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Kerensky, Aleksandr Feodorovich (kərĕnˈskē, Rus. əlyĭksänˈdər fyôˈdərəvĭch kâˈrĭnskē) [key], 1881–1970, Russian revolutionary. A lawyer, he was elected to the fourth duma in 1912 as a representative of the moderate Labor party. He joined the Socialist Revolutionary party after the February Revolution of 1917 that overthrew the czarist government and became minister of justice, then war minister in the provisional government of Prince Lvov. He succeeded (July, 1917) Lvov as premier. Kerensky's insistence on remaining in World War I, his failure to deal with urgent economic problems (particularly land distribution), and his moderation enabled the Bolsheviks to overthrow his government later in 1917. Kerensky fled to Paris, where he continued as an active propagandist against the Soviet regime. In 1940 he fled to the United States; later he continued to travel and lecture. He wrote The Prelude to Bolshevism (1919).
See R. Abraham, Alexander Kerensky (1987).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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Oh and Cis, Transgender and Transman — these are just some of the words that have cropped up to define the complexities of gender identification. But even with so many options, we still don't have a definitive vocabulary for transitioning.
For many people, him, her and it seem like simple enough words. However, this deceptive simplicity can cause a good deal of grief when trying to describe anyone who falls outside the acceptable limits of gender identity. Especially when, as so often happens, the speaker doesn't fully understand (or is unwilling to accept) the process of changing one's pronouns. To make matters worse, the terms to describe a transitioning individual are at best vague, and at worse offensive.
According to Roz Kaveney at the Guardian, "transitioning" is the only term we can all really accept. It makes a certain kind of sense; "transitioning" is a word that least challenges our notions of sex and gender. It keeps the binary system firmly in place. Someone is in transition, they are between genders, moving from one clearly defined space to another. They're on their way to becoming like everyone else, labeled with a new, gender-indicating name and the "correct" genitals. Similarly, "sex change" is often used as shorthand for the process, though it often simplifies a very complicated transformation into "surgery," which, for many transpeople, is not actually an option.
However, though we may be able to describe the process, there is still a lot of debate surrounding the individual labels. More difficult than pronouns (simple rule: you use whatever pronoun they prefer) is the question of nouns. "Transgender" works, but is a little too vague. "Trans," when used as an adjective or a prefix, can sound either like a person who "happens to be trans" or "some special and distinct order of being," depending on the use. "Tranny," while initially promising, turned out to be too hard to reclaim. Basically, there the words we have are imperfect.
To many, this seems like a minor problem. "One way of looking at this is to say that when trans people are being murdered all over the planet, arguing about words is staggeringly trivial-minded," Kaveney writes. But, she argues, prejudice "starts with name-calling, but it doesn't always end there." Violence begins with words, starting with hate-speech and slurs. Furthermore, the words we use are always important, even within a community. As a writer, feminist, and former English major, I have an almost religious respect for the power of words. The language we use to describe things shapes the way we think about it - it can color our interactions with others simply by virtue of the underlying connotations in a name, pronoun, or descriptor. "Tranny" might refer to the same person as "transman," but it doesn't mean the same thing. Neither does "trans man." The confusion surrounding names reflects a more general confusing surrounding gender identity. Or, perhaps, it is the other way around. Ultimately, we're in a chicken-and-egg scenario; so long as we don't have words to describe the growing fluidity of gender, it will be difficult to fully integrate it into our cultural consciousness. "There is no word for it," wrote one playwright in attempts to describe the life of a trans person. There is no word - but there are many words. It just comes down to choosing the right ones, and, if all else fails, making new words for our new situation.
Why Trans Is In But Tranny Is Out [Guardian]
Image via Shutterstock
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|Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product|
UNDERSTANDING HOW TO USE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
Notwithstanding their limitations, especially in relation to uses for which they were never designed, the national accounts provide important information for a range of purposes. The system of national accounts also provides a framework or structure which can be, and has been, adapted and extended to facilitate the examination of many economic and social policy issues.
There are three ways of measuring GDP.
Income approach - Measures income generated by the economy: compensation of employees (wages and salaries, and employers' social contributions); gross operating surplus (profits); gross mixed income (income from unincorporated businesses); and taxes less subsidies.
Expenditure approach - Measures final expenditures on goods and services (i.e. those goods and services which are not processed any further), adding on the contributions of changes in inventories and the value of exports, and deducting the value of imports.
Production approach - Calculates the sum of the value of goods and services produced by each industry (its output at basic prices, which implicitly includes taxes less subsidies on production) and deducting the cost of goods and services used up by the industry in the productive process (intermediate consumption), which leaves the value added by the industry. In the production approach, taxes less subsides on products are separately identified and are not included in the output of industries at basic prices. For more information on the distinction between taxes and subsides on products and taxes and subsides on production please refer to Australian System of National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods (cat. no. 5216.0).
While each approach should, conceptually, deliver the same estimate of GDP, if the three measures are compiled independently using different data sources then different estimates of GDP result. However, the Australian national income, expenditure and product estimates have been integrated within annual balanced supply and use tables which are available for 1994-95 to 2003-04. Integration with balanced supply and use tables ensures that the same estimate of GDP is obtained from the three approaches, and thus annual estimates using the income, expenditure and production approaches are identical for the years for which supply and use tables are available. Prior to 1994-95, and for the latest financial year, the estimates using each approach are based on independent sources, and there are differences between the income, expenditure and production estimates. Nevertheless, for these periods, a single estimate of GDP has been compiled.
For more information please refer to Updated National Accounts Annual Benchmarks (Feature Article) or Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods, (cat. no. 5216.0).
Additional information can be found in Frequently Asked Question's.
These documents will be presented in a new window.
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Dec. 31, 2003
On January 2, 2004, NASA's Stardust spacecraft will fly through a comet and collect samples of dust for return to Earth.
March 26, 2003
NASA scientists have invented a new video technology that helps police track down criminals.
June 27, 2003
The solar system is littered with clouds of dust--some of them uncharted. Earth might encounter one such cloud this Friday, June 27th.
Nov. 4, 2003
On Saturday, Nov. 8th, the full moon will glide through our planet's shadow and turn a delightful shade of sunset-red.
Aug. 6, 2008
June 20, 2003
A series of upcoming rocket launches will create glowing-white nighttime clouds visible from the eastern seaboard of the United States.
Dec. 1, 2003
At least one common disease-causing microbe becomes more virulent in simulated microgravity. Scientists studying this phenomenon hope to gain a better understanding of infectious disease.
Dec. 3, 2003
Thin membranes developed by NASA-funded researchers could help people go to Mars--and clean the air here on Earth.
Sept. 17, 2003
Seen enough of Mars? There are some alternatives: Saturn is fast becoming an eye-catching sight in the morning sky, and Jupiter's not bad either.
Jan. 10, 2003
Science@NASA presents a review of the IMAX movie Space Station3D. It's the next best thing to space flight.
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A person, group or society who lives without stressful anxieties, may perceive context and information totally different. Just having a meek observation, one can compare the difference between schools of thoughts, that predetermine action. Example, when the Muslim world caught wind of "Innocence of Muslims", there were two different reactions.
The people in Libya and other countries responded with violent protest, death and chaos; versus the Muslims in the West responded with a different approach for this critical moment. The West approached this calendar event through patience, studies, collaboration and effective outreach; in my opinion declared a demarcation between mind-states.
But, why? You have to ponder this analysis between two sectors of people under the same religious guidelines. This is not an academic critique, case study review or judgement; it's simply a common observation between mind-states and how one's perceive context under social pressure.
- Is it the education, allowed to study independent of influence
- The leadership of the cultures
- What about the wisdom of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)and how he handle ridicule in the City of Taif
Though social pressure and illmatic conditions exists in the West. It is without years of suppressive influence, tribalism, inherited prejudices that influence a person or group perception. The ability to think, study, and govern within an environment without the above pressure, somewhat liberates the thinking and creates a more rational mind-state for critical thinking.
"Liberated Thinking" bares witness for individuals and groups, testifying to their state of being. Living in a society where the rights of education are pursued, obtained and applied; again liberates the thought process. Then initiate the exercising of ideas for community, social and economic justice with creativity upon support and collaboration between like minds.
Liberation of "heart and mind", opens the thought process for discovering and providing dignity within our intellectual battles for success. Sharing this success with all people regardless of social status, political party and wealth. Liberated Thinking, is an open source code of philosophy, that is being customized since the days Adam. Liberated Thinking is a gift, and has always freed the human being from suppressive and oppressed eras. Just remember this...
"Do not ask the son of Adam to fulfill a need,
Ask Him Whose gates are never concealed.
The Creator is wrathful when you do not ask Him
While the son of Adam is angered if you ask him."
Wisdom Wednesday are social reminders for conversation - the sharing of honest opinions and wise ideals. All of us have a value worth sharing; it may motivate another to stop, continue and/or begin a certain process in our personal growth or social development.
Please follow me on Twitter @whoopwoop and share our blog-ver-sa-tions with friends
Baseerah.Media to have vision
Baseerah.Media to have vision
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“The Song of Hiawatha” must have been one of Grey Owl’s favourite pieces of literature, as he quotes from it extensively in his writings. It therefore seems like an appropriate piece of literature to kick off this tale of Anahareo, as she is most remembered for the years she shared with Grey Owl. Who then is Anahareo?
Wife. Trapper. Prospector. Conservationist. Mother. Anahareo was all these things, but also so much more. In a time when aboriginal women were held in very low regard, Anahareo had the courage to do what she felt was right. In the process, she turned a hunter and trapper into a conservationist and author, and forever changed our relationship with nature.
Should you ask me, whence these stories,
Whence these legends and traditions,
With the odor of the forest,
With the dew and damp of meadows
With the curling smoke of wigwams,
With the rushing of great rivers,
With their frequent repetitions,
As a thunder of the mountains?
I should answer, I should tell you,
“From the forests and the prairies,
From the land of the Ojibways,
From the land of the Dacotahs,
From the mountains, moors and fen-lands,
Where the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah,
Feeds among the reeds and rushes.
I repeat them as I heard them
From the lips of Nawadaha,
The musician, the sweet singer.”
~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1855
Photo credit: Archives of Ontario
Portrait photograph of Anahareo, probably taken during her 1937 visit to England.
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Guiding Growth in Booming Las Vegas
|Three-dimensional models assist city planners in finalizing the details of major projects and the standards for long-range planning documents.|
Technology and smart planning techniques have allowed the Planning Department for the city of Las Vegas, Nevada, to improve customer service, utilize instant access to information, and enhance the quality of life for both visitors and citizens of Las Vegas.
Las Vegas' population grew 73 percent between 1990 and 2000. The population topped 500,000 in 2000, and by 2020, the population is expected to increase to 800,000. How can Las Vegas accommodate growth while enhancing the city's quality of life and livability? Maintaining a vibrant and growing community with a strong economy while addressing air and water quality issues and redeveloping older areas presents many planning challenges.
Mapping Future Growth
To meet these challenges, the city began preparing a new Master Plan that would supply comprehensive policy direction for future land use decisions and urban planning for the city through 2020. The Master Plan will provide guidance for city staff, the planning commission, and the city council in planning-related decisions as well as a readable, handy reference for the development community and general public.
Development of the Master Plan included two rather innovative efforts-a community vision survey and the use of GIS models. With these models, planners can test the effects of land use allocation, traffic, air quality, and property tax assessment changes. With these models, planners can also test the effectiveness of the Master Plan's goals, objectives, and policies by visualizing and predicting policy outcomes and determining if policy interventions would enable the city to accommodate growth.
Enhanced Regional Coordination
Given the geography of the Las Vegas Valley and the interrelated roles of municipal and regulatory organizations in the area, it was important that these entities work together to resolve regional issues. A regional GIS repository gives all entities access to GIS data and maps relating to air and water quality, education, transportation and transit issues, parks and trails, affordable housing, water usage, utility services, flood control, and homeless and public safety issues.
|Printed maps are distributed at town hall meetings.|
The city relies on a variety of GIS tools and data collection techniques to keep up with data maintenance. These tools have enhanced productivity and accuracy as well as capturing more information than was previously possible. Aerial photographs are taken twice a year. Using GPS with ArcPad, GIS data collection applications have significantly reduced training time and improved the amount of data collected by approximately 500 percent. Videos of interior sewer pipe walls are available at the click of a button from GIS desktop applications. Signs, billboards, historic areas, business types, land use, building footprints, and separation distance data are similarly accessible.
Effective Data Access
ArcGIS has been installed on every personal computer in the planning department. All staff members have been trained and can competently use ArcGIS. Custom applications give planning employees and citizens instant access to the city's abundant planning information. Using desktop GIS eliminates the need for hard-copy maps. Research can now be carried on more efficiently with improved accuracy that yields consistent information. With GIS, staff responding to inquiries can let customers see the answers to their questions. The result: The public has a better understanding and more actively participates in the planning process.
Mapping information is embedded in almost every area of the planning process and is delivered in several mediums.
- Citizens use the Internet to access interactive GIS services as well as downloadable static maps.
- Printed maps are distributed at town hall meetings.
- Interactive three-dimensional fly-through demonstrations of proposed developments are delivered on CD-ROM or presented live during televised public meetings.
Better Decision Making
Citizen participation is an important part of the planning process. Basemaps are generated for planning charts. The aerial photographs of subject areas are displayed and televised during planning commission or city council meetings giving citizens a better idea of location of the proposed project under consideration.
|Three-dimensional models, made by combining GIS and project site plan data with photos of architectural and landscaping details, demonstrate the impact of significant projects and assist in planning decisions.|
The three-dimensional models assist city planners in finalizing the details of major projects and the standards for long-range planning documents. The modelsmade by combining GIS and project site plan data with photos of architectural and landscaping detailsfacilitate discussions between staff, city officials, and the public. Three-dimensional models demonstrate the impact of significant projects and assist in planning decisions.
Planning commissioners and city council members have a wealth of information available including an assortment of color maps-aerial, land use, zoning, and separation distance. These maps, showing nearly every aspect that would impact a project, furnish commissioners and council persons with ample support for decision making.
Planning commissioners also have access to ArcGIS during meetings and are able to view planning-related information for any area. Council members' computer screens are visible to the audience, other council members, and commissioners and are also televised. Former City Councilman Arnie Ademsen believes that having instant access to information via GIS allows members to make faster decisions. Before GIS, certain items were postponed so that further research could be performed.
