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U.S. Navy: Early lessons demonstrate need for ‘peace through strength’
March 27, 2013 marks the 219th anniversary of the formation of the United States Navy by the Navy Act of 1794. Congress appropriated funds for the building of six heavy frigates, a number of which would go on to become legendary fighting vessels.
The establishment of a powerful naval force was uneven in early American history due to the traditional American fear of military establishments and the centralization of government. However, given increasing global power and belief in free trade it became clear that a world class navy was vital to protecting American interests and ideals abroad.
President Thomas Jefferson learned the hard way about the danger of having an insufficient navy. Instead of continuing to build and service a blue water navy, Jefferson decided that a large force of tiny gunboats could protect the American homeland and ports. This was couched in the belief that the military was only needed for basic homeland defense and that economic pressure instead of military strength could accomplish American foreign policy goals abroad. The result was nearly catastrophic for the young country.
American merchants were continually pillaged by North African pirate states in the Mediterranean, which Jefferson and later Madison eventually solved by increasing American naval presence in the region. The two times they deployed the blue water navy were mostly a product of the policies of their political opponents. However, the real failure was the total lack of preparation for the War of 1812 and weakness of the American military during the worldwide conflict between Napoleonic France and Great Britain. The failure to protect American sailors from being impressed into the service of the British and French navies during these wars demonstrated the critical weakness of a great economic power that lacked the military might to protect itself and its citizens.
Instead of protecting Americans through the presence of an adequate navy, Jefferson tried to put pressure on European regimes strictly through economic warfare. Jefferson ended up placing an embargo on the belligerent France and England and restricted the abilities of American merchants to engage in trade abroad. The result was a harsh infringement of American liberties, a skyrocketing debt due to the catastrophic effect on the economy, and general embarrassment for the American people.
The great historian, Henry Adams described in detail what a failure the embargo policy had been:
Jefferson’s vast popularity vanished, and the labored fabric of his reputation fell in sudden and general ruin. America began slowly to struggle, under the consciousness of pain, toward a conviction that she must bear the common burdens of humanity, and fight with the weapons of other races in the same bloody arena.
“Jeffersonians” of a later era learned the lessons of the previous administrations and understood that free trade and peace required military strength. President Andrew Jackson, a Jeffersonian in many respects, held some of the same beliefs as his predecessors, but was ultimately more successful in accomplishing his goals in foreign policy due to a much-needed pivot in focus.
Instead of relying on foreign powers to accept the benevolence and utility of free trade and the rights of Americans, Jackson greatly expanded the navy in order to protect American rights abroad and to insure that free trade could occur without aggressive, hostile attacks by foreign threats.
According to historian John Belohlavek in his book called Let the Eagle Soar: The Foreign Policy of Andrew Jackson, Jackson’s policy was centered around, “promoting commercial expansion, demanding worldwide respect for the American flag, restoring American prestige and national honor, and fostering territorial growth… He engendered and nurtured the advancement of American commerce through his diplomatic missions, treaties with foreign nations, and revitalization of the American navy.”
Jackson nearly tripled the navy’s budget and constructed numerous ships of the line, the battleships of the era. On top of this, he aggressively pushed foreign nations to accept free trade agreements and demanded justice for Americans who had been wronged abroad.
A notable test of Jackson’s foreign policy came when an American merchant ship was attacked in Malaysia. The attack came as a consequence of the local population not believing that American ships had military protection. In response to the assault on American citizens Jackson immediately deployed a frigate and attacked the Malaysian harbor of Quallah Battoo. In the words of Jackson’s Navy Secretary Levi Woodbury, the navy gave the Malaysians “a good thrashing.”
Beyond keeping small-time pirate kingdoms in line, Jackson forced the French to pay indemnities to Americans after a long and heated diplomatic battle. This could have never been accomplished without the dramatic increase in American naval power.
Jackson said in his farewell speech, “Your navy will not only protect your rich and flourishing commerce in distant seas, but will enable you to reach and annoy the enemy and give to defense its greatest efficiency by meeting danger at a distance from home… We shall more certainly preserve the peace when it is well understood that we are prepared for war.”
Jackson’s policy of “peace through strength” created a flurry of American foreign policy successes and forced foreign powers to respect the American flag. This principle would be handed down to presidents like Theodore Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan, who also understood the importance of protecting American Freedom through a powerful, modern navy.
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Coyote Creek State Park
modified and updated from McLemore, V.T., 1999, Coyote Creek State Park: New Mexico Geology, v. 21, p. 18-21.
Coyote Creek State Park is along NM–434, 18 mi north of Mora and 17 mi south of Angel Fire in the eastern Sangre de Cristo Mountains of northern New Mexico (Fig. 1). The park is at the bottom of Guadalupita Canyon, elevation 7,700 ft, where Coyote Creek runs through meadows surrounded by mountain forest before joining the Rio Mora and eventually the Canadian River to the southeast. La Mesa forms the eastern ridge and is 9,112 ft in elevation. Ocate is to the east on the eastern side of La Mesa. The Rincon Range forms the western skyline and is 9,100 ft in elevation.
Figure 1--Index map to Coyote Creek State Park.
Coyote Creek State Park is famous for its variety of wildflowers, including geraniums, sunflowers, iris, and primrose. Be careful of the poison ivy that also grows along the creek and hillslopes! Along the hills alpine fir, blue spruce, Douglas-fir, Engelmann spruce, Gambel oak, hairy mountain mahogany, one-seed juniper, piñon, ponderosa pine, quaking aspen, Rocky Mountain juniper, wavyleaf oak, and white fir grow. Chinouapin oak, chokecherry, narrowleaf cottonwood, and willow grow along Coyote Creek. Wildlife common in the area include deer, bear, elk, raccoon, squirrel, beaver, coyote, and many birds.
The rugged mountain ridge to the west of the park, the Rincon Range, consists of Proterozoic metamorphic rocks of the Vadito and Hondo Groups. Lithologies are diverse and include quartzofeldspathic gneiss, amphibolite, metatuff, pelitic schist, and quartzite (Grambling, 1990). Rocks of the Vadito Group were deposited along a continental margin in a continental rift or back-arc basin about 1720–1700 million years (m.y.) ago (Williams, 1990). Rocks of the younger Hondo Group were deposited on a shallow marine shelf about 1700–1690 m.y. ago (Williams, 1990). Deformation of the rocks probably occurred during several periods between 1650 and 1400 m.y. ago. Outcrops of these rocks are exposed sporadically along NM–434. Eroded boulders and pebbles of multicolored white to gray to brown gneiss, schist, and quartzite most likely from the Rincon Range are found in Coyote Creek and throughout the park.
The oldest outcrops in the park are Pennsylvanian to Permian strata (325–245 m.y. old) that are poorly exposed along the forested slopes of La Mesa. They consist of gray sandstone, gray to brown siltstone, and gray to black shale of the Sandia Formation, Madera Group, and Sangre de Cristo Formation. Locally, gray marine limestone beds are interbedded with the sandstone and shale. These rocks were deposited in an active marine geosyncline called the Rowe–Mora Basin (Bachman, 1953). A geosyncline is a deep basin in which thick deposits of sedimentary and volcanic rocks accumulate. In this area, most of the sediments were shed from the Uncompahgre uplift to the west. Both the basin and the uplift formed at the time of the formation of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains during the Pennsylvanian. The seas retreated and returned several times during Permian through Cretaceous (65 m.y. ago) time. Only the oldest marine rocks of Pennsylvanian– Permian age are exposed in Guadalupita Canyon; the younger rocks were eroded.
The sedimentary rocks exposed along the slopes of La Mesa dip 30°–70° to the east as a result of the formation of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains during Cretaceous–early Tertiary time (Bachman, 1953; Anonymous, 1983). This event is known as the Laramide orogeny. An orogeny refers to the process of forming mountains. About 70 m.y. ago the region was uplifted, faulted, folded, and tilted, forming the Sangre de Cristo Mountains as we see them today. Major periods of erosion followed uplift, forming alluvial fan deposits along the eastern foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. These rocks also have been eroded in the Coyote Creek area. About 8.12 m.y. ago, basaltic volcanoes began to erupt in the Ocate area east of Coyote Creek. Fourteen eruptive pulses have been recognized by Olmstead and McIntosh (2004; Fig. 2)
Figure 2--39Ar/40Ar ages of basalt flows in the Ocate Volcanic field (from Olmstead and McIntosh, 2004)
Most sedimentary and volcanic rocks are laid down sequentially, the oldest rocks at the base and the youngest at the top. However, in the Ocate volcanic field, the oldest basaltic flows form the highest mesas, and the youngest flows form surfaces lower in elevation (O’Neill, 1988). This reverse stratigraphy occurred because after the older flows were erupted about 8.3–5.7 m.y. ago on a relatively flat, low-relief alluvial plain (O’Neill and Mehnert, 1988; Dolliver, 1990), the entire area was uplifted, and subsequent canyons were cut into the basalt flows. Younger basalt flows then filled the major stream canyons and lower broad valleys. When uplift ceased, the youngest basalt flows of the Ocate volcanic field flowed on top of intermediate-aged flows.
At Coyote Creek State Park, basalt flows cover La Mesa. Cliffs of basalt crop out along the mesa edge and can be seen from the park. Similar basalt flows of about the same age form the canyon bottom in the northern part of the state park and northward along NM–434 (Bachman, 1953; O’Neill and Mehnert, 1988; Baltz and O’Neill, 1990; Olmstead and McIntosh, 2004). A concealed fault may separate the flows in the canyon from the mesa, or the basalt flowed across the mesa and into the valley. Boulders of basalt are common in Coyote Creek and throughout the park. The group shelter is constructed partly of these boulders. The basalt is black, fine grained, vesicular, and consists of olivine, clinopyroxene, augite, plagioclase, magnetite, and rare biotite and quartz. Look closely at the basalt, and you will see visible laths and euhedral-shaped crystals; this texture is called porphyritic. The basalt flowed south from two vents south of Black Lake, which is north of Coyote Creek State Park. A sample of the basalt from north of the state park was radiometrically dated as 4.7 m.y. (O’Neill and Mehnert, 1988). The basalts forming La Mesa were dated as 4.2–4.6 m.y. and were in part erupted from three small vents at Cerro Montoso and from the central part of La Mesa. These basalts are similar to the flows exposed in Coyote Creek; vesicular scoria forms the upper crust of the lava flow. Boulders of gray to black to reddish-brown scoria and gray to black basalt are found along the trail.
After eruption of the older lava flows, the area continued to be uplifted. Coyote Creek was part of a complex river system that started high in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains to the west and north and that included present-day Moreno Valley in the Angel Fire area (O’Neill, 1988; Colpitts and Smith, 1990; Dolliver, 1990). About 4.5 m.y. ago, basalt flows blocked the Coyote Creek drainage near Black Lake, forming the Moreno Valley to the north. Outcrops of these basalts can be seen along NM–434 at the head of Guadalupita Canyon, south of Black Lake. Streams trapped in the Moreno Valley became sluggish and began to fill the closed basin. Swamps and lakes developed, and the valley slowly filled with sediment. Eventually, streams breached the Cimarron Range on the eastern edge of the Moreno Valley at a low spot and formed Cimarron Canyon (McLemore, 1990).
Coyote Creek, now cut off from the Moreno Valley, flowed from highlands formed by basalt flows and local, uplifted Paleozoic rocks and continued to erode, forming Guadalupita Canyon. The river tends to form a steep-walled canyon because the upper layer of basalt is hard and resistant to erosion. Coyote Creek now contains a variety of boulders and smaller rocks from the surrounding mountains.
The surrounding mesas form distinctive landforms. The mesa-capping basalt is hard and resistant to weathering, whereas the underlying sandstone and shale are easily eroded. As the underlying rock is eroded, cliffs and overhangs of basalt are left forming the mesa top. When the overhang becomes too large, pieces break off and roll downslope. This slope talus covers much of the older Pennsylvanian and Permian sedimentary rocks. Locally along Coyote Creek, small ponds have formed behind basalt boulders.
- Anonymous, 1983, Coyote Creek: New Mexico Geology, v. 5, p. 60.
- Bachman, G. O., 1953, Geology of a part of northwestern Mora County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey, Oil and Gas Investigations Map OM-137, 1 sheet, scale: 1.25 inches to 1 mi.
- Baltz, E. H., and O’Neill, J. M., 1990, Third-day road log, from Angel Fire to Las Vegas, via Black Lake, Guadalupita, Mora, Rociada, and Sapello; in Bauer, P. W., Lucas, S. G., Mawer, C. K., and McIntosh, W. C. (eds.), Tectonic development of the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 41, pp. 67–96.
- Colpitts, R. M., Jr., and Smith, C. T., 1990, Geology of the Moreno Valley, Colfax County, New Mexico; in Bauer, P. W., Lucas, S. G., Mawer, C. K., and McIntosh, W. C. (eds.), Tectonic development of the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 41, pp. 219–228.
- Dolliver, P. N., 1990, Pre-Coyote Creek landscape and High Plains origins; in Bauer, P. W., Lucas, S. G., Mawer, C. K., and McIntosh, W. C. (eds.), Tectonic development of the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 41, pp. 73–75.
- Grambling, J. A., 1990, Proterozoic geology of the Rincon Range north of Guadalupita, New Mexico; in Bauer, P. W., Lucas, S. G., Mawer, C. K., and McIntosh, W. C. (eds.), Tectonic development of the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 41, pp. 207–210.
- McLemore, V. T., 1990, Cimarron Canyon State Park and Colin Neblett Wildlife area: New Mexico Geology, v. 12, pp. 66–71.
- McLemore, V. T., 2001, Silver and gold resources in New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Resource Map 21, scale 1:1,000,000.
- Olmstead, B.W., and McIntosh, W.C., 2004, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Ocate volcanic field, northcentral New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Bulletin 160, p. 297-308.
- O’Neill, J. M., 1988, Late Cenozoic physiographic evolution of the Ocate volcanic field; in Petrology and physiographic evolution of the Ocate volcanic field, north-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1478-B, pp. B1–B15.
- O’Neill, J. M., and Mehnert, H. H., 1988, The Ocate volcanic field—description of volcanic vents and the geochronology, petrology, and whole-rock chemistry of associated flows; in Petrology and physiographic evolution of the Ocate volcanic field, north-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1478-A, pp. A1–A30, 1 sheet, scale 1:125,000.
- Williams, M. L., 1990, Proterozoic geology of northern New Mexico: Recent advances and ongoing questions; in Bauer, P. W., Lucas, S. G., Mawer, C. K., and McIntosh, W. C. (eds.), Tectonic development of the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 41, pp. 151–159.
- Young, J. V., 1984, The state parks of New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 160 pp.
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Mesozoic plate margin activity, Antarctic Peninsula
Late Palaeozoic metamorphic rocks, referred to as the Trinity Peninsula Group, form the backbone of the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Although largely buried under the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet, good exposures occur in nunataks, such as these at the edge of the Detroit Plateau, as viewed from Prince Gustav Channel.
General view of mountains comprising the Trinity Peninsula Group near Argentina’s Esperanza Station, Hope Bay, Antarctic Peninsula.
Marine sandstones and turbidites of the Trinity Peninsula Group (inferred Permo-Carboniferous age), Esperanza Station (Argentina), Hope Bay, Antarctic Peninsula. HMS Endurance in background.
Humps Island, off the NE coast of James Ross Island, comprises Cretaceous sandstone and mudstone, capped by craggy Neogene volcanic rocks.
British Antarctic Survey camp on Cretaceous mudstone and sandstone, which extends across the landscape as far as the summit cliffs, where Neogene volcanic rocks cap the sequence. The soft nature of the Cretaceous rocks and easy erodibility gives rise to few clear exposures.
|Photos Michael Hambrey|
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Gemini (jĕmˈənĪ, –nē) [key] [Lat., = the twins], northern constellation lying on the ecliptic (the sun's apparent path through the heavens) between Taurus and Cancer, N of Canis Minor; it is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Gemini is traditionally depicted as two men. The two brightest stars in Gemini, Castor and Pollux (north of the bright star Procyon in Canis Minor), are two of the brightest stars in the sky and were identified by the Greeks with two children, in most accounts the twin sons of Zeus and Leda. The Egyptians identified the two stars with a pair of young goats. An annual meteor shower known as the Geminids appears to radiate from this constellation during the second week in December. Owing to the precession of the equinoxes, the summer solstice now lies in Gemini, rather than in Cancer as it did 2,000 years ago. Gemini reaches its highest point in the evening sky in February.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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I was thinking about my answer to Are the inner planets on planar orbits because there was more dust in the inner solar system (early on in planetary accretion)? - when it occurred to me that maybe I was reversing cause and effect. Specifically, that perhaps spiral galaxies simply arise from high-angular-momentum progenitors, while elliptical arise from low angular-momentum progenitors. In this scenario, the spiral wave-pattern would merely be how that excess angular momentum organizes itself, and the matter can't help but stir itself.
For a warm-up question and consistency checker, do spiral galaxies in fact have substantially greater total angular momentum than elliptical?
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Alcohol is a risk factor for oral and other cancers, cardiovascular disease, liver cirrhosis and trauma. The risk of oral cancer is six times higher in those who drink alcohol compared to non-drinkers. Alcohol is the primary cause of liver cancer and is also a risk factor for breast cancer and colorectal cancer.
Alcohol is absorbed from the stomach into the blood stream and affects the central nervous system. Alcohol is a depressant and, in some individuals, can give rise to violent and irrational behaviour. Excessive alcohol consumption leads to liver damage, alcohol dependency, memory loss, cardiovascular disease, stomach ulcers, impotence, low birth weight babies, impaired motor skills, wrinkles and early ageing.
A standard drink in Ireland contains about 10 grams of pure alcohol. For adults, the recommended upper limits for alcohol intake are:
- Up to 11 standard drinks per week for women (112 grams of pure alcohol)
- Up to 17 standard drinks per week for men (168 grams of pure alcohol).
Some studies have shown that regular moderate alcohol consumption (up to 2 standard drinks per day) can reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke. In particular, antioxidants in red wine can be beneficial to cardiovascular health. However, the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancers tends to increase with the amount of alcohol consumed and binge drinking – more than 5 standard drinks in one session – seriously increases the harmful effects of alcohol.
Recognising that alcohol contributes to a range of health, social and behavioural problems, the National Alcohol Policy, published in 1996, aimed at encouraging moderation in drinking ( “Less is Better” ) and reducing the incidence of alcoholrelated problems in Ireland. In 2002, the Strategic Task Force on Alcohol (STIFA) was established with the brief to, inter alia, “recommend specific, evidence based, measures to Government to prevent and reduce alcohol harm in Ireland”.
SLÁN 2007 reported a reduction in average weekly alcohol consumption from 11 drinks in 1998 to 9 drinks in 2002 to 7 drinks in 2007, and a drop in the percentage of adults consuming more than the recommended weekly alcohol limits from 15% in 1998 to 13% in 2002 to 8% in 2007.
Despite these improvements, per capita alcohol consumption in Ireland is among the highest in the EU.
Moreover, more than a quarter (28%) of adults surveyed in SLÁN 2007 had indulged in binge drinking and over a third (33%–40%) of 15–17 year olds surveyed in HBSC 2010 reported being “really drunk” within the previous 30 days.
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ABC News’ Alicia Tarancon reports:
Condom use among males aged 15 to 19 in the United States has increased significantly over the last eight years, according to a new report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The study found that since 2002 about 85 percent of males used condoms the first time they were sexually active, a 9 percentage point increase. In addition, the rate of teen males using condoms along with at least one additional contraceptive approach has risen 6 percent per year since 2002. As of 2010, 80 percent of males were using condoms with another form of birth control with their partners.
Condoms still remain the number one choice of contraceptives among males. Not only are condoms cheaper for teens but “they protect simultaneously from pregnancy and STDs, they’re easy to use, and pairing condoms with more effective methods of birth control — when people do both of those things they are really doing a tremendous help in protecting themselves,” said Leslie Kantor, vice president of education at Planned Parenthood.
Of course, condoms help prevent unwanted pregnancies as well as STDs. Popular reality shows like MTV’s “Teen Mom” portray young teenage couples dealing with the consequences of having unprotected sex. Young unprepared mothers are shown trying to make a living while raising their babies.
As the “Teen Mom” show illustrates, the younger the teenager it, the higher chances they’ll engage in unprotected sex. Older teens tend to fare better; according to the report, nearly 93 percent of teens aged 17 to 19 use condoms as opposed to only 73 percent of teens 14 and younger.
“In the short term, things are stable; the percent of sexually active males and females has not changed,” Gladys Martinez, a statistician at CDC and lead author of this study said. But, as this report shows, teen males are taking more precautions against pregnancy, childbearing and STDs.
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Inspired by the Goddess
Carol P. Christ writes about the rebirth of the Goddess, feminism, ecofeminism, feminist theology, societies of peace, and the Goddess Pilgrimage to Crete.
The Turtle Goddess of Myrtos
This strange little Goddess found on an altar in the early Minoan village of Myrtos Fournou-Korifi, which was inhabited in the third millennium BCE. She is a pitcher Goddess holding a pitcher. Liquid can be poured on an altar from the jug she holds in her snakelike arms.
The long neck of the Goddess puzzled me until I saw turtles stretching their necks in the pools at the archaeological site of Kato Zakros in Crete. When one of the women on the Goddess Pilgrimage to Crete suggested that the Goddess of Myrtos could be a Turtle Goddess, I immediately nodded my head.
The little turtles that are found in Greece in ponds and spring sources are incredibly curious: they swim over to “greet” visitors with their heads out of the water, pause to stare, and then as if to say “I’m scared now,” duck quickly back down into the water, only to emerge again.
The playfulness and interest in life of water turtles for me perfectly express the ancient Cretan sense of the grace and joy of life. I believe that the ancient Cretans understood that life is meant to be enjoyed and that they recognized that joy is not limited to human beings, but is shared throughout the web of life.
The turtle Goddess is not only a turrtle, however, because she has breasts and a sacred female triangle, stands upright, and holds a water pitcher. Over 700 pithers similar to the one held by the Turtle Goddess were found at Myrtos.
I suspect that turtles greeted the women of ancient Myrtos when they went to the water source to collect water in their jugs and that they viewed the turtles as spirit guardians of the spring. For people who viewed themselves as part of nature, it would be only a small step to imagine the Source of Life as a Turtle Goddess.
On the Goddess Pilgrimage to Crete women leave stones from home on the ancient altar at Myrtos and return the Turtle Goddess (pictured top left) to her shrine during the ceremony.
Carol P. Christ is author of Rebirth of the Goddess and leads Goddess Pilgrimage to Crete every spring and fall. Space is still available on the spring tour.
Please login first in order for you to submit comments
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The regulation of ozone pollution has had a complicated history in recent years, but today marks a potential turning point toward an ozone standard that protects public health.
Today the EPA is expected to release a draft rule on ambient ozone pollution proposing a standard of 65 to 70 parts per billion (ppb), as EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy announced in an opinion piece on CNN Money. This range falls within the upper half of the 60 to 70 ppb range recommended by EPA’s Clean Air Science Advisory Committee (CASAC), a group of external experts that advise the agency on air pollution standards. To understand why today’s proposal is big news, we need to briefly review the history.
A history of interference
Few pollutants have been as big and prolonged of a political problem as ozone. Ozone forms in the atmosphere when sunlight interacts with precursor pollutants emitted from tailpipes, power plants, and natural sources (more on this here). This means that ozone is geographically disperse, with even rural counties downwind of major cities experiencing unsafe ozone levels (in fact, my own doctoral research showed this). Moreover, because many sources are involved in ozone production, its regulation can affect many sectors. So when the science began to show adverse health effects even at lower levels of ozone, control of ozone pollution became politically challenging.
Spoiler alert: Science didn’t win. Under both the George W. Bush and Obama Administrations, the ozone standard didn’t adhere to the advice of EPA’s science advisers (full details on this here and here). The current standard of 75 ppb has long been out of sync with CASAC, who first recommended the 60 to 70 ppb range way back in 2007.
In this backdrop, it’s worth recognizing the significance of today’s draft rule that finally proposes a standard within range believed to be protective of public health. This is in spite of political pressure to maintain the status quo, pressure from regulated industries, and pressure from members of Congress—all asking the administration to compromise the health of thousands of Americans by failing to tighten the standard.
I’m glad to see a proposed standard that would finally be more protective of Americans’ health.
State of the science on ozone
Interestingly, CASAC’s recommendation of 60 to 70 ppb includes some qualifying language. In its letter to the EPA administrator, the committee concluded that although 70 ppb was included in their recommended range, such a standard would not provide an “adequate margin of safety,” as the Clean Air Act mandates. The committee goes on to note that with a 70-ppb standard there is “substantial scientific evidence of adverse effects … including decrease in lung function, increase in respiratory symptoms, and increase in airway inflammation.”
Thus, if the administration chooses to go with a standard of 70 ppb, they are doing so with the knowledge that their scientific advisers do not feel that this protects public health with an adequate margin of safety, a decision that could prove difficult for the administration to make.
The challenge of a science policy decision
On the other hand, the administration faces pushback from some regulated industries, who claim high costs associated with tightening of the ozone standard. While there is reason to believe that such claims are greatly exaggerated, there is another reason they aren’t relevant here—the EPA cannot legally consider them. The Clean Air Act dictates that the standard must be set based solely on what level is protective of public health; economic considerations cannot be considered in setting the standard. This was reaffirmed in the 2001 Supreme Court case Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, Inc. This ruling has perhaps never been more meaningful than for this ozone standard update, when efforts are being made to pressure the administration to prioritize cost considerations over public health.
Ultimately, this is where science meets policy. Last spring, when the EPA science advisers were discussing the ozone standard they would recommend, they noted how far the science took them and where the decision then became a policy question. They noted health effects at 70 ppb and they agreed that 60 ppb would better protect public health, but they gave the administration discretion within this range. The administration has narrowed the proposal to 65 to 70 ppb but has said they will take comments on a rule down to 60 ppb.
Toward a science-based ozone standard
It may be unlikely that the administration would set a standard below 65 ppb at this juncture, but the hope is that the final rule will heed the advice of EPA’s science advisers and (at last) set a standard below 70 ppb. The EPA will no doubt get many comments offering diverse perspectives on what the rule should be and it is difficult to know what standard the administration will set in the final rule. But one thing is for sure, the science is there.
Support from UCS members make work like this possible. Will you join us? Help UCS advance independent science for a healthy environment and a safer world.
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Let’s use Data Privacy Day (28 January 2016) to advocate for respect of Internet users’ privacy across the world!
User privacy faces more challenges today than ever before: mass online surveillance; commercial profiling; tracking; an Internet of sensors; and even confidential communications are at risk through governmental attempts to limit the use of encryption.
That is why it is so important that we, as Internet users, assert our rights and expectations, demand effective protection, and challenge practices that undermine our privacy.
It’s a question of ensuring an ethical approach to data collection and handling that provides legitimacy, transparency, accountability, proportionality and fairness, as well as empowering users so that they can exercise effective choice and control over their personal data.
The starting point should be “do no harm”.
The privacy risks that Internet users face are real and wide-ranging, extending beyond revealing something that was meant to be private or only shared for a specific purpose, to discrimination and other forms of harm.
It seemed like barely a day passed in 2015 without news of yet another major data breach affecting thousands or millions of Internet users. But, what about the silent privacy violations that occur every day that no one hears about? For example, organisations that misuse personal data entrusted to their care, industries that profit from your personal data without your knowledge or consent, and the covert pervasive surveillance that goes on in the background.
Also, the full extent of harm that today’s privacy breaches may cause in the future is still largely unknown. While it may be hard to prepare for the unknown, action can be taken now to mitigate privacy risks for Internet users through privacy-in-design, privacy-in-practice, strong internationally compatible privacy norms, effective enforcement, and user empowerment.
In this context, it is important to appreciate that there is an inherent power imbalance between data controllers and data subjects. Most often the person who handles the data (the data controller) makes the privacy risk management decisions. But, the person whose privacy is at risk, is the data subject. One way to address this imbalance, is to encourage data controllers to apply an ethical approach to data handling where they give due consideration to the interests of the data subject.
Also, data which is seemingly anonymous (e.g. sensor data) often can be easily linked to an individual. Further, the use of such data can have a privacy impact even if the identity of the individual (e.g. Amy, Maria or John) is unknown. Therefore, it is also useful to carefully and collectively consider how to mitigate the present and future privacy risks associated with such data: data that may not always fall within the legal definition of “personal data”, the gate-keeper criterion for privacy laws.
The Internet Society believes that privacy is key for reinforcing user trust in the Internet.
Also, this week, my colleague, Robin Wilton, will be moderating a panel at the 2016 Computers, Privacy & Data Protection Conference in Brussels exploring ethical data handling and privacy risk. We invite you to join us in person if you are attending CPDP2016, or online via Twitter (#CPDP2016), and watch out for a blog post shortly afterwards on our Tech Matters blog.
Join us in celebrating Data Privacy Day by sharing your ideas for better privacy on the Internet.Leave your thoughts here as comments, share them on social media - or write your own posts and articles.
Help us bring about a more trusted Internet!
Image credit: Stay Safe Online DPD banners
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An event that happened an hour ago is an example of an event that would be described as recent.
- done, made, etc. just before the present time; modern; new
- of a time just before the present
- designating or of the Holocene Epoch of geologic time
Origin of recentMiddle French ; from Classical Latin recens ; from re-, again + Indo-European base an unverified form ken-, emerge freshly, new from source Classical Greek kainos, new
- Of, belonging to, or occurring at a time immediately before the present.
- Modern; new.
- Recent Geology Of, relating to, or being the Holocene Epoch. See Table at geologic time.
Origin of recentMiddle English, new, fresh, from Latin rec&emacron;ns, recent-; see ken- in Indo-European roots.
- re′cen·cy, re′cent·ness
(comparative more recent, superlative most recent)
Latin recēns (genitive recentis).
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A unique deposit of heavy rare earth elements at Alaska’s Bokan Mountain could help scientists understand how rare earth element deposits form, according to new research by geologists from Saint Mary’s University in Halifax and the U.S. Geological Survey.
Rare earth elements are important, but scarce, elements used in components in many cutting-edge electronic and defense technologies.
Currently, very little is known about the geologic setting in which REE deposits form. Understanding these geologic settings and how they come to be is a crucial step to being able to determine where mineable concentrations of REE might be found.
REE are made up of 17 elements, including Yttrium, Scandium, and the 15 members of the Lanthanide series. They are divided into light and heavy REE, depending on their atomic weights. Light REE are more commonly dominant in REE deposits, which is why HREE-enriched deposits at Bokan Mountain are noteworthy.
HREE are very valuable for producing tiny high-grade magnets used in smart phones and tablets, and for increasing the ability of engines and transmissions to operate at higher temperatures. Bokan Mountain is one of the few known deposits where heavy rare earth elements are concentrated and can be more efficiently produced.
“Our work in southeastern Alaska has demonstrated the potential for a viable, world-class supply of heavy rare earths from a domestic source. The collaboration between the USGS, universities and Ucore Rare Metals is an excellent example of how public-private partnerships can directly succeed in assisting significant economic growth,” said lead author Dr. Jaroslav Dostal, with Saint Mary’s University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
To determine how these deposits formed at Bokan Mountain, Dostal analyzed the granite using geochemistry and isotopic analysis, and then compared his results to other granites.
He found that the granite of Bokan Mountain is similar to granites that formed in what is known as a “rift setting,” in which the Earth’s crust splits apart and magma wells up from below. This magma then cools to form a distinctive type of granite.
USGS geologist Susan Karl mapped the structures in the Bokan Mountain granite and the rocks that the granite intruded. Her studies indicate the granite magma was emplaced on active structures associated with rifting.
“This research contributes to more efficient exploration for REE deposits,” said Karl, who is located at the USGS Alaska Science Center in Anchorage. “By knowing more about how REE deposits form, scientists and mining companies can more accurately target rocks that might contain mineable concentrations of these critical minerals.”
In 2010, USGS completed a report characterizing the principal REE deposits in the United States, including Bokan Mountain and Mountain Pass, Calif., which is the largest known deposit of REE in the United States. At the present time, the United States obtains its REE raw materials from foreign sources, almost exclusively from China. Import dependence upon a single country raises serious issues of supply security. This study will help to define domestic supply in the United States.
The USGS Mineral Resources External Research Program funded this research in 2009 with a grant to Saint Mary’s University where Dostal is a professor emeritus.
The USGS MRERP grant program is designed to support academic studies of topics such as the genesis of certain types of mineral deposits and make the information available to the general public, including the resource community and land stewards.
The USGS Mineral Resources Program delivers unbiased science and information to understand mineral resource potential, production, consumption, and how minerals interact with the environment.
In addition to his long career on the faculty at Saint Mary’s University, Dostal also sits on the board of UCORE, the company that is currently developing the property at Bokan Mountain.
The report “Bokan Mountain peralkaline granitic complex, Alexander terrane (southeastern Alaska): Evidence for Early Jurassic rifting prior to accretion with North America” has been published in the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences.
For more on this report and other USGS research on rare earth elements, please visit the USGS Rare Earths web page. For more information on USGS mineral research, please visit the USGS Mineral Resources Program.
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Search for Evidence of Prehistoric Tsunamis and Great Earthquakes on Chirikof Island, Eastern Aleutians
Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) visited Chirikof Island, Alaska, in August 2010 to document evidence of prehistoric tsunamis and land-level changes caused by large earthquakes on the Aleutian megathrust, the fault along which the Pacific plate is sliding beneath the North American plate, periodically generating "great" earthquakes of magnitude 8 or higher. Members of the field team were Alan Nelson, Rich Briggs, and Guy Gelfenbaum from the USGS and Simon Engelhart and Tina Dura from UPenn.
