplantation of HSCs depends on multiple parameters, including correct homing to the BM, residing and proliferating successfully in the BM niche, the right cell-cycle status of the transplanted cells, and the adequate rate of apoptosis. Here, although *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice could survive with increased HSCs and HPCs in BM and spleen to compensate for the loss of Rheb1 under steady-state conditions, *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* HSCs were unable to reconstitute adult BM in transplantation. However, CAFC assay showed the proliferation capacity of *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* HSCs was similar to that of *Rheb1^fl/fl^* HSCs *in vitro* (*Online Supplementary Figure S6A* and *B*). Our results thus suggested that the overproliferation of HSCs in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice may be caused by multiple factors including extrinsic factors such as BM microenvironment. Indeed, our gene transcriptional expression data showed that Rheb1 loss leads to a decrease in expression of adhesion-related gene expression programs ([Figure 6A and B](#f6-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). Rheb1 may regulate HSC regeneration through non-canonical signaling pathways rather than being fully dependent on mTORC1 signaling pathway. This is consistant with the findings of Peng *et al*. that the proliferation ability of HSCs was impaired in Raptor-deficient HSCs (Raptor is a component of mTORC1 downstream of Rheb1), but not in Rheb1-deficient HSCs upon transplantation.^[@b24-1040245]^ Interstingly, in Peng *et al*.'s model of TAM injection at eight weeks post transplantation of *Rheb1^fl/fl^*; Rosa-CreERT2 BM cells into wild-type (WT) recipient mice, no significant difference was observed in the regeneration of donor cells when compared to WT competitor cells. This is also consistant with the idea that Rheb1 deficiency does not affect HSC proliferation.^[@b24-1040245]^ It will be important to determine the contribution of Rheb in canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways in future studies.
Neutrophils are specially developed cells to provide a defense against bacterial infection and are essential for host survival. *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice showed severe neutrophilia in PB with an increased percentage of immature neutrophils in the BM. The augmented GMP/CMPs may be the reason for the neutrophilia, as the absolute number of GMP/CMPs significantly increased in the BM and spleen of *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice ([Figures 1B](#f1-1040245){ref-type="fig"} and [2F](#f2-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). Although the number of neutrophils was higher in the PB and BM in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice when compared to the control (*Online Supplementary Figure S1A*), *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* neutrophils could not kill bacteria effectively *in vitro* ([Figure 1J](#f1-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). It has been reported that Raptor deficiency resulted in decreased numbers of Gr-1^+^Mac-1^+^ (Gr-1^+^CD11b^+^) granulocytes.^[@b25-1040245]^ However, our results showed that Rheb1 deletion led to an increase in the number of Ly-6G^+^CD11b^+^ granulocytes. This discrepancy may be due to Ly-6G marking only a subset of Gr-1 cells, while Ly-6G is used for separating granulocytes from Mac-1^+^ myeloid cells. Furthermore, we found mTORC1 signaling was inhibited in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* progenitor cells, as evidenced by a reduced level of p-S6 ([Figure 6C and D](#f6-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). A specific mTORC1 activator, 3BDO could only partially rescue Rheb1 deficiency-induced immature neutrophils, indicating Rheb1 regulates neutrophil development at least partially *via* the mTORC1 pathway. It is possible that Rheb1 regulates neutrophil differentiation *via* other signaling pathways. This possibility still needs to be explored in future studies.
We have shown that mutations or reduced expression of RHEB are associated with leukemia. Interestingly, although Rheb1 deficiency leads to an MPN-like disorder in aged *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice, loss of Rheb1 shortens the life of *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice but does not lead to spontaneous leukemia in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice in our observations ([Figures 4](#f4-1040245){ref-type="fig"} and [5](#f5-1040245){ref-type="fig"}). It is possible that the reduced survival of aged *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* mice may be due to ineffective myelopoiesis-related inflammation. Although Rheb1-deficiency was not a key factor for leukemogenesis, low expression of Rheb1 does associate with the initiation of myeloid proliferation-related diseases, such as MPN. We predict that additional mutations and/or pro-leukemia development environment factors are needed to initiate leukemogenesis in *Rheb1^Δ/Δ^* hematopoietic cells.
Supplementary Material
======================
###### Wang et al. Supplementary Appendix
###### Disclosures and Contributions
The authors thank Dr. Bo Xiao for providing the Rheb1^fl/fl^ mice, Dr. Junying Miao for providing the 3BDO reagent, and Ms. Xiaohuan Mu and Yuemin Gong for technical assistance.
Check the online version for the most updated information on this article, online supplements, and information on authorship & disclosures: [www.haematologica.org/content/104/2/245](www.haematologica.org/content/104/2/245)
**Funding**
This work was supported by the funds from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2018YFA0107801, 2017YFA0103402, 2017YFA0103302, 2016YFA0100600), National Nature Science Foundation (81870088, 81470280, 81300436, 81770105, 81420108017, 81525010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Initiative for Innovative Medicine CAMS-I2M (2017-I2M-3-015, 2016-I2M-1-017), and PUMC Youth Grant (3332016141, 3332016092, 3332018199).
[^1]: XM, YG and JG contributed equally to this work.
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|
Q:
How do you generate a link to the base URL in CakePHP 3?
I have a template where I want to generate an anchor to the base URL of my application. In my case the method which handles this is FrontController::index().
If it was just a simple link, I can easily do this inside a template:
<?= $this->Html->link('Home', ['controller' => 'Front', 'action' => 'index']); ?>
However, instead of just a simple link with the text "Home" I want to wrap an anchor tag around some other markup. The output I want in plain HTML (not using Cake's helper methods) would be:
<a href="/">
<img class="app-logo" src="/app-logo.png">
<span class="app-name">App name</span>
</a>
I've read How to get the base Url in cakephp? and none of the methods in there work:
echo $this->webroot; // produces 'false'
echo Router::url('/'); // produces 'Class 'App\Controller\Router' not found`
CakePHP 3.5.13
A:
You can use the Router Class
<a href="<?= \Cake\Routing\Router::url(['controller' => 'Front', 'action' => 'index']) ?>">
<img class="app-logo" src="/app-logo.png">
<span class="app-name">App name</span>
</a>
Edit: CakePHP 3.x uses Namespaces. You have to use the fully qualified class name or add a use statement to the top of your script.
echo \Cake\Routing\Router::url(...);
or
use Cake\Routing\Router;
echo Router::url(...);
|
There is protruding disconnect between the November IIP figures and a host of high frequency indicators.
A sharp jump in the November factory output numbers comes as a pleasant positive surprise for the economy amid slowdown stories in the aftermath of demonetisation. The index of Industrial Production (IIP) rose to a 13-month high of 5.7 percent in November compared with a contraction of 1.8 percent in the month of October.
However, it is too early for the pro-demonetisation camp to uncork the bubbly because of two major reasons:
One, this sudden jump is mainly on account of the so-called base effect. On a weaker base in the corresponding period of last year, the figures in the current year will show a sharper-than-actual jump, although the absolute increase would be less. In this case, the IIP in November last year was negative 3.4 per cent. “So excluding base effect, IIP growth would be around –4.6 percent in November 16,” said Soumya Kanti Ghosh, Chief Economic Adviser, SBI in a research report.
Two, the November figures typically reflect the festive season demand. Other indicators for November and December months, such as PMI, bank credit growth and two wheeler sales, points towards slower economic activity. Hence, they do not support a sharp rise in IIP shown in November, particularly with respect to revival in capital goods and manufacturing output. One needs to wait for December/ January numbers to get a clear trend on industrial pickup.
On account of these reasons, economists aren’t too bullish on the November IIP numbers despite a 5.5 percent increase in manufacturing output, a 15 percent jump in capital goods and a 5.6 percent jump in consumer goods. Radhika Rao, economist at Singapore-based DBS also points out to some abnormal jump in certain segments such as 185 percent rise in cable, rubber insulated component having distorting effects on the IIP numbers.
“Consumer durables output moderated on sequential terms due to the cash crunch. Despite firm November IIP we are not convinced this rebound will last. Along with still weak investment trends, other high-frequency signal slower momentum in Nov/ Dec16. This suggests that the already subdued phase of subdued production growth is likely to extend into Dec16/Jan17, not helped the least due to a build-up in inventories and weak demand due to the recent cash crunch,” Rao said.
Rating agency Crisil, a subsidiary of global rater Standard and Poor’s, too cited weak macroeconomic indicators to take a cautious position on improvement in economic activities. “Going by the production trend in some sectors such as auto, next month’s IIP growth data may be more indicative of the impact of demonetisation,” a statement from the agency said.
Another rating agency, Care, cautioned that even the December IIP numbers would have a statistical benefit distorting the actual growth figures. “While one would have to wait and watch for December to be certain of the neutral impact of demonetization, negative growth in IIP in December and January of FY16 would provide a similar statistical benefit for industrial growth,” Care said.
“We still believe that it would be premature to conclude that demonetization did not have an impact as the data on physical production numbers for auto and infra sectors do show lower production numbers for November when compared with October, but are getting magnified when compared over 2016,” the agency added.
For the 8-month period, growth was marginally up at 0.4 percent, Care said. “If positive rates accrues in next two months due to the statistical bias, then the final number for the year could be in the range of 1-2 percent," Care said. “Growth in capital goods does not gel with the CSO release last week which talks of a sharp decline in capital formation for the full year. Also with credit growth being tardy, it is more likely that the growth was more statistical in nature,” the agency said.
There is protruding disconnect between the November IIP figures and a host of high frequency indicators. The November core sector growth numbers were at 4.9 percent as compared with 6.6 percent increase in October and 5.01 percent in September, while the decline in PMI to 49.6 in December as against 52.3 in November--the slowest recorded growth in the manufacturing sector seen in this year—and the fall in bank credit. The RBI data on bank credit shows that growth in non-food credit growth in December has slowed to the slowest in at least 19 years. That apart, most two-wheeler makers have reported a drop in the sales post-demonetisation. These numbers tell us that there is a slowdown in growth at least in the short-term.
The bottomline is this: Despite what the November IIP numbers tend to portray, the outlook on economy remains grim for this year, at least going by the hard evidence on the ground. One needs to wait for more data and be cautious while looking at the monthly numbers, at least for the next few months, to get a clearer trend of the movement in the economy.
(Data support from Kishor Kadam) |
Media sharing services have become prolific on the internet as connection speeds have increased giving consumers the ability to upload, for example, their own personal videos. Most media sharing services act strictly as an intermediary, for example, they give the user a forum to display the user's version of a video. The media sharing service can then host the user uploaded media allowing other users on the internet the ability to view the uploaded media.
In some media sharing services, much of user uploaded media contains musical content, such as user generated musical content. For example, users may upload media with innovative renditions of well known songs or original user content. Musical content can be highly interactive. For example, those consuming media with musical content can sing along, dance, play instruments, etc. In most media sharing services, the interactive nature of this content is not used beyond displaying the user generated music content to another user that has chosen to consume it. Thus, it is desirable that user generated music content be enhanced to facilitate more interaction with the users that consume the media content. |
Email this article to a friend
Gitmo inmate released
Wednesday - 7/14/2010, 4:02pm EDT
A Yemeni man held at the U.S. military prison at Guantanamo Bay for eight years has been sent home after a judge concluded he had no connection to al Qaeda and ordered his release, the Pentagon said Tuesday.
Reuters reports, Mohammed Odaini is the first Yemeni sent home since U.S. President Barack Obama halted repatriations after allegations that a Yemeni al Qaeda affiliate was behind a failed attempt to blow up a U.S. airplane on Christmas Day. |
Japan air controller 'blogged Air Force One flight plans' Published duration 10 September 2011
A Japanese air traffic controller has been questioned after apparently blogging about the flight plans of the US president's plane, Air Force One, reports say.
The unnamed controller, who works at Tokyo International Airport, faces possible charges or disciplinary action.
The information, including a map showing the route and altitude of Air Force One, was apparently published during a visit by President Barack Obama to Asia in November.
Details about US drone flights near the crippled Fukushima nuclear plant are also said to have been included.
Japanese media reports said the controller, in his 50s, took photographs of the information on computer screen images at work and later uploaded them onto his blog.
Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda was planning to apologise to Mr Obama when they met in New York in September, government officials have been quoted as saying by Japanese newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun.
Suspected motivation
The information, relating to the movements of Air Force One, is said to have included two pages of details.
A non-specialist would not have been able to understand all the data, the Japanese ministry of transport was quoted as saying, as much of it was presented in numerical form.
The ministry added that the man's motivations had apparently been to impress his friends, rather than to cause any risk to Mr Obama.
The information has now been removed. |
//
// TKTool.m
// HandKooPDSDKDemo
//
// Created by lbxia on 2018/5/7.
// Copyright © 2018年 HDTK. All rights reserved.
//
#import "LBXToast.h"
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <Toast/UIView+Toast.h>
@implementation LBXToast
+ (void)showToastWithMessage:(NSString*)message
{
if (message == nil) {
message = @"";
}
//tip
UIWindow * window = [[UIApplication sharedApplication] keyWindow];
[window makeToast:message
duration:2
position:CSToastPositionCenter];
}
+ (UIViewController*)getTopViewController
{
return [self currentTopViewController];
}
#pragma mark- Get TOP VC
+ (UIViewController*)topRootController
{
UIViewController *topController = [[UIApplication sharedApplication].delegate.window rootViewController];
// Getting topMost ViewController
while ([topController presentedViewController])
topController = [topController presentedViewController];
// Returning topMost ViewController
return topController;
}
+ (UIViewController*)presentedWithController:(UIViewController*)vc
{
while ([vc presentedViewController])
vc = vc.presentedViewController;
return vc;
}
+ (UIViewController*)currentTopViewController
{
UIViewController *currentViewController = [self topRootController];
if ([currentViewController isKindOfClass:[UITabBarController class]]
&& ((UITabBarController*)currentViewController).selectedViewController != nil )
{
currentViewController = ((UITabBarController*)currentViewController).selectedViewController;
}
currentViewController = [self presentedWithController:currentViewController];
while ([currentViewController isKindOfClass:[UINavigationController class]]
&& [(UINavigationController*)currentViewController topViewController])
{
currentViewController = [(UINavigationController*)currentViewController topViewController];
currentViewController = [self presentedWithController:currentViewController];
}
currentViewController = [self presentedWithController:currentViewController];
return currentViewController;
}
@end
|
To the Editor:
==============
We want to acknowledge the important contributions made by Dr. Barry D. Weiss to the field of health literacy and the development of the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) health literacy assessment ([@x24748307-20190705-01-bibr4]). However, we are writing to disagree with his suggestion for readers that further NVS research in children or working to improve youth health literacy is of limited value ([@x24748307-20190705-01-bibr5]).
Much research has been done and much is currently underway across the disciplines of public health education and education communication, as recently discussed in Kolbe ([@x24748307-20190705-01-bibr3]). The intersections of health education, health communication, and health literacy are being examined around the world to find ways to integrate health across kindergarten through high school curricula as well as in community settings. Improving children\'s health literacy requires the leadership and commitment of administrators, teachers, physicians, school nurses, and health educators as well as professionals working with parent and social service organizations and governmental agencies.
The Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child framework (known as the WSCC) emerged in 2011 from education and health leaders (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). It includes health education and nine other components that every school should implement to ensure the health, safety, and well-being of students, staff, and school environment. This framework, along with decades of research on health communication and more recent work on health literate organizations, is contributing to fundamental changes in approaches to support students from kindergarten to 12th grade. Children require specialized strategies based on their environments, their knowledge, age, and maturity level to understand the processes of health and disease, apply decision-making skills, interpret risk, and appreciate the value of prevention.
Today\'s threats to children demand that we start as early as possible to build their knowledge and communication skills for informed decision-making, resilience, and empowerment. Bullying, texting, sexting, suicide, addiction, and e-tobacco products, to name just a few risks, often require decision-making by children in-the-moment in a hallway or after school on a playground, or alone without adult guidance. We do not want them to wait for them to be "patients" seeing clinicians years later dealing with complex physical or mental health conditions, or rely solely on parents or other guardians, who may or may not have the scientific understanding, belief, communication skill, or resources to intervene.
Many research questions need to be investigated across fields to understand how to best enhance children\'s health literacy skills, especially as our nation becomes more diverse. We agree strongly with Howe, Van Scoyok, and Stevenson ([@x24748307-20190705-01-bibr2]) that a candid discussion is needed about the best ways to assess and encourage health literacy in children. We hope these issues will be considered fully by the peer-review processes that span all these disciplines.
Marin P. Allen, PhD
Bethesda, MD
M. Elaine Auld, MPH, MCHES
Washington, DC
[^1]: Disclosure: The authors have no relevant financial relationships to disclose.
|
A group funded by the local Chinese Embassy is collecting data on Pakistan’s Uighurs, worrying the community. The embassy claims it’s never heard of the group.
Courtesy Muhammad Umar Khan Muhammad Umar Khan in his now-closed school.
RAWALPINDI, Pakistan — China has been detaining members of the Uighur ethnic group, placing an estimated 1 million in internment camps and prisons. Now the Uighur community living in neighboring Pakistan fears that Beijing could come for them or their families back home next. The last time Muhammad Umar Khan saw his uncles, aunts, and cousins was when his mother died in 2015. The whole group made the journey from Xinjiang, the province in northwest China where the bulk of the majority-Muslim group lives, to the city of Rawalpindi, where Khan’s parents settled in 1948 after migrating from China. But since then, nothing. “We haven’t been able to contact them for the past two years,” he told BuzzFeed News. “Only some details — like the fact that some of my relatives are in prison — have trickled through the grapevine.” Khan, a Pakistani citizen, fears other Uighurs in Pakistan are about to go through the same thing themselves — or worse. Approximately 2,000 Uighurs live in Pakistan’s northwest, divided between the cities of Rawalpindi and Gilgit. For the past six months, China has doubled down on collecting data on Uighurs in the country, including where they live, where their parents migrated from, and how many children they have, Khan told BuzzFeed News. The group gathering information on Pakistan’s Uighurs are members of an organization called the Ex-Chinese Association, and have been going door to door in Uighur neighborhoods in Rawalpindi distributing “registration forms” to Pakistani citizens of Chinese descent. They say the forms will allow Uighur children to attend Chinese Embassy–run schools for free. Khan fears that information will be used against Pakistani Uighurs by the Chinese government, including to extradite them to Xinjiang and have them placed in internment camps under false charges.
Courtesy Muhammad Umar Khan
Already China has exerted pressure on the governments of Malaysia, Egypt, and Uzbekistan, forcing them to repatriate Uighur populations to China, where they are placed in internment camps and prisons. In July 2015, Thailand, following pressure from the government in Beijing, deported close to 100 Uighur Muslims to China, many of whom were reportedly Turkish citizens. In March this year, BuzzFeed News reported the presence of several Turkish nationals in Uighur internment camps in Xinjiang, confirming that China’s crackdown on Uighurs was not limited to Chinese citizens. Now the Chinese are looking toward their biggest ally in South Asia, as the Pakistani government either ignores the Uighurs’ concerns or actively assists Beijing in its mission. The ties between China and Pakistan have run deep for decades. Beijing has pledged more than $60 billion to Pakistan in the form of loans and investments for roads, ports, power plants, and industrial estates under the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan has dodged questions about China’s persecution of Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang, claiming to “know nothing about the issue.” Pakistan’s Ministry of Human Rights did not respond to multiple requests for comment. The Ex-Chinese Association, also known as the Overseas Chinese Organization, describes itself as an organization “established for the welfare of Ex-Chinese Uighur Pakistani community.” “Overseas Chinese” is a term used by the Chinese government to describe Chinese migrants, as well as their offspring or descendants. The Ex-Chinese Association’s Facebook page features posts detailing China’s investment in Pakistan and news articles that defend the Chinese government’s actions in Xinjiang. Between 2003 and 2013, the organization received about 16 million rupees ($150,000) from the Chinese Embassy, according to University of Colorado anthropologist Alessandro Rippa’s 2014 ethnographic study on Uighurs in Pakistan. There are few details about how and to whom the money was distributed. Rippa, one of the few scholars to look in depth at the Pakistani Uighur community, told BuzzFeed News that several people he spoke to during the study, under condition of anonymity, told him that they were suspicious of the activities of the Ex-Chinese Association and had little sympathy for China’s repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang. The organization’s general secretary, Azeem Khan, confirmed to BuzzFeed News in a phone interview that they have been receiving money from the Chinese Embassy for the past 11 years. Azeem during the call said that he himself was Uighur, and that stories and reports about internment camps in Xinjiang were part of “Western media’s agenda designed to defame China.” “Most of the reports coming in about Xinjiang are baseless and based on isolated incidents,” Azeem said. “I visit China for business all the time — Urumqi, Beijing, Shanghai — and I haven’t witnessed any persecution of Uighurs.” Lijian Zhao, deputy chief of mission at the Chinese Embassy in Islamabad, however, denied any connection — financial or otherwise — with the Ex-Chinese Association. Zhao went as far as to say that the Chinese Embassy was not aware of the organization’s existence. Azeem Khan did not respond to a request for comment on Zhao’s refusal to acknowledge the Ex-Chinese Association. Meanwhile, Zhao was photographed with members of the Ex-Chinese Association as recently as June 6, 2019.
Ex-Chinese Association Pakistan / Via Facebook: ExChinesePak1 Zhao (center right) with members of the Ex-Chinese Association on June 6.
So far, Umar Khan believes Chinese authorities — with the help of the Ex-Chinese Association — have managed to obtain information from approximately 400 Uighurs in Rawalpindi, and he fears refusing the Chinese’ demands to fill out Ex-Chinese Association registration forms means trouble for the community. That especially includes the estimated 10 families in the city who are stateless, lacking citizenship with any country, after entering the country through Afghanistan in the 1980s. They and their children now are denied access to school, medical care, and any protection from China’s reach.
“We have reached out to NGOs, the government, the UNHCR, asking them to help us, saying this collection of data is unjust and unlawful. No one has agreed to help,” Khan said. “Instead, people tell us that we are poisoning Pakistan’s relationship with China.” The UNHCR’s spokesperson in Islamabad, Qaiser Khan Afridi, told BuzzFeed News that they were not aware of the presence of Uighurs in Pakistan. “We are unable to comment on any actions of any Embassy in Pakistan, since that is outside our mandate,” he added in an email to BuzzFeed News. Khan’s troubles began, he said, when he established the Umar Uighur Language School in March 2009, with the aim of teaching Uighur language, customs, and culture to members of their community in Rawalpindi. Uighur riots against Chinese suppression had already begun in Xinjiang, and by July 2009, over 140 protesters — Uighur sources claimed the toll was much higher — had been killed in clashes with security forces. Soon after, Pakistani and Chinese embassy officials began making the rounds at Khan’s school, asking who the property’s landlord was and what curriculum the school was following, Khan recalled. And then, Kamirdin Abdurahman was arrested in China. Abdurahman was a Uighur accountant employed by Khan, born in Rawalpindi with relatives in Xinjiang. In October 2009, Abdurahman crossed the border en route to Ürümqi, the capital of Xinjiang province, to meet his family. “Chinese immigration officials arrested him on his way there, stripped him naked, and beat him,” Khan said. “And they stopped only when he agreed to spy on my organization for them.” But when Abdurahman came back to Pakistan and shared his story with the press, he began receiving threatening phone calls, from both Pakistani and Chinese state officials. A month later, fearing for his life, he fled to neighboring Afghanistan, where he has been living in exile for the past eight years. Abdurahman confirmed Khan’s account to BuzzFeed News but declined to comment further. “He wasn’t safe in his own country,” Khan added. “None of us are.” In 2010, Khan’s school was forcefully shut down by the Chinese Embassy under allegations of involvement with Rebiya Kadeer, an exiled Uighur political activist. When asked by BuzzFeed News, Khan did not deny his involvement with Kadeer and her organization, the World Uighur Congress, which the Chinese government considers a terrorist organization. Khan was then barred from entering China, and his bank accounts in Pakistan were frozen. Opposite the plot where Khan’s school once stood, the Ex-Chinese Association — with the assistance of the Chinese Embassy — opened up a bigger, flashier high school with science labs, computer labs, and Mandarin classes.
Chinese Embassy in Pakistan / Via pk.chineseembassy.org Peak High School during a visit from Chinese Ambassador Sun Weidong in 2013. |
Q:
OpenLayers: Possible to show zoom level?
Been researching this for a while and nothing has come to fruition. Best I could find was:
OpenLayers.Control.ZoomStatus = OpenLayers.Class(OpenLayers.Control, {
autoActivate: true,
element: null
});
But 'ZoomStatus' isn't even mentioned in the documentation (maybe it is but can't seem to find it). Found it at this link: http://trac.osgeo.org/openlayers/attachment/ticket/3629/OpenLayers.Control.ZoomStatus.js
Can anyone offer some insight as to how to display the zoom level/status in the browser?
A:
But 'ZoomStatus' isn't even mentioned in the documentation
According to http://trac.osgeo.org/openlayers/ticket/3629 it's scheduled for 2.13 (but the current dev version still doesn't feature it).
The fact is that it does little more than call map.getZoom() anyway, so you're probably better off implementing a custom handler. Example:
Go to http://dev.openlayers.org/releases/OpenLayers-2.12/examples/osm.html
and execute the following script in Firebug/Chrome dev tools JS console:
map.events.register('zoomend', map, function() {
var zoomInfo = 'Zoom level=' + map.getZoom() + '/' + (map.numZoomLevels + 1);
document.getElementById('shortdesc').innerHTML = 'Show a Simple OSM Map --- ' + zoomInfo;
})
And zoom in/out.
A:
For OpenLayers3 (v.3.4.0) I will modify @kryger answer:
<body>
<div id="zoomlevel"></div>
<script>
map.on("moveend", function() {
var zoom = map.getView().getZoom();
var zoomInfo = 'Zoom level = ' + zoom;
document.getElementById('zoomlevel').innerHTML = zoomInfo;
});
</script>
</body>
|
PDL qualification for this season is complete, with eight teams punching their ticket to the 2010 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup. The qualifiers – and their competitors – had to deal with multiple tiebreakers and plenty of final day nail biting action. Even then, for two teams, a perfect 4-0-0 record wasn’t enough to send them through.
CENTRAL CONFERENCE
GREAT LAKES DIVISION
GP
W
L
T
PTS
GF
GA
GF
GD
Dayton Dutch Lions
4
3
0
1
10
8
1
7
+7
Michigan Bucks
4
3
1
0
9
8
3
8
+5
Chicago Fire
4
2
1
1
7
5
3
5
+2
Indiana Invaders
4
2
1
1
7
4
3
4
+1
Cleveland Internationals
4
1
2
1
4
4
9
4
-5
Cincinnati Kings
4
1
3
0
3
6
8
6
-2
Kalamazoo Outrage
4
0
4
0
0
3
11
3
-8
Top team qualifies for the U.S. Open Cup
Clinched Open Cup berth – Eliminated from contention
Note: Columns on the far right are for tiebreaker purposes
HEARTLAND DIVISION
GP
W
L
T
PTS
GF
GA
GF
GD
Des Moines Menace
4
3
1
0
9
7
4
7
+3
Rochester Thunder
4
2
1
1
7
5
2
5
+3
Real Colorado Foxes
4
2
1
1
7
7
4
6
+2
St. Louis Lions
4
2
2
0
6
7
5
6
+1
Kansas City Brass
4
1
2
1
4
2
6
2
-3
Springfield Demize
4
0
3
1
1
2
9
2
-6
Top team qualifies for the U.S. Open Cup
Clinched Open Cup berth – Eliminated from contention
Note: Columns on the far right are for tiebreaker purposes
EASTERN CONFERENCE
MID-ATLANTIC DIVISION
GP
W
L
T
PTS
GF
GA
GF
GD
Reading United AC
4
4
0
0
12
13
1
10
+9
Ironbound Express
4
4
0
0
12
9
0
9
+9
New Jersey Rangers
4
3
1
0
9
7
3
7
+4
Carolina Dynamo
4
2
1
1
7
11
7
7
+3
Central Jersey Spartans
4
1
2
1
4
3
6
3
-3
West Virginia Chaos
4
1
3
0
3
2
7
2
-5
Ocean City Nor’easters
4
0
2
2
2
4
8
4
-4
Northern Virginia Royals
4
0
3
1
1
5
13
5
-6
Hampton Roads Piranhas
4
0
3
1
1
3
12
3
-7
Top team qualifies for the U.S. Open Cup
Clinched Open Cup berth – Eliminated from contention
Note: Columns on the far right are for tiebreaker purposes
NORTHEAST DIVISION
GP
W
L
T
PTS
GF
GA
GF
GD
Long Island Rough Riders
4
3
0
1
10
9
2
6
+5
Albany BWP Highlanders
4
3
0
1
10
10
6
9
+4
Western Mass Pioneers
4
2
1
1
7
7
3
6
+3
MPS Portland Phoenix
4
1
0
3
6
6
3
6
+3
New Hampshire Phantoms
4
1
1
2
5
3
2
3
+1
Vermont Voltage
4
1
3
0
3
4
14
4
-7
Westchester Flames
4
0
2
2
2
2
6
2
-4
Brooklyn Knights
4
0
4
0
0
5
10
5
-5
Top team qualifies for the U.S. Open Cup
Clinched Open Cup berth – Eliminated from contention
Note: Columns on the far right are for tiebreaker purposes
SOUTHERN CONFERENCE
MID-SOUTH DIVISION
GP
W
L
T
PTS
GF
GA
GF
GD
DFW Tornados
4
3
1
0
9
6
2
6
+4
Rio Grande Valley Bravos
4
2
1
1
7
5
4
5
+1
Laredo Heat
4
2
2
0
6
11
5
8
+3
El Paso Patriots
4
2
2
0
6
4
8
4
-1
West Texas United Sockers
4
2
2
0
6
4
6
4
-2
Houston Leones
4
0
3
1
1
2
7
2
-5
Top team qualifies for the U.S. Open Cup
Clinched Open Cup berth – Eliminated from contention
Note: Columns on the far right are for tiebreaker purposes
SOUTHEAST DIVISION
GP
W
L
T
PTS
GF
GA
GF
GD
Central Florida Kraze
4
3
0
1
10
12
2
10
+8
Mississippi Brilla
4
3
0
1
10
11
2
9
+7
Baton Rouge Capitals
4
2
0
2
8
5
2
5
+3
New Orleans Jesters
4
2
2
0
6
11
7
7
+2
Atlanta Blackhawks
4
1
1
2
5
6
6
4
+0
Bradenton Academics
4
1
2
1
4
2
7
2
-3
Nashville Metros
4
1
2
1
4
1
5
1
-4
Fort Lauderdale Schulz Academy
4
0
4
0
0
0
10
0
-8
Top team qualifies for the U.S. Open Cup
Clinched Open Cup berth – Eliminated from contention
Note: Columns on the far right are for tiebreaker purposes
WESTERN CONFERENCE
NORTHWEST DIVISION
GP
W
L
T
PTS
GF
GA
GF
GD
Kitsap Pumas
4
4
0
0
12
12
0
11
+11
Portland Timbers U23s
4
4
0
0
12
9
1
9
+8
Tacoma Tide
4
2
2
0
6
8
6
6
+2
Yakima Reds
4
1
3
0
3
2
10
2
-7
Washington Crossfire
4
1
3
0
3
8
8
4
-2
Spokane Spiders
4
0
4
0
0
3
17
3
-12
Top team qualifies for the U.S. Open Cup
Clinched Open Cup berth – Eliminated from contention
Note: Columns on the far right are for tiebreaker purposes
SOUTHWEST DIVISION
GP
W
L
T
PTS
GF
GA
GF
GD
Ventura County Fusion
4
3
1
0
9
10
3
8
+5
Orange County Blue Star
4
2
0
2
8
14
6
9
+6
Los Angeles Legends
4
2
1
1
7
8
4
8
+4
Fresno Fuego
4
1
1
2
5
11
12
10
+0
Lancaster Rattlers
4
1
1
2
5
4
8
4
-2
BYU Cougars
4
1
2
1
4
4
5
4
-1
Hollywood United Hitmen
4
1
2
1
4
6
8
6
-2
Ogden Outlaws
4
1
2
1
4
4
10
4
-5
Southern California Seahorses
4
1
3
0
3
2
7
2
-5
Top team qualifies for the U.S. Open Cup
Clinched Open Cup berth – Eliminated from contention
Note: Columns on the far right are for tiebreaker purposes
CENTRAL CONFERENCE
Great Lakes Division
With a week to go, Dayton and Chicago both led the division at 2-0. The Fire would stumble for the next two games, losing to Cincinnati and tying in Cleveland, allowing the Michigan Bucks to pass them, which they did so by defeating Kalamazoo on the road and Cincinnati in a late game-winner. Dayton tied Indiana, which meant that they had to win in Kalamazoo in order to pass the Bucks and qualify for their first Open Cup. They took care of business by winning 4-1 to finish with a 3-0-1 record, one point ahead of Michigan.
Heartland Division
After last week, this division came down to one game, as Des Moines sat at 3-1, with Rochester on their heels at 2-1. Rochester needed to defeat the Kansas City Brass in order to qualify. The score was no matter as they held the head-to-head tiebreaker over the Menace. However, they couldn’t complete their task, tying Kansas City 0-0. This allowed Des Moines to qualify for their fifth trip to the US Open Cup. They share a record (with the Carolina Dynamo) for the furthest advancement by a PDL team, making it to the Fourth Round in 2005. Can they go further? It all starts with game #1 on June 15.
EASTERN CONFERENCE
Mid-Atlantic Division
Two teams went all out in making sure they had their chance to make the US Open Cup: the Ironbound Express of Newark and Reading United AC (formerly the Reading Rage). Ironbound made their case by shutting out all the teams on their schedule, defeating the West Virginia Chaos, Central Jersey Spartans, New Jersey Rangers, and Ocean City FC. They finished with 9 goals scored. At the time, Reading was 2-0, having beaten Hampton Roads and Northern Virginia, and had a +5 goal differential with 6 goals scored. They would need to win both their games (both on the road) by a total of 4 goals, as well as having to in order to make the tournament. Any slip up, and Ironbound were Open Cup-bound. They proceeded to beat West Virginia 1-0 and Carolina 4-0, finishing at 4-0 with a +9 goal differential (tying Ironbound) and 10 goals scored (edging the Express by 1 goal). With that, Reading United qualify for the US Open Cup for the second straight year, and their fourth trip overall. Ironbound received the unfortunate distinction of being the third team since the current PDL qualifying format began in 1997 to win all four of their games and still miss the tournament (the other two being the Colorado Comets in 1999 and the Southern California Seahorses in 2005). However, out of those three teams, they are the first to miss out after earning shutout victories in all four of their qualifying games.
Northeast Division
The Albany BWP Highlanders and Long Island Rough Riders were the two teams left in the running with a week to go. Albany had finished their campaign at 3-0-1, with Long Island sitting at 3-0 with a game in Westchester to play. A draw was all they needed to qualify, and a draw is what they got. They tied the Flames 0-0 to qualify for the US Open Cup for the fifth time, and their second as a PDL team.
SOUTHERN CONFERENCE
Mid-South Division
Three teams were in the running with a week remaining: DFW and El Paso, who sat in the drivers’ seats at 2-0, and Rio Grande Valley, who were at 0-1-1, but had games against both of those clubs remaining. The Bravos started their comeback with a 1-0 win over the Tornados, pulling themselves within two points. Meanwhile, the Patriots dropped a humiliating 6-0 result to the Laredo Heat. RGV then took care of business and finished off El Paso with a 2-0 win, to put themselves at 7 points. DFW then needed a win over Houston to qualify, as RGV held the head-to-head tiebreaker between the clubs. The Tornados did their job to fend off the comeback kids, beating the Leones 1-0 to qualify for their fourth US Open Cup, and their first since 2004.
Southeast Division
The loss of the Panama City Pirates made a serious mess in how division qualification worked here in the Southeast, and New Orleans and Central Florida had to adjust their schedules accordingly. The Jesters had a match against Bradenton count double for them, while the Kraze had an extra game against Fort Lauderdale only count for themselves and not for Schulz Academy. Both took advantage of their “extra” qualifying games, winning 5-0 and 3-1, respectively. Then the race to the finish got crazy, as three of the five teams still in the running did all they could to make it to the tournament. First, the Kraze defeated Atlanta to go to 2-o-1, tying Mississippi at the top, while knocking the longshot Blackhawks out. Then, in a matchup to decide who still got a chance, Baton Rouge defeated the Jesters 2-1 to move into the lead at 2-0-2, knocking New Orleans out. They would then have to wait for results from the Brilla and Kraze. Mississippi would bump the Capitals with a 3-0 win over Nashville to finish at 3-0-1, but their trip wasn’t quite booked yet. Central Florida had to win by 3 to make it, and win by 3 they did. A 3-0 victory over Schulz Academy gave the Kraze their first trip to the US Open Cup since 2007.
WESTERN CONFERENCE
Northwest Division
The Kitsap Pumas and Portland Timbers U23s both lined up with the same schedule, and all at the same site (Tacoma/Washington at home, Spokane/Yakima on the road). They both proceeded to take care of business and win all four of their games. The final day consisted of the Timbers playing in Yakima and Kitsap hosting the Crossfire. Portland needed to better the result of the Pumas in order to qualify. They did their job, defeating the Reds 2-0, but then would have to wait and see how Kitsap would respond. The Pumas did so by defeating Washington 2-0 themselves, making the US Open Cup for the second straight year, in only their second year of existence. In the same token, Portland becomes the fourth team in PDL qualifying history – and the second of the DAY – to finish 4-0 and not qualify for the Open Cup.
Southwest Division
The Ventura County Fusion, the defending champions of the Premier Development League, are well on their way to a repeat, currently with a 4-1 record. Their first task, qualifying for the 2010 Lamar Hunt US Open Cup (their first), had already been achieved with a game to spare. They stand at 3-0, defeating Lancaster, Ogden, and Southern California. No other team can finish with more than eight points.
Tavio Palazzolo
One Comment
Firstly congratulations to Central Florida Kraze (Southeastern Divn) on their achievement. We wish you well in subsequent rounds, flying the flag for our division. Secondly, what happens next? What ARE those subsequent rounds and how are they organized? Finally: Great summary. I have published an excerpt in our fan-site The RedStick ( http://theredstick.webs.com Many thanks, Stephen. 01/06/10 |
Israel's Culture and Sports Minister Miri Regev said on Thursday that if the 2019 Eurovision Song Contest is not held in Jerusalem, it should not take place in Israel at all.