Partnering for Success
|Maintaining a vibrant and growing community with a strong economy while addressing air and water quality issues and redeveloping older areas presents planning challenges.|
Partnering with the city's IT department ensures the planning department spends its time focused on planning, quality service, and public outreach with the knowledge the department's information systems are secure, managed, and backed up. Before joining forces with the IT department, data backups and hardware maintenance were done by planners or GIS staff. Now GIS staff can concentrate on producing better deliverables in an efficient and effective manner, which makes for a competitive public planning agency.
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Although the economy slowed significantly from the 6%-plus growth rate recorded in 2007 and 2008, it expanded by 4% in the first half of 2009. Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth during the crisis. As the 4th most populated country in the world, Indonesia’s only ranked 42nd (865.309 hosts) and 10th (30.000.000 users) on the internet host and internet users, respectfully. Compared to its population, both internet hosts and internet users expected to have a boom in internet penetration. Compared to Asia’s internet penetration 19,4 % per September 2009, Indonesia’s internet users penetration was 12,5 % per September 2009.
Indonesia’s security community also plays an important role in the world. An early virus named as ‘Denzuko’ was actually made by an Indonesian student. Around 2005, Indonesia was sprawled by a local virus which differed from conventional viruses that rely on email and internet / intranet for its spreading. The notorious Indonesian virus “Rontokbro” and thousands of its variants rely heavily on spreading via UFD (USB Flash Disk). This phenomenon is caused by wide use of UFD and poor internet infrastructure in Indonesia area which covered very wide geographic region and 17.508 of separated islands.
Bali is an Indonesian island that is rich in indigenous culture. A lot of people say that Bali culture is unique and that the people of Bali have always been contented with the "now." If you ask a Balinese person what heaven is like, the probable answer will be "just like Bali". This only goes to show that most Balinese people are happy to be where they are and never worry.
One factor that contributes to this laidback lifestyle is the culture of close family ties in Bali. In the Balinese culture, support is always available. Large Balinese families are so tightly knit that all members usually reside in the same complex.
Hinduism is the main religion in Bali. The Bali culture is based on a form of this religion, which is called "Hindu Darma". This religion reached the island during the eleventh century. Most of the family customs and traditions as well as community lifestyles of the Balinese people are influenced by this. The religious influence even expands widely into the arts, which makes Bali distinct from the rest of Indonesia.
In spite of the influx of tourists to the island, Balinese people have managed to preserve their culture. Almost every native of Bali is an artist in some form or another. Parents and villagers have passed on their skills to their children, who all seem to have inclinations either to music, dance, painting and decor.
Another remarkable mark of the Bali culture is the series of ceremonies and rituals known as the Manusa Yadnya. This marks the different stages of Balinese life. Cremation is very popular on this island - and unlike in the West, death is a joyous and colorful event for the Balinese.
Indeed, Bali has a rich culture, making it distinctive from the rest of the islands in Indonesia. Bali is renowned for its diverse and sophisticated art forms, such as paintings, sculptures, woodcarvings, handcrafts and performing arts. Balinese percussion orchestra music, known as gamelan, is highly developed and varied. Balinese performing arts often portray stories from Hindu epics such as the Ramayana but with heavy Balinese influence. Famous Balinese dances include pendet, legong, baris, topeng, barong, gong kebyar, and kecak (the monkey dance). Bali boasts one of the most diverse and innovative performing arts cultures in the world, with paid performances at thousands of temple festivals, private ceremonies or public shows.
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Common name: Turk’s cap, wax mallow, Texas mallow, manzanilla, sleeping hibiscus
Botanical name: Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii
Virtues: Large, vivid flowers. Excellent butterfly and hummingbird plant. Long flowering season, with heaviest bloom coming in late summer and fall.
Flowers: Bright red flowers appear from spring through fall, attracting butterflies, bees and hummingbirds. The petals seem to open only partially, giving the flower a tubular shape and inspiring the common name of Turk’s cap. Another common name is sleeping hibiscus, as they look like hibiscus flowers that aren’t quite open. A long stamen protrudes from the center of the flower. Small apple-like fruit follows the bloom and attracts birds.
Habit: Shrubby perennial to 10 feet tall and wide, though typically half as large in gardens.
Season: Spring through fall.
Origin: Stream banks, wood edges and slopes of south-central Texas, the southeast U.S. and northern Mexico.
Cultivation: Grow in part shade to shade. Prefers moist soils but will tolerate some drought. Prefers good drainage. Will adapt to different conditions, including full sun. Prune half of the previous year’s growth in early spring. USDA Zones 8–11.
Horticulture January 2010 is available as a download; it includes 50 great native plants.
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January 27, 2012
Metagenomic analysis*1) of the microbial community in the hot stream of a Japanese epithermal mine revealed that Candidatus 'Acetothermus autotrophicum' (Ca. 'A. autotrophicum'), an uncultivated thermophilic bacterium, was keeping an ancient metabolic pathway for CO2 fixation and energy generation, known as acetyl-CoA pathway *2). The acetyl-CoA pathway is considered to have been inherited from the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) *3), a cell from which all life has evolved. Bacteria and Archaea are believed to have evolved from LUCA.
Phylogenetic trees based on proteins conserved in bacteria and archaea showed that Ca. 'A. autotrophicum' is very near to their common ancestor. Ca. 'A. autotrophicum' also retains a thermostable bifunctional fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) aldolase/phosphatase, a gluconeogenic enzyme assumed to work effectively in the early Earth environments. This suggests that Ca. 'A. Autotrophicum' is the archaeorganism still retaining functional properties of early life on Earth.
These results will considered to become direct evidence showing the existence of the functional traits in the first free-living (autotrophic) bacterial and archaeal ancestors, and provide new insights into the dawn of life to the earliest phases of evolution from the genomic point of view.
The study was published on January 27, 2012 in the online journal of Public Library of Science ONE (PLoS ONE), vol. 7, e30559 by Hideto Takami et al.
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are considered as a possible cradle of early life. In recent studies, specific types were considered to be the most plausible places, including low temperature alkaline H2-rich hydrothermal vents. This has led to a scenario in which the energy and cell carbon are synthesized through acetyl-CoA pathway with hydrogen and CO2 in the early Earth environments (Fig. 1). Yet biological evidence to support this hypothesis is still scarce, leaving many questions unanswered. These include processes of energy metabolism in the early branching archaeal and bacterial species.
Researchers focused on microbial mat flourishing in a hot stream (70 °C) of an epithermal mine similar to the conditions in the low-temperature hydrothermal vents. The genome sequence of Ca. 'A. autotrophicum' was nearly completed and revealed the presence of the acetyl-CoA pathway, an ancient metabolic pathway believed to be possessed by the last common ancestor of Achaea and Bacteria. A Phylogenetic analysis, using a concatenated amino acid sequence of four proteins common across all prokaryotes *4), revealed that Ca. 'A. autotrophicum' is very near to LUCA among all presently known bacteria (Fig. 2).
Furthermore, Ca. 'A. autotrophicum' was found to possess fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) aldolase/phosphatase, a bifunctional enzyme indispensable for synthesizing glucose from acetyl Co-A and present only in the limited prokaryotic species thought to be very near to LUCA. Usually, enzymes catalyze both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. FBP aldolase/phosphatise, however, catalyzes only in the direction of gluconeogenesis and is thermostable even at 70°C.
This implies that under the organic matter-poor conditions of early Earth, microbes produce acetyl-CoA from hydrogen and CO2 via the acetyle-CoA pathway, convert acetyl-CoA to acetate to acquire energy, and synthesize the saccharides by using aldolase/phosphatase for the formation of cell carbons (Fig. 4).
*1. Metagenomic analysis
Generally, it is very difficult to recover microbes from the natural environment using currently available techniques. In fact, less than 10% of the microbes can be merely cultured in the laboratory settings. Metagenomic analysis is a culture-independent method to analyze the comprehensive genomic information from microbial community to figure out the functional potential and taxonomic properties in the microbial community by using genomic DNAs directly extracted from the environmental samples without cultivation.
*2. Acetyl-CoA pathway
A metabolic pathway leading to the fixation of CO2 as acetyl-CoA, an important molecule in metabolism. It occurs under anaerobic conditions. The acetyl-CoA pathway is now found in only limited bacterial and archaeal species. Using this pathway, bacteria acquire energy by producing acetate and archaea acquire energy by producing methane.
*3. Last universal common ancestor
The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the most recent common ancestor of all currently living organisms believed to have appeared about 3.9 billion years ago.
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms without a cell nucleus. They basically refer to bacteria and archaea. Archaea are the third domain of life discovered by Dr. Carl Woese from the University of Illinois in 1977. Before that, it was thought that life had two major domains: eukaryotes (e.g., plants, animals and fungi) and bacteria. Although archaea and bacteria are very similar in size and shape, archaea often occur in various shapes, from spheres (0.1 micrometers in diameter) to rods or other random shapes. Despite having no nucleus, archaea's biochemical properties are more closely related to those of eukaryotes. It was thought that some archaeal species had evolved into eukaryotes after diverging from bacteria.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram for the scenario of early life evolution
This figure was slightly modified from the original picture, which appeared in the article of Martin and Russell, Phill. Trans, R. Soc. B (2007) 362, 1887-1926. In the environment of early Earth, acetyl-CoA pathway leading carbon fixation and energy generation is thought to have been indispensable for the emergence of the first free-living bacteria and archaea, which had evolved from LUCA. It is hypothesized that bacteria and archaea were evolved from LUCA by the acquisition of acetogenic and methanogenic energy generation systems, respectively.
Figure 2. Phylogetetic tree of prokaryotes based on the concatenated amino acid sequence of 4 common proteins
Bar in the center circle shows the LUCA. This phylogenetic tree shows that Ca. 'A. autotrophicum' is a most deeply branching bacterium among the 358 bacterial species whose genome sequences have been determined to date. In addition, researchers constructed another phylogenetic tree based on the concatenated amino acid sequence of 5 core proteins of the acetyl-CoA pathway. This result also supports that Ca. 'A. autotrophicum' is a most deeply branching bacterium similar to the former phylogenetic tree (Fig. 3B)
(A) Phylogenetic tree based on the ribosomal RNA genes. Red character shows the organisms possessing acetyl-CoA pathway. Deeply branching acetogenic bacteria possessing the acetyl-CoA pathway has not yet been found in the bacterial lineage in contrast to the methanogenic archaea shown by the red circle.
(B) Phylogenetic tree based on the concatenated amino acid sequence of 5 core proteins for the acetyl-CoA pathway. It has been confirmed that Ca. 'A. autotrophicum' diverged first from the common ancestral lineage among the nine examined bacteria.
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree of life
Fig.4. Acetyl-CoA and gluconeogenetic pathways found in Ca. 'A. autotrophicum'.
Red arrows show the direction of gluconeogenesis from acetyl-CoA. This figure suggests that Ca. 'A, autotrophicum' can acquire energy by producing acetate from acetyl-CoA and also synthesize saccharides from acetyl-CoA under anaerobic conditions.
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What’s the point of insects?
They’re worth a cool $57 billion to the United States each year, that’s what. Michael Hopkin April 1, 2006
Next time you dismiss insects as mere creepy-crawlies, ponder for a while on what life would be like without them. Our six-legged friends might be more valuable than you think — research estimates that they’re worth at least a staggering $57 billion to the US economy every year.
The estimate was compiled by a pair of conservation researchers aiming to stress the value of wild insects. Although putting a dollar value on the environment is a difficult and controversial task, it is something many ecologists have tried to do to explain the worth of biological diversity to officials more used to dealing in dollars and cents.
It took the duo more than two years to tot up all the economic transactions that would have been impossible without insects, from agriculture to birdwatching. They publish their findings in the journal BioScience1.
Money, money, money
A value of $57 billion is a conservative estimate, says co-author Mace Vaughan of the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation in Portland, Oregon. The analysis only considers processes for which hard data are available and which are directly attributable to wild insects.
Vaughan, together with John Losey of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, looked at four processes: disposal of dung; control of crop pests; pollination; and nutrition for wildlife such as birds.
Excluded from the analysis were the services provided by domestically reared insects such as honeybees. “If you look at all of the services across the board, you’re looking at hundreds of billions of dollars,” Vaughan says.
As for the total, all-inclusive value of insects, Losey says the answer is clear. “I don’t need to guess at the total value of insects’ ecological services — ecosystems and the life they support (including humans) could not function without the services insects provide.” Hunting and fishing
By far the greatest direct contribution of insects comes from their role as food for birds, game and fish, Losey and Vaughan calculate. Given the overall value to the US economy of the recreation industries of hunting, fishing and birdwatching, and the proportion of species involved that eat insects, these industries would be almost $50 billion worse off each year without them.
Insects also save farmers some $4.5 billion each year by gobbling up pests on dozens of different crops, and a cool $3 billion by pollinating many different fruits and vegetables. The humble dung beetle chips in with savings worth $380 million, by keeping cowpats out of the way of parasitic flies and saving valuable cattle from infections.
All of this should give people pause for thought about insects’ conservation status, Vaughan hopes. Although most wild species are not endangered, and could not generate such stupendous monetary sums if they were, numbers of many species have been declining. In the past six years, the United States has lost five species of bumblebee, which are important pollinators, he says.
Moves should be taken to preserve the livelihood of humble insects, Vaughan argues. Farmers, for example, should leave margins of wild hedgerow on their land where pollinators and other insects can live. “In some places there’s no natural habitat,” he explains.
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Last week’s heavy monsoon rains revived memories of “Ondoy” in 2009, which had broken records, with a month’s worth of rain falling in just six hours.
Although not a typhoon, the monsoon rains affected and displaced some two million people. The death toll was not as bad as “Ondoy’”s, but the humanitarian disaster it caused was just as grave.
Lifestyle interviewed urban planners, architects and other experts on the factors that could have caused the calamity and the measures needed to solve them so as to stave off its repeat in the near future.
Did government listen?