Computer models of how tsunamis move (or "propagate") across the ocean predict that rupture on the Aleutian megathrust between Kodiak Island and the Shumagin Islands will cause seafloor displacements that direct tsunamis toward the west coast of the United States, with the maximum wave energy centered on southern California. With support from the USGS Southern California Multihazards Demonstration Project, fieldwork was undertaken on Chirikof Island to (1) demonstrate the potential for identifying and dating prehistoric tsunamis on Chirikof Island and elsewhere in the eastern Aleutians, (2) investigate evidence for megathrust-related land-level changes on Chirikof Island, and (3) establish a scientific and logistical framework for future studies of prehistoric tsunamis and earthquakes in the Aleutian region.
Chirikof Island lies at the eastern edge of a segment of the Aleutian megathrust that ruptured during great earthquakes in 1788 and 1938. The magnitude 8.2 1938 earthquake did not produce a large tsunami, but fragmentary historical records suggest that the 1788 event generated a large tsunami and was presumably of greater magnitude than the 1938 event. Because it lies directly above the megathrust, Chirikof Island likely underwent land-level changes during past great earthquakes. Before this field study, no Quaternary geologic investigations, including studies of historical or prehistoric earthquakes and tsunamis, had been undertaken on the island, although archaeologists did reconnaissance work there in 1963 and 2005.
The field team met in Kodiak, Alaska, on July 28. Bad weather turned back two attempts to fly from Kodiak to the study area. Finally, the weather improved, and three members of the team landed on Chirikof Island on August 4; the other two arrived the next day. Our fieldwork focused on the southwest corner of the 11-by-17-km island, where the terrain includes areas, such as low-lying basins and estuaries, with a high potential for preserving sediment deposited by large tsunamis. Working from a base camp near a small lake on the island's southwest tip, we collected data at seven sites, four of which were studied in detail.
Observations included nearly 40 reconnaissance gouge cores collected along transects both parallel and perpendicular to the shore. A gouge corer with a 5-cm-diameter, semi-enclosed core barrel that was hand-driven into the ground was used to sample vertical sequences of sediment layers and peat (soil made almost entirely of organic matter accumulated in marshy areas) down to several meters below the surface. Depending on the accumulation rates of the peat and sediment layers, these cores could represent hundreds to thousands of years of geologic record to examine for evidence of past tsunamis. The field team also conducted geomorphic mapping and precision elevation surveys, using a Real Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. The geomorphic mapping helped in the interpretation of past sedimentary environments and how they may have changed during large earthquakes, when land levels may have risen or fallen by several meters. A National Ocean Service (NOS) tidal benchmark tied into the RTK GPS survey provides a common datum for the maps and cores. Finally, four complete Russian cores (13 m total length) were collected and are undergoing detailed radiocarbon and microfossil analyses at USGS laboratories in Golden, Colorado, and UPenn laboratories in Philadelphia. The Russian corer collects 5-cm-diameter cores that—unlike those from the gouge corer—are not compressed or shortened during recovery.
Tsunami deposits consist mainly of sand, commonly with some fragments and thin layers of mud. The settings found to be most useful for identifying these sandy deposits were those with thick sequences of peat, in which the lighter colored sand deposits are relatively easy to spot. Possible tsunami deposits were observed and sampled at several sites on Chirikof Island. One site (TR), a broad valley 11 m above sea level, contained freshwater peat more than 5 m thick. At least two conspicuous sand layers, possibly of tsunami origin, are present in the peat, with a layer of tephra (volcanic ash) directly beneath the lower sand layer. At least one of the sand layers is normally graded (the sand grains vary gradually in size from coarser at the bottom to finer at the top), as are many tsunami deposits. To understand the spatial distribution of the sand layers, we described 10 reconnaissance cores and collected two Russian cores for dating, microfossil analysis, and lithologic analysis and description.
At a second site (RR) at a lower elevation, freshwater peat extends up a narrow valley 4 to 10 m above sea level. In the upper reaches of the valley, a stream and its tributaries have added land-derived sediment to the marsh sediment in the valley floor, and tsunami deposits are difficult to distinguish from the stream deposits. In the valley's lower reaches, thick sand deposits prevent deep coring and complicate interpretations of depositional history. Between these zones, however, are five to nine distinct sand beds, which were probably deposited by tsunamis or storm surges. We described eight reconnaissance cores and collected one Russian core here.
At a third site (FM), beneath what may have been a marsh fringing a former estuary, we found pairs of peat and mud layers capped by a bed of sand with an erosive base. This stratigraphy may record multiple cycles of uplift and subsidence related to earthquakes, followed by tsunamis or breaching of the beach berm (a low ridge of sediment built up on the beach by waves). Several reconnaissance cores were described and one Russian core collected here.
Because they are shaped by waves, beach berms are good indicators of the position of the shoreline. Along Chirikof Island's southwest coast, we mapped cobble berms that are now beyond the reach of the waves and serve as markers of changing shoreline positions, possibly associated with land-level changes during and between earthquakes. The relationships between relict shorelines and archaeological and historical sites should provide important information about late Holocene uplift of the area.
Mapping, topographic profiles, outcrop descriptions, and interpretation of remote-sensing imagery of the west coast of Chirikof Island indicate a probable eolian (windblown) origin for the landforms and thick sand layers mantling the older surfaces. The absence of peats or other soils hinders identification of tsunami deposits along most of the island's west coast.
We intended to leave Chirikof Island by floatplane on August 15, but bad weather delayed our departure until August 17, when all five scientists finally made it safely back to Kodiak. Gelfenbaum returned to the island 2 days later to retrieve gear that had been left behind. Most of our days on Chirikof Island were foggy, rainy, or windy.
As long as field parties plan for weather-related delays, fieldwork in the Aleutians can be quite rewarding: As we anticipated, freshwater marshes and coastal geomorphology on Chirikof Island preserve evidence of possible prehistoric tsunamis and megathrust-related land-level changes. The data we collected in 2010 will provide a baseline for further work in the region and a basis for comparison with emerging records of prehistoric earthquake-induced land-level changes and tsunamis on Kodiak Island, 125 km to the northeast.
Promising areas for future study include islands near the Aleutian Trench, such as Simeonof Island in the outer Shumagin Islands, Sanak Island (about 200 km west-southwest of the Shumagins), and, possibly, sites on the south-facing coast of the Alaska Peninsula. Constructing a history of great megathrust earthquakes and their accompanying tsunamis in this part of the Aleutian Arc will help us better understand the tectonic behavior of this plate boundary—and other, similar boundaries—as well as assess earthquake and tsunami hazards.
in this issue:
Prehistoric Tsunamis and Great Earthquakes
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by Mike Nichols
Our Christian friends are often quite surprised at how enthusiastically we Pagans celebrate the ‘Christmas’ season. Even though we prefer to use the word “Yule”, and our celebrations may peak a few days before the twenty-fifth, we nonetheless follow many of the traditional customs of the season: decorated trees, caroling, presents, Yule logs, and mistletoe. We might even go so far as putting up a ‘Nativity set’, though for us the three central characters are likely to be interpreted as Mother Nature, Father Time, and the baby Sun God. None of this will come as a surprise to anyone who knows the true history of the holiday, of course.
In fact, if truth be known, the holiday of Christmas has always been more Pagan than Christian, with its associations of Nordic divination, Celtic fertility rites, and Roman Mithraism. That is why John Calvin and other leaders of the Reformation abhorred it, why the Puritans refused to acknowledge it, much less celebrate it (to them, no day of the year could be more holy than the Sabbath), and why it was even made illegal in Boston! The holiday was already too closely associated with the birth of older Pagan Gods and heroes. And many of them (like Oedipus, Theseus, Hercules, Perseus, Jason, Dionysus, Apollo, Mithra, Horus, and even Arthur) possessed a narrative of birth, death, and resurrection that was uncomfortably close to that of Jesus. And to make matters worse, many of them predated the Christian Savior.
Ultimately, of course, the holiday is rooted deeply in the cycle of the year. It is the winter solstice that is being celebrated, seedtime of the year, the longest night and shortest day. It is the birthday of the new Sun King, the Son of God—by whatever name you choose to call him. On this darkest of nights, the Goddess becomes the Great Mother and once again gives birth. And it makes perfect poetic sense that on the longest night of the winter, “the dark night of our souls”, there springs the new spark of hope, the Sacred Fire, the Light of the World, the Coel Coeth.
That is why Pagans have as much right to claim this holiday as Christians. Perhaps even more so, since the Christians were rather late in laying claim to it, and tried more than once to reject it. There had been a tradition in the West that Mary bore the child Jesus on the twenty-fifth day, but no one could seem to decide on the month. Finally, in 320 C.E., the Catholic fathers in Rome decided to make it December, in an effort to co-opt the Mithraic celebration of the Romans, the Yule festival of the Saxons, and the midwinter revels of the Celts.
There was never much pretense that the date they finally chose was historically accurate. Shepherds just don’t “tend their flocks by night” in the high pastures in the dead of winter! But if one wishes to use the New Testament as historical evidence, this reference may point to sometime in the spring as the time of Jesus’ birth. This is because the lambing season occurs in the spring and that is the only time when shepherds are likely to “watch their flocks by night” -- to make sure the lambing goes well. Knowing this, the Eastern half of the church continued to reject December 25, preferring a “movable date” fixed by their astrologers according to the moon.
Thus, despite its shaky start (for over three centuries, no one knew when Jesus was supposed to have been born!), December 25 finally began to catch on. By 529, it was a civic holiday, and all work or public business (except that of cooks, bakers, or any that contributed to the delight of the holiday) was prohibited by the Emperor Justinian. In 563, the Council of Braga forbade fasting on Christmas Day, and four years later the Council of Tours proclaimed the twelve days from December 25 to Epiphany as a sacred, festive season. This last point is perhaps the hardest to impress upon the modern reader, who is lucky to get a single day off work. Christmas, in the Middle Ages, was not a single day, but rather a period of twelve days, from December 25 to January 6. The Twelve Days of Christmas, in fact. It is certainly lamentable that the modern world has abandoned this approach, along with the popular Twelfth Night celebrations.
Of course, the Christian version of the holiday spread to many countries no faster than Christianity itself, which means that “Christmas” wasn’t celebrated in Ireland until the late fifth century; in England, Switzerland, and Austria until the seventh; in Germany until the eighth; and in the Slavic lands until the ninth and tenth. Not that these countries lacked their own midwinter celebrations. Long before the world had heard of Jesus, Pagans had been observing the season by bringing in the Yule log, wishing on it, and lighting it from the remains of last year’s log. Riddles were posed and answered, magic and rituals were practiced, wild boars were sacrificed and consumed along with large quantities of liquor, corn dollies were carried from house to house while caroling, fertility rites were practiced (girls standing under a sprig of mistletoe were subject to a bit more than a kiss), and divinations were cast for the coming spring. Many of these Pagan customs, in an appropriately watered-down form, have entered the mainstream of Christian celebration, though most celebrants do not realize (or do not mention it, if they do) their origins.
For modern Witches, Yule (from the Anglo-Saxon yula, meaning “wheel” of the year) is usually celebrated on the actual winter solstice, which may vary by a few days, though it usually occurs on or around December 21. It is a Lesser Sabbat or Low Holiday in the modern Pagan calendar, one of the four quarter days of the year, but a very important one. Pagan customs are still enthusiastically followed. Once, the Yule log had been the center of the celebration. It was lighted on the eve of the solstice (it should light on the first try) and must be kept burning for twelve hours, for good luck. It should be made of ash. Later, the Yule log was replaced by the Yule tree but, instead of burning it, lighted candles were placed on it. In Christianity, Protestants might claim that Martin Luther invented the custom, and Catholics might grant St. Boniface the honor, but the custom can demonstrably be traced back through the Roman Saturnalia all the way to ancient Egypt. Needless to say, such a tree should be cut down rather than purchased, and should be disposed of by burning, the proper way to dispatch any sacred object.
Along with the evergreen, the holly and the ivy and the mistletoe were important plants of the season, all symbolizing fertility and everlasting life. Mistletoe was especially venerated by the Celtic Druids, who cut it with a golden sickle on the sixth night of the moon, and believed it to be an aphrodisiac. (Magically—not medicinally! It’s highly toxic!) But aphrodisiacs must have been the smallest part of the Yuletide menu in ancient times, as contemporary reports indicate that the tables fairly creaked under the strain of every type of good food. And drink! The most popular of which was the “wassail cup”, deriving its name from the Anglo-Saxon term waes hael (be whole or hale).
Medieval Christmas folklore seems endless: that animals will all kneel down as the Holy Night arrives, that bees hum the 100th psalm on Christmas Eve, that a windy Christmas will bring good luck, that a person born on Christmas Day can see the Little People, that a cricket on the hearth brings good luck, that if one opens all the doors of the house at midnight all the evil spirits will depart, that you will have one lucky month for each Christmas pudding you sample, that the tree must be taken down by Twelfth Night or bad luck is sure to follow, that “if Christmas on a Sunday be, a windy winter we shall see”, that “hours of sun on Christmas Day, so many frosts in the month of May”, that one can use the Twelve Days of Christmas to predict the weather for each of the twelve months of the coming year, and so on.
Remembering that most Christmas customs are ultimately based upon older Pagan customs, it only remains for modern Pagans to reclaim their lost traditions. In doing so, we can share many common customs with our Christian friends, albeit with a slightly different interpretation. And, thus, we all share in the beauty of this most magical of seasons, when the Mother Goddess once again gives birth to the baby Sun God and sets the wheel in motion again. To conclude with a long-overdue paraphrase, “Goddess bless us, every one!” >/p>
Document Copyright © 1986 - 2005 by Mike Nichols.
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The musicians of the Flaggeschiffskapelle des Kreuzergeschwaders pose on the dock beside their ship for their official postcard photograph. This band was stationed on the Cruiser Squadron Flagship of the Imperial Germany Navy or Kaiserliche Marine. Though more a light orchestra than a band, the string players in this small ensemble of 16 sailors probably doubled on brass or woodwind instruments too.
|Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz|
Navy bands are an old tradition in many countries, but the new nation of Germany, which was created in 1871 by the unification of the many German States, did not have any history of a real navy. Instead it developed out of the small Prussian navy, and since the King of Prussia became the German Emperor, it was the grandiose enthusiasms of Kaiser Wilhelm II which really expanded the German navy.
And the man who became the driving force for the Kaiser's ambition for German domination on the seas, was Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, who advocated for building a larger fleet with many more battleships and armored cruisers. I'd think it was hard to argue with someone sporting such a magnificent beard.
Kiel, the home port of the German Navy's Baltic Fleet, on 18 April 1908. Though the penmanship is fantastic, the language style again prevents me from a translation. There is a note on the front with something about Leopoldshall, which suggest a concert date perhaps.
The word Kreuzergeschwaders is crossed out and B.S.A. is written. I believe this may stand for Baltic Scouting Group, a division of the High Seas Fleet. In 1908, the Imperial German Navy was still using many older ships, and in the next few years, just prior to the outbreak of the First World War, Germany would build dozens of huge battleships, in an effort to intimidate the British navy. So I don't think the ship in the photograph is one of the great dreadnoughts, and despite scanning the card at 2400 dpi, I'm unable to make out the ship name on their caps.
The Kapellmeister or band leader stands in the center with both his baton and sword. Conductors can be quite expert in fencing with musicians, but I think that cutlass would command a lot more attention from a wayward trombonist than a small pointy stick.
With seven strings, flute, two clarinets, two trumpets, two horns, trombone and percussion, this chamber ensemble probably played regularly for the admiral's meals and parties, as well as providing ceremonial music for the ship's company.
The idea that programs of waltzes and polkas were heard on board a battleship, really softens the image of a great naval power. Could Admiral Tirpitz have nodded his head in time to the music of these musicians?
The dashing beards wore by several of these musicians, resembles the imperial style beard of a musician in another photo postcard I recently acquired. This elegant violinist stands in front of his music desk, presumably in his home, and though there are no markings or note to date or place him, I believe based on his aristocratic beard, that he is German and from this same period. With his frock coat and striped trousers, he is certainly a professional musician too.
If he had a sword, I'd even say he was the same man as the flagship orchestra's Kapellmeister. Note the wedding band on his little finger of his left hand.
Since I have chosen a German naval theme this weekend, I must include another photo postcard which I recently acquired. They are sailors too, but maybe not so musical.
These four lads are Die Söhne des Kronprinzen am Maschinengewehr, or the sons of the Crown Prince on the machine gun. These boys, dressed in bright white sailor suits, are the sons of Friedrich Wilhelm Victor August Ernst, better known as Crown Prince Wilhelm the heir to the German Imperial throne. They are lying on a garden lawn, taking aim with their machine gun, and defending the fatherland sometime around 1917-18. Just the kind of patriotic postcard to send to grandmother.
The subtitle reads Eigenhändige Aufnahme Ihrer Kaiserlichen Hoheit Frau Kronprinzessin in Zoppot, or Handwritten Recording Her Imperial Highness Crown Princess in Zoppot. My interpretation is that her Royal Highness the Crown Princess took this photograph herself. Did she let the boys use live ammunition?
Zoppot, or Sopot as it is now known, is a seaside spa on the Baltic in Pomerania, now Poland, which was part of Prussia until the end of WW1.
|Sons of the German Crown Prince|
Wikipedia provides another postcard image of the same boys dressed in army uniforms, but without weapons. The postcard publisher is the same, but the number is smaller so this may be a few months earlier. Their names are:
- Prince Wilhelm Friedrich Franz Joseph Christian Olaf of Prussia (1906 –1940)
- Prince Louis Ferdinand Viktor Eduard Albert Michael Hubertus of Prussia (1907 – 1994)
- Prince Hubertus Karl Wilhelm of Prussia (1909 –1950)
- Prince Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Christoph of Prussia (1911 –1966)
Mother must have been so proud!
Want to bet she collected the whole postcard series?
This is my nautical contribution to Sepia Saturday,
where you might discover a whole wave of vintage maritime stories and photos.
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Hi to everybody!
I´ve been playing for half a year and would like to move up to playing scales.
Which scale should I learn first?? Major, minor or minor pentatonic? There don´t seem to
be no hard and fast rules... How did you guys to it, did you follow a certain sequence?
Also, what would be a good way to practise scales so it´s fun?
Kind regards, Lil
A lot of people will say learn the pentatonic first. Who knows that may be correct, but I started with the major "boxes" up and down the fretboard. Also learn how to harmonize the scale. Tom Kolb has a great book on music theory for guitar. His book will teach about the scales - how they are formed and how to harmonize them. Learning scales will also help with your speed as well. Also, as a bonus, if you do the scales slowly at times and say the notes while you are playing them, you'll learn the fretboard.
Yes use scales as a way to train your fingers and to learn the fretboard. Play them musically though - meaning with attention to the rhythm, dynamics, and sound of your playing. You might find a scale that speaks to you as a place to begin. Have fun with it. At the end of your scale practice, improvise without concern with what you have just be working with and you may be surprised!
I usually start students with the minor pentatonic scale. One of the most popular patterns is the "E" or 6th string root pattern. It is used in a lot of rock and blues music, and although it is not the only scale you want to play for the rest of your life, you can find some really cool sounds (the minor 3rd) and you can apply some cool techniques (slides, double stops, hammer on's and pull off's) to make your practice more enjoyable.
Here are some blues jam tracks I posted where you can take that scale pattern for a ride:
(skip the first jam track video, that one is for students who are learning their chord tones)
Author of, "The Guitar Lesson Companion"
Free Sample, Free Videos: www.leadcatpress.com
Thank you guys for your answers!
I think I'll start with the pentatonic scale first. Thank you Susan for the jam tracks, that's brilliant!
That might be a stupid question but for the first jam track in C major for instance, do I play an A minor pentatonic scale over that? If yes, is the relative minor the only minor key I can play over C major??
Kind regards, Lil
I'm glad you enjoy the tracks. That's a great question about the first jam track up there. You could play an "A" minor pentatonic over the C Major 7 chord, and you could experiment with other minor pentatonic scales over it too, which can give you a pretty sophisticated mess of notes to play with. That track was designed for students who are learning their chord tones, and I personally think it is pretty boring to jam on that one because it just hangs on each chord for such a long time. But, if you enjoy it, that's awesome.
I started with the minor pentatonic scale and the minor blues scale. Then I learned a pattern sliding it up the neck. One pattern with the Root on the 6th string, and another similar pattern with the Root on the 5th string. It took about a week to memorize the pattern, now playing with a jamtrack is a lot of fun. I am starting the Major scale now.
Thank you rlv, that was very helpful! Apart from the scale pattern that I didn't understand but that will be my limited knowledge, all I know so far is the basic Am pentatonic pattern 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-4, 1-4... When you say nut what do you mean? The open string? Sorry about being so dim...
And James, that sounds like a plan, to learn a pattern for each string!
To make it fun first learn a scale and learn to do it fairly quick. Then put on songs in various keys and simply start playing the scale over them. It will sound like dissonant nonsense at first, then you will start hitting some cool notes, then some cool notes together, then tagging verses and choruses.
And you will have learned a bunch of new riffs that are YOURS. You will be improvising and developing a style, which is where you want to go eventually anyway. Everything you need is in the scale.
The next step is to move the scale position up the neck. Try playing the scale over the song in the upper registers on the fretboard--develop your riffs.
The final thing is moving your riffs up and down the neck.
Everything you need is in the scale but what you want is in your feel for the song.
Just play every day. Warm up with some scales, put on some songs and just play--if it sounds like crap today, tomorrow it can sound like a treasure--YOUR treasure.
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It would be quite impossible for George Eliot to write an essay without some fresh thought or some new suggestion. To those who admire her genius and are in sympathy with her teachings this volume will have a special interest. Its few essays which touch upon moral or speculative subjects are of the utmost value as interpretations of her life and thought.
All her essays, the later as the earlier, are mainly of interest as aids to an understanding of her philosophy. Nothing is worthless which helps us clearly to comprehend an original mind.
THE ANALYTIC METHOD.
George Eliot’s literary method was that of Fielding and Thackeray, both of whom evidently influenced her manner. Their realism, and especially their method of comment and moral observation, she made her own. She had little sympathy with the romanticism of Scott or the idealism of Dickens. Her moral aims, her intense faith in altruism, kept her from making her art a mere process of photographing nature. Nature always had a moral meaning to her, a meaning in reference to man’s happiness and health of soul; and that moral bearing of all human experiences gave dignity and purpose to her art.
It was the method of Scott to present the romantic, picturesque and poetic side of life. He was not untrue to nature, but he cared more for beauty and sentiment than for fact. He sometimes perverted the historic incidents he made use of, but he caught the spirit of the time with which he was dealing with absolute fidelity. In this capacity for historic interpretation he surpassed George Eliot, who had not his instinctive insight into the past. Scott had no theory about the past, no philosophy of history was known to him; but above all novelists he had the power to see by the light of other days, and to make the dead times live again. Not George Eliot and not Thackeray was his rival in this historic insight and poetic power of interpretation; and his superior success was due not only to his peculiar genius but also to his romanticism. Scott failed where George Eliot succeeded, in giving an intellectual interpretation of life. With certain social and moral tendencies he was clearly at home. On its side of adventure and social impulse and craving for a wider life, as a single instance of his power, he was a true interpreter
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Children and Careers
In its school programs on entrepreneurship, Junior Achievement encourages students to notice unmet needs around them and imagine ways to fulfill them. Encourage children to ask themselves, for example, what could be done to help consumers use less water or energy? To help people drive to work more easily? Junior Achievement cites Motorola cofounder Paul Galvin, who began mass-producing car radios in 1930 after noticing people trying to custom-fit home radios into their cars. That kind of resourcefulness, experts say, will never go out of style.
Read the rest of Sue Shellenbarger's column here.
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NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Combining artificial sweeteners with the real thing boosts the stomach's secretion of a hormone that makes people feel full and helps control blood sugar, new research shows.
It's unknown whether this means anything for people's health, but "in light of the large number of individuals using artificial sweeteners on a daily basis, it appears essential to carefully investigate the associated effects on metabolism and weight," conclude Dr. Rebecca J. Brown and colleagues from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
Because artificial sweeteners are virtually carbohydrate-free, they have been thought not to have any effect on how the body handles glucose (sugar), the researchers explain.
But there's some evidence that artificial sweeteners may trigger secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 is released from the digestive tract when a person eats as a "fullness" signal to the brain, curbing appetite and calorie intake.
To investigate further, Brown's team had 22 healthy normal-weight young people take two glucose challenge tests. These tests, which measure how well the body metabolizes glucose, require a person to drink a sugar-filled beverage after fasting for several hours.
Ten minutes before consuming the "glucose load," study participants drank either roughly two-thirds of a diet soda containing an artificial sweetener or the same amount of carbonated water.
In both cases, the increase in a person's blood glucose was the same. But the researchers did find that people secreted significantly more GLP-1 when they drank diet soda before the glucose challenge compared to when they drank carbonated water.
Studies in humans and animals have shown that when artificial sweeteners are consumed without carbohydrates they do not trigger GLP-1 secretion. "However, our data demonstrate that artificial sweeteners synergize with glucose to enhance GLP-1 release in healthy volunteers," Brown and colleagues report.
What this all means to the average diet soda drinker is not known, but the fact that the effect occurred with less than a single can of diet soda suggests it "may be relevant in daily life," the researchers say.
Future research is needed to understand the significance of enhanced GLP-1 secretion for health, they conclude, and studies should be conducted in people with type 2 diabetes and other abnormalities in metabolism.
SOURCE: Diabetes Care, December 2009.
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Discussion about the gold standard often has advocates and critics talking past one another. One of the reasons is that there are members of both groups who do not know or, during the heat of argument, do not acknowledge that there have been many varieties of the gold standard. A free banking gold standard differs in important respects from other varieties of the gold standard. Here are key questions about the details of a gold standard, and the answers as they apply to its free banking form.
What is the legal foundation for payment in gold? Ordinary contract law. Government may establish a definition of a currency unit in terms of gold, but if so, under free banking the unit (say, the dollar) is merely a convenient name for the weight of gold, rather than saying that “a dollar is a dollar” no matter how much the gold content changes.
Is gold the only legal form of payment? No; payment can occur in any commodity or currency that people wish to use. This contrasts with the practice in some countries under various other forms of the gold standard, in which certain payments were only legal if made in national currency.
Who offers payment in gold? Anybody may do so. This means lenders and borrowers may agree to "gold clauses" in contracts. In many countries, governments have nullified such clauses after abandoning the gold standard or after moving to a more restrictive form of the gold standard where people have less freedom to own and pay in gold.
What forms of money and credit are payable in gold? Any that the issuers of those forms wish to offer.
Is production of any of these forms a legal monopoly? No; in particular, under a pure free banking system there is no legal monopoly of notes or coins, so they are competitive in the same way that deposits are competitive. In most historical free banking systems, issuance of notes was competitive but issuance of coins was not.
Who can demand payment in gold? Anybody who holds a liability that an issuer has made payable in gold. This contrasts with the Bretton Woods gold standard as it existed in the United States, under which Americans were prohibited from owning gold bullion.
Are there restrictions on the purposes for which people can demand payment in gold? No, there are no exchange controls or like restrictions. Again, this contrasts with the Bretton Woods gold standard, under which most countries on the standard imposed exchange controls.
What legal penalties exist for people or organizations that break their promise to pay in gold? The standard penalties applying to breach of contract. Observe that this differs from a central banking gold standard, in which the central bank cannot be sued for breach of contract if it devalues.
Is fractional reserve banking permitted? Yes; so is 100% gold reserve banking, but as George Selgin commented in a post some time ago, there have been no historical cases in which 100% gold reserve banking has dominated in competition with fractional reserve banking. I would expect there to be some 100% gold reserve banks, appealing to people who did not trust regular banks and were willing to forego interest, but I would expect such banks to hold less than 1 percent of all banking assets.
Are taxes only payable in gold? Perhaps. It should not make much of a difference if a free market in foreign exchange exists.
Is accounting in units other than gold permissible? Yes, but perhaps everything has to be converted into gold units for tax purposes. This is an area where I think more work is needed to explore whether there are important implications for monetary freedom.
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Comprehensive DescriptionRead full entry
| Common names: brotula (English), brótula (Espanol) |
Ogilbia cocoensis Moller, Schwarzhans & Nielsen 2005
Body elongate and somewhat compressed; head wide (usually > 10% of SL) and shallow (height usually < 16% of SL); top jaw bone expanded vertically at rear, relatively deep; jaw pores small; snout rounded; a sharp spine on opercle that has 1 tip; eye relatively large (2.2-2.6% of SL); preopercle with 3 pores at lower rear corner, upper part with a pore; gill rakers 14-16, 2-4 long rakers in angle of arch; origin of dorsal fin at level of middle of pectoral fins; each pelvic fin consists of 1 filament, inserted under edge of gill cover; dorsal rays 63-70; anal rays 49-54, origin of anal fin under dorsal fin rays 18-21; pectoral rays 19-21; tail fin rays 16; lateral line indistinct, continuous, complete; body covered with overlapping, relatively large scales, about 110 in midlateral series; patch of cheek scales with 6-7 vertical rows of scales; belly with scales; penis moderately long, curved, abruptly tapering to tip; 2 pairs of moderately large pseudoclaspers associated with penis, outer pair triangular, with a sharp tip, inner pair point forwards, with a sharp pointed tip at front and a fleshy flap at rear.
Reddish brown body and fins
Size: reaches 4.5 cm.
Inhabits shallow reefs.
Depth: 0.3-3 m.
Endemic to Cocos Island, Costa Rica.
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- About Us
- News & Events
- Virtual Museum
- Educational Resources
- Histories & Narratives
- Websites & Bibliography
- Giving Opportunities
7) Kenrick and Puxon discuss certain classes of exemptions which applied to Gypsies (Mais, 1988).
Kenrick & Puxon do deal with these on page 78 of their book where they also include the statement that "[t]hese exemptions compare with similar arrangements for Jews." If such an argument is to be used to characterize the treatment of Roma and Sinti, then It must likewise be used to characterize the treatment of Jews. And since it does apply to both populations, it cannot be used to support the harsher treatment of the latter.
8) it has been claimed, including by the German government itself as a means of avoiding the payment of war crime reparations, that Roma and Sinti were not targeted for racial, but for social reasons.
Yehuda Bauer has supported this argument also, stating that "[t]he Gypsies were not murdered for racial reasons, but as so-called asocials … nor was their destruction complete" (Bauer, 1980:45). But this was a deliberate and despicable move on the part of the German government to take advantage of the shattered condition of the surviving Romani population which was in no condition to contest it, and one for which the Romani population is still suffering today. The racial identity of the Gypsy people, and the genetically-based rationale for their extermination, are abundantly documented and referenced (see e.g. Hancock, Chronology, In Crowe & Kolsti, 1991). "In his report on the matter, the Bonn Correspondent of the Manchester Guardian, 9:1:56, points out that the Supreme Court's decision is at direct variance with the known facts of Nazi policies for concentrating and later exterminating the gypsies'" (Anon., 1956).
10) Gypsies received kinder treatment because parents, and children were allowed to stay together in special family camps, unlike other prisoners.
König (1989:129-133) makes it very clear that the "family camps" were not created out of any humanitarian motive, but because the Gypsies became completely unmanageable when separated from family members. It was simply more expedient, and caused the guards less problems, to leave families together for processing. He writes of their sometimes having to smash the hands and feet of the Gypsies in order to render them docile as they were being herded to the ovens. König's book is a monument to Romani heroism and resistance to the camps, and should be required reading for any student of the Porrajmos. Those Jewish famillies transported to Auschwitz from Therensientadt in September, 1943, incidentally, were allowed to remain together in a family camp.
11) "The denial of the right to live is what singles out the fate of the Jews from all other victims -- Gypsies, Poies, Russian prisoners of war, Jehovah's Witnesses. . . their fate was different from the fate of the Jews." (Yitzhak Mais, in the brochure published by the Museums at Yad Vashem).
Michael Berenbaum, in a better position than most to know the details of the Romani Holocaust, repeats these arguments in his book (Roth & Berenbaum. p.33), where he says "Gypsies shared much, but not all of the horrors assigned to Jews. Romani were killed in some countries but not others...Even though the Romani were subject to gassing and other forms of extermination, the number of Gypsies was not as vast… In contrast, all Jews lived under an imminent death sentence of death (sic)." Jews were killed in some countries but not others too, and the number of Gypsies was "not as vast" because there were nine times as many Jews as Gypsies to start with at the outbreak of The Second World War; obviously the numbers are greater, but when we discuss genocide we must do so in the context of the destruction of entire peoples, and in terms of overall percentage, the losses of the Roma and Sinti almost certainty exceeded those of any other group; their percentage was "vaster."
The question of the numbers of Roma and Sinti murdered is a vexed one, and given the circumstances of their dispatch, one which can never be answered. I dealt with this in some detail in Hancock (1988b), but rely on König's statement that
. . . the court of half a million Sinti and Roma murdered between 1939 and 1945 is too low to be tenable; for example in the Soviet Union many of the Romani dead were listed under non-specific labels such as 'Liquidierungaubriken' [remainder to be dispatched], 'hangers-on' and 'partisans'… The final number of the dead Sinti and Roma may never be determined. We do not know precisely how many were brought into the concentration camps; not every concentration camp produced statistical material; moreover, Sinti and Roma are often listed under the heading of "remainder to be dispatched" and do not appear in the statistics for Gypsies (König. 1989:87-89).