Regev's comments come amid growing fears that the song contest may suffer the same fate as the highly-anticipated Argentina-Israel soccer match, which was canceled following Palestinian pressure.
Regev, who is still facing accusations that she politicized the soccer match, said that Israel has every right to decide where the Eurovision contest should take place.
>> IIsrael should stop playing into BDS' hands or Argentina soccer fiasco will only be the beginning ■ BDS is still a failure – don’t let Netanyahu’s Argentine soccer debacle fool you >>
"With all due respect to the Union, Israel has the right to decide where to host Eurovision," said Regev, "it is a beautiful show and there are no issues with the substance, but the point is also that the state shows itself on the occasion," she added.
"The final decision will be taken by the prime minister, but if they ask me, I'll say the right thing to do is either host it in Jerusalem or spend the 50 million shekels necessary in some other way," Regev concluded.
Israel's victory with singer Netta Barzilai in this year's Portugal edition granted it the right to host the next event in its capital.
A Haaretz report on Wednesday revealed that European Broadcasting Union officials are uneasy about holding the Eurovision Song Contest in Jerusalem next year, voicing concerns that Mideast politics could harm the competition and tarnish its brand.
Reacting with a tweet, Communications Minister Ayoob Kara tried to shun any controversy by saying that the government has no intention to politicize Eurovision and will comply with all the guidelines set by the European Broadcasting Union. |
A mixed bag of babies and a blog
11/04/2010
Teach your baby to read and eat wry bread
Jocelyn read me a book this morning. Panda Bear Panda Bear What Do You See? Her version went something like this: "Teddy Bear Teddy Bear What Do You See? Foug joghou hweoru dhgou moczoing with me."
I could get all mother-of-the-year on you and say that I taught her to read at two years old. But the truth is that I’ve read it to her enough times that she has memorized the rhythm of the story. And anything else she’s learned—like how to spot an octagon or a stop sign—is from daycare or Sesame Street. They don’t tell you in those parenting books that a lot of this raising kids thing is luck, or letting someone else do it while you clean poop off the sheets.
Which brings me to RIE (Resources for Infant Educators, pronounced “wry.”) The Daily Beast reported yesterday on this new parenting method touted by celebrities. It’s all about getting back to basics, and cutting out the high-stress nature of baby sign language, Gymboree, and strollers. “A crying baby isn’t shushed or distracted but is allowed to release the tension of feeling, and asked why he or she is crying.” There’s a lot more to it than that, of course, but that’s what stuck in my mind long after I read the article.
There are positive points to this crazy rye on toast idea, as there are to various parenting methods. But do I really need a “method” to raise my kids? Some days, maybe. On other days—like every odd day—my girls can outsmart a method. Aja is a very calm child, until she’s not. Just like I am a very easy-going mom, until I’m not. Will she respond to questions about why she’s crying? Hell no. Will she give me any inkling of a reason as to why she refuses to take a bottle? Absolutely not. Her sickness from last week has passed. Her teeth have ruptured the gum line and the drool has stopped leaking from her chin. The bottle is not too hot, nor too cold. But put that nipple a few inches in front of her face and she clamps her mouth shut. Then she gives me a toothy grin that shows off her under bite. So maybe it’s just the bottle? No, that’s not it. She’s also impossible to feed in the high chair. All she wants to do is get out. Strap her in and she screams like a wounded cat.
So apparently, if I were to get all RIE on her ass, I should talk to Aja and explain to her what I’m doing. I should ask, “Why little child, must you cry?” And then I can dangle a paisley scarf in front of face (one of few toys allowed in RIE) and she’ll stop crying and eat like an obedient baby.
Let’s just say that this has not been a good week in the land of motherhood. There has been a severe lack of food, sleep, and patience throughout the walls of this house. No book or method could have helped me. Unless that book or method included an all-expense paid trip for me out of this juice joint.
And speaking of Aja—while she may be a bit behind in her verbal skills, I’m convinced she’s going to start talking soon and her first words will not doubt be: “Drink the fucking bottle mother!”
I would never say such a thing of course. There’s probably a parenting book out there that claims cursing in front of your child leads to feelings of abandonment and self-doubt. But then again, there's probably another book that says speaking to a child at their level will make them a better citizen of the world. That book starts with the letter A. And I always listen to the books that start with A. |
First prize: Novel uropathogen-resistant coatings inspired by marine mussels.
Success in the prevention of urinary device infections has been elusive, largely due to multiple bacterial attachment strategies and the development of urinary conditioning films. We investigated a novel anti-fouling coating consisting of mussel adhesive protein mimics conjugated to polyethylene glycol (mPEG-DOPA(3)) for its potential to resist conditioning film formation and uropathogen attachment in human urine. Model TiO(2) -coated silicon disks ( approximately 75 mm(2)) were either coated with mPEG-DOPA(3) or left uncoated and sterilized using ethylene oxide gas. For bacterial attachment experiments, coated and uncoated surfaces were separately challenged with bacterial strains comprising six major uropathogenic species for 24 hours at 37 degrees C in human pooled urine. Starting inoculum for each strain was 10(5) CFU/mL and 0.5 mL was used per disk. Following incubation, the disks were thoroughly rinsed in phosphate buffered saline to remove non-adherent and weakly-adherent organisms and cell scrapers were employed to dislodge those that were firmly attached. Adherent bacteria were quantitated using dilution plating. Representative disks were also examined using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, and live/dead viability staining. The mPEG-DOPA(3) coating significantly resisted the attachment of all uropathogens tested, with a maximum >231-fold reduction in adherence for Escherichia coli GR-12, Enterococcus faecalis 23241, and Proteus mirabilis 296 compared to uncoated TiO(2) disks. Scanning electron microscopy and viability staining analyses also reflected these results and demonstrated the ability of the coating to resist urinary constituent adherence as well. Model surfaces coated with mPEG-DOPA(3) strongly resisted both urinary film formation and bacterial attachment in vitro. Future in vitro and in vivo studies will be conducted to assess whether similar findings can be demonstrated when these polymer coatings are applied to urologic devices. |
Q:
YUI CSS Minification issues
I have 2 css files which are minified and combined into one file. But the CSS property on the same element is not combined.
file1.css // this comes from a common library
body { position: relative; margin: auto; }
file2.css //this is a project specific style
body { position: static }
min.css
body{position: relative; margin: auto}
body{position:static}
I want position: static to take precedence on position: relative
A:
It's not a bug, YUI Compressor does not merge CSS selectors.
It's a choice, and it has a reason.
Take this CSS as an example :
/* file1.css */
.foo {
color: red;
}
.bar {
color: blue;
}
/* file2.css */
.foo {
color: yellow;
}
And this HTML:
<p class="foo bar">Hello world!</p>
Here's what we've got:
Without file combination
/* file1.css */
.foo{color:red;}.bar{color:blue;}
/* file2.css */
.foo{color:yellow;}
The color is YELLOW, because of the order of declarations.
With file combination, without merging selectors
/* file1.css */
.foo{color:red;}.bar{color:blue;}.foo{color:yellow;}
The color is YELLOW, same reasons.
With file combination and merging selectors
/* file1.css */
.foo{color:yellow;}.bar{color:blue;}
The color is BLUE, because our element has both selectors, and the yellow value has been moved during minification.
|
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package groovy
class ExpandoPropertyTest extends GroovyTestCase {
void testExpandoProperty() {
def foo = new Expando()
foo.cheese = "Cheddar"
foo.name = "Gromit"
assert foo.cheese == "Cheddar"
assert foo.name == "Gromit"
assert foo.properties.size() == 2
}
void testExpandoMethods() {
def foo = new Expando()
foo.cheese = "Cheddar"
foo.fullName = "Gromit"
foo.nameLength = { return fullName.length() }
foo.multiParam = { a, b, c -> println("Called with ${a}, ${b}, ${c}"); return a + b + c }
assert foo.cheese == "Cheddar"
assert foo.fullName == "Gromit"
assert foo.nameLength() == 6, foo.nameLength()
assert foo.multiParam(1, 2, 3) == 6
// lets test using wrong number of parameters
shouldFail { foo.multiParam(1) }
shouldFail { foo.nameLength(1, 2) }
}
void testExpandoMethodCloning() {
def foo = new Expando()
def c = {
assert delegate instanceof Expando
1
}
foo.one = c
assert foo.one() == 1
assert !(c.delegate instanceof Expando)
}
void testExpandoConstructorAndToString() {
def foo = new Expando(type: "sometype", value: 42)
println foo
assert foo.toString() == "{type=sometype, value=42}"
assert "${foo}" == "{type=sometype, value=42}"
}
void testExpandoMethodOverrides() {
def equals = { Object obj -> return obj.value == value }
def foo = new Expando(type: "myfoo", value: 42, equals: equals)
def bar = new Expando(type: "mybar", value: 43, equals: equals)
def zap = new Expando(type: "myzap", value: 42, equals: equals)
println(foo)
assert foo.equals(bar) == false
assert foo.equals(zap) == true
def list = []
list << foo
list << bar
println list
assert list.contains(foo) == true
assert list.contains(bar) == true
assert list.contains(zap) == true
assert list.indexOf(bar) == 1
assert list.indexOf(foo) == 0
println "hashCode: " + foo.hashCode()
foo.hashCode = { return value }
println("hashCode: " + foo.hashCode())
assert foo.hashCode() == foo.value
println("toString: " + foo.toString())
foo.toString = { return "Type: ${type}, Value: ${value}" }
println("toString: " + foo.toString())
assert foo.toString() == "Type: myfoo, Value: 42"
}
void testArrayAccessOnThis() {
def a = new FancyExpando([a: 1, b: 2])
a.update([b: 5, a: 2])
assert a.a == 2
assert a.b == 5
}
void testExpandoClassProperty() {
def e = new Expando()
e.class = "hello world"
assert e.class == "hello world"
}
}
class FancyExpando extends Expando {
FancyExpando(args) { super(args) }
def update(args) {
for (e in args) this[e.key] = e.value // using 'this'
}
String toString() { dump() }
}
|
How was your week
It looks as though the Cleveland Indians gave their fans something they wanted this Christmas season. As it’s being reported that Edwin Encarnacion has agreed to a 3 year $60 million dollar deal with Cleveland. The deal also includes a 4th option year at $25 million dollars or the Indians have a buyout option for $5 million dollars. Encarnacion hit 42 home runs and led the American League in RBI’s with 127. Encarnacion is a career .266 hitting and has 310 career home runs. With the Toronto Blue Jays last season Encarnacion played 75 games at 1st base and was the DH 86 times. Encarnacion games played should look very similar with the Indians as he’ll share time with Carlos Santana at 1st base and as the teams DH. Encarnacion will fil the spot of Mike Napoli who is still on the free agent market, but there have been reports the Texas Rangers are interested in his services.
It looks as though the Atlanta Braves have decided that outfielder Ender Inciate will be part of there rebuilding plan. The Braves sign Inciate to a 5 year extension worth $30.525 million dollars. There is also an option for a 6th year which the Braves can choose to buy out for $1.025 million dollars. Inciate is 26 years old and 2016 was his first season with the Braves after playing two seasons with the Arizona Diamondbacks. Inciate hit .291 with 24 doubles, 7 triples and 3 home runs. Inciate stole 16 bases while being caught 7 times. Inciate played 120 games in centerfield last season while also playing 10 games in leftfield. Inciate has played all three outfield positions in his career and had a .991 fielding percentage in centerfield last season. Inciate names came up quite a bit at the trade deadline last season and now that he’s signed to a very team friendly deal the question becomes. Will he be with the Braves long term? Or will other teams be even more interested in him now that he comes with some control?
Remember the beginning of the 2016 season when Jose Bautista said he wouldn’t give the Blue Jays a hometown discount and he would be looking for $25 to $30 million dollars a season in his new contract. Well after making those demands Bautista pretty much went out and stunk it up. Bautista played in 116 games due to injuries and hit just .234. His power numbers where also down as he managed just 22 home runs after hitting 40 and 35 the two seasons before. Bautista is 36 years old and you have to wonder if it was the injuries that caused the down season or are his skills in decline. The Blue Jays did offer Bautista the qualifying offer of $17.2 million dollars after last season, but he didn’t sign it. There are reports out now that Bautista may take a 1 year deal, but would like to get more than the $17.2 million dollars that the qualifying offer would’ve given him. Bautista isn’t a great defender; he has a career fielding percentage of .982 as an outfielder. You have to wonder how he might hold up with a National League team where he wouldn’t have the benefit of getting that break from fielding as a DH. Bautista is one of the bigger names left out on the free agent market; so it will be interesting to see where he signs and how much he signs for.
Are you ready for the National Football League to take over your Saturday? There are 12 games on the schedule for Saturday. There are also two games on Sunday and then the Monday night game. Of course there was the Thursday night game where the Philadelphia Eagles beat the New York Giants 24-19.
New York Jets head coach Todd Bowles has rejoined the team in New England for today’s game. Bowles was admitted to the hospital on Friday with an undisclosed illness and it was unknown if he would even make it to today’s game. Bowles didn’t travel with the team Friday after being hospitalized and it was being reported the team initially feared Bowles suffered a heart attack. Doctors have determined that was not the case. Bowles arrived at the team hotel Saturday morning and will travel with the team to Gillette Stadium for today’s game against the Patriots. The Jets said it was still unclear whether Bowles would coach the team from the sideline or the coaches booth. Assistant head coach Mike Caldwell ran the walk through practice Friday at the team facility and is on standby to handle head coaching duties if Bowles hadn’t been able to make it to the game.Bowles is the third NFL head coach to suffer an in-season medical emergency. Broncos head coach Gary Kubiak experienced a complex migraine condition that forced him to miss one game, and Vikings head coach Mike Zimmer missed one game to undergo emergency eye surgeries.
In that Jets/Patriots game today it looks as though wide receiver Michael Floyd will be active for the Patriots. Floyd was released by the Arizona Cardinals on December 14th; two days after he received a DUI. Floyd is facing six charges: obstructing a roadway; DUI impaired to the slightest degree; DUI blood alcohol content above 0.08, 0.15 and 0.20; and failure to obey a police officer. All charges are Class 1 misdemeanors. If convicted Floyd could face jail time. There was some controversy to the Patriots signing Floyd after the video of his DUI came out. Floyd was asleep at the wheel of his vehicle while it was still in gear and was very unresponsive to the police officers instructions in the video. This will be Floyd’s first game action with the Patriots. Floyd is a free agent after this season; so he has a couple of games to prove to teams that he can still produce on the field. He’ll also have to convince teams that his off the field troubles are behind him.
On Thursday night the Boston Bruins beat the Florida Panthers 3-1 on the ice. Now it seems like this is just a normal Thursday night NHL game with Boston getting a win, but when you look into the scoring it’s not. On the Panthers only goal of the night the assist went to Jaromir Jagr. That assist broke a tie Jagr was in for 2nd place on the NHL’s all time leading scores list. Jagr now has 1888 career points in his NHL career. Jagr trails just Wayne Gretzky on the list, but he trails by quite a bit. “The Great One” has 2857 career points and at 44 years of age I don’t think Jagr will be around long enough to catch Gretzky.
Jagr started his NHL career with the Pittsburgh Penquins where he played from 1990 to 2001. Then Jagr was with the Washington Capitals from 2001 to 2004. Jagr then went to the New York Rangers from 2004 to 2008. Jagr who was born in Kladno, Czechoslovakia decided after the 2008 season that he wanted to return home to play. Jagr signed with the Avangard Omsk of the KHL and played there from 2008 to 2011. Jagr returned to the NHL in 2011 signing a one year deal with the Philadelphia Flyers. In 2012 Jagr signed with the Dallas Stars. Jágr was traded to the Boston Bruins in exchange for two prospects and a draft pick. In 2013 Jagr signed with the New Jersey Devils. Jagr was with the Devils until February of 2015 when he was traded to the Florida Panthers for a 2nd and a 3rd round pick in the 2015 draft. Jagr is still with the Panthers.
Who knows how many more seasons Jagr will play in the NHL, but he’s a had long well traveled Hall of Fame career.
You can listen to Sports Time Radio live on BlogTalkRadio.com, but you can also listen to the podcast any time you want at TuneIn.com |
Started Accumulating Avalon Last Week
Good morning everyone. Just an FYI that I started accumulating a position in Avalon last week at $2.57. This is a tax-loss selling trade as I believe the selling has been overdone and will yield a nice return in Q1 2012.
As always, this is my own personal investment decision taking into account my own personal risk profile. Please do your own DD, figure out your own risk and speak to your advisors before doing anything. |
Thursday, August 20, 2009
Equal Education Update
Molweni,
Usaphila? (How are you keeping? in Xhosa) I just got done with my work week today. This week was pretty hectic, between class and school. I have been busy at Equal Education organizing for party that we are having his coming Monday. I have been sending out invites and confirming plans at the restaurants. Aside from sending email invites to everyone, today I called all the people to confirm that they are attending. We hope to have around 70 guests so I had to make quite a few calls. However, if you do not keep on people they will not remember to show up/RSVP. The calling was not in vein though, because I got a bunch of RSVPs out of it.
Following the calls I went to help out at the Youth Group meeting. This is where Equal Education gets all of its support from students. It is where students from all over come to meet up and help in campaigns. Today the students made posters and banners to be held up at walk on September 2nd. The posters for the most part looked really good and will hopefully get the message across on the 2nd. The majority of the EE staff was in Kraifontein today working at a walk for libraries. The event apparently went extremely well and according to conflicting reports there were between 700 and 2000 people. Either number would be considered a success. We got a lot of publicity due to an article in the newspaper following a press conference we held regarding the state of libraries on Tuesday.
Yesterday I visited South Peninsula High’s library where we will be taking a group of learners (students) from Khayelitsha. The idea is that seeing a functional library will motivate them to want to have the same quality library in their schools. It was a nice library, but nowhere near what a high school library should look like in the US. It looked more like an elementary school library and was only big enough for about a maximum of 20 learners. It did look quite nice for what they had though.
The day before I finished work early and picked up my computer. So I finally have my technology issues sorted and both my phone and my computer are working. It has been nice to have working instruments.On Monday I went around with Lumkile and Nokubonga (Bonga) and delivered letters to different schools in Khayelitsha. We were hand delivering the letters, in the hope that we would have the chance to talk to the principals at each of the schools. The letters were asking the schools to join our effort to achieve functioning school libraries and full time librarians in all schools in Khayelitsha. The larger goal is all of South Africa, but for the time being we are localized to Khayelitsha. It was interesting to drop off the letters because I got a chance to walk around a bit in Khayelitsha and visit about 15-20 schools in the area. Khayelitsha is a massive township so we were only in one section and we had to drive from school to school.At night there has not been too much going on. Besides watching Jerusalema, a movie about “gangsterism” in Johannesburg, things have pretty laid back. We do not have much planned for this week, but tomorrow we are going to visit Parliament. I am really looking forward to this. |
For those of you keeping score at home, that’s a grand total of 23 games which will never have to spend time in the cold emptiness of Greenlight, as they get to skip not only the fee, but the entire thing. Some finalists are already on Steam though, like Papers, Please, The Stanley Parable and Don’t Starve. But as for the rest, I have a feeling most won’t be able to pass up such an opportunity.
Seeing how more than 650 games were submitted, narrowing it down to just 23 couldn’t have been easy. Definitely glad I’m not one of the judges who had to go through that process, much as I enjoy playing indie games. But alas, it has been done and here we are, plenty of heavy hitters having made the cut (no surprise there), all of which are now en route to Steam; should they so desire.
Valve is offering all IGF Main Competition finalists a Steam distribution agreement for games available on PC, Mac and Linux.
Yeah! Multi-platfo– oh right, Steam’s had Linux support for a while. Anyway… if you’re going to Game Developers Conference 2014, be sure to play at least some of them finalists, eh? I hear TowerFall Ascension is a particularly great multiplayer title, and if not that, then surely you’ll enjoy skating through Perfect Stride! |
At the risk of playing on emotions, every American should see the documentary film Restrepo, which came out three years ago. It chronicles these great American soldiers bogged down in the Korengal Valley of Afghanistan. Great men doing right by America. The only time they do not show up for work is when it is impossible to do so. No matter your politics, remember to see this film.
At some point after a lesson like this, we drift back to everyday life, which includes our love – as New Yorkers – for professional sports. Mark Teixeira has been on the disabled list for all but eight games this year. He got hurt hitting a ball off of a tee. In other words, the ball was not even moving. The injury did not require another person to be present. He earns $22.5 million a year. That is 2.8 million dollars for each game he has played in 2013, where he has batted .151.
The market decides what a man gets as far as salary, and as a fan, I was okay with these figures when the man was at first base every day. He is a great player when he plays every day. I understand the salary, and I would be hard pressed to turn that down if someone was willing to pay me that amount. But I would also feel somewhat undignified in accepting such a salary if I did not play for it.
If players are not on a rehab assignment, they should have to travel with the club. Even if they cannot be in the dugout because of some roster regulation, they should be in their street civvies and sitting behind the dugout. This is how it’s done in the minor leagues. A team should not be paying for guys to sit in their private hot tubs. I am growing to dislike a lot of players, and not because of their financial successes. There is just something that seems wrong with making all of that money in a non-contact sport, and then being out for an entire year.
Players should be able to move to the right for a groundball and not break a leg indefinitely. They should be able to hit a ball off of a tee and not damage their wrist sheath for months. They should get hit by a pitch and head to first base, not to their home entertainment center. This Yankee team has been surprisingly good despite the injuries. But knowing what other Americans do on a day to day basis for so little, I am no longer looking forward to seeing these Faberge Egg players come back. In fact, the honorable thing would be to donate the remainder of their gluttonous salaries to men who actually go to work every day to protect us. That would be the honorable thing. If this seems ridiculous, it only shows how far we have drifted from reality…but that film will bring you back. |
Q:
Error when using Esapi validation
I hope someone could help me with some issue.
I'm using OWASP ESAPI 2.1.0 with JavaEE, to help me to validate some entries in a web application. At some point I needed to validate a Windows file path, so I added a new property entry in the 'validation.properties' like this one:
Validator.PathFile=^([a-zA-Z]:)?(\\\\[\\w. -]+)+$
When I try to validate, for example, a string like "C:\TEMP\file.txt" via ESAPI, I get a ValidationException:
ESAPI.validator().getValidInput("PathFile", "C:\\TEMP\\file.txt", "PathFile", 100, false);
Alternatively, I also tried the java.util.regex.Pattern class to test the same regular expression with the same string example and it works OK:
Pattern.matches("^([a-zA-Z]:)?(\\\\[\\w. -]+)+$", "C:\\TEMP\\file.txt")
I must say that I added other regex in 'validation.properties' and worked OK. Why this one is so hard? Could anyone help me out with this one?
A:
This is happening because the call to validator().getValidInput("PathFile", "C:\\TEMP\\file.txt", "PathFile", 100, false); wraps a call to ESAPI.encoder().canonicalize() that is transforming the input to the char sequence (Not literal String!) C:TEMP'0x0C'ile.txt before it passes to the regex engine.
Except for the second "\" getting converted to the char 0x0c this is normally desired behavior. That could be a bug in ESAPI.
What you want, is to make a call to ESAPI.validator().getValidDirectoryPath()
|
In order to form a thermal spray coating on an inner surface of a cylinder bore of a linerless aluminum cylinder block effective for reducing weight and exhaust treatment of an automobile engine, the inner surface of the cylinder bore needs to be roughened in prespray processing for the purpose of enhancing adhesion of the thermal spray coating.
According to Japanese Patent No. 3780840, an inner surface of a cylinder bore is processed through boring processing and thereby is formed into roughened portions in a screwed-shape while the tips of ridge parts being protruding parts of the roughened portions in the screwed-shape are cut off and formed to have a broken surface of finer roughened portions. |
all:
@ python -OO -m compileall app/
clean-build:
@ find . ! -name "__init__.py" ! -name "manage.py" -name "*.py" -delete
clean:
@ rm -rf ./app
run: clean
@ cp -R ../../app .
@ find . -iname "*.py[co]" -delete
@ $(MAKE) && $(MAKE) clean-build
.DEFAULT: all
.PHONY: all clean clean-build run
|
Secondary Navigation
A Speidi bump! Heidi Montag is happily feeding her growing bundle of joy. On Wednesday, the reality star and her longtime hubby, Spencer Pratt, visited the Taco Bell Test Kitchen to whip up some tasty treats.
“Thank you @tacobell for the Test Kitchen Throw-Down! Live Más,” Montag tweeted, sharing a pic with her barely-there baby bump and her man.
“This is the best taco ever. It’s a triple taco!” Montag said on the fast food chain’s Snapchat. “All the different Dorito flavors with a little bit of nacho cheese, bacon and supreme, who wouldn’t want this?”
The expectant mother showed off her tiny baby bump in a blush colored top while sharing her creation -- “The Trifecta.” |
A matter of worker freedom
Should anyone be compelled to support a political cause they don’t believe in?
That’s the crux of an Illinois legal issue almost certain to be decided by the U.S. Supreme Court.
In the past, the high court has ruled that workers in non-right-to-work states can be forced to pay “fair share” dues to unions as long as none of the money goes toward political purposes.
The money is supposed to be spent on the costs the unions incur representing these people at the bargaining table and administering the contract.
But as Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy pointed out last year, the situation for government workers is different.
Just about everything a union does on their behalf is political.
Think about it.
Some of the biggest political issues facing state government this year are state worker pensions, employee pay and staffing in state facilities.
And, guess what, all those issues are ones brought up in labor negotiations.
So all of what a government worker union does is political in nature.
Some people who work for state government, local school districts and municipalities don’t agree with their unions and don’t believe they should be forced to pay money to groups that may hold a different political position than they do.
And yet those workers continue to give money to unions because they want to hang onto their jobs.
Last year, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Harris v. Quinn: “ … except perhaps in the rarest of circumstances, no person in this country may be compelled to subsidize speech by a third party that he or she does not wish to support.”
I was sitting in the courtroom when the Supreme Court heard the Harris case last year. It appeared a majority of the court is willing to look at the question of “fair-share” dues.
In fact, the Harris case prompted Gov. Bruce Rauner to issue an executive order this month saying that state workers do not have to pay money to unions – unless they want to.
Rauner is seeking a declaratory judgment in federal court to affirm that his actions are constitutional.
And that has to frighten union bosses nationwide.
Here’s why.
Ultimately if the U.S. Supreme Court rules in favor of Rauner, every government worker in the United States could be off the hook for union dues.
And only those who want to belong, not those forced to pay, would support government unions.
And this wouldn’t be just for Illinois state workers. It would be for every city, state, county and school district employee in the United States.
That is how it is already in 25 states.
It’s a matter of worker freedom.
People should not be forced to give to a group they don’t agree with just to have a job. |
I exchanged v-mails with Elena Scmid at the ISO. The leaked information
pertains to a filing to be made at FERC today that responds to the FERC
Staff's report on market mitigation. The ISO had last week released its own
proposed market mitigation plan -- or, as they referred to it, the market
stabilization plan. There was much negative response to it. I spoke against
it at the Board meeting and submitted written comments in opposition. The
Board blessed it "in concept" and agreed to the let the staff file it, but to
ask the staff for a few changes. I would be surprised if much has changed
since we've seen it. Along with the filing are two staff reports, one by
Angeli and one by Eric Hildebrandt that identifyy what they see as market
power. According the Elena, she does not believe that the reports use the
term "gouging." These reports are just extenstions of what we've seen from
the ISO before. Previously, the ISO talked about $650 million or so in
potential refunds. These reports extend the time period of the analysis.
I've asked Elena to let me know if Enron is named and when it will be
posted. Elena says that the ISO also asks for the mitigation period to be at
all times not just at 5% of the time as FERC has sugested.
It is not yet posted on the ISO web site. The ISO is holding press
conference now and I'm listening in.
Sue Mara
Enron Corp.
Tel: (415) 782-7802
Fax:(415) 782-7854 |
Module(body=[Assign(targets=[Name(id='t',
ctx=Store())],
value=Tuple(elts=[Num(n=1),
Num(n=2),
Num(n=3),
Num(n=4),
Num(n=2),
Num(n=1)],
ctx=Load())),
Print(dest=None,
values=[Compare(left=Call(func=Attribute(value=Name(id='t',
ctx=Load()),
attr='index',
ctx=Load()),
args=[Num(n=1)],
keywords=[],
starargs=None,
kwargs=None),
ops=[Eq()],
comparators=[Num(n=0)])],
nl=True),
Print(dest=None,
values=[Compare(left=Call(func=Attribute(value=Name(id='t',
ctx=Load()),
attr='index',
ctx=Load()),
args=[Num(n=2)],
keywords=[],
starargs=None,
kwargs=None),
ops=[Eq()],
comparators=[Num(n=1)])],
nl=True),
Print(dest=None,
values=[Compare(left=Call(func=Attribute(value=Name(id='t',
ctx=Load()),
attr='count',
ctx=Load()),
args=[Num(n=1)],
keywords=[],
starargs=None,
kwargs=None),
ops=[Eq()],
comparators=[Num(n=2)])],
nl=True),
Print(dest=None,
values=[Compare(left=Call(func=Attribute(value=Name(id='t',
ctx=Load()),
attr='count',
ctx=Load()),
args=[Num(n=2)],
keywords=[],
starargs=None,
kwargs=None),
ops=[Eq()],
comparators=[Num(n=2)])],
nl=True),
Print(dest=None,
values=[Compare(left=Call(func=Attribute(value=Name(id='t',
ctx=Load()),
attr='count',
ctx=Load()),
args=[Num(n=4)],
keywords=[],
starargs=None,
kwargs=None),
ops=[Eq()],
comparators=[Num(n=1)])],
nl=True)])
|
CSTUY: Saturday CS classes for middle- and high-school students - sevko
https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/262929085/saturday-hacking-sessions
======
haliax
I'll second gogwilt, Mike is an incredible teacher. He created an entire CS
program from scratch, which took us (high school kids) from programming 101 to
writing raytracers and systems programming in C. (And had an extracurricular
class teaching AI from Russell&Norvig)
If you'd like to see solid CS education become widespread, you should
absolutely support CSTUY.
------
gogwilt
Mike Zamansky was my high school CS teacher at Stuy. More than providing me an
incredible CS education, he inspired my continued passion for building
software.
Please help support this program!
------
liamzebedee
This is awesome! We've had many initiatives for improving the state of primary
school ComSci education (Code Club etc.), it's good to see a project related
to highschoolers.
On a little tangent -- I went to an event this weekend called Young ICT
Explorers [1], where primary and high school students present projects
involving IT that they've been working on for the past 6 months. It's like a
science fair for IT. I participated in the competition for every year since
its inception until this year where I'm now in uni (hence why I'm giving
back).
It was so fantastic to go there and see all of these students passionate about
IT, and it was actually astonishing just the calibre of their projects. There
was an eight-year old girl who programmed a microcontroller to work with a
piano keyboard of sorts, there were yaer 10 students who wrote their own game
engines, including a _very_ cool and well-polished pong/breakout mashup. One
kid who was in Year 12 actually had written an eLearning management system
which he had trademarked and had his school as a client. Crazy!
I would love to start a club like this for techy highschoolers. We have them
for sport, we have them for music, why not for IT? Any
ideas/thoughts/examples?
[1] -
[http://www.youngictexplorers.net.au/](http://www.youngictexplorers.net.au/)
|
Technical Note: Investigating the impact of field size on patient selection for the 1.5T MR-Linac.
The 1.5 T Elekta MR-Linac, due to the construction of the system will have a maximum radiation field size in the superior-inferior patient direction of 22 cm at isocentre. The field size may impact on the patient groups which can be treated on the system. This technical note aims to address the question of which treatment sites will be affected by field size limitations on the MR-Linac. Using historical data for 11 595 cases over 2 yr treated at the authors' institution, the proportion of plans that would fit the MR-Linac's field size was determined for eleven patient groups. In addition, cervix plans were analyzed to determine the length of the two Clinical Target Volumes (CTVs) and any overlap between them. With a 1 cm margin to allow for online plan adaption, 80% of all plans would be suitable for the MR-Linac due to the field size. This percentage increases to 100% for smaller tumor volumes such as prostate and brain. However, for cervix and three dose-level head and neck plans the percentage becomes 61% and 66%, respectively. The maximum radiation field size of the MR-Linac in the superior-inferior patient direction is 22 cm. With a 1 cm margin approximately 80% of all plans would be suitable for the MR-Linac with the available field size, decreasing to 61% for larger tumor volumes. For cervix patients this may motivate investigations into treating each CTV with a separate isocentre, allowing for careful control of matching fields. |
(Not Applicable)
(Not Applicable)
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to the field of speech recognition and dialog based systems, and more particularly, to the use of language models to convert speech to text.
2. Description of the Related Art
Speech recognition is the process by which an acoustic signal received by microphone is converted to a set of text words, numbers, or symbols by a computer. These recognized words may then be used in a variety of computer software applications for purposes such as document preparation, data entry, and command and control. Improvements to speech recognition systems provide an important way to enhance user productivity.
Speech recognition systems can model and classify acoustic signals to form acoustic models, which are representations of basic linguistic units referred to as phonemes. Upon receipt of the acoustic signal, the speech recognition system can analyze the acoustic signal, identify a series of acoustic models within the acoustic signal, and derive a list of potential word candidates for the given series of acoustic models.
Subsequently, the speech recognition system can contextually analyze the potential word candidates using a language model as a guide. Specifically, the language model can express restrictions imposed on the manner in which words can be combined to form sentences. The language model is typically a statistical model which can express the likelihood of a word appearing immediately adjacent to another word or words. The language model can be specified as a finite state network, where the permissible words following each word are explicitly listed, or can be implemented in a more sophisticated manner making use of a context sensitive grammar. Other exemplary language models can include, but are not limited to, n-gram models and maximum entropy language models, each of which is known in the art. A common example of a language model can be an n-gram model. In particular, the bigram and trigram models are exemplary n-gram models commonly used within the art.
Conventional language models can be derived from an analysis of a training corpus of text. A training corpus contains text which reflects the ordinary manner in which human beings speak. The training corpus can be processed to determine the statistical language models used by the speech recognition system for converting speech to text, also referred to as decoding speech. It should be appreciated that such methods are known in the art. For example, for a more thorough explanation of language models and methods of building language models, see Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition by Frederick Jelinek (The MIT Press ed., 1997).
Currently within the art, speech recognition systems can use a combination of language models to convert a user spoken utterance to text. Each language model can be used to determine a resulting text string. The resulting text strings from each language model can be statistically weighted to determine the most accurate or likely result. For example, speech recognition systems can incorporate a general or generic language model included within the system as well as a user specific language model derived from the first several dictation sessions or documents dictated by a user. Some speech recognition systems can continue to enhance an existing language model as a user dictates new documents or initiates new dictation sessions. Thus, in many conventional speech recognition systems, the language models can be continually updated.
Unfortunately, as the language models continue to grow, the importance of subject specific user dictation can be reduced. In particular, the effect of the more recent speech sessions can be diminished by the growing mass of data within the language model. Similarly, more recent user dictations, whether subject specific or not, also can be diminished in importance within the growing language model. This occurs primarily with regard to statistical language models where the statistical importance of one particular session or document which can be used to enhance the language model is lessened by an ever expanding data set. This statistical effect can be significant, for example, in the case where the user""s speech patterns change as the user becomes more familiar and accustomed to interacting with the speech recognition or dialog based system. Notably, any enhancement of a language model resulting from a single session or document, which can produce a limited amount of data especially in light of the entire data set corresponding to the language model, will not likely alter the behavior of a statistical speech based system. In consequence, the language model may not accurately reflect a user""s changing dictation style.
Similar problems can exist within the context of dialog based systems such as natural language understanding systems where a user can verbally respond to one or more system prompts. Though such systems can include one or more language models for processing user responses, the language models tailored to specific prompts can be built using an insufficient amount of data. Consequently, such language models can be too specific to accurately process received speech. Specifically, the language models can lack the ability to abstract out from the language model to process a more generalized user response.
The invention disclosed herein concerns a method of creating a hierarchy of contextual models and using those contextual models for converting speech to text. The method of the invention can be utilized within a speech recognition system and within a natural language understanding dialog based system. In particular, the invention can create a plurality of contextual models from different user speech sessions, documents, portions of documents, or user responses in the form of user spoken utterances. Those contextual models can be organized or clustered in a bottom up fashion into related pairs using a known distance metric. The related pairs of language models continually can be merged until a tree-like structure is constructed. The tree-like structure of contextual models, or hierarchy of contextual models, can expand outwardly from a single root node. The hierarchy of contextual models can be interpolated using a held out corpus of text using techniques known in the art such as deleted interpolation or the back-off approach. Notably, the invention is not so limited by the specific smoothing techniques disclosed herein. Rather, any suitable smoothing technique which is known in the art can be used.
After the hierarchy of contextual models is determined and smoothed, received user spoken utterances can be processed using the resulting hierarchy of contextual models. One or more contextual models within the hierarchy of contextual models can be identified which correspond to one or more received user spoken utterances. The identified contextual models can be used to process subsequent received user spoken utterances.
One aspect of the invention can include a method of converting speech to text using a hierarchy of contextual models. The hierarchy of contextual models can be statistically smoothed into a language model. The method can include (a) processing text with a plurality of contextual models wherein each one of the plurality of contextual models can correspond to a node in a hierarchy of the plurality of contextual models. The processing of text can be performed serially or in parallel. Also included in the method can be (b) identifying at least one of the contextual models relating to the received text and (c) processing subsequent user spoken utterances with the identified at least one contextual model.
At least one of the plurality of contextual models can correspond to a document or a portion of a document, a section of a document, at least one user response received in a particular dialog state in a dialog based system, or at least one user response received at a particular location within a particular transaction within a dialog based system. Still, the at least one of the plurality of contextual models can correspond to the syntax of a dialog based system prompt, a particular, known dialog based system prompt, or a received electronic mail message.
Another embodiment of the invention can include a method of creating a hierarchy of contextual models. In that case the method can include (a) measuring the distance between each of a plurality of contextual models using a distance metric. Notably, at least one of the plurality of contextual models can correspond to a portion of a document or a user response within a dialog based system. Also included can be (b) identifying two of the plurality of contextual models which can be closer in distance than other ones of the plurality of contextual models. Also included can be (c) merging the identified contextual models into a parent contextual model. The merging step (c) can include interpolating between the identified contextual models wherein the interpolation can result in a combination of the identified contextual models. Alternatively, the merging step (c) can include building a parent contextual model using data corresponding to the identified contextual models. Also included can be step (d) wherein steps (a), (b), and (c) can be repeated until a hierarchy of the plurality of contextual models can be created. In that case, the hierarchy can include a root node. Still, the hierarchy of the plurality of contextual models can be statistically smoothed resulting in a language model. For example, the hierarchy of contextual models can be interpolated using a held out corpus of text using techniques known in the art such as deleted interpolation, the back-off approach, or another suitable smoothing technique.