John Joseph T. Fernandez, dean, College of Architecture, University of Santo Tomas
When “Ondoy” hit Manila a few years back, it was a wake-up call to many Filipinos. I remember, after “Ondoy,” several forums were conducted looking for ways to avert another “Ondoy” in the future. I was even invited to a forum in Keio University, Tokyo, Japan, where I spoke on “Paradigm Shift on the Pedagogy of Architecture Education in Relation to Climate Change.” I was surprised to hear from several speakers from different continents expressing surprise at the increasing incidence of floods, which they said surpassed even previously highest recorded levels. Several questions were asked during the forum and they would usually boil down to one issue: “What was the condition of your drainage systems?” or “Would the flooding have happened if the drainage systems of the city were working?”
Honestly, I wasn’t sure. I do remember the tons of garbage piled up after the flooding, clear evidence of poor solid-waste management which contributed to flooding. With all those fora, I believe a solution must have been drawn.
The question is: Did the government listen?
Many local governments together with private groups started several cleaning of waterways in their cities. Relocation of many urban informal settlers has been done.
Education drives on proper garbage disposal have repeatedly been done. But unfortunately the Filipino has a very short memory and forgotten the lessons of “Ondoy,” becoming lax in implementing measures to quell flooding and check disasters.
The University of Santo Tomas has done its share by having its own waste-water-treatment plant and solid-waste management; it has a system of recycling rain water. It has also slowly adopted a no-polystyrene policy in most of its buildings.
The UST administration has tried several times to lessen the impact of flooding on campus. It recently elevated its road network to prevent floodwater from immediately entering the campus. It worked for a while until the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) started raising the roads around UST, making the campus a catchment area when the rain comes.
The UST administration has also adopted some policies with regard to ground-floor spaces on the campus. Slowly offices located on the ground floor have been moved to the next floor to avoid or lessen damage to property (files, records, equipment).
In a meeting, DPWH officials informed me they had presented to the university administrators a plan that would lessen the flooding inside the campus.
The approach is to build a huge underground cistern beneath the UST parade grounds with a size covering the entire field and several meters deep, which will collect rain water and eventually be pumped out to Manila Bay. Unfortunately the construction time is three years and the UST parade ground was recently declared a National Treasure.
Another approach suggested by some is that since most of the offices will be relocated to the second floor of the building, a covered walkway running throughout the campus connecting the building should be constructed, with its roof made of concrete; it will serve as elevated walkway during floods.
One must look at the flooding problem of Metro Manila as a whole to come up with a holistic solution. The approach of raising streets in the metro only displaces the water and does not really solve the problem.
President Aquino mentioned a few days ago that they had already a solution to the flooding problem of the metro. The next question is, How much, and how long?
I hope the solution is permanent and it will not take too long to implement. Meantime, as we wait for the solution, we have to adapt to the situation, further strengthening the resiliency of the Filipino.
Let’s learn from history
Nico Manalo, architect and project director, Escuela Taller
My two cents’ worth is that we should learn lessons from history.
First: There had been urban plans before that discussed the matter, so we have to see that the zoning and easements from that time are still applicable today.
Second: Flood-prone areas will always stay that way—that’s why old planners and builders looked for higher elevations.
Slapdash urban planning compounds disaster
Felino Palafox Jr., architect; founder and managing partner, Palafox and Associates
Despite very destructive earthquakes, typhoons, floods, fire, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and rising water levels due to climate change, our cities, towns, and communities have been developed without urban planning, architecture, engineering, and other considerations for disaster prevention. This has led to a development that makes our communities, towns and cities highly vulnerable to disasters, as can be seen in the growth of urban areas where houses and buildings are built closer together; the lack or absence of open spaces; and the ubiquity of storage facilities for dangerous substances.
The wide use of natural propane gases and kerosene stoves has, and with the increase of high-rise buildings, large-scale underground shopping, poorly built public schools and hospitals, and automobile traffic, aggravated the potential dangers.
If Metro Manila and other cities are to be made less vulnerable to disasters, it is necessary not only to make the buildings safer, earthquake-resistant, flood-proof and fireproof, but also to improve the roads, open spaces, and parks that can prevent the spread of fire, while at the same time raise government’s—and citizen’s—preparedness for disasters.
Furthermore, in the basins of creeks, canals, rivers, lakes and other bodies of water, urbanization has caused the lowering of the areas’ water-holding capacities, and the resulting increase in the amount of rainwater, mud and garbage flowing directly into these waterways has increased flood damages.
In addition to the improvement of these waterways, it will be necessary to prevent floods by implementing extensive measures to control the flow of rainwater, mud and garbage into them.
In 2009, with Dutch architect Daniel Roos, we forwarded to then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and her Cabinet the following recommendations in the light of recent disastrous floods:
1. Build the spillway from Laguna Lake to Manila Bay.
2. Clear all rivers, esteros, waterways and lakes.
3. Relocate people to higher ground.
4. Establish hundred-year flood lines.
Control development in areas liable to flooding.
Build higher than hundred-year flood line and consider rising water levels due to climate change.
Build elevated walkways, sky bridges, connecting buildings above flood waters.
5. Implement solid-waste management
6. Update the 1905 Burnham Plan; 1976-77 Metro Manila Plan; and 2003 Manila Megalopolis Concept Plan 2020.
7. Formulate flood-control master plan.
8. Formulate drainage master plan.
9. Formulate sewerage master plan.
10. Implement pollution-abatement measures.
11. Reforest the hills and mountains.
12. Revise subdivision regulations and other laws and restrictions.
13. Revise, review and update Building Code, Structural Code and other laws.
14. Review Urban Metropolitan Management. (There are too many overlapping functions among agencies—local, metropolitan, regional and national agencies.)
15. Build road dikes round Laguna Lake.
16. Create “green islands.”
17. Come up with hazard mapping for earthquakes, floods, fire and other hazards.
18. Enforce the 10-meter easement rule along rivers and lakes and 3.5-meter easement rule along creeks and estero.
19. Implement urban planning and rules on land use, zoning, transport, infrastructure, location, density, type and timing of development.
20. Upgrade engineering (flood control, drainage, sewerage, water supply, power supply, telecommunications, garbage, sanitation and traffic).
21. Upgrade architecture (buildings must be flood-proof). Harvest rain water through cisterns and water-retention ponds.
22. Provide funding for planning, design, construction, management and maintenance of buildings and infrastructures.
23. Need for vision and political will. Vision is needed to undertake a comprehensive plan, and political will is needed to undertake the plan.
(The recommendations have been submitted to President Aquino.)
The events that recently transpired in our city and neighboring provinces is a wake-up call to the emerging havoc nature has in store to a hapless and helpless city like Metropolitan Manila.
Is nature to be blamed, or are we? What are the issues that concern us here? Firstly, nature is nature; it will follow its natural course. As we are in a tropical country where severe weather is a natural phenomenon rain and storms will come and go.
As most people interviewed stated, they are used to the rains and the floods, even though the waters are chest-deep and in some cases up-to-the roofs. As we cannot control nature, we should then control and look at the actions of man. There are various observations that need to be addressed here, and, sadly, some of these are very sensitive issues.
Why was there widespread flooding and misery?
Manuel Maximo Lopez del Castillo Noche, architecture historian; assistant professor, UST College of Architecture
Majority of those displaced by the floods belong to the urban poor. Because they are poor, they suffered the most. The poor sadly live in dangerous areas where chances of flooding, landslides and others are ripe.
Where else can the poor live but in areas that the wealthy would not want to? These would be beside creeks, in trash areas, contaminated land, flood-prone areas and danger zones.
Relocation sites are being offered them, but there’s a catch: They have to pay a minimum amount to settle and eventually own the property. But why would they pay when they are living in slums virtually free? Added to this is the distance of the relocation sites from industries and cities where they make a living.
The urban poor do not have basic utilities. They dump everything and anything into rivers and streams. With a light weather change, a naturally flowing brook turns into a torrent. And that was what we saw. Tons of trash accumulated on our vanishing estero. But where else can the poor go but in areas like estero that are dangerous?
About UST and what can be done to prevent flooding, there’s really a need to coordinate with DPWH.
UST should have protested the elevation of Forbes, Noval and Dapitan streets by a meter. The construction made UST a catch basin.
Flooding will be unavoidable, sadly, as Sampaloc District used to be a swamp. We can only mitigate flooding.
An expensive endeavor is to provide a dike system around the campus and a pumping system to throw or divert water accumulated to the drainage mains outside.
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Definition of Amoebida
1. Noun. The animal order including amoebas.
Generic synonyms: Animal Order
Group relationships: Rhizopoda, Subclass Rhizopoda
Member holonyms: Genus Amoeba, Endamoebidae, Family Endamoebidae, Ameba, Amoeba
Medical Definition of Amoebida
1. An order of ameboid protozoa that is commonly uninucleate and possess mitochondria. most organisms are nonpathogenic. (12 Dec 1998)
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Amoebida Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Amoebida
Literary usage of Amoebida
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. The Protozoa by Gary Nathan Calkins (1901)
"but they are generally present in the amoebida and Heliozoa, sometimes two or three in one organism. The number of contractile vacuoles is quite variable. ..."
2. Elements of Comparative Anatomy by Carl Gegenbaur (1878)
"The lowest division is that of the amoebida?, the organism of which is of the grade of a cell. The body is formed by protoplasm and a nucleus; ..."
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Chapter 8 - Measuring Sustainability
Part 2 - Environmental, Economic, and Social Carrying Capacity
On Earth, without change, we face a future of certainty. That certainty will be that eventually, in the human time scale, we will deplete or irreversibly damage, many of the resources we have come to use for our very survival. Our knowledge of this eventuality should inspire the human spirit. As this challenge comes before us, it should inspire us to change, as only change can bring us back into the balance we so desperately need. We need to measure and modify, to build a more sustainable future. The risk of inaction is great.
Shortly before his death in 1965, Adlai Stevenson, the US ambassador to the United Nations, said in his last speech: "We travel together, passengers on a little spaceship, dependent on its vulnerable reserves of air and soil; all committed for our safety to its security and peace; preserved from annihilation only by the care, the work, and, I will say, the love we give our fragile craft. We cannot maintain it half-fortunate, half-miserable, half-confident, half-despairing, half-slave to the ancient enemies of man, half-free in a liberation of resources undreamed of until this day. No craft, no crew, can travel safely with such vast contradictions. On their resolution depends the survival of us all."
- carrying capacity
- ecological footprint
- carbon footprint
- water footprint
- breached threshold
Sustaining Human Carrying Capacity: A tool for regional sustainability assessment Ecological Economics, Volume 69, Issue 3, January 2010, Pages 459-468 M.L.M. Graymore, Neil G. Sipe, Roy E. Rickson
- Carrying Capacity Reconsidered: from Malthus' population theory to cultural carrying capacity Ecological Economics, Volume 31, Issue 3, December 1999, Pages 395-408. Irmi Seidl, Clem A Tisdell
(Photo credit: NASA, 1968)
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AR Philosophy >
Morality of AR >
Speciesism - Index
Ewe would be amazed: sheep solve problems
By Vera Devai
August 31, 2005
SHEEP are not renowned for their intellect, but an Australian researcher has proven they are smarter than most of us think.
And some are smarter than others, leading scientists to believe they carry a specific "smart gene" that once identified will allow farmers to better select their livestock.
CSIRO research scientist Caroline Lee tested a group of 60 merino sheep by putting them through a complex maze.
Dr Lee found the sheep not only worked out how to navigate the maze but got better each time they did it. The results dispel the popular belief that sheep are mindless animals.
Individual sheep were placed at the start of the maze, which measured 18 metres by eight. Dr Lee used the sheep's strong flocking instinct, largely blamed for their brainless reputation, to entice them through the test by placing their "flock mates" in sight at the end of the maze.
The test was done over three days and repeated after six weeks, with time taken to complete it and number of errors made recorded for each animal.
"Sheep on average took two minutes on the first day and then they really significantly improved their time and were down to around 30 seconds on the third day," Dr Lee said.
"We measured them six weeks later and found that they had retained their memory and were at a similar level to the previous test."
To show this was the result of a thought process rather than instinct, some of the sheep were given a memory-impairing drug. The drugged sheep performed worse then their drug-free flock mates. But, overall, some were just smarter than others, Dr Lee said.
The CSIRO is screening 600 sheep of different breeds to determine whether they have a smart gene or genes. This could take up to five years.
The ability to genetically select flocks of smart sheep was important as farming became more technological advanced, Dr Lee said.
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Japan Table of Contents
Japan has had relations with other cultures since the dawn of its history (see Early Developments , ch. 1). Foreign civilizations have often provided new ideas for the development of Japan's own culture. Chinese teachings and ideas, for example, flowed into Japan from the sixth to the ninth century. Along with the introduction of Buddhism came the Chinese system of writing and its literary tradition, and Confucianism (see Religious and Philosophical Traditions , ch. 2).
By the ninth century, Kyoto, the imperial capital, had five institutions of higher learning, and during the remainder of the Heian period, other schools were established by the nobility and the imperial court. During the medieval period (1185-1600), Zen Buddhist monasteries were especially important centers of learning, and the Ashikaga School (Ashikaga Gakko) flourished in the fifteenth century as a center of higher learning.
In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Japan experienced intense contact with the major European powers. Jesuit missionaries, who accompanied Portuguese traders, proselytized Christianity and opened a number of religious schools. Japanese students thus began to study Latin and Western music, as well as their own language.
By 1603 Japan had been reunified by the Tokugawa regime (1600- 1867), and by 1640 foreigners had been ordered out of Japan, Christianity banned, and virtually all foreign contact prohibited. The nation then entered a period of isolation and relative domestic tranquillity, which was to last 200 years. When the Tokugawa period began, few common people in Japan could read or write. By the period's end, learning had become widespread. Tokugawa education left a valuable legacy: an increasingly literate populace, a meritocratic ideology, and an emphasis on discipline and competent performance. Under subsequent Meiji leadership, this foundation would facilitate Japan's rapid transition from feudal country to modern nation (see Tokugawa Period, 1600-1867 , ch. 1).