In the eastern territories, in Russia especially, Gypsy deaths were sometimes counted into the records as Jewish deaths. The Memorial Book for the Gypsies who perished in Auschwitz-Birkenau also discusses the means of killing Roma:
Unlike the Jews, the overwhelming majority of whom were murdered in the gas chambers at Birkenau, Belzec, Treblinka and all the other mass extermination camps, the Gypsies outside the Reich were massacred at many places, sometimes only a few at a time, and sometimes by the hundreds. In the General government alone, 150 sites of Gypsy massacres are known. Research on the Jewish Holocaust can rely on comparison of pre- and post-war census data to help determine the numbers of victims in the countries concerned. However, this is not possible for the Gypsies, as it was only rarely that they were included in national census data. Therefore it is an impossible task to find the actual number of Gypsy victims in Poland, Yugoslavia, Whits Ruthenia and the Ukraine, the lands that probably had the greatest numbers of victims (State Museum: 1993:15 [emphasis added).
We should nevertheless rejoice in the numbers of the living, not glorify those of the dead in some horrible body-count; but if we are obliged to argue with numbers and quantity in this peculiarly American way, then let us look at the situation from the other side, and count the Romani survivors of the Holocaust, only five thousand of whom are listed in the official register of the Zentralrat Deutscher Sinti und Roma in Heidelberg, and only four of whom have been located in the United States, where over eighty thousand Jewish survivors live today. My respected colleague Donald Kenrick, co-author of The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies, the first full-length treatment of the Porrajmos, claimed with some pride at a recnt conference we both attended in London that his own research points to the lowest figures for Romani deaths by 1945; surely this is the kind of dialogue we should be striving for, not a competition over whose losses were greater.
12) The "uniqueness" of the Jewish case should be defended at all costs because it justifies the existence of the Jewish homeland, Israel.
On the main mail of the campus at my university, stands a structure some feet high erected by the Jewish Students Association which is a monument to Israel. It is covered with photographs and newspaper articles, and in the very middle of it is a yellow placard bearing the words "Israel: The Six Million: Never Forget." This is not a new argument, indeed it has been suggested to me by more than one well-disposed USHMC member. But it is a specious argument. Israel, a Jewish state, should exist under any circumstances: speaking as a member of a people without a country, I can feel very deeply the emotion associated with the possession of a homeland. Acknowledging that Gypsies received the same treatment as Jews, as Miriam Novich said "for the same reasons using the same methods," cannot take anything away from the enormity of the Jewish tragedy, or diminish the strength of the right to Israel. I am reminded of Dermot Mulrory's words In Where the Day Takes You (1993): "What's mine is mine, and if I share it with you, it becomes less minel." I cannot imagine that the rest of the world would interpret the Romani claim in this way.
13) No other group was viewed with such disgust and contempt:, or so relentlessly and methodically persecuted, or was selected for total eradication from the face of the earth.
Gypsies don't match this, it has been said, because Gypsies weren't mentioned in Mein Kampf, or at the Wannsee Conference, and because some Gypsies were exempt from the death machine, and because a much higher number of Jews had died by 1945.
Gypsies were not mentioned specifically at the Wannsee Conference because
by that time (January 20th, 1944), policies against Jews, subsequent to the directive of December 24th issued four weeks earlier, automatically included Gypsies. And no argument was necessary in Mein Kampf because there was no need on Hitler's part to make any case for anti-Gypsism. There were no need to convince anybody of the subhuman status of , against whom laws were already firmly entrenched to Germany, despite the guarantees of the national Constitution of the Weimar Republic. No public conscience ever provoked a defense of the Romani case, a fact Fraser comments upon in his new book The Gypsies:
From about 1937 onwards, [Nazi] pressures . . on Gypsies built up swiftly and remorselessly, with no hostile public reaction, abroad or at home, of the kind which had made the Nazis a little more circumspect in their dealings with the Jews, at least in the early days, because of respect for world opinion (Fraser, 1993:261-262).
When the question of this indifference was raised following the war, one French physician commented, rhetorically, that "everyone despises Gypsies, so why exercise restraint? Who will avenge them? Who will bear witness?" (Bernadec, 1979:34). The excuse that the rest of the world was ignorant of what was happening cannot be maintained in the Romani case:
Whatever the real state of knowledge or ignorance among the German civilian population during the Second World War about the transport and the murder of millions of German and non-German Jews in Europe, the initial internment of the Roma was kept from no one. Concentration camps were built on the outskirts of the capital city, and the internment of the Sinti and Roma was not only covered by a number of Berlin newspapers, but was even joked about in their columns. Psychologists engaged in racial research paid official visits to Marzahn to study and take extensive film footage of the Romani children at play there. A major trainline ran right past that camp, and its few survivors recall that train passengers who pitied their situation, and who knew or suspected that the interned Roma were surviving on only minimal rations, occasionally threw packages of food down into the camp enclosure as their train passed by (Trumpener, 1992:844).
While German anti-Semitism, like anti-Gypsyism over the centuries, has bordered upon the pathological (see especially Wilson, 1982), there was no one to argue in support of the Gypsies, unlike those who defended the Jewish position. As Burleigh & Wippermann make clear (op. cit., p. 36), anti-Semitism was not an undisputed part of the early (German) racial hygiene movement. Ploetz and a number of other racial hygienists, such as Wilheim Schallmayer, fiercely denounced anti-Semitism, and in his 1895 treatise, Ploetz classified Jews as a part of the superior 'white race.'" (Proctor, 1977:144n.). On the contrary, In the early 1890s the Swabian Parliament organized a conference on the "Gipsy scum" (Das Zigeunergeschmetß), and in 1899 Alfred Dillmann established the Gypsy Information Agency (Nachrichtendienst In Bezug auf die Zigeuner) which began to collect data in the form of genealogical information, fingerprints and photographs of Gypsies throughout the territory. This led to the publication in 1905 of Dillmann's Zigeuner-Buch, which laid the groundwork for what was to come a quarter of a century later. It consisted of a lengthy argument for controlling Gypsies, stressing their inherent criminality, and calling them "a plague against which society must unflaggingly defend itself." The bulk of the volume consisted of a register of over 5,000 individuals, which gave date and place of birth, genealogy, criminal record if any, and so on. The third part of the book consisted of photographs of Gypsies taken from police flies throughout the German states. On February 17th, 1906, the Prussian Minister of the Interior issued a directive to "Combat the Gypsy Nuisance" (Die Bekampfung des Zigeunerunwesens), and established bilateral, anti-Gypsy agreements with all neighboring countries. Licenses were required by all Romani people wanting to live and work in Prussia. In 1909 the Swiss Department of Justice began a national register of Gypsies, while in Hungary it was recommended at a "Gypsy Policy Conference" that all Romani people be branded on their bodies for easy identification. In 1912 France introduced the Carnet Anthropométrique, a document containing personal data (including photograph and fingerprints) which all Gypsies were henceforth required to carry.
In 1920, the Minister of Public Welfare in Düsseldorf forbade Gypsies from entering any public washing, or recreational facility, such as swimming pools, public baths, spas or parks; this restriction also came to be applied to Jews after 1933 [Burleigh & Wipperrnann, 1991:77]); "the anti-Jewish law was promulgated in 1933," (Burleigh & Wippermann, op. cit., p. 4), at a time when scores of anti-Gypsy laws had already been in effect in Germany for centuries. More ominously in that same year, 1920, Binding & Hoche published their treatise on "Lives undeserving of life" (Lebensunwertesleben), which argued for the killing of those who were seen to be "dead weight' (Ballastexistenz) within humanity, including Gypsies. This notion of "unworthy life" was incorporated into Nazi law on July 14th, 1933, less than six months after Hitler came to power, in his Law for the prevention of hereditarily diseased offspring." In 1936, In preparation for the Olympic Games, and for fear of negative world opinion, "anti-Semitic posters and placards were temporarily removed" from the streets of Berlin by the Nazis (Burleigh & Wippermann, op. cit, p. 84), at the same time that Gypsies were being cleared from those streets as an eyesore, just as 18 they were at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. More significantly, we have now learned that Nazi propaganda encouraging public support for the incarceration of Gypsies was widely distributed at those Begin gams to 1936.
In January or February, 1940, 250 Gypsy children from Brno in the concentration camp at Buchenwald are used as guinea pigs for testing the Zyklon B gas crystals, later used for mass murders at Auschwitz-Birkenau. This was the first mass genocidal action of the Holocaust (Proester, 1968).
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Working in a basement (the source article actually says that), researchers are building on the age-old principle of using finely ground charcoal (a form of carbon) to increase the surface area holding the charge of a capacitor. Using custom-built/grown carbon nanotubes instead of coarse charcoal, a system begins to emerge that can accept a charge very quickly and then release it at a predictable rate. And while capacitors themselves are not as good at providing long-term power release like a battery, putting an incredibly high number of them together in a battery-like package will allow that package to charge up almost instantly and then provide power for the long haul.
The physical construction of the devices allows the carbon nanotubes to be applied to a piece of silicon in acetylene, the gas commonly used in oxyacetelyne torches for welders. The acetylene acts as a vehicle that allows the carbon nanobutes to be deposited onto a silicon substrate in a particular order. Once deposited they are then capable of holding a small electric charge and releasing it. Put enough of these tubes together and you have the makings of a battery.
This technology is still in its R&D phase, and the lead researcher hopes to have the research completed by Fall, with viable products coming out sometime after that. Of course, I'm sure politics will play a role as well, as it seems very unlikely that by now researchers haven't found better battery technology than the traditional lithium-ion and its cousins.
Read more at The Boston Globe.
USER COMMENTS 14 comment(s)
|Um… (10:07am EST Tue Jun 27 2006)
…I submitted this story to you guys about a week ago. Not enough links with the submission?
Either way, this seems like a really good idea. Capacitors may not have the lifespan in terms of storing a charge as a battery. However the majority of battery uses where rechargeable batteries are used are short to medium term anyway. However if it only takes a few seconds to recharge the 'battery' then the fact that it can lose it's charge over a period of months is not important.
The 'battery' can always be recharged in seconds anyway, so flash charge it at every opportunity. Unlike a standard rechargeable cell there is likely to be zero memory effect and charging a partially discharged capacitance battery will have no degredation on it's ability to take or hold a charge. It will simply charge to it's maximum each time it is charged.
Sometimes blue sky research like this reminds folks why it's important for universities and big corporates to do fundamental research and not simply product development.
|wow (11:15am EST Tue Jun 27 2006)
toyota would benefit greatly with this. electrical motors has such high torque… with this much capacity, we could be seeing Lexus in 0-60 in less than 3 seconds. – by yep
|HighlandCynic (12:03pm EST Tue Jun 27 2006)
You're not in our submission area. I searched for “Carbon” “nanotube” “battery” and (just now) “Highland” and “Cynic”.
It got lost in the shuffle. Our apologies.
– by RickGeek
|Lol (12:32pm EST Tue Jun 27 2006)
Geek.com stole another article and claimed it as their own. Lol, Geek.com is becoming like a certain other content-stealing site, especially now with those obnoxious Blu-ray ads that cripple firefox.
Grats, Geek.com. I used to love this site so damn much, but it's gone downhill way too much. – by Shaun T.
|conspiracy theory (12:46pm EST Tue Jun 27 2006)
Of course the batteries will be expensive.
Companies have to watch out for the profit margin
Have to have something to sell
|Rick (4:21pm EST Tue Jun 27 2006)
NP, I had sent a few submissions in around the same time and saw none appear, I figured that they were too off the wall for y'all. I've had some problems getting comments to post properly too, they appear to post and don't show up. On several occasions I have had to repost three or four times before the comment finally appears.
Ah well. The one thing I wish these guys at MIT could do is give us a really concrete ETA for these 'batteries' to make it to market. They would be fantastic in the electric or Hybrid car market, not to mention the almost limitless portable electronics market.
|Damn those scientist (4:34pm EST Tue Jun 27 2006)
They are wasting time and money! Please send EE to solve this problem. – by calling EE
|re: calling EE (9:05pm EST Tue Jun 27 2006)
we are the ones that make the world. – by EE
|The y could go anywhere (2:05pm EST Wed Jun 28 2006)
Could you build these into the LCD display and other devices? Are there other technologies that would bundle with this nanotube technology. Maybe a photocell technology would work with it. – by DS
|Dear guid, (5:37pm EST Wed Jun 28 2006)
Batterys will not be expensive if you use mind power. This new un expensive piece of technology can be used if you study the mutagens of the neuro terminal in the brain of a mammal, modified to the specifications of
e230.258509299999 which is equal to 9.999999006×10^99. Trust this formula i am an experienced scientist. – by Matty
|carbon nantube batteries (5:38pm EST Wed Jun 28 2006)
i am not happy with them i want to put them in my car for it to go faster but they are not that good they wont muck my car fly it is say i drove my car off a brige and i did not fly i hurt my nose. – by jon smith
|carbon nantube batteries (5:43pm EST Wed Jun 28 2006)
that is not true Batterys will not be expensive if you use mind power. This new un expensive piece of technology can be used if you study the mutagens of the neuro terminal in the brain of a mammal, modified to the specifications of
e230.258509299999 which is equal to 9.999999006×10^99. Trust this formula i am an experienced – by jon smith
|Im A Smart Gurl…?? (6:04pm EST Wed Jun 28 2006)
so like wat r u talking bout?? hmmmm i dont get this?? but what i do know….
Systematicly Speaking From A Dybolical Point Of View Your Fundamental Facilties Are Not Suffisently Sophsitcated to Colaberate with My FolIshpies… (dont know how to spell…) – by *SmArTiE PaNtZ GuRl*
|Yes, very smart . . . (6:07pm EST Wed Jun 28 2006)
u actually cannot spell at all – by * ChiLd PrOdiGy*
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- Leaves tend to be narrow and pointed (although some
are fatter and more rounded); they are generally yellow-green on top
and white below.
Simple, alternate, and deciduous, with a short stalk.
Fruit is a tiny dark seed
surrounded by a cottony tuft.
- Winter buds hug the twig and are covered by a
single caplike scale
- Yellow to green twigs have no true terminal bud;
during winter, twigs just die back to where the wood is hard enough to
withstand the cold temperatures.
a group, willows are easy to identify - in fact, pussy willows are one
of the first trees
that many of us learn. But distinguishing between different types of
willows, is a different story.The
reason is that there are so many willows - North America has approximately
and that many of the species interbreed, with the offspring having
characteristics of both parents. As a result, most people are satisfied
knowing that a tree is a willow, and leave it at that.
- Scouler (mountain)
the most common willow in western North America. It not only grows
at low elevations but ascends higher mountains. In western Oregon
it often reaches 40' tall. Unlike other willows it thrives
away from water.
- Pacific (black)
a black-barked tree or large shrub found around wet places. Often
40'-60' tall, and abundant west of the Cascades at low and moderate
is aided by two or more tiny nodules at the base of each leaf
- Peachleaf willow -
seen along streams and around farm homes in extreme northern and
eastern Oregon. Largest willow east of Cascades; grows to 70' tall.
willow - a
beach willow found the full length of the Northwest coast, and seldom
more than 5 miles from salt water. Its location and wide leaf improve
chances of identification. Grows along streams and on swampy
ground, near sea level.
willow - sometimes called sandbar willow. Has long, narrow leaves,
even ten times as long as wide. Occurs in western Oregon south
to the Klamath Mountains.
- Sitka willow - grows
mainly west of the Cascades, with scattered occurrences in eastern Oregon,
especially in Wallowas. Also called silky willow because of satiny
hairs on the undersides of its leaves. Some leaves have a pear-shape
more information on the willows native to the Pacific Northwest see "Trees
to Know in Oregon".
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| 0.924526
| 567
| 3.4375
| 3
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Indirect pharyngoscopy and laryngoscopy for oral cancer
For both of these procedures, your doctor may spray the back of your throat with a numbing medicine to avoid pain. Because people diagnosed with oral cancer are also at increased risk for other head and neck cancers, your doctor will also examine the nasopharynx (the top portion of the throat, behind the nose), mouth, tongue and neck.
What is indirect pharyngoscopy and laryngoscopy?
A pharyngoscopy and laryngoscopy are often used to examine the back of the throat. We use indirect pharyngoscopy and laryngoscoy to check for any signs of oral cancer.
During an indirect laryngoscopy,we place small mirrors at the back of your mouth to clearly examine your throat, the base of your tongue and part of your larynx.
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http://www.cancercenter.com/oral-cancer/indirect-pharyngoscopy-and-laryngoscopy/
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| 0.921288
| 189
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“Centenarians have lower education levels, are overwhelmingly women and are more likely to live in poverty than the 65-and-older population, according to a U.S. Census Bureau report released today. The report, “The Centenarian Population: 2007-2011,” analyzes characteristics of centenarians and how they compare with those 65 years and older. “Centenarians are a small group who are a significant indicator of American life,” said Brian Kincel, a statistical analyst in the Census Bureau’s Age and Special Populations Branch and the report’s author. “By living a century or more, they have seen great changes in the American landscape and their education levels reflect social and economic conditions in the 1920s and earlier. Today, their situations may vary based on many factors, and the statistics in this report begin to tell their story.” The report, based on results from the American Community Survey, compares social and economic differences between the 55,000 centenarians in the U.S. and the 40 million people 65 and older. Major findings from the report include:
- Of centenarians, 57 percent received at least a high school diploma compared with 77 percent of the 65-and-older group.
- Women made up 81 percent of centenarians and 57 percent of those 65 and older.
- 17 percent of centenarians lived below the poverty line, and 9 percent of the 65-and-older population were in poverty.
- Among women, 3 percent of centenarians were married as opposed to 41 percent of women 65 and older. Among men, 23 percent of centenarians were married compared with 71 percent of men 65 and older.
- Of centenarians, 83 percent received Social Security income compared with 88 percent of the 65-and-older group.
- 24 percent of centenarians received retirement income, while 38 percent of the 65-and-older population received it.”
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| 0.965316
| 411
| 3.28125
| 3
|
The US Department of Agriculture – USDA – has reported the country’s fourth case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy – BSE – in a Californian dairy cow, but stressed the outbreak was contained and no meat had entered the food chain.
The first reported BSE case in North America was in December 1993 from Alberta, Canada.
Canadian Agricultural Authorities reported another case reported in May 2003. The first known U.S. occurrence of BSE came in December of the same year though it was later confirmed that it was a cow of Canadian origin and imported to the U.S. Canada announced two additional cases of BSE from Alberta in early 2005.
In June 2005 Dr. John Clifford, chief veterinary officer for the United States Department of Agriculture animal health inspection service, confirmed a fully domestic case of BSE in Texas. Dr. Clifford would not identify the ranch, calling that “privileged information”. The 2005 US BSE case caused the nation’s beef exports to drop by nearly $3 billion the following year. BSE cannot be transmitted through milk.
This latest case of BSE was found in a dairy cow on April 23, in California during a planned Agriculture Department surveillance program. United States health authorities were quick to point out that the animal was never a threat to the nation’s food supply and claim that this is an atypical case of BSE caused by “just a random mutation that can happen every once in a great while in an animal” ::::
“USDA remains confident in the health of the national herd and the safety of beef and dairy products. As the epidemiological investigation progresses, USDA will continue to communicate findings in a timely and transparent manner,” agriculture department officials said.
Samples from the infected animal were sent to a laboratory in Ames, Iowa, where they proved positive for a rare form of the disease. The results are being shared with labs in Britain and Canada.
The admission of even a limited outbreak is highly sensitive; previous cases of mad cow in the US, Canada, Israel, Europe and Japan have caused disruptions to the global food trade worth billions of dollars.
A stream of sanctions and restrictions were introduced and in some cases and entire herds of cattle had to be slaughtered, destroying the livelihoods of many farmers.
‘US beef is safe’
“The most important message is that US beef is safe,” said Philip Seng, US Meat Export Federation.
According to the organisation, US beef exports are worth more than $342 million each month, with Mexico, Canada, South Korea and Japan among the main export markets.
The United States has an estimated 90.8 million head of cattle, forming a large chunk of the economy in states like Texas, Nebraska, Kansas and California. Around 40,000 US cattle are tested by the Department of Agriculture each year.
More than 190,000 cases of mad cow disease have been detected in the European Union since it was first diagnosed in Britain in 1986, forcing the destruction of millions of cows.
More than 200 people around the world are suspected to have died, most of them in Britain, from the human variant of the disease, which was first described in 1996.
Scientists believe the disease was caused by using infected parts of cattle to make feed for other cattle.
Authorities believe eating meat from infected animals can trigger the human variant of the fatal brain-wasting disease.
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| 0.969429
| 707
| 3.03125
| 3
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An introduction to the Struts Framework
This article is discussing about the high-class web application development framework, which is Struts. This article will give you detailed introduction to the Struts Framework.
Struts Framework is one of the leading software development framework for the web applications. Struts is neat and high-class web application framework based on the MVC design pattern. Using Struts framework developer can develop, test and deploy high-class, scalable and high performance web application for their client.
Struts Framework was first developed by Craig McLanahan in the year 2002. Later on the framework was donated to the Apache Jakarta project group. Apache Jakarta project group is now developing and maintaining the Struts framework. This was first best framework based on MVC design pattern. First version of the Struts was 1.0. Later on it was redesigned and redeveloped and named it as Struts 2 framework. These days developers are using Struts 2 for the development of their applications.
Struts is an open-source implementation of the popular Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern. The MVC design pattern is used to simplify the complexity of the web applications. It helps the developer to divide the application into three integral parts Model, View and Controller.
MVC framework is very effective in making the application maintainable and highly scalable. It also hides the so, much complexity of the application.
Struts Framework Tutorials:
Posted on: January 13, 2013 If you enjoyed this post then why not add us on Google+? Add us to your Circles
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| 0.920534
| 322
| 2.78125
| 3
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PHOENIX, July 20 (UPI) -- A highly productive kind of chicken may lift Ugandan villagers from economic poverty and nutritional stress in the country's poorest areas, a researcher says.
Arizona State University researcher Jagdev Sharma has been investigating the advantages of a more productive species of chicken knows as the Kuroiler, an ASU release Wednesday said.
It has already proved successful in other regions of the world, he said.
"The success of the Kuroiler chicken in India, where it was first introduced, makes us hopeful for similar improvements in rural Africa, particularly in Uganda, where our initial results show the Kuroiler significantly outperforming native chickens," Sharma said.
Kuroilers are hybrid chickens genetically selected to provide both increased meat and eggs while surviving and thriving on agricultural and household waste, requiring no additional feed.
This makes them well-suited to resource-poor village environment, Sharma said.
He is hoping to duplicate the Indian success story with Kuroilers in Africa thanks to collaboration between ASU and the government of Uganda, the release said.
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| 0.954941
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| 2.5625
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aby boomers are living longer lives than their predecessors, but not necessarily healthier lives, according to a new study that warns of rising health care costs. Men and women born between 1946 and 1964 were more likely to suffer from high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes than the generation before them, according to the study, published today in JAMA Internal Medicine. They were also more likely to be obese and less likely to exercise. “Despite their longer life expectancy over previous generations, U.S. baby boomers have higher rates of chronic disease, more disability, and lower self-rated health than members of the previous generation at the same age,” the study authors wrote. “On a positive note, baby boomers are less likely to smoke cigarettes and experience lower rates of emphysema and [heart attacks] than the previous generation”/Katie Moissie, ABC News. More here.
Question: Are you living a lifestyle that's healthier than your parents'?
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A new study on perceived benefits of moderate alcohol intake seems to question the earlier studies that had indicated longevity benefits// and cardiovascular health amongst moderate drinkers, as compared to abstainers or heavy drinkers.
The study conveys that, there has been some mistake in the perception of who “abstainers” are, when these studies were conducted. According to Kaye Middleton Fillmore, PhD, emerita professor at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Nursing, “Abstainers” were also those who had given up the habit, due to health problems or illness.
Fillmore said, “Once you get to late middle age or become elderly, more and more people drink lightly or abstain altogether. The decrease in alcohol consumption in these age groups is associated with illness and frailty and use of medications that might interact with alcohol. By not removing these people from the abstainer group, abstainers appeared to be less healthy because of absence of alcohol. In truth, they were ill — and showing all signs of death, premature or not”
Fillmore steered an international research team to a new and different outlook on alcohol consumption and death due to alcohol abuse and heart disease. When studies were conducted distinguishing the long-term abstainers from previous drinkers, there was no apparent decline in the risk for moderate drinkers. Looking at it from the other angle of including only long-term nondrinkers in the abstainer category, there was no perceived health benefits with moderate drinking.
Fillmore, fills in, that the earlier study is an over estimation of the benefits of moderate drinking. According to her, “It has got to the point where some doctors recommend that people have a drink every day. But you run risks with drinking, particularly if you are elderly. People who choose to drink one or two drinks a day should take these risks into consideration."
Christie Ballantyne, MD, dir
ector of the Center for Cardiovascular Prevention at Houston's Baylor College of Medicine, who was not part of the Fillmore study said, "I do not recommend people drinking alcohol to reduce their risk of heart disease. We don't know for sure that a little alcohol is good. There are lots of risks with alcohol, and the benefits are not really clear. Yes, a little bit of alcohol may be beneficial, but we also know that too much is dangerous.You can get liver disease, bad blood pressure, high levels of blood fats — and that doesn't count car accidents and other drinking problems." Related medicine news :1
. Bottleneck: High on Spirits Can Cause A Dispirited Liver, Leading To Cirrhosis!2
. Antidepressant Medication Leading To Suicidal Thoughts 3
. Death Pumps Up Aggressive Thoughts4
. Inculcating Positive Thoughts Could Eliminate Depressive Mood
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| 0.967281
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Formulated 1948 by Fred Hoyle (b. 1915 at Bingley, Yorkshire, Eng.; astronomer and math.; taught at U. of Cambridge; assoc. with Mt. Wilson and Palomar Observatories [now Hale observatories], near Pasadena, California; works include The Nature of the Universe ), Thomas Gold (b. 1920 at Vienna, Austria; astronomer; assoc. with U. of Cambridge and the Royal Greenwich Observatory, London, Eng.; to Cornell U., Ithaca, New York, 1959), and Hermann Bondi (b. 1919; Austrian-Brit. math. and astronomer). In its first form the theory held that the universe is infinite, uniform, changeless, without beginning and end, with density constant. Hoyle modified the theory 1965 to incorporate evidence that the known universe is an oscillating finite region with varying density in an infinite universe. See also Cosmogony; Evolution, I; Lucretius.
Edited by: Erwin L. Lueker, Luther Poellot, Paul Jackson
©Concordia Publishing House, 2000, All rights Reserved. Reproduced with Permission
Internet Version Produced by
The Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod
Original Editions ©Copyright 1954, 1975, 2000
Concordia Publishing House
All rights reserved.
Content Reproduced with Permission
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It's football Friday, and a new study reveals that one piece of a player's protective gear may be making them sick. The research found something most of us already assumed-mouth guards can be very dirty, and the bacteria that grows on them can cause a lot of problems. But there are a few simple steps that can be taken to keep them clean. In the locker room, on the field, in the gym bag- an athlete's mouth guard goes just about everywhere with them.
"We actually have a saying that we say. If you step on the field you're ready to play. So, you step on that field, mouth guards go in," said Brad Borkhuis, a football coach. They're supposed to protect players, but if not properly taken care of they can do just the opposite. "Any time you have something you have in your mouth, if you're not taking care of them. Our mouth is filled with bacteria, fungus, things like that are naturally occurring," said Dr. Bethany Jensen, a dentist. According to a study at the Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences in Tulsa, athletes are breathing in micro-organisms found on mouth guards, which can cause exercise-induced asthma. "Athletes that have asthma or other compromised immune systems would be affected more prominently by an increase in bacteria and other things like that," said Jensen. The key to preventing this type of bacteria is keeping mouth guards as clean as possible. "It's not something that's a top priority or something they even think about, but taking those extra steps here to rinse it out in the sink even if it's just keeping a tooth brush in their locker with them to clean it out, rinse it out, it will definitely go a long way to both keeping the mouth guard in good condition, but also helping keep those things cleaner for their dental health," said Jensen
Just a quick rinse can go a long way in preventing bacteria growth. So, parents and coaches are urged to encourage athletes to find the time to do so. Dentists also advise soaking a mouth guard in denture cleaning solution for easy sanitation and replace it if any jagged edges occur or if the athlete experiences oral irritation or ulcers.
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
A time and motion study is a standard business efficiency technique. It combines a time study, which monitors the amount of time required to complete each step of a workplace activity, with a motion study, which observes the steps taken by a worker to complete that activity. This technique was pioneered by Frederick Taylor and became a key component of theory of scientific management. The use of a time and motion study can greatly increase both the speed and quality of work, but this technique has historically been met with great resistance by employees.
When conducting a time and motion study, experts monitor each step of the work process, attempting to determine a reasonable average time to complete each part of a particular task. They also examine the work process itself in an attempt to identify places in which the current practice of a worker is inefficient, in either time or human motion, so that more efficient practices can be implemented, both to reduce strain on workers and to increase and standardize productivity.
Systematic attention to the process of work served to revolutionize the industrial economy of the early 20th century. With a time and motion study, expert managers were able to determine precisely how much time a worker required to perform their assigned set of tasks. This information was used to optimize industrial processes. It could also be used to push for increased worker productivity, as it could be used to set standardized work goals. Workers, who had previously had more slack in their schedules, often bitterly resented the close scrutiny and demands for a faster tempo of production, but Taylorism and related management systems prevailed.
Although associated with developing capitalist economies, this type of management technique was such a critical part of industrial development that one could have found a time and motion study in progress in any factory in the world in the 1920s. In fact, Vladimir Lenin was a great proponent of both Taylor’s management philosophy and time and motion studies particularly. The hero of Valentin Kataev’s film from 1932, Time, Forward!, spends much of the book engaged in such a study.
A time and motion study conducted in a modern workplace will attempt to improve efficiency and workflow but will also often focus on the health of the workforce. The business systems that distribute incoming calls to the employees of a modern call center and then monitor every aspect of their work are the distant offspring of time and motion studies. Improvements in ergonomic design in those same office spaces, which protect the health of workers, have also resulted from these studies.
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were instrumental in blazing the trail for time and motion study. They were some of the first efficiency experts. Their field of expertise was to reduce the number of motions required to perform a task efficiently. In fact, Gilbreth's studies on doctors performing surgery helped lead to the current method of surgical nurses handing surgeons the required instruments.
The Gilbreth family had some fame in their own time, but really became famous after two of the 12 children in the family, Frank Jr. and Ernestine, wrote the books "Cheaper by the Dozen" and "Belles on Their Toes." Both books were bestsellers and movies were also made of the books, both starring Myrna Loy as Lillian Gilbreth. Clifton Webb played Frank Gilbreth Sr. in "Cheaper."
No article about motion study is complete without a mention of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.
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Buckwheat refers to plants in two genera of the dicot family Polygonaceae: the Eurasian genus Fagopyrum, and the North American genus Eriogonum. The crop plant, common buckwheat, is Fagopyrum esculentum. Tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum Gaertn.) or "bitter buckwheat" is also used as a crop, but it is much less common. Despite the common name and the grain-like use of the crop, buckwheats are not grasses (and are therefore considered pseudocereals) and are not related to wheat nor other monocots. The agricultural weed known as Wild Buckwheat (Fallopia convolvulus) is in the same family, but not closely related to the crop species. Within Fagopyrum, the cultivated species are in the cymosum group, with F. cymosum L. (perennial buckwheat), F. giganteum and F. homotropicum. The wild ancestor of common buckwheat is F. esculentum ssp.ancestrale. F. homotropicum is interfertile with F. esculentum and the wild forms have a common distribution, in Yunnan. The wild ancestor of tartary buckwheat is F. tataricum ssp. potanini.
The fruit is an achene, similar to sunflower seed, with a single seed inside a hard outer hull. The starchy endosperm is white and makes up most or all of buckwheat flour. The seed coat is green or tan, which darkens buckwheat flour. The hull is dark brown or black, and some may be included in buckwheat flour as dark specks. The dark flour is known (exaggeratedly) as "blé noir" ("black wheat") in French, along with the name sarrazin ("saracen").
Buckwheat noodles play a major role in the cuisines of Japan (soba), Korea (naengmyeon, makguksu and memil guksu) and the Valtellina region of Northern Italy (pizzoccheri). Soba noodles are the subject of deep cultural importance in Japan. In Korea, before wheat flour being replaced for making guksu, the generic term referring to noodles, buckwheat noodles were widely eaten as hot dishes. The difficulty of making noodles from flour that has no gluten has resulted in a traditional art developed around their hand manufacture.
Buckwheat groats are commonly used in western Asia and eastern Europe. The porridge was common, and is often considered the definitive peasant dish. It is made from roasted groats that are cooked with broth to a texture similar to rice or bulgur. The dish was brought to America by Russian and Polish Jewish immigrants who called it "kasha" and used it mixed with pasta or as a filling for knishes and blintzes, and hence buckwheat groats are most commonly called kasha in America. Groats were the most widely used form of buckwheat worldwide during the 20th century, with consumption primarily in Russia, Ukraine and Poland.
Buckwheat pancakes, sometimes raised with yeast, are eaten in several countries. They are known as buckwheat blinis in Russia, galettes in France (savoury crêpes which are especially associated with Brittany), ployes in Acadia and boûketes (that is, named the same as the plant they are made of) in Wallonia. Similar pancakes were a common food in American pioneer days. They are light and foamy. The buckwheat flour gives them an earthy, mildly mushroom-like taste. In Ukraine, yeast rolls called hrechanyky are made from buckwheat.
Farina made from groats are used for breakfast food, porridge, and thickening materials in soups, gravies, and dressings. In Korea, buckwheat starch is used to make a jelly called memilmuk. It is also used with wheat, maize or rice in bread and pasta products.
Buckwheat contains no gluten, and can thus be eaten by people with coeliac disease or gluten allergies. Many bread-like preparations have been developed.
Besides the seeds, from which buckwheat flour is produced, buckwheat is also a good honey plant, producing a dark, strong monofloral honey.