The plurality of contextual models, or the initial contextual models can be built from speech sessions, document templates, documents, and portions of documents such as paragraphs, or any part of a document that can be subdivided into one or more parts, such as a section of a document. In the case of a dialog based system such as a natural language understanding system, the initial contextual models can be built from one or more user responses to all or a subset of the various system prompts. |
(This happened a few years ago during the summer while I am babysitting my neighbor’s daughters. They’re six and four years old respectively, and are sweet, adorable, and very inquisitive. They’re telling me about what grade they’ll each be in for the upcoming school year, and eventually ask me about it:)
Older Girl: “What about you, [My Name]? What grade will you be in?”
Me: “Actually, I’ll be going to college.”
Older Girl: *totally shocked* “Really? Do you have to drive there?”
Me: “Yep! But my mom and dad are probably going to drive, since there’s no room to park in the city. I know how to drive, though.”
Older Girl: “Wooooah! You’re like a grown-up! Are you gonna get married and have kids?”
Me: *laughing* “Oh, gosh, maybe someday, but not anytime soon. I’m not THAT old.”
(The four-year-old, who’s been listening intently this entire conversation, finally joins in with this:)
Younger Girl: *completely serious* “I want to get married, but I DON’T want any children.”
Me: “Don’t worry; you don’t have to have kids if you get married.”
Younger Girl: *genuinely relieved* “Good, I don’t like children.”
(I barely held it together. I also enjoyed the implication that children and marriage are an automatic packaged deal, no exceptions.) |
Starbucks is partnering with Uber to expand its delivery service as the coffee giant looks for new ways to reach customers.
At its annual investor day in New York, the Seattle-based company announced today that it will bring “Starbucks Delivers” to nearly 25 percent of its 8,000 U.S. company-operated stores early next year. It recently worked with Uber Eats, the food delivery arm of Uber, to run tests in Tokyo and Miami. Other fast food companies such as McDonald’s and Taco Bell have invested in similar delivery partnerships in recent years.
Starbucks ran delivery pilots with Postmates — which unveiled its robotic delivery robot today — in 2015 around Seattle but the new deal with Uber is its most aggressive delivery initiative in the U.S. to date. Earlier this year, Starbucks partnered with Alibaba for delivery service in China and has already expanded that program to 2,000 stores in 30 cities.
Starbucks is exploring ways to reach customers as store traffic has been stagnant. Purchases made with baristas inside Starbucks stores made up 61 percent of total sales in 2016, Business Insider reported — that dropped to 51 percent in fiscal 2018.
Starbucks is also investing other technology as it looks to increase traffic and its bottom line. In March the company began asking customers to provide their email address before connecting to in-store WiFi. Requiring sign-ups for WiFi, in addition to Happy Hour deals, is helping Starbucks build millions of new “digital relationships.”
Starbucks also recently opened up its mobile order-ahead app feature to anyone this year. The technology, previously only available to rewards members, lets customers order with their smartphone via Starbucks’ app and skip the line. The feature represented 14 percent of U.S. company-operated transactions in the most recent quarter.
Starbucks shares were flat over the past few years but are up 35 percent since July. The company is facing competition from high-end coffee shops and other fast food companies like McDonald’s and Dunkin’ Donuts. |
Robert Skidelsky, Professor Emeritus of Political Economy at Warwick University and a fellow of the British Academy in history and economics, is a member of the British House of Lords. The author of a three-volume biography of John Maynard Keynes, he began his political career in the Labour party, became the Conservative Party’s spokesman for Treasury affairs in the House of Lords, and was eventually forced out of the Conservative Party for his opposition to NATO’s intervention in Kosovo in 1999.
Normally I'm a fan of Skidelsky's, but this article is just waffle. His grasp of the subject is nowhere near that of the average advocate of Modern Monetary Theory. For example he doesn't seem to get the point (pointed out by MMTers and Martin Wolf) that at low rates of interest there is little difference between national debt and money (base money to be exact).
With all due respect to the author, I think his statement that "[a]ll governments nowadays aim for a fiscal surplus to pay down debt" is not consistent with the facts. While it may be true for some countries, it is clear that many countries, including the United States, China and Japan, are not aiming for a fiscal surplus that would enable the government to pay down its debt. They may say that is what they are aiming for, but their actions are inconsistent with such a goal.
"In the long run, (paying down debt by Increasing GDP growth) can be achieved only by raising productivity." This would work so much better if increased productivity would be widely shared, but we are still in a cycle where increasing productivity exists with downward pressure on wages. In fact, much of the productivity increases are being shielded from tax.
This is a very intriguing comment, which effectively was as well mentioned in a previous article (Apr. 17th) by Adair Turner (former Chair at UK FSA) and Susan Lund (from McKinsey's MGI): the fact that we can simply reduce the Debt/GDP ratio by the amount held in the respective Central Bank.
For that article, and this one again, I bring this argument to its reduction to the absurd, by asking: so why not we go all the way down to reduce the ratio to 30%, 25%, or... even 0%? (i.e. one-scoop QE increase that suddenly eliminates public debt, by just increasing Reserve Balances with the sweep of a finger).
Can we actually make disappear debt in a such simple fashion?... without consequences?
And that is the crux of the matter: the consequences. The problem is that, at this point, we are in the middle of the largest experiment in monetary policy history, QE, and we DO NOT know the consequences, nobody really knows!
I content that the creation of debt, it DOES HAVE A LIMIT... but, given the dynamics at play, it is impossible to estimate at any point of time what is that limit for a given country... because depends totally on Market Expectations (by themselves, unobservable).
Thus, we decide to be on the cautionary side of things trying to avoid too much debt overhang (by ear, as we do not know how much is too much)... and this is why probably nobody would propose to bring the Debt/GDP to 0% using the central bank balance sheet... however, netting it at 63% (like UK's example), seems more reasonable to the author... but the underlying logic is still Unexplained (same goes for the Apr. 17th article), other that "all is the same gov. balance sheet".
Prof. Skidelsky has a point about the Keynesian principles predicated in the article, however I would question whether Keynes himself would share the same support to the logic above for public debt evaporation via Central Bank QE so to undertake a Keynesian public infrastructure programe.
I completely agree with you. It is actually quite frightening that full monetization of government debt has been proposed by three different authors in the space of a few weeks. It suggest this idea is really 'in the air' as QE and negative interest rates fail.
The line between too much such monetization and hyper inflation and too little and no impact at all, is unknowable and likely to be highly unstable. Just letting this genie out of the bottle could have destabilizing consequences that are hard to anticipate.
Moreover, just exactly how would such a move stimulate growth?
No individual is going to leverage up again just because nominal government debt has decreased. I suppose in theory one might imagine a reduction in future taxation as interest expense goes away, but in reality interest payments to the FED are simply returned to the Treasury anyway.
Bottom line is we need to figure out how to grow again beyond monetary and fiscal tricks. Japan used to talk about 'a third arrow' for growth: structural reform. You don't hear anyone talk much about that anymore.
They should.
To my mind some of the core problems with the U.S. economy (society) are:
1. Expectations, as normal, of ever increasing economic growth at an unsustainable rate by most everyone (as the article, and the Great Crisis, point out);
2. Deregulation and devolution of the financial industry into a hyper-predatory, scantly regulated state;
3. Failure of government regulators to use what regulatory powers they had, and/or to ignore those regulatory powers without fear or concern for the impact on America’s lower and middle classes;
4. Moral hazard is now a joke in the financial industry (no one but the public pays);
5. Offloading, via offshoring, our costs of production (negative externalities) with the working classes and the environment paying the costs;
6. The fallacy of Trickle-down economics being turned into the reality of Flood-up economics—wealth being appropriated by the corporation and its major shareholders with the blessing of government (while the clueless American working class public watched);
7. Trade Agreements high-jacked by corporate interests;
8. The tremendous advances in the power of marketing and advertising as it affects human consumptive behavior;
9. The use of that marketing power by corporations and our government to brainwash the public into a state of mindless consumptive addiction based on debt;
10. The willing ignorance of the voter/consumer to ignore the above and by into the idea that economic growth and mindless consumption is the goal of life;
11. One dollar, one vote political reality.
Want to fix things like the problem of debt, and other ailments?
Start with addressing the above in an unbiased, adult, and meaningful manner.
Why do so many, who should certyainly know better, quote Polonius's "advice?" in Hamlet, Polonius is a figure of contempt and ridicule. Hamlet tells him to his face that if he were treated "according to his" he would surely not " 'scape whipping.' " And his last word to the dead Polonius is "I took you for your better" (ie., his boss, the fratricide murderer and usurper Claudius!). If Shakespeare has Polonius say anything he is holding it up for our contempt as sententious nonsense. So why does everybody go on quoting it as if it was anything to be taken seriously?
Mr Skidelsky is very picky about the half-truths he spells out. Picky in such a way that he miserably fails to name solutions for the glo0bal situation, but restricts the usefulness of his essay to the countries that have been historically rich and have been setting the rules, essentially enslaving the world.
Mr Skidelsky, comparing Greece with Japan, does not mention that Japan's debt to the tune of 60% of GDP is in its central bank balance sheet --he only parenthetically mentions BoJ. If Greece had an independent central bank and 60% of GDP worth of Greek debt was in the central bank's balance sheet, Greece would likely have lower interest rates than Japan, because it has far lower private debt to GDP.
Of course, he does not mention that there is no way for Greece to guide its government debt to domestic hands, because it is part of the EU. Further, because it is also part of the EZ, its banks have been advised (or instructed?) to diversify the government debt in their balance sheets, away of Greek debt and that is how they did not collapse when the ECB denied ordinary liquidity in the beginning of the 2015 negotiations (February, I believe). In fact, Greece being in the EZ is such a problem that Greek banks have to move away from Greek debt, and what debt pension funds and domestic population had at hand, in 2010, has taken a tremendous haircut, crippling any chance that domestic debt will be held domestically in the future!
Mr Skidelsky should also tell us how he picked Denmark to compare with the US, on private debt. It is amazing that he forgets to mention the tremendous inequality in the US, in stark contrast with Denmark. It is, of course, obvious that "the bottom quintile" will be more leveraged in the US, when half the wealth is at the hands of the 1% and (which must be near true for the US, if it is for the globe, of which it accounts for 22.5%). It is tremendously difficult to get leveraged for this 1% and, indeed, for the rest of the top 10% in the US.
In fact, the drivers of gigantic and increasing private and public debt globally, are in trade and investment deals, like those the US are putting forward (TPP and TTIP), in currency unions without matching fiscal and political authorities to recycle the benefits, and also in tax heaven regimes remaining untouched. Of course Mr Skydelsky won't tell us anything about these. They are sensible political issues, important to great vested interests.
Mr Skydelsky's ideas are very uninteresting. Only US and China can make use of them, because of their near self-sufficiency. The rest of the world depends on demand and free trade and investment zones are gradually killing it with over-indebtedness.
Of course, these free trade and investment zones are creating countries like Germany... It is the same reason England insisted on China "opening its market" to Indian opium in the past, when India was a colony...
No amount of debt is too much when the investment returns to society exceed the interest paid thereon and the depreciation in value of the capital asset. The focus must move towards calculating the long term benefits of investments, and this is where everything goes pear shaped. Business get involved and diverts public expenditure for private ends. The end result of this is negative value added to society while the business owners earn stratospheric profits.
The US housing market was uniquely positioned like a house of cards to collapse. To be sure shovelling mortgages out onto anybody walking down the street did not help but the key problem was the US 1930s legistlation that allows houseowners to throw the front door keys over the counter and walkaway free of obligation. Many did just that when they could in fact continue covering mortgage, it was simply the best outcome to avoid servicing massive negative equity to no apprarent benefit. As a raw doubling of available of available housing stock form the longterm average puts the housing market into freefall there was no way back.
'...if, as is likely, economic recovery grinds to a halt.'
The problem in the UK is tax revenue level recovery which has not been on plan and shows no sign of being on plan and is flatlining
The unsafe level of debt occurs when you cannot service it. There is no greyscale, it is black and white. It is quite simple. There is no safe debt because debt is income from the future and the future is unknown. You can hardly expect the sellers of debt to advise anybody of that simple fact or they would have little business
As global debt has done nothing but gallop on regardless the cusp of the next chaotic outcome is already built, its just a question of when we find it. More debt was the kneejerk reaction by guvnts in 2008, that get out of jail card has been played, as has the dip into the community chest for a card.
Will Goldilocks find the bear markets porridge is just at the right temperature. Its more that likely the bowl will be empty before she gets there. It is all about timing if you want porridge
For a country where 61% of the population face a cash crunch if an emergency $500 unplanned need arises outside of the known expenditure, the perils of credit creation makes a stunning case where far too many products and services allure the consumer. It must be marvels of consumerism that so much credit still leaves so little balance for savings.
Robert, the basis / economic fundamentals changed constantly throughout the period that you stated and therefore one cannot draw a sound comparison / conclusion based on the figures / percentages that you and others have stated. Governments of leading economies always utilize the same old weapons that they always use and that is the fluctuations in the forex / price of assets and commodities to manage their Debt to GDP ratios (Greece should have been excluded from your essay, Greece is an exception to all rules). The current low prices of oil should contribute to reducing the debts of the importing countries since most of the savings from the low price of oil (from over $100pb a year ago to under $30pb today) have not and shall not be passed on to the consumer but rather to the Treasury of Debtor countries. So in short, it has been a cyclical trend to utilize (manipulate) the commodities & asset markets to bring up or down the debt.
Steve, you know what a Greek Ship owner once said to a government minister? He said, for us the best government is a government that just leaves us alone, we have our own compasses, we know where to sail and how to sail, we do not need more compasses to take us off course.
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from time import time
from constants import *
INJURED = 'injured'
name = 'Потрёпанный мужик с дробовиком'
GO = 'Уйти'
WAIT = 'Постоять'
DELTA_TIME_MAX = 15
def get_actions(user):
return [ GO, WAIT ]
def enter(user, reply):
reply('— Ты еще кто такой?! Не дергайся, дай мне проверить твои документы! У меня на это уйдёт примерно 15 секунд.', photo='BQADAgAD6QgAAmrZzgd8DgIPKNYJ7QI')
user.set_room_temp('time', time())
def action(user, reply, text):
t2 = time()
delta = t2 - user.get_room_temp('time')
if text == GO:
if user.has_tag(INJURED) and delta < DELTA_TIME_MAX:
reply('— Я тебя предупреждал!')
user.death(reply, reason='Нетерпеливость')
elif delta < DELTA_TIME_MAX:
reply('— Я тебя предупреждаю последний раз.\nМужик поднимает дробовик и стреляет чуть правее твоей головы, но тебя все равно зацепило.\n*Click-Clack*\n— Следующий будет в голову.')
user.add_tag(INJURED)
user.make_damage(10, 30, reply, death=False, name=name)
elif delta > DELTA_TIME_MAX:
if user.has_tag(INJURED):
user.remove_tag(INJURED)
reply('— Вали отсюда! Быстро!')
user.leave(reply)
elif text == WAIT:
if delta < DELTA_TIME_MAX:
reply('В комнате очень тихо. Настолько что ты слышишь своё собственное сердцебиение.\nЕще бы его не услышать, ведь на вас направлен дробовик!')
else:
reply(' — Иди!')
|
Transcript
Late-night snackers, beware: You may be altering your brain. Scientists at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center found that this happens to mice, when they’re fed when they ought to be sleeping. Within just a few days, the mice were up looking for food shortly before it arrived. Molecular geneticist Masashi Yanagisawa and his colleagues discovered a genetic switch in the brain’s hunger center that flipped on before the new feeding time. He says the same may happen in humans.
MASAHI YANAGISAWA (University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center):
Those people who habitually eat a lot during the night — they are like those mice. These people are forcing themselves to eat in a biologically abnormal time period for humans…
HIRSHON:
… thereby training their brains to expect and even seek out more midnight snacks in the future. I’m Bob Hirshon, for AAAS, the science society. |
Related literature {#sec1}
==================
For background to the chemistry of carbodithioates, see: Tarafder *et al.* (2002[@bb5]).
Experimental {#sec2}
============
{#sec2.1}
### Crystal data {#sec2.1.1}
C~15~H~12~ClN~3~O~2~S~2~*M* *~r~* = 365.85Monoclinic,*a* = 10.175 (2) Å*b* = 8.4958 (17) Å*c* = 19.318 (4) Åβ = 105.01 (3)°*V* = 1613.0 (6) Å^3^*Z* = 4Mo *K*α radiationμ = 0.51 mm^−1^*T* = 293 K0.25 × 0.15 × 0.15 mm
### Data collection {#sec2.1.2}
Enraf--Nonius CAD-4 diffractometerAbsorption correction: ψ scan (North *et al.*, 1968[@bb3]) *T* ~min~ = 0.884, *T* ~max~ = 0.92810135 measured reflections3086 independent reflections2538 reflections with *I* \> 2σ(*I*)*R* ~int~ = 0.019200 standard reflections every 3 reflections intensity decay: 1%
### Refinement {#sec2.1.3}
*R*\[*F* ^2^ \> 2σ(*F* ^2^)\] = 0.032*wR*(*F* ^2^) = 0.086*S* = 1.083086 reflections212 parametersH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinementΔρ~max~ = 0.49 e Å^−3^Δρ~min~ = −0.44 e Å^−3^
{#d5e405}
Data collection: *CAD-4 Software* (Enraf--Nonius, 1989[@bb1]); cell refinement: *CAD-4 Software*; data reduction: *XCAD4* (Harms & Wocadlo, 1995[@bb2]); program(s) used to solve structure: *SHELXS97* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb4]); program(s) used to refine structure: *SHELXL97* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb4]); molecular graphics: *SHELXTL* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb4]); software used to prepare material for publication: *SHELXTL*.
Supplementary Material
======================
Crystal structure: contains datablocks global, I. DOI: [10.1107/S1600536809047953/hb5222sup1.cif](http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600536809047953/hb5222sup1.cif)
Structure factors: contains datablocks I. DOI: [10.1107/S1600536809047953/hb5222Isup2.hkl](http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600536809047953/hb5222Isup2.hkl)
Additional supplementary materials: [crystallographic information](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendsupfiles?hb5222&file=hb5222sup0.html&mime=text/html); [3D view](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendcif?hb5222sup1&Qmime=cif); [checkCIF report](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?hb5222&checkcif=yes)
Supplementary data and figures for this paper are available from the IUCr electronic archives (Reference: [HB5222](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendsup?hb5222)).
This work was financed by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (project 30772627) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (project 20080441043).
Experimental {#experimental}
============
A mixture of benzyl hydrazinecarbodithioate (396 mg, 2 mmol), 3-nitrobenzaldehyde (302 mg, 2 mmol) was stirred in methanol (10 ml) for 1 h. After keeping the filtrate in air for 7 d, yellow blocks of (I) were formed.
Refinement {#refinement}
==========
The H atoms were positioned geometrically (C---H = 0.93--0.96 Å) and refined as riding, with *U*~iso~(H) = 1.2*U*~eq~(C).
Figures
=======
{#Fap1}
Crystal data {#tablewrapcrystaldatalong}
============
-------------------------- -------------------------------------
C~15~H~12~ClN~3~O~2~S~2~ *F*(000) = 752
*M~r~* = 365.85 *D*~x~ = 1.507 Mg m^−3^
Monoclinic, *P*2~1~/*n* Mo *K*α radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Hall symbol: -P 2yn Cell parameters from 25 reflections
*a* = 10.175 (2) Å θ = 9--12°
*b* = 8.4958 (17) Å µ = 0.51 mm^−1^
*c* = 19.318 (4) Å *T* = 293 K
β = 105.01 (3)° Block, yellow
*V* = 1613.0 (6) Å^3^ 0.25 × 0.15 × 0.15 mm
*Z* = 4
-------------------------- -------------------------------------
Data collection {#tablewrapdatacollectionlong}
===============
------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------
Enraf--Nonius CAD-4 diffractometer 2538 reflections with *I* \> 2σ(*I*)
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube *R*~int~ = 0.019
graphite θ~max~ = 26.0°, θ~min~ = 2.1°
ω/2θ scans *h* = −12→11
Absorption correction: ψ scan (North *et al.*, 1968) *k* = −10→10
*T*~min~ = 0.884, *T*~max~ = 0.928 *l* = −23→23
10135 measured reflections 200 standard reflections every 3 reflections
3086 independent reflections intensity decay: 1%
------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------
Refinement {#tablewraprefinementdatalong}
==========
------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Refinement on *F*^2^ Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: full Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
*R*\[*F*^2^ \> 2σ(*F*^2^)\] = 0.032 Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
*wR*(*F*^2^) = 0.086 H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
*S* = 1.08 *w* = 1/\[σ^2^(*F*~o~^2^) + (0.0407*P*)^2^ + 0.5179*P*\] where *P* = (*F*~o~^2^ + 2*F*~c~^2^)/3
3086 reflections (Δ/σ)~max~ = 0.003
212 parameters Δρ~max~ = 0.49 e Å^−3^
0 restraints Δρ~min~ = −0.44 e Å^−3^
------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Special details {#specialdetails}
===============
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geometry. All e.s.d.\'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.\'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.\'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.\'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.\'s is used for estimating e.s.d.\'s involving l.s. planes.
Refinement. Refinement of *F*^2^ against ALL reflections. The weighted *R*-factor *wR* and goodness of fit *S* are based on *F*^2^, conventional *R*-factors *R* are based on *F*, with *F* set to zero for negative *F*^2^. The threshold expression of *F*^2^ \> σ(*F*^2^) is used only for calculating *R*-factors(gt) *etc*. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. *R*-factors based on *F*^2^ are statistically about twice as large as those based on *F*, and *R*- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#tablewrapcoords}
==================================================================================================
----- -------------- -------------- --------------- -------------------- --
*x* *y* *z* *U*~iso~\*/*U*~eq~
C1 0.88396 (19) 0.8024 (2) 0.29108 (9) 0.0425 (4)
C2 0.9588 (2) 0.6812 (3) 0.33047 (11) 0.0549 (5)
H2 1.0335 0.6410 0.3170 0.066\*
C3 0.9240 (2) 0.6188 (3) 0.38966 (11) 0.0590 (5)
H3 0.9749 0.5375 0.4158 0.071\*
C4 0.8134 (2) 0.6784 (3) 0.40920 (10) 0.0508 (5)
C5 0.7369 (2) 0.7970 (3) 0.37079 (11) 0.0565 (5)
H5 0.6619 0.8364 0.3843 0.068\*
C6 0.7724 (2) 0.8578 (3) 0.31159 (10) 0.0509 (5)
H6 0.7198 0.9376 0.2851 0.061\*
C7 0.9279 (2) 0.8774 (2) 0.23026 (9) 0.0481 (5)
H7A 1.0261 0.8896 0.2433 0.058\*
H7B 0.8873 0.9810 0.2206 0.058\*
C8 0.96762 (18) 0.8426 (2) 0.09548 (9) 0.0379 (4)
C9 0.8344 (2) 0.6100 (2) −0.05521 (9) 0.0435 (4)
H9 0.8960 0.6424 −0.0804 0.052\*
C10 0.72835 (18) 0.49645 (19) −0.08815 (9) 0.0377 (4)
C11 0.74117 (18) 0.41334 (19) −0.14820 (8) 0.0364 (4)
H11 0.8164 0.4281 −0.1664 0.044\*
C12 0.63997 (18) 0.30863 (19) −0.18004 (8) 0.0363 (4)
C13 0.52623 (19) 0.2843 (2) −0.15556 (10) 0.0442 (4)
H13 0.4591 0.2138 −0.1784 0.053\*
C14 0.5144 (2) 0.3672 (3) −0.09628 (10) 0.0515 (5)
H14 0.4385 0.3524 −0.0786 0.062\*
C15 0.6144 (2) 0.4724 (2) −0.06269 (10) 0.0480 (5)
H15 0.6051 0.5275 −0.0226 0.058\*
Cl1 0.77017 (6) 0.60320 (8) 0.48441 (3) 0.0716 (2)
H1 0.974 (2) 0.822 (3) −0.0005 (11) 0.050 (6)\*
N1 0.94398 (17) 0.77726 (19) 0.03009 (8) 0.0448 (4)
N2 0.84407 (16) 0.66553 (17) 0.00735 (8) 0.0423 (4)
N3 0.65325 (16) 0.22357 (18) −0.24405 (8) 0.0425 (4)
O1 0.74879 (15) 0.25400 (16) −0.26884 (7) 0.0530 (4)
O2 0.56589 (15) 0.12601 (19) −0.27048 (8) 0.0667 (4)
S1 0.87573 (5) 0.75559 (6) 0.15042 (2) 0.04588 (15)
S2 1.07801 (5) 0.98879 (6) 0.11887 (2) 0.04813 (15)
----- -------------- -------------- --------------- -------------------- --
Atomic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#tablewrapadps}
=====================================
----- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ---------------
*U*^11^ *U*^22^ *U*^33^ *U*^12^ *U*^13^ *U*^23^
C1 0.0481 (11) 0.0450 (10) 0.0339 (8) −0.0057 (8) 0.0095 (8) −0.0079 (8)
C2 0.0586 (13) 0.0574 (12) 0.0536 (11) 0.0094 (10) 0.0232 (10) −0.0032 (10)
C3 0.0710 (15) 0.0550 (12) 0.0506 (12) 0.0065 (11) 0.0152 (10) 0.0067 (9)
C4 0.0549 (12) 0.0612 (12) 0.0362 (9) −0.0174 (10) 0.0114 (8) −0.0053 (9)
C5 0.0443 (11) 0.0792 (15) 0.0484 (11) −0.0008 (11) 0.0166 (9) −0.0039 (11)
C6 0.0464 (11) 0.0605 (12) 0.0442 (10) 0.0040 (9) 0.0091 (8) 0.0001 (9)
C7 0.0577 (12) 0.0491 (11) 0.0389 (9) −0.0120 (9) 0.0149 (8) −0.0094 (8)
C8 0.0423 (10) 0.0372 (9) 0.0337 (8) −0.0012 (7) 0.0089 (7) 0.0011 (7)
C9 0.0534 (11) 0.0424 (10) 0.0369 (9) −0.0059 (8) 0.0156 (8) −0.0009 (8)
C10 0.0447 (10) 0.0361 (9) 0.0327 (8) 0.0001 (7) 0.0105 (7) 0.0009 (7)
C11 0.0401 (10) 0.0376 (9) 0.0330 (8) 0.0016 (7) 0.0119 (7) 0.0030 (7)
C12 0.0417 (10) 0.0353 (9) 0.0312 (8) 0.0050 (7) 0.0082 (7) 0.0000 (7)
C13 0.0412 (10) 0.0468 (10) 0.0437 (10) −0.0042 (8) 0.0094 (8) −0.0050 (8)
C14 0.0455 (11) 0.0659 (13) 0.0485 (11) −0.0049 (10) 0.0218 (9) −0.0070 (9)
C15 0.0534 (12) 0.0546 (11) 0.0402 (10) −0.0017 (9) 0.0197 (8) −0.0091 (9)
Cl1 0.0795 (4) 0.0922 (5) 0.0438 (3) −0.0314 (3) 0.0171 (3) 0.0014 (3)
N1 0.0569 (10) 0.0442 (9) 0.0360 (8) −0.0148 (7) 0.0169 (7) −0.0038 (7)
N2 0.0525 (9) 0.0395 (8) 0.0354 (7) −0.0078 (7) 0.0124 (7) −0.0027 (6)
N3 0.0437 (9) 0.0431 (8) 0.0388 (8) 0.0061 (7) 0.0073 (7) −0.0050 (7)
O1 0.0554 (9) 0.0634 (9) 0.0457 (7) 0.0008 (7) 0.0231 (7) −0.0067 (6)
O2 0.0573 (9) 0.0734 (10) 0.0703 (10) −0.0139 (8) 0.0183 (7) −0.0364 (8)
S1 0.0549 (3) 0.0488 (3) 0.0358 (2) −0.0159 (2) 0.0151 (2) −0.00558 (19)
S2 0.0555 (3) 0.0466 (3) 0.0414 (3) −0.0161 (2) 0.0111 (2) −0.0018 (2)
----- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ------------- ---------------
Geometric parameters (Å, °) {#tablewrapgeomlong}
===========================
----------------------- -------------- ----------------------- --------------
C1---C6 1.379 (3) C9---N2 1.277 (2)
C1---C2 1.385 (3) C9---C10 1.464 (2)
C1---C7 1.503 (3) C9---H9 0.9300
C2---C3 1.387 (3) C10---C15 1.387 (3)
C2---H2 0.9300 C10---C11 1.393 (2)
C3---C4 1.373 (3) C11---C12 1.379 (2)
C3---H3 0.9300 C11---H11 0.9300
C4---C5 1.369 (3) C12---C13 1.375 (3)
C4---Cl1 1.745 (2) C12---N3 1.468 (2)
C5---C6 1.385 (3) C13---C14 1.376 (3)
C5---H5 0.9300 C13---H13 0.9300
C6---H6 0.9300 C14---C15 1.383 (3)
C7---S1 1.8186 (18) C14---H14 0.9300
C7---H7A 0.9700 C15---H15 0.9300
C7---H7B 0.9700 N1---N2 1.377 (2)
C8---N1 1.343 (2) N1---H1 0.83 (2)
C8---S2 1.6571 (18) N3---O1 1.218 (2)
C8---S1 1.7495 (18) N3---O2 1.226 (2)
C6---C1---C2 118.19 (18) N2---C9---H9 119.3
C6---C1---C7 120.93 (18) C10---C9---H9 119.3
C2---C1---C7 120.79 (18) C15---C10---C11 119.20 (16)
C1---C2---C3 121.03 (19) C15---C10---C9 122.19 (16)
C1---C2---H2 119.5 C11---C10---C9 118.59 (16)
C3---C2---H2 119.5 C12---C11---C10 118.58 (16)
C4---C3---C2 119.2 (2) C12---C11---H11 120.7
C4---C3---H3 120.4 C10---C11---H11 120.7
C2---C3---H3 120.4 C13---C12---C11 122.78 (16)
C5---C4---C3 120.97 (19) C13---C12---N3 119.02 (16)
C5---C4---Cl1 119.35 (17) C11---C12---N3 118.17 (15)
C3---C4---Cl1 119.68 (17) C12---C13---C14 118.20 (17)
C4---C5---C6 119.2 (2) C12---C13---H13 120.9
C4---C5---H5 120.4 C14---C13---H13 120.9
C6---C5---H5 120.4 C13---C14---C15 120.57 (18)
C1---C6---C5 121.4 (2) C13---C14---H14 119.7
C1---C6---H6 119.3 C15---C14---H14 119.7
C5---C6---H6 119.3 C14---C15---C10 120.67 (17)
C1---C7---S1 109.93 (13) C14---C15---H15 119.7
C1---C7---H7A 109.7 C10---C15---H15 119.7
S1---C7---H7A 109.7 C8---N1---N2 121.50 (16)
C1---C7---H7B 109.7 C8---N1---H1 118.1 (15)
S1---C7---H7B 109.7 N2---N1---H1 118.0 (15)
H7A---C7---H7B 108.2 C9---N2---N1 115.23 (15)
N1---C8---S2 120.64 (14) O1---N3---O2 123.12 (15)
N1---C8---S1 113.72 (13) O1---N3---C12 118.93 (15)
S2---C8---S1 125.62 (10) O2---N3---C12 117.94 (16)
N2---C9---C10 121.48 (17) C8---S1---C7 100.92 (8)
C6---C1---C2---C3 −1.0 (3) C11---C12---C13---C14 −0.7 (3)
C7---C1---C2---C3 175.56 (18) N3---C12---C13---C14 −178.84 (17)
C1---C2---C3---C4 0.1 (3) C12---C13---C14---C15 0.2 (3)
C2---C3---C4---C5 0.6 (3) C13---C14---C15---C10 0.1 (3)
C2---C3---C4---Cl1 −178.96 (16) C11---C10---C15---C14 0.0 (3)
C3---C4---C5---C6 −0.3 (3) C9---C10---C15---C14 178.26 (18)
Cl1---C4---C5---C6 179.27 (16) S2---C8---N1---N2 −174.10 (14)
C2---C1---C6---C5 1.4 (3) S1---C8---N1---N2 7.3 (2)
C7---C1---C6---C5 −175.24 (18) C10---C9---N2---N1 −176.76 (16)
C4---C5---C6---C1 −0.7 (3) C8---N1---N2---C9 −178.30 (17)
C6---C1---C7---S1 −102.99 (19) C13---C12---N3---O1 174.50 (16)
C2---C1---C7---S1 80.5 (2) C11---C12---N3---O1 −3.7 (2)
N2---C9---C10---C15 16.4 (3) C13---C12---N3---O2 −4.7 (2)
N2---C9---C10---C11 −165.39 (17) C11---C12---N3---O2 177.13 (16)
C15---C10---C11---C12 −0.5 (2) N1---C8---S1---C7 −177.81 (14)
C9---C10---C11---C12 −178.76 (15) S2---C8---S1---C7 3.71 (15)
C10---C11---C12---C13 0.8 (3) C1---C7---S1---C8 −167.97 (14)
C10---C11---C12---N3 178.97 (14)
----------------------- -------------- ----------------------- --------------
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) {#tablewraphbondslong}
=============================
----------------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ---------------
*D*---H···*A* *D*---H H···*A* *D*···*A* *D*---H···*A*
N1---H1···S2^i^ 0.83 (2) 2.73 (2) 3.4565 (18) 147.7 (18)
----------------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ---------------
Symmetry codes: (i) −*x*+2, −*y*+2, −*z*.
###### Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)
*D*---H⋯*A* *D*---H H⋯*A* *D*⋯*A* *D*---H⋯*A*
--------------- ---------- ---------- ------------- -------------
N1---H1⋯S2^i^ 0.83 (2) 2.73 (2) 3.4565 (18) 147.7 (18)
Symmetry code: (i) .
|
An irregular and rocky rise to a Red Bull F1 seat
Alexander Albon has traced an unusually difficult path Formula 1, but an impressive start to his rookie season has yielded a fast-track promotion to Red Bull. JAMES ROBERTS sat down with the son of a former touring car racer to discuss his ascent from karting to the highest echelon of motorsport...
On today's Formula 1 grid Carlos Sainz Jr, Max Verstappen and Kevin Magnussen have descended from highly successful drivers in their own right. But there is another current F1 racer who is the son of someone who didn't quite reach the same heights.
Toro Rosso rookie Alexander Albon is the progeny of British Touring Car racer Nigel Albon, who did one season piloting a Renault 19 to fifth place in the Privateers Cup in 1994. His best result was 12th at Brands Hatch.
Why F1 is in good hands in its hour of needFormula 1 has many challenges to resolve after the coronavirus pandemic threw the 2020 season into disarray - but, says MARK GALLAGHER, Liberty Media's secretive top man is unfazed by adversity1591228800F1
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How F1 formed its coronavirus responseFormula 1's ability to fast-track technological developments from sketch to reality has been exploited in a very new way during the pandemic. GP Racing technical consultant PAT SYMONDS goes inside F1's fight against the coronavirus1590105600F1
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Please note that unauthorised reproduction or translation of any content (including words, data, information, photos, videos and any other intellectual property) published on this page and any other copyrighted content published on Autosport.com is strictly prohibited. Please see our terms and conditions for further information. |
Q:
Is there a way to make a regular ruby class use a erb/haml template?
Basically, I have a class that outputs some html:
class Foo
include ActionView::Helpers
def initialize(stuff)
@stuff = stuff
end
def bar
content_tag :p, @stuff
end
end
so I can do: Foo.new(123).bar
and get "<p>123</p>"
... But what I really want to do is something like this:
class Foo << ActionView::Base
def initialize(stuff)
@stuff = stuff
end
def bar
render :template => "#{Rails.root/views/foo/omg.html.erb}"
end
end
# views/omg.html.erb
<h1>Wow, stuff is <%= @stuff %></h1>
and then do Foo.new(456).bar and get "<h1>Wow, stuff is 456</h1>"
A:
Just call erb directly? Something like:
def bar
template = ERB.new(File.read("#{Rails.root}/views/foo/omg.html.erb"))
template.result(binding)
end
|
Share this:
Type 2 diabetes and its effect on San Francisco residents will be the topic of a hearing requested Tuesday by a member of the city’s Board of Supervisors.
Supervisor Scott Wiener, a co-sponsor of a proposed ballot measure that would impose a tax on sodas and other sugary beverages sold in San Francisco, said those drinks are “a major cause of the explosion of type 2 diabetes” in the city and nationally.
The hearing, which will take place at a board committee meeting, will focus on the causes, prevalence and impacts of type 2 diabetes on San Francisco, particularly on the city’s children.
“It will be very helpful in shedding light on the actual science … underlying the growth of type 2 diabetes,” Wiener said.
The city’s budget and legislative analyst has estimated diabetes costs San Francisco residents more than $500 million annually, according to Wiener’s office.
Wiener and other supervisors have proposed for the November ballot a 2 cents-per-ounce tax on sodas and other sugary beverages, with the proceeds going toward city and school nutrition and physical activity programs.
Dan McMenamin, Bay City News
Please make sure your comment adheres to our comment policy. If it doesn't, it may be deleted. Repeat violations may cause us to revoke your commenting privileges. No one wants that!
neutral_corner
I’m all for supporting programs that encourage good eating and consumption habits among city youth, but San Francisco runs on an annual budget of $8 Billion already. I don’t have any grip on what we’re buying with our $8 Billion, but the idea of _another_ fee passed on to city consumers is kind of a non-starter with me, particularly when it’s passed in the interests of “social engineering through indirect taxation.”
The only thing more offensive than a supe trying to burnish his progressive credentials toward the rather obvious goal of his future ascendency in the local Democratic political machine is “Big Soda’s” astroturf campaign to fight it in the name of keeping San Francisco “affordable.”
what’s really bad is that during election time there’s MORE and more of this junk mail and it’s getting worse and worse. (This said as someone who used to produce said crap once upon a time).
Although I will say this: I know the guys who are doing the soda tax and they are a force to be reckoned with. Their win record is pretty good…although given that soda sales are dropping anyway, without a tax, this one may be tougher than others.
neutral_corner
I’m an unabashed fan of Scott’s but this just feels like one-ups-manship with Eric Mar.