During the Tokugawa period, the role of many of the bushi, or samurai, changed from warrior to administrator, and as a consequence, their formal education and their literacy increased proportionally. Samurai curricula stressed morality and included both military and literary studies. Confucian classics were memorized, and reading and recitating them were common methods of study. Arithmetic and calligraphy were also studied. Most samurai attended schools sponsored by their han (domains), and by the time of the Meiji Restoration of 1868, more than 200 of the 276 han had established schools. Some samurai and even commoners also attended private academies, which often specialized in particular Japanese subjects or in Western medicine, modern military science, gunnery, or Rangaku (Dutch studies), as European studies were called (see Intellectual Trends; The Emergence of Modern Japan, 1868-1919 , ch. 1).
Education of commoners was generally practically oriented, providing basic training in reading, writing, and arithmetic, emphasizing calligraphy and use of the abacus. Much of this education was conducted in so-called temple schools (terakoya), derived from earlier Buddhist schools. These schools were no longer religious institutions, nor were they, by 1867, predominantly located in temples. By the end of the Tokugawa period, there may have been more than 14,000 such schools. Teaching techniques included reading from various textbooks, memorizing, and repeatedly copying Chinese characters and Japanese script.
After 1868 new leadership set Japan on a rapid course of modernization. Realizing from the outset that education was fundamental to nation building and modernization, the Meiji leaders established a public education system to help Japan catch up with the West. Missions were sent abroad to study the education systems of leading Western countries. These missions and other observers returned with the ideas of decentralization, local school boards, and teacher autonomy. Such ideas and ambitious initial plans, however, proved very difficult to carry out. After some trial and error, a new national education system emerged. As an indication of its success, elementary school enrollments climbed from about 40 or 50 percent of the school-age population in the 1870s to more than 90 percent by 1900.
By the 1890s, after earlier intensive preoccupation with Western, particularly United States, educational ideas, a much more conservative and traditional orientation evolved: the education system became more reflective of Japanese values. Confucian precepts were stressed, especially those concerning the hierarchical nature of human relations, service to the new state, the pursuit of learning, and morality. These ideals, embodied in the 1890 Imperial Rescript on Education, along with highly centralized government control over education, largely guided Japanese education until the end of World War II.
In the early twentieth century, education at the primary level was egalitarian and virtually universal, but at higher levels it was multitracked, highly selective, and elitist. College education was largely limited to the few national universities, where German influences were strong. Three of the imperial universities admitted women, and there were a number of women's colleges, some quite prestigious, but women had relatively few opportunities to enter higher education. During this period, a number of universities were founded by Christian missionaries, who also took an active role in expanding educational opportunities for women, particularly at the secondary level.
After 1919 several of the private universities received official status and were granted government recognition for programs they had conducted, in many cases, since the 1880s. In the 1920s, the tradition of liberal education briefly reappeared, particularly at the kindergarten level, where the Montessori method attracted a following. In the 1930s, education was subject to strong military and nationalistic influences.
By 1945 the Japanese education system had been devastated, and with the defeat came the discredit of much prewar thought. A new wave of foreign ideas was introduced during the postwar period of military occupation (see World War II and the Occupation, 1941-52 , ch. 1).
Occupation policy makers and the United States Education Mission, set up in 1946, made a number of changes aimed at democratizing Japanese education: instituting the six-three-three grade structure (six years of elementary school, three of lower- secondary school, and three of upper-secondary school) and extending compulsory schooling to nine years. They replaced the prewar system of higher-secondary schools with comprehensive upper- secondary schools (high schools). Curricula and textbooks were revised, the nationalistic morals course was abolished and replaced with social studies, locally elected school boards were introduced, and teachers unions established (see Contemporary Setting , this ch.).
With the abolition of the elitist higher education system and an increase in the number of higher education institutions, the opportunities for higher learning grew. Expansion was accomplished initially by granting university or junior college status to a number of technical institutes, normal schools, and advanced secondary schools.
After the restoration of full national sovereignty in 1952, Japan immediately began to modify some of the changes in education, to reflect Japanese ideas about education and educational administration. The postwar Ministry of Education regained a great deal of power. School boards were appointed, instead of elected. A course in moral education was reinstituted in modified form, despite substantial initial concern that it would lead to a renewal of heightened nationalism.
By the 1960s, postwar recovery and accelerating economic growth brought new demands to expand higher education. But as the expectations grew that the quality of higher education would improve, the costs of higher education also increased. In general, the 1960s was a time of great turbulence in higher education. Late in the decade especially, universities in Japan were rocked by violent student riots that disrupted many campuses. Campus unrest was the confluence of a number of factors, including the anti- Vietnam War movement in Japan, ideological differences between various Japanese student groups, disputes over campus issues, such as discipline; student strikes, and even general dissatisfaction with the university system itself.
The government responded with the University Control Law in 1969 and, in the early 1970s, with further education reforms. New laws governed the founding of new universities and teachers' compensation, and public school curricula were revised. Private education institutions began to receive public aid, and a nationwide standardized university entrance examination was added for the national universities. Also during this period, strong disagreement developed between the government and teachers groups.
Despite the numerous educational changes that have occurred in Japan since 1868, and especially since 1945, the education system still reflects long-standing cultural and philosophical ideas: that learning and education are esteemed and to be pursued seriously, and that moral and character development are integral to education. The meritocratic legacy of the Meiji period has endured, as has the centralized education structure. Interest remains in adapting foreign ideas and methods to Japanese traditions and in improving the system generally.
Data as of January 1994
Japan Table of Contents
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Ancient fish had sex side-on
Scientists have discovered the origins of intercourse in ancient armoured fishes called antiarch placoderms - the first animals to develop specific female and male genitalia allowing internal sex.PT0M0S 620 349
Scientists have thrown off the covers and revealed the origins of sex, discovering that it wasn't always performed as we do it today.
A team led by renowned Australian palaeontologist John Long has pinpointed the time in evolution when intercourse developed as a method of reproduction in our distant ancestors - ancient armoured fishes called antiarch placoderms.
Fossils of these ancient creatures, which ruled the earth around 430 million years ago, show they were the first animals to develop specific male and female genitalia, allowing them to have internal sex.
Illustration: Cathy Wilcox
But their acts of intimacy were not conventional. In these primitive placoderms sex was performed side-on.
Professor Long said the sex organ of male antiarch placoderms was two big L-shaped claspers that were inserted into the female's tiny paired genital plates, which helped lock the claspers into position for mating.
"When you look at the shape of these structures they can't possibly do anything in a missionary position," said Professor Long, from Flinders University in Adelaide.
"We've printed out 3D models of these fish and I can play mating games with them and the only way possible they can do it is sideways, square dance style, with their little arms entangled," he said.
Professor Long said there was a growing body of evidence to suggest that many of the traits and behaviours that first appeared in placoderms had travelled through the rest of evolution leading up to humans.
While his team has previously shown these ancient armoured fish were having intercourse, a series of new and recently-interpreted fossils suggest the act evolved much earlier than first thought, at the point when vertebrate animals evolved jaws and paired hind-legs.
The first suggestion that sexual intercourse evolved early in jawed-vertebrates came from a 380 million year old fossil of an antiarch placoderm that Professor Long unearthed in Estonia last year. Further evidence came from a group of fossils that were part of a private collection in Scotland until recently.
"This is not just about bony structures on these fish, it's about the evolution of behaviour, of when sex first became fun," Professor Long said.
"Why would something develop these big bony clasper things and place them inside a female unless they enjoyed the act," he said.
Before fishes developed gender-specific sex organs both males and females shed their gametes in open water to fertilise.
The group's findings are published in the scientific journal Nature.
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People exposed to certain types of laminate flooring made by Lumber Liquidators are three times more likely to get cancer than previous estimates had suggested, U.S. health officials say.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said last week that the flooring, which was tested for formaldehyde, was found to have a three times higher risk of causing cancer than previously stated. This revises the CDC's own findings from earlier this month.
On February 10, the CDC released a report that said exposure to the flooring posed a "low risk of cancer." The agency has now updated that statement saying the report used incorrect ceiling heights. As a result, the health risks were calculated using airborne concentration estimates about three times lower than they should have been.
"Health risks of people who have the laminate flooring are being revised to reflect greater exposure to formaldehyde, which could cause eye, nose, and throat irritation for anyone. The estimated risk of cancer associated with exposure to the flooring increased," the report said.
The agency says select versions of the company's laminate flooring could cause 6-30 cancer cases per 100,000 people, compared to the 2-9 cases it had originally estimated in its February 10 report.
"Because of the very conservative (health protective) nature of the models used in this analysis, the calculated risk is likely lower than our modeled estimate," the CDC said.
The CDC says exposure to the revised formaldehyde levels in indoor air could cause increased symptoms and other respiratory issues for people with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exposure to the lowest modeled levels of formaldehyde could result in eye, nose, and throat irritation for anyone, the agency added.
"Our recommendations will likely remain the same — we strongly stress taking steps to reduce exposures, which should alleviate respiratory and eye, nose and throat irritation. These steps should also reduce the cancer risk."
The news has shaken up investors, sending Lumber Liquidators stock down 17 percent to $11.83 in pre-market trading. They had been mildly encouraged by the CDC's February 10 report.
The company's' shares and sales have been in a tailspin since March last year when CBS "60 Minutes" reported the retailer's laminates from China contained excessive levels of formaldehyde.
"Despite the errors in CDC's calculation, we note that they do not expect to change their recommendations and we support those recommendations," Lumber Liquidators said in a statement to NBC News on Monday.
"Since March of 2015, Lumber Liquidators has offered customers free independent air quality tests to provide objective scientific information about our products. We remain committed to operating with integrity and delivering quality flooring to our customers."
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In a career of public service and civic leadership spanning the second half of the 20th century, Robert Sargent Shriver, Jr. confronted a range of seemingly intractable conflicts that pitted Americans against each other, and the United States against the Soviet Union. He helped build peace by developing and implementing programs and policies structured to promote long-term, cumulative, peaceable change.
The key to Shriver's legacy of success as a peacebuilder lies in his ability to create feasible, effective programs that promote human dignity and welfare. All the programs he created are informed by a method in peacebuilding he once described as "a formula for practical idealism."
As the head of the Chicago School Board and the Catholic Interracial Council in the late 1950s, Shriver addressed America's racial conflict by leading successful efforts to integrate Chicago's public and parochial school systems. As a senior official in the Kennedy Administration, Shriver created the Peace Corps in response to the global conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War. The Peace Corps is a program that builds peace and friendship by sending Americans to work for human dignity and human welfare in the third world.
As Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in the Johnson Administration in the mid-1960s, Shriver developed a multi-faceted War on Poverty designed to transform the economic and social roots of the conflict over civil rights in America. Like the Peace Corps, the programs of the War on Poverty - including Head Start, Job Corps, VISTA, Community Action Program, Legal Services to the Poor, and Foster Grandparents - continue to serve Americans today.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Shriver addressed the inter-religious tensions at the heart of the conflict in the Middle East by convening, for over five years, the first official Trialog of the Abrahamic faiths since the Moors ruled medieval Spain. He also addressed domestic and global tensions over America's escalating nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union by securing affirmation of a No First Strike policy by senior U.S. foreign policy officials and the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops.
In the 1980s and 1990s, as Chairman of the Board of Special Olympics International, Sargent Shriver joined with his wife and son, Eunice Kennedy Shriver and Timothy Perry Shriver, to transform the roots of violence and discrimination against people with intellectual disabilities by promoting Special Olympics Games throughout the world.
About Sargent Shriver
Robert Sargent Shriver, Jr. was born November 9, 1915 in Westminster, Maryland. Shriver attended Yale University in 1934. During college, Shriver was the senior editor of the Yale Daily News. Shriver enrolled in Yale Law School in 1938, receiving his L.L.B. in 1941. Shriver went on to serve five years in active duty in the U.S. Navy during World War II.
In 1953, Shriver married Eunice Kennedy, sister of John F. Kennedy. Shriver's commitment to public service made him one of the most effective leaders of John F. Kennedy's New Frontier and Lyndon Johnson's Great Society in the 1960s. He inspired, directed, or founded numerous social programs and organizations, including Head Start, VISTA, Job Corps, Community Action, Upward Bound, Foster Grandparents, Special Olympics, the National Center on Poverty Law, Legal Services, and the Peace Corps, serving as the program's first director under President Kennedy. Shriver also ran the War on Poverty during Johnson's tenure as president. Shriver also served as U.S. ambassador to France from 1968 to 1970.
In 1972, Shriver was nominated by the Democratic Party as a candidate for Vice President with presidential candidate Senator George McGovern in the campaign against President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew. In 1978, Shriver began the Kennedy Institute of Ethics "Trialogue" between leaders of Christian, Jewish and Muslim religions, the first such forum for discussion since medieval Spain.
Shriver went on to become President of Special Olympics in 1984. He was appointed Chairman of the Board of Special Olympics in 1990. Under Shriver's leadership, the Special Olympics greatly expanded its international sports programs for young people around the world.
On August 8, 1994, Sargent Shriver received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Bill Clinton, the United States' highest civilian honor, as recognition for his lifetime of public service. Shriver was married to Eunice Kennedy Shriver, the founder of Special Olympics, who died Aug. 11, 2009. Sargent Shriver is survived by his five children: Robert Sargent Shriver III; Maria Owings Shriver Schwarzenegger; Timothy Perry Shriver; Mark Kennedy Shriver; Anthony Paul Kennedy Shriver; and 19 grandchildren.
Many Awards in His Lifetime
Robert Sargent Shriver, Jr. received numerous awards, including:
Veteran of the Year, 1956;
James J. Hooey Award, Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice Council of New York, 1958;
Lay Churchman of the Year, 1963;
National Father of the Year, 1964;
Notre Dame Patriotism Award, 1965;
National Brotherhood Award, 1966;
Hannah G. Solomon Award, National Council of Jewish Women, 1972;
the Order of the Smile, 1989;
Franklin D. Roosevelt Freedom From Want Award, 1993;
Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian honor, 1994; and
the "Distinguished American Award" from the John F. Kennedy Library and Foundation for his inspiring work with the Peace Corps; Shriver Head Start Center in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 2001.
Shriver also received more than 24 honorary degrees from universities around the world, including Yale University, Brandeis University, Boston College, Yeshiva University, the University of Liberia and Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand.
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The latest news about 3D printing,
cool gadgets, weird&funny stuff...
Posted: Apr 08, 2014
3D printing trials of unmanned aircraft broaden the possibilities for this emergent technology
(Nanowerk News) Engineers at the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC) at the University of Sheffield have successfully printed a 1.5m-wide prototype unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for a research project looking at 3D printing of complex designs.