Buckwheat greens can be eaten. However, if consumed in sufficient quantities, the greens, or, more commonly, their juice, can induce sensitization of the skin to sunlight known as fagopyrism. Fair skinned people are particularly susceptible, as are light pigmented livestock. Enthusiasts of sprouting, however, eat the very young buckwheat sprouts (four to five days of growth) for their subtle, nutty flavour and high nutritional value. They are widely available in Japan.
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|Some of the best examples of wind erosion are found in Antarctica, where no other processes are active. These boulders have all been deeply eroded on the right by the prevailing winds.|
|A typical wind-abraded outcrop, Butler Rock, Marinette County. Typical features: fluting, high polish, gentle but extremely sharp ridges.|
|This polished and fluted surface atop Independence
Rock, Wyoming can only have been shaped by wind. It's too
high to be the result of water and was never glaciated.
How old does graffiti have to be before it stops being vandalism and becomes a historical relic? The "IOWA62" at lower left refers to 1862. Independence Rock was so named because travelers on the Oregon Trail tried to get here by July 4 to be sure of crossing the mountains before autumn snows began.
|Wind-abraded rocks are often called dreikanters from a South African word meaning "three corners." Ventifacts are common in the U.S., once you know what to look for. This perfect dreikanter was found at River Falls, Wisconsin. Most ventifacts in the northern U.S. formed during the Pleistocene when vegetation was sparse and wind-blown sand and silt was abundant.|
|The largest deflation basin in Wisconsin is near Spring Green along the Wisconsin River flood plain.|
|Many deserts are covered with desert pavement,
created when wind blows fine material away, leaving
coarse material behind. This deposit is upwind from Great
Sand Dunes (below).
A deposit of heavy material left behind when light material is carried away is called a lag deposit. Lag deposits can be created by wind, running water, and wave action.
|A "desert" pavement forming in a gravel pit near Hastings, Minnesota.|
|These longitudinal dunes in Colorado formed when sand deopped off the masa to the left and collected in the lee of rocky|
|Dunes are often hybrids of several types. In this aerial view, these dunes in Colrado are partially longitudinal (lower left to upper right) and partially transverse.|
|Beach dunes on the shore of Lake Michigan|
|The largest dune fields in the U.S. are in, of all places, Nebraska. The Sand Hills cover much of western Nebraska. They formed during the Pleistocene from glacial debris eroded out of the Rockies, and exhibit just about every type of dune. Here we see transverse dunes several hundred meters wide and a kilometer or so long.|
|These dunes in the Nebraska Sand Hills are barchan-like but much bigger and more closely-spaced than most barchans. They are several hundred meters in size.|
|Typical appearance of Nebraska Sand Hills country. The land is mostly used for grazing and is sparsely settled.|
|This dune east of Fallon, Nevada, formed from sand blown across a wide valley. Wind funnels through the low pass, but cannot carry the sand with it.|
|The highest sand dunes in the U.S. are Great Sand Dunes in Colorado. Wind blows sand from the right but cannot carry it over the mountains as air funnels through a low pass. The peaks in the foregrouns and the distance are over 14,000 feet but the pass is only 9,000.|
|The highest dunes in Great Sand Dunes National Monument are over 200 meters high.|
|The most user-friendly wilderness area around. The
area beyond the stream is perhaps the only designated
wilderness area you can walk to in your bare feet.
The bare peak is over 14,000 feet and is in the foreground of the aerial photo above. The low pass to the right is about 9,000 feet. Wind blows sand across a broad basin but cannot carry it over the pass. The small stream catches most of the sand that lands east of the dunes and returns it to the basin to be blown again.
|Every type of dune can also from in snow, but good barchans are rare. These formed near Bay Settlement, Wisconsin in January, 1997 as snow blew across a frozen crust.|
|A barchan snow drift on bay ice off Communiversity Park in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The blowing snow shows the air flow over the dune. Wind chill was about -60 when the picture was taken. My dog, smarter than his master, hunkered down in a ball and stayed put.|
|Wind-blown sand has piled against old beach terraces on the eastern side of former Lake Bonneville in Utah, outlining them clearly.|
|The cap on these bluffs along the Mississippi near Alma, Wisconsin is loess, blown from the Mississippi River flood plain during the Pleistocene.|
Created 13 August 1998, Last Update 31 August 1998
Not an official UW Green Bay site
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Capex, or capital expenditure, is a business expense incurred to create future benefit (i.e., acquisition of assets that will have a useful life beyond the tax year). For example, a business might buy new assets, like buildings, machinery, or equipment, or it might upgrade existing facilities so their value as an asset increases.
On the other hand, those expenditures required for the day-to-day functioning of the business, like wages, utilities, maintenance, and repairs, fall under the category of Opex, or operational expenditure. Opex is the money the business spends in order to turn inventory into throughput. Operating expenses also include depreciation of plants and machinery which are used in the production process.
Capital expenditures include acquiring fixed assets (tangible, e.g. machinery or intangible e.g. patents), fixing problems with an asset, preparing an asset to be used in business, restoring property so that value is added, or adapting it to a new or different use.
Operating expenditures include license fees, maintenance and repairs, advertising, office expenses, supplies, attorney fees and legal fees, utilities such as telephone, insurance, property management, property taxes, travel and vehicle expenses, leasing commissions, salary and wages, raw materials.
Accounting for Capex and Opex
The crux of the matter lies in the way these expenditures are accounted for in an income statement.
Since capital expenses acquire assets that have a useful life beyond the tax year, these expenses cannot be fully deducted in the year in which they are incurred. Instead, they are capitalized and either amortized or depreciated over the life of the asset. Intangible assets like intellectual property (e.g. patents) are amortized and tangible assets like equipment are depreciated over their lifespan.
Operating expenditure, on the other hand, can be fully deducted. "Deducted" means subtracted from the revenue when calculating the profit/loss of the business. Most companies are taxed on the profit that they make; so what expenses you deduct impacts your tax bill.
What is preferred: Capex or Opex?
From an income tax perspectives, businesses typically prefer OpEx to CapEx. For example, rather than buy laptops and computers outright for $800 apiece, a business may prefer to lease it from a vendor for $300 apiece for 3 years. This is because buying equipment is a capital expense. So even though the company pays $800 upfront for the equipment, it can only deduct about $250 as an expense in that year.
On the other hand, the entire amount of $300 paid to the vendor for leasing is operating expense because it was incurred as part of the day-to-day business operations. The company can, therefore, rightfully deduct the cash it spent that year.
The advantage of being able to deduct expenses is that it reduces income tax, which is levied on net income. Another advantage is the time value of money i.e. if your cost of capital is 5% then saving $100 in taxes this year is better than saving $104 in taxes next year.
However, tax may not be the only consideration. If a public company wants to boost its earnings and book value, it may opt to make a capital expense and only deduct a small portion of it as an expense. This will result in a higher value of assets on its balance sheet as well as a higher net income that it can report to investors.
Operating expenses are sometimes also called Revenue Expenditure. Here are two videos comparing capital and operational expenses.
Capex and Cash Flow
Investors often look not only at the revenue and net income of a company, but also at the cash flow. The reported profit, or net income, can be "manipulated" via accounting techniques and hence the idiom "Income is opinion but cash is fact." Operating expenses directly reduce the Operating Cash Flow (OCF) of the company. Capex does not figure in the calculation of OCF but capital expenditures reduce the Free Cash Flow (FCF) of the company. Some investors treat FCF as a "litmus test" and do not invest in companies that are losing money, i.e. have a negative FCF.
Amazon is an example of a company with very high capital expenses. The following chart, by Benedict Evans, shows the growth in OCF, capex and FCF for Amazon since 2003.
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Basically in one statement you can say that the Chinese New Year is the second New Moon which comes after the winter solstice. Chinese New Year starts with the Second New Moon after the winter solstice and ends on the full moon 15 days later. The 15th day of the new year is called the Lantern Festival, which is fêted at night with lamp displays and children carrying lanterns in a pageant.
New Year's Eve and New Year's Day are celebrated as a family event, a time of get-together and blessing. The celebration was by tradition highlighted with a sacred ceremony given in respect of Heaven and Earth, the gods of the family unit and the family ancestors.The sacrifice to the ancestors of the family, the most crucial of all the rituals, joins the living members with those who had passed away. Deceased relatives are remembered with great reverence because they were in charge for laying the basics for the fortune and glory of the family.
In all probability more food is had during the New Year celebrations than any other time of the year. A vast amount of traditional food is arranged for family and friends, as well as those close to us who have expired.
On New Year's Day, the Chinese family generally eats a vegetarian dish called jai. Even though the varieties of ingredients in jai are root vegetables or fibrous vegetables, many people give them superstitious aspects to them:
* Lotus seed - be a sign of having many male offspring
* Ginkgo nut - symbolize silver ingots
* Black moss seaweed - is a symbol for more in wealth
* Dried bean curd is another ingredient for achievement of wealth and happiness
* Bamboo shoots - is a phrase which sounds like "wishing that everything would be well"
* Fresh bean curd or tofu is not incorporated as it is white and ill-fated for New Year as the color signifies death and bad luck.
Other foods comprise a whole fish, to stand for togetherness and great quantity, and a chicken for affluence. The chicken must be offered with a head, tail and feet to stand for completeness. Noodles should be uncut, as they correspond to long life.
In south China, the much loved and most typical dishes were nian gao, sweet steamed glutinous rice pudding and zong zi (glutinous rice wrapped up in reed leaves), an extra popular treat.
In the north, steamed-wheat bread (man tou) and small meat dumplings were the chosen food. The remarkable amount of food organized at this time was intended to symbolize profusion and wealth for the household.
Prior to New Year's Day, Chinese families bedeck their living rooms with vases of beautiful blossoms, platters of oranges and tangerines and a candy serving dish with eight varieties of dried sweet fruit. On walls and doors poetic couplets, happy wishes are written on red paper. For example, "May you enjoy continuous good health" and "May the Star of Happiness, the Star of Wealth and the Star of Longevity shine on you" are in particular optimistic couplets.
Every traditional Chinese household have live blooming plants to be a symbol of regeneration and new growth. Flowers are understood to be representational of wealth and high positions in one's profession. A plant that blooms on New Year's Day foretells a year of prosperity and is supposed to be lucky. In more highly structured settings, plum blossoms just starting to bloom are prearranged with bamboo and pine sprigs, the assemblage symbolizing friends; the plum blossom also signifies trustworthiness and determination; the bamboo is known for its compatibility, its usefulness and its supple stems for furniture and
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From all the dog breeds the Samoyed is thought to be one of the oldest and also one of the most beautiful in existence.
The problem with this particular breed is that they simply look so ‘pretty’ that people do not take them seriously but their appearance belies their hardy natures. They were originally from the very north of Russia and Siberia and worked for the Samoyed tribes, hence their name.
They were ‘employed’ to pull the tribe’s sledges and to herd their reindeer, the breed was never really known to be a hunter but when they worked together they could actually frighten the mighty polar bear.
It is thought that due to the Samoyed’s double coat and beautifully soft and dense fur that they were also used to keep their masters warm by snuggling into their coats. The Samoyed tribes learnt how to respect this wonderful dog and through the dog’s intelligence and ability to cope with the colder climates it was happy to be with them.
During the Arctic and the Antarctic polar expeditions between 1870 and 1912 Samoyeds were mentioned all of the time; they were brought in from Siberia especially for the expeditions. The dogs proved to be more useful than other animals such as horses, mules or oxen.
They did not even consume the same amount of food as the others and were capable of travelling over greater distances than them before tiring, so on the whole the Samoyed was one of the better animals to use.
One of the initial Samoyed dogs to be registered in the USA with the American Kennel Club was from St.Petersburg, Russia. Then any of the dogs that survived the polar expeditions were bred in the UK for their outstanding beauty and their hardworking natures.
A Samoyed called Rex, who was from a kennel in the USA called White Way, often demonstrated how willing the breed was in general to work. Rex took the place of the lead dog regularly on a run over a 7,200 foot tall mountain pass, the run lasted for 64 miles; Rex never gave up he just kept on going. He even served as a rescue dog and was at the front of the rescue involving a Californian plane that crashed in 1949.
Rex held the world record in weight pulling as he managed to pull 1,870 lbs over a frozen sheet of ice in Montana in the year 1953. He became a celebrity and made appearances at parades, fairs and rodeos his nickname was the ‘Blizzard King’ due to the way he simply seemed to just break through trails even in extreme weather conditions.
Find your perfect pet with Puppies for Sale UK
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The Foundations of Buddhism (Opus)
Buddhism is a vast and complex religious and philosophical tradition with a history that stretches over 2,500 years, and which is now followed by around 115 million people. In this introduction to the foundations of Buddhism, Rupert Gethin concentrates on the ideas and practices which constitute the common heritage of the different traditions of Buddhism (Thervada, Tibetan, and Eastern) that exist in the world today. From the narrative of the story of the Buddha, through discussions of aspects such as textual traditions, the framework of the Four Noble Truths, the interaction between the monastic and lay ways of life, the cosmology of karma and rebirth, and the path of the bodhisattva, this book provides a stimulating introduction to Buddhism as a religion and way of life.
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Analyse the work of the World Health Organisation
The World Health Organisation, the United Nations Specialised agency for health, was established on 7th April 1948. The objective of the World Health Organisation is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible levels of health, this being defined in the organizations constitution as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of infirmity or disease. 192 member states govern the WHO through representatives in the World Health Assembly, a body whose primary functions are to approve the health organizations biannual budget and program.
Perhaps one of the most widely applauded actions of the WHO has been the eradication of smallpox. In 1967, when the WHO began its eradication program around 15million people were affected annually, with around two million deaths as a result. Many of the remaining victims were left with blindness or severe disfiguration as a result. Smallpox was targeted as the first major virus to be eliminated by the organisation because of its feasibility and financial viability. By 1980 the World Health Organisation certified smallpox as being eradicated. It is estimated that without the efforts of the WHO around 40 million deaths would have resulted from the smallpox virus by 2002. The eradication of the disease has been an important function of the WHO since the first concerted effort, that of smallpox, had succeeded. In 1980 the WHO targeted leprosy, which affected approximately 12million people worldwide. By 1998 just over one million people were affected, with seventy five per cent of those receiving treatment. In 1987 the WHO turned its attentions to Polio, with similar results. By 1996 Polio was on the verge of extinction, with over 1billion children having received vaccination, and Polio cases dropping by ninety per cent as a result.
Disease Prevention and Control is another important function
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The Nigerian 1986 Nobel Laureate (Literature) offers a slender, hopeful volume about his native continent’s potential for healing the world’s spiritual ills.
Now nearing 80, Soyinka—playwright, novelist, poet, memoirist (You Must Set Forth at Dawn, 2006)—writes that a “truly illuminating exploration of Africa has yet to take place.” And so he commences one, though he does not gloss over the continent’s sanguinary history—or present. Currently, he sees boundary disputes and “the honey-pot of power,” as well as the enduring issues of race and fundamentalist religions imposed from the outside, as damaging to Africa’s potential. He conducts a quick journey through history, showing readers the Africa envisioned by the actual (Herodotus) and the fictional (Othello) and the Africa whom outsiders insisted on viewing as populated by inferiors. Soyinka argues that the abuse of Africa and Africans (i.e., the slave trade) belongs in company with the Holocaust and Hiroshima in the museum of human inhumanity. He also wonders why, in 2006, the global media obsessed over some Danish cartoons insulting to Islam while virtually ignoring the vast slaughter in Darfur. He argues most strenuously against fundamentalist religions (especially Christianity and Islam), which, he says, subjugate both body and spirit. He identifies them, dispassionately, as “destabilising factors,” more harshly as “resolved to set the continent on fire.” Soyinka offers a hopeful solution: the more gentle, encompassing, tolerant beliefs of the Yoruba. He offers anecdotal accounts of non-Western medical achievements and paeans to a more accepting, less intrusive, nonviolent set of spiritual beliefs encompassed by the Yoruba deity Orisa.
A brief but eloquent plea for peace. Perhaps it takes a Nobel Laureate to see hope as the beating heart in the body of despair.
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A study to be published in the journal Psychological Science shows that many people harbor an anti-creativity bias that they are generally not aware of. Despite professing a desire for creative thinking, most people are actually unable to identify a creative idea when they encounter one.
Instead, they associate creativity with words like "agony," "vomit" and "poison". They also rejected novel ideas for products that employed new technologies.
The study, "The Bias Against Creativity: Why People Desire But Reject Creative Ideas," also revealed that novelty in itself made people squirm: test subjects did not like the idea of a nanotechnology-powered running shoe with the ability to adjust fabric thickness and reduce blisters. Even objective evidence was found not to reduce resistance to new ideas. Anti-creativity bias was found to be unconscious, like racism: the bias was also so subtle that they were simply unaware of it, leaving them unable to recognize creativity.
Uncertain about the value of creative ideas, people eschew the novel and experimental in favor of the tried and tested. In light of this strong general bias against novelty, study co-authors Jack Goncalo, Jennifer Mueller and Shimul Melwani advise that creatives spend more time devising ways to help institutions accept innovation and recognize creative thought.
Image by Kelbv on Flickr, courtesy of Creative Commons Licensing.
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Adding Ethernet protocol options
If your device has to be able to communicate using more than one industrial Ethernet protocol, the number of options is growing.
Let’s say you are a manufacturer and you have to build a group of machines that need Ethernet connectivity to transmit data and receive instructions. These could be analyzers, motor control centers, multivariable process sensors, controllers, or just about anything. What are your options?
If these machines are part of a normal product line and you expect to make them again and again, you’ll build the Ethernet interface directly into the main electronics. If these are for a smaller manufacturing lot, you may decide to use a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) Ethernet module for the sake of expedience.
Now, to further complicate things, let’s say the specification calls for the device to communicate via one of the common industrial Ethernet protocols, such as EtherNet/IP, Profinet, EtherCAT, or others, but not one specifically. The customer (or your marketing department) wants the ability to do a final configuration at the plant during installation, and may even want to go so far as to be able to change to another after some period of time. What this means is that you cannot make the selection permanent at the factory. That is a little more challenging because it eliminates using ASICs (application specific integrated circuits) or other hardwired approaches.
“Most industrial communication can be described in terms of the 7-layer OSI model for communications,” says Tom Weingartner, vice president of marketing for Innovasic Semiconductor. “Typically, layers 1 and 2 are implemented in hardware and layers 3 through 7 are implemented in software. Ideally, you would like one hardware solution and simply change the software for each industrial communication protocol. However, physical connections and electrical characteristics require different hardware for layer 1 from one protocol to another, and real-time response may require different hardware from layer 2 and above.”
What are your options? There are more choices than you may realize.
A field programmable gate array (FPGA) contains a matrix of reconfigurable gate array logic circuitry that can be configured to create a hardware implementation of a software application. Sophisticated development tools from chip suppliers are enabling embedded control system designers to create and more easily adapt FPGA-based applications.
Unlike processors, FPGAs use dedicated hardware for processing logic and do not have an operating system. Because the processing paths are parallel, different operations do not have to compete for the same processing resources. That means speeds can be very fast, and multiple control loops can run on a single FPGA device at different rates.
FPGAs can also be reconfigured, allowing designers and users a high degree of flexibility. A real-life example of this is the FPGA RTEM (real-time Ethernet module) available from Softing. This is a COTS Ethernet connectivity module mentioned earlier. The company says that this unit is designed to offer a cost-effective board-level module for use with low-volume products or when a device manufacturer does not have the necessary R+D bandwidth to design a real-time Ethernet interface from scratch. It serves as a complete interface for connecting field devices to the Profinet, EtherNet/IP, and Modbus/TCP Ethernet protocols.
Softing’s module uses an Altera Cyclone FPGA as its heart. Altera characterizes this design as created for small form factor applications in wireless, wired, military, broadcast, industrial, consumer, and other communications applications. FPGAs use IP (intellectual property) blocks or cores to support the required communication protocol. Using pre-built IP cores helps simplify creating the configuration to implement complex or specialized features. The IP can be protected with encryption with volatile and nonvolatile keys.
They can be reused with different design or size devices, and can include:
- Hardened memory controllers supporting Mobile DDR, LPDDR2 SDRAM, and 400-MHz DDR3 SDRAM
- PCI Express Gen2 x1 with multifunction support and
- Variable-precision digital signal processing (DSP) blocks.
In addition to Altera, FPGAs are available from a number of sources, including Xilinx. Ethernet modules are also available from National Instruments.
Configurable networking processors
In addition to FPGAs, there are processors that can be configured for specific functionality. Here are two examples.
Innovasic manufacturers a controller family called FIDO (flexible input, deterministic output). Simply stated, this is a CPU32+ processor with configurable I/O. The company characterizes this as moving specific real-time operating system (RTOS) functions into the silicon to provide real-time control capability and allow users to develop and debug their code faster than is possible on conventional microcontrollers. Complete solutions are available for industrial Ethernet protocols. Context switching, context management, scheduling, priority control, and memory protection are all built-in. For some applications, this capability eliminates the need for an RTOS altogether, or it may need only a small footprint RTOS.
The chip’s functionality or communication protocol can be changed by downloading new firmware over the Ethernet interface or through the controller’s debug port. Some typical applications are communication adapters, gateways, I/O modules, and communication interfaces in PACs/PLCs.
Hilscher offers its netX controller platform, which it says is a highly integrated network controller with a new system architecture optimized on communication and maximum data transfer. Each communication channel consists of three freely configurable ALUs (arithmetic and logic units), which can be configured with their command set and infrastructure to work with most fieldbus and real-time Ethernet systems.
With four configurable network communication channels, netX can support multiple communication protocols simultaneously. It can be used as a network co-processor with a standard dual-port memory interface or as a highly integrated single-chip solution for your custom control applications.
The central data switch connects via five data paths to the ARM CPU and the communication, graphic, and host controllers with the memory or the peripheral units. This allows the controllers to transmit their data in parallel. The controllers of the four communication channels are structured on two levels and are identical to each other, consisting of dedicated ALUs and special logic units that receive their protocol functions via microcode.
Making a selection
Given this range of options, how do you choose?
“With all of the advancements in FPGAs and processors becoming more configurable, the lines between these types of solutions are really getting blurred,” says Weingartner. “What you are seeing in the market right now is the FPGA guys providing HDL IP blocks so you don’t have to program the FPGA, and the processor guys providing software so you don’t have to program the processor. Which is the better approach? First and foremost is the solution that can meet your industrial Ethernet performance requirements. However, if FPGAs and standard processors all meet some minimum level of performance, that’s when you need to start looking at total ownership cost of the solution and its availability for an automation system’s product lifecycle.”
For more information, visit:
- Peter Welander is a content manager for Control Engineering, pwelander(at)cfemedia.com.
Control Engineering webcasts include more on Ethernet optimization.
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Today, least action and a flattened Earth. The
University of Houston's College of Engineering presents this series about the
machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them.
Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis was a puzzle -- so pure a creature
of the Age of Enlightenment that he almost mocks himself. Born in 1698, doted upon
by his mother, he went to school in Paris. After studying both music and mathematics,
he settled on math.
Maupertuis was brilliant, social, combative, and he ran with all the major early 18th
century thinkers. At thirty, he visited London and came back, an ardent Newtonian.
His writings on Newton attracted Voltaire's attention -- and that of Voltaire's mistress
Emilie du Châtelet who translated the Principia into French.
Through them, Maupertuis helped to sell the French on Newton.
Maupertuis was fascinated with one of Newton's ideas in particular, that Earth is not
a perfect sphere but slightly flattened at its poles. In 1735, France sent one
expedition to Peru and another (that included Maupertuis) to Lapland. The two crews
made delicate measurements that correctly suggested Newton was right.
But Maupertuis became increasingly aggressive as other philosophers attacked the idea
that Earth wasn't perfectly round. Voltaire was one of his few supporters, and even
Voltaire tended to ridicule his excessive rhetoric. And Maupertuis' grandest rhetoric
was yet to come: 1746 found him working on "metaphysical mechanics" in Berlin. There
he formulated his Principle of Least Action. It doesn't sound very excessive
on the face of it:
In all changes that take place in the universe, the sum of products
of the speed of each body and the distance it moves is the least possible.
That meant, for example, that if you throw a rock, it'll find the most economical path back
to earth -- that you can calculate its path by applying his principle. In fact, his
Principle of Least Action actually gave the same result as Newton's mechanics. Like other
revolutionary ideas, it was more than it first seemed.
But Maupertuis never doubted that he was on to something big. He titled his paper,
The laws of motion and rest deduced from the attributes of God. Then, in an odd
inversion of that notion, he claimed to've constructed a proof for the existence of God.
As anti-Newton German philosophers turned on him, his anger and disillusion led to one
alienation after another. He spent the rest of his years trying to apply the Principle
of Least Action to explain biology, and life itself. He finally died -- sick, old beyond
his years, and separated from home by the Seven Years War.
On some levels, his Principle was almost too basic. The idea that the simplest explanation
is the truest, is one we constantly rediscover. But when the Principle was used in
straightforward calculations, it solved real problems. Maupertuis had even used an early
version to explain refraction by showing that light finds its most rapid path. And, his
final vindication came in the 20th century, when DeBroglie used it to show, not the
existence of God, but the quantum wavelength of a particle.
I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston,
where we're interested in the way inventive minds
B. Glass, Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de, C. C. Gillispie, ed.,
Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 9 (New York: Charles Scribner's
M. Terrall, The Man Who Flattened the Earth: Maupertuis and the Sciences of
the Enlightenment. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002).
C. L. Tien and J. H. Lienhard, Statistical Thermodynamics. Revised Printing
(Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corp. 1971/1979): pg. 97.
Maupertuis's Lapland adventure has been celebrated in both French and Finnish stamps:
The Engines of Our Ingenuity is
Copyright © 1988-2006 by John H.
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Education of Children Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired
When a child has a visual impairment, learning and development may need to be helped along the way. Intervention, encouragement, and special educational planning therefore become an essential part of the school years. Often, children require some training and instruction from teachers who specialize in working with blind and visually impaired students. Your child might also need certain accommodations and arrangements, like books or materials in a format like braille, or a seat near the front of the class, in order to participate fully in the classroom and extracurricular activities. Learn more here about the educational process—and your child's rights.
- What early intervention services are available for young children with visual impairments?
- What is an "individualized family service plan" (IFSP) for babies who are blind or have low vision?
- What is the most appropriate placement for blind school children? Learn about state schools for the blind, resource rooms within public school districts, itinerant teachers, and more.
- What are the steps involved in writing Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) for children who are blind or visually impaired?
- What should I do to prepare before an IEP meeting?
- IEPs and 504 plans—what's the difference, and which is most appropriate for my child?
- What is "incidental learning"?
- What do parents of blind children need to know about the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?
- What kind of assessments are generally conducted for students who are blind or visually impaired?
- What if my child has not been assigned a teacher of students with visual impairments?
- We Need You!
by Scott Truax on 2/24/2016
- I’m Learning, Too!
by Susan Harper on 2/4/2016
- How Will My Child Who Is Blind or Visually Impaired Access A Formal Education?
by Shannon Carollo on 1/19/2016
- Is My Child Who Is Blind or Visually Impaired Receiving Adequate Services?
by Shannon Carollo on 1/7/2016
- Back to School: Educational Priorities for Children Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired
by Shannon Carollo on 8/27/2015
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Hard Disk device IDs in Linux
nick at leippe.com
Fri Mar 8 00:18:56 MST 2013
Historically it was sd[a-z][a-z][0-14]
The number of devices is determined by (number of major numbers) x
(number of minor numbers) ÷ (number of partitions).
I think there's 12 bits for major number and 20 bits for minor
numbers, and a max of 15 partitions. Newer kernels added a means to do
dynamic device number allocation, so i don't know what the actual
I don't know what the kernel built-in default naming scheme for the
higher drive numbers is currently. Nowadays that's often left up to
udev rules--some distros override the kernel defaults to provide a
persistent naming convention.
As for mdadm, that depends on the superblock format chosen. v 0.90
limits it to 28 components. Version 1.0 supports at least 384, to a
theoretical max of 64k component devices. Also, the superblock version
determines limits on both maximum component size and total volume size
of the combined array.
More information about the PLUG
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Researchers have discovered a natural hormone that acts like exercise on muscle tissue—burning calories, improving insulin processing, and perhaps boosting strength. The scientists hope it could eventually be used as a treatment for obesity, diabetes, and, potentially, neuromuscular diseases like muscular dystrophy.
Nature - A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis
Exercise benefits a variety of organ systems in mammals, and some of the best-recognized effects of exercise on muscle are mediated by the transcriptional co-activator PPAR-γ co-activator-1 α (PGC1-α). Here we show in mouse that PGC1-α expression in muscle stimulates an increase in expression of FNDC5, a membrane protein that is cleaved and secreted as a newly identified hormone, irisin. Irisin acts on white adipose cells in culture and in vivo to stimulate UCP1 expression and a broad program of brown-fat-like development. Irisin is induced with exercise in mice and humans, and mildly increased irisin levels in the blood cause an increase in energy expenditure in mice with no changes in movement or food intake. This results in improvements in obesity and glucose homeostasis. Irisin could be therapeutic for human metabolic disease and other disorders that are improved with exercise.
The hormone occurs naturally in both mice and humans. It pushes cells to transform from white fat—globules that serve as reservoirs for excess calories—into brown fat, which generates heat.If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks
Because the hormone is present in both mice and humans, Spiegelman speculates that it may have served as an evolutionary defense against cold by triggering shivering. He named it irisin, after the Greek messenger goddess Iris, who allowed humans to communicate with the gods in Greek mythology, because exercise appears to "talk" to various tissues in the body via irisin.
Mice given irisin lost a few grams in the first 10 days after treatment, the study shows, and certain genes involved in powering the cell were turned on. Irisin also appeared to reduce the damage done by a high-fat diet, protecting mice against diet-induced obesity and diabetes, according to the paper, whose first author is postdoctoral fellow Pontus Boström.
"We are hopeful, though we have no evidence, that this hormone may embody some of the other benefits of exercise, perhaps in the neuromuscular system," Spiegelman says. If so, it could also be used to treat disorders like muscular dystrophy and muscle wasting.
Researchers still have to figure out how much benefit irisin could provide someone with diabetes or other health problems, says Spiegelman, also a professor of cell biology and medicine at Harvard Medical School. "I'm optimistic," he says. "I just don't want to overpromise and underdeliver."
Harvard Medical School's Dean Jeffrey Flier, an endocrinologist, says he is quite enthusiastic about the new hormone. The study, he says, "opens up a completely new approach to understanding the links between exercise, body weight, and diabetes."
Flier believes irisin offers strong therapeutic potential. "Though much remains to be learned about the action of irisin, and its status in humans with various diseases, this work has the potential to be a game-changer in the field of metabolic disease."
Last month, Spiegelman formed a Boston-based company named Ember Therapeutics to develop his brown-fat research projects, including irisin. The company raised $34 million in series A financing, and is backed by Third Rock Ventures of Boston.
Harvey Lodish, a professor of biology and bioengineering at MIT, and a member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, says it may be harder to make irisin into a drug than Spiegelman anticipates. Lodish tried for years to make adiponectin, a hormone he discovered in the mid-1990s, into a similar drug, but never succeeded.
The concentration of both hormones in the blood is already so high that manufacturing enough to make a difference in health is quite challenging, he says. Maybe irisin will be easier to produce, he says, or maybe it could be delivered via gene therapy, in a modified version of the delivery system Spiegelman used in his research—but Lodish is dubious
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This article was published originally on 9/27/2013
It was not that long ago that a routine spectacle of autumn was to see monarch butterflies fill the air. There would be hundreds filling the sky as you drove along in late September. On occasion you would be fortunate enough to see a “monarch tree" where hundreds of butterflies would roost overnight in the same tree as they passed through the area on their migration-route from Canada and Minnesota to central Mexico. Check out the migration of monarchs through Iowa as documented in a blog by Robert D. Woodward.
Unfortunately, the days of plentiful migrations may be over, as monarch butterfly populations have fallen on hard times and the numbers are down. Dramatically. The decline in the number of monarchs has occurred for a variety of reasons:
- Loss of milkweeds
- Intensive farming
- Urban development
- Deforestation in Mexico
- Global climate change and unfavorable weather for monarch reproduction and growth
According to Pleasants & Oberhauser (Insect Conservation & Diversity, 2012), milkweeds, the food source of monarch caterpillars, are disappearing in both agricultural fields and non-agricultural habitats in the Midwest. By some estimates, half of the overwintering monarchs that go to Mexico in the fall come from the Midwest. Without their food source, they struggle to thrive. Between 1999 and 2010 "there was a 31% decline for non-agricultural milkweeds and an 81% decline for agricultural milkweeds with a 58% overall decline for total milkweeds." One cause of milkweed decline is the use of glyphosate herbicide on genetically modified, glyphosate-tolerant corn and soybeans.
An estimated 25.5 million more acres of corn and soybeans are now planted compared to just a few years ago. At the same time, Conservation Reserve Program land, grassland and pasture land (places milkweeds are likely to grow) have decreased. If the current trend continues, the amount of non-cropped farmland will continue to decrease, putting further pressure on monarchs.
Wet springs and summer droughts in the have decreased monarch survival and reproduction. And warmer temperatures on Mexican forest hillsides threaten the forest trees where the monarch spend the winter.
As a result of these multiple factors, last winter saw the fewest monarchs in Mexico since record keeping began. The population last winter was one-twentieth what it was just 16 years ago. With fewer monarchs overwintering in Mexico, there are fewer to return to the upper Midwest. With less food resource available to monarch caterpillars in the summer, fewer monarchs migrate south the following year. It's a vicious, downward spiral that may eliminate monarchs as we have known them.
At the moment, individual actions to increase the number of milkweeds are the best hope, but replacing the loss of milkweeds from 174.4 million acres of corn and soybeans is a tall order. As Chip Taylor (Monarch Watch) has said, "To assure a future for monarchs, conservation and restoration of milkweeds needs to become a national priority."