Also, be sure to tear out the postage-paid post card from the mailer and toss it into the mailbox with fake contact information. There’s no reason that this should go unpunished. Let ’em eat the postage and waste time sending volunteer information to Seymour Butts.
njudah
LOL “seymour butts”
I get a lot of fundraising mail for the right sent to my late father and if there’s a reply card or whatever, I mail it back full of shredded junk mail. At least they often send real dollar bills, which I use as part of a cash tip to our Local Bartenders.
SFGuy
Many progressives are not supporting the tax because it is viewed as regressive and too broad.
njudah
If they really want to help get kids off the crappy food, why don’t they start by making their school lunches out of actual food, and not crapola.
This is an older link ,but it bears repeating since certain politicans pontificate on this, and yet during their tenure at SFSD, they were selling crap to students. Even at Lowell:
The reality is sugar-sweetened beverage taxes will fail to deliver on their promise to help health and combat specific conditions. Why? Because complex public health challenges such as diabetes do not boil down to a single food, beverage or ingredient. Rather myriad factors contribute – such as genetics, inactivity, overall diet, and more. Therefore, it is misguided and inaccurate to suggest a tax is a productive means of changing health behaviors.
As the nation’s leading authorities on diabetes treatment and prevention say, millions of people can avoid or delay Type 2 diabetes by losing weight through diet and exercise. Education, not regulation, is capable of teaching this balance and spurring important changes in health behaviors. – Maureen Beach, American Beverage Association |
I already know how to work a solution for this petty question in the conventional and "sane" way of comparing input with the integer 42, as suggested by @firstPerson and @csurfer.
But I was left goofified with the "that" solution in which '4' and '2' are compared separately as chars and then something weird happening to them, producing the right result. @firstPerson-- Yes the code is super ugly, but out of curiosity I still wanted to know how that chunk of code worked.
so basically when the user inputs a number , it gets saved into d,
and when the user input another number, it checks if that number is 2 and if the previously saved number was 4. if so then it quite, otherwise it continues.
Now as there are no more inputs to read in the buffer until the buffer gets newly filled by some other characters the cin.get() waits and hence the while loop waits.
As we have already seen the first input 10 has already been printed and d holds '\n' and waits to print it.
Assume our next input is 42 taken as '4' '2' '\n'
Loop4 : d='\n' ,c= (un-assigned) <same as the first loop condition>
c1) cin.get() therefore c='4'c2)c!='2' and d!='4'c3) prints d ,ie a new line and then d=c
Man....
Thankyou guys. Both firstPerson and csurfer were awesome in there explanation... The focused and step by step explanation by csurfer was damn cool. Simple enough to get a first grader sailing... |
Instructions
Cook some turkey pepper bacon until crisp. Remove bacon from skillet to a paper towel and drain grease from skillet. Wipe out crunchies with a paper towel best you can w/o burning yourself, but don’t completely clean out skillet.
Turn the heat on under the skillet to really low. Throw about 2 T of brown sugar into the skillet. Add a splash of balsamic vinegar to the skillet—enough to wet the brown sugar. Stir in about 1 T of adobo sauce/chipotle chilis (freeze the rest).
As soon as the mixture is all bubbly, put the bacon back in the skillet and move it around to get chipotle mix to cover the bacon. Turn off heat; set aside.
Assemble the panini: Lightly spray both outsides of the bread with some cooking spray, spread reduced fat mayo on one half of the bread, add the bacon, tomato, (red onion if wanted) and avocado. Salt and pepper the avocado a little bit, if desired. Top it off with grated cheese and the top slice of bread. Grill until brown on both sides. |
Vikarna
In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Vikarna () was third Kaurava, son of Dhritarashtra and Gandhari and a brother to the crown prince Duryodhana. Vikarna is universally referred to as the third-most reputable of Kauravas. Usually, he is also indicated as the third-oldest son, but in other sources, the "third-strongest" reputation remained and it is implied that Vikarna is just one of Gandhari's 99 children (after Duryodhana and Dussasana). Vikarna was the only Kaurava who questioned the humiliation of Draupadi, the wife of his cousin Pandavas, after they lost her in a game of dice to Duryodhana.
Etymology
The word Vikarna has two meanings. Basically it is made from two words. First word is vinā () or vishāla (), while second word is karna (. vinā means 'without' and vishāla means 'large'. And karna means 'ears'. So this name contains two meanings. Either it is 'the one who is earless' or 'large eared'. This could say something about his character. It is possible that the name Vikarna basically came from his character of either not listening to anyone(self-esteemed) or who listens and captures wisdom through his (large)ears.
Growing up
Vikarna was one of Dronacharyas students. On completing their training, Drona asked the Kauravas to bring him Drupada as a guru dakshina. Duryodhana, Dushasana, Yuyutsu, Vikarna, and the remaining Kauravas with the Hastinapura army attacked Pañchala. Their attack was repelled. Vikarna and his brothers were forced to flee and abandon the field.
Game of dice
During the infamous dice game of the Mahabharatha, Vikarna raised his voice against the game as a whole, and specifically, at the mistreatment of Draupadi, his sister-in-law. Vikarna echoed the questions Draupadi had already asked the Kuru elders, demanding that her questions be answered. His protests were met with silence, even from wise elders like Bhishma and Dronacharya.
In the silence, and depending on the version of the story, Karna later rebuked and taunted Vikarna for his outburst. Vikarna quietly replied:
Death
Despite his misgivings, Vikarna fights for Duryodhana during the Kurukshetra War. Bhishma names him as one of the great warriors on the Kaurava side. Mentioned throughout the war, Vikarna has a few notable moments. On the fourth day of the war, he attempts to check Abhimanyu's advance, and is severely repulsed. On the fifth day of the war, he attempts to break the King of Mahismati's defense of the Pandava formation, and is unsuccessful. On the seventh day, he covers the retreat of his brothers from Bhima's rampage. On the tenth day, he attempts to prevent Arjuna and Shikhandi from reaching Bhishma, but is counter-checked by Drupada.
On the thirteenth day of the war, depending on the version of the story, Vikarna is either a silent bystander or a willing participant in the slaying of Abhimanyu. On the fourteenth day, Arjuna navigates the chakravyuha of Drona, in order to reach and kill Jayadratha before sunset. Around midday, Bhima, trying to reach Arjuna, is making progress through the Kaurava ranks. Duryodhana sends Vikarna to check Bhima's advance. Bhima, who had sworn to kill all of Dhritarashtra's true-born (100) sons, calls Vikarna a man of dharma and advises him to step aside. Vikarna replies that even knowing that the Kauravas would not win a war against a side with Sri Krishna on it, he cannot forsake Duryodhana. Pleadingly, Bhima reminds him of the dice game, where Vikarna had criticized his brother. Vikarna replied:
Bhima kills Vikarna after a mace-fight. His death brings tears to the eyes of Bhima. After his death, Bhima laments:
Analysis
Vikarna is somewhat comparable to Kumbhakarna from the Ramayana. Both Vikarna and Kumbhakarna acknowledged that their elder brother's actions are against dharma but ultimately they remained loyal to Duryodhan and Ravana respectively. Yuyutsu had the same ideology and mindset that of Vikarna. Yuyutsu also feels that Duryodhana's actions are wrong; however, he defected to Pandavas at the onset of Kurukshetra war; Yuyutsu's equivalent in the Ramayana is Vibheeshana.
Literature
Vikarna in: M.M.S. Shastri Chitrao (1964), Bharatavarshiya Prachin Charitrakosha (Dictionary of Ancient Indian Biography, in Hindi), Pune, p. 839
Vikarna in: Wilfried Huchzermeyer (2018), Studies in the Mahabharata. Indian Culture, Dharma and Spirituality in the Great Epic. Karlsruhe, pp. 58-63. , or E-Book
References
Mahabharata by C. Rajagopalachari
Category:Characters in the Mahabharata |
What is A Golden Image File?
A golden image file is an image file that represents the widget as we expect it to be. It is the image against which future tests are run in order to ensure that the visual representation of the widget is exactly as we want it to be. In essence, we perform a pixel by pixel comparison of a screenshot of the widget as we have it currently against the golden image on file that we know is exactly correct.
So how exactly do we create golden images? Lets look at the test/thermometer_widget_test.dart file:
First we import the necessary libraries. Then from line 9, 15, 26 & 38, we create functions that will help us create the ThermometerWidget with several different parameters to test later. Then we create one test along with 4 golden image file tests on lines 64, 75, 86 & 98.
Now let’s look at just one of the tests as an example. Specifically we will be looking at the test for when the temperature is 100°C. We create the widget:
Widget createThermometerWidgetWithColorsAnd100Degrees() {
return Center(
child: RepaintBoundary(
child: ThermometerWidget(
borderColor: Colors.red,
innerColor: Colors.green,
indicatorColor: Colors.red,
temperature: 100.0,
)),
);
}
We wrapped the widget itself in a RepaintBoundary widget which itself is wrapped in a Center widget. This is necessary because golden image files are 2400x200 pixels by default. RepaintBoundary and Center helps to control the size of the image and in this case, we are limiting it to the size of the ThermometerWidget. If you prefer other sizes, you can put a SizedBox in between the Center and RepaintBoundary and make the dimensions of the SizedBox the dimensions of the image you want.
Now we look at the test:
'ThermometerWidget with color and 100 degrees Celsius matches golden file',
(WidgetTester tester) async {
Widget widget = createThermometerWidgetWithColorsAnd100Degrees();
await tester.pumpWidget(widget);
await expectLater(
find.byType(ThermometerWidget),
matchesGoldenFile('golden/thermometerWithColorsAnd100DegGoldenImage.png'),
skip: !Platform.isWindows,
);
});
First we create the widget. Then we pump the widget so it can be tested. Then we check that the image matches an image in the golden file directory. The skip parameter is used to skip the test if the platform the test is being run on is not Windows. The reason for skipping the test when on a different platform is because images created by different platforms are different. So the test will fail if the golden image was created on Windows and the test is run on Linux and vice versa. If you are on a Linux machine, use skip: !Platform.isLinux instead.
Now we can create the golden images. In the terminal, run the following:
flutter test --update-goldens test/thermometer_widget_test.dart
Once it finishes running, you should get a directory called golden inside of the test directory and the golden directory should have 4 golden images created. The thermometerWithColorsAnd100DegGoldenImage.png image should be one of them.
Golden image for thermometer widget at 100°C
And for golden test when 0°C should look like this:
Golden image for thermometer widget at 0°C
You must have noticed that there are no texts in the golden images. The texts have been replaced with colored square rectangles that are the size of the bounding box of the texts and the rectangles have the text’s color. The reason is because testing in Flutter uses Ahem fonts to test the visual representation of texts. There is a proposal to use real text fonts in the future and once that is added, the golden image tool should become even more powerful.
So now that you have your golden images, after any amount of refactoring you can run your normal flutter tests to check that the widget still matches the golden images generated using:
flutter test test/thermometer_widget_test.dart
Should you decide to change the look of your widget for any reason then run the test using “ — update-goldens” again to update the golden image files.
So there you have it. That is how to test CustomPaint widgets in Flutter using golden images.
Happy Fluttering. |
Campagnolo designs, produces and distributes top-end components for racing bikes to give absolute results. Tradition, technological development and design are all aspects that make the world of Campagnolo stand out from every aspect.
The 61st Vuelta a Andalucía - Ruta del Sol ended with the best possible result for Juanjo Lobato and the Movistar Team.
The Spaniard took yet another convincing win into an uphill sprint as he claimed his second victory of the week , the third for the telephone squad, together with the ITT conquered by Javi Moreno , end of the 169km stage five from Montilla. Javi Moreno and José Herrada made a huge work at the front for the last seventy kilometers to control a nine-man escape which lasted until the final 10k. Gorka Izagirre's support kept Lobato into top places so the rider could...
This site uses cookies to provide the best possible browsing experience as well as for business and advertising purposes. If you continue to browse the site without disabling them, you authorise us to use cookies on your device. To read our policy on cookies click here. |
Q:
Can someone explain the ending of "Enemy"?
I thought the movie Enemy was about a man and his doppelganger but the end got me confused on so many levels...
I had to watch the movie a few times again, collecting clues and looking for explanations but I could not sum them up conclusively.
Can someone connect the dots?
A:
Forrest Wickman offers the following theory over at Slate:
I’ll offer a theory. While Enemy has been billed as an erotic thriller
and a doppelganger movie—and it is both those things—I think
ultimately it’s a parable about what it’s like to live under a
totalitarian state without knowing it. It’s an Invasion of the Body
Snatchers movie in which you don’t even realize it’s an Invasion of
the Body Snatchers movie until the end—until it’s too late for our
hero. In this case, the body snatchers just happen to be giant
spiders.
I won't quote the whole article, follow the link and read it there.
Note that the movie's Wikipedia page also contains some analysis:
A review in Indiewire compared the film to Christopher Nolan's
Memento, and called it an "engrossing Kafka-eque[sic] mindfuck cum
provocative psychological thriller" that "doesn't reveal itself
easily". Both director Villeneuve and leading actor Gyllenhaal
spoke of their desire to make the film a challenging exploration of
the subconscious. To Villeneuve, Enemy is ultimately about
repetition: the question of how to live and learn without repeating
the same mistakes.
Regarding the two physically identical characters: "You don't know if
they are two in reality, or maybe from a subconscious point of view,
there's just one," said Villeneuve. "It's maybe two sides of the same
persona … or a fantastic event where you see another [self]."
Gyllenhaal says that Enemy is "about a man who is married, his wife is
pregnant, and he’s having an affair. He has to figure himself out
before he can commit to life as an adult."
A:
The important thing to recognise here is that (like other non-linear/surrealist films of its type) you're not supposed to wholly understand what's going on, but simply to enjoy the ride.
So what do we know?
Well, for starters there's only one main character, not two. The director as much as confirmed this in an interview shortly after the film was released. The whole "I've seen a doppelganger who's an actor" schtick appears to be the main character (Jake) coming to terms with his failed acting career, which he ended the day his partner told him she was pregnant. This explains why his "double" hasn't visited the acting agency since then.
When somebody asked me recently to explain the movie I said: “You know
what, this movie is a very simple story, it’s a man who decides to
leave his mistress and go back to his wife, and we see this story from
his subconscious point of view.” This is the way I read the book, and
this is what I tried to do in making the movie. It’s the simplest
story but told in a very complex way. - Filmcomment.com interview
So what's with all the spiders?
The spiders represent women, as viewed from Jake's own perspective. They appear to turn into spiders when his split personality begins to manifest itself, but then turn back into women when he's stabilised again. A giant spider appears on the horizon shortly before his meeting with his mother, he sees a spider with a woman's body, he sees Helen as a spider at the end of the film shying away from him. The city also stars as its own (female) character, one that the director recognises as being in real trouble, caught in the grip of totalitarianism
The city in the book and the movie is an very important character. In
the book it was described as a megalopolis, a never ending city, with
millions of souls. I was looking for a specific landscape, an urban
landscape that feels like it is spreading forever. There are not a lot
of cities in the world that can offer that. I was looking for one that
is in English, an Anglophone city because I wanted the movie to be in
English and I wanted it to be set in a poetic landscape, but a
realistic landscape, at the same time. -Indiewire Interview
The spiders also represent the director's shorthand for "you (the audience) should feel uncomfortable"
The spider is a very precise image. The Double is a very complex, yet
very simple story that is expressed in a very complicated way. There
were some elements in the book that took 45 pages to express, and I
said to myself, I cannot have the luxury to take 45 minutes to express
such an idea, I need one image, a strong image. I always love when
filmmakers are trying to express ideas with images that are beyond
words, and the spider was a perfect image I found.
What I love about this image is that I think it’s a very strong and
poetic image, but I liked the fact that you can understand it with
your own sensibility. You can understand it, but it’s an understanding
from inside yourself, not from an intellectual point of view, but more
from what you feel as you see the image.
So why is spider/Helen climbing up the wall at the end?
Although we [the audience] didn't hear what made Helen scared, she's clearly heard something, some verbal shorthand that she recognises as being a trigger for violence. He's in the process of transitioning to his alter personality (which is why he sees her as a spider) and there's a real possibility that he's going to assault or kill her in order to perpetuate this dream world that he's created.
|
27-Hydroxycholesterol and 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol trigger a sequence of events leading to migration of CCR5-expressing Th1 lymphocytes.
Th1 lymphocytes are predominant in atherosclerotic lesions. However, mechanisms involved in the Th1 predominance are unknown. We have investigated the possibility of Th1 lymphocyte recruitment in a cholesterol-rich milieu. A high cholesterol diet resulted in enhanced expression of CCR5 ligands, including CCL3 and CCL4, but not of proatherogenic CXCR3 ligands, in atherosclerotic arteries of ApoE(-/-) mice. 27-Hydroxycholesterol and 7α-hydroxycholesterol, cholesterol oxides (oxysterols) detected in abundance in atherosclerotic lesions, greatly induced the transcription of CCL3 and CCL4 genes in addition to enhancing secretion of corresponding proteins by THP-1 monocytic cells. However, an identical or even higher concentration of cholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, and 7-ketocholsterol did not influence expression of these chemokines. Conditioned media containing the CCR5 ligands secreted from THP-1 cells induced migration of Jurkat T cells expressing CCR5, a characteristic chemokine receptor of Th1 cells, but not of Jurkat T cells that do not express CCR5. The migration of CCR5-expressing Jurkat T cells was abrogated in the presence of a CCR5-neutralizing antibody. 27-Hydroxycholesterol and 7α-hydroxycholesterol enhanced phosphorylation of Akt. Pharmacological inhibitors of phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt pathways blocked transcription as well as secretion of CCL3 and CCL4 in conjunction with attenuated migration of CCR5-expressing Jurkat T cells. This is the first report on the involvement of cholesterol oxides in migration of distinct subtype of T cells. We propose that 27-hydroxycholesterol and 7α-hydroxycholesterol can trigger a sequence of events that leads to recruitment of Th1 lymphocytes and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt pathways play a major role in the process. |
/**
* @file
*
* @ingroup RTEMSBSPsARMLPC24XX_lcd
*
* @brief LCD support.
*/
/*
* Copyright (c) 2010-2012 embedded brains GmbH. All rights reserved.
*
* embedded brains GmbH
* Obere Lagerstr. 30
* 82178 Puchheim
* Germany
* <rtems@embedded-brains.de>
*
* The license and distribution terms for this file may be
* found in the file LICENSE in this distribution or at
* http://www.rtems.org/license/LICENSE.
*/
#ifndef LIBBSP_ARM_LPC24XX_LCD_H
#define LIBBSP_ARM_LPC24XX_LCD_H
#include <rtems.h>
#include <bsp/io.h>
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
/**
* @defgroup lpc_dma LCD Support
*
* @ingroup RTEMSBSPsARMLPC24XX
*
* @brief LCD support.
*
* @{
*/
typedef enum {
#ifdef ARM_MULTILIB_ARCH_V4
LCD_MODE_STN_4_BIT = 0,
LCD_MODE_STN_8_BIT,
LCD_MODE_STN_DUAL_PANEL_4_BIT,
LCD_MODE_STN_DUAL_PANEL_8_BIT,
LCD_MODE_TFT_12_BIT_4_4_4,
LCD_MODE_TFT_16_BIT_5_6_5,
LCD_MODE_TFT_16_BIT_1_5_5_5,
LCD_MODE_TFT_24_BIT,
LCD_MODE_DISABLED
#else
LCD_MODE_STN_4_BIT = 0x4,
LCD_MODE_STN_8_BIT = 0x6,
LCD_MODE_STN_DUAL_PANEL_4_BIT = 0x84,
LCD_MODE_STN_DUAL_PANEL_8_BIT = 0x86,
LCD_MODE_TFT_12_BIT_4_4_4 = 0x2e,
LCD_MODE_TFT_16_BIT_5_6_5 = 0x2c,
LCD_MODE_TFT_16_BIT_1_5_5_5 = 0x28,
LCD_MODE_TFT_24_BIT = 0x2a,
LCD_MODE_DISABLED = 0xff
#endif
} lpc24xx_lcd_mode;
/**
* @brief Set the LCD @a mode.
*
* The pins are configured according to @a pins.
*
* @see lpc24xx_pin_config().
*
* @retval RTEMS_SUCCESSFUL Successful operation.
* @retval RTEMS_IO_ERROR Invalid mode.
*/
rtems_status_code lpc24xx_lcd_set_mode(
lpc24xx_lcd_mode mode,
const lpc24xx_pin_range *pins
);
lpc24xx_lcd_mode lpc24xx_lcd_current_mode(void);
/** @} */
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif /* __cplusplus */
#endif /* LIBBSP_ARM_LPC24XX_LCD_H */
|
[Elecroencephalographic charactistics of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and its differential diagnosis].
Although clinical electroencephalography is no longer as important as it used to be in differential diagnosis of a fair number of neurological and psychiatric diseases ever since imaging techniques have been making enormous strides, EEG is still an important diagnostic tool in dementias where specific morphological lesions are not immediately or not at all apparent which would otherwise be visible by imaging. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is an important case in point. Although this is associated with some unspecific EEG findings, typical periodical sharp wave complexes (PSWC) become conspicuous in the course of the disease. If these are meticulously studied and particular attention is paid to their periodicity, a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 86% are attained. With the exception of one familial variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease PSWC ar usually absent all other human prion diseases. Hence, it is not likely that they are linked to the aetiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. We present a patho-physiological hypothesis on the development of PSWC basing on the assumption that the specific periodicity of PSWC results from a still functionally active but greatly impaired subcortical-cortical circuit of neuronal excitability. This specific pattern of neuronal degeneration may obviously arise--albeit very rarely--also in other diseases independent of their aetiology, so that the EEG patterns appear identical. For this reason it is imperative to make complementary use of EEG and of recent clinical and laboratory data of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease before PSWC and be considered a relevant diagnostic criterion. Conversely, clinical diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease should be reconsidered if repeated EEG recordings fail to reveal PSWC even under technically adequate conditions. |
Bigger Moons Have Moons, And Some Are Calling Them ‘Moonmoons’
Have you ever gazed up at the night sky, looked up at the moon and wondered if it could have a moon of its own?
While you probably haven’t, a curious four-year-old did back in 2015 and on Tuesday, his astronomer mom and one of her colleague’s published a paper that essentially says: Yes, a moon can have its own moon.
The Carnegie Institution of Washington’s Juna Kollmeier AKA ‘The Junaverse’ told HuffPost that while none of the planets’ moons in our solar system currently have moons (that we know of), “Earth’s moon, one of Jupiter’s moons and two of Saturn’s moons” may all have once had moons.
But the real question is: what do you call a moon’s moon?
While Kollmeier and astronomer Sean Raymond referred to them as ‘submoons’ in their paper, the New Scientist has dubbed them ‘moonmoons.’ |
The Finsemble CLI
The command line interface (CLI) is a collection of node scripts that make quick work of creating the skeleton for new components and FSBL clients. This overview explains how to set up the CLI and describes the function of each command.
Add a React component
Similar to the first command, this script creates the appropriate directory structure and adds your component to configs/componentList.json. It also adds your React component to the Webpack build process so that Webpack watches and rebuilds the files when they change.
Webpack gets the list of components it should watch and build from configs/componentsToBuild.json. |
Q:
How to use conditions in jmeter
I pass the username and password using csv data set config. Some of the users have the permission to edit the record. Some have only view permission. So, is it possible to check which user is logged in and execute the rest of the script accordingly.
A:
Make your CSV file structure to look like:
username, password, canedit
so it'll be something like:
john, doe, true
foo, bar, false
Add CSV Data Set Config with the following configuration in Variable Names field:
username, password, canedit
After that you can put 2 IF Controllers with the following conditions:
${canedit}==true
Request relevant for the editor
${canedit}==false
Request relevant for read-only user
Hope this helps.
|
set(UPDATE_TYPE "true")
set(CTEST_PROJECT_NAME "libssh")
set(CTEST_NIGHTLY_START_TIME "01:00:00 UTC")
set(CTEST_DROP_METHOD "http")
set(CTEST_DROP_SITE "test.libssh.org")
set(CTEST_DROP_LOCATION "/submit.php?project=libssh")
set(CTEST_DROP_SITE_CDASH TRUE)
|
Estimation of kinetic parameters of a model for deammonification in biofilms and evaluation of the model.
A systematic approach to estimate and evaluate parameters for deammonification in biofilms from available experimental data was evaluated. Parameter estimation was based on a regional steady state sensitivity analysis to select relevant parameters and design of experiments based on a local identifiability analysis. The calibrated model was evaluated under different experimental conditions. Nine of the 16 kinetic and stoichiometric parameters had a significant influence on model predictions. Of these nine parameters only six kinetic parameters were identifiable from batch experiments regardless of the experimental design. More parameters were not identifiable due to high correlations between growth rates and the corresponding affinity constant for oxygen. Data from a batch experiment at 2 mg/L dissolved oxygen (DO) were used to estimate inactivation rates and affinity constants for oxygen for ammonium oxidisers (AO), nitrite oxidisers (NO) and anaerobic ammonium oxidisers (AN). In addition, it was found that not only kinetic and stoichiometric parameters but also the external mass transfer resistance significantly affected model predictions. The resulting model was able to reproduce batch test and continuous reactor operation where DO concentrations were similar to those in the batch experiment used for parameter estimation. However, the model overestimated deammonification for a batch experiment at a much higher DO concentration (5 mg/L). Thus, parameter values that are identifiable and are estimated for given environmental conditions may not necessarily be valid for significantly different experimental conditions. |
411 So.2d 122 (1982)
COMMERCIAL UNION INSURANCE COMPANY
v.
ROSE'S STORES, INC., et al.
80-657.
Supreme Court of Alabama.
March 19, 1982.
*123 Benjamen T. Rowe and William K. Thomas of McRight, Sims, Rowe & Stewart, Mobile, for appellant.
Mitchell G. Lattof, Sr. of Diamond, Lattof & Gardner, Mobile, for appellees.
MADDOX, Justice.
Plaintiff Commercial Union Insurance Company sought a declaration that it was not obligated to defend, as additional insureds, under a comprehensive general liability policy, two employees of Rose's Stores, Inc., against claims for bodily injury brought by another employee of Rose's. Circuit Judge Elwood Hogan held that under the terms of the policy, the Company was bound to defend the two employees because the policy was clearly intended to cover an employee of Rose's against a claim by a co-employee for bodily injuries or personal injuries. We do not agree.
The facts of the case are uncontested. On June 19, 1978, defendants Simpson and Cox were named as defendants in a civil action entitled Bernard J. Seymour, Jr. v. American Baler Machine Co., et al., in the Circuit Court of Mobile County. The claims asserted against Simpson and Cox arose out of an accident which allegedly occurred on April 1, 1975, in which Seymour, then an employee of Rose's, sustained certain bodily injuries arising out of and in the course of his employment. From January 1, 1975, until January 1, 1976, there was in effect a certain policy of liability insurance issued by Commercial Union which insured Rose's against certain risks.
Coverage A of the policy provided that:
"The company will pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of
"Coverage A. bodily injury or
"Coverage B. property damage to which this insurance applies, caused by an occurrence, and the company shall have the right and duty to defend any suit against the insured seeking damages on account of such bodily injury or property damage....
The policy defined the term "bodily injury" in the following terms:
"bodily injury" means bodily injury, sickness or disease sustained by any person which occurs during the policy period, including death at any time resulting therefrom; ..."
and further provided that this definition was applicable throughout the entire policy, including the endorsements.
Endorsement number 11 contained a personal injury liability insurance clause which provided, in pertinent part, as follows:
"The company will pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of injury (herein called `personal injury') sustained by any person or organization and arising out of one or more of the following offenses committed in the conduct of the named insured's business:
"A. false arrest, detention or imprisonment, or malicious prosecution;
"B. the publication or utterance of a libel or slander or of other defamatory or disparaging material, or a publication or utterance in violation of an individual's right of privacy, except publications or utterances in the course of or related to advertising broadcasting or telecasting activities conducted by or on behalf of the named insured;
"C. wrongful entry or eviction, or other invasion of the right of private occupancy;..."
Also included in endorsement number 11, and at the heart of the issue in this case, was the additional insured clause which provided, in pertinent part, as follows:
"The `Persons Insured' provision is amended to include any employee of the named insured while acting within the scope of his duties as such but the insurance *124 afforded to such employee does not apply:
"1. to bodily injury or personal injury as described in the Personal Injury Liability Insurance section of this endorsement to (a) another employee of the named insured arising out of or in the course of his employment or (b) the named insured or, if the named insured is a partnership or joint venture, any partner or member thereof."
We hold that the terms and provisions of this particular policy for insurance are not ambiguous; therefore, the trial court erred in finding an ambiguity.
This Court has previously held that trial courts are not empowered to insert ambiguities "by strained and twisted reasoning, into contracts where no ambiguities exist." Michigan Mutual Liability Co. v. Carroll, 271 Ala. 404, 123 So.2d 920, 924 (1960). It is not a function of the courts to make new contracts for the parties, or raise doubts where none exist. Maryland Casualty Co. v. Allstate Insurance Co., 281 Ala. 671, 207 So.2d 657 (1968).
The additional insured clause at issue in this case clearly states that the insurance afforded to employees does not apply to injury from another employee arising out of or in the course of his employment. It could not be more explicit or straightforward. Appellees argue that the policy is ambiguous:
"The term `bodily injury' and `personal injury' in many instances can be used interchangeably as they can mean the same thing. An insured reading the coverage as to ADDITIONAL INSURED (EMPLOYEES) in Endorsement # 11 and reading the limiting phrase which follows `bodily injury or personal injury,' in the exception to coverage, viz., `as described in the Personal Injury Liability Insurance section of this endorsement' would reasonably conclude that the basic coverage afforded by the main liability policy was being extended to employees and only the additional items of personal injury added by the endorsement were being excluded insofar as claims by co-employees were concerned.
"If the intent of Plaintiff was to eliminate all liability coverage under both the main policy and Endorsement # 11 with respect to claims against employees by co-employees, Plaintiff could easily have worded its exception in unambiguous language...."
As we have already stated, we fail to find an ambiguity.
The terms "bodily injury" and "personal injury" are both used in the policy, but they do not necessarily mean the same thing in this policy. In fact, the terms are given two separate definitions in the provision. While it is correct that an ambiguous provision in an insurance policy is to be construed against the insurer, it is equally true that no such construction is permissible in the absence of an ambiguity. Utica Mutual Insurance Co. v. Tuscaloosa Motor Co., 295 Ala. 309, 329 So.2d 82 (1976). See, Home Indemnity Co. v. Reed Equipment Co., Inc., 381 So.2d 45 (Ala.1980).
In granting defendant's motions for summary judgment, the trial court erred in holding that the policy provided coverage for the employee-defendants.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
TORBERT, C. J., and JONES, SHORES and BEATTY, JJ., concur.
|
In an Emergency, Call Overseas Citizen Services
Saudi Arabia Travel Warning
Last Updated: February 24, 2015
The Department of State urges U.S. citizens to carefully consider the risks of traveling to Saudi Arabia. There have been recent attacks on U.S. citizens and other Western expatriates, an attack on Shi’ite Muslims outside a community center in the Eastern Province on November 3, 2014, and continuing reports of threats against U.S. citizens and other Westerners in the Kingdom. This replaces the Travel Warning issued August 8, 2014.
Security threats are increasing and terrorist groups, some affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) or Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), have targeted both Saudi and Western interests. Possible targets include housing compounds, hotels, shopping areas, international schools, and other facilities where Westerners congregate, as well as Saudi government facilities and economic/commercial targets within the Kingdom.
On January 30, 2015, two U.S. citizens were fired upon and injured in Hofuf in Al Hasa Governorate (Eastern Province). The U.S. Embassy has instructed U.S. government personnel and their families to avoid all travel to Al Hasa Governorate, and advises all U.S. citizens to do the same. On October 14, 2014, two U.S. citizens were shot at a gas station in Riyadh. One was killed and the other wounded.
Attacks on other nationalities have increased. On November 29, 2014, a Canadian national was assaulted by a lone attacker with a cleaver at a shopping mall in Dhahran. On November 22, 2014, a Danish national was shot and injured in Riyadh by alleged ISIL supporters. On November 3, 2014, armed assailants attacked a community center in Dalwah in the Al Hasa Governorate, killing at least seven people and injuring several others. ISIL claimed responsibility for the attack. On the night of January 13, 2014, unknown gunmen attacked the vehicle of two German Embassy officials who were traveling through the Awamiyah section of the Al Qatif Governorate in the Eastern Province. U.S. government personnel are prohibited from traveling to Awamiyah, and we recommend private U.S. citizens avoid the area as well.
Armed assailants have attacked border checkpoints in the north and south. Two Saudi security forces were killed and one wounded during an attack on January 5, 2015 in Arar, along the border with Iraq. Further, on July 5, 2014, media reported that members of Al-Qaida attacked a border checkpoint between Yemen and Saudi Arabia on July 4, leading to the deaths of several of the attackers, as well as four members of the Saudi security forces. The rugged border area dividing Yemen and Saudi Arabia remains porous in some areas and portions are not clearly defined. U.S. government personnel are restricted from traveling within 50 miles of the border, which includes the cities of Jizan and Najran, without permission from Embassy security officials. Visitors, who choose to travel to these areas despite U.S. government concern, should be aware that terrorist and criminal elements may be operating there, including AQAP. U.S. citizens are strongly urged to read the Department of State Travel Warning for Yemen before traveling to areas near the Yemeni frontier.
U.S. citizens in Saudi Arabia are strongly encouraged to select hotels or housing compounds with careful attention to security measures and location. U.S. citizens should be aware of their surroundings at all times and are advised to keep a low profile; vary times and routes of travel; exercise caution while driving, and entering or exiting vehicles; and ensure that travel documents and visas are current and valid.
If the security threat changes or specific threats affecting U.S. citizens are discovered, this information will be made available through the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) and U.S. Mission websites. Emergency Messages, Security Messages, and Messages for U.S. Citizens can be found on the U.S. Embassy Riyadh website.
The Department of State encourages U.S. citizens living overseas or planning to travel abroad to enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP). By enrolling, U.S. citizens make it easier for the Embassy to contact them in case of emergency. U.S. citizens without internet access may enroll directly with the U.S. Embassy in Riyadh or the Consulates General in Dhahran or Jeddah.
Up-to-date information on travel and security can also be obtained by calling 1-888-407-4747 toll-free in the United States and Canada or, for callers from other countries, on a regular toll line at 1-202-501-4444. These numbers are available from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays).
External Link
You are about to leave travel.state.gov for an external website that is not maintained by the U.S. Department of State.
Links to external websites are provided as a convenience and should not be construed as an endorsement by the U.S. Department of State of the views or products contained therein. If you wish to remain on travel.state.gov, click the "cancel" message. |
create table t1 (a int key) engine ndb;
insert into t1 values (1);
insert into t1 select a+1 from t1;
insert into t1 select a+2 from t1;
insert into t1 select a+4 from t1;
insert into t1 select a+8 from t1;
insert into t1 select a+16 from t1;
insert into t1 select a+32 from t1;
insert into t1 select a+64 from t1;
insert into t1 select a+128 from t1;
select count(*) from t1;
count(*)
256
# test: simple delete of multiple pk's
# expected result 1 roundtrips
# 0 - info call
# 0 - read the rows (with read before delete, this is 1)
# 0 - delete the rows (without bulk update this is 5 + 1 for execute no commit)
# 1 - delete the row + commit the transaction
delete from t1 where a in (1,7, 90, 100, 130);
affected rows: 5
@ndb_execute_count:=VARIABLE_VALUE-@ndb_init_execute_count
1
affected rows: 1
# expected result 1 roundtrips
# 0 - info call
# 0 - read the rows
# 0 - delete the rows
# 1 - commit
# affected = 0
delete from t1 where a=1000;
affected rows: 0
@ndb_execute_count:=VARIABLE_VALUE-@ndb_init_execute_count
1
affected rows: 1
# expected result 1 roundtrips
# 0 - info call
# 0 - read the rows
# 0 - delete the rows
# 1 - commit
# affected = 0
delete from t1 where a in (1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004);
affected rows: 0
@ndb_execute_count:=VARIABLE_VALUE-@ndb_init_execute_count
1
affected rows: 1
select count(*) as "0(was deleted)" from t1 where a in (1,7, 90, 100, 130);
0(was deleted)
0
select count(*) as "0(never existed)" from t1 where a=1000;
0(never existed)
0
select count(*) as "0(never existed)" from t1
where a in (1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004);
0(never existed)
0
select count(*) as "251(remaining)" from t1;
251(remaining)
251
select count(*) as "5(not deleted)" from t1 where a in (2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
5(not deleted)
5
drop table t1;
create table t2 (a int primary key, b varchar(256)) engine ndb;
Has loaded 2000 rows
2000
Should be 1500 rows left now
1500
drop table t2, t3;
|
Q:
Can I uninstall a device driver through an INF section?
At MSDN it is stated that there are two techniques to install INF files on Windows XP or later:
Programmatically through SetupCopyOEMInf function.
Add an entry called CopyInf on an INF section.
Are there an equivalent entry on an inf section to uninstall inf files that is similar to SetupUninstallOEMInf function?
I found this solution using SetupUninstallOEMInf but it does not seems suitable to me.
A:
Well it depends on the .inf file (some may not have un-installation function at all), but you could always try one of the following:
rundll32 setupapi.dll,InstallHinfSection DefaultUninstall 132 <driver.inf>
rundll32 advpack.dll,LaunchINFSection <driver.inf>,UnInstall
rundll32 syssetup.dll,SetupInfObjectInstallAction Uninstall.NT 4 <driver.inf>
(Of course, replace the filename, including quotes as necessary.)