The engineers said the polymer craft could form the basis of cheap and potentially disposable UAVs that could be built and deployed in remote situations potentially within as little as 24 hours.
Printed fixed-wing UAV.
Earlier versions required significant amounts of support material around component parts to prevent the airframe structures from deforming during the build process. Using support material adds a direct material cost, and significantly increases build time, in some cases by an order of magnitude. This is a result of the machine having to change between build and support structure heads after each printed layer.
New 3D printing techniques, such as the fused deposition modelling (FDM) used to make the UAV at Sheffield, could soon be used in the creation of products without the need for complex and expensive tooling and the time required in traditional manufacturing.
The UAV has already completed a test flight as a glider. Researchers are developing an electric ducted fan propulsion system that will be incorporated into the airframe’s central spine. They plan to develop the craft for guidance by GPS or camera technology, controlled by an operator wearing first person-view goggles.
Dr Garth Nicholson who led the project said: “Following successful flight testing, we are working to incorporate blended winglets and twin ducted fan propulsion. We are also investigating full on-board data logging of flight parameters, autonomous operation by GPS, and control by surface morphing technology. Concepts for novel ducted fan designs are also being investigated”.
The Sheffield UAV comprises nine parts that can be snapped together.
It weighs less than 2kg and is made from thermoplastic. The engineers are currently evaluating the potential of nylon as a printing material that would make the UAV 60 per cent stronger with no increase in weight.
Source: University of Sheffield
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on reddit or StumbleUpon. Thanks!
Check out these other trending stories on Nanowerk:
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The owner of a manor house (formerly the master of a feudal manor).
Oraciones de ejemplo
- After the Norman Conquest the system of feudal landholding required the lord of the manor to provide a court for his tenants.
- By the Statute of Merton the lord of the manor or other owner of a village was allowed to enclose waste land for his own use only if he left adequate pasture for the villagers.
- This was a tax paid to the lord of the manor when an animal had been sold by its owner.
Definición de lord of the manor en:
¿Qué te llama la atención de esta palabra o frase?
Los comentarios que no respeten nuestras Normas comunitarias podrían ser moderados o eliminados.
Muy popular en Reino Unido
Muy popular en Australia
= de moda
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The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for depression in adults. What does this mean for you? The next time you have a doctor's appointment, you may be asked questions about your mental health.
We have known for years that depression is a big problem. According to the National Institutes of Mental Health, major depressive disorder is the leading cause of disability in the US. In a given year, millions of Americans will be diagnosed with a mood disorder (major depressive, dysthymic, or bipolar disorder).
A number of people with the disorder do not even know they have it. Depression is often disguised by other problems. And, though the stigma tied to the disorder is easing, many who are affected still go undetected or untreated.
The USPSTF urges primary care doctors to screen all adult patients for signs of depression and give them appropriate treatment and follow up care.
According to USPSTF, the following two questions are a good place to start:
If your answer is “yes” to either question, contact your primary care doctor for an evaluation. Your doctor may advise completing a more in-depth questionnaire or having a thorough check-up.
Research suggests depression comes from an imbalance of certain brain hormones. The disorder is more common in people who inherit a tendency for depression or those who are exposed to certain environmental triggers.
If you have symptoms of depression that interfere with your daily routine, contact your doctor. A physical exam and psychological evaluation will be done to determine the cause.
Depression is treatable. Research has shown that antidepressant drugs and counseling—alone or in combination—are effective in combating the disorder. However, the combination of talk-therapy and drug therapy may be more effective than either alone. Alternative treatments, such as St. John's wort, are also being studied. And adjusting your lifestyle to include more exercise and social activities may help, as well.
You are encouraged to talk to your doctor if you have concerns about your mental health. If you have thoughts of death or suicide, call for emergency medical services right away. With better screening and medical care, the future looks brighter for adults with depression.
American Psychiatric Association
National Institute of Mental Health
Canadian Mental Health Association
Canadian Psychiatric Association
Depression. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated May 21, 2014. Accessed July 8, 2014.
Diagnosis and management of depression. American Family Physician. 2000.
New recommendations for depression screening. Journal Watch website. Available at: http://general-medicine.jwatch.org/cgi/content/full/2002/604/1. Published May 2002. Accessed July 8, 2014.
Screening for depression in adult. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force website. Available at: http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsaddepr.htm. Published December 2009. Accessed July 8, 2014.
The numbers count: Mental disorders in America. National Institutes of Public Health website. Available at: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml. Updated June 2008. Accessed July 8, 2014.
US Preventive Services Task Force now finds sufficient evidence to recommend screening adults for depression [press release]. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. May 20, 2002.
US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for depression in adults: Summary of the evidence. Ann Int Med. 2002;136:765-776.
US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for depression: Recommendations and rationale. Ann Int Med. 2002;136:760-764.
Last reviewed July 2014 by Michael Woods, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2012 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.
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Background InformationUpper Geyser Basin and Geyser Hill
Virtually everyone who visits Yellowstone stops to see Old Faithful steam up to the sky and maybe half of these visitors walk a bit farther, circling around the immediate area of Old Faithful and Old Faithful Inn but there is much, much more to see in this Basin. Roughly four miles of boardwalks wind through the Upper Geyser Basin and Geyser Hill past more than 150 geysers, hot springs and pools in a physical area of roughly two square miles. At times you may have to hike a bit uphill but it will be well worth it.
Nathaniel P. Langford, a member of the 1870 Washburn Expedition, who named many of thermal features of the Upper Geyser Basin, later said; "We gave such names to those of the geysers which we saw in action as we think will best illustrate their peculiarities." Those names include Old Faithful, named for its regular eruptions; Beehive Geyser, with its beehive shaped cone; and Riverside Geyser, named for its location on the Firehole River.
Please add your own Upper Geyser Basin and Geyser Hill photos to this page.
Here are some highlights about what you could see here:
Geysers and Hot Springs
Old Faithful - erupts every 35 - 120 minutes for 1.5 - 5 minutes. The rangers say that 90% of their predictions are within +/- 10 minutes. The time to the next eruption is predicted using the duration of the current eruption.
Grand Geyser – largest predictable geyser in the world; usually erupts every 8 – 12 hours and lasts for about 12 minutes with a stop after about 9 minutes and a restart after a minute or so; the second burst is among the tallest of the eruptions; shoots up to 200 feet in the air
Daisy - Usually erupts every 90 - 110 minutes and is very predictable. The eruption lasts about 3 - 4 minutes.
Riverside - Usually erupts every 5.5 - 7 hours. The water phase of the eruption lasts about 20 minutes and is followed by a 30 minute steam phase.
Great Fountain (located 8 miles north of Old Faithful on Firehole Lake Drive) - Usually erupts about every 10 hours in a series of distinct bursts that occur over a period of an hour. The first 10 minutes are the most spectacular.
Anemone Geyser – erupts every 7 to 15 minutes as the empty pool fills up, overflows and shoots up to 10 feet high
Beehive Geyser – often lies dormant for long periods of time and then erupts shooting water up to 180 feet into the air, about equal to Old Faithful’s range
Giantess Geyser – erupts in cycles of twice an hour up to 200 feet high and then may be dormant for months at a time
Plume Geyser – erupting every 20 to 30 minutes in a plume to about 25 feet
Castle Geyser – large cone geyser resting on older platforms; one of the world’s largest sinter formations (sinter = In Yellowstone's geysers basins, silica cements much of the glacial gravel near the surface and is deposited in white sheets across the surface. The silica forms a rock called sinter or geyserite)
Giant Geyser – has one of the tallest geyser cones in the world; geyser cones grow about one inch per century
Riverside Geyser – one of the most picturesque and predictable Yellowstone geysers; spouts an arched water column over the river every six hours
Lion Group – consists of four interconnected separate geysers: the Lion, Lioness, Big Cub and Little Cub; the name comes from the deep roaring sound the geyser makes after an eruption
Solitary Geyser – began its life as a hot spring but after being used to supply water for a swimming pool in the 1940s and now erupts up to 15 feet every 4 to 8 minutes
Heart Spring – beautiful blue pool near the Lion Geyser group
(There are many geysers, hot springs not listed here.)
Upper Geyser Basin Pools
Doublet Pool – deep blue waters surrounded by a series of geyserite ledges
Beauty Pool and Chromatic Pool - are connected underground and as one gets hotter and begins to overflow the other gets cooler and stops overflowing.
Morning Glory Pool – formerly the most glorious pool in the park but destroyed by the rocks, trash, coins etc. thrown into the pool which clogged it and caused it to lose thermal energy so yellow bacteria is now growing
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Most sinus infections develop because of allergies, viral infection or nose irritation. These problems cause inflammation of the mucus lining in the nasal passage and this in turn causes swelling of narrow openings through which mucus leaves the sinuses. Once this occurs, the flow of mucus through the sinuses slows down and after sometime mucus does not leave the sinuses causing an environment that is perfect for bacterial growth; and leading to a sinus infection.
The bacterial infection stage is a vicious cycle which produces further inflammation, swelling and more mucus production; and this in turn impedes the flow of mucus out of the sinuses and the entire cycle keeps continuing until the infection goes away or the mucus is removed by a health care professional from the sinuses.
Some people who are prone to sinus infection want to know can a sinus infection turn into bronchitis. The answer is yes. A sinus infection, if really severe can lead to bronchitis, which most laymen know as a chest cold. The sinus infection basically spreads to the lungs and causes bronchitis.
There are two types of bronchitis -- acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis, as the name suggests, stays for two to three months and the most common cause is smoking. While people who have sinus infection are prone to acute bronchitis, which is viral in nature, but it can worsen if you continue smoking. Acute bronchitis due to sinus infection is worse than a cold but better than pneumonia.
So, can a sinus infection turn into bronchitis? The answer is yes it can and that is why you should get proper medical treatment when you have a sinus infection.
More Articles :
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Notable fictional treatments of the war are Stephen Crane's Red Badge of Courage (1896) and Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind (1936), and there is one outstanding work in verse—Stephen Vincent Benét's John Brown's Body (1928). The quantity of historical literature on the Civil War is enormous, and there is no single, adequate bibliographical guide. For bibliographies, see Allan Nevins et al., ed., Civil War Books: A Critical Bibliography (2 vol., 1967–69).
On the causes of, and events leading up to, the war, see A. C. Cole, The Irrepressible Conflict, 1850–1865 ("History of American Life" series, Vol. VII, 1934; rev. ed. 1938, repr. 1971); G. F. Milton, The Eve of Conflict (1934); A. O. Craven, The Coming of the Civil War (1942, new ed. 1957) and Civil War in the Making (1959, repr. 1968); C. B. Dew, Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War (2001).
Standard, older works on the military phase are C. C. Buel and R. U. Johnson, ed., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (4 vol., 1877; new ed. 1956); J. C. Ropes, The Story of the Civil War (2 vol., 1898–99; completed by W. R. Livermore, 1913); and F. Maurice, Statesmen and Soldiers of the Civil War (1926). R. E. Lee: A Biography (4 vol., 1934–35) and Lee's Lieutenants (3 vol., 1942–44), both by D. S. Freeman, and Lincoln Finds a General (5 vol., 1949–59), by K. P. Williams, are definitive in their respective fields.
See also T. L. Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–1865 (1901; new ed. 1957, repr. 1969); J. F. Rhodes, History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 (1917, new ed. 1961); J. B. McMaster, A History of the People of the United States during Lincoln's Administration (1927); E. C. Smith, The Borderland in the Civil War (1927, repr. 1970); R. S. Henry, The Story of the Confederacy (1931, rev. ed. 1957); C. R. Fish, The American Civil War: An Interpretation (1937); M. Leech, Reveille in Washington (1941); A. Nevins, Ordeal of the Union (8 vol., 1947–71); B. Catton, A Stillness at Appomattox (1953) and other studies; B. Quarles, The Negro in the Civil War (1953, repr. 1968); L. M. Starr, Bohemian Brigade (1954); J. B. Mitchell, Decisive Battles of the Civil War (1955); R. S. West, Jr., Mr. Lincoln's Navy (1957); S. Foote, The Civil War (3 vol., 1958–74); M. M. Boatner, The Civil War Dictionary (1959); American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War (ed. by R. M. Ketchum et al., 1960); R. F. Nichols, The Stakes of Power (1961); V. Jones, The Civil War at Sea (3 vol., 1960–62); J. M. McPherson, The Negro's Civil War (1965); J. G. Randall, The Civil War and Reconstruction (2d ed., with D. Donald, 1969); E. Foner, Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War (1980); E. B. and Barbara Long, The Civil War Day by Day (1971, repr. 1985); J. McPherson, Battlecry of Freedom (1988) and For Cause and Comrades (1997); E. Forbes, Thirty Years After (1994); H. Holzer and M. E. Neely, Jr., Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory (1994); G. W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (1997) and The Union War (2011); J. M. Perry, A Bohemian Brigade: The Civil War Correspondents (2000); A. Fahs, The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South (2001); D. W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (2001); D. J. Eicher, The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War (2001); W. A. McDougall, Throes of Democracy: The American Civil War Era, 1829–1877 (2008); C. B. Flood, 1864: Lincoln at the Gates of History (2009); J. Keegan, The American Civil War: A Military History (2009); D. Stoker, The Grand Design: Strategy and the U.S. Civil War (2010); G. C. Rable, God's Almost Chosen People: A Religious History of the Civil War (2010); D. W. Blight, American Oracle: The Civil War in the Civil Rights Era (2011); B. Fawcett, How to Lose the Civil War: Military Mistakes of the War Between the States (2011); A. Foreman, A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War (2011); D. Goldfield, America Aflame: How the Civil War Created a Nation (2011); A. Goodheart, 1861: The Civil War Awakening (2011); P. Johnson, Civil War America: 1850–1870 (2011); J. I. Stokesbury, A Short History of the Civil War (2011); H. Zinn, The Other Civil War: Slavery and Struggle in Civil War America (2011); A. C. Guelzo, Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction (2012); C. L. Symonds, The Civil War at Sea (2012); J. M. McPherson, War on the Waters (2012); P. J. Brownlee et al., Home Front (2013); M. Humphreys, Marrow of Tragedy: The Health Crisis of the American Civil War (2013). See also the bibliographies in separate articles on the major events of the war.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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It’s hard to argue against the notion that cheese is delicious — foods laden with cheese are usually tastier — such as burgers, fries, eggs, or macaroni. But processed, store-bought cheeses are usually filled with very high salt levels — and according to a new study, you might be consuming far more sodium than you thought by chomping down on cheddar, halloumi, blue cheese, and others.