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You’re playing in the park together when Rover chokes on a ball. Do you know what to do? This April, animal welfare organizations are asking pet owners to think ahead when it comes to medical emergencies and disasters so they can act quickly to help their pets. You never know when a crisis might arise, and if you’re prepared with pet first aid skills, you might just prevent a tragedy.
Pets can injure themselves by choking, consuming household toxins, getting hit by cars, and in any number of other ways. Just like with humans, very fast action in an emergency can increase the chances of successful long-term treatment, which means you need to be ready with training and a first aid kit tailored to your pet and common emergencies. Luckily, there are lots of resources for you to prepare for animal emergencies.
Pet first aid classes. Veterinary clinics and animal welfare organizations often offer classes so pet parents can learn about what to do in emergencies, covering topics like helping choking animals, inducing vomiting in dogs who’ve ingested something they shouldn’t have, and using activated charcoal to counteract poisons. If a class isn’t available, interested pet owners could gather together to request one. Fees for classes and materials vary; you may want to consider helping organize a free or low-fee class for low-income pet owners.
Pet first aid kit. In an emergency, you want supplies ready at hand. Gauze, bandaging tape, antibacterial ointment, styptic pencils for snapped claws, antibacterial wipes, clean cloths and a thermometer are good things to have available. Does your pet have special medical conditions like allergies or diabetes? Keep supplies in your first aid kit!
Stick a waterproof label on the lid of your first aid kit with emergency phone numbers, including phone numbers for animal poison control hotlines (the ASPCA runs a fee-supported hotline at (888) 426-4435) and emergency veterinarians. Make sure you have a pet carrier readily available, along with leashes and other restraints for mobile pets.
Emergency kit. Sometimes your pet doesn’t need first aid, but you need to be prepared for the worst. If you receive evacuation orders or need to flee your house because of a fire, flooding, or other threats, do you have supplies ready for you and your pet? Make sure to keep copies of important documents including veterinary records, along with a supply of food, medications, toys and bedding. Think ahead so you’re ready to go in an instant, and make sure you have lists of pet-friendly shelters (applications for your phone can also help you locate local shelters and determine if they take pets).
Help your pet find her way home. While not strictly first aid related, Pet First Aid Month is a good time to remind you that you should make sure your pet has the best chance possible of making it home if she gets lost. That means your pet should have a collar and tags along with a microchip; and make sure you maintain a recent, well-lit picture of your pet in case the worst happens. Crisp, clear photographs can be extremely helpful when you’re asking neighbors, veterinarians and animal shelters if they’ve seen your furry, feathered or scaled friend.
Photo credit: Army Medicine
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Our district uses the Unique Learning System (along with modifying and adapting the regular curriculum. We also use News 2 You. What is News 2 You, you ask? It is a Special Education Online Weekly Newsletter! We LOVE News 2 You. There are So many things that you can do with the paper. There are different levels (just like in Unique). There are different worksheets. There are different words. There are different assessments. In other words, it is a fabulous way for my students to get information from a newspaper geared towards my classroom.
This all sounds fantastic, but can you say OVERLOAD! Just like every other year I change things up a bit. This year, I really like how I have my News 2 You.
I pull my students over to the calendar area in the afternoon. Remember, I have many different levels of learning, so I really have to make sure that I use my time wisely and get to all of my learners.
Couple of quick things before I go into more pictures. Every year I go shopping for school supplies. I found these really cool clear sleeves that are heavy duty. I bought them and then spent a good 3 months trying to figure out how I wanted to use them. I Finally figured out that I wanted to use them for my News 2 You area. It is great to put the worksheet inside and then add tape to make the area interactive and easy to change for the next day. The activities on this board we do every day for a week. On Friday's I then give my students the activity to do by themselves so I can assess.
Every week there are new vocabulary words that go with the theme of the paper. I print these off and on Friday's we add them to our word work books (students) and our word wall (class)
-we alphabetize these
-we find the beginning letters
-we point to certain pictures
-we read them
I LOVE this activity! I have even made a larger one in my classroom for when we read books (can you say getting my kiddos ready with anchor charts and STAAR-alt and being just like every other regular ed class!) As we read our news we fill in the blanks.
Cut and Paste Sentences
This one is another great activity for putting sentences in order.
Because News 2 You is in a PDF format to download I print them on half sheets. I make sure there are enough different levels of books for each of my students to be successful. We read these as a group at the first of the week, and then I listen to my readers throughout the rest of the week. For my non-verbal students to participate I have them point out pictures as we go along and supply words as able.
Other Great Things about News 2 You
-my students LOVE The Knock Knock jokes! What a great way to teach taking turns and humor!
-on Thursday's we do the science experiment that goes with the News (yes, there is a science experiment too!)
-on Friday's we cook (we even have a special helper that comes in on Friday's to help us do that)
-on Friday's we also put the weekly News 2 You in book boxes. Students can then color them, fill them out, and read them on their own time.
There are a TON of different things you can do with News 2 You! These are just a few of my ideas that I have used for my students to be successful.
One Last Note
I completed my first project for sewing! I had been talking about making myself an apron all year. I had an amazing parent make me a BEAUTIFUL apron a couple of years ago, but I have retired it to my house. I really wanted a half apron. Not only did I want a half apron, I wanted one with a clear pocket on the front so it could hold my badge. I am constantly leaning over to help my kiddos, and my badge always gets in the way. So, I did it! I followed the pattern, and added a couple of touches of my own. It has 2 pockets, one clear pocket, and a pen holder. I am pretty proud.
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Consider Taylor's theorem: under certain conditions, a function can be represented as for some function . Your professor's notation for is , and the notation for is . (In these notations, and are viewed as operators that take functions and return functions.) Now, the theorem above is, of course, obvious if nothing more is stated about . The theorem also states that can be represented as for some between and .
Note that for .
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While Coley settles in at his winter home, we thought we’d periodically check back in on his summer nest site: Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Queens. The bay is rich in wildlife; one of many reasons Coley and his mate may have chosen it in the first place; here, Ranger Colleen Sorbera discusses the bay’s many other avian migrants.
Coley isn’t the only bird for which Jamaica Bay is a seasonal home. In the weeks after Coley’s departure, the southbound flights of birds of prey increased in momentum. Visitors spotted American kestrels, merlins, peregrine falcons, Northern harriers, and red-tailed, Cooper’s and sharp-shinned hawks here at the Refuge, as well as other Ospreys on their way to their wintering grounds. On some days, especially when there was a wind out of the northwest, one could easily encounter 20 or more birds of prey while walking the West Pond Trail.
Bird migration can be thought of as a series of waves, or maybe musical chairs is a fair analogy. For example, American robins who summered farther north may come to stay in Jamaica Bay for the winter, or they may be passing through. Robins who summered here may move farther south. Among raptors, some peregrine falcons pass through on their way to the southernmost tip of South America, while other peregrines settle here for the winter. Adults and juveniles of the same species may have different migration patterns.
As a side note, the American robin is a good example of how birds’ ranges have changed due to human activity (global warming is one cause, so is the way humans have changed food and habitat availability). Robins were once considered the definitive migrant – the poster child for the return of spring, but now some can be seen here throughout the winter. Range shifts have also taken place in raptors such as the Mississippi kite, black vulture, and barred owl, to name a few,
On what seemed to be the busiest migration day of the season so far, I was lucky enough to come upon a Cooper’s Hawk bathing in a puddle not 15 feet in front of me. We both froze in place and stared at each other for half a minute, till the hawk gave a short grunt and flew off into the trees. Cooper’s Hawks are agile, medium-size raptors that hunt smaller birds – sometimes people who have bird feeders up to attract songbirds end up also attracting Cooper’s Hawks that are stopping by for a different meal! In the winter of 2011, the Refuge bird feeders were staked out by a Cooper’s Hawk and a sharp-shinned hawk this way for several weeks.
Last week I was watching a peregrine falcon and Northern harrier over the North Marsh, when the peregrine chased a flock of smaller birds directly into the harrier’s path. The two raptors took a break from hunting to swoop around and check each other out. Although it seemed like they would collide, they were so agile at full speed that they were not in any danger.
If you’re in the area, stop by the Refuge to check out the fall raptor migration yourself!
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P is a point on the circumference of a circle radius r which rolls,
without slipping, inside a circle of radius 2r. What is the locus
The coke machine in college takes 50 pence pieces. It also takes a certain foreign coin of traditional design. Coins inserted into the machine slide down a chute into the machine and a drink is duly released. How many more revolutions does the foreign coin make over the 50 pence piece going down the chute? N.B. A 50 pence piece is a 7 sided polygon ABCDEFG with rounded edges, obtained by
replacing AB with arc centred at E and radius EA; replacing BC with arc centred at F radius FB ...etc..
What happens to the perimeter of triangle ABC as the two smaller
circles change size and roll around inside the bigger circle?
How much more efficiently would you be able to pack 1cm diameter disks into the 1m square? Could you make an estimate for the efficiency of packing disks of diameter 1mm?
Whilst it might seem relatively simple, the problem of 'shape packing' is often very difficult mathematically to solve with certainty for many shapes. Intuitive visualisation often works just as well as a strict mathematical analysis, and often is the only sensible possibility with packing together complicated shapes.
You might like to consider situations in which efficient shape packing is relevant in the physical world.
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Cnidoscolus texanus (Müll. Arg.) Small
Texas bullnettle, Bull nettle, Tread-softly, Spurge nettle
Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family)
Synonym(s): Jatropha texana
USDA Symbol: cnte
Texas bull nettle is usually 1 1/23 feet high with several stems from the same taproot system that enables the plant to thrive even in the hottest part of the summer. Leaves are alternate, 24 inches long, typically 5-lobed, crinkled in appearance and covered with stinging hairs. If one brushes against the leaves, one will feel the sting for 3045 minutes. If any part of the stem is broken, a milky sap appears, and some people are allergic to this as well as the sting of the hairs. The flower consists of 57 white, petal-like sepals, united below; there are no petals. There are 10 or more stamens and a 3-lobed pistil. The fruit, or seeds, are clustered in 4 separate compartments held tightly together by the tough, almost round seedpod. It, too, is covered with stinging hairs. When the seeds mature, the outside fleshy part shrinks and exposes the durable shell that holds the 4 seed compartments.
From the Image Gallery
Plant CharacteristicsDuration: Perennial
Root Type: Tap
Leaf Arrangement: Alternate
Size Notes: 1 1/23 feet high.
Bloom InformationBloom Color: White
Bloom Time: Mar , Apr , May , Jun , Jul
From the National Organizations DirectoryAccording to the species list provided by Affiliate Organizations, this plant is on display at the following locations:
Fredericksburg Nature Center - Fredericksburg, TX
Brackenridge Field Laboratory - Austin, TX
Stengl Biological Research Station - Smithville, TX
BibliographyBibref 281 - Shinners & Mahler's Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas (1999) Diggs, G. M.; B. L. Lipscomb; B. O'Kennon; W. F...
Bibref 248 - Texas Wildflowers: A Field Guide (1984) Loughmiller, C. & L. Loughmiller
Bibref 328 - Wildflowers of Texas (2003) Ajilvsgi, Geyata.
Bibref 286 - Wildflowers of the Texas Hill Country (1989) Enquist, M.
Search More Titles in Bibliography
Additional resourcesUSDA: Find Cnidoscolus texanus in USDA Plants
FNA: Find Cnidoscolus texanus in the Flora of North America (if available)
Google: Search Google for Cnidoscolus texanus
MetadataRecord Modified: 2015-08-07
Research By: TWC Staff
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If You are Nuts About Health, Try the Top 6 Healthiest Nuts
Many people were scared away from nuts during the low-fat
craze of the last few decades, but now nuts are making a comeback.
Nuts are excellent sources of protein, minerals, "good"
monounsaturated fats and other nutrients, and they're
good for the heart.
A study conducted by Loma Linda University in California
that involved 31,000 Seventh Day Adventists found that eating
nuts lowered the risk of heart disease and helped participants
to keep their weight down. Other large-scale studies, including
the Physician's Health Study, the Iowa Women's Heath Study
and the Harvard Nurses Health Study, also found that eating
nuts lowered heart disease risk. Other studies have shown
that nuts help lower bad "LDL" cholesterol.
In fact, in July 2003, the FDA approved the following health
claim for nut package labels:
"Scientific evidence suggests, but does not prove, that
eating 1.5 ounces per day of some nuts, as part of a diet
low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk
of heart disease."
It only takes a small handful of nuts to satisfy hunger (and
help you stay full longer), and there are many varieties to
choose from. Here are six of the healthiest.
When it comes to nuts, the walnut is the king. It's
a great source of the healthy omega-3 essential fatty
acids, which have been found to protect the heart, promote
better cognitive function, and provide anti-inflammatory
benefits for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, eczema and
Walnuts also contain the antioxidant compound ellagic
acid, which is known to fight cancer and support
the immune system. But that's not all--in a study
in the August 2003 issue of Phytochemistry, researchers
identified 16 polyphenols in walnuts, including three
new tannins, with antioxidant activity so powerful they
described it as "remarkable."
Walnuts are incredibly healthy for the heart. A study
in the April 2004 issue of Circulation found that when
walnuts were substituted for about one-third of the
calories supplied by olives and other monounsaturated
fats in the Mediterranean diet:
Total cholesterol and LDL (bad) cholesterol were
The elasticity of the arteries increased by 64
Levels of vascular cell adhesion molecules, which
play a major role in the development of atherosclerosis
(hardening of the arteries), were reduced
Just a quarter cup of almonds contains nearly 25 percent
of your needed daily value of the important nutrient
magnesium, plus is rich in potassium, manganese, copper,
the antioxidants vitamin E and selenium, and calcium.
In fact, a quarter cup of almonds has almost as much
calcium as a quarter cup of milk.
They're also great for the colon. An animal study
on the effects of almonds on colon cancer found that
animals (which were exposed to a colon-cancer-causing
agent) given whole almonds had fewer signs of colon
cancer than animals given almond oil or no almonds.
Researchers suspect the benefit may be due to almonds'
high fiber content.
Plus, almonds are one of the best nuts for lowering
cholesterol because 70 percent of the fat they contain
is the healthy monounsaturated variety, which has been
shown to help clear arteries.
Cashews are lower in fat than most nuts, and 65 percent
of this fat is unsaturated fatty acids. Of this, 90
percent is oleic acid, the heart-healthy fat found in
Plus, cashews are rich in copper, magnesium, zinc,
iron and biotin.
Pecans are an excellent source of over 19 vitamins
and minerals including vitamins E and A, folic acid,
calcium, magnesium, copper, phosphorus, potassium, manganese,
several B vitamins and zinc.
Plus, according to Sue Taylor, R.D., director of nutrition
communication for the National Pecan Shellers Association,
"Recent clinical research studies evaluating the
impact of pecans on serum cholesterol have found pecans
can significantly help lower blood cholesterol when
consumed as part of a heart-healthy diet."
In fact, a study from New Mexico State University found
that eating 3/4 cup of pecans a day may significantly
lower LDL (bad) cholesterol and help to clear the arteries.
These nuts are extremely nutrient-rich and contain
protein, copper, niacin, magnesium, fiber, vitamin E
and selenium. Selenium is a powerful antioxidant that
works to neutralize dangerous free radicals. A study
at the University of Illinois even found that the high
amounts of selenium in Brazil nuts may help prevent
These nuts are high in protein, fiber, healthy monounsaturated
fats, potassium and magnesium. And, a study done at Hawaii
University found that people who had added macadamia nuts
to their diets for just one month had total cholesterol levels
of 191, compared to 201 for those eating the typical American
diet. The largest change was found in the LDL (bad) cholesterol.
A Little Goes a Long Way
The key with nuts is simply not to overeat them. They are
highly concentrated in both their calories and their nutrients,
so you only need a small handful at a time. Eating a variety
of nuts appears to be the best way to get all the different
benefits each nut has to offer.
Who Don't Diet are Better at Improving Health Than Those Who
Everything You Need to Know, Including the Best Fiber Sources,
to Fight Heart Disease, Obesity, Diabetes and More
World's Healthiest Foods
The Health Benefits of Nuts
Benefits of Nuts
So Good, so Good for You
Snack That can Benefit Your Health
Nuts in the Diet can Lower Cholesterol
To get more information about this and other highly important topics, sign up for your free subscription to our weekly SixWise.com "Be Safe, Live Long & Prosper" e-newsletter.
With every issue of the free SixWise.com newsletter, you’ll get access to the insights, products, services, and more that can truly improve your well-being, peace of mind, and therefore your life!
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Written by Firas Suqi ’14
So far, the focus of our lectures has been on the specific stances each party holds in regards to issues of the economy or the environment. This week, Professor Duane Oldfield discussed the demographics of voters during the presidential election of 2008, providing us with the statistical breakdown of each party by religion.
This topic was particularly interesting because religion can be seen as a reliable indicator in predicting how one may vote, especially with both candidates take firm stances on hot-button issues such as gay marriage and abortion.
The statistical figures shown to the class demonstrated the evangelical and Protestant churches’ support for the Republican Party, as well as the non-believers’ and Jewish support for the Democratic Party.
Within these alliances there was some divide, though. White Catholics seemed to prefer Republican candidates, whereas Hispanic Catholics tended to vote for the Democratic candidate. Black Protestants also strayed from the general trend of siding with the Republican Party, with over 95% voting for Barack Obama in the 2008 election.
One group that has gained considerable influence in the Republican platform is that of the Christian Right. Professor Oldfield suggested that the increased presence of the Christian Right is part of what he coined “The Culture War” between the theologically conservative and the theologically secular. The rise of social movements in the 20th century has led each party to adopt a stance on the social issues of abortion and homosexuality.
Religion (or a lack of religion) plays a large role in determining an individual’s values and how he or she will vote. It will be interesting to see the breakdown of voters for the 2012 election, and find out where the majority of America’s values lie.
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The English translation of "fleur-de-lis"
(sometimes spelled "fleur-de-lys") is "flower of the lily." This symbol,
depicting a stylized lily or lotus flower, has many meanings. Traditionally, it
has been used to represent French royalty, and in that sense it is said to
signify perfection, light, and life. Legend has it that an angel presented
Clovis, the Merovingian king of the Franks, with a golden lily as a symbol of
his purification upon his conversion to Christianity. Others claim that Clovis
adopted the symbol when waterlilies showed him how to safely cross a river and
thus succeed in battle.
In the twelfth century, either King Louis VI
or King Louis VII (sources disagree) became the first French monarch to use the
fleur-de-lis on his shield. English kings later used the symbol on their coats
of arms to emphasize their claims to the throne of France. In the 14th century,
the fleur-de-lis was often incorporated into the family insignia that was sewn
on the knight's surcoat, which was worn over their coat of mail, thus the term,
"coat of arms." The original purpose of identification in battle developed into
a system of social status designations after 1483 when King Edmund IV
established the Heralds' College to supervise the granting of armor
Religion and War
- Joan of Arc carried a white banner that showed God blessing the
French royal emblem, the fleur-de-lis, when she led French troops to victory
over the English in support of the Dauphin, Charles VII, in his quest for the
- The Roman Catholic Church ascribed the lily as the special
emblem of the Virgin Mary.
- Due to its three "petals," the fleur-de-lis has also been used
to represent the Holy Trinity.
- Military units, including divisions of the United States Army,
have used the symbol's resemblance to a spearhead to identify martial power and
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DARWIN LECTURE SERIES CONTINUES!
How did we come to be here? Answers to this question have preoccupied
humans for millennia. Scientists have sought clues in the genes of
living things, in the physical environments of Earth – from mountaintops
to the depths of the ocean, in the chemistry of this world and those
nearby, in the tiniest particles of matter, and in the deepest reaches
of space. On Tuesday, September 29, Senior Curator of Paleontology Dale
Russell presents a talk based on his new book “Islands in the Cosmos:
The Evolution of Life on Land,” which follows evolution from its origins
to the present day. The talk begins at 6:30 p.m. at the North Carolina
Museum of Natural Sciences in downtown Raleigh and is the fourth
offering of the Museum’s Charles Darwin Lecture Series.
In “Islands of the Cosmos,” Russell traces a path from the dawn of the
universe to speculations about our future on this planet. He centers his
story on the physical and biological processes in evolution, which
interact to favor more successful, and eliminate less successful, forms
of life. It remains to be seen, Russell notes in the book, whether the
human form can survive the dynamic processes that brought it into
Russell is also author of “A Vanished World: The Dinosaurs of Western
Canada” and “An Odyssey in Time: The Dinosaurs of North America”.
Science author David E. Fastovsky calls Russell “one of the great
creative thinkers of all time in paleontology.” Russell played a key
role in the discovery of the world’s first dinosaur specimen with a
fossilized heart, which became international news when it was reported
in the April 21, 2000 issue of the journal Science. The
66-million-year-old Thescelosaurus, nicknamed Willo, is on display in
the Museum’s Prehistoric North Carolina exhibit hall.
Please RSVP to firstname.lastname@example.org. This lecture is free of
charge and seating is on a first come, first served basis. Doors to the
Museum and auditorium will open at 6 p.m. Signed copies of the book will
be available for purchase.
The Museum, in collaboration with the National Evolutionary Synthesis
Center (NESCent) and the W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology at
North Carolina State University, is presenting this lecture series
throughout 2009 to commemorate the bicentennial of Charles Darwin’s
birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of “The Origin of
Species.” On Tuesday, November 24, Museum paleontologist and Darwin
scholar Paul Brinkman presents the fifth and final lecture in the
series: “Charles Darwin’s Beagle Voyage and the Origin of ‘The Origin’.”
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When Albert Laughter unpacks his medical supplies, preparing to treat the military veterans who are his patients, he finds no stethoscope or thermometer.
Laughter, a Navajo medicine man, cares for warriors as five generations of his forebears have: with traditional herbs, songs and ceremonies. But unlike his ancestors, he does it as a healer under contract with the federal government.
Laughter's services are part of a small assortment of programs run by the Department of Veterans Affairs to treat American Indian veterans for post-traumatic stress disorder and other maladies.
"Our culture, even though we live in the 21st century, we come back to the ceremonies, we come back to where the fire is, come back to where the herbs is, come back to where the songs is," said Laughter, who does his work in Navajo and in English at the VA medical center in Prescott and on northern Arizona reservations.
There are more than 181,000 American Indian veterans in the United States, less than 1 percent of the 24.8 million veterans nationwide, according to the VA. But officials at VA medical facilities near reservations say they have found Indian veterans have unique needs.
Deborah Thompson, director of the northern Arizona VA health care system, said providers don't have perfect understanding of how traditional practices help, but they have learned they are important for Indian veterans and can aid in treatment.
Most Indian veterans who participate in the traditional practices do so in combination with western medical treatment at VA facilities.
Standard western medical treatments, including psychotherapy, are less effective on their own for some Indians because of their unique traditions and cultural values, including a tendency to avoid drawing attention to themselves, VA officials say.
"In Native American culture _ in every culture _ one of the main things that goes against a spirit is taking a life," said Cari James, the minority veterans coordinator for the Carl T. Hayden VA Medical Center in Phoenix. The Hayden facility has an agreement with the Navajo Nation to reimburse costs for medicine man services provided to veterans on the reservation.
Navajo ceremonies can be performed to help Indian veterans recovering from combat and other trauma, said James, an Eastern woodland tribe Indian who is married to a man who is Navajo and Hopi.
Practices like hand trembling and crystal gazing _ which Laughter likens to a medical checkup _ can be used to determine what the veteran's spirit needs. Then ceremonies, some lasting days, are used to help cleanse or heal.
Laughter and other Indian practitioners provide a variety of veteran services, ranging from blessings to talking circles to elaborate ceremonies designed to bring a warrior back into the community.
Laughter and non-Indian VA officials say those who take part in the traditional ceremonies often report at least temporary relief from PTSD, a mental illness characterized by symptoms like flashbacks and nightmares that afflicts some who have experienced traumatic events.
Laughter, who served two tours in Vietnam, said he learned how beneficial traditional ceremonies could be in reducing PTSD symptoms when his own father, also a medicine man, performed ceremonies for him.
"When (veterans) go to the doctor or hospital, they give them medicine. Pretty soon, they have a bag of medicine after medicine," said Laughter, who wears a waist-length pony tail and turquoise bracelet along with two cell phones strapped to his belt. "We still come back to the ceremony."
Christopher Elia, head of the PTSD program at the VA center at Fort Mead, S.D., set up a sweat lodge 13 years ago and has seen veterans benefit from the sense of purification, forgiveness and thankfulness generated during a sweat.
Among the Lakota Sioux veterans he works with, "many of them feel they left _ for lack of a better term _ a piece of their psyche, or soul, on the battlefield," he said.
A sweat lodge ceremony, where hot rocks are doused in water to create steam, is how the Lakota welcome warriors home and how warriors reintroduce themselves to the community, Elia said.
"Traditionally, you give (your troubles) to the rock and burn them off. You no longer have to carry those burdens," he said.
Elia said he's unsure exactly why sweat lodges aid PTSD patients, but he's seen the experience of a sweat help veterans feel and express emotions and memories that other treatments, like talk therapy, have failed to uncover.
"Veterans will go into a sweat and say things they haven't said in five years of psychotherapy," Elia said.
Edward George Jr., a Navajo from Chinle, recently attended a talking circle presided over by Laughter, even recruiting a non-Indian veteran for the ceremony.
His spirits have been lifted by traditional songs, and George, a former reconnaissance Marine who struggles to be around people, has found it easier to communicate with others.
During the ceremony, George sat cross-legged on the floor of the teepee, his hands palms up. Laughter threw cornmeal onto the small fire and used pheasant feathers to swirl the smoke in a welcoming blessing over George's hands, shoulders and head.
"Coming back to our native culture in a way helps us find our way back, find our spirituality again," George said.
Copyright 2005 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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GM: Unsafe for Any Seed
Much of U.S. Food Supply Contaminated With Genetically Engineered DNA
Most ordinary crop seeds in the U.S. are contaminated with strands of genetically modified DNA, and unless federal regulations and farm practices are tightened considerably, the entire U.S. food supply will soon contain GM elements, says a report released yesterday by the Union of Concerned Scientists. Currently, the foreign DNA come from organisms ruled safe by federal regulators and occur at low levels. However, the report warns that the trend poses several dangers. If the U.S. supply is widely perceived as thoroughly contaminated, exports to GM-hostile countries (see: most of Europe) could be hurt, as could the burgeoning domestic market for organic food. More worrying, once GM organisms designed for pharmaceutical or industrial products become common, the contamination could pose a more serious health risk. As Margaret Mellon of UCS put it, “No one wants drugs or plastics in our cornflakes.” Representatives of the Biotechnology Industry Association said, in so many words, that genetic contamination is inevitable and other countries should get over it.
Donate now to support our work.
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The sudden release of gas will push other gases out of the way, that is true. But in a closed system like a keg where there is no mixing, you will not see stratification of the gases, they mix evenly. And let's be clear, a CO2 extinguisher does not need to push all of the O2 out of the space - the atmosphere is ~21% O2. The amount of O2 required for sustained combustion varies by material, but in general people throw around the number 14% O2 to sustain burning. So the CO2 extinguisher only needs to get rid of 1/3 of the O2. For breathing, we collapse when the O2 level drops below ~8%, and suffocate in minutes if it is below ~5%. More importantly, CO2 levels above 5% cause problems, with immediate loss of consciousness somewhere above that (10%? 15%? I'm not sure). So again, not all of the O2 and other gases need to be evacuated from the space to be dangerous.
that's why a balloon filled with helium rises.
You might have posted pre-coffee, but you know this has nothing to do with what we're talking about.
Gases mix - the molecules move constantly (if the temperature is above absolute zero), and they move faster the warmer it is. There is so much space between molecules and they so rarely interact with each other that we can effectively say they do not interact. Given time and no stirring there will be an even distribution of each type of molecule throughout the given space.
It is not an oil/water analogy. It is blue water vs. yellow water. You can layer them as gently and carefully as you want in a closed container, but given time you will end up with green water.
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We deliver the best possible quality solutions for water treatment and disinfection. For you, but also our environment. All our products are based on environment friendly technologies and our goal is to make a clean difference.
Ozone is an unstable gas with a very short half-life, which means that it reacts and disappears very fast. Ozone exists naturally in the atmosphere where it is a vital gas that protects us from harmful UV-radiation. The highest concentration of ozone is found in the stratosphere, which is also called the ozone layer.Read more
Ozone is essentially made up by oxygen. When an oxygen molecule (O2) is exposed to electric high voltage (or Uvlight in the stratosphere), the oxygen molecule (O2) is split into two oxygen atoms (O1). The oxygen atom (O1) then connects to oxygen molecules (O2) and ozone (O3) is formed. Ozone then reacts with other substances and the single oxygen atom (O1) disconnects from the ozone molecule (O3), which then again turns into an oxygen Molecule.
The Oxygen - Ozone - Oxygen cycle:
The cycle is completed. Disinfection/Sanitation mechanism: Because of its high oxidation potential, ozone oxidizes cell components of the bacterial cell wall. This is a consequence of cell wall penetration. Once ozone has entered the cell, it oxidizes all essential components (enzymes, proteins, DNA, RNA). When the celular membrane is damaged during this process, the cell wall will fall apart. This is called lysis. During ozonation of RSW systems ozone will react with all organic material. Fat and particles will float to the surface. Leaving behind a clean hold and pipeline system.Hide
Normex Service personnel is ready to provide you twenty-four seven service from day one.
We want to give you the service that you need and deserve, so please do not hesitate to contact us.
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CHST 3430 Children and the Media
(Prior to Fall 2010, this course was known as CHDST 36.
The information below might still reflect the old course numbers. Bracketed numbers, if any, are the old course numbers. Learn more...)
3 hours; 3 credits
Introduction to the role that media plays in the lives of children and youth. History of children's media and children's current use of media and communicative technology. Effects of media on developing cognitive and social function. Role of media in education. Risks and vulnerabilities of communicative technology. Commercialism and advertising in children's media. Examination of federal and local communicative regulations, and how advocacy shapes media policy. (This course is not open to students who completed this topic in Children's Studies 2200 .)
Prerequisite: English 1010 or permission of the program director.
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Capitalization and Punctuation (Grammar)A Lesson by Dinesh Sairam
To what extent can Poetic License be used in Haikus?
If you ever read some of the old English translations of Japanese or Chinese Haikus, you may eventually realize something- that most of them are heavily punctuated. Here are two translations of the famous frog haiku by Matuso Basho:
Pond, there, still and old!
A frog has jumped from the shore.
The splash can be heard.
Translated by Eli Siegel.
Translated by Cid Corman.
The difference in punctuation is easily identifiable. The usage of punctuation in Haiku may seem trivial and in any case, a matter of choice. Surprisingly, it is a subject of speculation, even as of today. It is somewhat like the division between formal and free verse poetry.
Harold G. Henderson in his 1965 book 'Haiku in English' writes "A few poets prefer to write without any punctuation marks whatever, with pauses indicated only by the ending of lines; others feel this is an unbearable restriction. The question of who is right (possibly both are) will have to be decided by the poets themselves. It does seem, however, that the resources of the English language should be thoroughly investigated and used wherever appropriate.."
If this is to be seen from the Japanese and Chinese Haikus' point-of-view, Japanese Haiku poets used only two punctuation marks in their poems: Ya (Colon, used in the middle) and Kana (Row of dots, used at the end). Even so, the original Haikus were written in feather and ink. As such, most of them did not bother to punctuate their works, and left their haikus 'floating'.
Many Haiku publishers today recommend the non-usage of punctuation or capitalization in Haikus, as they think that punctuation stops the flow of a Haiku and nullifies its dream-like quality. It is no grave mistake to not punctuate or use grammar properly (In certain cases) in Haikus. But as Henderson states, English is grammatically richer than Japanese, at least in terms of its appliance in Haiku poetry. It would be wiser to utilize that asset, and pragmatic otherwise.
As per the classic definition, here is the list of prominent English punctuation marks used in Haiku poetry and where they should be used:
: (Colon) - End of imagery.
, (Comma) - A brief pause.
; (Semi-colon) - A briefer pause.
--- (Dash) - Saying the same thing in different words.
... (Dots) - A hidden message and/or a continuum.
. (Full stop) - End of haiku.
Added on April 28, 2012
Last Updated on March 6, 2013
Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
AboutFollow @DineshThePoet An aspiring poet from the shady regions of Southern India. Inspired by the capital-G Great poets like William Shakespeare, Matuso Basho, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Willia..
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Easement, also referred to as equitable servitude, is the right to do something or the right to prevent something over the real property of another. It is treated by most jurisdictions as a property right in itself.
The right is often described as the right to use the land of another for a special purpose. Unlike a lease, an Easement does not give the holder a right of "possession" of the property, only a right of use. It is distinguished from a license that only gives one a personal privilege to do something on the land of another. Licenses in general can be terminated by the property owner much more easily than Easements. This is similar to a but not the same as a wayleave. Easement also differ from licenses in that they are attached to the land, not to a person. This means that a property that enjoys an easement over another will continue to enjoy the Easement even if the property gets transferred to a different owner.
Easement concepts differ substantially from country to country, and in the U.S. from state to state. Historically, it was limited to the right-of-way and rights over flowing waters, although this is no longer true. Traditionally, it was a right that could only attach to an adjacent land and was for the benefit of all, not a specific person; this is also no longer true in many jurisdictions.
Public Easement are those that grant the right to a large group of individuals such as the easement on public streets/highways, or the right to navigate a river.
Private Easement are those limited to specific individuals or entities such as the owner of adjoining lands.
Appurtenant Easement are ones that benefit the dominant tenement.
Gross easements benefit the personal holder of the right and do not pass automatically to another person when the easement holder's property is sold and bought. It is attached to an individual person/legal entity rather than a parcel of real estate served by the easement. Courts hold that commercially oriented easements in fee are freely alienable.