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE TS>
<TS version="2.1" language="ar_EG">
<context>
<name>AboutDialog</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AboutDialog.qml" line="32"/>
<source>About Slate</source>
<translation>عن سلات (Slate)</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AboutDialog.qml" line="44"/>
<source>Built from %1</source>
<translation>بناء %1</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AboutDialog.qml" line="51"/>
<source>Copyright 2020, Mitch Curtis</source>
<translation>حقوق النشر 2020 Mitch Curtis</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>AnimationPanel</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationPanel.qml" line="32"/>
<source>Animation</source>
<translation>انيميشن</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>AnimationSettingsPopup</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="29"/>
<source>Animation Settings</source>
<translation>اعدادات الانيميشن</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="76"/>
<source>Frame X</source>
<translation>اطار السيني</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="91"/>
<source>X coordinate of the first frame to animate</source>
<translation>المحور السيني لاطار الانيميشن الاول</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="100"/>
<source>Frame Y</source>
<translation>اطار الصادي</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="115"/>
<source>Y coordinate of the first frame to animate</source>
<translation>المحور الصادي لاطار الانيميشن الاول</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="124"/>
<source>Frame Width</source>
<translation>عرض الاطار</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="139"/>
<source>Width of each frame</source>
<translation>عرض كل الاطارات</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="147"/>
<source>Frame Height</source>
<translation>ارتفاع الاطار</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="162"/>
<source>Height of each frame</source>
<translation>ارتفاع كل الاطارات</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="170"/>
<source>Frame Count</source>
<translation>عدد الاطارات</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="185"/>
<source>The number of frames to animate</source>
<translation>عدد الاطارات الانيميشن</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="193"/>
<source>FPS</source>
<translation>ا م ث</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="208"/>
<source>Frames per second</source>
<translation>الاطارات في الثانيه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/AnimationSettingsPopup.qml" line="219"/>
<source>Preview Scale</source>
<translation>عرض</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>CanvasSizePopup</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/CanvasSizePopup.qml" line="29"/>
<source>Choose a size for the canvas</source>
<translation>اختار مقاس اللوحه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/CanvasSizePopup.qml" line="59"/>
<source>Canvas width</source>
<translation>عرض اللوحه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/CanvasSizePopup.qml" line="70"/>
<source>Number of horizontal tiles</source>
<translation>عدد المربعات الافقيه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/CanvasSizePopup.qml" line="71"/>
<source>Canvas width in pixels</source>
<translation>عرض اللوحه بالبكسل</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/CanvasSizePopup.qml" line="80"/>
<source>Canvas height</source>
<translation>طول اللوحه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/CanvasSizePopup.qml" line="91"/>
<source>Number of vertical tiles</source>
<translation>عدد المربعات الراسيه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/CanvasSizePopup.qml" line="92"/>
<source>Canvas height in pixels</source>
<translation>طول اللوحه بالبكسل</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/CanvasSizePopup.qml" line="112"/>
<source>OK</source>
<translation>تم</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/CanvasSizePopup.qml" line="118"/>
<source>Cancel</source>
<translation>الغاء</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>ColourPanel</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ColourPanel.qml" line="11"/>
<source>Colour</source>
<translation>اللون</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>ColourSelector</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ColourSelector.qml" line="14"/>
<source>background</source>
<translation>الخلفيه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ColourSelector.qml" line="14"/>
<source>foreground</source>
<translation>الاماميه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ColourSelector.qml" line="31"/>
<source>Set the background colour</source>
<translation>اختار لون الخلفيه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ColourSelector.qml" line="45"/>
<source>Set the foreground colour</source>
<translation>اختار لون الاماميه</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>FileValidator</name>
<message>
<location filename="../lib/filevalidator.cpp" line="45"/>
<source>Must specify a file</source>
<translation>لابد من اختيار ملف</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../lib/filevalidator.cpp" line="47"/>
<source>File doesn't exist</source>
<translation>الملف غير موجود</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../lib/filevalidator.cpp" line="52"/>
<source>Image can not be opened</source>
<translation>لا يمكن فتح الصوره</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>FpsCounter</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/FpsCounter.qml" line="26"/>
<source>%1 FPS</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>HexColourRowLayout</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HexColourRowLayout.qml" line="23"/>
<source>#</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>HslSimplePicker</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HslSimplePicker.qml" line="93"/>
<source>Opacity</source>
<translation>الشفافيه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HslSimplePicker.qml" line="170"/>
<source>Lightness</source>
<translation>الاضاءه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HslSimplePicker.qml" line="179"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HslSimplePicker.qml" line="244"/>
<source>-</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HslSimplePicker.qml" line="187"/>
<source>Darken the %1 colour</source>
<translation>الظلمه %1 اللون</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HslSimplePicker.qml" line="197"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HslSimplePicker.qml" line="262"/>
<source>+</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HslSimplePicker.qml" line="205"/>
<source>Lighten the %1 colour</source>
<translation>اضاءه%1 اللون</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HslSimplePicker.qml" line="230"/>
<source>Saturation</source>
<translation>التشبع</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HslSimplePicker.qml" line="252"/>
<source>Desaturate the %1 colour</source>
<translation>عدم تشبع %1 اللون</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HslSimplePicker.qml" line="270"/>
<source>Saturate the %1 colour</source>
<translation>تشبع %1 اللون</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>HueSaturationDialog</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HueSaturationDialog.qml" line="31"/>
<source>Hue/Saturation</source>
<translation>درجه اللون | التشبع</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HueSaturationDialog.qml" line="89"/>
<source>Hue</source>
<translation>درجه اللون</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HueSaturationDialog.qml" line="125"/>
<source>Changes the hue of the image</source>
<translation>تغير درجه اللون</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HueSaturationDialog.qml" line="148"/>
<source>Saturation</source>
<translation>التشبع</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HueSaturationDialog.qml" line="176"/>
<source>Changes the saturation of the image</source>
<translation>تغير التشبع في الصوره</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HueSaturationDialog.qml" line="208"/>
<source>Lightness</source>
<translation>الاضاءه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HueSaturationDialog.qml" line="236"/>
<source>Changes the lightness of the image</source>
<translation>تغيير اضاءه الصور</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HueSaturationDialog.qml" line="271"/>
<source>OK</source>
<translation>تم</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/HueSaturationDialog.qml" line="282"/>
<source>Cancel</source>
<translation>الغاء</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>ImageSizePopup</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ImageSizePopup.qml" line="29"/>
<source>Choose a size for the image</source>
<translation>أختار حجم الصوره</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ImageSizePopup.qml" line="104"/>
<source>Preserve aspect ratio</source>
<translation>احتفظ بنسبه الابعاد</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ImageSizePopup.qml" line="111"/>
<source>Image width</source>
<translation>عرض الصوره</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ImageSizePopup.qml" line="127"/>
<source>Image width in pixels</source>
<translation>عرض الصوره بالبكسل</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ImageSizePopup.qml" line="150"/>
<source>Image height</source>
<translation>ارتفاع الصوره</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ImageSizePopup.qml" line="166"/>
<source>Image height in pixels</source>
<translation>ارتفاع الصوره بالبكسل</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ImageSizePopup.qml" line="189"/>
<source>Smooth</source>
<translation>صقل الصوره</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ImageSizePopup.qml" line="201"/>
<source>Resize smoothly using bilinear filtering</source>
<translation>تغير حجم الصوره باستخدام "bilinear filtering"</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ImageSizePopup.qml" line="219"/>
<source>OK</source>
<translation>تم</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ImageSizePopup.qml" line="225"/>
<source>Cancel</source>
<translation>الغاء</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>LayerPanel</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/LayerPanel.qml" line="32"/>
<source>Layers</source>
<translation>طبقات</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>MenuBar</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="46"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="44"/>
<source>File</source>
<translation>ملف</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="57"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="48"/>
<source>New</source>
<translation>جديد</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="66"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="57"/>
<source>Recent Files</source>
<translation>الملفات السابقه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="93"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="78"/>
<source>Clear Recent Files</source>
<translation>امسح الملفات السابقه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="100"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="85"/>
<source>Open</source>
<translation>افتح</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="108"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="94"/>
<source>Show Location</source>
<extracomment>Opens the project directory in the file explorer.</extracomment>
<translation>بين المكان</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="117"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="103"/>
<source>Save</source>
<translation>حفظ</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="124"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="110"/>
<source>Save As</source>
<translation>حفظ في</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="132"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="119"/>
<source>Export</source>
<extracomment>Exports the project as a single image.</extracomment>
<translation>صدر</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="139"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="127"/>
<source>Auto Export</source>
<extracomment>Enables automatic exporting of the project as a single image each time the project is saved.</extracomment>
<translation>صدر اتوماتيك</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="150"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="138"/>
<source>Close</source>
<translation>اغلق</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="159"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="148"/>
<source>Revert</source>
<extracomment>Loads the last saved version of the project, losing any unsaved changes.</extracomment>
<translation>أعاد</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="168"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="157"/>
<source>Quit Slate</source>
<translation>اغلاق</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="175"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="165"/>
<source>Edit</source>
<translation>تعديل</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="181"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="169"/>
<source>Undo</source>
<translation>اعد التطبيق</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="189"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="177"/>
<source>Redo</source>
<translation>طبق</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="198"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="187"/>
<source>Copy</source>
<translation>نسخ</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="205"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="194"/>
<source>Paste</source>
<translation>لصق</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="214"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="203"/>
<source>Select All</source>
<translation>تحديد الكل</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="223"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="213"/>
<source>Textured Fill Settings...</source>
<extracomment>Opens a dialog that allows the user to change the settings for the Textured Fill tool.</extracomment>
<translation>اعدادات ملا النسيج...</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="232"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="223"/>
<source>Rotate 90° Clockwise</source>
<extracomment>Rotates the image 90 degrees to the right.</extracomment>
<translation>لف 90 مع عقارب الساعه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="239"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="231"/>
<source>Rotate 90° Counter Clockwise</source>
<extracomment>Rotates the image 90 degrees to the left.</extracomment>
<translation>لف 90 عكس عقارب الساعه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="246"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="238"/>
<source>Flip Horizontally</source>
<translation>الوجه أفقيا</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="253"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="245"/>
<source>Flip Vertically</source>
<translation>الوجه عموديا</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="261"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="253"/>
<source>Image</source>
<translation>الصوره</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="267"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="257"/>
<source>Adjustments</source>
<translation>النعديلات</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="271"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="261"/>
<source>Hue/Saturation...</source>
<translation>درجه اللون | التشبع...</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="278"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="268"/>
<source>Opacity...</source>
<translation>النفاذيه...</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="288"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="278"/>
<source>Canvas Size...</source>
<translation>ابعاد اللوحه...</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="295"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="285"/>
<source>Image Size...</source>
<translation>ابعاد الصوره...</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="302"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="292"/>
<source>Crop to Selection</source>
<translation>قص للتحديد</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="311"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="301"/>
<source>Move Contents...</source>
<translation>تحريك المحتوي...</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="319"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="309"/>
<source>Layers</source>
<translation>الطبقات</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="325"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="314"/>
<source>Move Layer Up</source>
<extracomment>Moves the current layer up in the list of layers in the Layer panel.</extracomment>
<translation>تحريك الطبقه العليا</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="333"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="323"/>
<source>Move Layer Down</source>
<extracomment>Moves the current layer down in the list of layers in the Layer panel.</extracomment>
<translation>تحريك الطبقه السفليه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="343"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="334"/>
<source>Merge Layer Up</source>
<extracomment>Combines the current layer with the layer above it, then removes the current layer.</extracomment>
<translation>دمج الطبقه العليا</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="350"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="342"/>
<source>Merge Layer Down</source>
<extracomment>Combines the current layer with the layer below it, then removes the current layer.</extracomment>
<translation>دملج الطبقه السفليه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="359"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="352"/>
<source>Animation</source>
<translation>انيميشن</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="368"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="357"/>
<source>Animation Playback</source>
<translation>تشغيل انيميشن</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="377"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="366"/>
<source>Play</source>
<translation>تشغيل</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="377"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="366"/>
<source>Pause</source>
<translation>توقف</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="385"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="375"/>
<source>View</source>
<translation>المنظر</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="391"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="380"/>
<source>Centre</source>
<extracomment>Positions the canvas in the centre of the canvas pane.</extracomment>
<translation>المنتصف</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="400"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="390"/>
<source>Show Grid</source>
<extracomment>Shows a grid that acts as a guide to distinguish tiles from one another.</extracomment>
<translation>اظهار الشبكه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="409"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="400"/>
<source>Show Rulers</source>
<extracomment>Shows rulers on the sides of each canvas pane that can be used to measure in pixels.</extracomment>
<translation>اظهار المسطره</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="418"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="410"/>
<source>Show Guides</source>
<extracomment>Shows coloured guides (vertical and horizontal lines) that can be dragged out from the rulers.</extracomment>
<translation>اظهار خطوط الارشاد</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="427"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="420"/>
<source>Lock Guides</source>
<extracomment>Prevents the guides from being moved by the user.</extracomment>
<translation>ايقام خطوط الارشاد</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="438"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="432"/>
<source>Split Screen</source>
<extracomment>Toggles split screen: two canvas panes are shown instead of one.</extracomment>
<translation>اقتسام الشاشة</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="447"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="441"/>
<source>Lock Splitter</source>
<translation>ايقاف الانشقاق</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="456"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="450"/>
<source>Scroll Zoom</source>
<translation>تكبير باستخدام البكره</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="466"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="460"/>
<source>Tools</source>
<translation>الادوات</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="472"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="464"/>
<source>Options</source>
<translation>الخيارات</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="479"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="471"/>
<source>Help</source>
<translation>مساعده</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="485"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="475"/>
<source>Online Documentation...</source>
<translation>وثائق الانترنت...</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MenuBar.qml" line="491"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/+nativemenubar/MenuBar.qml" line="481"/>
<source>About Slate</source>
<translation>عن سلاك (slate)</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>MoveContentsDialog</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MoveContentsDialog.qml" line="29"/>
<source>Move layer contents</source>
<translation>تحريك محتوي اللوحه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MoveContentsDialog.qml" line="57"/>
<source>Horizontal distance</source>
<translation>المسافة الأفقيه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MoveContentsDialog.qml" line="71"/>
<source>Horizontal distance to move the contents by (in pixels)</source>
<translation>المسافة أفقيا لتحريك المحتوي بالبكسل</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MoveContentsDialog.qml" line="77"/>
<source>Vertical distance</source>
<translation>المسافه العموديه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MoveContentsDialog.qml" line="91"/>
<source>Vertical distance to move the contents by (in pixels)</source>
<translation>المسافة العموديه لتحريك المحتوي بالبكسل</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MoveContentsDialog.qml" line="97"/>
<source>Only move visible layers</source>
<translation>حرك فقط اللوحه المرئيه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MoveContentsDialog.qml" line="106"/>
<source>Only move contents of visible layers</source>
<translation>حرك فقط محتوي اللوحه المرئيه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MoveContentsDialog.qml" line="164"/>
<source>OK</source>
<translation>تم</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/MoveContentsDialog.qml" line="173"/>
<source>Cancel</source>
<translation>الغاء</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>NewImageProjectPopup</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewImageProjectPopup.qml" line="10"/>
<source>New Image Project</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewImageProjectPopup.qml" line="36"/>
<source>Image Width</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewImageProjectPopup.qml" line="48"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewImageProjectPopup.qml" line="70"/>
<source>The height of the image</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewImageProjectPopup.qml" line="58"/>
<source>Image Height</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewImageProjectPopup.qml" line="82"/>
<source>Transparent Background</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewImageProjectPopup.qml" line="93"/>
<source>OK</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewImageProjectPopup.qml" line="99"/>
<source>Cancel</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>NewLayeredImageProjectPopup</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewLayeredImageProjectPopup.qml" line="4"/>
<source>New Layered Image Project</source>
<translation>انشاء طبقه جديده</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>NewProjectPopup</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewProjectPopup.qml" line="50"/>
<source>New Layered Image</source>
<translation>انشاء طبقه لصوره جديده</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewProjectPopup.qml" line="51"/>
<source>Creates a new layered image project. Several images are drawn on top of each other, and can be exported as a single image.</source>
<translation>انشاء طبقه لصوره جديده. العديد من الصوره مرسومه فوق بعضهم. ستقةم باستخراجهم كصوره واحده.</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewProjectPopup.qml" line="66"/>
<source>New Image</source>
<translation>انشاء صوره جديده</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewProjectPopup.qml" line="67"/>
<source>Creates a new bitmap image for direct editing, with no layer support.</source>
<translation>انشاء صوره Bitmap للتغير المباشر. من غير طبقه.</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewProjectPopup.qml" line="81"/>
<source>New Tileset</source>
<translation>انشاء Tileset</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewProjectPopup.qml" line="82"/>
<source>Creates a new tileset bitmap image for editing. Paint tiles from an image onto a grid. An accompanying project file is created to save the contents of the grid.</source>
<translation>انشاء Tileset جديده للتغير المباشر.</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>NewTilesetProjectPopup</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="10"/>
<source>New Tileset Project</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="73"/>
<source>Use existing tileset</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="85"/>
<source>Tileset</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="111"/>
<source>...</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="115"/>
<source>Click to choose the path to a tileset image</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="124"/>
<source>Tile Width</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="143"/>
<source>How wide each tile is in pixels</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="154"/>
<source>Tile Height</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="173"/>
<source>How high each tile is in pixels</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="183"/>
<source>Tiles Wide</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="196"/>
<source>How many tiles should be displayed horizontally</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="206"/>
<source>Tiles High</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="219"/>
<source>How many tiles should be displayed vertically</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="231"/>
<source>Transparent Background</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="239"/>
<source>Preview</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="306"/>
<source>OK</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/NewTilesetProjectPopup.qml" line="313"/>
<source>Cancel</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>OpacityDialog</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OpacityDialog.qml" line="31"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OpacityDialog.qml" line="82"/>
<source>Opacity</source>
<translation>درجه التشبع</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OpacityDialog.qml" line="96"/>
<source>Changes the opacity of the image</source>
<translation>تغير درجه التشبع</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OpacityDialog.qml" line="148"/>
<source>Do not modify fully transparent pixels</source>
<translation>لا تغير البكسل الشفافه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OpacityDialog.qml" line="153"/>
<source>Only change the alpha if it's non-zero to prevent fully transparent pixels from gaining opacity.</source>
<translation>غير الالفا فقط الغير مساويه لصفر لمنع البكسل الغير مشبعه من فقدان الشفافيه.</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OpacityDialog.qml" line="163"/>
<source>Do not modify fully opaque pixels</source>
<translation>لا تغير البكسل الشفافه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OpacityDialog.qml" line="168"/>
<source>Only change the alpha if it's less than one to prevent fully opaque pixels from losing opacity.</source>
<translation>غير الالفا فقط اقل من واحد لمنع البكسل الغير مشبعه من فقدان الشفافيه.</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OpacityDialog.qml" line="179"/>
<source>OK</source>
<translation>تم</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OpacityDialog.qml" line="190"/>
<source>Cancel</source>
<translation>الغاء</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>OptionsDialog</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="71"/>
<source>General</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="76"/>
<source>Shortcuts</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="106"/>
<source>Language</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="141"/>
<source>Load last project on startup</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="150"/>
<source>Enable gestures (macOS only)</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="157"/>
<source>Enables the use of two-finger panning and pinch-to-zoom on macOS</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="163"/>
<source>Pen tool right click behaviour</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="177"/>
<source>Apply eraser</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="181"/>
<source>Apply colour picker</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="185"/>
<source>Apply background colour</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="201"/>
<source>Window opacity</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="211"/>
<source>Changes the opacity of the window. Useful for tracing over an image in another window.</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="231"/>
<source>Transparency grid colours</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="289"/>
<source>Show FPS</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="298"/>
<source>Always show crosshair cursor</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="305"/>
<source>Don't hide crosshair cursor when rectangle cursor is visible</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="311"/>
<source>Enable auto swatch (experimental)</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="318"/>
<source>Enables the use of a read-only swatch whose colours come from the image</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="362"/>
<source>New Project</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="366"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="378"/>
<source>Close Project</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="370"/>
<source>Save Project</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="374"/>
<source>Save Project As</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="382"/>
<source>Revert To Last Save</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="386"/>
<source>Undo Action</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="390"/>
<source>Redo Action</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="394"/>
<source>Flip Horizontally</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="398"/>
<source>Flip Vertically</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="402"/>
<source>Resize Canvas</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="406"/>
<source>Resize Image</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="410"/>
<source>Move Contents</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="414"/>
<source>Centre View</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="418"/>
<source>Zoom In</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="422"/>
<source>Zoom Out</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="426"/>
<source>Toggle Grid Visibility</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="430"/>
<source>Toggle Ruler Visibility</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="434"/>
<source>Toggle Guide Visibility</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="438"/>
<source>Toggle Split Screen</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="442"/>
<source>Animation Playback</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="446"/>
<source>Options</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="450"/>
<source>Pen Tool</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="454"/>
<source>Eye Dropper Tool</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="458"/>
<source>Fill Tool</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="462"/>
<source>Eraser Tool</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="466"/>
<source>Selection Tool</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="470"/>
<source>Toggle Tool Mode</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="474"/>
<source>Decrease Tool Size</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="478"/>
<source>Increase Tool Size</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="482"/>
<source>Move Swatch Selection Left</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="486"/>
<source>Move Swatch Selection Right</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="490"/>
<source>Move Swatch Selection Up</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="494"/>
<source>Move Swatch Selection Down</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/OptionsDialog.qml" line="498"/>
<source>Toggle fullscreen</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>RenameSwatchColourDialog</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/RenameSwatchColourDialog.qml" line="32"/>
<source>Rename swatch colour</source>
<translation>تغير اسم لوحه الالوان</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>SwatchContextMenu</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/SwatchContextMenu.qml" line="39"/>
<source>Rename</source>
<translation>تغير الاسم</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/SwatchContextMenu.qml" line="49"/>
<source>Delete</source>
<translation>مسح</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>SwatchPanel</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/SwatchPanel.qml" line="32"/>
<source>Swatches</source>
<translation>اللوحات</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/SwatchPanel.qml" line="180"/>
<source>New swatch colour</source>
<translation>انشاء لوح جديد للألوان</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>SwatchSettingsContextMenu</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/SwatchSettingsContextMenu.qml" line="30"/>
<source>Import Slate Swatch...</source>
<translation>استراد اللوحات...</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/SwatchSettingsContextMenu.qml" line="40"/>
<source>Import Paint.NET Swatch...</source>
<translation>ستيراد .Net لللوحات...</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/SwatchSettingsContextMenu.qml" line="49"/>
<source>Export Swatch...</source>
<translation>تصدير اللوحات...</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>TexturedFillSettingsDialog</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TexturedFillSettingsDialog.qml" line="29"/>
<source>Textured Fill settings</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TexturedFillSettingsDialog.qml" line="56"/>
<source>Hue variance</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TexturedFillSettingsDialog.qml" line="61"/>
<source>Enable random variance in hue</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TexturedFillSettingsDialog.qml" line="82"/>
<source>Saturation variance</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TexturedFillSettingsDialog.qml" line="87"/>
<source>Enable random variance in saturation</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TexturedFillSettingsDialog.qml" line="107"/>
<source>Lightness variance</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TexturedFillSettingsDialog.qml" line="112"/>
<source>Enable random variance in lightness</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TexturedFillSettingsDialog.qml" line="130"/>
<source>Preview scale</source>
<translation>عرض</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TexturedFillSettingsDialog.qml" line="172"/>
<source>OK</source>
<translation>تم</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TexturedFillSettingsDialog.qml" line="181"/>
<source>Cancel</source>
<translation>الغاء</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>TexturedFillVarianceRangedSlider</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TexturedFillVarianceRangedSlider.qml" line="35"/>
<source>Adjusts the lower and upper bounds for random %1 variance</source>
<translation>تزبيط الحدود السفلي والعليا %1 للاختلاف العشوائي</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>TilesetSwatch</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TilesetSwatch.qml" line="13"/>
<source>Tileset Swatch</source>
<translation></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TilesetSwatch.qml" line="185"/>
<source>Duplicate</source>
<translation>استنساخ</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TilesetSwatch.qml" line="194"/>
<source>Rotate 90° Left</source>
<translation>لف 90 درجه لليسار</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/TilesetSwatch.qml" line="203"/>
<source>Rotate 90° Right</source>
<translation>لف 90 درجه لليمين</translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>ToolBar</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="83"/>
<source>Change the size of the canvas</source>
<translation>تغير حجم الخط في اللوحه</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="96"/>
<source>Change the size of the image</source>
<translation>تغير حجم الصوره</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="109"/>
<source>Crop the image to the current selection</source>
<translation>قص الصوره من التحديد</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="126"/>
<source>Undo the last canvas operation</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="136"/>
<source>Redo the last undone canvas operation</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="153"/>
<source>Operate on either pixels or whole tiles</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="179"/>
<source>Draw pixels%1 on the canvas</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="179"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="190"/>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="201"/>
<source> or tiles</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="190"/>
<source>Pick colours%1 from the canvas</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="201"/>
<source>Erase pixels%1 from the canvas</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="213"/>
<source>Fill a contiguous area with %1pixels.
Hold Shift to fill all pixels matching the target colour.</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="218"/>
<source>Fill a contiguous area with pixels or tiles</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="238"/>
<source>Fill Tool</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="246"/>
<source>Textured Fill Tool</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="263"/>
<source>Select pixels within an area and move them</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="275"/>
<source>Crop the canvas</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="288"/>
<source>Change the size of drawing tools</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="308"/>
<source>Choose brush shape</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="327"/>
<source>Square</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="336"/>
<source>Circle</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="363"/>
<source>Rotate the selection by 90 degrees counter-clockwise</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="374"/>
<source>Rotate the selection by 90 degrees clockwise</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="385"/>
<source>Flip the selection horizontally</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="396"/>
<source>Flip the selection vertically</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="417"/>
<source>Show rulers</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="428"/>
<source>Show guides</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="439"/>
<source>Lock guides</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="460"/>
<source>Split Screen</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="472"/>
<source>Lock Splitter</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/ui/ToolBar.qml" line="489"/>
<source>Toggle fullscreen window</source>
<translation type="unfinished"></translation>
</message>
</context>
<context>
<name>main</name>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/main.qml" line="391"/>
<source>Unsaved changes</source>
<translation>التغيرات غير محفوظة</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/main.qml" line="395"/>
<source>The action you're about to perform could discard changes.
Continue anyway?</source>
<translation>هل انت متاكد من التغير القادم حيث ستفقد التغيرات\n\nهل تريد الاستمرار؟</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/main.qml" line="403"/>
<source>Save</source>
<translation>حفظ</translation>
</message>
<message>
<location filename="../app/qml/main.qml" line="408"/>
<source>Discard</source>
<translation>تجاهل</translation>
</message>
</context>
</TS>
|
# minimum required automake 1.6
AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = 1.6
# manual page directory.
EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS)
# manual pages for the installed binaries.
man_MANS = \
libmpq.3 \
libmpq__archive_close.3 \
libmpq__archive_files.3 \
libmpq__archive_offset.3 \
libmpq__archive_open.3 \
libmpq__archive_packed_size.3 \
libmpq__archive_unpacked_size.3 \
libmpq__archive_version.3 \
libmpq__block_close_offset.3 \
libmpq__block_open_offset.3 \
libmpq__block_read.3 \
libmpq__block_unpacked_size.3 \
libmpq__file_blocks.3 \
libmpq__file_compressed.3 \
libmpq__file_encrypted.3 \
libmpq__file_imploded.3 \
libmpq__file_number.3 \
libmpq__file_offset.3 \
libmpq__file_packed_size.3 \
libmpq__file_read.3 \
libmpq__file_unpacked_size.3 \
libmpq__version.3
|
"Enough is enough." "It's about time I paid some attention to you." "Oh, don't worry about me." "I'm practicing my button-sewing." "Getting pretty good too, see?" "It's marvellous, but the workaday world is over." "Friday night." " Time for excitement and romance." " Oh, marvellous." "Where are we going?" "We're not going anywhere." "Excitement, romance." "That goes with black tie, champagne and dancing." " We don't have to get that excited." " Oh, I see." "No champagne or dancing?" " You can wear my black tie if you like." " Oh, thank you, darling." "I love you with all my heart." "But nothing is going to get me to put my shoes back on, let alone a black tie." "Oh, I just thought we'd sit around here together just the two of us, you know." "Oh, grab that, will you, honey?" "Oh, sure." "Hello." "Yes, it is." "Yes, he is." "Just a minute please." "Darrin, it's for you." "Thank you, honey." "Hello." "Oh, yes." "Yes." "Well, you are an eager beaver, aren't you." "Oh, tonight would be fine." "Well, I'm looking forward to meeting you too." "Yes, goodbye." " Who was that?" " An admirer." " An admirer of what?" " Of me." "I'm to be interviewed as the prototype for the successful young advertising executive." "Really, Darrin?" "For newspapers and magazines, television something like that?" " Something like that." " Which one?" " A paper." " Which one?" " A local paper." " Which one?" " Local school paper." "Oh, which one?" "A local junior college paper by a local junior college journalism student." " Well, I think that's very nice." " Well it's a start anyway." " No telling where I'll go from there." " Well, I'm very proud of you." " Was that his mother who called?" " No, that was her." " Her?" " Sorry, she." "Oh, well, how did her...?" "She pick on you?" "Saw my picture in the neighbourhood paper when we moved in." "Oh, yes, that was a wonderful picture." "You looked sort of fearless and sexy as I recall." "Somehow that photographer caught me, didn't he?" " Where are you going?" " To put a tie on." " It doesn't look nice like this." " Oh, I see." "Sam, will you fix some cold drinks, sandwiches, things like that?" "Why don't you just give me a quarter and I'll go to the movies?" "I can't tell you how much I appreciate you letting me come over tonight." "You're the most important term project I've got." " Well, I'm flattered." " It's really fascinating how much you look like your picture." " Oh, yes." "Somehow that photographer caught..." "Yes, thank you." " Can we offer you something?" " Please don't go to any bother." "Oh, it's no bother." "It's no bother." "I have sandwiches all ready." "You're very sweet, and I'll try not to keep your husband for too long." "Oh, well, I appreciate that." "You know, I think creative advertising is among the more fascinating avocations in the world today." "Yes, I suppose it is." "I never expected that anyone who was so successful in that field would be well, as young as you, Mr. Stephens." "Well, I'm not that young, Ms. Randall, although most men in my position are a bit older, I guess." "Baloney." "And there's corned beef and liverwurst and some of that wonderful smelly cheese too." "My husband's simply crazy about that." "No, thank you, but I would like a little something to cool me off." "Yes, of course." "One thing I'm dying to know is where you got that idea for that wonderful Caldwell's Soup campaign." ""The only thing that will ever come between us." It's an inspired slogan." "Well, how did you know that was mine?" "I've made quite a study of you, Mr. Stephens." "Well, I am flattered, Ms. Randall." "Please call me Liza." " Very well, Liza." " And I'll call you Darrin." "That is if Mrs. Stephens doesn't mind." "Oh, no, of course not." "He's been called worse than that." "My wife has a great sense of humour." "We practically never stop laughing around here." "I suppose you find it difficult to accomplish anything at home." "What do you mean by that?" " She means business, dear." " Oh, well I guess we'd better just stop laughing so you can get down to some serious work." "You see what I mean?" "Actually I do find the office more conducive, yes." "I thought so." "And as long as we have a date to go down there tomorrow I won't have to keep you any longer tonight." " Tomorrow?" " Well, when Liza..." "Ms. Randall called me about the interview I suggested she come to the office on Saturdays, when it's quiet, so I can show her around." "You see?" "Oh, yes, I see." "Liza's never seen a real advertising agency." "Oh, well, I suppose everyone should see one sooner or later." " Is 9:00 all right?" " That'll be fine." " In the morning?" " Of course in the morning." "Nice to have met you, Mrs. Stephens." "Oh, wonderful to have met you, Liza." "Wonderful to have met you." "Wonderful to have..." "Nice meeting you, Liza." " See you in the morning, Darrin." " Yes, good night, Liza." "Nice little girl, isn't she?" " Rather big for a little girl." " What do you mean?" "You certainly bring out the woman in her." "Oh, come on." "All young girls are impressed by an older man." "Well, you certainly are that." "Especially an older man who doesn't look his age." "Vanity, thy name is human." "What's wrong with being human?" "At least I'm not a..." "Not a what?" "Now, Sam." "Sam, now cut that out." "You're not jealous of a schoolkid, are you?" "Not a what?" "A teenage, freckle-faced schoolkid in short socks and sneakers when I have something like you." "Like what?" "A fascinating, bewitching, beguiling..." "You convinced me." "It's a shame you have to go to the office today." "I won't be long." "Why don't you come with us?" "No, thank you." "I've got a lot of housework to do." " It's almost 9:15." "Where is our little...?" " Sam." " Typical American schoolkid with freckles, short socks and sneakers?" "That is a very accurate description of Liza Randall." "It's also a very accurate description of Huckleberry Finn." "Oh, now you finish your breakfast." "I'll get it." "Good morning." " Well, good morning." " Is Darrin...?" "Is Mr. Stephens ready?" "Just about." "Why don't you come in, Liza, and make yourself comfortable." "It'll only be a minute." "I'll tell Mr. Steph..." "Darrin that you're here." " Who is it?" " Typical American schoolkid with freckles, silk stockings and 3-inch French heels." " Liza?" " Well, it ain't Huckleberry Finn." "Well, honey, why didn't you ask her to come in?" "Come on in, Liza." " Good morning, Darrin." " Well, good morning." " Sit down." "Make yourself comfortable." " Thank you." "Don't let me rush you." "I'm ready anytime you are." " Yes." "Would you care for some coffee?" " No, thank you." "I'll be right with you as soon as I finish my legs." "Eggs." "I'll be waiting." "After all, your wife's been nice enough to lend you to me for a whole day." " Yes, of course." "Why don't you two get started." "You want to get home before dark." "Are you sure you won't come with us?" "Oh, no, I've got loads to do around here." "You two go ahead and have fun." "All right." "Let's go, Liza." "I'll give you my undivided attention, Mr. Stephens so we won't waste a moment." " See you later." "We won't be late." "Yes, well, be very careful." " Driving." " Oh, of course." " See you later, Mrs. Stephens." " Yes, Liza." " Mrs. Stephens?" " Yes?" "My name is Marvin Grogan." "They call me Monster." " How are you?" " I'm fine, thank you." "And you?" "Oh, I'm fine, thank you." "Mrs. Stephens, I believe that was your husband who just left." " That's right." " Well, a woman named Liza Randall was seated next to him." " I know that too." "Very, very next to him." "Now that you mention it, it did catch my eye." "I don't know how disturbed you are but it might interest you to know I'm very disturbed." "I don't think there's really anything to be disturbed about." "You'll pardon me if I disagree with you?" "One, Liza Randall is engaged to me." "Two, we have a standing date every Saturday morning, which she broke to go shopping with her mother, which we both know she didn't do." "Three, she's made it very plain that she's out to get your husband." "Well, I really don't think it's that serious." "Four, this is not the first time a situation like this has come up." "You see, Liza has what you call a mother complex, only with fathers." "Five, what Liza Randall wants, Liza Randall gets." " Unless..." " Unless what?" "Unless you come up with a better suggestion I have decided to break your husband in half." "Why don't you come inside, Monster." "I think you're right." "There's definitely something to be disturbed about." "Once the preliminary sketches are made, and we get together with our copywriters and artists, we see if we can't improve upon them." "And of course we have photographic layout." "Do many women pose for you?" "Well, for the photographers, actually." "Your wife is very jealous, isn't she?" "No more or less than any woman." "Have you known many women?" "Liza, did you come down here to study advertising techniques or to ask me personal questions that are none of your business?" "You're a very sensitive man." "Well, you could say that, yes." "Sensitive men are exciting." "They're so..." "So..." " Sensitive." " Yes." "Yes." "Now why don't we get into some examples of overall composition." "All right." "Would you like another stack of pancakes, Monster?" "No, thank you, Mrs. Stephens." "Eight or nine stacks are all I can go." "I ate all your sausage and bacon too." "I got a lot of hostility, I guess." "Well, I'd rather you attack my icebox than my husband anytime." " Are you feeling better?" " Pretty good." "Except that when I get emotional, I burn up an awful lot of sugar." "I get a sweet tooth." " You got any pie?" " Yes, I think so." " What kind of pie do you prefer?" " I'm very fond of apple." "Well, it seems I recall a fresh-baked apple pie." "But I'm crazy about banana cream." "Oh, well, aren't you lucky?" "It isn't apple at all." "But banana cream is pretty rich." "So I stick with apple when I'm in training." "Wonderful." "Which I'm not at the moment." "Half apple and half banana cream?" "Stephens' specialty, Monster." "Enjoy yourself and let your conscience be your guide." "Now, as you can see by this analysis curve the public's taste changes with the times." "It isn't enough for an advertising man to have imagination he has to have a sympathetic eye and ear to what the public wants and what they need." "A product's success depends upon its public acceptance which depends on an image created for that product by an advertising executive." "Take clothing styles, for instance." "A different designer dominates the field each year." "Cheers." "Then the public chooses one above all the others." "Now, of course, what we have..." " What's in that drink?" " Root beer." " Root beer and what?" " Scotch." "Scotch?" " What's that?" " Gin." "Gin?" "Give me that!" "Oh, for heaven's sake." "There's a towel over there." "Will you get it for me, please?" "You ought to be spanked." " What's the matter with you?" " Nothing." "I wish you wouldn't talk to me as if I were 12 years old." "You're absolutely right, I do apologize." "A 12-year-old child would have more sense than to pull a foolish stunt like that." " You do that." " That's all right, I don't mind." "I would like to be your father for five minutes." "I wouldn't care for that at all." "I like being who I am, and I like you the way you are." "Never mind." "Just put water on the towel and soak the gin out of your dress." "You know how zealously we guard our corporate image, Tate." "The keynote of all our advertising is dignity." "Oh, by all means, dignity." "And let me assure you, Mr. Austen your campaign is going to be designed by one of our most talented and dignified account executives." " That's good to hear." " I'm glad we saw his car downstairs." "He often comes into the office on Saturdays." "He's an extremely dedicated young man." " I'd like to have you meet him." " Be happy to." "Listen to me, young lady, enough of this nonsense." " We haven't done a thing." " We have done all we're going to..." "Oh, look out!" " Hi, Larry." " I think we are intruding." "Oh, I don't think so." "Mr. Johnson, have you seen Darrin Stephens this morning?" "No, I haven't." "But when I do, I'll tell him you were looking for him." "Thank you." "Nice to see you again, Mrs. Johnson." " All right, let's go." " Isn't that cute?" "He married us." "You have all the material you need for a truly fascinating thesis." "We're leaving by way of the freight elevator." " Who will break the news to your wife?" " Move." "And so you see, Monster, it's easy to understand why an impressionable girl like Liza would be momentarily smitten by a man like my husband." "Maturity has its own fascination." "I guess so." "If I were you, I'd just forget all about it." "I haven't thought about Liza for half an hour." " That's a record for me." " That's wonderful." "Listening to you, it suddenly comes to me what a child she is immature and like that." " Well, she's still very young, Monster." "Yes, she is, and I realize that now." "And like you say, maturity sure is fascinating." "You're beginning to look hungry again." "I think I'll fix you something to eat." "Mrs. Stephens, I'm not gonna lie to you." "I am getting hungry again." "I want you to know this has been the most fascinating morning of my life." "Well, I'll tell you the truth, Monster." "It's a fascinating morning for me too." "I certainly hope you mean that." "Monster!" "Oh, please control yourself." "Please don't do anything rash." " What's that I smell all over you?" " Gin." "Monster, this is my husband." "Darrin, this is Marvin Grogan." "They call him Monster." " Gin?" " That's right." "That's Scotch, if I ever smelled anything." "The Scotch is on me, the gin is on Liza." "How do you do, Monster?" "Well, what are you doing with Scotch all over you and gin all over Liza?" " We just started to have a simple drink." " A drink?" "No one had a drink, simple or otherwise." "We merely spilled it on ourselves." "There, you see?" "Perfectly innocent." "Okay." "I burned up a lot of sugar on account of you." "I came over here to bruise you up, Mr. Stephens." "You have no right to spy on me, Mr. Grogan." " It's a free country and I'm a citizen." " Perfectly free, as far as I'm concerned." " May I have my hand back?" " Okay." "Pleased to meet you." "I have since learned that there's no maturity and fascination between us thanks to Samantha here." " Samantha?" "Pay no attention to him, Darrin." "What does he mean "Samantha"?" "Don't let this big clod bother you, Darrin." "Listen to me, both of you." "It's time you went about your own business." " But my thesis." " If you have more questions submit them in writing." " But, Darrin..." " No buts." "Goodbye and good luck." " Thank you." "Goodbye, Samantha." "Well, that's quite a conquest you've made there." "Well, he's really quite a nice young man." "Oh, I suppose under all that sinew and tendon beats a heart of pure protein." "Oh, Darrin." "Oh, Darrin, what?" "Well, I mean, you're..." "Oh, Darrin, you're not..." "I mean..." "I mean what I mean." "You say what you've got to say." "You're jealous." "Don't be ridiculous." "Me, jealous of a..." "Typical American schoolkid with freckles, short socks and sneakers." "Well, I..." "I suppose you're pretty proud of yourself?" "She's a very charming person." "Something that you don't have the faintest idea how to be." "Well, what's so unusual about having charm?" "It comes with age, like wrinkles." "You're jealous!" "Me, jealous?" "You've got to be kidding!" "Sure, Liza Randall, the most irresistible thing to come along since Brigitte Bardot." "You're jealous." "Don't you laugh at me, you monster, or so help me." "I want you to know I'm really very flattered by this whole thing." "You should be." "Liza happens to be an extremely pretty girl." "I was talking about Monster." "We had quite a morning." " He was here all morning?" " Oh, yes, he arrived just after you left." "He wanted to break you in half." "Only my charm and three square meals kept you in one piece." "I want you to know I put up quite a valiant fight myself today." "Oh, really?" "It was touch-and-go there for a moment." "Touch what and go where?" "Are you telling me it wasn't you who lured him to his office it was him that lured you?" " Monster, it was his idea, I swear." " Liza, if you're lying..." " lf my project wasn't so important I'd have gone shopping with my mother." " That does it." " Oh, Monster!" "I don't mind telling you that child got aggressive." "Child?" "That's as fully developed a woman as I've seen in many a day." "You said she was a typical American schoolkid." "It doesn't matter." "You must've given her encouragement." "I did nothing of the kind." "I was explaining the rise and fall of a public-acceptance survey chart." "She tried to get me drunk." "Do you really expect me to believe that?" "Of course I do, as much as you expect me to believe you were protecting me from Marvin all morning." " Well, I was." " Oh, don't be ridiculous." "That big clod wouldn't hurt a flea." " What did you say?" " I said, he wouldn't hurt a flea." "You said I was ridiculous." " Who said you were ridiculous?" "Me?" " Yes." "That's what you said." " Let's not fight about it." " Well, that's exactly what you're doing." "I'm not fighting." "This is no fight." "You're fighting." "It takes two to make a fight." "You started it, that's one." "And you started it with me, that's two." "Don't be ridiculous." "All I said was that big clod wouldn't hurt a flea." "Monster, don't lose your temper." "I'm not gonna lose my temper." "I'm merely gonna teach him that when a man has a wife like Samantha he shouldn't go after a girl like Liza, who's got a boyfriend like me." " Now, listen to me." " Now, Darrin, don't fight with him." "I've had enough of this silly farce." "Now, what is it you intend to do?" " I intend to close your jaw." " You and who else?" "Darrin, no." "Well, have you had enough?" "Why don't you try one there." "Oh, my hands." "Oh, let me see, Monster." "You ruined his hands, he may never make another pass." " I don't think that'll stop him." " I think she means football." "Oh, you monster." "Let's get out of here, Liza." "I gotta go soak my hands." "Come on, Marvin." "Hey, that's the first time you've ever called me Marvin." "Why did you let that little girl hit me?" "Well, sweetheart, all things considered, it was the least I could do." "You're still angry, aren't you?" "Why would you say that?" "All right, you're surrounded." "Throw down your magic, and come out with your hands up." "Subtitles by SDI Media Group" |
Childhood social, emotional, and behavioural problems and their association with behaviour in the dental setting.