The study, published in the journal BMJ Open, found that the salt content in cheese sold throughout the UK was remarkably high despite these products meeting government goals on salt reduction. In addition, different companies pour varying levels of salt into their cheeses — so your halloumi from one company might be far more salty than one from a different company. In short, your cheese might be a major source of salt intake in your diet, though you may not realize it. In fact, after bread and bacon, dairy products are the third largest salt contributors to the UK national diet, according to the Consensus Action on Salt and Health.
In the study, the average cheese had about 1.7 grams of salt for every 100 grams of cheese. Halloumi and imported blue cheese had the highest amounts of salt, and cottage cheese had the least. Among the 394 cheeses with salt reduction targets, 84.5 percent had reached their goal — but still contained high levels of salt. As a result of this, the authors conclude that stricter reductions should be put in place. In 2013, during the 66th World Assembly, nearly 200 countries agreed to make a 30 percent salt reduction target, and nearly all of the nations have since abided by it — but this reduction needs to be even more pronounced, the authors note.
“Our finding of a high salt content in cheeses sold in the UK is similar to those observed in the USA, Australia, France, Belgium, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and Brazil, showing that high levels of salt in cheese is a global challenge,” the authors wrote, according to the press release. “The results indicate that much larger reductions in the amount of salt added to cheese could be made, and more challenging targets need to be set.”
A diet that’s too filled with sodium can wreak havoc on your bloodstream, kidneys, and heart. It can ultimately lead to high blood pressure, strokes, or heart attacks.
Of course, salt is important during the process of making cheese. It prevents bacteria from growing inside the cheese and gives it a nice flavor — especially when it comes to parmesan or camembert. However, if you’re trying to watch your salt intake, it’s best to go for the lowest-salt cheeses. “We found that two slices of one cheese and two slices of certain breads contained over 2g of salt between them,” Katharine Jenner, a public health nutritionist and campaign director at Consensus Action on Salt and Health, told The Guardian. “That’s the maximum you can feed a three-year-old in a day. But if you choose the lowest-salt bread and cheese, you can halve that.”
According to a Guardian interactive, Tesco ricotta and mozzarella contain the least fat and salt, while Co-operative Roquefort had the highest salt levels. Investigate the sodium levels in your cheese and aim for the lowest fat and lowest salt cheeses — and then go ahead and enjoy your mac and cheese or grilled cheese.
Source: Hashem KM, He FJ, Jenner KH, MacGregor GH. Cross-sectional survey of salt content in cheese: a major contributor to salt intake in the UK. BMJ Open. 2014.
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Craving the Winter Blues?
Eating a Rainbow
The phrase "eating a rainbow" of fruits and vegetables is a simple way of remembering to get as much color variety in your diet as possible, to maximize your intake of a broad range of nutrients. Colors are one small clue as to what vitamins and nutrients are included. By getting a variety of different colored fruits and vegetables, you are guaranteed a diverse amount of essential vitamins and minerals.
In nature, blue is not as popular as the other “colors of the rainbow,” especially in fruits and vegetables. Such a rarity could only mean that foods with blue have special qualities to them. Blue and purple fruits and veggies contain nutrients which include lutein, zeaxanthin, resveratrol, vitamin C, fiber, flavonoids, ellagic acid, and quercetin. These nutrients support eye health, lower LDL cholesterol, boost immune system activity, support healthy digestion, improve calcium and other mineral absorption, fight inflammation, act as anticarcinogens in the digestive tract, and limit the activity of cancer cells. Bottom line: eat blue!
Here’s how to get your blue …
- Throw frozen blueberries, blackberries, and juice into the blender for a blast of blue.
- Make your salad even more colorful with a sprinkle of raisins.
- Use shredded purple cabbage in stir fries and slaws.
- Switch white and yellow onions with purple for more colorful salsas and salads.
- Mix blueberries, fresh or frozen, into pancake batter for a memorable breakfast.
- Eat a prune a day….for color and for fiber.
The Blue List
Blackberries, Blueberries, Dried plums, Eggplant, Grapes, Plums, Pomegranates, Prunes, Purple Potatoes, Purple asparagus, Purple cabbage, Purple carrots, Purple figs, Purple peppers, Raisins.
Check out this tasty recipe …
“Eat Blue” Quesadillas with Blue Sauce
- 10 oz. bag frozen blueberries
- 1/2 apple, cored and finely chopped
- 2 Tbsp. sugar
- 4 Tbsp. blueberry fruit spread
- 4 whole-wheat tortillas
- 1/2 cup shredded mozzarella cheese
- 1 cup low fat ricotta cheese
- Grated peel of 1 lemon
- In medium saucepan, combine fruit, sugar and cinnamon. Cover, bring to a boil over medium-high heat, reduce heat and simmer until fruit is soft, 10 minutes. Set aside.
- Spread 1 tablespoon blueberry spread over each tortilla, leaving 1/2-inch border all around.
- In bowl, combine cheeses with lemon peel. Spread 1/2 cup of cheese mixture over half of each tortilla; fold tortilla over to enclose filling.
- Heat large skillet over medium-high heat. Add quesadillas and cook until crisp and lightly browned on bottom, 3 minutes. Turn and crisp on second side, 2-3 minutes.
- To serve, place quesadillas on plates and top with warm sauce.
Nutrition information per serving:
Per serving: 285 calories, 8 g total fat (3.5 g saturated fat), 39 g carbohydrate, 12 g protein, 3 g dietary fiber, 260 mg sodium
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Almost everyone with a neuromuscular disorder has had, or will have, a creatine kinase test. But what exactly is creatine kinase (CK), and why are its levels measured in neuromuscular diseases?
CK, also known as phosphocreatine kinase, or CPK, is a type of protein called an enzyme. It catalyzes, or "encourages," a biochemical reaction to occur. The normal function of CK in our cells is to add a phosphate group to creatine, turning it into the high-energy molecule phosphocreatine. Phosphocreatine is burned as a quick source of energy by our cells.
However, the normal function of CK isn't as relevant, in this case, as what happens to CK when muscle is damaged. During the process of muscle degeneration, muscle cells break open and their contents find their way into the bloodstream. Because most of the CK in the body normally exists in muscle, a rise in the amount of CK in the blood indicates that muscle damage has occurred, or is occurring.
To measure CK levels, a blood sample is taken and separated into fractions that contain cells and a fraction that doesn't — the serum. The amount of CK in the serum is reported in units (U) of enzyme activity per liter (L) of serum. In a healthy adult, the serum CK level varies with a number of factors (gender, race and activity), but normal range is 22 to 198 U/L (units per liter).
Higher amounts of serum CK can indicate muscle damage due to chronic disease or acute muscle injury. For this reason, if you're scheduled to have blood drawn for a CK test to diagnose a potential muscle disorder, you should limit your exercise to normal activities before the test.
CK tests are used to evaluate neuromuscular diseases in five basic ways:
Because elevated CK levels indicate muscle damage, many parents wonder why their children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) had higher CK levels when they were younger and had more muscle function. This seeming paradox occurs because muscle degeneration is more rapid at the earlier stages and, possibly, because there's more muscle bulk available to release CK into the circulation at this time.
CK levels can be slightly elevated (500 U/L) in nerve disorders like Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or spinal muscular atrophy, or grossly elevated (3,000 to 3,500 U/L) in DMD or inflammatory myopathies.
During episodes of acute muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis), CK levels can temporarily go off the scale, topping out at 50,000 to 200,000 U/L. At the same time, some neuromuscular disorders, such as the congenital myopathies (nemaline, central core disease and others) and myasthenia gravis, may not trigger any elevation of CK levels. CK levels don't always reflect the level of functional impact on the individual.
"Simply Stated" is a Quest column designed to explain some terms and basic facts about neuromuscular disease.
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Black and Latino children living with autism appear to be using certain specialty care services less often than their white counterparts, according to a new report.
The study, published in the journal Pediatrics, found that minority children are less likely to see doctors who specialize in the brain, the mind or the digestive system, and as a result are less likely to undergo the tests those doctors can perform.
In South Los Angeles, early identification and intervention often doesn't happen for autism because of a widespread lack of access to health care, particularly to those providers who are qualified to diagnose the condition.
"If a child doesn't get identified before kindergarten or first grade, they've missed four or five years of that kind of intensive therapy," said Martin. "That can have a substantial impact on educational outcomes and the development of social skills."
Instead, said Martin, children often aren't diagnosed until they're 5 or 6. Late diagnosis is just one item on a list of challenges affecting South L.A. children with autism:
"You are talking about a community that is plagued with a lot of health issues," said Martin. "Today it's diabetes, obesity, cancer – unfortunately, African-Americans and Latinos in low-income communities are already on the wrong side of these health crises. All these disparities in terms of access to care and quality of care with autism have been no different."
The study, which looked at more than 3,600 young patients, echoed Martin and noted that "racial differences in use of care exist for many pediatric conditions." The disparities highlighted by their study could be due to several factors, wrote the authors:
- It could be that minority children's autism presents itself differently and, as a result, requires different services.
- "Physician referral bias" could also play a role – that is, if doctors believe white children are more likely to have autism, that could mean they'll refer white children at higher rates.
- Because many patients with autism are self-referred to the doctor – in this case, that would mean a parent takes her or his child – families with better access to specialty medical care are more likely to see the proper doctors to get a timely diagnosis. White children "have better access" to that care than do their black and Latino counterparts, said researchers.
- It could also be that white children are following up with doctor referrals at higher rates than minority children; the latter's parents may not fully grasp the seriousness of a referral to specialty care due to certain cultural beliefs.
Here's how the study's authors summed up the implications of their findings:
If nonwhite children use needed subspecialty care less frequently than white children, greater outreach to clinicians and minority communities may be necessary to inform them of needed subspecialty care. Alternatively, if white patients are receiving unnecessary referrals and procedures, then there is a need for better education regarding what care is appropriate.
California Healthline reports that state advocates were dealt a blow last week when the California Legislature voted to exclude coverage of applied behavioral analysis, a type of autism therapy, from Medi-Cal, which will be extended to more than a million additional state residents next year as part of the Affordable Care Act.
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Since humans have many more genes on the X than the Y, there are many more
X-linked traits than Y-linked traits. However ...
Some traits are controlled by genes that pass from parent to child. Others are
acquired through learning. But most are influenced by a combination of genes
Shape of face (probably polygenic). Oval dominant, square recessive. 2. Cleft in
chin. No cleft dominant, cleft recessive. 3. Hair curl (probably polygenic) Assume
Oct 29, 2012 ... Most of the visible traits used to demonstrate human genetics, such as attached
earlobes and tongue rolling, are NOT determined by single ...
www.ask.com/youtube?q=Human Genetic Traits&v=lmoCJh69hck
Nov 13, 2014 ... genetic traits. ... Inherited Human Traits Video. Kathryn Banisky. Subscribe
SubscribedUnsubscribe 1818. Loading... Loading... Working... Add to ...
•Humans have 46 ... •The genes you inherit from your parents determine your
physical traits. •Genes and traits are considered dominant or recessive, although
Apr 6, 2016 ... There are several such inherited traits. In fact, we rarely ever stop to think about
these genetic traits in humans because they have been 'wired' ...
Mar 18, 2014 ... Who needs an expensive DNA analysis when you can take this quiz? Find out
what some of your common traits are!..
DOMINANT TRAITS. RECESSIVE TRAITS. eye coloring. brown eyes. grey, green
, hazel, blue eyes. vision. farsightedness normal vision normal vision
sciactivitiespage.wikispaces.com/List of Human Traits
Human Phenotypes and Genotypes Number of Chromosomes ... Heterozygous –
having two genes of the same type for a trait eye color: 2 brown. Homozygous ...
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Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (– 21 January 1924) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917–1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a socialist economic system.
Watching yesterday at Foxnews Dem townhall I pictured him comfortably standing next to Vladimir Lenin...
Without Mrs Lenin (note to subs, fill in name here), would Vladimir Illyich have been able to lead the revolution?
"The main problem of internet citations is that people believe their authenticity" - Vladimir Lenin
"Women may be bound twice in a nation struggling for freedom but women in the struggle are women unbound." - Vladimir Lenin
How Clara Zetkin instigated the Russian Revolution by proxy through Vladimir Lenin.
don't slag my Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin hybrid
Give me four years to teach the children and the seed I have sown will never be uprooted." Vladimir Lenin
After Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924 it wasn't the plan to preserve his body forever—but that's what's happened -
“There are decades where nothing happens; and there are weeks where decades happen.”. ~ Vladimir Lenin
No more USSR!!!. changes street named after Vladimir to “John Street”
"universal appeal", dear even big daddy of Vladimir Lenin cudnt evoke universal appeal!
Vladimir Lenin | Communist revolutionary, head of the Russian SFSR, Paternal grandfather was Jewish.
Question: What is the connection between Vladimir Lenin and Animal Farm? What animal does he represent?
Vladimir Lenin said, “There are no morals in politics; there is only expedience. A scoundrel may be of use to us...
If you sing The Internationale three times backwards in the mirror Vladimir Lenin will appear and give you a ghostly ***
Seventy years ago this November, Vladimir Lenin created the modern totalita...
is it just me or does Vladimir Lenin look like Red Foreman
Vladimir Lenin is having a really bad week: An attempt to blow up a Lenin statue in rebel-held Ukraine comes d...
Uncle Vanya, at only 77 pages, inspired both Vladimir Lenin and Benjamin Walter.
“Despair is typical of those who do not understand the causes of evil, see no way out, and are incapable of struggle.” . ~ ~ Vladimir Lenin
Here is the untold truth; West Media objected tearing down of Vladimir Lenin & Saddam Hussein statues, so it the time to do the sam
shazam there's a picture of Bernie and Vladimir Lenin next to wach other
Vladimir Lenin's last photo. He had had three strokes at this point and was ... -
His assist-to-turnover ratio was 3 which was losing a part of the Naga. Lenin took power under their leader Vladimir Lenin. Bigger?