Floating Easement, also considered roving easements, occur in the absence of definite location, right of way, method or description. They become fixed only after construction and cannot be further changed.
- Easement Wikipedia entry
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Why is Egypt so important as to affect US markets when there is instability? Geographically, it is important because it controls the Suez Canal, an important shipping route between Africa and Asia. Politically, it is important because it has long been an friendly Arab country to the West – it should be mentioned the US gives Egypt’s government 1.5 billion annually in aid.
Historically speaking, Egypt is the oldest country in existence, occupying the Nile River basin for over four thousand years. Economically speaking, Egypt is an emerging economy, growing at between 4% and 5% in the past several years. The per capita GDP has been growing at a high rate since the early 80’s yet mean wages remain at a low $3 / hour at 2009. The US has a trade surplus with Egypt, selling it six billion and importing two billion dollars in goods in 2010.
In summary, the outcome of the Egypt uprising will mostly impact the US in terms of regional stability and the ease of importing oil from the area.
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The Overuse of Antibiotics in Food Animals Threatens Public Health
The Overuse of Antibiotics in Food Animals Threatens Public Health
Antibiotics have been used since the 1940s and have led to a dramatic reduction in illness and death from infectious diseases. But according to the federal Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance, “[t]he extensive use of antimicrobial drugs has resulted in drug resistance that threatens to reverse the medical advances of the last seventy years.”1 Since antibiotics have been used so widely and for so long, antibiotic resistance has become a major public health threat.
In response, there has been a concerted effort by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and others to encourage doctors and patients to use antibiotics more wisely. Unfortunately, little progress has been made to reduce the use of antibiotics on farms, where most of these drugs are administered.
Approximately 80 percent of the antibiotics sold in the United States are used in meat and poultry production.2 The vast majority is used on healthy animals to promote growth, or prevent disease in crowded or unsanitary conditions. The meat and poultry production industry argues, however, that that there is no harm in this. They say for example that “animal use contributes little, if anything, to the burden of human antibiotic resistance…”3 .
A key question is, can antibiotic use in animals promote the development of hard-to-treat antibiotic-resistant superbugs that make people sick? And if it can, are the illnesses rare occurrences, and the risks theoretical, or could current usage in animals pose a serious threat to human health.
But Consumers Union has concluded that the threat to public health from the overuse of antibiotics in food animals is real and growing. Humans are at risk both due to potential presence of superbugs in meat and poultry, and to the general migration of superbugs into the environment, where they can transmit their genetic immunity to antibiotics to other bacteria, including bacteria that make people sick.
Numerous health organizations, including the American Medical Association, American Public Health Association, Infectious Disease Society of America, and the World Health Organization, agree and have called for significant reductions in the use of antibiotics for animal food production.
History of Expert Opinion
Scientific expert bodies for more than two decades have concluded that there is a connection between antibiotic use in animals and the loss of effectiveness of these drugs in human medicine. In 1988, the Institute of Medicine (part of the National Academy of Sciences) concluded that “the committee believes that important, although as yet sparse, data show the flow of distinct salmonella clones from farm animals medicated with antibiotics in subtherapeutic concentrations, through food products, to humans, who thus acquire clinical salmonellosis.”4
Ten years later, the National Research Council (part of the National Academy of Sciences) concluded that “a link can be demonstrated between the use of antibiotics in food animals, the development of resistant microorganisms in those animals, and the zoonotic spread of pathogens to humans.”5
In 2003, an Expert Workshop co-sponsored by the World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization (FDA), and World Animal Health Organization (OIE) concluded “that there is clear evidence of adverse human health consequences due to resistant organisms resulting from non-human usage of antimicrobials. These consequences include infections that would not have otherwise occurred, increased frequency of treatment failures (in some cases death) and increased severity of infections”6 .
In 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the CDC all testified before Congress that there is a connection between the routine use of antibiotics for meat production and the declining effectiveness of antibiotics for people.7 Dr. Thomas R. Frieden, Director of the CDC, noted that “there is strong scientific evidence of a link between antibiotic use in food animals and antibiotic resistance in humans.”8
Most recently in 2012, the FDA stated “Misuse and overuse of antimicrobial drugs creates selective evolutionary pressure that enables antimicrobial resistant bacteria to increase in numbers more rapidly than antimicrobial susceptible bacteria and thus increases the opportunity for individuals to become infected by resistant bacteria.”9 Also in 2012, the FDA, in its final rule banning certain extralabel uses of cephalosporin antimicrobial drugs in certain food producing animals, stated “In regard to antimicrobial drug use in animals, the Agency considers the most significant risk to the public health associated with antimicrobial resistance to be human exposure to food containing antimicrobial-resistant bacteria resulting from the exposure of food-producing animals to antimicrobials.”10
Nevertheless, the livestock industry continues to argue that while antibiotic use may have something to do with antibiotic resistance in bacteria on the farm, it is not an important human health issue, and little change in current practices are needed.
What Happens on the Farm
Numerous studies have demonstrated that routine use of antibiotics on the farm promotes drug-resistant superbugs in those facilities. Some of the most dramatic evidence came as a result of FDA approval of flouroquinolones–a class of antibiotics that includes Cipro (ciprofloxacin), which has been used in poultry production since 1995. By 1999 nearly 20 percent chicken breasts sampled contained ciprofloxacin-resistant Camplobacter, a disease-causing bacteria.11 After a long fight in the courts, FDA finally banned use of the drug in 2005, at which point nearly 30 percent of C. coli found in chicken breasts were ciprofloxacin resistant; by 2010, resistance to ciprofloxacin had declined to 13.5 percent.12
The reason for this is that when you feed antibiotics to animals, the bacteria in and around the animals are exposed to the drug, and many of them die. But there are always some that the drug can’t kill, and those survive and proliferate. Voila, superbugs.
While not disputing these facts, the industry argues essentially that what happens on the farm stays on the farm. There may be some superbugs there, but they don’t affect people. There are two main routes, however, by which superbugs can leave the farm and infect humans. One is a direct route, in meat and poultry products, and the other is an indirect route through the environment.
Superbugs Move From Farm to Kitchen
Once they appear on the farm, superbugs most definitely move from the farm to the kitchen, via uncooked meat and poultry. Consumer Reports tests of chicken in both 200613 and 2010 14 revealed widespread presence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in retail poultry products. In both years, more than two thirds of chicken samples were contaminated with Salmonella and/or Campylobacter, and more than 60 percent of those bacteria were resistant to one or more antibiotics.
The industry argues that even this is not a concern because people know to cook poultry thoroughly. Indeed they do, but packages can drip in the refrigerator, or cutting boards can become contaminated, as well as other problems. There aren’t good data on how frequently this causes illness, especially difficult-to-treat illness, because most people just ride out an infection and it fades into the background of the estimated 48 million cases of food borne illness we have annually in the US.
But occasionally a superbug outbreak is serious enough to command the attention of the Center for Disease Control. One such case occurred in 2011, in which ground turkey was linked to 136 illnesses and one death, all caused by a strain of Salmonella resistant to four different antibiotics, ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and gentamicin.15 Some 36 million pounds of ground turkey were recalled.
Another case was ground beef from the Hannaford grocery store chain in New England linked in 2011 to 19 infections and at least seven hospitalizations, all caused by a strain of Salmonella resistant to multiple antibiotics, including amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole.16
Superbugs Move From Farm to the Environment
Superbugs can also spread beyond the farm and threaten public health through environmental transmission. This can happen in various ways, particularly via workers, or farm runoff. Once farm-raised superbugs make it off the farm, they can exchange genetic material and give their resistance to other bacteria, even of other genera and species, that have never been anywhere antibiotics. This can happen in lakes, in wild animals, and even in the human digestive tract.
Workers are particularly likely to pick up resistant bacteria from animals and take them elsewhere. A study of poultry workers in the Delmarva peninsula found they were 32 times more likely to carry gentamicin-resistant Escherichia coli, and more than five times more likely to carry multi-drug resistant E. coli, compared to other community members.17 A study performed in the Midwest found methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in 70 percent of the pigs and 64 percent of the workers at one facility, while no MRSA was found in pigs or workers at a facility in another state, strongly suggesting that the MRSA strain moves between pigs and humans.18 Indeed, a careful genetic analysis has found that a particular MRSA strain found in pigs (e.g. ST398) originated as a methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) in humans, jumped into pigs, where it acquired resistance to methicillin and tetracycline, and then jumped back to humans, where it’s known as livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA).19 This LA-MRSA (e.g. ST398) is quite prevalent in the Netherlands, where it is responsible for over 20% of all MRSA.20
However, resistant bacteria can also escape from a large livestock operation (often known as a confined animal feeding operation, or CAFO) by a number of routes, including via manure applied to fields as fertilizer,21 from trucks transporting animals,22 the wind leaving hog facilities23 or even via flies attracted to the manure which can pick up and transmit resistant bacteria.24 A recently released study of the South Platte River found that antibiotic resistance genes (coding for resistance to sulfonamides) were 10,000 times higher in river sediments downstream from larger feedlots (ones with 10,000 cattle) compared to river sediment upstream from such feedlots.25 The same study found these same antibiotic resistance genes were only 1,000 times higher from sewage treatment plants that discharge ten million gallons of effluent per day, compared to pristine sediments.
Bacteria in many environments can readily exchange genes coding for antibiotic resistance with neighboring bacteria. Antibiotic resistance genes are often located on mobile genetic elements, especially plasmids, transposons and integrons which can easily move between bacteria of the same or different species, which facilitates the spread of resistance to multiple drugs by multiple types of bacteria.26
The industry says that 40 percent of all the antibiotics used on the farm are drugs (called ionophores) not used in human medicine, so it doesn’t matter if bacteria become resistant to them. However, a study by scientists from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Cornell University involving monensin, one of the most commonly used ionophores in cattle production in the U.S., demonstrated that use of monensin in cattle feed and the selection of monensin-resistant ruminal bacteria lead to a 32-fold increase in resistance to bacitracin, which is used in human medicine.27 This study demonstrates that one cannot claim that ionophores cannot select for cross resistance to any antibiotic used in human medicine. The study called for more research.28 So, it is appropriate to consider ionophore use as part of the antibiotics used in animal agriculture.
Use of antibiotics on the farm most definitely poses a risk to human health. Antibiotic use can promote creation of superbugs which can contaminate meat and poultry and cause hard-to-cure disease in people.
Superbugs can also exit the farm via farm workers, wind, runoff, and wildlife. Even if they don’t immediately cause illness, bacteria are uniquely equipped to exchange genetic immunity via their plasmids, with other bacteria wherever they encounter them.
It is for these reasons that the public health community and FDA have been proposing to limit use of antibiotics on livestock for more than three decades (see list below). Consumers Union believes that as a prudent measure, we should drastically reduce use of antibiotics on food animals, and eliminate use altogether for growth promotion or disease prevention in healthy animals.
Some of the Organizations Supporting Restrictions on the Use of Antimicrobials in Animal Production
American Medical Association, 2001
Adopted Resolution 508, Antimicrobial Use and Resistance, which states, in part, “AMA is opposed to the use of antimicrobials at non-therapeutic levels in agriculture, or as pesticides or growth promoters, and urges that non-therapeutic use in animals of antimicrobials (that are used in humans) should be terminated or phased out”.29
American Public Health Association, 1999, 2004
Policy Number 9908: Addressing the Problem of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents and the Need for Surveillance, which urged “FDA to work for regulations eliminating the non-medical use of antibiotics and limiting the use of antibiotics in animal feeds”30 In 2004, passed a resolution urging ”bulk purchasers of foodstuffs to adopt procurement policies that encourage and, where feasible, require procurement of meat, fish, and dairy products produced without nontherapeutic use of medically important antibiotics.”31
Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2009
World Health Organization, 2001
The WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance, recommends that governments “terminate or rapidly phase out the use of antimicrobials for growth promotion if they are also used for treatment of humans.”33
For the PDF version, click here.
1 Pg 5 in Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2012. A Public Health Action Plan to
Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. Washington, D.C. at: http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/actionplan-2012.pdf
2 Confirmed: 80 Percent of all antibacterial drugs used on animals, endangering human health. At: http://www.louise.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2697&Itemid=100065
6 Pg. 1 in WHO/FAO/OIE. 2003. Joint FAO/OIE/WHO Expert Workshop on Non-Human Antimicrobial Usage and Antimicrobial Resistance: Scientific assessment, Geneva, December 1-5, 2003. At: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/micro/en/amr.pdf
8 Letter from Thomas R. Frieden, Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, to Keeve
Nachman, Program Director, Farming For the Future, at http://www.livablefutureblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/ar-m455n_20101129_182057.pdf
9 Pg. 3 in Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2012. Guidance #209: the Judicious Use of Medically Important Antimicrobial Drugs in Food-Producing Animals. At: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/animalveterinary/guidancecomplianceenforcement/guidanceforindustry/ucm216936.pdf
10 Pg. 738 in FDA. 2012. New Animal Drugs; Cephalosporin Drugs; Extralabel Animal Drug Use; Order of Prohibition. Federal Register, Vol. 77(4).http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-01-06/pdf/2012-35.pdf
11 Smith KE, Besser JM, Hedberg CW, Leano FT, Bender JB, Wicklund JH, Johnson BP, Moore KA, Osterholm MT et al. 1999. Quinolone-resistantCamplybacter jejuni infections. New England Journal of Medicine, 340(20): 1525-1532. At: http://loyce2008.free.fr/Microbiologie/diarrh%E9es%20infectieuses/Campylobacter/bla.pdf
12 Food and Water Watch. 2012. Antibiotic Resistance 101: How Antibiotic Misuse on Factory Farms Can Make You Sick. 21pp. At: http://documents.foodandwaterwatch.org/doc/AntibioticResistance.pdf
15 Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 2011. Investigation Update: Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Heidelberg Infections Linked to Ground Turkey. At: http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/heidelberg/111011/index.html
16 CDC. 2012. Investigation Update: Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Typhimurium infections Linked to Ground Beef. At: www.cdc.gov/salmonella/typhimurium-groundbeef/010512/index.html
17 Price LB, Graham JP, Lackey LG, Roess A, Vailers R and E Silbergeld. 2007. Elevated risk of carrying gentamicin-resistant Escherichia coli among U.S. poultry workers. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(12): 1738-1742. At: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2137113/pdf/ehp0115-001738.pdf
18 Smith TC, Male MJ, Harper AL, Kroeger JS, Tinkler GP, Moritz ED, Capuano AW, Herwalt LA and DJ Diekema. 2009. Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain ST398 is present in midwestern U.S. swine and swine workers. PLoS One, 4(1): e4258. At:http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004258
19 Price LB, Stegger M, Hasman H, Aziz M, Larsen J, Andersen PS, Pearson T, Waters AE, Foster JT et al. 2012. Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Host adaptation and emergence of methicillin resistance in livestock. mBio, 3(1): e00305-11 At: http://mbio.asm.org/content/3/1/e00305-11.full.pdf
20 van Loo I, Huijsdens X, Tiemersma E, de Neeling A, van de Sande-Bruinsma N, Beaujean D, Voss A and J Kluytmans. 2007. Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of animal origin in humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(12): 1834-1839. At:
21 Chee-Sanford JC, Mackie RI, Koike S, Krapac IG, Lin Y-F, Yannarell AC, Maxwell S and RI Aminov. 2009. Fate and transport of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes following land application of manure waste. Journal of Environmental Quality, 38(3): 1086-1108. At:https://www.crops.org/publications/jeq/articles/38/3/1086
22 Rule AM, Evans SL and EK Silbergeld. 2008. Food and animal transport a potential source of community exposure to health hazards from industrial farming (CAFOs). Journal of Infection and Public Health, 1(1): 33-39. At:http://www.academia.edu/591772/Food_animal_transport_a_potential_source_of_community_exposures_to_health_hazards_from_industrial_farming_CAFOs_
23 Gibbs SG, Green CF, Tarwater PM, Mota LC, Mena KD and PV Scarpino. 2006. Isolation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from the air plume downwind of a swine confined or concentrated animal feeding operation. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(7): 10323-1037. At:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1513331/pdf/ehp0114-001032.pdf
24 Graham JP, Price LB, Evans SE, Graczyk TK and EK Silbergeld. 2009. Antibiotic-resistant Enterococci and Staphylococci isolated from flies collected near confined poultry feeding operations. Science of the Total Environment, 407(8): At: http://www.jhsph.edu/sebin/q/h/AntibioticResistantEntero.pdf
25 Pruden A, Arabi M and HN Storteboom. 2012. Correlation between upstream human activities and riverine antibiotic resistance genes. Environmental Science & Technology, dx.doi.org/10.1021/es302657r At: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es302657r
26 Marshall BM and SB Levy. 2011. Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human health. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 24(4): 718-733. At:http://cmr.asm.org/content/24/4/718.full.pdf
27 Houlihan AJ and JB Russell. 2003. The susceptibility of ionophores-resistant Clostridium aminophilum F to other antibiotics. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 52: 623-628. At: http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/4/623.full.pdf
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A prominent neurosurgeon believes that transplanting a human head is now actually a viable procedure.
While head transplants have been a staple of experiments on animals since the 1970s, the idea of transplanting the head of one person on to another has remained impossible, mainly because there is no way to reconnect the spinal cord. There is also the question of whether a person could remain alive during such a procedure and whether it would even be the same person by the end of it.
Dr Sergio Canavero believes that the technology now exists that could make such a procedure a reality. "The greatest technical hurdle to such endeavour is of course the reconnection of the donor's and recipient's spinal cords," he said. "It is my contention that the technology only now exists for such linkage. It is argued that several up to now hopeless medical conditions might benefit from such a procedure."
"Dr Sergio Canavero believes that the technology now exists that will allow surgeons to carry out the Frankenstein-style procedure, which has been tested out on animals since 1970."
View: Full article | Source: Telegraph
Discuss: View comments (38)
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Genus Cercis, L. (Red Bud)
Leaves - simple; alternate; edge entire. Outline - round heart-shape. Apex - tapering and rather blunt, sometimes with a short bristle. Base - heart shape. Leaf/Stem - smooth and swollen at each end into a sort of knob. Leaf - usually about four to five inches long and wide; rather thin, smooth above and below; with seven prominent ribs radiating from the end of the leaf-stem. Flowers - reddish, acid, usually abundant in small clusters along the branches; appearing before the leaves. March to May. Fruit - a small, many-seeded, flat pod, winged along the seed-bearing stem. Seeds - reverse egg-shape. Found - in rich soil, Western Pennsylvania, westward and southward. Common in cultivation. General Information - A small and fine ornamental tree, with long, flat-leaved branches. The name "Judas tree" is traditional. "This is the tree whereon Judas did hang himself, and not the elder tree, as it is said." From a Greek word meaning "shuttle," because of the shuttle-shaped pod.
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Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1836-1922 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the
National Endowment for the Humanities and the Library of Congress. external link Learn more
Image provided by: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library, Urbana, IL
Newspaper Page Text
HOW BOXER AND PRIZE-FIGHTER DIFFER
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: Goldman and Attell. -Attell Blocking left lead and countering with
t 'k ' - left to stornaclu
' (In thisrthe third article by
Abe Atteli; he points out the -mis-
takes many young 'boxers' make
'and enlarges up6n vthe Value of
feejing as an assent in-the art of
t self-deferse. Also he tells the
boxer and'prize fighter. Editor.)'
I - 3y Abe Attell.
. Neyer waste a "blow-make
every one count. .
Many boxers 'fail because they
"swing wild because they donT
when they know the man isn't in
range. The uselessvswing uses up
much energy and throws them off
their balance giving a chance to
shoot in a sohld-punch.
When you punch", jkit your
weight behind, it but don't put
all ybur weight tack of 'a blow
uqtiryou have learned to guage
distance, -because it 'you do and
miss, vou'll swing around like a
Take advantagre'of everv ooen-
use judgment -Eheystarta.blow.
g Don't-pjay-a; favorite spot
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An American cicada whose nymphs emerge from the soil in large numbers periodically. The mature nymphs of the northern species ( seventeen-year locust) emerge every seventeen years; those of the southern species emerge every thirteen years. A cicada brood can be so abundant that the shrill sound emitted by the males can damage the human ear.
- Genus Magicicada, family Cicadidae, suborder Homoptera: six species.
- It is not known how periodical cicadas synchronize their life cycles over 13 or 17 years - or how they manage to count out the years.
- The fact that periodical cicadas emerge after a prime number of years could be just a coincidence.
- But the lack of a viable predator control of the periodical cicadas doesn't mean the periodical cicadas have no predators, or no effect on their predators' lives.
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: pe·ri·od·i·cal ci·ca·da
Definition of periodical cicada in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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Photo: Josar (flickr)
Imagine the following scenario: Your baby drops her pacifier on the floor and then starts to scream because she can’t live without it. To restore quiet as quickly as possible, you pop the pacifier into your own mouth, suck it clean, and hand it back to the baby.
What About The Germs?
Although it’s not clear what the results mean exactly, researchers in Sweden have observed that children whose parents sucked on their pacifiers to clean them had fewer allergies, less asthma and lower rates of eczema than children whose parents didn’t.
One possible reason is that microbes from parents’ mouths actually help boost children’s immune systems. If further research shows this to be the case, it will bolster the so-called “hygiene hypothesis,” which basically states that our modern obsession with cleanliness is behind today’s increased incidence of allergies.
The Jury’s Still Out
In spite of a fair amount of evidence in support of the hygiene hypothesis, scientists still aren’t sure it holds water. A lot of additional scientific work will need to be done in order to know conclusively one way or the other.
This means that before you get into the habit of mingling saliva with your baby, you should probably do some more research on your own — and have a long talk with your child’s pediatrician.
- The Hygiene Hypothesis: Are Cleanlier Lifestyles Causing More Allergies For Kids? (Science Daily)
- Sucking Your Child’s Pacifier Clean May Have Benefits (Huffington Post)
- ADA Says Saliva Harbors Cavity-Causing Bacteria That Can Be Transmitted To Babies (Reuters)
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Welcome to CS186, a hands-on introduction to Database Systems: their
internal architecture, algorithms and data structures, their
theoretical underpinnings, and their use. Topics include:
Database Engine Core Technology:
data layout, indexing, query processing algorithms, query optimization,
transactional concurrency control, logging and recovery.
Data Models and Languages: The
Relational model of data, formal relational languages (relational
algebra and calculus), and the SQL language. Text and web search
models and implementation, including Boolean search and ranking.
Extensions to the relational model including object-relational
features, XML and associated query languages.
Database Design: Entity-Relationship
modeling, logical relational schema design, physical design, functional
dependencies and normalization, and database tuning.
development: Application-level database APIs including
host-languages embeddings library interfaces like JDBC, and web script
interfaces like PHP.
Work for the course includes team-oriented programming projects based
on extensions to the PostgreSQL
open-source database system, originally developed right here at Berkeley
and now used worldwide.
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I was just so curious when actually people start using cell phones and how first cell phone look like? To find my answers I start digging web and came up with this article, hope you will like it!
It’s hard to imagine that once the hand held light weight device through which we can communicate throughout the world was a rarity just couple of decades of ago. Cell phones are integral part of our lives styles now and we rarely leave our homes or offices without it. The cell phones we see today have an interesting history; it all actually started couple of centuries ago when our fore-fathers were thinking that long distance communication could only be done my snail mails.
How It All Started
It takes a few men of vision to spread their dreams globally so it all really started with one man Samuel Morse. In 1832, Samuel Morse conceived the idea of electromagnetic telegraph and laid down experimental version of his idea. Then in 1842, he laid wires between Governor’s Island and Castle Garden, New York, a distance of about a mile. Half of circuitry was underwater that got broke when passing ship pulled up the cables, many speculated the end of his dream and yet Samuel Morse didn’t give up and proceeded without the cable and successfully managed to introduce first ever wireless transmission by conduction to the world.
And then the ideas started pouring in, new possibilities emerged when Michael Faraday, an analytical chemist, started an exhaustive research on space conducting electricity and then in 1865 Dr. Mahlon Loomis was the first person to communicate through wireless via atmosphere. He was the one who developed the method of transmitting and receiving messages through earth atmosphere. That was the beginning for cell phones.
The First Ever Cell Phone
For many decades, scientist concentrated on wired communication and telephones become house hold devices. Concept of wireless phones were there but no relevant success was seen until Dr. Martin Cooper invented first ever portable phone. He was the first person actually to make phone call on cell phone, he did this on the streets of New York. He related his experience in these words:
As I walked down the street while talking on the phone, sophisticated New Yorkers gaped at the sight of someone actually moving around while making a phone call. Remember that in 1973, there weren’t cordless telephones, let alone cellular phones. I made numerous calls, including one where I crossed the street while talking to a New York radio reporter – probably one of the more dangerous things I have ever done in my life. – Martin Cooper. (Source here)
This rectangle box you’re seeing right now was the first commercial cell phone that became available in 1983. Then it cost $3995, weighted two pounds. Talking time was 35 minutes and for that, phone had to be charge for ten hours! Thankfully cell phones have improved a lot since then. You can see various images of old phones here. It’s a wonder to see how quickly technology has changed the face of the cell phone in little time.
Evolution of Cell Phones
Initially there was limited coverage and too much static filled but in 1980, cell phone quickly started to overcome it’s hurdle as proper standards and regulations were set. Inner circuitry became more powerful and smaller, making the possibility of smaller and lighter cell phone a reality. In 1990s when transmission of cellular phone went from analog to digital, quality of communication improved. With emergence of pre-paid phone accounts, cell phones truly become popular because that made this communication technology affordable for everyone.
The best thing about the evolution of cell phones is that its not over yet. Plenty of changes happened, plenty are happening and there are plenty of new ideas that are surging around that one day become an important part of cell phones.
Tags: cell phones, cell phones history, first cell phone, hand held devices, Handset
Posted in Cell Phone News & Tips | No Comments »
Generation Y is tech-savvy, gadget freak and immensely taken to cell phones. This is the generation that was born in an era that have seen the rapid fire growth in information technology and gadgets that have overnight become the necessity of life, so naturally the youth is adapted to computers and modern gadgets more easily than their parents. Phones which were just a form of communication couple of decades ago have now become more than that, it’s a combination of technology and style statement now along with just a cellular phone.
A useful style statement to be precise as the phone takes pictures, makes video, send emails, it’s a video and music player and every once in a while, it attends calls even. These factors contributed to the fact that now cell phones are the important part of generation Y and any innovation in cell phones is hugely welcome. And among cell phones, touch phones are fast becoming hot favorite of Generation Y.
Touch phones are the latest infatuation among the tech savvy’s due to sleek design and state-of-the-art technology. Until lately, iPhone ruled the touch genre but now different companies are launching their own attractive models that are certainly gaining attention. There are several models of touch phones that are making their entrance in the mobile phone market even despite the recession and competition is stiff among mobile phone companies. Many great features are introduced in touch phone that were not present before and hence are made to be more appealing among the masses.
There are two brands in touch phones that are giving competition to Apple’s iphone; HTC Touch Diamond and Samsung SGH Omnia due to their attractive specifications and style. Here is the short review of these two genre of touch phones to see why they’re becoming favorite of so many people.
HTC Touch Diamond is catching the attention of Y-Generation because its sleek, glossy and offer four keyboards with a camera of 3.1 Megapixel and have impressive 4GB of memory. HTC Touch Diamond is reasonable in price compared to other rival touch phones in the market. It offers simplicity with full functionalities. On the hind side, it collects dirt and oil very easily and has no memory card.
Samsung SGH Omnia is one of the hottest touch screen phone from Year 2008 and resembles iphone very much in looks and feel and offers practically all the features of iphone. It has customizable keyboard, high picture quality and plenty of space. It is stylish and have a sleek smooth look to it. Because of this, Samsung SGH Omnia is certainly gaining widespread approval for it’s efficient functionalities and style.
Besides these two touch phones, there are touch phones in the market that are making a notch for themselves as well. You can review which are the top ten touch phones here in the cell phone market.
Tags: cell phones, gadget, generation y, HTC Touch Diamond, iphone, samsung sgh omnia, touch phones
Posted in Cell Phone News & Tips | No Comments »
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School Desegregation and Educational Attainment for Blacks
NBER Working Paper No. 13193
The desegregation of Southern schools following the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown decision was perhaps the most important innovation in U.S. education policy in the 20th century. This paper assesses the effects of desegregation on its intended beneficiaries, black students. In Louisiana, substantial reductions in segregation between 1965 and 1970 were accompanied by large increases in per-pupil funding. This additional funding was used to "level up" school spending in integrated schools to the level previously experienced only in the white schools. The effects of desegregation on the educational experiences of black students differed substantially depending on the black share of enrollment in the district. For historical reasons, blacks in districts with higher black enrollment shares experienced larger increases in funding, compared to their counterparts in lower black enrollment share districts. On the other hand, blacks in high black enrollment share districts saw smaller increases in exposure to whites (who were higher-income). Blacks in high black enrollment share districts experienced larger improvements in educational attainment, suggesting that the increase in funding associated with desegregation was more important than the increased exposure to whites. A simple cost-benefit calculation suggests that the additional school spending was more than offset by higher earnings due to increased educational attainment. Using a different source of variation and methodology, the results of this paper are consistent with earlier work suggesting that desegregation improved educational attainment for blacks and sheds new light on the potential mechanism behind this improvement in Louisiana: increased funding for blacks' schools.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w13193
Published: School Desegregation and Educational Attainment for Blacks Sarah J. Reber Journal of Human Resources, 2010, vol. 45, issue 4, pages 893-914
Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded these:
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MAMMOTH FOUND WITH FLOWING BLOOD
More “news of the weird” today comes from the paleontology world. A fully preserved female mammoth was discovered by Russian scientists in Siberia recently. The specimen was complete with good quality muscle tissue and actual blood that still flowed freely from the mummified corpse. This discovery furthers the concept of one day cloning a mammoth or other prehistoric species. Of course, I beg the question again: haven’t people seen Jurassic Park?
The female mammoth, now named Lyuba, was found beneath the ice on the Lyakhovsky Islands, the southernmost group of the New Siberian Islands in the Arctic seas of northeastern Russia. The blood was found pooled in the ice cavities located just below the belly of the beast. The unusual fact about this blood is that even at a temperature of 10C below zero the fluid flowed freely when the cavities were punctured with a poll pick.
“It can be assumed that the blood of mammoths had some cryo-protective properties,” said Semyon Grigoriev, head of the Museum of Mammoths of the Institute of Applied Ecology of the North at the North Eastern Federal University as cited by Interfax news agency.
A bacteriological analysis is currently being conducted on the blood sample. It has also been reported that the muscle tissue was so well-preserved that it had the consistency and appearance of fresh red meat. This is due to the fact that the lower half of the animal was trapped beneath pure ice. Scientists estimate the age of the mammoth, which lived approximately 10,000 to 15,000 years ago, to have been between 50 and 60 at the time of its death.
Results from the bacteriological analysis are expected back in late July.
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Muhajir Urdu Culture
A selection of articles related to muhajir urdu culture.
Original articles from our library related to the Muhajir Urdu Culture. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Muhajir Urdu Culture.
- The Celtic Vedic Connection, Part I
- Of all the great ancient cultures perhaps no two share more parallels than those of the Celtic and Vedic peoples. A deep rooted affinity runs between them, what is present in one is mirrored in the other. Myths, Gods, Goddesses, even fairy tales bear a...
Religions >> Druidism
- Origins of the Celts
- Two new groups of people emerge in Central Europe during the late Neolithic (New Stone Age) period, one certainly immigrant. Each group may be distinguished archaeologically by characteristic artifacts found in their respective burial sites. One was a Bell...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
- Pagan Culture Never Died
- Pagan culture never died. It changed, was hidden, became hushed -- but never died. We can look around and see that many of the Old ways are still part of everyday life. Here's a few examples. What others can you see in your own surroundings? A personal...
Saga of Times Past >> History & Anthropology
- The 'W' Word (Witch), What Does it Mean?
- The other day I sat down and again tried to define what it is that I am doing. We are talking about beginning our church next year, but a church of what? I am the type that is most comfortable with a clear and complete understanding, so I began at the...
Religions >> Paganism & Wicca
- Select Cross-Cultural and Historical Personifications of Death
- This extensive introduction includes some of the more well known, along with some lesser known Death "incarnations", and I use that term loosely, as in many cultures, the Angel of Death can be quite an adept shapeshifter. We have tried to cull...
Mystic Sciences >> Necromantic Studies
Muhajir Urdu Culture is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Muhajir Urdu Culture books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- The Karachi Saga
- The 'city of lights' Karachi is home to approximately 14 million people and a plethora of cultures that the diversity has brought along with it. Being a mega city, it is faced with conflicting situations. ...
- Burden of memories, reality of the present
- The COP comes up with an impressive nine-point agenda including restoration of direct elections, adult franchise, democratisation of the 1962 Constitution and, among other things, greater representation to the Urdu-speaking muhajirs in Sindh.
- After Liaquat Ali Khan's murder, the Company Bagh was renamed as Liaquat Garden.
- There was a possibility that Indian agents could easily buy their loyalties.
- Why Pakistan's army is targeting the MQM party
- The MQM leadership, which represents the "muhajirs" or the people who had migrated from India to Pakistan in 1947, denies these claims.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Muhajir Urdu Culture Topics
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Poppy
poppy (plural poppies)
- Any plant of the species Papaver, with crumpled often red petals and a milky juice.
- A bright red colour, tinted with orange, like that of the poppy flower.
- (chiefly Britain, Canada) A simple artificial poppy worn in the buttonhole to remember the fallen in the two World Wars, especially around Remembrance Sunday.
2011 November 10, Jeremy Wilson, “England Under 21 5 Iceland Under 21 0: match report”, in Telegraph:
- With such focus from within the footballing community this week on Remembrance Sunday, there was something appropriate about Colchester being the venue for last night’s game. Troops from the garrison town formed a guard of honour for both sets of players, who emerged for the national anthem with poppies proudly stitched into their tracksuit jackets.