Mental disorders are among the main causes of global disability in children, with negative impacts on their quality of life. It is possible that mental disorders could be associated with how children react in the dental setting. To test the association between children's psychological attributes and behaviour presented during dental care. A questionnaire was given to mothers of children attending a paediatric dental clinic. Psychological attributes were evaluated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. For analysis, the Internalizing and Externalizing problems and the Prosocial behaviour subscales were considered. Children's behaviour was assessed using the Frankl Scale. For analysis, Poisson regression models were employed. A significant level of P ≤ 0.05 was adopted. Overall, 128 children aged between four and 12 years were included. Total difficulties (PR 5.36; 95%CI 2.2-12.9), Internalizing problems (PR 4.04; 95%CI 1.6-10.0), and externalizing problems (PR 3.36; 1.5-7.7) were associated with uncooperative behaviour. In relation to the strength domain, the Prosocial behaviour subscale (PR 1.21; 95%CI 0.6-2.6) was not associated with child behaviour. This study provides evidence that children aged between four and 12 years with internalizing and externalizing problems tend to have a higher prevalence of negative behaviour during dental treatment. |
Trafficking and localisation to the plasma membrane of Nav 1.5 promoted by the β2 subunit is defective due to a β2 mutation associated with Brugada syndrome.
Cardiac channelopathies arise by mutations in genes encoding ion channel subunits. One example is Brugada Syndrome (BrS), which causes arrhythmias and sudden death. BrS is often associated with mutations in SCN5A, encoding Nav 1.5, the α subunit of the major cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel. This channel forms a protein complex including one or two associated β subunits as well as other proteins. We analysed regulation of Nav 1.5 localisation and trafficking by β2, specifically, Nav 1.5 arrival to the cell surface. We used polarised Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and mouse atria-derived HL-1 cells, which retain phenotypic features of adult cardiomyocytes. In both, Nav 1.5 was found essentially intracellular, mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas β2 localised to the plasma membrane, and was restricted to the apical surface in MDCK cells. A fraction of β2 interacted with Nav 1.5, despite their limited overlap. Importantly, β2 promoted Nav 1.5 localisation to the cell surface. Both β2 WT and the BrS-associated mutation D211G (substitution of Asp for Gly) effectively reached the plasma membrane. Strikingly, however, β2 D211G was defective in promoting Nav 1.5 surface localisation. Our data sustain that β2 promotes surface localisation of Nav 1.5, which can be affected due to β2 mutations associated with channelopathies. Our findings add to the understanding of β2 role in Nav 1.5 trafficking and localisation, which must influence cell excitability and electrical coupling in the heart. This study will contribute to knowledge on development of arrhythmias. |
Many solidly Republican states have resisted aggressive climate policies, but Alaska is already seeing the dramatic effects of global warming.
WASHINGTON — In the Trump era, it has mainly been blue states that have taken the lead on climate change policy, with liberal strongholds like California and New York setting ambitious goals for cutting greenhouse gas emissions.Now, at least one deep-red state could soon join them: Alaska, a major oil and gas producer, is crafting its own plan to address climate change. Ideas under discussion include deep cuts in state emissions by 2025 and a tax on companies that emit carbon dioxide.While many conservative-leaning states have resisted aggressive climate policies, Alaska is already seeing the dramatic effects of global warming firsthand, making the issue difficult for local politicians to ignore. The solid permafrost that sits beneath many roads, buildings and pipelines is starting to thaw, destabilizing the infrastructure above. At least 31 coastal towns and cities may need to relocate, at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars, as protective sea ice vanishes and fierce waves erode Alaska’s shores.“Climate change is affecting Alaskans right now,” wrote Gov. Bill Walker and Lt. Gov. Byron Mallott in a recent op-ed in the Juneau Empire. “To underestimate the risks or rate of climate change is to gamble with our children’s futures and that is not a bet that we are willing to make.”The state is still finalizing its climate plan. In October, Governor Walker, a former Republican who won election as an independent in 2014, created a task force headed by Lieutenant Governor Mallott that would propose specific policies to reduce emissions and help the state adapt to the impacts of global warming. The recommendations are due by September.In addressing climate change, Alaska will have to grapple with its own deep contradictions. Roughly 85 percent of the state’s budget is funded by revenues from the production of oil, which is primarily exported to the rest of the United States, and local politicians have largely been unwilling to curtail the supply of fossil fuels. Both Governor Walker and Lieutenant Governor Mallott supported Congress’s recent decision to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil and gas exploration, a move sharply opposed by environmentalists.“The state will continue to be an energy producer for as long as there is a market for fossil fuels,” the men wrote. But, they added, “We should not use our role as an energy producer to justify inaction or complacency in our response to the complex challenge of climate change.”To that end, the state’s climate task force released a draft in April that included a proposal for Alaska to get 50 percent of its electricity from renewable sources like solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal and biomass by 2025, up from 33 percent in 2016. The draft also proposed cutting greenhouse gas emissions from transportation and from “natural resource development,” which could include methane emissions from oil and gas extraction.Alaska, which ranks as the nation’s 40th-largest emitter overall but is fourth-largest on a per capita basis, has already cut its emissions by 25 percent since 2005, driven by a drop in emissions from both aviation and industry. The state’s main climate impact, however, is through the oil that it exports to the rest of the country, where it is burned in cars and trucks.The task force trod lightly around Alaska’s heavy reliance on oil and gas exports. An earlier draft had included a line that said, “There is an economic and ethical imperative to pursue a transition away from a global dependence on fossil fuels.” That language was dropped in the latest version, which instead suggests that Alaska develop an “energy transition” strategy, balancing economic concerns with climate change considerations.As one possible approach, the draft says that the state could consider a “carbon fee and dividend program” that would tax carbon dioxide emitters and then reinvest the revenues in local energy efficiency and renewables programs. The draft also suggests promoting the state’s natural gas resources as a “bridge fuel” for tackling climate change. (While natural gas is about half as carbon-intensive as coal, it produces more emissions than renewables or nuclear power.)The task force will solicit public comment on the proposals before delivering final recommendations to Governor Walker’s desk.Any carbon tax proposal within the state could face pushback from Alaska’s oil and gas industry. “I think they need to be focusing on things that will actually have an impact,” said Kara Moriarty, president and chief executive of the Alaska Oil and Gas Association. “Climate change is a global problem, so unless you’re talking about a global carbon tax, I’m not sure this would move the needle in a state with only 750,000 people.”There is broader consensus that the state will need to take more immediate action to prepare for the impacts of higher temperatures. The Arctic is already warming faster than the rest of the planet. Wildfires are growing larger during the Alaskan summer, menacing homes and roads. Native communities that rely on walrus hunting are seeing catches decline as sea ice disappears. And, in May, the rural village of Newtok received a $22 million federal grant to help relocate residents threatened by erosion and flooding.The state’s draft proposal urges more scientific research on threats like ocean acidification, which could threaten state fisheries, as well as new strategies to ensure food security in indigenous communities. By taking the lead on such efforts, the draft notes, Alaska could potentially export its adaptation know-how to the rest of the world.“Many climate impacts are unfolding more quickly and sooner here,” said Nancy Fresco, a scientist studying climate adaptation at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks. “But that could mean that the rest of country might be able to learn from our successes and failures. |
; <<>> DiG 9.10.6 <<>> -x 1.1.1.1
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 27071
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;1.1.1.1.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR
;; ANSWER SECTION:
1.1.1.1.in-addr.arpa. 1800 IN PTR one.one.one.one.
;; Query time: 39 msec
;; SERVER: 2600:1700:bab0:d40::1#53(2600:1700:bab0:d40::1)
;; WHEN: Wed Dec 11 16:54:51 PST 2019
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 78
|
Ministry of the Sick
Visits to our sick and shut-in parishioners occur on a regular basis, taking Holy Communion and sharing the Word. This includes visits to those living at home, in hospitals, rehab centers, adult care facilities or in nursing homes. Eucharist, the Word and a warm smile always lifts the spirits of our sick, frail and elderly. Special Ministers of Holy Communion also take Communion to some of the homebound on weekends. Please contact the rectory if someone you know needs a visit, as privacy laws now in effect prohibit institutions from releasing patient information—even to clergy. |
import { AccessDeniedModule } from './access-denied.module';
describe('AccessDeniedModule', () => {
let accessDeniedModule: AccessDeniedModule;
beforeEach(() => {
accessDeniedModule = new AccessDeniedModule();
});
it('should create an instance', () => {
expect(accessDeniedModule).toBeTruthy();
});
});
|
In the next three months, about 10,000 teachers imparting technical education will be trained to teach as per job market requirements, to improve the employability of the Indian youth. They will also learn how to improve their teaching ability using the Internet, will be prepared for an effective student feedback system and will be told about new technological innovations.
Aimed at improving the knowledge quality of pass-outs from technical institutes, these teachers will be trained in summer schools by select faculty from the IITs, IIMs, National lnstitute of Technology and Indian Institute of Sciences. NASSCOM had recently said not more than 20-30 per cent graduates from technical institutes are directly employable.
The AICTE has decided to impart in-service training programmes at four levels: development of teaching methodology and pedagogy for faculty development with experience of less than five years, short-term courses to upgrade the knowledge base of existing faculties at lecturer and assistant professor level, advanced programmes for upgrading knowledge and skills of faculties in emerging areas of technology and leadership development for middle and senior-level faculties.
In-service training for 200 programmes in engineering, management, pharmacy architecture and hotel management will be provided till August-end through 200 summer schools across the country The council has listed a range of new subjects with key focus on research for training. It includes research methodology setting up research and development labs, research and teaching relationship, use of web and Internet and e-content development.
New areas of concern like climate change, coastal zone management, robotics, etc, will also be discussed. "We have introduced a large number of new technologies to improve the perspective of teachers," an AICTE official said. |
Pink High Waist Capri Leggings
Regular price$45.00 USDSKU: 150897Quantity
All items are made to order and ship within five days of purchase.
These leggings are made of top quality four way stretch lycra spandex in a super bright neon pink holographic. It is so much sparklier and prettier in person!They have a smooth stretch folded waistband for a comfortable and flattering anti-muffin top fit. New Capri length sets right at mid calf. |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to media write heads having at least one floating side shield and, in particular embodiments, to disk drive write heads with floating side shields that reduce fringe field effects on neighboring tracks during the performance of a write operation, and methods to manufacture such write heads.
2. Related Art
Disk drives are used in a variety of electronic devices, ranging from personal computers to portable media players, for the storage and retrieval of data. In a disk drive, data is typically written to and read from magnetic storage media called disks. A disk drive typically comprises a plurality of disks for the storage of data and one or more read/write heads for the reading and writing of data. There is a constant market demand to increase the data storage density of disks. Increasing the storage density of the disks can decrease the price to storage-capacity ratio of the disk drives, increase performance, and decrease the physical dimensions of the disk drive.
The write head typically comprises a pole tip, a yoke supporting the write pole tip, and conductive coils around the yoke for electrically magnetizing the write pole tip. During a write operation where the disk drive changes the storage state of a bit of data on the disk, the write head is moved to the location of the bit of data such that the pole tip is positioned directly above the bit, an electric current is passed through the coils to magnetize the pole tip, which in turn causes the magnetization of the bit to change.
In recent years, perpendicular recording has been introduced to achieve greater data storage density for disk drives. In perpendicular recording, the magnetization of each bit is aligned vertically, perpendicular to the disk surface. Compared to longitudinal recording, a perpendicular recording system allows more data bits per unit of disk surface area, which in turn enables greater data storage density for the disk drives.
On the surface of a disk, the data bits are arranged in concentric circles called tracks. As the area needed for each bit decreases, the track width also decreases, thus increasing the number of tracks per inch and the storage density of the disk. However, as the tracks become more closely spaced, a problem arises when the fringe magnetic field emitted by the write pole tip during a write operation affects the magnetic storage state of bits on a neighboring track. The fringe field can cause inadvertent erasures on neighboring tracks, or enhance thermal decay of adjacent tracks. These effects could cause data loss, a decrease in data storage reliability, or catastrophic failures to the disk drive.
In light of the problem discussed above, it is therefore preferable to have a write head design that reduces the fringe fields emitted by the write pole tip. One method of producing such a write head is proposed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,832, which discloses side shields connected to a downstream pole of the write head for the reduction of fringe fields emitted from the write pole tip.
The side shield design disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,832 is difficult to manufacture due to the difficulty in controlling the gap distance between the side shields and the write pole tip, in addition to the need to define the gap distance between the write pole tip and the write shield (return shield). Since the write pole tip and the write shield (to which the side shields are attached to) are manufactured in separate steps, it is impractical to accurately define the gap distances between the write pole tip, write shield, and side shields using the current manufacturing techniques.
In addition, the structure disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,832 has another disadvantage of creating magnetic flux leakage from the write pole tip. During a write operation, the write pole tip is highly magnetized and thus have a relatively high magnetic potential (V_WP). The magnetic potential of the write shield (return shield) is usually at a very low value creating a return path for the magnetic flux. Since the side shields and the write shield are connected, the side shields have substantially similar magnetic potentials as the very low magnetic potential of the write shield. Hence, there is likely a leakage of magnetic flux from the write pole tip to the side shields. This side-shield leakage is proportional to the difference between the potential of the write pole tip (V_WP) and the potential of the side shields (V_SS). During a write operation, this potential difference between V_WP and V_SS can be large, causing a large amount of magnetic flux leakage from the write pole tip to the side shields. This flux leakage decreases the overall efficiency of the write head because more current is needed to induce sufficient magnetic field to achieve the write operation. The side-shield leakage is also inversely proportional to the gap distance between the side shield and the write pole tip. Thus, increasing the gap distance between the side shield and the write pole tip can reduce side-shield leakage. However, if this gap distance is larger than the track-to-track pitch of the disk, the side shield will cease to protect adjacent tracks from fringe field effects. Therefore, using a design in which the side shields are connected to and magnetically coupled with the write shield, magnetic flux leakage from the write pole tip to the side shields is likely unavoidable.
Therefore, embodiments of the present invention relate to creating a write pole tip with side shields which reduces fringe field effects on adjacent tracks but also reduces side-shield leakage, utilizing a manufacturing process easily controllable with the current manufacturing techniques. |
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* PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License,
* v.2.1 along with this distribution; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
* MA 02110-1301, USA.
*/
#ifndef _HTTP_DESTINATION_H_
#define _HTTP_DESTINATION_H_
#include "httpTransportMacro.h"
#include "Destination.h"
class BLACKTIE_HTTP_TRANSPORT_DLL HttpDestination: public virtual Destination {
public:
HttpDestination(char* serviceName, bool conversational, char* type);
virtual ~HttpDestination();
MESSAGE receive(long timeout);
void ack(MESSAGE message);
const char* getName() {return _name;}
bool connected();
bool connect();
void disconnect();
bool isShutdown();
private:
char *_name;
bool _shutdown;
};
#endif // _HTTP_DESTINATION_H_
|
446 F.3d 828
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,v.Derone D. GIPSON, Appellant.
No. 05-2672.
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
Submitted: February 13, 2006.
Filed: May 4, 2006.
Counsel who represented the appellant was Lisa G. Nouri of Kansas City, MO.
Counsel who represented the appellee was Kathleen Mahoney, AUSA, of Kansas City, MO.
Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, BOWMAN and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
SMITH, Circuit Judge.
1
A jury convicted Derone Gipson of possession with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A).1 Gipson appeals his conviction, arguing that the district court erred by admitting other-acts evidence pursuant to Rule 404(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence. We hold that the evidence was admissible under Rule 404(b) and affirm the district court's ruling.
I. Background
2
In 2003, Kansas City, Missouri, police targeted an apartment complex located at 2702-2710 East 29th Street after reports of many illegal narcotics sales. On February 3, 2003, officers observed a street-level transaction outside of the apartment complex and pursued one of the sellers, Michael McHenry, into 2710 East 29th Street, Apartment C. The suspect then closed, locked, and bolted the door. Police heard the occupants barricade the door with furniture. The officers also heard someone say, "Relax, if they come in, they're going to get hurt." Officers then observed McHenry throw a paper bag containing approximately 130 grams of powder cocaine out of the back window. After a nine-hour standoff, the occupants surrendered to the police. Gipson was one of the occupants and was arrested. He denied any involvement in illegal narcotics and said that he only entered the apartment to watch television.
3
About six months later, the police executed a search warrant at 2708 East 29th Street, Apartment C. When officers reached the front door, an occupant opened the door, saw the police, and slammed the door shut. Officers then used a ram to open the door. The officer using the ram, as well as the first two officers to enter the apartment, saw Gipson throw a glass object out the window. Another officer, who was standing watch outside the building, observed someone drop a glass jar out of the window. The jar contained 238.75 grams of freshly cooked cocaine base. A search of the apartment revealed other drug-related contraband. As he was being arrested, Gipson denied throwing the jar out the window and claimed that he was only in the apartment to watch television.
4
About a week later, officers witnessed another street sale and observed the seller enter 2702 East 29th Street, Apartment C. The officers arrested the seller and others present in the apartment, including Gipson and discovered 9.21 grams of cocaine base. A search incident to Gipson's arrest uncovered over $2,000 in one of his shoes. During their search of the apartment, police seized 52 bags of cocaine base weighing a total of 10.42 grams, along with sandwich bags and a razor blade. Gipson again denied any involvement in the drug activity and claimed that he was only there to watch television.
5
A federal grand jury indicted Gipson for possession with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of cocaine base, relying upon facts leading to his second arrest. The government then filed notice of intent to enhance Gibson's sentence because of a prior felony drug offense pursuant to 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(A) and 851, raising the mandatory minimum sentence to 20 years. The government also filed a notice of its intent to offer evidence of other crimes under Rule 404(b).
6
The defense objected to the Rule 404(b) evidence by a motion in limine, as well as with a standing objection at trial. Defense counsel argued that the district court should exclude evidence of Gipson's other two arrests for drug-related activity at the same apartment complex. Specifically, Gipson's counsel argued that the Rule 404(b) evidence should be excluded because Gipson did not contend he lacked knowledge of the narcotics in the apartment at the time of his arrest. Counsel raised only a general-denial defense. The district court rejected Gipson's argument, finding that the evidence was admissible under Rule 404(b) for reasons other than knowledge including Gipson's motive, preparation, plan, and absence of mistake in relation to the crime charged. The district court gave the jury a limiting instruction regarding the proper use of the Rule 404(b) evidence. The jury convicted Gipson of possession with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of cocaine base. The district court sentenced Gipson to 240 months' imprisonment.
II. Discussion
7
On appeal, Gipson challenges the admission of evidence that connected him with similar sales of cocaine base that occurred at the same apartment complex within six months of the charged offense. The government contends that this evidence was clearly admissible under Rule 404(b) because it was relevant to Gipson's knowledge of and intent to distribute cocaine base and because it demonstrated a common plan or scheme to sell cocaine base from the same apartment complex.2
8
"We review de novo the district court's interpretation and application of the rules of evidence, and review for an abuse of discretion the factual findings supporting its evidentiary ruling." United States v. Smith, 383 F.3d 700, 706 (8th Cir.2004) (citing United States v. Blue Bird, 372 F.3d 989, 993 (8th Cir.2004)).
9
Rule 404(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides as follows:
10
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, provided that upon request by the accused, the prosecution in a criminal case shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, or during trial if the court excuses pretrial notice on good cause shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it intends to introduce at trial.
11
"To be admissible under Rule 404(b), the evidence must be (1) relevant to a material issue; (2) proved by a preponderance of the evidence; (3) higher in probative value than in prejudicial effect; and (4) similar in kind and close in time to the crime charged." United States v. Vieth, 397 F.3d 615, 617-18 (8th Cir.2005) (citations and internal quotations omitted); see also Fed.R.Evid. 403. A general denial defense places the defendant's state of mind at issue. United States v. Jackson, 278 F.3d 769, 771 (8th Cir.2002). "[E]vidence of prior possession of drugs, even in an amount consistent only with personal use, is admissible to show such things as knowledge and intent of a defendant charged with a crime in which intent to distribute drugs is an element." Id. (quoting United States v. Logan, 121 F.3d 1172, 1178 (8th Cir.1997)).
12
Gipson acknowledges that the government produced sufficient proof of the other-acts evidence and that the other acts were similar in kind and reasonably close in time to the charged crime. Gipson contends the evidence is inadmissible because the government "had more than enough evidence" and that the Rule 404(b) evidence was "unnecessary" to prove the government's case. This argument essentially contends that the evidence is cumulative and that the prejudicial effect of the Rule 404(b) evidence outweighs its probative value under Rule 403. Gipson also asserts that the evidence was only probative of his propensity to criminal activity of the kind charged.
13
We find Gipson's argument unavailing. The probative value of the other arrests is substantial because of their similarity to the charged offense. Vieth, 397 F.3d at 618. We also do not find it cumulative. The evidence was undoubtedly prejudicial, in that it was unfavorable to the defense. However, the evidence was not unfairly prejudicial within the meaning of Rule 403. See Vieth, 397 F.3d at 618. To the contrary, the evidence tended to establish Gibson's knowledge that he possessed cocaine base and his intent to distribute it, as well as demonstrating a common plan or scheme to sell cocaine base from the same apartment complex. Rule 404(b) permits other-acts evidence to be offered for these purposes, as these are purposes separate and distinct from the impermissible purpose of showing propensity. The district court instructed the jury regarding the proper use of the Rule 404(b) evidence. United States v. Drapeau, 414 F.3d 869, 875 (8th Cir.2005).
III. Conclusion
14
On this record, we cannot conclude that the district court abused its discretion by determining that the Rule 404(b) evidence was higher in probative value than in prejudicial effect. The district court correctly determined that the other-acts evidence was admissible under Rule 404(b) for purposes other than to show the defendant's propensity to commit the crime charged. Therefore, we affirm.
Notes:
1
The Honorable Gary A. Fenner, United States District Judge for the Western District of Missouri
2
The other grounds for admissibility under Rule 404(b) relied upon by the district court — including motive, preparation, and absence of mistake — are not argued on appeal. We express no opinion on these grounds
|
Detection of monocyte specific antigen on human acute leukaemia cells.
Heteroantisera with specificity for human monocyte and macrophage antigens (HuMa) have been tested for activity against peripheral blood cells from patients with acute leukaemia. Using indirect immunofluorescence, blast cells from 25/27 patients with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia were reactive with anti-HuMa antisera, whereas blasts from 19/20 patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia and 13/13 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were not reactive. The F(ab1)2 fragment of the antibody retained specific activity. Activity of whole serum against myelomonocytic blast cells was specifically removed by absorption with macrophages. These observations indicate that circulating blast cells from patients with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia may carry differentiation antigens characteristic of monocytes and macrophages. |
town.aspendell
Aspendell, not Aspendale. In California? Way higher in elevation than Donner Pass & Truckee, this Eastern Sierra granite canyon is located north of Mount Whitney, along the upper portion of Bishop Creek. The large groves of aspen trees can be spectacular in autumn. West of Bishop CA / Hwy 395 @ the dead end Highway 168. You can reach it in less than an hours drive up, from the 395/Main St/Line St intersection... with minimal sightseeing stops along the way. |
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155
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596
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582
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539
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663
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310
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102
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553
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490
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9:45 AM
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101
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3:12 AM
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128
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585
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2:29 PM
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194
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630
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8:04 AM
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96
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4:10 PM
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599
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9:23 PM
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618
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5:25 AM
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317
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195
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8:32 PM
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468
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8:28 AM
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142
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503
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11:36 AM
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10:52 AM
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678
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7:41 AM
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553
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543
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8:46 PM
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11:03 PM
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4:19 AM
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77
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416
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456
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556
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641
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643
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345
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385
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320
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277
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670
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693
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121
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708
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689
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107
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611
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663
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429
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406
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251
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331
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249
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159
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660
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223
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171
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560
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679
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325
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10:02 PM
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167
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560
What is 588 minutes before |
[Cite as Sky Bank v. Lenart & Assocs., Inc., 2013-Ohio-5122.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 99403
SKY BANK
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE
vs.
LENART AND ASSOCIATES, INC., ET AL.
DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS
JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED
Civil Appeal from the
Cleveland Municipal Court
Case No. 2005 CVH 015015
BEFORE: E.T. Gallagher, J., Celebrezze, P.J., and E.A. Gallagher, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: November 21, 2013
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS
Fred P. Lenhardt
5001 Mayfield Road, Suite 115
Cleveland, Ohio 44124
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Rosemary Taft Milby
Matthew Burg
Sara M. Donnersbach
W. Cory Phillips
Amanda Rasbach Yurechko
Weltman Weinberg & Reis Co.
323 West Lakeside Avenue, Suite 200
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J.:
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Mark Lenart (“Mark”), appeals from a judgment
granting plaintiff-appellee, Huntington National Bank (“Huntington”), a garnishment
attachment on an individual checking account owned by his wife Mary Lenart (“Mary”).
We find no merit to the appeal and affirm.
{¶2} Mark guaranteed a cognovit note for Lenart and Associates, Inc., a
construction company, which became delinquent. Huntington, successor by merger to
Sky Bank, reduced the cognovit note to judgment against Mark and Lenart and
Associates, in the principal amount of $49,075.81, plus interest. Huntington subsequently
transferred the judgment to the Cleveland Municipal Court.
{¶3} During the course of post-judgment discovery, Huntington served Mary with
a subpoena to appear for a deposition in aid of execution because she had personal
knowledge of Mark’s finances. She testified that she is married to Mark and shares a
joint checking account with him but also has her own individual checking account at
KeyBank. Mary also testified that Mark periodically gave her cash, which she deposited
into her individual account. Mary was a commissioned artist who had sold one art piece
the previous year. She did not pay any bills but used some of the funds in her account to
purchase school supplies for her children.
{¶4} Shortly after Mary’s creditor’s examination, Huntington filed a garnishment
order pursuant to R.C. 2716.11 on Mary’s individual account. KeyBank answered the
order and paid over $5,123.42 to the Cleveland Municipal Court. The Clerk of the
Cleveland Municipal Court later transferred the funds to Huntington’s counsel.
{¶5} Pursuant to R.C. 2716.13, Mark filed an objection to the garnishment, and the
court held an evidentiary hearing at which Mary was the only witness. Although there is
no transcript of the hearing, Huntington argued in a post-hearing brief that evidence from
the hearing proves the funds in Mary’s individual checking account belonged to Mark.
Appellant argued that because Mary is the sole owner of the funds in her account, they
cannot be garnished to satisfy Mark’s debt.
{¶6} A magistrate determined that the attachment of funds in Mary’s individual
account was improper. The magistrate deemed Mary a “third party claimant” because
she was not a party to the underlying judgment, and there was no judicial determination
that Mark fraudulently transferred the funds to Mary’s account. Huntington filed timely
objections to the magistrate’s decision. Although there was no written transcript of the
hearing, Huntington submitted an affidavit of evidence pursuant to Civ.R.
53(D)(3)(b)(iii). The trial court sustained the objections and held:
Third party claim is not properly before the court. Even if it had been
properly before the court, the judgment creditor has established that the sole
source of the funds in the account is the judgment debtor and no exemption
exists.
{¶7} Appellant now appeals and raises three assignments of error.
Standard of Review
{¶8} Pursuant to Civ.R. 53(E)(4)(b), the trial court must rule on objections to a
magistrate’s decision and may adopt, reject, or modify the decision. The trial court must
decide “whether the [magistrate] has properly determined the factual issues and
appropriately applied the law, and where the [magistrate] has failed to do so, the trial
court must substitute its judgment for that of the [magistrate].” Inman v. Inman, 101
Ohio App.3d 115, 118, 655 N.E.2d 199 (2d Dist.1995). We therefore will not reverse
the trial court’s ruling on objections to a magistrate’s decision absent an abuse of
discretion. Fanous v. Ochs, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98649, 2013-Ohio-1034, ¶ 11.
Personal Jurisdiction
{¶9} In the first assignment of error, Mark argues the trial court did not have
personal jurisdiction over Mary and, therefore, could not issue a garnishment order on her
individual account. However, R.C. 2716.01(B) authorizes a judgment creditor to garnish
the property of a judgment debtor even if the property is “in the possession of a person
other than the person against whom judgment was obtained.” Januzzi v. Hickman, 61
Ohio St.3d 40, 572 N.E.2d 642 (1991); Franklin Mgt. Industries, Inc. v. Motorcars
Infiniti, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95391, 2011-Ohio-1693.
{¶10} In Januzzi, the Ohio Supreme Court explained that since a garnishee is not a
party to a garnishment proceeding, “an order to pay into court entered in that proceeding
could not affect the garnishee’s substantial rights.” Id. at 42. Therefore, a garnishee
cannot appeal from an order requiring it to release the debtor’s funds to the court. Id.
The garnishee’s nonparty status is also indicated in R.C. 2716.06 and 2716.13, which
gives only the judgment debtor the right to demand a hearing. Januzzi at 42.
{¶11} R.C. 2716.06 further provides, in relevant part:
The garnishee shall answer all questions addressed to the garnishee
regarding the personal earnings of the judgment debtor or regarding the
amount of money, property, or credits, other than personal earnings, of the
judgment debtor that are in the garnishee’s possession or under the
garnishee’s control at the time of service of the order, whichever is
applicable. * * * If a garnishee answers and it is discovered that, at the time
of the service of the order upon the garnishee, the garnishee possessed any
money, property, or credits of the judgment debtor or was indebted to the
judgment debtor, the court may order the payment of the amount owed into
court.
{¶12} According to Huntington’s affidavit of evidence, Mary testified at the
evidentiary hearing that Mark gave her $30,000 in the four months preceding the
garnishment order. She also testified that she may have deposited $50 or $60 that she
received from her father. This testimony is consistent with Mary’s deposition testimony
that Mark periodically gave her sums of money to deposit into her individual checking
account. Therefore, the record contains evidence that Mary deposited Mark’s money in
her individual account at KeyBank.
{¶13} Under these circumstances, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s
garnishment order to attach Mark’s funds even though they were held in Mary’s
individual account.
{¶14} The first assignment of error is overruled.
Third-Party’s Right to Object
{¶15} In the second assignment of error, appellant argues that even if the trial
court had authority to issue the garnishment order, Mary had a right to enter an
appearance and object as a third party.
{¶16} The manner in which a third party may object to a garnishment order is
prescribed by statute. R.C. 2715.40 states:
If personal property which has been attached is claimed by a person other
than the defendant, the levying officer shall have the validity of such claim
tried; and such proceedings shall be had, with like effect, as in case of
property seized upon execution, and claimed by a third person.
{¶17} Likewise, R.C. 2329.84 provides:
If, by virtue of a writ of execution issued from a court of record in this state,
an officer levies it on goods and chattels claimed by a person other than the
defendant, such officer forthwith shall give written notice to a judge of the
county court, which notice shall contain the names of the plaintiff,
defendant, and claimant, and at the same time furnish the judge a schedule
of the property claimed. Immediately upon the receipt of the notice and
schedule, the judge shall make an entry of them on his docket, and issue a
summons directed to the sheriff or any constable of the county commanding
him to summon five disinterested men, having the qualifications of electors,
to be named in the summons, to appear before him, at the time and place
therein mentioned, which shall not be more than three days after the date of
the writ, to try and determine the claimant’s right to the property in
controversy. The claimant shall give two days’ notice, in writing, to the
plaintiff, or other party, for whose benefit the execution was issued and
levied, his agent, or attorney, if within the county, of the time and place of
trial. The claimant shall prove to the satisfaction of the judge that such
notice was given, or that it could not be given by reason of the absence of
the party, his agent, or attorney. (Emphasis added.)
Thus, once a third-party asserts an ownership claim to attached property, the third party
must follow the procedures set forth in R.C. 2329.84, and five jurors must determine the
ownership issue at trial. R.C. 2329.85 states that “[t]he jurors summoned under section
2329.84 of the Revised Code shall be sworn to try and determine the right of the claimant
to the property in controversy, and give a true verdict according to the evidence.”
{¶18} It is undisputed that Mary was not a party to the cognovit judgment action.
She never moved to intervene in the garnishment action and never availed herself of the
remedies available to her under R.C. 2715.40 and 2329.84. The only motions and
pleadings in the record were filed by Mark and only make reference to Mary, a nonparty.
Therefore, in sustaining Huntington’s objections to the magistrate’s decision, the trial
court properly determined that Mary never filed a proper third-party claim and therefore
could not request any relief for alleged injury.
{¶19} Accordingly, we overrule the second assignment of error.
Ownership of Garnished Funds
{¶20} In the third assignment of error, Mark argues the trial court erred when it
failed to identify ownership of the garnished funds and failed to allow him to claim any
exemptions that would prevent the garnishment.
{¶21} However, as previously explained, issues pertaining to the ownership of
garnished funds are strictly governed by statute. R.C. 2716.13(C) sets forth the
procedure by which a judgment debtor may challenge a creditor’s right to garnish the
property. That statute provides that if a judgment debtor “dispute[s] the judgment
creditor’s right to garnish [his] property and believe[s] that the judgment creditor should
not be given [his] money * * * because [it is] exempt or if he feel[s] that [the] order is
improper for any other reason, [he] may request a hearing before [the] court.” R.C.
2716.13(C) further sets forth a list of benefits a creditor may not garnish to satisfy a debt.
These exemptions are listed as follows:
(1) Workers’ compensation benefits;
(2) Unemployment compensation payments;
(3) Cash assistance payments under the Ohio Works First program;
(4) Benefits and services under the prevention, retention, and contingency
program;
(5) Disability financial assistance administered by the Ohio Department of
Job and Family Services;
(6) Social Security benefits;
(7) Supplemental security income (S.S.I.);
(8) Veteran’s benefits;
(9) Black lung benefits;
(10) Certain pensions.