"The most important thing when you are ill and weak is to never lose heart.". -Vladimir Lenin
I liked a video Secret Life of Vladimir Lenin - Searching for the Truth
"A lie told often becomes the truth..." -Vladimir Lenin
Movie re-enacting Vladimir Lenin's Cheka program that executed anyone who was suspected of being an enemy of the...
Can you believe this one chick asked me to Role play as Vladimir Lenin? She wanted me to put my AK in her VA-JAY-JAY
A Vladimir Lenin statue has been transformed into Darth Vader via
him. "War is never necessary, with only one exception! That's revolution! As Vladimir Lenin once said, revolution is so progressive
Pavlov's experiments were redone for humans at Vladimir Lenin's request. Just saying. . Stephen Addresses the...
Vladimir Lenin even said the Communists need to promote atheism to advance their cause.
.on protests: "What you see in these kids is what Vladimir Lenin once called 'useful *** '"
Theres a bar called the red square in our hotel, and theres a statue of vladimir lenin i now understand the pun
Well I think Bernie's vision is more like Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks in Russia. Both are interesting topics though!
So you're saying Vladimir Lenin didn't say that? It's one of his most famous quotes moron
Just casually a statue of Vladimir Lenin in Freemont
Crime is a product of social excess. - Vladimir Lenin
Without a revolutionary theory there cannot be a revolutionary movement. - Vladimir Lenin
It is impossible to predict the time & progress of revolution.It is governed by its own more or less mysterious laws. -Vladimir Lenin
"The best way to control the opposition is to lead it ourselves" . Vladimir Lenin
. Check. Check. Check. Hey Barack I'm sure Vladimir Lenin's looking "up" at ya with a big toothy grin!!!
some kind of state to get us out of the people who were also inspiring posters of Vladimir Lenin, Josef Stalin, Mao Zedong, Bashar
Vladimir Putin's paternal grandfather, Spiridon Putin, was a chef who cooked for Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. https:…
1917: Russia - forces led by Vladimir Lenin overthrew the provisional government of Alexander Kerensky ~ Bolshevik Rev…
The democrats now have a choice between. Vladimir Lenin or Cruella Deville... Tough Pick ! .
"Vladimir Lenin said" "Go to youth. from fighting squads everywhere. Let groups be organized of 3, 10, 30...
History fact: Vladimir Lenin was obsessed with ballet and made Tu-Tus the official proletariat uniform, but swans still are bourgeoise!
Vladimir Lenin, having seen Lev Trotsky, has cried: "Oh, My God, same Lev, it is rather in the car!" also has got into an armored car.
Vladimir Putin's grandfather was chef to Lenin and Stalin
My professor just referred to Vladimir Lenin as John Lennon and no one so much as batted an eye
QELD - USSR. "Ridiculous bars these rappers here pennin'. You're Nicholas Tsar, we're Vladimir Lenin"
."The purpose of terrorism is to terrorize" -Vladimir Lenin
using the power of the state to punish his enemies. Sounds like Vladimir llyich Ulyanov aka. Lenin. :-(
"The goal of is ~ Vladimir Lenin. fans are helping to usher in Communism.
Vladimir Lenin's Rolls Royce via ... This is one for Jeremy Corbyn & his supporters. Power corrupts!!
Obama is the Vladimir Lenin meets Pee-wee Herman of world leaders.
Question: Why is Vladimir Lenin and Kaiser Wilhelm spelling is as hard as Ausc...
Bernie Sanders, Thomas Mulcair, Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky, Vladimir Lenin the names change not the agenda
Mike Keenan is Vladimir Lenin in weirdest hockey video you'll see today via
Vladimir Lenin wasn't accountable to anyone, so when he ordered that farmers be killed, Russians starved.
Vladimir Lenin is Russia revolutionist. He was loyal follower Karl Marx.
Wow. Vladimir Lenin looks really good for a guy who's been dead for more than 100 years
I added a video to a playlist Vladimir Lenin Voice of Revolution History Documentary
Vladimir Lenin's ancestors were immigrants from Astrakhan,which was a Tatar Khanate in history. It seems like(his eyes) he was Turkic Tatar.
The way to crush the bourgeoisie is to grind them between the millstones of taxation and inflation. Vladimir Lenin.
Alinsky merely simplified Vladimir Lenin's original scheme for world conquest by communism, under Russian rule.
"We’re waiting not so much for St. Benedict but for St. Vladimir, a baptized Lenin."
Learning is never done without errors and defeat - Vladimir Lenin
Statue of Vladimir Lenin's head uncovered for exhibition
Is Vladimir Lenin's Quote Not an Apt Description of Naspers’s Current Role in our Democracy?
Vladimir Lenin : "The state does not function as we desired" !!!
via Reader to The Leader: How dare you publish a letter disrespecting Vladimir Lenin!
that's like the tsar of Russia posting a pic of Vladimir Lenin and saying "pride".
Hillary keeps adoring media at a distance and in a rope corral. Vladimir Lenin would be proud.
Q: Is Vladimir Lenin a hero of yours? A: Oh no! my hero is a Greek fisherman.
Vladimir Lenin lives on. thanks to Progressivism
.. ideologically a Marxist. Just like his dad, Vladimir Lenin.
Vladimir Lenin called them useful *** & real Communism doesnt like any of them & will kill them as fast it will a patriot or a christian
Bernie Sanders is parroting Vladimir Lenin, almost verbatim.
I understand Seattle has a statue of noted mass murderer Vladimir Lenin.
Vladimir Lenin was my favorite member of the Beatles
I'm Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov... Better known to the world as Lenin. Look... Over there! Vladivostok.
"Healthcare is the keystone to the arch of the Communist state." - Vladimir Lenin
I wonder how many times people have seen Kelsey Grammer from behind and thought he was Vladimir Lenin.
From 1985 to 1989 - this picture took pride of place on my cupboard door. Vladimir Lenin (22 Apr 1870 - 21 Jan...
I am happy and proud that my son Vladimir Guerrero Jr has signed with Thank God for the blessings!!!
is what Vladimir Lenin said bannable? about the raping?
A democracy is a state which recognises the subjecting of the minority to the majority.--Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
"Our program necessarily includes the propaganda of atheism." Sound like what's going on in the USA? Vladimir Lenin spoke these words.
On Juny 2nd, 1916, Lenin says Imperialism is caused by capitalism. Here, his story
Karl Marx is the Father of Idea of Communism & Vladimir Lenin was the father of first communist society.Both Same but contradictions in them
"hundreds of statues of Vladimir Lenin"
Vladimir.i.i.lenin. in madharas pattanam ,new train what happened is not slapping. it is just "patting on the cheek." give benefit of doubt
Vladimir Lenin in an exchange with his cherries
"Quantity has a quality all its own.". ~Joseph Stalin (attributed, but originally Vladimir Lenin).
Come on if alive Vladimir Lenin could get thousands to turn out to hear him speak in Madison, Wisconsin
vladimir lenin is probably my best friend..He lets me sing to him, cuddle w/him, cry w/him, and he listens. Bye.
"[Music] affects your nerves, makes you want to say stupid nice things..." -Vladimir Lenin
1st step (& maybe the most important) to control a country is to control the health of the people - Said by Vladimir Lenin!👎
Hey I'm sure you're making Vladimir Lenin very proud.
5. Essential Works of Lenin by Vladimir Lenin. 6. The Doctrine of Facism by Benito Mussolini. 8. The USSR flag
Vladimir Lenin was of Jewish Ancestry as were 95% of the Communists in both the Bolshevik and Menshevik Parties
Vladimir Lenin called the mutiny a "dress rehearsal" for the Russian Revolution 12 years later.
I can understand Nikita Khrushchev, Vladimir Lenin, or Mikhail Gorbachev, but Stalin was the evil CEO of USSR INC.
Yay! It's finally Vladimir Lenin's birthday on the east coast! . Oh, & a happy to, comrads. -mao.
I'm going to wear my Vladimir Lenin holding a copy of Pravda shirt tomorrow. Just for old communist times sake
'No amount of political freedom will satisfy the hungry masses' Vladimir Lenin.
Overheard: Vladimir Lenin: fighting in the revolution was hectic and dangerous, but not as hard as Dark...
“Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, 1919 Year 11 think about what we discussed today.
You realize that Earth Day is on Vladimir Lenin's birthday?
Earth Day is on Vladimir Lenin's birthday & "Global Warming" was created to end capitalism. Any que…
The amazing story of the embalming of Vladimir Lenin's body, 145 years old yesterday
Vladimir Lenin (b. 1870 - d. 1924) Harbinger of the bloody 1917 Communist Russian Revolution.
" First, it’s on April 22, the birthday of the ruthless Russian communist leader Vladimir Lenin. If you think that…
Yesterday marked 145 years since the birth of Vladimir Illyich Lenin. Here's a timely quote to contemplate.
Doylestown: expect 11 minute delays and ready Vladimir Lenin
"the best way to destroy the capitalist system [is] to debauch the currency." -Lenin
Vladimir Lenin. Today he'd be considered a Blue Dog Democrat. Enlist in our army at
Did you know? Earth Day began on the 100th anniversary of VLADIMIR LENIN's Birth. Look at the people who celebrate Earth Day.
April 22nd is Vladimir Lenin's birthday. I'm sure the founders were thinking of him when the founded "Earth Day". Commies!
Penza Communists laid flowers to Vladimir Lenin monument on Soviet leader’s birthday
liberals celebrate Vladimir Ilyich Lenin's birthday. They couldn't come straight out and say that Earth is that.
Moscow's Lenin Mausoleum Closed Until Mid-May: The mausoleum of Bolshevik revolutionary Vladimir Lenin will be...
(b. Apr 22, 1870) Vladimir Lenin; controversial figure, tyrant or champion of working class.
Vladimir Lenin: "When there is state there can be no freedom, but when there is freedom there will be no state."
Today is the 145th birthday of Vladimir Lenin.
"There are decades when nothing happens, and there are weeks when decades happen". Happy birthday Vladimir Lenin!
Always felt the green movement was really the red movement, Earth Day 4/22, Vladimir Lenin's birthday 4/22, just a coincidence...
Communism cannot be imposed by force. . - Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
kprf.ru: Orenburg Communists paid tribute to the memory of Vladimir Lenin
kprf.ru: The Communists laid flowers to the monument of Vladimir Lenin
Happy Birthday Vladimir Lenin, born this day 1870! Genius & Hero of worker's Revolution ht…
I look forward to sainting Lenin. The Church of Saint Vladimir the Bolshevik. The Communist Monastery.
Happy Lenin day! On April 22nd 1870 Vladimir Lenin was born. He was a true revolutionary of the people.
what kind of grades did Vladimir Lenin get in school?. Good Marx ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
The “Legacy” of Baracka Hussein Obamsky? A copy of the “legacies” of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, and Josef Stalin, will do nicely.
1919 Vladimir Lenin and Soviet leaders celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution in Red Square
Vladimir Lenin literally just started following me lol!!
- World leaders turned too cool. Illustrations by Amit Shimoni - Vladimir Lenin.…
"Ivy will lead Russia into a revolution." - My friend who claims Ivy looks like Vladimir Lenin
Janet Yellen is more communist than Vladimir Lenin. None of that surprises me at all. The Fed was created to rob the poor.
I liked a video Lenin.. Biography of The Great Vladimir Lenin Voice of Revolution -
Ke Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin; the great men of communism. Or maybe ke nna ke sa itseng.
Not an endorsement of evil but Vladimir Putin may be the most interesting and capable Russian leader since V.I. Lenin.
1924. following the recent death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin has gained full control of the Soviet Union.
How people paid tribute to LKY at the Parliament House reminds me of how the Soviets paid tribute to Vladimir Lenin at the Red Square.
Today, conservative activist Ralph Reed is exactly as old as Vladimir Lenin was the day he died: 19,631 days.
While you cry for Zayn Malik, I'm still crying over Kurt Cobain and Vladimir Lenin
violation of the day: confusing Lennon (the Walrus) with Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) (cc:
according to the internet, I am 1 inch taller than Vladimir Lenin
BREAKING NEWS 1/21/24: Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Soviet Union, dies. Sources say Joseph Stalin is eager to be next.
I bet if Vladimir Lenin could've known how nice supermarkets smell he wouldn't have bothered.
The press should be not only a collective propagandist & collective agitator, but also a collective organizer of the masses. Vladimir Lenin
Amazing! I love Russian literature. And of course: Vladimir Lenin. Great Communist! :)
I'd say I'm closer to Vladimir Lenin, Stalin's my friend but I can't trust him
"A system of licensing and registration is the perfect device to deny gun ownership to the bourgeoisie." -- Vladimir Ilyich Le…
they should make one with Vladimir Lenin that says "come get this Bolshe-dik"
She "planned to place Manson’s remains in a glass crypt after his death — similar to the famous tomb of Vladimir Lenin." That, um ... wow.
"Trust is good, but control is better" (Vladimir Lenin). Morning everyone.
Is pro-capitalist, or is he a nice Vladimir Lenin & pro- a utopia where everyone has income and power equality etc?
Well, well, well, Manchelle just handed us what Obloodycare is: "Control the medicine, control the people. -Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Lenin imagined as a hipster (by Amit Shimoni,
In Russia, the peasants can still view the preserved body of Vladimir Lenin. This gives me a great idea!. Katie! Take a note please...
Every cook has to learn how to govern the state. Vladimir Lenin.
Wow! I just won this for free, 1940'-50's U.S.S.R. Russian Vladimir Lenin Propoganda Pins
Think about how much Vladimir Lenin would hate the Grammys.
Originally dedicated to the life of Vladimir Lenin, Shostakovich ended up dedicating Symphony 7 to the city of Leningrad.
. Alrightie then, Vladimir Lenin, but will never be uprooted?. So, what happened in less than 100 years?? Uh huh!
Will form the cover for my forthcoming novel, The Phylactery of Vladimir Lenin (Part 1).
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) and I have the same birthday. That's fckn sweet!!!
It brings to mind the comment Vladimir Lenin said about his upper middle class supporters being "useful fools"
Vladimir Lenin said: give me the children for 4 yrs, the seeds I plant wont be uprooted. POTUS Hussein in Indonesia 6 yrs.