- (reds) red; blood red, brick red, burgundy, cardinal, carmine, carnation, cerise, cherry, cherry red, Chinese red, cinnabar, claret, crimson, damask, fire brick, fire engine red, flame, flamingo, fuchsia, garnet, geranium, gules, hot pink, incarnadine, Indian red, magenta, maroon, misty rose, nacarat, oxblood, pillar-box red, pink, Pompeian red, poppy, raspberry, red violet, rose, rouge, ruby, ruddy, salmon, sanguine, scarlet, shocking pink, stammel, strawberry, Turkey red, Venetian red, vermillion, vinaceous, vinous, violet red, wine (Category: en:Reds)
- Of a bright red color, tinted with orange, like that of the poppy flower.
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.
Translations to be checked: "color"
Diminutive of pop.
- An affectionate nickname given to a father or grandfather, or a male authority figure standing in a similar position.
- Having a popping sound.
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Our friend Warwick Hughes draws our attention to a section of the AR5 which features the Maoris. Not New Zealanders, note, but Maoris.
In it, the IPCC expresses particular concern for Maoris, who, they predict, will be disadvantaged by the progressively worsening effects of anthropogenic global warming. They claim that Maoris’ “choices and actions continue to be constrained by … inequalities in political representation.”
Warwick raises his eyebrows at this and asks whether climate change is a hot topic in Maori society. But the allegation of inequality is so far from true that we can only jeer. In reality, the Maoris have automatic, unelected representation on public and private bodies throughout the length and breadth of New Zealand.
Nobody else gets into government with no effort, nor do proper democracies decide these matters according to the candidate’s race. But here we are, the world’s most flexible democracy: capable of describing outright racism as a fair go.
The most prominent example is the four Maori seats in the Parliament, introduced temporarily in 1867 to overcome the probable reluctance of Pakeha electors to vote for unknown Maori candidates. But Maoris also enjoy the unique right, at all levels of governance, to be consulted on public projects great and small. It’s a consideration that should not be contingent upon one’s race.
Independent Maori Statutory Board
Concerning the Auckland Council, which two years ago amalgamated the eight former local bodies, most electors would have been content to have our representatives elected in open competition, but the Maoris (or at least the Maori elite) outsmarted the rest of us at that game. They set up the Independent Maori Statutory Board to advise the Council and sit — and vote — on the most important 16 council committees. The members are not elected by registered Auckland electors, but simply appointed by a small number of local Maoris in a mysterious process that’s far from transparent.
Well, perhaps it is transparent, but I can find only this, from the Board’s web site:
The Board was appointed by the iwi [tribe] selection body. The Minister of Maori Affairs invited Mana Whenua [customary authority] groups in Auckland to select a person to be its mandated representative to the iwi selection body. The selection body developed its own process and procedure for appointing the members of the Board and were established only for the purpose of appointing members to the Board.
Not very illuminating. The local Maoris don’t use any democratic process to choose their representatives and, by definition (“established only for the purpose of appointing members”) don’t use that process for anything else. Why don’t they tell us what they do?
While the Maoris insist on “democratic” rights to their own representation, they don’t use democratic practices, nor do they want the same level of “democracy” for all the other races living here.
This is legislated racism. It is deplorable. The right of Maoris to have these privileges is not based in the nepotism they openly practise, nor in any perceived superiority over other races due to might, prowess or intellect, but in their claimed position as “tangata whenua” — man of the land.
Yet who is not a man of the land — some land, somewhere? To be born and raised in New Zealand, to till the soil and raise crops, to bury one’s forefathers here — what does this omit? How can one remain a foreigner after all that?
Those simple practices have made tangata whenua of millions of us who are not Maori and are not considered Maori, even though they fully qualify as tangata whenua.
But without that magic Maori-coloured skin (or, in modern parlance, DNA), those special democratic privileges for the “people of the land” are prohibited. We cannot set up our own organisation, pick our own people and have them debate the issues and vote on the action to take, can we?
Oh, wait. That’s what democracy means. We set up a committee and vote people on to it. Those people represent our interests on the committee and take action. They’re not there forever, so if they displease us we can vote them out of office. Simple. Why do the Maoris need anything else?
Not a single person anywhere did not spring from the soil, does not win maintenance from the soil and will not eventually return to the soil. The emphasis the Maoris and their shiny-eyed, socialist sympathisers place on their “special” relationship with the earth ignores the special relationship we all have with the earth, even if we don’t call the earth a placenta (which Maoris do — it’s the same word).
We all live from the earth. Dry your eyes and look with a cool gaze on this paradise we inhabit. We are all indigenous peoples.
Institutionalised racism is out of step with modern life, undemocratic and unjustifiable; it’s a bullying approach to reason, as barbaric as taking slaves and as stone-aged as eating one’s enemy.
But it’s readily destroyed — we don’t need force of arms. All it will take is the will of the majority.
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Today is Tuesday, Dec. 3, the 337th day of 2013. There are 28 days left in the year.
On Dec. 3, 1984, thousands of people died after a cloud of methyl isocyanate gas escaped from a pesticide plant operated by a Union Carbide subsidiary in Bhopal, India.
On this date:
In 1810, British forces captured Mauritius from the French, who had renamed the island nation off southeast Africa “Ile de France.”
In 1833, Oberlin College in Ohio – the first truly coeducational school of higher learning in the United States – began holding classes.
In 1967, surgeons in Cape Town, South Africa, led by Dr. Christiaan Barnard performed the first human heart transplant on Louis Washkansky, who lived 18 days with the new heart.
In 1979, 11 people were killed in a crush of fans at Cincinnati's Riverfront Coliseum, where the British rock group The Who was performing.
In 1992, the first telephone text message was sent by British engineer Neil Papworth, who transmitted the greeting “Merry Christmas” from his work computer to Vodafone executive Richard Jarvis' mobile phone.
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A list of student-submitted discussion questions for Population Size.
Explains how overfishing can cause the collapse of a fishery and how to avoid that.
This study guide summarizes the key points of Population Size. You can download and customize it to suit your needs and study habits.
These flashcards help you study important terms and vocabulary from Population Size.
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DHT and HairLoss Process (The DHT Theory)
(The most widely accepted theory)
DHT is a highly active form of testosterone, which influences many aspects of manly behavior, from sex drive to aggression. DHT is a naturally occurring hormone which assists with sexual development in males during fetal development and puberty. DHT which is produced in the prostate, various adrenal glands, and the scalp is produced from testosterone by two 5-alpha reductase isoenzymes, called Type I and Type II. Type I 5AR is much more prominent in the scalp than Type II. However, immunostaining techniques reveal that Type I is abundant in sebaceous glands, while significant Type II is present in the dermal papilla itself. DHT is the androgen thought to be most responsible for male pattern baldness. DHT has a very high affinity for the androgen receptor and is estimated to be five to ten times more potent than testosterone. Other androgens that may be significant in pattern loss include androstenedione, androstanedione and DHEA (especially in women). All of these fall into hormonal pathways that can potentially result in elevation of DHT downstream via various enzymes.
It is possible that certain DHT metabolites may play a role in pattern hair loss as well. During hair loss, DHT begins to treat your follicles as foreign objects in your body. Similar to an auto-immune response, it slowly begins to reject the follicles. During this time there typically is increased Sebum production. During hair loss, DHT begins to treat your follicles as foreign objects in your body. Follicles at the front, top, and upper back of the head in most men are genetically programmed to become susceptible to DHT at some point in the man's life. Those hairs which cover the sides and bottom back of the head typically are not, which is why most men do not lose hair in these areas.
This is lengthy progression, and the cycles for hair growth are typically about 3-9 months. Without a DHT inhibitor either systemically (in the bloodstream) or locally in the scalp, each time your hair cycles, the follicle will become thinner, shorter, and ultimately it will not grow back in. Over time, the action of DHT will cause each hair follicle to decay and shortens the anagen phase. Some follicles will gradually die, but most will simply shrink to the size they were when you were born which produce weaker hairs. With a progressively shorter anagen growing cycles, more hair is lost, and the remaining hair becomes finer and thinner until they are too fine to survive.
The sebaceous gland (gland producing sebum - natural oil) attached to the hair follicle remains the same size. As the hair shafts become smaller, the gland continues to pump out about the same amount of oil (sebum). So as your hair thins, you will notice that your hair becomes flatter and oilier. Some studies have shown that while men with hair loss don't have higher than average circulating testosterone levels, they do possess higher than average amounts.
physiological factors might cause hair loss. Recently, a group
of Japanese researcher reported a correlation between excessive
sebum in the scalp and hair loss. Excessive sebum often accompanying
thinning hair is attributed to an enlargement of the sebaceous
gland. They believed excessive sebum causes an high level of
5-alpha reductase and pore clogging, thus malnutrition of the
hair root. Although this condition could be hereditary, they
believe diet is a more prominent cause. The researchers note
that Japanese hair was thick and healthy, with a small gland
and little scalp oil, until the occidental habit of consuming
animal fat crept into their diet after World War II.
This change has led to a significant height increase in the Japanese population, but it has also resulted in more Japanese men losing hair. To some extent, their observation makes sense since problems with greasy hair have often been noted as much as six months to a year prior to when thinning hair becomes noticeable, but this might be just one of the symptoms, not underlying cause, more research is needed. Most doctors agree that if you have a oily scalp with thinning hair, frequent shampooing is advised. shampooing can reduce surface sebum, which contains high levels of testosterone and DHT that may reenter the skin and affect the hair follicle.
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Heart Patients, Diabetics at Increasing Risk from Medical Device Malware
The risk of attacks on medical devices such as defibrillators, pacemakers, insulin pumps, and other software-controlled medical equipment is rising, as cyber-criminals improve hacking techniques, according to Bitdefender.
In September, the US Government Accountability Office also warned about vulnerabilities in computerized medical devices because of outdated software and firmware. Targeted attacks on medical equipment and hospitals pose an even greater degree of risk because there is never enough security in place when it comes to this type of attacks.
Some of the most common types of medical cyber-attacks include Wi-Fi hijacking, spyware installed through network plugs in hospitals, and malware that can overwrite or damage data.
“An unspoken law of IT security is that any vulnerability will eventually be exploited. Patients risk losing their pe rsonal data, and systems within the hospitals may slow down and even become unresponsive if infected,” said Bitdefender Chief Security Researcher Alexandru Balan. “The scenarios that may derive from this may very well look like crime movies. Hackers can perform attempts at patients’ lives, steal information about high profile or public figures, and use them as a beachhead for other social-engineered targeted attacks.”
Software-controlled dispatch centers are prone to hacking and spying through their Command and Control Center, which contains video and audio information, and also hazard, and Automatic Resource Locations maps.
Bitdefender advises medical centers to:
- Tighten security measures, by keeping their operating system, and their antivirus software, updated.
- Monitor their bring-your-own-device, or BYOD, policies in hospitals and dispatch centers to prevent data breaches.
- All communication through VPN services should have strong encryption, as basic virtual private networks can be hacked for a few dollars.
- Medical devices can also be hacked through common flaws in Windows, the operating system used by most of them.
- Keep any and all WiFi networks outside of the main network, as WiFi hacking is common knowledge for anyone with a tool just downloaded from the Internet.
- Place Intrusion Detection Systems absolutely everywhere and get warnings whenever attempts are made to access the network or a medical device.
Find out more on smart devices and their blind spot on HotForSecurity.
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Cellular Garbage Collectors Beat West Nile, Study Shows
Augmenting the body’s innate ability to rid itself of “garbage” that regularly builds up in human cells may help defend against the West Nile and chikungunya virus, and slow the spread of HIV, scientists said.
Mice infected with chikungunya, a mosquito-borne illness in humans, were given a peptide that’s known to rev up the cleaning system for cells, said Beth Levine, a professor at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas who led the study. About 37 percent survived, compared to none in the control group, according to the study today in the journal Nature. In mice with West Nile disease, 20 percent survived.
While scientists were aware that the cleansing process called autophagy occurred in cells, this is the first agent known to increase it, a potential key to fighting aggressive pathogens in the future, Levine said in a telephone interview.
“Autophagy is a survival mechanism, to get rid of garbage,” said Kay MacLeod, an associate professor at the University of Chicago, in a telephone interview. She wasn’t involved in the study. “This peptide is waking the cleaning person up, and getting them back on the job.”
In cell cultures, introduction of the peptide called Tat- Beclin 1 slowed replication of HIV and the foodborne illness listeria and cleared the characteristic protein of Huntington’s disease from cells, Levine reported.
Levine is looking for a pharmaceutical company to take Tat- Beclin 1, into clinical development. Until then, her group is continuing with the trials needed to register the compound with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as an investigational new drug that may be tested in humans, she said.
The group hasn’t seen signs of toxicity, although they aren’t finished with all the tests required, Levine said.
“We’re really excited about the possibility of moving forward to address this, to find out if this will work,” Levine said in a telephone interview. She is in early phase discussions with drug companies about later research, though she declined to say which.
There is no treatment beyond symptomatic relief for West Nile or chikungunya, infections that are largely carried to humans by mosquitos. Symptoms for both can include fever, headache and nausea that can last for weeks and months.
West Nile is common the U.S., with 48 states reporting 3,969 human cases and more than 160 deaths last year, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The largest outbreaks happened in Greece, Israel, Romania, Russia and the U.S., according to the World Health Organization. The worst cases can cause neurological damage.
Chikungunya, which isn’t yet in the U.S., has been cited in outbreaks in Africa, Asia and Europe. It can also cause severe joint pain and long term fatigue, and is particularly dangerous to the very young and the elderly.
Levine’s group discovered the protein that led to this peptide 15 years ago, and has been studying it since.
Cell structures called lysosomes regularly clear debris, invaders, and defective proteins to keep cells from choking. The lysosomes rip apart the material, spitting useful parts back into the cell, where they can be reused in the autophagy process.
Over the last several years, researchers have found links between autophagy and heart disease, diabetes, some brain illnesses, cancer, and infections, said Daniel Klionsky, a professor of life scientists at the University of Michigan, who studies the process.
The implications of Levine’s study may end up being “huge because the connections of autophagy and disease are tremendous,” said Klionsky, who wasn’t involved in the research, by telephone.
Cultures to Mice
Levine’s group tested its peptide first in cell cultures, where Tat-Beclin 1 cleared small aggregations of the characteristic protein of Huntington’s disease. It decreased the survival of the chikungunya virus, West Nile, HIV and listeria in cell culture as well.
Then the group tested mice. By the 20th day of infection with the chikungunya virus, all the control mice were dead, compared to 37 percent of those dosed with Tat-Beclin 1.
In the West Nile mice, all control mice died by day 10. By day 20, about 20 percent of the treated mice were still alive.
The research was funded by National Institutes of Health grants.
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Reg Gale at firstname.lastname@example.org
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Despite the fast pace of development in China’s own dairy farm system, local production has stalled. According to a new report by Rabobank, the country’s domestic producers face a number of challenges in meeting growing domestic demand.
Consequently, imported dairy products and ingredients will continue to play an increasingly important role.
Early days for farm development
“Milk production in China is struggling to grow as a result of small-scale farmers exiting the industry and large-scale farms still being under development,” explained Rabobank analyst Hayley Moynihan.
“It is likely to be at least two to three years before the pace of large-scale dairy farm expansion in China outweighs the current contraction in ‘backyard’ sources and leads to a reduction in import growth.”
China’s appetite for milk and dairy products has been rapidly accelerating in recent years, as its consumers become increasingly affluent and adopt a more Westernised diet.
However, slowed growth in milk production has already seen the country’s reliance on dairy imports grow by 20-30% per year over the past two years.
China is now expected to import almost 20% of its milk products to satisfy growing domestic demand. The surge in Chinese buying in a shrinking global dairy supply pool has squeezed out many other buyers and held dairy prices at high levels.
While just over 80% of the Chinese dairy market is still supplied by domestic milk production, this domestic supply remains under-developed with about 60% originating from small-scale dairy farmers operating with less than 100 cows per farm.
In the aftermath of the melamine crisis, however, the Chinese government has taken steps to resolve supply chain issues and strengthen raw milk quality control.
Chief among these has been the introduction of a licencing and review system for milk collection that, combined with the surging production costs of feed and labour, has forced many backyard farmers out of the market.
At the opposite end of the spectrum, the focus on milk quality in China after 2008 has favoured the rise of large-scale dairy farms, accelerating their rate of growth. The share of production of large-scale farms with more than 500 cows grew rapidly from 17% of total milk production in 2008 to 27% in 2011.
For exporters to China, the window for trade opportunity is likely to remain wide open for some time. However, demand growth is expected to prompt Chinese buyers to seek out more diverse import options, instead of continuing to rely on one or two key product origins, like New Zealand.
It is also important to recognise that the tide of local milk production will eventually rise over time to compete more strongly with imported products.
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Green house plan styles significantly reduce a home's impact on our environment by incorporating materials and products that are eco-friendly, sustainable, and are healthier for the occupants of the home. Less energy, water, and natural resources are used by these less wasteful house plan styles.
When designing a green house plan, home location, size, landscaping, generation of renewable energy, water efficiency, healthy indoor air quality, and energy efficiency are of great importance. Forest Stewardship Council certified lumber and low to zero volatile organic compound paints and sealants, and salvaged green building materials are used in constructing the home. Nontoxic insulation and ENERGYSTAR ® rated windows and exterior doors should be used.
SunTerra has been designing and building supreme green homes for decades. Our designs incorporate all aspects of a quality, comfortable, energy efficient, sustainable green home.
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DRC considers cholera vaccination
KINSHASA, 31 January 2013 (IRIN) - Health experts, including those from the UN World Health Organization (WHO) and Medicines Sans Frontiers (MSF), are considering introducing immunization campaigns as a way of dealing with cholera in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), where the disease is endemic.
“Immunization against cholera opens up a new opportunity [for] treatment and [the] fight against the disease. We think that there is a new opportunity to use it in the DR Congo as a complementary measure to existing methods that that have been used in the past,” Marc le Pape, chief of the MSF bureau in the eastern town of Kalemei, told IRIN.
The parts of DRC most affected by the disease are characterized by poor hygiene, lack of awareness about how cholera is transmitted, limited access to protected and monitored water sources, and lack of sanitation infrastructure.
According to a cholera situation analysis released by WHO in September 2012, there were 22,792 reported cases of cholera in DRC between January and September 2012. There were 512 cholera-related deaths in the same period.
The government is considering a roll-out of the vaccine, but some government health officials have opposed calls for an immunization campaign, instead pushing for efforts to scale-up water and sanitation programmes.
“At the moment, we in South Kivu Province [think] immunization is not an emergency because a lot of work has been done to get clean water to reach more people there,” Jean-de-Dieu Mpuruta, an official from the Ministry of Health, told IRIN.
“We believe that if everyone has access to clean water and applies hygienic requirements - such as drinking boiled water, washing hands, eating warmed foods, having a clean toilet, keeping the surroundings/environment clean etc. - cholera disease can be defeated,” he added.
The provision of clean water and sanitation is critical to reducing the impact of cholera - a diarrhoeal disease that can kill within hours if left untreated - and other waterborne diseases.
Globally, there are an estimated 3–5 million cholera cases, resulting in 100,000–120,000 deaths, every year, according to WHO.
Health experts discussed these options at a conference held in the capital, Kinshasa, from 23 to 24 January. They also considered strengthening in-hospital care, using avail flexible financing, strengthening the epidemiological surveillance and communication system, and creating an emergency fund for cholera, as well as other measures.
Already, a five-year plan to combat cholera - especially in the eastern region, where a long-running conflict between the government and rebel forces has hampered prevention and treatment efforts - is being developed.
According to WHO, the vaccination against cholera will target mostly travellers, fishermen and farmers living along rivers.
In 2012, WHO convened a technical working group on the creation of a global cholera vaccine stockpile.
A study carried out in Kolkata, India, on the effectiveness of the oral cholera vaccine revealed that the vaccine had a 67 percent protection efficacy against clinically significant cholera for two years, and showed that the vaccinated population had a 66 percent protection efficacy against all forms of cholera for three years after vaccination.
There are currently two WHO pre-qualified oral cholera vaccines, Dukoral and Shanchol. Another five are still under development.
In 2012, a cholera outbreak in the eastern town of Kisangani spread quickly to Kinshasa and also affected many towns along the Congo River.
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Preteens with a high body mass index (BMI) have increased risk factors for coronary artery disease in adolescence, researchers found.
Those with a greater BMI between ages 9 and 12 were more likely to have high blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and insulin resistance at ages 15 or 16, Debbie Lawlor, MD, of the University of Bristol in England, and colleagues reported in BMJ.
"Childhood BMI alone adequately identifies those who will be at increased risk of adverse cardiovascular profiles in adolescence," they wrote.
A higher BMI in childhood has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. However, few studies have examined the change in adiposity between childhood and early adulthood with regard to cardiovascular risk factors.
So to assess these shorter-term effects, the researchers conducted a prospective cohort study of data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, which included 5,235 children ages 9 to 12 at baseline.
All participants had their BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass assessed at baseline and again at ages 15 or 16.
Outcomes included systolic and diastolic blood pressure and concentrations of fasting glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and HDL and LDL cholesterol.
At baseline, a total of 18.5% of the children were overweight; 4.5% were obese.
The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors at ages 15 and 16 ranged from 2.9% for high diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides, to 28.8% for high systolic blood pressure.
The researchers found that all three measures of adiposity were associated with increased factors in both boys and girls, although BMI appeared to be the most robust predictor.
In girls, a higher BMI at ages 9 to 12 was associated with an increased likelihood of the following risk factors at ages 15 and 16:
- High systolic blood pressure: OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.38
- High LDL levels: OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.38
- High triglycerides: OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.92
- Low HDL levels: OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.46
- High insulin concentrations: OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.73
The researchers found similar results in boys:
- High systolic blood pressure: OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.37
- High LDL levels: OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.59
- High triglycerides: OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.51 to 2.17
- Low HDL levels: OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.57
- High insulin concentrations: OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.17
Adding waist circumference or fat mass to models didn't increase the variation in cardiovascular risk factors that were already explained by BMI and confounders alone, the researchers said.
"Contrary to concerns about BMI not being a suitable measurement of adiposity in childhood, we found no difference in the magnitudes of prospective associations ... suggesting that with respect to identifying those with more adverse cardiovascular risk profiles, BMI is just as suitable as waist circumference or fat mass in children," they wrote.
The researchers also found that girls who were heavier at ages 9 to 12 but lost the weight by ages 15 to 16 had similar chances of cardiovascular risk factors to those who were normal weight at both ages.
In boys who were heavier at younger ages, these risk factors still existed later even if they lost weight, but were significantly smaller than those who remained heavy, the researchers said.
"Children who change from overweight to normal weight improve their cardiovascular profiles compared with those who remain overweight in childhood and adolescence," they wrote.
The researchers concluded that the findings imply that BMI is a suitable tool for identifying children at risk of future adverse cardiovascular events.
They noted that the study may be limited in its generalizability.
The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.
The ALSPAC was supported by the Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust, and the Univeristy of Bristol.
The researchers reported no conflicts of interest.
- Reviewed by Robert Jasmer, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco and Dorothy Caputo, MA, RN, BC-ADM, CDE, Nurse Planner
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MPs have criticised the "slow pace" of moves to protect the UK's seas, suggesting the Government lacks commitment to marine conservation.
The Government has designated just 27 "marine conservation zones" around England, although 127 sites were recommended by regional groups tasked with drawing up potential sites to protect ocean species and habitats.
A further 37 could be designated at the end of 2015 - progress which the parliamentary Environmental Audit Committee labelled as "unambitious" and called on ministers to move much more quickly to establish more protected areas of the seas.
"This slow pace has been disappointing and suggests a lack of Government commitment to this initiative", the committee said in a report on marine protected areas, which aim to prevent overfishing and ensure wildlife-rich, healthy seas.
The report also warned the Government had "unhelpfully moved the goalposts" by increasing the standard of evidence it needed to designate new protected areas.
Officials should adopt a precautionary principle, using the "best available" data to ensure that rare species or wildlife-rich stretches of seabed are not lost forever before they can be designated.
The Government should bring forward the programme, to designate more conservation zones in the next round in 2015, the report said.
Budget cuts at the Environment Department (Defra) mean the Government cannot demonstrate that the body in charge of managing the zones and enforcing protection measures, such as bans on types of fishing, has the resources to do so, the MPs said.
They urged ministers to set out a strategy for managing the 27 marine conservation zones and management plans for each individual site to show that they can be enforced.
The committee's chairwoman, Joan Walley, said: "Marine conservation zones can protect our seas from over-fishing and give species and habitats space to recover, ultimately benefiting people whose livelihoods depend on healthy seas.
"But the Government has been too slow in creating these zones, and it has failed to get coastal communities and fishermen on board.
"It is now well over four years since the launch of the programme, yet only 27 of the 127 sites recommended by independent project groups have been designated.
"The Government must stop trying to water down its pledge to protect our seas and move much more quickly to establish further protection zones and ensure they can be enforced."
She added: "When a rare species or biodiverse stretch of seabed is destroyed, it may be lost forever.
"The Government must therefore act on the best available evidence and base its decisions on new marine conservation zones on the precautionary principle, rather than demanding unobtainable evidence."
She also said it was "not acceptable" that the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) will not have management plans in place for existing conservation zones until 2016, and warned the Government must show the organisation's falling budget would not jeopardise the scheme.
Defra is responsible for creating marine conservation zones in English inshore waters and in offshore waters around England, Wales and Northern Ireland, as part of a Government commitment to a UK-wide "well-managed and ecologically coherent" network of marine protected areas.
Sarah North, Greenpeace UK head of oceans said: "This report is a damning indictment of government inaction on ocean protection.
"In failing to create marine protection zones in English waters, ministers have yet again left fish stocks and wildlife to the mercy of those who treat the oceans like a mine to be exploited, rather than a resource to be cherished.
"Instead of pandering to whichever vested interest group shouts the loudest, the Government should propose marine reserves that actively create benefits for our inshore and low-impact fishing fleet and protect our most sensitive habitats and species.
"They would then find allies in both green groups and in coastal communities. Together this would reinvigorate ocean ecosystems and bring life back to the towns and villages along our shores."
A Defra spokeswoman said: "We are doing more than ever to protect our marine environment, with 27 MCZs designated last year and a further two more phases of designation expected over the next few years.
"Management measures are currently being drawn up to ensure effective, tailored protection for each of the sites."
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Region: Valle Central
The Valle Central of Chile is widely regarded as being one of the oldest 'New World' wine regions of earth, with a history that extends back over five hundred years to the time of the first European settlers in South America. Whilst they were mainly preoccupied with planting vines for the production of sacramental wines, today, the wine industry of Valle Central has never been stronger. With a wide range of vines flourishing in the region, thanks to the many micro-climates the valley provides, wineries can make the most of their particular location and produce fully ripened grapes of exquisite flavour and character. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc and Carmenere grow very well all throughout the various areas within Valle Central, and the region is developing a serious reputation for excellence on the world stage.
Chile has a long and rich wine history which dates back to the Spanish conquistadors of the 16th century, who were the first to discover that the wonderful climate and fertile soils of this South American country were ideal for vine cultivation. It has only been in the past forty or fifty years, however, that Chile as a modern wine producing nation has really had an impact on the rest of the world. Generally relatively cheap in price,Whilst being widely regarded as definitively 'New World' as a wine producing country, Chile has actually been cultivating grapevines for wine production for over five hundred years. The Iberian conquistadors first introduced vines to Chile with which to make sacramental wines, and although these were considerably different in everything from flavor, aroma and character to the wines we associate with Chile today, the country has a long and interesting heritage when it comes to this drink. Chilean wine production as we know it first arose in the country in the mid to late 19th century, when wealthy landowners and industrialists first began planting vineyards as a way of adopting some European class and style. They quickly discovered that the hot climate, sloping mountainsides and oceanic winds provided a perfect terroir for quality wines, and many of these original estates remain today in all their grandeur and beauty, still producing the wines which made the country famous.
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- small or large jar template (see attached Word document )
- crayons, colored pencils, or markers
- title, label, or memory verse
- various items to decorate (confetti)
- copies of icons related to specific Bible story
- colored paper
- plain white construction paper
Bible Stories and Ideas:
Ideas for Large Jar
- Have children write in their own words the Bible story.
- Draw a picture of the Bible story on the jar.
- Decorate the jar as desired - eg. Use red/orange cellophane to show the torch inside the jar for Gideon.
Ideas for Small Jars
- Use jars to create a collage of the story. Decorate as desired, again using embellishments (if appropriate) or stickers, colored paper, etc.
Directions (for Wedding at Cana):
- Have the children cut out three jars.
- Have the children glue or write the title “Wedding at Cana” at the top of the plain white construction paper.
- Have the children glue a copy of the icon of the Wedding Feast at Cana onto the paper.
- Have the children color one jar with light blue to represent water. Have them color the other two jars with purple to represent the wine.
- The page can be decorated with confetti to show how the wedding feast was a party.
|Jar Collage (Word) ||112 KB|
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Overview of Disability
Disability Back Pay
Requirements for Disability
Applications for disability
Tips and Advice for Disability Claims
How long does Disability take?
Winning Disability Benefits
Common Mistakes after a Denial
Mental Disability Benefits
Denials for Disability
Appeals for denied claims
Disability Benefits from SSA
Child Disability Benefits
Qualifications and How to Qualify
Working and Disability
Disability Awards and Notices
Disability Lawyers, Hiring Attorneys
Social Security List of Conditions
What Social Security considers disabling
Medical Evidence and Disability
Filing for Disability Benefits
Eligibility for Disability Benefits
SSD SSI Definitions
SSDRC authored by Tim Moore
Ask a question, get an answer
Facts about Osteomyelitis and Filing for Disability
These selected pages answer some of the most basic, but also some of the most important, questions for individuals who are considering filing a claim for disability benefits.
Facts about the condition
1. Osteomyelitis means bone infection, which occurs through the blood stream, nearby tissue or direct trauma to the bone. Leg, arm, spine and pelvic bones are typically affected.
2. Osteomyelitis can be acute (no longer than several months) or chronic (long-term over months or years). When children have the condition it is mostly acute, and adults may have either acute or chronic osteomyelitis.
3. In general, osteomyelitis causes the infected area to become painful, swell up and turn red.
4. Other symptoms of osteomyelitis vary depending on whether it is an acute or a chronic condition. Acute osteomyelitis is more likely to cause fever as well as irritability and lethargy, particularly in young children. Chronic osteomyelitis is more likely to include drainage from an open wound.
5. Osteomyelitis occurs with trauma to the bone like a break, a deep puncture wound or surgery. Diseases and conditions that weaken the immune system make infection in the bone with these types of injuries more probable.
6. Men are more likely than women to develop bone infections. Age is less of a risk factor in developing osteomyelitis, although likelihood of developing specific types of osteomyelitis vary by age. Adults over 50 are most likely to develop infection in the spine.
7. Osteomyelitis used to be incurable but is now manageable, although it is still considered a serious medical condition and requires an aggressive treatment plan. The greatest risk is the spread of infection to other parts of the body.
8. Though the infection can typically be controlled, there are times when the infection may be uncontrollable and amputation may be necessary. Regardless of successful treatment, there is always the possibility that the infection will reoccur later.
9. Treatment always involves the use of antibiotics, and in chronic cases surgery is usually necessary. Surgery may involve increasing blood flow to the affected bone, draining the area or removing affected bone and tissue.
Qualifying for disability benefits with this condition
Whether or not you qualify for disability and, as a result, are approved for disability benefits will depend entirely on the information obtained from your medical records.
This includes whatever statements and treatment notes that may have been obtained from your treating physician (a doctor who has a history of treating your condition and is, therefore, qualified to comment as to your condition and prognosis). It also includes discharge summaries from hospital stays, reports of imaging studies (such as xrays, MRIs, and CT scans) and lab panels (i.e. bloodwork) as well as reports from physical therapy.
In many disability claims, it may also include the results of a report issued by an independent physician who examines you at the request of the Social Security Administration.
Qualifying for SSD or SSI benefits will also depend on the information obtained from your vocational, or work, history if you are an adult, or academic records if you are a minor-age child. In the case of adults, your work history information will allow a disability examiner (examiners make decisions at the initial claim and reconsideration appeal levels, but not at the hearing level where a judges decides the outcome of the case) to A) classify your past work, B) determine the physical and mental demands of your past work, C) decide if you can go back to a past job, and D) whether or not you have the ability to switch to some type of other work.
The important thing to keep in mind is that the social security administration does not award benefits based on simply having a condition, but, instead, will base an approval or denial on the extent to which a condition causes functional limitations. Functional limitations can be great enough to make work activity not possible (or, for a child, make it impossible to engage in age-appropriate activities).
Why are so many disability cases lost at the disability application and reconsideration appeal levels?
There are several reasons but here are just two:
1) Social Security makes no attempt to obtain a statement from a claimant's treating physician. By contrast, at the hearing level, a claimant's disability attorney or disability representative will generally obtain and present this type of statement to a judge.
Note: it is not enough for a doctor to simply state that their patient is disabled. To satisy Social Security's requirements, the physician must list in what ways and to what extent the individual is functionally limited. For this reason, many representatives and attorneys request that the physician fill out and sign a specialized medical source statement that captures the correct information. Solid Supporting statements from physicians easily make the difference between winning or losing a disability case at the hearing level.
2) Prior to the hearing level, a claimant will not have the opportunity to explain how their condition limits them, nor will their attorney or representative have the opportunity to make a presentation based on the evidence of the case. This is because at the initial levels of the disability system, a disability examiner decides the case without meeting the claimant. The examiner may contact the claimant to gather information on activities of daily living and with regard to medical treatment or past jobs, but usually nothing more. At the hearing level, however, presenting an argument for approval based on medical evidence that has been obtained and submitted is exactly what happens.