{¶22} In this case, Mark requested a hearing pursuant to R.C. 2716.13(C).
However, ownership of garnished property is not within the scope of a R.C. 2716.13(C)
hearing. As previously explained, a party claiming ownership to garnished property must
either file a third-party claim pursuant to R.C. 2715.40 and R.C. 2329.84, or file a motion
to intervene to assert his or her rights to garnished property pursuant to Civ.R. 27.
{¶23} Mark also failed to present any evidence that any of the exemptions listed in
R.C. 2716.13 apply to the garnished funds. Although Mark argues he used the funds to
support Mary and the family, the list does not include an exemption for routine household
expenses.
{¶24} Mary, who was not a party to the garnishment action, never filed a
third-party claim or moved to intervene. Therefore, the trial court only had jurisdiction
to hear arguments and accept evidence within the scope of R.C. 2716.13(C), which does
not include ownership. Further, there is no evidence of any exemption in the record.
Therefore, the trial court properly overruled the magistrate’s decision and ordered
garnishment of the funds in Mary’s individual account.
{¶25} Therefore, the third assignment of error is overruled.
{¶26} Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the municipal court to carry this
judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., CONCURS;
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., P.J., CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY
|
Q:
JSF dynamic ui:include
In my app I have tutor and student as roles of user. And I decide that main page for both will be the same. But menu will be different for tutors and users. I made to .xhtml page tutorMenu.xhtml and student.xhtml. And want in dependecy from role include menu. For whole page I use layout and just in every page change content "content part" in ui:composition.
In menu.xhtml
<h:body>
<ui:composition>
<div class="menu_header">
<h2>
<h:outputText value="#{msg['menu.title']}" />
</h2>
</div>
<div class="menu_content">
<с:if test="#{authenticationBean.user.role.roleId eq '2'}">
<ui:include src="/pages/content/body/student/studentMenu.xhtml"/>
</с:if>
<с:if test= "#{authenticationBean.user.role.roleId eq '1'}">
<ui:include src="/pages/content/body/tutor/tutorMenu.xhtml" />
</с:if>
</div>
</ui:composition>
I know that using jstl my be not better solution but I can't find other. What is the best decision of my problem?
A:
Using jstl-tags in this case is perfectly fine, since Facelets has a corresponding tag handlers (that are processed in the time of view tree creation) for the jstl tags and handles them perfectly. In this case c:if could prevent processing (and adding the components located in the included xhtml file) of the ui:include which leads to reduced component tree and better performance of the form.
One downside of using this approach is that you cannot update these form parts using ajax, i.e. you change the user role and refresh the form using ajax, because the ui:include for the other role is not part of the view anymore. In such case you have to perform a full page refresh.
|
tonight i’ve got a feeling deep inside,i feel like love is coming out, girl, girl!i feel it’s about time that i found out exactly what is all about,yeah, yeah!
bridge:o lately everything’s been crazy in this world,i don’t wanna be another lonely girl, yeah!i think it’s time i that i let down my guardand you look like just another lonely boy,maybe this should we be together … right now!just take my love and don’t you dare say no!
chorus:when i’m screaming out, yeahtomorrow we might remember,just what we do tonight,i’ll let you know, that we don’t have forever to live our lives!yeah, so let’s embrace the moment screaming out yeah!i hope you know, that we don’t have forever to live our life, yeah!so why deciding i’m a fall in love tonight?yeah, yeah!
baby this is not an one a night thing,…talking about, yeah, yeah!but rumors say that i should listen out when our love is calling out!yeah, yeah!so lately all these things have been crazy in this world,i don’t wanna be another lonely girl
bridge:o lately everything’s been crazy in this world,i don’t wanna be another lonely girl, yeah!i think it’s time i that i let down my guardand you look like just another lonely boy,maybe this should we be together … right now!just take my love and don’t you dare say no!
chorus:when i’m screaming out, yeahtomorrow we might remember,just what we do tonight,i’ll let you know, that we don’t have forever to live our lives!yeah, so let’s embrace the moment screaming out yeah!i hope you know, that we don’t have forever to live our life, yeah!so why deciding i’m a fall in love tonight?yeah, yeah!
…all tonight,i know it sounds fast, but baby let’s crash,tonight i wanna live your world,cause the end is coming closer, closer!yeah!so baby let’s go, and pull me close and don’t you dare say no!
chorus:when i’m screaming out, yeahtomorrow we might remember,just what we do tonight,i’ll let you know, that we don’t have forever to live our lives!yeah, so let’s embrace the moment screaming out yeah!i hope you know, that we don’t have forever to live our life, yeah!so why deciding i’m a fall in love tonight?yeah, yeah!
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package org.codehaus.jackson.map.deser;
import org.codehaus.jackson.map.*;
import org.codehaus.jackson.type.TypeReference;
public class TestGenerics
extends BaseMapTest
{
static abstract class BaseNumberBean<T extends Number>
{
public abstract void setNumber(T value);
}
static class NumberBean
extends BaseNumberBean<Long>
{
long _number;
@Override
public void setNumber(Long value)
{
_number = value.intValue();
}
}
/**
* Very simple bean class
*/
static class SimpleBean
{
public int x;
}
static class Wrapper<T>
{
public T value;
public Wrapper() { }
public Wrapper(T v) { value = v; }
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
return (o instanceof Wrapper<?>) && (((Wrapper<?>) o).value.equals(value));
}
}
/*
/***************************************************
/* Test cases
/***************************************************
*/
public void testSimpleNumberBean() throws Exception
{
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
NumberBean result = mapper.readValue("{\"number\":17}", NumberBean.class);
assertEquals(17, result._number);
}
/**
* Unit test for verifying fix to [JACKSON-109].
*/
public void testGenericWrapper() throws Exception
{
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
Wrapper<SimpleBean> result = mapper.readValue
("{\"value\": { \"x\" : 13 } }",
new TypeReference<Wrapper<SimpleBean>>() { });
assertNotNull(result);
assertEquals(Wrapper.class, result.getClass());
Object contents = result.value;
assertNotNull(contents);
assertEquals(SimpleBean.class, contents.getClass());
SimpleBean bean = (SimpleBean) contents;
assertEquals(13, bean.x);
}
/**
* Unit test for verifying that we can use different
* type bindings for individual generic types;
* problem with [JACKSON-190]
*/
public void testMultipleWrappers() throws Exception
{
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
// First, numeric wrapper
Wrapper<Boolean> result = mapper.readValue
("{\"value\": true}", new TypeReference<Wrapper<Boolean>>() { });
assertEquals(new Wrapper<Boolean>(Boolean.TRUE), result);
// Then string one
Wrapper<String> result2 = mapper.readValue
("{\"value\": \"abc\"}", new TypeReference<Wrapper<String>>() { });
assertEquals(new Wrapper<String>("abc"), result2);
// And then number
Wrapper<Long> result3 = mapper.readValue
("{\"value\": 7}", new TypeReference<Wrapper<Long>>() { });
assertEquals(new Wrapper<Long>(7L), result3);
}
/**
* Unit test for verifying fix to [JACKSON-109].
*/
public void testArrayOfGenericWrappers() throws Exception
{
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
Wrapper<SimpleBean>[] result = mapper.readValue
("[ {\"value\": { \"x\" : 9 } } ]",
new TypeReference<Wrapper<SimpleBean>[]>() { });
assertNotNull(result);
assertEquals(Wrapper[].class, result.getClass());
assertEquals(1, result.length);
Wrapper<SimpleBean> elem = result[0];
Object contents = elem.value;
assertNotNull(contents);
assertEquals(SimpleBean.class, contents.getClass());
SimpleBean bean = (SimpleBean) contents;
assertEquals(9, bean.x);
}
}
|
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I'm more prejudiced against Christians than Muslims. This is probably because I have let a lot of terrible Christians and all of the Muslims I have met were lovely. Also, I will not judge a group based on it's extremists as so many do.
I'm pretty disgusted by every religion ever created. By their very nature, they bother me. I don't understand the idea of thriving from ignorance.
Still, I allow humans their individuality before I consider hating them.
I really wanted to like it. It's filmed right around where I live and everyone loves it but I feel like they're all pretending or something, what's there to love?! It's obnoxious! I don't know why Neil Gaiman does episodes and stuff, it totally baffles me.
I'm pretty disgusted by every religion ever created. By their very nature, they bother me. I don't understand the idea of thriving from ignorance.
Still, I allow humans their individuality before I consider hating them.
See, a part of me feels this way. It really does.
But I have to be careful. I'm not atheist. I have unorthodox beliefs, but if I had to say what they were closest to, I'd say Taoism. And while that's not TOTALLY a religion, it does involve some supernatural elements, including a greater order, and a philosophy to live by.
So yeah, I agree that religions have really fucked shit up. But I also have to be careful to differentiate religions as an institution with the right of people to believe what they want.
But I have to be careful. I'm not atheist. I have unorthodox beliefs, but if I had to say what they were closest to, I'd say Taoism. And while that's not TOTALLY a religion, it does involve some supernatural elements, including a greater order, and a philosophy to live by.
So yeah, I agree that religions have really fucked shit up. But I also have to be careful to differentiate religions as an institution with the right of people to believe what they want.
That's perfectly reasonable.
I don't dislike any single human being under any pretense of their personal faith. Nor do I believe that any person should be stripped of their ability to do so.
I do, however, have a fiery hatred within me for ideals posed as physical truths; particularly so, if those proposed truths have hordes of evidence to the contrary, and are immovable regardless of such.
All of that aside, I think that it's irresponsible to teach children, or those that are vulnerable to swayed opinion, anything that cannot be tested through observation, experiment, or mathematics for the purpose of gaining knowledge of the physical world. That's not to say that I'd like those things completely shrouded entirely. Just simply shown as an opinion, rather than a cold-hard-fact. It's only because individuals who were steadfast in their loyalty to this way of learning (scientific method) that we've been able to advance to this level of medicine, technology, etc.(technically nothing is true with one-hundred percent certainty, which is why science is something that will never cease to grow or change) I have no qualms with those things being regarded as one's opinion or ideal.
I don't think that spiritual things should be learned about by physical applications, until they are able/willing to interact with the physical world in a physical way.
I am in no way suggesting that anyone who believes these things is undoubtedly wrong, or bad.
Not exactly an unpopular opinion, but hardcore atheists are just as if not more annoying than hardcore Christians.
I simply don't see a lot of religious people facing hard choices using religion as their guide. Not in my life, anyway. I know they're out there, but not around me. People are usually rational enough. It's when they do use religion that I'll argue against the specific point. For instance, my ex-roommate was gay. He's a black guy from Dallas, so I can understand why he thinks his inclinations are wrong, especially since he went to a Bible group every Monday. He had a lot of trouble coming out to that group out of fear, and he came to me for advice on how to approach it. He believed in the divinity in the Bible, but he didn't believe God could disapprove of homosexuality, despite the fact that it's written in there. He'd spent a lot of time trying, but in the end he accepted he was doing wrong, just not TOO wrong. Not enough to go to hell, he said.
I honestly had no idea what to tell him except that maybe there isn't anything divine about the Bible at all. I brought up all the studies on homosexuality and whatnot, and all the arguments against it being a choice, and that there's no way a rational God could truly punish people for it.
Of course he never believed that. He still struggles. That's what I hate about religion. Sometimes, it fights against the current of reality. Luckily, people are capable of cognitive dissonance.
I really wanted to like it. It's filmed right around where I live and everyone loves it but I feel like they're all pretending or something, what's there to love?! It's obnoxious! I don't know why Neil Gaiman does episodes and stuff, it totally baffles me.
How about Torchwood ? We've discovered parts of Cardiff (like the harbour) thanks to this series.
Not exactly an unpopular opinion, but hardcore atheists are just as if not more annoying than hardcore Christians.
I simply don't see a lot of religious people facing hard choices using religion as their guide. Not in my life, anyway. I know they're out there, but not around me. People are usually rational enough. It's when they do use religion that I'll argue against the specific point. For instance, my ex-roommate was gay. He's a black guy from Dallas, so I can understand why he thinks his inclinations are wrong, especially since he went to a Bible group every Monday. He had a lot of trouble coming out to that group out of fear, and he came to me for advice on how to approach it. He believed in the divinity in the Bible, but he didn't believe God could disapprove of homosexuality, despite the fact that it's written in there. He'd spent a lot of time trying, but in the end he accepted he was doing wrong, just not TOO wrong. Not enough to go to hell, he said.
I honestly had no idea what to tell him except that maybe there isn't anything divine about the Bible at all. I brought up all the studies on homosexuality and whatnot, and all the arguments against it being a choice, and that there's no way a rational God could truly punish people for it.
Of course he never believed that. He still struggles. That's what I hate about religion. Sometimes, it fights against the current of reality. Luckily, people are capable of cognitive dissonance.
Best argument I ever heard for why the Bible condemns homosexuality was that at the time, when infant mortality was likely high, it was simply a waste of sperm.
I've always liked this argument. Makes God sound a lot more logical, and a lot less like a dick bag.
Along those lines, my American Gothic professor introduced an interesting idea. God put the forbidden fruit in the garden with us so that we might prompt our own 'fall.' We would be responsible for our own elevation into understanding.
PDA really freaks me out. PDA has to be done in a certain way to be acceptable and making out is definitely not one of those. A couple of kids were making out on the bus this morning in front of me and it was really grossing me out. I'm a grown woman and I was cringing like a 5 year old does when their parents make out. I had to stop myself from vocalizing my disgust.
I believe in forced birth control for long term welfare recipients. And if there were a way to give it to men too, it should be for both. This would not apply to those whose religions are against birth control as long as they can show they are long standing members of said religion. Those who can't use birth control should be taught how to know when it is safer to have sex and when it is not.
I don't want to post my unpopular opinions. They'd hurt more than help.
Like Louis CK says, getting older is just accepting that we as men think fucked up things on a daily basis.
Or something along those lines.
Pussy.
I wish my sister posted here. She's obnoxious and has some straight up despicable opinions. She'd offend every one of you.
Jill's Tit wrote:
(This one isn't unpopular so much as it's just weird) I think we should have two presidents every term, one Democratic and one Republican. The Republican one should be based out of New York City, and the Democratic one should be in the middle of Texas.
I like that. I think.
Jill's Tit wrote:
I think we are over-evolved.
I'm glad I won't be around when all these other species catch up.
Jill's Tit wrote:
I hate ketchup (most other condiments are okay, though).
I really hate ketchup.
That's how I feel about pickles and hot sauce.
_eNdLeSs_MiKe_ wrote:
I'm progay but I still hold the opinion that two men kissing is disgusting. Maybe it's the time in which I was raised, and maybe current babies won't see anything weird, but for me it's gross.
There's nothing about kissing that isn't disgusting. And sex is even worse. Ugh. Do you know how that usually ends? It's horrible. Why would you do that to someone you like?
I never understood the stereotypical "romantic" stuff. Don't bring flowers. Don't give me a cute card. Don't write me a song. Don't even overdo the saying you love me thing. That makes me want to hug you and meet your mother. Not fuck.
Tuffy wrote:
_eNdLeSs_MiKe_ wrote:
I still hold the opinion that two men kissing is disgusting.
The thought of most people kissing disgusts me.
Consider Honey Boo Boo's mom and dad making out. Having sex. They do. And it is condoned by the church, the state, and everyone else in any position to think that they have a say in the matter.
Heterosexuality is generally as gross as anything else you can think of.
audreythirteen wrote:
PDA really freaks me out. PDA has to be done in a certain way to be acceptable and making out is definitely not one of those. A couple of kids were making out on the bus this morning in front of me and it was really grossing me out. I'm a grown woman and I was cringing like a 5 year old does when their parents make out. I had to stop myself from vocalizing my disgust.
Haha. I didn't even read these when I wrote that.
Liberum69 wrote:
I love water stuff. Whenever my family comes to Austin, or whenever me and my friends have enough money during the summer, we rent a boat and go tubing (is that what it's called?). My brother always drives, and he makes sure to send you flying at least 10 feet in the air before you skip on the water like a rock. It's an amazing feeling. Also, not really a "water" issue, but technically yes, snowboarding is my favorite hobby. It's just too bad I've been in a desert for 97% of my life.
I miss tubing. I used to do that every day, every summer in high school. My arms were so buff.
crescendo2020 wrote:
Active voice > passive voice is a crock of s***. Just another way of limiting possibilities. Meanwhile, the general reader has no idea that the war rages on; or that it exists at all.
Yeah but everyone agrees shit > s***.
Ritt wrote:
I don't use shampoo.
That explains a lot.
everyone wrote:
religion!
I'm not really religious at all anymore and can't even bother caring about most of it but I was raised Catholic and I think it made me a better person. Like even if I don't really think about god much, I'm still constantly crushed by the weight of all my guilt and repression. And that's for the best, I think. I went to a really ghetto church too. It exposed me to a certain crowd that I normally would've avoided. Like the getting pregnant at 13 not being a terribly unusual thing crowd. And that, way more than hell put the fear of being slutty in me.
Maybe that's an unpopular opinion I have. I don't really think it's cool for girls to sleep around. I don't think it's cool for guys to do it either but it definitely seems a lot less okay for girls to do it. And I don't think that's a terrible thing. It's unfair but life is unfair. The consequences of constant casual sex are so much higher for women so if you sleep around a lot, I'm going to think you're not very bright.
Half this thread is just a list of things we find overrated. I'll go the other direction.
I think the Kardashians are smarter than most people. Or at least admirably driven. Yeah, they're ridiculously over paid and make more in a year than hordes of struggling single mothers make in a lifetime. But they knew what they had (unusually large asses, control of unusually rich penises) and what they wanted (to make their unusually large asses unusually rich in their own right) and they just did it. That's awesome. Good for them.
See, this is where it goes way over my head. Isn't lust just horniness? Or is it specifically horniness towards a person you don't plan on doing anything else with? My erections come from a chemical release that's inspired by my wanting to put it into something. That's the case whether it's towards a random girl at a bar, or the girl I've been dating for the past few months. Is the physiological process different somehow after you get to know someone? Or is it just an arbitrary moral thing?
I think you can lust after someone if you're with them, otherwise relationships would be pretty boring. But Jess is right, don't do casual sex like they do in the movies - breakfast, cuddling, etc. I'm even wary of kissing, but I'm trying to change that. And DON'T hold my hand. Because if you do, my little heart will get the wrong impression and I'll become infatuated and it will not end well.
See, this is where it goes way over my head. Isn't lust just horniness? Or is it specifically horniness towards a person you don't plan on doing anything else with? My erections come from a chemical release that's inspired by my wanting to put it into something. That's the case whether it's towards a random girl at a bar, or the girl I've been dating for the past few months. Is the physiological process different somehow after you get to know someone? Or is it just an arbitrary moral thing?
I was just reading about lust in the context of an ascetic monks perspective so the concept is kind of fresh on my mind. Anyway being the sexual person that I am. I have lusted, I have loved, I have fucked, and several other variations of having sex/pleasuring oneself. Lust and horniness...I can't say that they do or don't equate. By nature we want to have sex(are horny). Lust is almost like wanting something you can't have. It's selfishly driven, even if another person agrees to this lustful desire. It's more about you pleasuring yourself and fulfilling your desires rather than engaging in an act to create new life or out of love for another person.
So the only thing that makes lust different is the reason to want to have sex, i.e. an arbitrary moral thing. If it seems weird or wrong to be turned on by something at sometime or someplace by some authority, it's lust. If not, then you're good to go.
Well, rape is all over the Bible, but that's not lust cuz it's done in His name, I guess. It's like the soldiers, or whoever, got erections cuz they were thinking of God, not the booties, aka the spoils of war. They have crazy control over their erections and can get them at the drop of a hat on command without having to be lusty about it. That's some crazy shit there, Yahweh.
So the only thing that makes lust different is the reason to want to have sex, i.e. an arbitrary moral thing. If it seems weird or wrong to be turned on by something at sometime or someplace by some authority, it's lust. If not, then you're good to go.
Well, rape is all over the Bible, but that's not lust cuz it's done in His name, I guess. It's like the soldiers, or whoever, got erections cuz they were thinking of God, not the booties, aka the spoils of war. They have crazy control over their erections and can get them at the drop of a hat on command without having to be lusty about it. That's some crazy shit there, Yahweh.
Rape is entirely different and just because it's not lustful does not mean it's not a sin. Rape is about the desire of power/control so in a sense can be lust but not in a sexual way.
I think you're making it more complicated by trying to simplify the term lust, sex, and rape. They are not the same thing sex is a good thing lust and rape are both forms of desire. The forms of desire, in Bible terms, drive you further away from God because you are distracted by fulfilling what you want instead of the will of God. So to sum it up anything that isn't done to glorify God (once again, according to the Bible) is a sin.
I really wanted to like it. It's filmed right around where I live and everyone loves it but I feel like they're all pretending or something, what's there to love?! It's obnoxious! I don't know why Neil Gaiman does episodes and stuff, it totally baffles me.
How about Torchwood ? We've discovered parts of Cardiff (like the harbour) thanks to this series.
Yeah, same with Torchwood. I just can't get in to them. I feel kind of left out but at the same time feel like everyone is nuts except me.
I meant to say, I can understand why kids love some episodes. But Doctor Who just takes itself too seriously, some episodes are no fun at all for kids because they're so overly complicated. I have particular hatred for this show because everyone watches it on Christmas day at my bampi's house and I either sit through it (noisy) or have to go somewhere alone and read.
I think you can lust after someone if you're with them, otherwise relationships would be pretty boring. But Jess is right, don't do casual sex like they do in the movies - breakfast, cuddling, etc. I'm even wary of kissing, but I'm trying to change that. And DON'T hold my hand. Because if you do, my little heart will get the wrong impression and I'll become infatuated and it will not end well.
Not everyone gets confused when kissing and cuddling are combined with casual sex. I love to cuddle and if a guy cooks me breakfast, that's awesome. If you are having casual sex with someone you should be comfortable enough with them to be friends and know where the line is. If you get confused by a little kissing or hand holding then you shouldn't be having casual sex.
Oh I was only speaking for myself, I'm not saying everyone feels like that. Most people like it, I know I'm the "wrong" one here. I think it depends on the person, I've felt confused with one, but take my fuck buddy of 4 years - we cuddle and hold hands and I make him chocolate milk when he spends the night and not for one second did I get mixed emotions. Maybe that's why I've mostly seen him these past few years, because it works like that kind of relationship should.
So the only thing that makes lust different is the reason to want to have sex, i.e. an arbitrary moral thing. If it seems weird or wrong to be turned on by something at sometime or someplace by some authority, it's lust. If not, then you're good to go.
Well, rape is all over the Bible, but that's not lust cuz it's done in His name, I guess. It's like the soldiers, or whoever, got erections cuz they were thinking of God, not the booties, aka the spoils of war. They have crazy control over their erections and can get them at the drop of a hat on command without having to be lusty about it. That's some crazy shit there, Yahweh.
Rape is entirely different and just because it's not lustful does not mean it's not a sin. Rape is about the desire of power/control so in a sense can be lust but not in a sexual way.
I think you're making it more complicated by trying to simplify the term lust, sex, and rape. They are not the same thing sex is a good thing lust and rape are both forms of desire. The forms of desire, in Bible terms, drive you further away from God because you are distracted by fulfilling what you want instead of the will of God. So to sum it up anything that isn't done to glorify God (once again, according to the Bible) is a sin.
I think you should reread my post.
I only brought up rape cuz it was condoned by God in the Bible, but only sometimes I think? What I was saying is God says lust is bad, but if he wants you to rape someone, it's all good. What's the psychology behind that kind of rape? The desire for power and control, or just to get some booty? Or does wanting to just please God give these guys erections? I'm saying it's crazy if it's the last one. Pretty sure it's one of the other two, and both fall under the category of lust under basic morals (probably), but apparently not if lust is just horniness that isn't condoned by God, which makes it an arbitrary and unnecessary label unless you believe in some strict laws set down by God, and even then it remains unclear.
Pages
Important Disclaimer: Although this is Chuck Palahniuk’s official website, we are in essence, more an official ‘fansite.’ Chuck Palahniuk himself does not own nor run this website. Nor did he create it. It was started by Dennis Widmyer, who is the webmaster and editor of most of the content. Chuck Palahniuk himself should not be held accountable nor liable for any of the content posted on this website. The opinions expressed in the news updates, content pages and message boards are not the opinions of Chuck Palahniuk nor his publishers. If you are trying to contact Chuck Palahniuk, sending emails to this website will not get you there. You should instead, take the more professional route of contacting his publicist at Doubleday. |
John Humphrey (Illinois)
John Humphrey (June 20, 1838 – October 3, 1914) was an English American politician and attorney who is credited as the father of Orland Park, Illinois. He was a member of the Illinois House of Representatives and the Illinois Senate. He was also the first mayor of Orland Park.
Biography
John Humphrey was born in Wisbech, England on June 20, 1838. He came with his family to the United States in 1848. They were among the first settlers to arrive in what would become Orland Park, Illinois. During his youth, he helped his family on the farm while attending public schools. When Humphrey was twenty-one, he joined a wagon train headed to California. After working there a few years, he returned to his family in Illinois. Humphrey married Amelia Patrick in 1863. In 1866, he was elected to the Cook County Board of Supervisors. He was elected supervisor of Orland Township in 1870 and was elected township treasurer three years later. He studied law under Root & Arington and was admitted to the bar in 1874. He practiced in Chicago throughout his life.
When the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad announced plans to open a station near their homestead in 1879, Humphrey purchased a large plot of land. He platted this land as a town center next to the railroad station. Although the railroad intended to name the station (and thus the town) Sedgewick, Humphrey rallied local leadership to change the name to Orland Park. When Orland Park was incorporated in 1892, Humphrey served as the town's first mayor, holding that elected office until his death in 1914. Humphrey's house, built in 1881 as the second permanent house in the settlement, would later become a museum operated by the Orland Historical Society.
Humphrey continued to establish himself as a local leader through state politics. In 1870, he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives as a Republican, serving one term. He was re-elected the House in 1884, and then in 1886, he was elected to the Illinois Senate, where he served until 1910. Because Humphrey was perceived as an advocate for the Cook County suburbs at the expense of the city, Chicago newspapers often depicted him negatively. Nonetheless, he was elected in large margins until 1910.
During his Senate career, Humphrey introduced a number of important bills. The Torrens Bill, so named after Premier of South Australia Robert Torrens, allowed counties to establish permanent property title registries. This protected residents if the titles of their property were destroyed. This act of legislation was the first of its kind in the United States, and would later be adopted by eighteen other states. Approved in 1897, the law was in effect until 1997. Humphrey also introduced legislation reassigning the duty of prisoner diet to the Superintendent of Public Service. Funds for prisoner diet previously were sent directly the county sheriff, some of which kept the money and used very little on food. The law saved the state money and improved prisoner care.
Humphrey fathered seven children with his wife Amelia. He was widowed in 1898. Late that year, he married his secretary Ida Stuart, with whom he had a son. In 1914, he took a trip to his ancestral home in Wisbech. While trying to leave England via Liverpool at the end of his journey, he fell ill. When he returned to Chicago on September 26, he was immediately admitted to St. Luke's Hospital. He died on October 3, 1914.
See also
Humphrey bills
References
Category:1838 births
Category:1914 deaths
Category:Illinois state senators
Category:Members of the Cook County Board of Commissioners
Category:Members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Category:People from Wisbech
Category:People from Orland Park, Illinois
Category:English emigrants to the United States
Category:Illinois Republicans
Category:American city founders
Category:19th-century American politicians |
Mucormycosis-associated intracranial hemorrhage.
Rhinoorbitocerebral mucormycosis is a devastating infection being increasingly recognized in immunocompromised hosts and carries poor prognosis. Early recognition and treatment are critical in order to improve clinical outcomes and decrease the development of complications. Fatal cerebral infarctions have been described in patients with rhinoorbitocerebral mucormycosis, likely due to the thrombotic occlusion of the affected blood vessels directly invaded by this aggressive mycotic infection. We report a patient that presented with aplastic anemia, subsequently complicated by systemic mucormycosis, which generated reactive plasmacytosis, and developed intracranial infarction and hemorrhage. |
June 13, 2018
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Prominent U.K. mobile technology retailer Dixons Carphone has been the victim of a massive data hack, in which payment details stored by 5.9 million customers were accessed illegally. The payment data was stored in the processing system of Currys PC World and Dixons Travel stores, the latter of which operates in airports.
Dixons Carphone said 5.8 million cards accessed were protected by chip-and-PIN payment protection, and the important card verification value number (CVV) printed on the back of payment cards was not stored, leaving the majority of customers free from immediate worry. However, the remaining 105,000 cards accessed in the hack were cards not issued in Europe and did not have chip-and-PIN protection. These cards were likely used at Dixons Travel stores by airport visitors, but Dixons Carphone says it hasn’t found evidence of fraud in these either.
Steps to avoid any payment fraud have already been taken by the group, and relevant card companies have been informed of the breach, helping to minimize the chances of further problems. In addition to the payment details, the names, addresses, and email addresses of 1.2 million people in the firm’s database had been accessed. The company says this information has not been used fraudulently, but is contacting affected customers nonetheless.
The company has been investigating the breach since July 2017, according to the BBC, indicating a considerable gap between discovering the security problem and the subsequent public announcement. The hack was discovered during a review of its systems and data, according to the firm’s statement on the matter, and it reassures customers the security holes have been closed and there has been no evidence of further snooping.
It’s not the first time the group has had security problems. In 2015 an attack on Carphone Warehouse left the details of 2.4 million customers exposed, along with the payment data of 90,000 people. It was subsequently fined 400,000 British pounds/$533,000 by the Information Commissioners Office (ICO) in 2018 — one of the largest fines it has issued. Retailer Dixons merged with Carphone Warehouse in 2014.
At the time, ICO commissioner Elizabeth Denham said: “A company as large, well-resourced, and established as Carphone Warehouse, should have been actively assessing its data security systems, and ensuring systems were robust and not vulnerable to such attacks.” We’d expect it to pay considerable attention to this second, more serious breakdown in security at the company. |
Amnesty’s New Report and the Situation in Northern Syria
The latest report by Amnesty International about a new wave of the forced displacement of the people in PYD-controlled areas reveals the lack of human security in the region.
Last June, in the aftermath of clashes between the People’s Protection Unit (YPG) and the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), there were reports from the region about the forced removal of Turkmen and Arabs from these areas by YPG forces. At that time, the primary geographical source for these allegations was the key border town of Tal Abyad. In mid-June, it was possible to see these reports in Western news outlets. For instance, the Telegraph reported: “Sunni Arabs of hundreds of northeastern villages and towns captured by ISIL [ISIS] in a surge in the last two months have complained of violence and threats. Some claim their houses have been burned or looted to prevent them returning.”
During this period, government officials raised these allegations and expressed their concerns about the situation in northern Syria and the actions of the YPG. According to Turkish officials, the displacement of Turkmen and Arabs from their villages was a serious violation of the rights of the residents of these villages in and around Tal Abyad. There were signs of a more systematic policy of “ethnic cleansing” committed by the YPG. This “demographic adjustment” threatened the already fragile fault lines between different ethnic groups in this part of Syria and was considered as a possible triggering event for the emergence of another refugee crisis on the borders of Turkey. U.S. officials during this period expressed their concerns and stated that they were seeking more information about the incidents.
Later, more grim pictures about the situation emerged when rights groups, such as the Syrian Network For Human Rights, revealed significant human rights violations by different groups in the region. Among other groups, the YPG was pointed out for being involved in serious violations, such as torture. Later, Amnesty International revealed some other forms of rights violations in the region, such as arbitrary detentions and unfair trials.
Last week, Amnesty International released another major report about the allegations that were raised in June during the Tal Abyad crisis about the forced displacement of people in Democratic Union Party (PYD)-controlled areas. According to a fact-finding mission by Amnesty International to northern Syria, researchers uncovered “a wave of forced displacement and home demolitions amounting to war crimes carried out by the Autonomous Administration led by the Syrian Kurdish Political party, Partiya Yekitiya Demokrat (PYD) controlling the area.” The abuses include the seizure and destruction of property.
In two months, July and August, Amnesty International visited 14 towns and villages in the al-Hasakeh and al-Raqqa governorates and brought together eyewitness accounts through interviews with local people and satellite images. Amnesty International Senior Crisis Advisor Lama Fakih said, “By deliberately demolishing civilian homes, in some cases razing and burning entire villages, displacing their inhabitants with no justifiable military grounds, the Autonomous Administration is abusing its authority and brazenly flouting international humanitarian law, in attacks that amount to war crimes.”
This extensive report about the situation in northern Syria one more time raised the significance of the situation in the region for human security in Syria. At such a critical juncture in the conflict in Syria, these types of actions won’t just generate a new fault line that could create more communal conflicts in the region, but also may result in the emergence of a new dimension of the humanitarian tragedy as a result of the “war crimes.” Because of that, the international community needs to act to pressure the PYD to stop these actions before it is too late.
This article was first published in the Daily Sabah on October 17, 2015.
Amnesty’s New Report and the Situation in Northern Syria
About
The Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research (SETA) at Washington, D.C. is a 501(c)(3) non-profit, independent, nonpartisan think tank based in Washington, D.C. dedicated to innovative studies on national, regional, and international issues concerning Turkey and US-Turkey relations. |
Croatia Airlines crew declares itself unfit to fly and cancels flight
Cabin crew members rostered on to Croatia Airlines’ flight from Berlin to Dubrovnik last Sunday night, have been accused of staging a silent protest after they declared themselves unfit to fly, denied passengers the right to board the aircraft and returned home with an empty jet. Flight OU434 from Dubrovnik to Berlin was operated normally, with the Airbus A319 aircraft experiencing mild turbulence due to severe whether prior to landing. Following a safe touchdown, the four members of the cabin crew team declared themselves unfit to fly, cancelling the return service as a result. The actions of the crew has drawn criticism from the press and has cost the airline considerably as the aircraft returned to Dubrovnik empty that same evening, while passengers were rerouted onto a Lufthansa flight to Frankfurt the following day and then onwards to Dubrovnik with Croatia Airlines.
Croatia Airlines’ spokeswoman, Ksenija Žlof, explained in more detail the events which took place that night. “After landing in Berlin, the captain talked to the cabin crew who declared themselves unfit to fly. The “fit to fly” category is completely subjective and depends on a range of elements such as the amount of accumulated fatigue and stress of the crew, both work-related and private”, Ms Žlof said. She noted that the crew’s decision not to perform the return leg is in line with European Union regulations. “That is what the four cabin crew members decided, while the cockpit crew declared itself fit to fly. Following talks between the pilot and crew, and in coordination with Croatia Airlines’ Operations Centre, it was decided for the aircraft to return to Dubrovnik empty, in order to put it back into service as soon as possible”. The crew rested in Dubrovnik overnight and flew on to Zagreb the following day.
At the time, severe weather was reported in and around Berlin, which forced the airport to shut down, however, Croatia Airlines’ aircraft landed in the German capital after it was reopened. Due to the crew’s actions, the Croatian carrier will have to cough up 250 euros per passenger in denied boarding compensation (DBC). Furthermore, the airline had to reroute all of its passengers onto a Lufthansa flight the next morning, first to Frankfurt and then onwards to Dubrovnik, with travellers arriving at their final destination some eighteen hours behind schedule. The crew’s actions have led the media to speculate that they were staging a silent protest against the management. |
New Yorkers who don't live in New York City hate the Big Apple. Missourians outside of St. Louis and Kansas City are skeptical about the people (and politicians) who come from the two biggest cities in the state. Politicians from the Chicago area (and inner suburbs) often meet skepticism when campaigning in downstate Illinois. You get the idea. People who don't live in the big cities tend to resent those who do.
Fair enough. Growing up in semi-rural southeastern Connecticut, I always hated Hartford. (Not really.) But, this map built by Reddit user Alexandr Trubetskoy shows -- in stark terms -- how much of the country's economic activity (as measured by the gross domestic product) is focused in a remarkably small number of major cities.
Image courtesy of Alexandr Trubetskoy
In a 2011 analysis by the Brookings Institution, the think tank put hard data to just how critical big cities are to the state -- and national -- economy. Wrote Alan Berube and Carey Anne Nadeau:
In 15 states, one large metropolitan area alone accounts for the bulk of economic output. These states are located in every region of the country, from Massachusetts (Boston) and New York (New York) in the Northeast, to Georgia (Atlanta) in the South, to Illinois (Chicago) and Minnesota (Minneapolis-St. Paul) in the Midwest, to Colorado (Denver) and Washington (Seattle) in the West. In a further 16 states, just two metropolitan areas generate the majority of GDP, including California (Los Angeles and San Francisco), Michigan (Detroit and Grand Rapids), Oklahoma (Oklahoma City and Tulsa), and Texas (Dallas and Houston).
Consider that. In 31 states, one or two metro areas account for the vast majority of economic output in the state. Those numbers make clear that while you may like to hate on big cities, you -- and we -- need them. |
---
abstract: 'In this paper, we prove that we can recover the genus of a closed compact surface $S$ in $\mathbb{R}^3$ from the restriction to a generic line of the Fourier transform of the canonical measure carried by $S$. We also show that the restriction on some line in Minkowski space of the solution of a linear wave equation whose Cauchy data comes from the canonical measure carried by $S$, allows to recover the Euler characteristic of $S$.'
author:
- |
Nguyen Viet Dang\
Laboratoire Paul Painlevé (U.M.R. CNRS 8524)\
UFR de Mathématiques\
Université de Lille 1, France\
bibliography:
- 'qed.bib'
title: 'The Euler characteristic of a surface from its Fourier analysis in one direction.'
---
Introduction {#introduction .unnumbered}
============
Let us start with a surface $S$ in $\mathbb{R}^3$. To this surface $S$, we can always associate a natural measure just by integrating test functions on $S$. Indeed, the surface carried measure $\mu$ is the distribution defined as $$\mu(\varphi)=\int_S \varphi d\sigma$$ where $d\sigma$ is the canonical area element on $S$ induced by the Euclidean metric of $\mathbb{R}^3$ ([@SteinShakarchi p. 334], [@SteinBeijing p. 321]) and $\varphi$ a test function. If we assume that $S$ is compact, then we find that the measure $\mu$ can be viewed as a *compactly supported distribution* on $\mathbb{R}^3$, $\mu$ is thus a tempered distribution and therefore it has a well defined Fourier transform denoted by $\widehat{\mu}$.
In harmonic analysis, we are interested in the analytical properties of the Fourier transform $\widehat{\mu}$ of measures $\mu$ which are supported on submanifolds of some given vector space. For instance, in a very recent paper [@Aizenbud-12], using the concept of wave front set and resolution of singularities, Aizenbud and Drinfeld give a proof that the Fourier transform of an algebraic measure is smooth in some open dense set. More classically, one would like to study the asymptotic behaviour of $\widehat{\mu}$ for large momenta. In the simple case where $\mu$ is the measure carried by a plane $H$ in a vector space $V$, the Fourier transform $\widehat{\mu}$ is a measure carried by the dual plane $H^\perp$ in Fourier space $V^*$ [@HormanderI Thm 7.1.25 p. 173]. Moreover, if the measure $\mu$ is compactly supported, then we know by Paley–Wiener that its Fourier transform $\widehat{\mu}$ should be a *bounded* function on $\mathbb{R}^3$. Therefore in both cases, for any test function $\varphi$, classical theorems in distribution theory only yield that the Fourier transform $\widehat{\mu\varphi}$ is **bounded**.
However, if we assume that $\mu$ is carried by a *compact* hypersurface $S$ of dimension $n$ with *non vanishing Gauss curvature*, then a celebrated result of Stein (see [@SteinBeijing Theorem 1 p. 322] and also [@HormanderI Thm 7.7.14]) gives finer decay properties on $\widehat{\mu}$. Indeed, he proves that $\vert \widehat{\mu}\vert \leqslant C (1+\vert\xi\vert)^{-\frac{n}{2}}$ for some constant $C$ which depends on the volume of $S$ and the Gauss curvature. Stein’s result shows the interplay between geometry and analysis, since a simple assumption on the Gauss curvature of $S$ gives sharper decay properties on $\widehat{\mu}$ than a simple application of the Paley–Wiener theorem.
In this paper, we explore the relationship between the Fourier transform $\widehat{\mu}$ of the surface carried measure $\mu$ and the topology of the surface itself. In the same spirit as in the papers [@KDB; @Kashiwaraindex], we use microlocal analysis and Morse theory in the study of $\widehat{\mu}$. Throughout the paper, the surface $S$ will always be assumed to be smooth and oriented. We state in an informal way the main result of this note:
\[mainthm\] Let $S$ be a closed compact surface embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and $\mu$ the associated surface carried measure. For a generic line $\ell\subset \mathbb{R}^3$, we can recover the Euler characteristic of the surface $S$ from the restriction $\widehat{\mu}|_\ell$.
The space of unoriented lines in $\mathbb{R}^3$ is canonically identified with the projective space $\mathbb{RP}^2$ and generic means that the theorem holds true for an open dense set of lines in $\mathbb{RP}^2$. We refer the reader to Theorem \[mainthmprecise\] which explains in *what sense we recover* $\chi(S)$ and gives a precised version of our main result.
Our main result might look surprising because if we knew the full Fourier transform $\widehat{\mu}$, then it would be easy to reconstruct $\mu$ hence $S$ from $\widehat{\mu}$ by Fourier inversion. But to recover the topology of $S$, it is enough to consider the partial information of the restriction of $\widehat{\mu}$ to a line $\ell$. Actually, all the information we need is contained in the asymptotic expansion of $\widehat{\mu}(\xi)$ for large $\vert\xi\vert$. In a way, our result is reminiscent of Weyl’s tube formula where the asymptotic expansion in $\varepsilon$ of the volume of the tube $S_\varepsilon$ of “thickness” $\varepsilon$ around a surface $S$ gives geometrical data on $S$: the volume and the Euler characteristic of $S$.
As a byproduct of our main theorem, we derive similar results for more general integral transforms. First, we connect our result with the Radon transform in the spirit of [@WF1 section 5.3]. We denote by $\mathcal{R}\mu$ the Radon transform of $\mu$.
\[radon\] Let $S$ be a closed compact surface embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and $\mu$ the associated surface carried measure. For a generic line $\ell\subset \mathbb{R}^3$, we can recover the Euler characteristic of the surface $S$ from the restriction of $\mathcal{R}\mu$ on $\ell$.
In the sequel, a Morse function $\psi$ is called *excellent* if its critical values are distinct.
\[thm2\] Let $S$ be a closed compact surface embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and $\mu$ the associated surface carried measure. If $\psi\in C^\infty(\mathbb{R}^3)$ is such that its restriction on $S$ is Morse excellent then we can recover the Euler characteristic of $S$ from the map $\lambda\longmapsto\mu\left(e^{i\lambda \psi} \right)$.
And finally, let us state informally an application of this theorem to the following inverse problem:
\[thm3\] Let $S$ be a closed compact surface embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and $\mu$ the associated surface carried measure. Consider the solution $u\in\mathcal{D}^\prime(\mathbb{R}^{3+1})$ of the wave equation $\left(\partial^2_t-\sum_{i=1}^3\partial_{x^i}^2\right) u=0$ with Cauchy data $u(0)=0,\partial_tu(0)=\mu$. For $x$ in some open dense subset of $\mathbb{R}^3$, set $\ell(x)$ to be the line $\{x\}\times \mathbb{R}\subset \mathbb{R}^{3+1} $, then:
- the restriction $u_{\ell(x)}$ is a compactly supported distribution of $t$,
- we can recover the Euler characteristic of $S$ from the restriction $u_{\ell(x)}$.
We give precise statements in Proposition \[claim1thm3\] and Theorem \[thm3precise\] which explains in what sense we recover $\chi(S)$.
In appendix, we gather several useful results in Morse theory which are used in the paper.
### The general principle underlying our results.
The main idea of our note is to think of the stationary phase principle as an analytic version of Lagrangian intersection. The first observation is that a surface carried measure $\mu$ is the simplest example of Lagrangian distribution (in the sense of Maslov Hörmander) with wave front set the conormal $N^*(S)$ of the surface $S$. To probe the wave front set of a distribution, a natural idea is to calculate its Fourier transform or more generally to pair $\mu$ with an oscillatory function of the form $e^{i\lambda \psi}$ where $d\psi\neq 0$. We can think of this operation as a plane wave analysis of $\mu$. By the stationary phase principle, the main contributions to the asymptotics of $\mu(e^{i\lambda \psi})$ when $\lambda\rightarrow +\infty$ come from the points where the graph of $d\psi$ meets the wave front set of $\mu$ which is the conormal $N^*(S)$. Therefore our strategy is to extract topological information from the Lagrangian intersection $\left(\text{Graph of }d\psi\right)
\cap N^*(S)$ by the stationary phase principle. This is strongly related to the work of Kashiwara [@Kashiwaraindex p. 194] and Fu [@Fuindex] where the Euler characteristic of subanalytic sets (Kashiwara gives an index formula in the context of *constructible sheaves*) is expressed in terms of Lagrangian intersection.
Let us give the central example of the theory
Let $\psi$ be a Morse function on a manifold $M$ of dimension $n$ and $\Omega$ a test form in $\Omega^n_c(M)$, then the main contributions to the oscillatory integral $\int_M e^{i\lambda \psi}\Omega$ when $\lambda\rightarrow +\infty$ come from the critical points of $\psi$, in other words, from the intersection of the Lagrangian graph $d\psi$ and the zero section $\underline{0}\subset T^* M$.
Proof of Theorem \[mainthm\].
=============================
Fourier transform, Morse functions and stationary phase.
--------------------------------------------------------
Recall that $S$ is a closed, compact surface embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and $\mu$ denotes the associated surface carried measure. We denote by $d\sigma$ the canonical area element on $S$ induced by the Euclidean metric of $\mathbb{R}^3$. Then the surface carried measure $\mu$ is the distribution defined by the formula: $$\begin{aligned}
\forall\varphi\in\mathcal{D}(\mathbb{R}^3),
\mu(\varphi)=\int_S \varphi d\sigma.\end{aligned}$$ The Fourier transform $\widehat{\mu}$ reads $$\label{oscint}
\widehat{\mu}(\xi)=\int_S e^{-i\xi(x)} d\sigma(x).$$ Since $S$ is compact, $\mu$ is compactly supported thus $\widehat{\mu}$ is a real analytic function by Paley–Wiener theorem. In order to study the asymptotics of $\widehat{\mu}(\lambda\xi)$ for $\lambda$ large, we will think of $\xi\in\mathbb{R}^{3*}\subset C^\infty(\mathbb{R}^3)$ as a linear function on $\mathbb{R}^3$ whose restriction on $S$ is a height function which we denote by $\xi\in C^\infty(S)$.
For every $\xi\in\mathbb{R}^{3*}$, we denote by $[\xi]$ its class in $\mathbb{RP}^2$ and by Theorem \[regvalGaussmorse\] recalled in Appendix, for an everywhere dense set of $[\xi]\in\mathbb{RP}^2$, the function $\xi$ is a *Morse function* on $S$. Set $\omega=\frac{\xi}{\vert\xi\vert}$, $\lambda=\vert\xi\vert$ and note that $\omega$ has the same critical points as $\xi$. The stationary phase principle states that the main contributions to the asymptotics of $\widehat{\mu}(\lambda\omega)$ when $\lambda\rightarrow\infty$ come from the *critical points* of the Morse function $\omega$ which are isolated by Theorem 10.4.3 in [@DubrovinFomenkoNovikovII p. 87]. We denote by $\text{Crit }\omega$ the set of critical points of $\omega$. Then in the neighborhood of every $x\in \text{Crit }\omega$, we choose local coordinates $(y^1,y^2)$ on $S$ such that $y^1(x)=y^2(x)=0$ and $d\sigma(x)=\vert dy^1dy^2\vert$ where $d\sigma$ is the canonical area element on $S$. The method of stationary phase ([@Eskin Lemma (19.4) p.95],[@BatesWeinstein p. 124]) yields the asymptotic expansion: $$\label{statphasemu}
\widehat{\mu}(\lambda\omega)\underset{\lambda\rightarrow \infty}{\sim} \sum_{x\in \text{Crit }\omega}\left(\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}\right)^{\frac{n}{2}}e^{i\frac{\pi}{4}(n_+-n_-)(x)}
\frac{e^{-i\lambda\omega(x)}}{ \sqrt{\vert\det \omega^{\prime\prime}(x) }\vert }\left[ 1+\sum_{j=1}^\infty b_j(x)\lambda^{-j} \right].$$
We want to comment on the geometric interpretation of each of the terms in the expansion:
- $\frac{n}{2}=1$ in our case since $S$ is a surface.
- $n_+(x)$ (resp $n_-(x)$) is the number of positive (resp negative) eigenvalues of the Hessian $-\omega^{\prime\prime}$ of the Morse function $-\omega$ at the critical point $x$, the number $n_-(x)$ is the *Morse index* of $-\omega$ at $x$. For surfaces, $e^{i\frac{\pi}{4}(n_+-n_-)(x)}$ can only take the three values $\{i,1,-i\}$. Observe that $$\begin{aligned}
n_-(x)=1\mod(2)&\Leftrightarrow & e^{i\frac{\pi}{4}(n_+-n_-)(x)}=1\\
n_-(x)=0\mod(2) &\Leftrightarrow &e^{i\frac{\pi}{4}(n_+-n_-)(x)}=\pm i.\end{aligned}$$
- In the local chart $(y_1,y_2)$ around $x$, the Hessian $-\omega^{\prime\prime}(x)$ is non degenerate since $\omega$ is Morse and it also coincides with the second fundamental form of the surface $S$ at $x$. Therefore $\vert K(x)\vert
=\vert\det\omega^{\prime\prime}(x)\vert$ where $K(x)$ is the *Gauss curvature* of the surface $S$ at $x$ ([@NovikovTaimanov 3.3.1 p. 67]).
An oscillatory integral whose singular points are the critical values of the height function.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We denote by $$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{F}_\lambda^{-1}:v\in\mathcal{S}^\prime(\mathbb{R})\longmapsto \widehat{v}(\tau)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_\mathbb{R} d\lambda e^{i\tau\lambda}v(\lambda)\end{aligned}$$ the inverse Fourier transform w.r.t. variable $\lambda$. We define the oscillatory integral $u=\mathcal{F}_\lambda^{-1}
\left(\left(\frac{\lambda}{2\pi}\right)
\widehat{\mu}(\lambda\omega)\right)$ on $\mathbb{R}$ and show that $u$ is singular at the critical values of the Morse function $\omega$. Recall that $K(x)$ denotes the Gauss curvature of $S$ at $x$.
\[Lagdistrib\] Let $S$ be a closed compact surface embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and $\mu$ the associated surface carried measure. Let $u$ be the distribution $$\begin{aligned}
\label{uoscill}
u=\mathcal{F}_\lambda^{-1}
\left(\left(\frac{\lambda}{2\pi}\right)
\widehat{\mu}(\lambda\omega)\right).\end{aligned}$$
If $\omega\in C^\infty(S)$ is Morse, then:
- the singular support of $u$ is the set of critical values of $\omega$,
- $u$ is a finite sum of oscillatory integrals on $\mathbb{R}$
- each oscillatory integral has polyhomogeneous symbol whose leading term is $\frac{e^{i\frac{\pi}{4}(n_+-n_-)(x)}}{\sqrt{\vert K(x)\vert}}$ where $x\in\text{Crit }\omega$.
By the stationary phase expansion, $$\begin{aligned}
\left(\frac{\lambda}{2\pi}\right)
\widehat{\mu}(\lambda\omega)=\sum_{x\in \text{Crit }\omega}
e^{-i\lambda \omega(x)}b(x,\lambda)\end{aligned}$$ where, for every $x\in\text{Crit }\omega$, $b(x,\lambda)$ is a polyhomogeneous symbol in $\lambda$: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{asymptb}
b(x;\lambda)\sim \frac{e^{i\frac{\pi}{4}(n_+-n_-)(x)}}{\sqrt{\vert\det \omega^{\prime\prime}(x)\vert}}\left[ 1+\sum_{j=1}^\infty b_j(x)\lambda^{-j} \right] \end{aligned}$$ with principal symbol $ \frac{e^{i\frac{\pi}{4}(n_+-n_-)(x)}}{\sqrt{\vert\det \omega^{\prime\prime}(x)\vert}}$ since $\vert K(x)\vert=\vert\det \omega^{\prime\prime}(x)\vert\neq 0$. Therefore: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{formulau}
u(t)&=& \mathcal{F}_\lambda^{-1}
\left(\left(\frac{\lambda}{2\pi}\right)
\widehat{\mu}(\lambda\omega)\right)\\
&=&\sum_{x\in \text{Crit }\omega}\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}
e^{i\lambda(t-\omega(x))}b(x;\lambda) d\lambda \end{aligned}$$ is a finite sum of oscillatory integrals ([@HormanderI Theorem (7.8.2) p. 237]). By the general theory of oscillatory integrals [@ReedSimonII Theorem IX.47 p. 102] [@HormanderI Theorem 8.1.9 p. 260]: $$\begin{aligned}
WF(u)=\{(t;\tau) | (\omega(x)-t)=0, \tau\neq 0 \}.\end{aligned}$$ From [@HormanderI Proposition 8.1.3 p. 254], we deduce that the singular support of $u$ is $\{t| (\omega(x)-t)=0, x\in \text{Crit }\omega \}$ which is exactly the set of critical values of $\omega$.
We state and prove a precised version of the main theorem \[mainthm\] given in the introduction:
\[mainthmprecise\] Let $S$ be a closed compact surface embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and $\mu$ the associated surface carried measure. Then for an everywhere dense set $\omega\in\mathbb{S}^2$, the distribution $u=\mathcal{F}_\lambda^{-1}
\left(\left(\frac{\lambda}{2\pi}\right)
\widehat{\mu}(\lambda\omega)\right)$ can be canonically decomposed as a sum $$\label{decompdirac}
u=\sum_{x\in \text{Crit }\omega} a(x)\delta_{\omega(x)} + r$$ such that
- $\forall x\in \text{Crit }\omega, a(x)\neq 0$
- $r$ is an oscillatory integral with symbol of degree $-1$.
The Euler characteristic of $S$ satisfies the identity: $$\label{Morsepol}
\chi(S)=\sum_{x\in \text{Crit }\omega}-\frac{a(x)^2}{\vert a(x)\vert^2}.$$
By Lemma \[regvalGaussmorse2\] proved in appendix, for an everywhere dense set $\omega\in\mathbb{S}^2$, the corresponding function $\omega\in C^\infty(S)$ is an excellent Morse function which means that if $(x_1,x_2)$ are distinct critical points of $\omega$ then $\omega(x_1)\neq \omega(x_2)$.
In particular, $\omega$ is Morse therefore we can use the results of Proposition \[Lagdistrib\]. From the asymptotic expansion (\[asymptb\]) of the symbol $b$ and the equation of $u$ (\[formulau\]), we find that: $$\begin{aligned}
u = \sum_{x\in \text{Crit }\omega}\frac{e^{i\frac{\pi}{4}(n_+-n_-)(x)}}{ \sqrt{\vert\det \omega^{\prime\prime}(x)\vert }}
\delta_{\omega(x)} + r,\end{aligned}$$ where $r \in \mathcal{D}^\prime(\mathbb{R})$ is an oscillatory integral whose asymptotic symbol has leading term $\underset{x\in \text{Crit }\omega}{\sum}a(x)b_{-1}(x)\lambda^{-1}$ for $a(x)=\frac{e^{i\frac{\pi}{4}(n_+-n_-)(x)}}{ \sqrt{\vert\det \omega^{\prime\prime}(x)\vert }}$. We rewrite the above formula in a simpler form: $$u= \sum_{x\in \text{Crit }\omega} a(x)\delta_{\omega(x)}+ r$$ where $a(x)=\frac{e^{i\frac{\pi}{4}(n_+-n_-)(x)}}{ \sqrt{\vert\det \omega^{\prime\prime}(x)\vert }}$.
Our goal is to express $\chi(S)$ in terms of the coefficients $a(x),x\in\text{Crit }\omega$. We recall the definition of the Morse counting polynomial $\mathcal{M}_{\omega}(T)$ for a given Morse function $\omega$ ([@Farber Definition C.4 p. 228] ): $$\mathcal{M}_{\omega}(T)=\sum_{x\in \text{Crit }\omega} T^{n_-(x)}.$$ Observe that $$\begin{aligned}
n_-(x)&=&0\mod(2)\Leftrightarrow a(x)\in i\mathbb{R}\\
n_-(x)&=&1\mod(2)\Leftrightarrow a(x)\in \mathbb{R}\\
&\Rightarrow & -\frac{a(x)^2}{\vert a(x)\vert^2}=(-1)^{n_-(x)}.\end{aligned}$$ This implies that: $$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{M}_{\omega}(-1)=\sum_{x\in \text{Crit }\omega} \left(-1\right)^{n_-(x)}=
\sum_{x\in \text{Crit }\omega}-\frac{a(x)^2}{\vert a(x)\vert^2}.\end{aligned}$$ To conclude, we use the well known result $\chi(S)=\mathcal{M}_{\omega}(-1)$ which is a consequence of the Morse inequalities ([@Farber Theorem C.3 p. 228] and [@Milnor-Morse Thm 5.2 p. 29]) .
Let $\mathcal{R}$ be the Radon transform. From the identity relating the Fourier transform and the Radon transform (see [@WF1 p. 19]), we find a relationship between the distribution $u$ of Theorem \[mainthmprecise\] and $\mathcal{R}\mu$: $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber\mathcal{R}\mu(\omega,\tau)=\mathcal{F}^{-1}_\lambda\left(\widehat{\mu}(\lambda\omega)\right)(\tau)&\implies & u(\tau)=\frac{1}{2i\pi}\partial_\tau\mathcal{R}\mu(\omega,\tau)\\
\implies \frac{1}{2i\pi}\partial_\tau\mathcal{R}\mu(\omega,\tau)&=&\sum_{x\in \text{Crit }\omega} a(x)\delta_{\omega(x)} + r.\end{aligned}$$ This immediately proves a precised version of Theorem \[radon\] and gives some informations on the Radon transform of the measure $\mu$:
Under the assumptions of Theorem \[mainthmprecise\], let $\mathcal{R}\mu$ be the Radon transform of $\mu$. Then for an everywhere dense set of $\omega\in\mathbb{S}^2$, $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{1}{2i\pi}\partial_\tau\mathcal{R}\mu(\omega,\tau)=\sum_{x\in \text{Crit }\omega} a(x)\delta_{\omega(x)} + r\end{aligned}$$ where $$\chi(S)=\sum_{x\in \text{Crit }\omega}-\frac{a(x)^2}{\vert a(x)\vert^2}.$$
### Remark.
If we are given a Lagrangian distribution $u\in\mathcal{D}^\prime(\mathbb{R})$ with singular point $t_0$ and $u$ can be written as a sum $u=a\delta_{t_0} +
r$ where $a\in\mathbb{C}$ and $r$ is a Lagrangian distribution with asymptotic symbol of degree $-1$, then we can recover $a$ by scaling around the point $t_0$. Indeed, a straightforward calculation yields $$\begin{aligned}
\lim_{\lambda\rightarrow 0}\lambda u(\lambda(.-t_0) )= a\delta_{t_0}\end{aligned}$$ where the limit is understood in the sense of distributions. For any test function $\varphi$ which is equal to $1$ in a sufficiently small neighborhood of $t_0$, we find that $\lim_{\lambda\rightarrow 0}
\left\langle\lambda t(\lambda(.-t_0) ),\varphi\right\rangle=a$.
The example of the sphere.
--------------------------
We show how our proof works in the case of the unit sphere $\mathbb{S}^2$ in $\mathbb{R}^3$. First, note that any height function restricted on $\mathbb{S}^2$ is Morse excellent and has exactly two critical points. The Fourier transform of $\mu$ is given by the exact formula: $\widehat{\mu}(\xi)
=4\pi\frac{\sin(\vert\xi\vert)}{\vert\xi\vert}$ therefore $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{\lambda}{2\pi}\widehat{\mu}(\lambda\omega)
&=& 2\sin(\lambda)\\
\implies \mathcal{F}^{-1}\left(\frac{\lambda}{2\pi}\widehat{\mu}(\lambda\omega) \right)
&=& \mathcal{F}^{-1}\left(2\sin(\lambda)\right)\\
= \mathcal{F}^{-1}\left(\frac{e^{i\lambda}-e^{-i\lambda}}{i}\right)
&=& i(\delta_{+1}-\delta_{-1}).\end{aligned}$$ Finally, the identity \[Morsepol\] allows to recover the well known result $\chi(\mathbb{S}^2)=-i^2-(-i)^2=2$.
Plane wave analysis and topology.
=================================
Let us recall the statement of Theorem \[thm2\] before we give a proof:
*Let $S$ be a closed compact surface embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and $\mu$ the associated surface carried measure. If $\psi\in C^\infty(\mathbb{R}^3)$ is such that its restriction on $S$ is Morse excellent then we can recover the Euler characteristic of $S$ from the map $\lambda\longmapsto\mu\left(e^{i\lambda \psi} \right)$.*
The idea to consider oscillatory integrals of the form $\mu\left(e^{i\lambda \psi} \right)$ comes from the coordinate invariant definition of wave front set due to Gabor [@Gabor-72; @WF2] then corrected by Duistermaat [@Duistermaat Proposition 1.3.2]. To prove Theorem \[thm2\], we just repeat the proof of Theorem \[mainthmprecise\] applied to the distribution $u=\mathcal{F}_\lambda^{-1}
\left(\left(\frac{\lambda}{2\pi}\right)
\mu\left(e^{i\lambda \psi} \right)\right)$ where we replace $\omega$ by $\psi$.
The wave equation, propagation of singularities and topology.
=============================================================
Let us recall the statement of Theorem \[thm3\]:
Let us prove a precised version of claim (1):
\[claim1thm3\] Let $S$ be a closed compact surface embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and $\mu$ the associated surface carried measure. Consider the solution $u$ of the wave equation $\square u=0$ with Cauchy data $u(0)=0,\partial_tu(0)=\mu$. For all $x\in\mathbb{R}^3\setminus S$:
- $t\longmapsto u(t,x)$ is a compactly supported distribution of $t$
- the singular support of $u(.,x)$ is a subset of $\{t\in\mathbb{R}| \exists y\in S \text{ s.t. } \vert x-y\vert=\vert t\vert, y-x \perp T_{y}S \}$.
Recall that $\ell_x=\{(t,x)| t\in\mathbb{R}^3 \} $ and denote by $N^*(\ell_x)\subset T^*\mathbb{R}^{3+1}$ its conormal bundle. We want to prove that one can restrict the distribution $u$ on $\ell_x$. First, $\square u=0$ implies that the wave front set of $u$ lies in the characteristic set of $\square$ ([@HormanderI Theorem 8.3.1]): $$\begin{aligned}
WF(u)\subset \text{Char }\square= \{\tau^2-\vert\xi\vert^2\} \implies
WF(u)\cap N^*(\ell_x)=\emptyset\end{aligned}$$ which means that one can pull–back the distribution $u$ by the embedding $i:\ell_x\hookrightarrow \mathbb{R}^{3+1}$ (see [@HormanderI Theorem 8.2.4]). The restriction $i^*u$ is thus well defined, it is compactly since the Cauchy data $(0,\mu)$ is compactly supported and by finite propagation speed property for the wave equation.
Secondly, we calculate the wave front set of the restriction $i^*u$. Elements of the cotangent space $T^*\mathbb{R}^{3+1}$ are denoted by $(t,x;\tau,\xi)$ and $\pi$ is the projection $T^*\mathbb{R}^{3+1}\mapsto \mathbb{R}^{3+1}$. Since $u$ is solution of $\square u=0$ with Cauchy data $(0,\mu)$, $u$ is given by the representation formula ([@BersJohnSchechter equation (2.21) p. 12], [@AlinhacHyperbolicPDE Theorem 5.3 p. 67], [@SoggeNonlinearWave p. 3]) $$\begin{aligned}
\label{intformula}
u(t,x)=\frac{1}{4\pi t}\int_{\mathbb{R}^3} \delta(\vert t\vert-\vert x-y\vert)\mu(y)dy. \end{aligned}$$ We want to calculate $WF(u)$ using the integral formula (\[intformula\]). By finite propagation speed, the condition $x\in\mathbb{R}^3\setminus S$ ensures that $i^*u=0$ in some neighborhood of $t=0$ which means we do not have to consider the contribution of $t=0$ to $WF(\delta(\vert t\vert-\vert x-y\vert))$. Denote by $P$ the projection $P:(t,y)\in
\mathbb{R}^{3+1}\mapsto t\in \mathbb{R}$, since $WF(\delta(\vert t\vert-\vert x\vert))=\{(t,x;\lambda t,-\lambda x)
| \vert t\vert=\vert x\vert,
\lambda\in\mathbb{R}\setminus \{0\} \}
\cup T_0^*\mathbb{R}^{3+1}$, the calculus of wave front set yields: $$\begin{aligned}
WF(u)&\subset & P_*WF(\delta(\vert t\vert-\vert x-y\vert)\mu(y))\\
&\subset & \{(t;\lambda t)| \exists (y;\eta)\in N^*(S), \vert t\vert=\vert x-y\vert, \lambda(x-y)=\eta \}\\
&=&\{(\pm \vert x-y\vert;\tau) | (x-y) \perp T_yS ,\tau\in\mathbb{R}\setminus \{0\} \}\\
\implies \text{ss }u=\pi(WF(i^*u))&\subset & \{ \pm\vert x-y\vert | (x-y)\perp T_yS \}.\end{aligned}$$
Let us prove that one can recover $\chi(S)$ from $u(.,x)\in\mathcal{D}^\prime(\mathbb{R})$ concluding the proof of Theorem \[thm3\].
\[thm3precise\] Let $S$ be a closed compact surface embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$ and $\mu$ the associated surface carried measure. Consider the solution $u\in\mathcal{D}^\prime(\mathbb{R}^{3+1})$ of the wave equation $\left(\partial^2_t-\sum_{i=1}^3\partial_{x^i}^2\right) u=0$ with Cauchy data $u(0)=0,\partial_tu(0)=\mu$. Then for $x$ in some open dense subset of $\mathbb{R}^3$, we have the canonical decomposition: $$-2i\left(t\partial_t+1 \right)u(t,x)
=\sum_{y\in \text{Crit }L_x} a(y)\delta_{\vert
y-x\vert}(t) + r(t)$$ where $L_x:y\in S\mapsto \vert y-x\vert$ is Morse excellent, $r$ is a finite sum of oscillatory integrals with symbol of degree $-1$. $$\chi(S)=\sum_{y\in \text{Crit }L_x} -\frac{a(y)^2}{\vert a(y)\vert^2}.$$
We again use the representation formula for $u$: $$\begin{aligned}
u(t,x)=
\frac{1}{4\pi t}\int_{\mathbb{R}^3}
\delta(\vert t\vert-\vert x-y\vert)\mu(y)dy.\end{aligned}$$ Recall that $x\in \mathbb{R}^3\setminus S$ implies $u(.,x)=0$ in some neighborhood of $t=0$. Therefore, for $t\geqslant 0$: $$\begin{aligned}
u(t,x)&=&\frac{1}{8\pi^2 t} \int_{\mathbb{R}} d\lambda e^{it\lambda}
\int_{\mathbb{R}^3} \mu(y)e^{-i\lambda\vert x-y\vert}dy \\
\implies
-2i\left(t\partial_t+1 \right)u(t,x) &= & \mathcal{F}^{-1}\left(\frac{\lambda}{2\pi}
\int_{\mathbb{R}^3} \mu(y)e^{-i\lambda\vert x-y\vert}dy
\right).\end{aligned}$$
By Lemma \[morseexcdist\], for $x$ in some open dense set in $\mathbb{R}^3$, the function $L_x:y\in S\mapsto \vert y-x\vert$ is Morse excellent. Therefore, repeating the proof of Theorem \[mainthm\] with $L_x$ instead of $-\omega$, we find that $$-2i\left(t\partial_t+1 \right)u(t,x)
=\sum_{y\in \text{Crit }L_x} a(y)\delta_{\vert
y-x\vert}(t) + r(t)$$ where $r$ is a finite sum of oscillatory integrals with symbol of degree $-1$. Finally $\chi(S)=\sum_{y\in \text{Crit }L_x} -\frac{a(y)^2}{\vert a(y)\vert^2}$.
Appendix.
=========
In this section, we gather several important results in Morse theory.
Almost all height functions are Morse.
--------------------------------------
Let $S$ be an embedded surface in $\mathbb{R}^3$. For every $x\in S$, we denote by $T_xS$ the tangent plane to $S$ at $x$.
The map $x\in S \mapsto n(x)\in\mathbb{S}^2$ where $n(x)$ is the oriented unit normal vector to $T_xS$ is called the Gauss map. It induces canonically a *projective* Gauss map denoted by $[n]:=x\in S\longmapsto [n](x)
\in\mathbb{RP}^2$.
The next theorem [@DubrovinFomenkoNovikovII Thm 11.2.2 p. 94] characterizes all height functions which are Morse functions in terms of the Gauss map:
\[regvalGaussmorse\] Let $S$ be an embedded surface in $\mathbb{R}^3$. The height function $\xi\in C^\infty(S):=x\in S\mapsto \xi(x)$ is a Morse function precisely when $[\xi]\in\mathbb{RP}^2$ is a regular value of the projective Gauss map $[n]$. It follows that for an *open everywhere dense set* of $[\xi]\in\mathbb{RP}^2$, the height function $\xi\in C^\infty(S)$ is a Morse function.
Almost all Morse height functions are excellent Morse functions.
----------------------------------------------------------------
We refine Theorem \[regvalGaussmorse\] and show that for generic $\xi\in\mathbb{RP}^2$, the height function $\xi$ is an excellent Morse function i.e. all critical values of $\xi$ are distinct.
\[regvalGaussmorse2\] Let $S$ be a compact embedded surface in $\mathbb{R}^3$, for an *open everywhere dense set* of $[\xi]\in\mathbb{RP}^2$, the height function $\xi\in C^\infty(S)$ is an excellent Morse function.
Let $V$ be the set of regular values of the projective Gauss map $[n]$ in $\mathbb{RP}^2$. By Sard’s Theorem $V$ is open dense in $\mathbb{RP}^2$ and $$\begin{aligned}
[\xi]\in V\Leftrightarrow \text{ the height function }\xi \text{ is Morse}.\end{aligned}$$
We give next a characterization of Morse height functions which are not Morse excellent. For all $[\xi]\in V$, there is a neighborhood $\Omega$ of $[\xi]$ such that the preimage $[n]^{-1}(\Omega)$ is a disjoint union of open sets $(U_1,\cdots,U_k)\subset S^k$ and each $U_i$ is sent diffeomorphically to $\Omega$ by the Gauss map. Therefore there is a collection of maps $$\begin{aligned}
(x_1,\cdots,x_k):
=[\xi]\in\Omega\subset \mathbb{RP}^2\longmapsto (x_1([\xi]),\cdots,x_k([\xi]))\in S^k\end{aligned}$$ such that $\forall i, [n](x_i([\xi]))=[\xi]$. We claim that for $[\xi]\in\Omega$: $$\begin{aligned}
\xi \text{ is not Morse excellent }
&\Leftrightarrow & \xi.\left(x_i([\xi])-x_j([\xi])\right)=0 \text{ for some }1\leq i<j\leq k.\end{aligned}$$ From the fact that $$d_\xi\xi.\left(x_i([\xi])-x_j([\xi])\right)=\left\langle \left(x_i([\xi])-x_j([\xi])\right) , . \right\rangle
\neq 0$$ we deduce that the set of $[\xi]$ such that the height function $\xi$ is not Morse excellent is a finite union of submanifolds in $\Omega$. It has thus **empty interior** which proves that Morse excellent $\xi$ are open dense.
The distance function to almost every point is Morse.
-----------------------------------------------------
The height function is not the only way to produce Morse functions on $S$. Recall we considered the distance function to $x$, $L_x:=y\in S\longmapsto
\vert x-y \vert$. The set of points $x\in\mathbb{R}^3$ where $L_x^2\in C^\infty(S)$ fails to be a Morse function is called the set of *focal points*. By the result in [@DubrovinFomenkoNovikovII Section 11.3 p. 95] and [@Milnor-Morse Corollary 6.2 p. 33], the set of *focal points* has null measure in $\mathbb{R}^3$. If $\psi\geqslant 0$ is a non negative Morse function on $S$ with **only positive critical values** then $$\begin{aligned}
d_x\psi(c)=0\implies d^2_x\sqrt{\psi}(c)=
\frac{d^2_x\psi(c)}{2\sqrt{\psi}} \neq 0. \end{aligned}$$ This shows that if $x\notin S$ then $L_x^2$ is a Morse function iff $L_x$ is Morse. Thus:
For an *open everywhere dense set* of points $x\in\mathbb{R}^3$, the distance function $$\begin{aligned}
L_x:=y\in S\longmapsto \vert x-y\vert\end{aligned}$$ is Morse.
The distance function to almost every point is Morse excellent.
---------------------------------------------------------------
The next Lemma is needed for the proof of Theorem \[thm3\].
\[morseexcdist\] Let $S$ be a closed compact embedded surface in $\mathbb{R}^3$. For generic $x\in\mathbb{R}^3$, the function $L_x\in C^\infty(S)$ is an excellent Morse function.
Note that if $x\notin S$ and $L_x^2$ is Morse excellent then so is $L_x$. Therefore, it suffices to prove that $L_x^2$ is Morse excellent for generic $x$. For every $(y,x)\in S\times
\mathbb{R}^3$, let use denote by $g_x(y)$ the function $L_x(y)^2$.
For given $x_0$ s.t. $g_{x_0}$ is Morse, we show there is a neighborhood $U$ of $x_0$ such that the critical points of $L_x$ depend smoothly on $x\in U$. Let us call $y_1(x_0),\cdots,y_k(x_0)$ the isolated critical points of $g_{x_0}$. For all $l\in\{1,\cdots,k\}$, $y_l(x_0)$ is a non degenerate critical point of $g_x$ i.e. the Hessian $d_y^2g_x$ is invertible. Therefore, we can use the implicit function theorem to express the critical points $(y_i)_{1\leq i\leq k}$ of $g_x$ as functions of $x\in U$ in such a way that $$\begin{aligned}
\forall x\in U, \forall i\in\{1,\cdots, k \}, d_y g_x(y_i(x))=0.\end{aligned}$$ Hence $$\begin{aligned}
L_x^2\text{ not Morse excellent }\Leftrightarrow
g_x(y_i(x))=g_x(y_j(x)) \text{ for some } 1\leq i<j\leq k.\end{aligned}$$ Observe that the subset $\Sigma_{ij}=\{ x\in U | g_x(y_i(x))=g_x(y_j(x)) \}$ is a surface in $U$ since $$\partial_x g_x(y_i(x))
-\partial_xg_x(y_j(x))
=2\left\langle . , y_i(x)-y_j(x)\right\rangle\neq 0 ,$$ therefore the set of $x$ such that $L_x^2$ fails to be Morse excellent has empty interior in $U$ which proves the claim.
|
Breaking
Thursday, 24 July 2014
Cabinet clears 49% FDI in insurance through FIPB route
The Cabinet today approved 49% foreign investment ininsurance companies through the FIPB route ensuring management control in the hands of Indian promoters.
"The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved raising of FDI cap in insurance sector to 49% from 26%," sources said after a meeting of the CCEA, headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
With the Cabinet approving the amendments to the long pending Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, it will now be taken up by Parliament.
In his budget speech, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley had said that the insurance sector is investment starved and there is a need to increase the composite cap in the sector to 49%, with full Indian management and control, through the FIPB route.
The move would help insurance firms to get much needed capital from overseas partners.
The proposal to raise FDI cap has been pending since 2008 when the previous UPA government introduced the Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill to hike foreign holding in insurance joint ventures to 49% from the existing 26%.
However, the Bill could not be taken up in the Rajya Sabha because of opposition from several political parties, including the BJP.
The insurance sector was opened up for private sector in 2000 after the enactment of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 (IRDA Act, 1999).
This Act permitted foreign shareholding in insurance companies to the extent of 26% with an aim to provide better insurance coverage and to augment the flow of long term resources for financing infrastructure.
The industry has been demanding for long to increase the FDI limit for adequate funds for expansion of the sector. |
RICHARD NEAL THEN: 426 lbs.
Two years ago, the Portland, Tenn., native had reached his heaviest weight and even auditioned to be on The Biggest Loser. "I was depressed," says Neal, 28. "I went on a roller coaster at a local theme park and I assumed I could sit down. But it took two people to try and fit me in the seat. There were all these people staring at me so I made it a joke. I was laughing but I was hurting inside. Finally I just went to the bathroom and started crying." |
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