Return to: Social Security Disability Resource Center, or read answers to Questions
Related Body System Impairments:
Frozen Shoulder and Filing for Disability
Rotator Cuff Injury and Filing for Disability
Plantar Fasciitis and Filing for Disability
Hip replacement surgery and Filing for Disability
Total Hip Replacement and Filing for Disability
Hypermobility and Filing for Disability
Foot Drop and Filing for Disability
ACL injury and Filing for Disability
Post Polio Syndrome and Filing for Disability
Osteoporosis and Filing for Disability
Osteomyelitis and Filing for Disability
Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Filing for Disability
Marfan Syndrome and Filing for Disability
Muscular Dystrophy and Filing for Disability
Avascular Necrosis and Filing for Disability
Information on the following topics can be found here: Social Security Disability Questions and in these subsections:
Frequently asked questions about getting Denied for Disability Benefits | FAQ on Disability Claim Representation | Info about Social Security Disability Approvals and Being Approved | FAQ on Social Security Disability SSI decisions | The SSD SSI Decision Process and what gets taken into consideration | Disability hearings before Judges | Medical exams for disability claims | Applying for Disability in various states | Selecting and hiring Disability Lawyers | Applying for Disability in North Carolina | Recent articles and answers to questions about SSD and SSI
These pages answer some of the most basic questions for individuals who are considering filing a claim.
How to Apply for Disability - What medical conditions can you apply and qualify for?
How long does it take to be approved for SSI or Social Security disability?
What happens if I file a disability application and it is denied by a disability examiner or Judge?
How do you prove your disability case if you have a mental condition or impairment?
Social Security Disability Back pay and How Long it Takes to Qualify for it and receive it
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The Siege of Derry in Ulster Protestant mythology
Ian McBride's book, "The Siege of Derry in Ulster Protestant Mythology", looks at the ways that the siege has been commemorated through the years since 1688-9, and how the event has been seen differently by successive generations. Before reviewing the book, it may be useful to give a brief introduction to the siege itself.
What was the background of the siege?
The Williamite war in Ireland (1688-1691) can be viewed as part of a serious European conflict, prompted by the increasing power of the French King, Louis XIV, le Roi Soleil. In 1685, Louis had revoked the Treaty of Nantes which had granted religious tolerance to French Huguenots. He had also reformed the French army and had started to expand the borders of France, taking over regions such as Alsace and the principality of Orange. William Henry Nassau, Prince of Orange and stadtholder of Holland, became a leading figure in the League of Augsburg which was formed to oppose Louis XIV.
In 1685, the Roman Catholic James II came to the throne of England. His agent Richard Talbot, earl of Tyrconnell, started to dismiss Protestant officers from the army in Ireland, replacing them with Roman Catholics. For English Protestants, the last straw came when the birth of a son to his second wife meant that his Protestant daughter Mary would not succeed to the throne. In the summer of 1688, a group of seven English notables sent a message inviting Mary's husband, William of Orange, to take the English throne. William sailed to England with a formidable army of 15,000 men, and landed at Torbay in November 1688. James fled to France, but then came to Ireland in March 1689, with the hope that he could regain the throne with the help of supporters in France, Ireland and Scotland.
In December 1688, the people of the city of Londonderry had been faced with a dilemma. Tyrconnell had ordered a Catholic regiment (Lord Antrim's Redshanks) to take over the garrison, replacing Mountjoy's regiment which had been sent to Dublin. Protestant fears of a repetition of the 1641 massacres appeared to be confirmed by a hoax letter, discovered in a street in Comber, Co. Down. This anonymous letter warned that Irishmen were going to "murder man, wife and child" on the 9th December 1688. However, as Bishop Hopkins pointed out, James was still the lawful king and to resist his soldiers was rebellious act.
By April 1689, only Londonderry and Enniskillen had yet to fall to the Jacobites, and prospects looked bleak when Lundy's troops had to retreat from a battle near Lifford. When he arrived back at the city, Lundy refused to allow reinforcements from a relief fleet to join the garrison. On 18 April, James II arrived at the city, apparently unaware that terms for surrender had already been discussed. Suspecting betrayal, the defenders opened fire, killing one of the King's party. The citizens had by now decided that Lundy was either incompetent or sympathetic to the Jacobites, so they appointed Rev George Walker and Major Baker as joint governors. Lundy was allowed to escape from the city, disguised as a common soldier and carrying a bundle of match.
The 105 day siege had begun, but the besieging army had a shortage of artillery which would be needed for a full-scale assault on the city walls. However, guns and mortars placed in Captain Stronge's orchard on the other side of the Foyle were able to fire on the city with deadly effect. The mortars were particularly terrifying, since their high trajectories sent bombs crashing through the roofs of houses. The defenders were equipped with about twenty artillery pieces which had been supplied by the London companies, including one called "Roaring Meg" which was a gift from the Fishmongers of London. Conditions within the overcrowded city became desperate as shortage of food and disease began to take their toll. Conditions for the Jacobites were scarcely much better, with inadequate shelter in very wet conditions.
The basic Jacobite strategy was to blockade the city until the defenders were forced to surrender. However, there were a number of encounters between the opposing forces during the siege. The first occurred on 31 April when Alan Murray led his cavalry to attack the Jacobites near Pennyburn. He was forced to retreat, but as he did so he led the Jacobite cavalry into an ambush prepared by the infantry. On 6 May, Murray successfully led a attack on Windmill hill, which had been captured by the Jacobites on the previous day. About a month later a more serious battle was fought at Windmill Hill, with the defenders being driven back to the walls of the city.
On 28 June, the most dangerous attack of the siege was made when two pieces of artillery were brought to fire at the Butcher's Gate, and a mine was dug to a cellar underneath one of the bastions. The attack was only repulsed after a fierce struggle by the defenders. At the start of July, Marshall de Rosen brought Protestants from the surrounding countryside to the walls to try to put more pressure on the dwindling supplies of food in Londonderry. The defenders responded by threatening to hang prisoners on the Double Bastion unless the non-combatants were allowed to return home. Hamilton objected to de Rosen's strategy, and the orders were countermanded.
Breaking the boom
At the start of June, a wooden boom had been constructed across the Foyle to prevent ships arriving to relieve the city. On 8 June, the warship Greyhound made an attempt to approach the city, but ran aground and came under fire from Culmore fort. As this ship returned damaged to England, the rest of the fleet, with troops commanded by Major-General Kirke, did not attempt to break the boom. Instead some ships sailed to Lough Swilly to land on Inch Island. The boom was protected by some of the Jacobite artillery, and presented a formidable obstacle in the difficult conditions of the Foyle.
Eventually, on 28 July, three merchant ships called the Mountjoy, Phoenix and Jerusalem sailed towards the boom, protected by the frigate Dartmouth. The Mountjoy hit the boom, but rebounded and ran aground. Sailors in a longboat from the Swallow also reached the boom and attacked it with hatchets. The Mountjoy fired its guns at approaching Jacobite troops, and the recoil helped to refloat the ship. The boom was broken, and the Phoenix and Mountjoy were able tie up at the Shipquay to unload their precious cargo of food for the starving people of the city. By the evening of the 31 July, the Jacobites could be seen burning their encampments and marching off towards Lifford.
Ian McBride's book
Ian McBride's book gives only a brief summary of the siege itself, and instead focuses on the way the siege has been interpreted and commemorated over the years since 1689. Divisions between Protestant conformist and non-conformist views surface in the early years, but sermons in the eighteenth century tended to portray the siege as a providential deliverance from popery. The story continued to be told through the years of Volunteer companies and political reform in the late eighteenth century. The siege was also a potent source of imagery during the arguments about Home Rule in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Ian McBride points out that the officers and men in the siege were never properly paid for their defence of the city. William Hamill, acting of behalf of the garrison, battled for thirty years to have the debt paid, but without success. Peter Robinson (with the help of the House of Common's researchers) has estimated that the garrison is owed about £25 million pounds, before taking interest into account!
In the early eighteenth century, non-conformists were very unhappy about being treated as second class citizens after helping to defend the city - the test act in 1704 meant that 10 aldermen, including 6 former mayors, were forced to resign. The Rev. George Walker, who became the civil governor of the city and later was killed at the Battle of the Boyne, was not popular with non-conformists since he did not give them much credit for their part in the defence. For example, he listed the names of the 18 Anglican clergymen in the garrison, but claimed that he was unable to learn the names of any of the 7 nonconformist ministers.
Cruithni website | Home | FAQ | Links | Contact | Updated: 31 December 2001
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As the new school year begins, some kids will be leaving class with more than just books and homework assignments. They could also be getting money.
Programs that pay kids to learn are expanding rapidly across the country. In New York City, the school system gives fourth- and seventh-graders in 59 schools $5 to $50 for taking standardized tests. In Tucson, some students get $100 a month if they show up at school every day and maintain at least a C-minus average. Another New York City program that offers up to $1,000 for passing Advanced Placement tests has paid out nearly $1 million to 1,161 students. A Texas program also pays for top AP scores, and similar initiatives are being rolled out in six more states. And beginning this fall, 14 middle schools in Washington will pay 3,000 students for attending class, arriving promptly, turning in homework, getting high grades and using good manners.
Not bad ideas, you might think -- unless you look at the vast body of research on what motivates kids to learn. Over the last 35 years, dozens of studies have found that rewarding people for learning backfires.
True enough, financial incentives can elicit an initial burst of effort. But when people get paid for an activity, they start to calculate its monetary worth and other motivations -- its inherent value, fun, camaraderie or the satisfaction it provides -- fade away.
All children are born with an internal desire to learn and hone their skills. Humans are born helpless and dependent; our very survival depends on acquiring new skills. Curiosity and drive toward mastering the world is hard-wired into our brains. That's why all babies play with their toes and pop objects in their mouths. That's why acquiring competence feels so good. And that's why almost all children start kindergarten excited about learning to read or solve math problems.
What drains this excitement -- research shows that intrinsic motivation declines steadily from third to ninth grade -- is a curriculum that doesn't connect to children's goals and interests, and the increasing dependence on grades, competition or awards as motivators.
Dozens of studies have shown how these extrinsic motivations ruin kids' interest and enjoyment in learning. For example, in an ingenious 1973 study, Stanford University psychology professor Mark R. Lepper and his colleagues gave three groups of preschoolers magic markers and construction paper. One group was offered a "good player award" -- a certificate with a red ribbon and a gold star -- for drawing a picture. A second group got the award but didn't know it was coming. The final group he simply let draw.
One to two weeks later, he let the same children choose their activity. Those who'd received the expected award spent far less time drawing than those who'd never seen the fancy certificate or got it as a surprise. The promise of a reward, he concluded, had stifled that first group's pleasure in drawing. Play had become work.
Studies of college students have revealed the same effect. The University of Rochester's Edward Deci, for instance, gave two groups of undergraduates block-building puzzles to work on. One group got $1 for each solved. The other got nothing. After awhile, Deci told the students the experiment was over and that they had a few minutes to relax, do more puzzles or read. Those who were playing for money were more likely to put the puzzles down.
Rewards also tend to elicit learning that's shallow and inflexible. University of Mississippi psychologists Kenneth McGraw and John McCullers tested how rewards affected problem solving. They paid one of two groups of students who solved nine similar problems that called for pouring a specific amount of water into a jar from bottles of varying sizes. Then they asked both groups to solve a different, 10th problem that demanded inventing a new type of solution. The students who hadn't been paid solved the final problem much faster.
Those who want to improve test scores and motivate students should stop throwing money at the problem so literally. School districts and foundations should invest instead in programs that tap into and build on kids' intrinsic motivation.
One yearlong study by Washington University psychologist Richard deCharms showed just how to do that. In 1976, deCharms trained sixth-grade teachers to foster enjoyment of learning in their 600 students. He taught them to de-emphasize grades and time limits -- lowering the pressure on kids -- and distributed workbooks and other materials that promoted learning for its own sake. The teachers were also encouraged to allow students to generate hypotheses, try new ways of doing things and work ahead.
Teachers in the same district taught a control group using their usual methods. That spring, tests showed that the trained teachers' students had an increased interest in learning and were half a year ahead, according to their Iowa Test of Basic Skills scores. Six years later, a follow-up study found that the "intrinsically motivated" group also graduated from high school at a higher rate.
There are plenty of other amply researched ways to nurture and even ramp up children's desire to learn. They may not be as easy as cutting a check, but why not try them before resorting to a cash-for-performance solution that is bound to backfire?
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Newborns should be exclusively breast fed until at least 4-6 months of age. While newborn and infant formulas can also be used, breast milk is preferred as it contains antibodies that are transferred from mother to the child, which help in fighting infections. For techniques of how to breast feed your child correctly, please click here.
Exclusive breast or formula feeding means that the baby is given nothing in addition to breast or formula milk. No water, no honey, no guthi, no baby food. Baby's digestive system is immature and not able to handle anything but milk specifically designed for it. Cow or buffalo's milk should not be introduced before one year of age. Giving plain water to a baby before 4-6 months of age can cause dis balance of salts (electrolytes) in the baby, while honey in newborns can cause a particular serious infectious disease (botulism).
So, nothing but breast (or formula) milk until 4-6 months of age for your baby! Further details on diet in newborn period, including use of formula milk are given in the 'recommended diet' section.
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On the eve of World War I, a laborer in Algiers robbed and killed a farm family, including young children, in a bloody frenzy. A farm worker in French Algeria, Lucien Camus, was outraged.
“It was generally thought that decapitation was too mild a punishment for such a monster,” the writer Albert Camus, his son, observed much later.
The elder Camus felt compelled to witness the public execution. Afterward, his wife recounted, he “came rushing home, his face distorted, refused to talk, lay down for a moment on the bed, and suddenly began to vomit.” Instead of thinking of the dead children, “he could think of nothing but that quivering body that had just been dropped onto a board to have its head cut off.”
Ambivalence about legally administered death, sponsored by the state with bureaucratic detachment but not always precisely carried out, has long run much deeper among Europeans than among Americans, and has led to its abolition or suspension over the past century in nearly all democracies and every European or Central Asian country but Belarus.
Their divergent attitudes toward capital punishment are among the most striking differences between Europe and the United States, where nearly two-thirds of the states still allow the death penalty.
A series of developments have now created new pressure to scale back or eliminate the death penalty in the United States, including problems carrying out executions through lethal injection, convictions that have proved improper, and court fights over whether inmates with limited intellectual capacity should be subject to capital punishment. Last Thursday, a federal judge stayed an execution set for this week in Missouri. Three other executions are scheduled for Tuesday and Wednesday in different states.
The question now is whether the United States is at the beginning of a process that will lead it closer to Europe and most other democracies in ending the practice or is just sorting out how to deal with temporary impediments to execution.
“The first thing that happens is a radical downsizing in the scale of the use of capital punishment,” said Franklin E. Zimring, a law professor and death penalty specialist at the University of California, Berkeley, describing the typical process through which nations move toward ending the death penalty. Through most of the last century, “there was a strategic withdrawal from capital punishment as business-as-usual in European nations, long before abolitions started to spread.”
After peaking in 1999 at 98, executions in the United States have fallen steadily, to 39 last year. The latest one, involving an Oklahoma inmate in April, became an example of the problems surrounding lethal injection. A drug designed to render the man unconscious for a painless death failed when a vein collapsed, and witnesses said he continued mumbling and moving his limbs in evident agony. He suffered a seizure and died of a heart attack several minutes later.
That underscored the struggles that death-penalty states are having with lethal injection, particularly after European manufacturers, in recent years, stopped providing the drugs for executions. Some American states are now contemplating a return to the electric chair or even firing squads, two methods with their own troubled histories.
Then last month, the Supreme Court again narrowed the scope of allowable executions, holding that a simple I.Q. score of 70 was too blunt a standard for determining whether inmates had the intellect to defend themselves and accept ultimate responsibility for their actions. Previously, the court had barred capital punishment for some rapists, for the insane and for juvenile offenders, marking a slow but steady retreat from the ultimate penalty.
In an ABC-Washington Post poll released earlier this month, 60 percent of respondents said they backed the death penalty, down from a high of 80 percent in 1994. But for the first time in that poll, Americans given a choice between the death penalty and life in prison for convicted murderers preferred life, by 52 percent to 42 percent.
The debate on both sides of the Atlantic has revolved around similar issues: possibly innocent defendants, unequal application of the death penalty “and the barbarity of some executions,” said Richard C. Dieter, executive director of the nonprofit Death Penalty Information Center.
Abolition came sooner in European countries, death-penalty experts say, partly because of revulsion over the wartime use of capital punishment, especially in Germany, and because of differences in justice and political systems.
In most European countries, judges and prosecutors are appointed rather than publicly elected — a crucial distinction because many people favor the death penalty as a form of personal justice. And under multiparty parliamentary systems, some scholars say, socially divisive issues can more easily be managed without the fear, prevalent in a two-party system, of either side’s being tarred as “soft on crime.”
“In most places in Europe, the death penalty is abolished by passing a law,” said Anthony J. McGann, a political science professor at the University of Strathclyde, in Scotland, who has analyzed abolition patterns. “Passing such a law in the United States would require the House and Senate to agree, and a filibuster-proof majority in the Senate,” which he called “almost unthinkable.”
Change in Europe, often led by public intellectuals like Camus, gained steam from the backing of international groupings such as the Council of Europe and the European Union. They pressed countries like Lithuania and Poland to abandon the death penalty as a condition for membership.
France banned the guillotine only in 1981, under a new Socialist government, a century and a half after Victor Hugo inveighed against “those state crimes that go by the name of legal executions.”
Like other countries that dropped capital punishment upon abandoning authoritarian governments — Argentina, Brazil, Haiti and the Philippines — Germany did so in 1949, but only after executing Nazi war criminals.
England once required the death penalty for more than 200 crimes, under its “Bloody Code.” But the abolition cause was bolstered in the last century by the case of Timothy John Evans, an intellectually feeble Welshman executed in 1950 for allegedly murdering his wife and infant daughter. A neighbor, John Christie, a witness against Mr. Evans, later confessed to those killings and others.
Then came Derek Bentley, who was hanged in 1953 for a murder in which an accomplice pulled the trigger. Mr. Bentley, who had suffered serious head injuries in a wartime bombing, had I.Q. scores near 70, the level the United States Supreme Court contemplated in its recent case.
He and Mr. Evans were pardoned posthumously. But only in 1964 did a Labour Party majority suspend, then end, the death penalty.
Stark publicity surrounding wrongful convictions has led some American states, including Illinois, to halt executions. Sentencing practices have also changed crucially, said Stephen B. Bright, president of the nonprofit Southern Center for Human Rights.
Juries in capital cases were often presented in the past with a choice between death and life with the possibility of parole, meaning jurors had to weigh responsibility for a convicted killer eventually going free. Now, a more palatable option is often added — life without possibility of parole.
New death sentences have fallen dramatically since the mid-1990s, experts note. The total death-row population fell to 3,100 last year from about 3,600 in 2000, but poor blacks and Hispanics are still disproportionately sentenced and executed. That has been a persistent sore point, contributing to a 1972 Supreme Court ruling that effectively ended executions for years, until states tightened procedures.
In all, 18 states and the District of Columbia have abolished the death penalty, six in recent years. Still, some specialists see final abolition as distant.
“When every state gets to decide for itself whether to have the death penalty, it’s hard to coordinate national abolition,” said Andrew Hammel, assistant professor for American law at Heinrich-Heine University in Düsseldorf, who worked with condemned prisoners while at the nonprofit Texas Defender Service. “Liberal states will give it up; the conservative Deep South won’t.”
But Mr. Dieter of the Death Penalty Information Center sees it differently. “The death penalty is suffering from the accumulated weight of so many problems,” he said, “that it is probably doomed to extinction.’’
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personal site) and Michael L. Tuite, Jr. in a joint project funded by the University of Virginia and the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. Contextual details for these images are scarce, but the pictures themselves speak eloquently of the manner in which the institution of slavery was embedded into the fabric of life in colonial societies stretching from Boston to Buenos Aires. I've added occasional captions to the images, but where the text is in quotes it comes direct from the online database assembled by Handler and Tuite, entitled The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas. Many thanks for this fantastic resource.Tweet
|Extracting a jigger, scene in the Brazils. Watercolor by Augustus Earle (1793-1838). Original in National Library of Australia, Canberra. "Shows a black woman extracting a chigger from the foot of a white man in what appears to be some sort of tavern; note pottery jug in left-hand corner. A tropical flea native to the Americas, the chigger (jigger, chigoe) was extremely troublesome to Europeans and Africans in many areas of the New World." William Dampier, the famed pirate and natural observer, recorded a similar removal of a chigger from his foot by an African slave in the 1690s, which he noted was accompanied by the sprinkling of tobacco leaves and the slave "mumbling some words to himself." See Dampier, A Voyage to New Holland, Vol. II, 93.|
|A companion image from the same series, depicting a mulatta woman.|
|Painting by an unknown artist; from post card issued by the Virginia Museum of Fine|
Arts, Richmond. "Unidentified black nurse with grandchildren of Virginia's Governor Spotswood, 1790-1800."
Taken together, the images from this site can tell you things that books never can. I recommend that interested readers peruse it themselves. Below are links to some subject areas:
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One of the side-effects of "wardriving" to detect the locations of wireless access point (WAP) using a mobile device such as a laptop computer with a GPS is that all of the locations of the WiFi hotspots all appear on a map at the location where they were detected, not where the source of the radio signal originates. This generally means that all of the mapped locations of detected networks are marked in the middle of a street.
The geographic location of a wireless access point (WAP) can be approximated by recording the GPS coordinates and signal strength in three or more locations. The point of origin can then be calculated using trilateration.
To optimize efficiency for use with a mobile device such as a smartphone, use of a simple algorythm to capture four points, corresponding to the minimum and maximum latitude and longitude coordinates where the signal from the WAP can be conveniently measured.
The maximum signal range of a typical commercially produced, consumer-grade wireless access point is roughly 300 ft or 100m.
Since most commercial wireless equipment is provided with an omni-directional antenna, its assumed that the radio signal radiation pattern can be expected to be roughly circular.
While buildings and terrian can reduce the range of wireless signals, in a typical residential area the interference could be assumed to be roughly equal in all directions. Thus, it can be safely ignored when estimating the location of the access point.
The radiated power of the wireless radio signal decays using the inverse square law, decreasing exponentially with distance. The further from the source of the signal, the lower the power reading.
The observed wireless access points are assumed to be stationery, remaining in a fixed position. I.e. not another mobile device, but a wireless access point/base station.
To estimate the actual geographic location coordinates of a wireless access point in a residential or commercial building, readings are typically taken with a laptop computer or wi-fi equipped smartphone. A built-in or externally connected GPS is used to record the coordinates where a signal reading is taken. In practice, readings are generally taken while driving in a moving vehicle on a public street, or perhaps walking with a smartphone. Typical practice for "wardriving" applications such as KisMac are to record the GPS location at the first point where a reading of a particular wireless access point is acquired. The Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID) and MAC address are recorded for identification. The deficency of this practice is that all of the recorded wireless access points appear to be on streets when the coordinates are mapped, and do not reflect the true origin of the wireless access point.
Commercial applications like SkyHook Wireless record a large number of readings from many points, and use a server-based application to aggregate the results. This approach is impractical for a single laptop or mobile device.
Rather than collecting a large number of points, only three points are needed to trilaterate the location. The question is how to determine which of many possible points should be recorded. My approach is a simple process to record coordinates and signal strength at the four "corner points" with the minimum and maximum values for latitude and longitude. This can be determined using a simple calculation to see if the observed point is greater than the previously recorded maximum for either latitude or longitude, or if the point is less than the previously recorded minimum values.
Once four points have been collected, the approximate location of the origin can be calculated by determining the intersection of four circles representing the recorded coordinates as the origins of each circle, having a radius relative to signal strength reading.
Since Android smartphones report the signal strength in dBm, ranging in value from -10dBm maximum signal strength, to a minimum detectable signal strength of -100dBm, it is easy to approximate the distance from the source by using the absolute value of the signal strength as the distance in meters. This correlates to an approximate distance of 30ft or 10m where the signal strength is the strongest, to approximately 300ft or 100m where the signal strength is the weakest.
Calculation of the intersection of four circles is based on this article at Mathworks:
yes, four circles n radii is known..... all are different radii also...... can u tell me the algorithm for it...... i must find center for the intersection area also.......... i hav an image to show the intersection area made by four circle but i don know how to post it..... recommend any site to post pic for view......
Ok, if the radii are known, then just do this. We know the equations of each circle.
(x - x1)^2 + (y-y1)^2 = R1^2
(x - x2)^2 + (y-y2)^2 = R2^2
(x - x3)^2 + (y-y3)^2 = R3^2
(x - x4)^2 + (y-y4)^2 = R4^2
Subtract one from the rest. Thus
2*(x2 - x1)*x + 2*(y2 - y1)*y = R2^2 - R1^2 + x1^2 - x2^2
2*(x3 - x1)*x + 2*(y3 - y1)*y = R3^2 - R1^2 + x1^2 - x3^2
2*(x4 - x1)*x + 2*(y4 - y1)*y = R4^2 - R1^2 + x1^2 - x4^2
This is a linear system of 3 equations in the two unknowns (x,y). Solve using backslash (\ operator in Matlab).
A = 2*[(x2 - x1),(y2 - y1);(x3 - x1),(y3 - y1);(x4 - x1),(y4 - y1)];
rhs = [R2^2 - R1^2 + x1^2 - x2^2 + y1^2 - y2^2; ...
R3^2 - R1^2 + x1^2 - x3^2 + y1^2 - y3^2; ...
R4^2 - R1^2 + x1^2 - x4^2 + y1^2 - y4^2];
xy = A\rhs
This will derive an estimate of the center coordinates.
See an illustration.
Since the calculation of the intersection of four circles is rather complex to perform on a mobile device, we can approximate the position by determining the bounding rectangle where the four minimum and maximum latitude and longitude points where the wireless signal was detected. This may not work in all cases, but can serve as an illustration of the approach. In particular, this approach would not yeild good results for cases where there are not detection points from at least three sides. The origin of the signal would have to be contained within the area defined by the detection points.
We can further refine the bounding rectangle which should contain the origin of the signal source by determining the boundries implied by the relative signal strengths measured at each of the points. For example, if the signal strength measured at the northern-most point was -90dBm, we would assume that the source of the signal must be within approximately 90m south of the coordiantes recorded. By calculating the coordinates with maximum distances from the points of detection, based on the signal strengths measured at each point, we can determine a small area bounded by these points. There should be a high probability that the source of the wireless signal originates from within this bounding rectangle. Taking the geometric centroid of this bounding rectangle should approximate the origin of the wireless signal.
This can be illustrated by the interactive map linked here. The white circle drawn in the center of the map represents the actual location of the wireless access point, or the origin. The blue circle represents the approximate range from the northern-most point of detection, based on the signal strength. The yellow circle represents the eastern-most point of detection, the red circle for the southern-most, and the orange circle representing the western-most point of detection.
From this set of coordinates, we can draw a bounding rectangle shown in purple, which represents the range of coordinates where the wireless signal could be detected. Based on the layout of streets and accessability of the area, the actual origin of the signal could be contained with this bounding rectange if the points of detection were accessible from at least three sides, or possibly all four sides. However, in cases where the wireless signal can only be observed from one side, such as a facing street, the bounding rectangle defined by the points of observation would not encompass the origin, but would be adjacent to it.
Because we cannot be certain that the set of detection points actually enclose the point of origin, and to determine the smallest possible area with the highest probability of containing the point of origin, we calculate a bounding rectangle by determining a set of points which are the furthest possible distance from the minimum and maximum geographic coordinates based on the measured signal strength.
The bounding rectangle shown in green on the map below represents the most likely boundries in which the signal originates, by calculating the distances infered from the measured signal strength at the extreme coordinates where the wireless access point could be detected.
The Android smartphone environment is well suited to this approach, since it combines a wireless network transceiver, with signal strength reported in dBm, with a GPS receiver with good precision, along with enough computing power and data storage to record the detected coordinates. The Android-Wardrive application by Raffaele Ragni is particularly well-suited to this approach because it already records its data in a Sqlite3 database. It also shows a map of the detected wireless access points using the Google Maps API, and can export to an online database or a Google Earth KML file.
The first step to implementing this approach would be to extend the Sqlite3 database schema to include four additional coordinate pairs as well as their signal strength. The existing coordinates could be retained to map the initial point of detection, and could be updated by the geolocation calculation.
Due to the computing overhead involved in performing the calculations, it would not be recommended to attempt to calculate the geolocation in real time. There will be significant amount of additional overhead in collecting the additional data points, especially in an area with multiple wireless access points. Additionally, the method for geolocation requires that a reasonable survey be completed to detect the greatest diversity of locations for best results.
During the initial detection of a new wireless access point, in addition to logging the current geographic coordinates and BSSID, the initial coordinates and signal strength should be written to each of the peripheral coordinate pairs.
With each subsequent reading, the current location point would be compared with the four peripheral coordinate points. If the new reading is further North (current latitude > stored Northern latitude) then the new coordinates (both latitude and longitude of the current location) along with the signal strength should be written as the Northern-most coordiantes. If the new location is further South (current latitude < stored Southern Latitude) than the current location coordinates (both latitude and longitude) and the signal strength should be stored as the new Southern-most point of detection. Similar comparisons should be made for each of the extreme East and West points of detection using the maximum and minimum longitude. It is both possible and likely that during the initial data collection, each new point detected could replace two of the previously recorded coordinate pairs.
The geolocation calculation could either be added as an addition option under the menu, or could be combined with the Export to KML option.
By Brad Tombaugh 17 July 2010
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Scientists probe remote Arctic with research drones
With modern times comes a modern way to explore the world's northernmost areas in the Arctic, as unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, are allowing researchers to get a bird's eye view of the last great collections of ice in Alaska.
According to a list of registered drone operators released by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, more and more research organizations are deploying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones to study the uppermost polar regions of the planet to study the decline of sea ice in the Arctic.
In July of this year, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued a new kind of restricted category type certificated to two unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), an action that is the first of its kind that would allow companies and organizations from the private sector to operate drones in the United States' airspace. A California-based energy company flew its first Arctic drone operation last month off the coast of Alaska and more flights are scheduled, including launches for research into the Arctic Circle.
"Until now, obtaining an experimental airworthiness certificate - which specifically excludes commercial operations—was the only way the private sector could operate UAS in the nation's airspace," said the FAA press release. "Plans for the initial ship-launched flights include surveys of ocean ice floes and migrating whales in Arctic oil exploration areas. The PUMA is expected to support emergency response crews for oil spill monitoring and wildlife surveillance over the Beaufort Sea."
The newly certified drones that are pioneering their use as scientific resources, the Scan Eagle X200 and the AeroVironment's PUMA, are relatively small in regards to the drones typically used by the United States. Each drone weighs between 13 and 55 pounds and is about 4 feet long with wingspans of around nine or ten feet. The drones that will be used for future research in the Arctic will vary in size, some of which may be high-altitude jets, and other being small, remote controlled propeller aircrafts that resemble children's toys. However, they will be very expensive toys, as even some of the more modest drone systems will cost $100,000 or more.
Thus far, scientists and researches have used smaller, battery-operated drones for assistance on several research projects, including the mapping of the summer breeding grounds of sea lions, as well as other aerial observation missions that would not have been able to be accomplished otherwise in such an efficient, environmentally friendly and cost effective way.
"Monitoring ice floes, monitoring the condition of the sea is, whether it's solid or breaking up or spotty in places, is very important for any seagoing activity the Arctic. Monitoring the ice is a concern for oil companies as well as for drilling platforms, as it becomes important to monitor ice flow in regards to the boats going back and forth between the shore and platforms," said Ro Bailey, the Deputy Director for the Alaska Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. "Another aspect of all of this is that oil companies have to comply to a lot of regulations in regards to sea animals, especially marine mammals like whales, seals and sea lions. So the presence of sea ice affects what marine wildlife will be in a certain area, and knowing what ice is there becomes a consideration of where these animals might be.
The potential benefits of these new certification for drones to be used commercially stands to benefit Arctic research exponentially. The unmanned drones can now allow researches access into what was once an environment too hazardous for humans to spend long stretches of time, as well as the ability to maintain observation through dangerous weather conditions and through extremely remote Arctic areas. The missions that these drones may undertake could range from watching out for oil spills, tracking ice flows and measuring the decline of sea ice, to tracking the migratory patterns of whales. These drones will also be able to assist the U.S. Coast Guard in future search and rescue missions.
"In regards to the use of drones in the future, so far they have been very useful, much less expensive than any other mechanism, and a lot safer because there is no human at risk," Bailey said. "Hopefully in the future, these young companies might be able to use this system doing research and possibly make a profit doing this. The FAA has been ordered by Congress to work towards making U.S. airspace available to commercial operations, and what is expected is that the use of drones by these companies will become a routine operation, doing things like surveying roads, and monitoring the pipeline. What we also hope is that some of the companies that will start using this technology routinely will be centered here in Alaska. Having said that, it's still a developmental process"
While the use of drones by civilian organizations, like the University of Fairbanks research programs, are still extremely restricted by the preexisting regulations from the Federal Aviation Authority, the future outlook of drones being used for scientific research looks promising. The use of drones is still restricted by private companies, but a new draft of regulations is expected to be presented in 2015, which will most likely include more lenient regulations in regards for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for private companies doing scientific research. However, drafting the new regulations will be an unprecedented step in opening up U.S. airspace to the use of privately funded drones.
"I imagine the new regulations will be a lot more rigorous than those of a manned aircraft. From an unmanned perspective, any aircraft you rent or buy the manufacturer has already going through approval with the FAA. Nothing like that exists with unmanned aircraft, and the FAA will have to establish a standard for this," Bailey said.
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