Give us the child for eight years & it will be a Bolshevik forever. Vladimir Lenin.
One man with a gun can control 100 without one. Vladimir Lenin. (On gun control) I intend to keep trying, with or w/out Congress. Obama
Vladimir Lenin (91 years ago) and Bobby Fischer (7 years ago) left us, but christ both were absolute geniuses. Two outstanding creatures.
Vladimir Lenin dies aged 53 after a stroke in 1921. He is embalmed & displayed in a mausoleum in Moscow http:…
Vladimir Lenin's body has been embalmed over and over again for over 90 years. *** history and science are cool.
Vladimir Lenin won a civil war as a huge minority and ended centuries of monarchism. How did this LAD do this?
With luck, I can unlearn dogma of fake-leftists like Vladimir Lenin & embrace thought of historical revolutionary leaders like John Lennon.
Today is Wednesday, Jan. 21, the 21st day of 2015. There are 344 days left in the year. Today's Highlight in History: On Jan. 21, 1915, the first Kiwanis Club, dedicated to community service, was founded in Detroit. On this date: In 1793, during the French Revolution, King Louis XVI, condemned for treason, was executed on the guillotine. In 1861, Jefferson Davis of Mississippi and four other Southerners whose states had seceded from the Union resigned from the U.S. Senate. In 1908, New York City's Board of Aldermen passed an ordinance prohibiting women from smoking in public establishments (the measure was vetoed by Mayor George B. McClellan Jr., but not before one woman, Katie Mulcahey, was jailed overnight for refusing to pay a fine). In 1910, the Great Paris Flood began as the rain-swollen Seine River burst its banks, sending water into the French capital. In 1924, Russian Revolutionary Vladimir Lenin died at age 53. In 1937, Count Basie and his band recorded "One O'Clock Jump" for Decca Records (on th ...
Joseph Stalin- dictator, wanted to create a communist state (Soviet Union), rises to power after Vladimir Lenin dies
Next New Years, I expect the remains of Vladimir Lenin to be flown to each time zone for the new year via the Concorde.
"Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism" (1965) by Vladimir Lenin - free download
One man with A gun control 100 without one. . -Vladimir Lenin . If gun has no power of produce it can not.
Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin at Gorki, just outside Moscow, 1922
Photo: I really like how the folks in Fremont decorated that Vladimir Lenin statue.
2day 1922 Vladimir Lenin proclaims founding of Red USSR, 1st state based on evil enslaving principles of Marxism.
In the famous words of Vladimir Lenin, "Let's get tropical."
“Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism." - Vladimir Lenin
Photo: rootsthatclutch: Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov playing chess in April 1908, while Maxim...
1922: Vladimir Lenin proclaimed the establishment of the Soviet Union
"300 Former Obama Staffers Urge Elizabeth Warren to Run for President" Ynot? Vladimir Lenin was followed by Joseph Stalin. Whats a Democrat?
No firearms in the dorm rooms. What was this university established by Vladimir Lenin? /s
The Musée Lenine is a museum devoted to Vladimir Lenin, located at 4, rue Marie-Rose, in the XIVe arrondissement o...
Aleksandr Ulyanov, Vladimir Lenin's older brother. He was executed for attempting to assassinate Alexander lll.
You are exactly right. Vladimir Lenin said the same thing.
The Ukrainian Nazis tore down the monument of Vladimir Lenin in the city of Novomoskovsk. It happened on the 6th...
"You can only die once, so make sure it is worth it." -- Vladimir
Communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country. -Vladimir Lenin. .,0
Mayakovsky: A Biography: The poet Vladimir Mayakovsky revered Lenin, but the feeling was not mu...
The Writing on the Wall by Jeff Thomas | November 24, 2014 When you see that in order to produce, you need to obtain permission from men who produce nothing—when you see that money is flowing to those who deal, not in goods, but in favors—when you see that men get richer by graft and by pull than by work, and your laws don’t protect you against them, but protect them against you—when you see corruption being rewarded and honesty becoming a self-sacrifice—you may know that your society is doomed. Ayn Rand; Atlas Shrugged, 1957 Pretty strong words… the last four, in particular. Ayn Rand knew whereof she spoke. Born in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1905, she became politically conscious while still a child and did not favour the existing concept of constitutional monarchy. So, it would not have been surprising if, when the Russian Revolution broke out when she was twelve, she bought into the proselytising of Vladimir Lenin, as so many did at that time. Instead, she quickly surmised that the Bolshevi ...
“Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, 1919 . Hope they're rotting in *** 😏
"“Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, 1919 our heroes 😍 crying 😂
Photo-shop Putin in there and you get trifecta of evil "Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, 1919
"Give us the child for 8 years and it will be a bolshevik forever." ~ Vladimir Ilyach Lenin
I hope my future roommate will be cool with the plethora of Vladimir Lenin paintings I will be hanging on the wall
*** like me bout to do a 10 page paper on Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Revolution
Vitaly Churkin was a child actor, usually playing the boy molested by Vladimir Lenin.
Jesus painting in Germany also has Jesus looking a lot like Vladimir Lenin
So far today I've been told I looked like Vladimir Lenin, Tony Stark, and now 'the white Andre 3000.'
Vandals continue demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine
All Govts lie/deceive/trick, it's just Dem. Party have taken it to "next level"--the Vladimir Lenin & Trotsky one
because in my head I laughed they were all deposed generals mimicing grandmothers and Vladimir Lenin
Shame on America for the plight of the Negroes! . - Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
Hes the son of a cook for Lenin.. . He poisoned Alexander Lukashenko, hes the feet of the bear in the Beast and...
1917: Date of Russia's October Revolution (Oct 15 in the Julian calendar).
grumpy cat is Vladimir Ilyich Lenin who was always grumpy about the oppression of the worker's
Vladimir Lenin was better than stalin BUT THATS JUST MY ONION
"that aint workin./.thats the way ya do it...money for nuthin..." -- Vladimir Lenin
[Insert constructivist illustration of Greg Popovich as Vladimir Lenin]
‘A lie told often enough becomes the truth.’ Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, founder of the Russian Communist Party.
Marxism-Leninism is an adaptation of Marxism developed by Vladimir Lenin, which led to the first successful...
Warner Comrades presents; the fault in our tsars starting Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky.
Today in 1917,. The People's Commissars give authority to Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Stalin.
3 of 5 stars to The State and Revolution by Vladimir Ilich Lenin
""The goal of is ~ Vladimir Lenin. interesting quote.
Day 10 of the Azadi Revolution as Vladimir Lenin demands the resignation of the Tzar Nicholas II in Moscow.
It's not the number of votes, it's who counts them. I think old Vladimir Lenin can take credit for that.
Vladimir Lenin once described American liberals as "useful *** " He understood that they could destroy us from within.
(H v. V) "Vladimir Lenin helped overthrow Russian tsar in 1917 and founded the Soviet Union."
Vladimir Lenin pulled out of WWI so that he could defeat the Romanov's and set up an oppressive regime.
(alex gendler) Vladimir lenin founded the Soviet Union.
The one guy looks like Vladimir Lenin. .
Factoid(prove it wrong): Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was born in Brooklyn, NY, USA of immigrant parents.
(Dutton pg. 718) Bolshevik means "the party of the majority" its leader exiled Vladimir Lenin. Land,peace & bread.
pg.717) Vladimir Lenin was a radical who spread propaganda during the Russian Revolution.
Ted Ed Film) Radical Vladimir Lenin witnessed the murder/execution of his brother Alexander by Czar Nikolas II.
“Give me just one generation of youth, and I'll transform the whole world.” Vladimir Ilich Lenin
“Without Revolutionary theory, there can be no Revolutionary Movement.” Vladimir Ilich Lenin
In my line of work I get to interact with people from all walks of life - some more pleasant than others. Recently I had a lively discussion with someone who accused me of living in a dream world, of being deluded, of holding on to a pipe dream. His attitude to life was that we should live each day to it's fullest, eat drink and be merry for tomorrow we die, and then that's it. I found it funny that my atheist friend was quoting a Bible verse... In fact, this accusation is not new. My literate friend was quoting smarter people than us. Karl Marx viewed religion as "the opium of the people", a drug given to the masses as an opiate, by the ruling classes, in order to keep them from revolting. The thinking was that if you can provide a man with the hope for something better, in this case heaven, and you can keep him in this state of perpetual hope, then he will forget the squalor and oppression you are administering to him. Vladimir Lenin was of the opinion that religion stunts the growth of a nation, which ...
Sometimes the world isn't always black and white - Vladimir Lenin presents two different ideas that both...
Malcolm X, Vladimir Lenin, Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, Thomas Sankara and MLK would all spit in your face.
The revolutionist is economical pragmatic; he understands that a revolution that cannot finance itself is bound to fail.…
Vladimir lenin the greatest leader in history and Russia. May communism be revived and put the world under equality! Viva las revolution!
This World Communist conspiracy is bigger than "Obama "the Golfer". It started with Vladimir Lenin.
In case you missed it - What I Learned From Vladimir Lenin - my TEDx Talk is up! via
And yet they still have Vladimir Lenin's tomb open to the public. Worse than any Halloween celebration.
The first seconds after overthrow the monument of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin.
3. survey Binay drops some more and is yet well ahead of the possible competiton. What is to be done? In the words of Vladimir Lenin. No…
"Vladimir Lenin spoke English an Irish accent, say Russians". I'd forgotten about this actually.
Vladimir calls for the October Revolution in 1917.
Whenever the cause of the people is entrusted to professors, it is lost. . - Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
I will always remember where I was on this date---when Brad Waggoner looked at a photo of Vladimir Lenin and said it was John Lennon.
Read serious books. Read about life, about people, about the past, about the present. Read every day for 2 or 3 hours or more! Read even if it is difficult, even if it is boring. After a while boring can become interesting. Use a dictionary for the big words. Read sincerely and carefully! Read and develop your memory! Memory is developed with attention to details. Read 10, 20, 50 books, make it a big reading binge! Read for your mind and soul. Read for yourself! Read and think about good and bad. Read about human actions, good and bad. Read truth about history and develop your intellect! In 1440 the printing press was invented! It gave many books to the world! Appreciate that gift! Read about different people and eras! Read about Charles Darwin, about Ivan the Terrible, about Blaise Paskal, about Leo Tolstoy, about Abraham Lincoln, about Christopher Columbus, about Vladimir Lenin about Mahatma Gandhi and about others!!! Read and learn about the world!!! Read and think how to be wiser and *** ...
"Corrupt the young, get them away from religion. Get them interested in sex. Make them superficial, destroy their ruggedness. Get control of all means of publicity and thereby: Get the peoples' mind off their government by focusing their attention on athletics, sexy books and plays, and other trivialities. Divide the people into hostile groups by constantly harping on controversial matters of no importance. Destroy the people's faith in their natural leaders by holding up the latter to ridicule, contempt and obloquy. Always preach true democracy but seize power as fast and as ruthlessly as possible. Encourage government extravagance, destroy its credit, produce fear with rising prices, inflation and general discontent. Foment unnecessary strikes in vital industries, encourage civil disorders and foster a soft and lenient attitude on the part of government towards such disorders. By specious argument cause the breakdown of the old moral virtues: honesty, sobriety, continence, faith in the pledged word, rug ...
A Ukrainian flag is attached to a monument of the Soviet state founder Vladimir Lenin in the eastern town of S...
When someone's bio starts with "the love child of Vladimir Lenin and Joseph McCarthy" you know it's going to be good.
4 Vladimir Lenin bots have followed me in the last day. I'm pretty sure I'm some kind of Russian Revolutionary.
Well, looks like I've got three Lenin bot accounts following me now. "O RLY?". YA RLY.
I woke up to 5 new followers that all have to do with Vladimir Lenin. Feels very random.
Three monuments to Lenin destroyed in Odesa region: Odesa - Vandals destroyed three monuments to Vladimir Leni...
"is there anybody, like, legitimately that looks like that" (powerblade ep2). ---yes, vladimir lenin :P
I also have your leader, Vladimir Lenin, Comrade, Boris.
if you are not part of the solution, you are part of the problem. — Vladimir I. Lenin
Looks like Vladimir Lenin will be experiencing the second death. (Re.21:8, Re.22:15, Re.14:9-1, Re.20:15)
If u Vladimir Lenin den am your Joseph Stalin, if you Karl Marx den am ur Friedrich Engels, if... — Go to Lithuania
but people still get Vladimir Lenin and John Lennon confused.
Guantanamo Bay Donald Trump Bernie Sanders President Obama Spike Lee Bill Gates Wall Street Las Vegas Hillary Clinton Ted Cruz South Carolina Marco Rubio Adam Johnson Supreme Court Champions League Ben Carson Time Inc Star Wars Man Utd Boris Johnson New Zealand Premier League London Stock Exchange European Union San Bernardino El Chapo North Korea Lena Dunham Milky Way Koch Brothers Jeb Bush White House Sacha Baron Cohen Better Call Saul Pope Francis Standard Chartered Conor McGregor South Africa Tiger Woods Travel News Mutual Fund David Bowie Kim Jong Super Tuesday Rikers Island New Year Girl Scout Jack Antonoff Steven Avery Black History Month Islamic State Erin Andrews Van Gaal Vivek Murthy Daily News Syrian Government Big Ang Middle East Pearl Harbor Casey Affleck Walking Dead Six Nations New Face Seth Meyers Kendrick Lamar Bat Mitzvah Prince Ali Lamar Odom International Organization Joe Biden Gianni Infantino George Osborne Vanessa Hudgens Jeremy Hunt Zac Efron David Cameron Man United Sony World Photography Awards Stephen Colbert Los Angeles Rob Gronkowski Real Estate London Fashion Week Taylor Swift South African Kyrie Irving Nick Jonas Brit Awards Lionel Messi Manchester United Matthew Lynn Melinda Gates Margaret Thatcher League Cup Trafalgar Square Bernie Ecclestone Billie Faiers Birmingham City Council Barack Obama Australian Open
Karl Marx Earth Day Soviet Union Joseph Stalin Communist Party Fidel Castro Leon Trotsky Josef Stalin Friedrich Engels Mao Zedong Carl Marx Che Guevara John Lennon United States Russian Revolution Socialized Medicine World War Communist Manifesto Pol Pot Red Square Socialist State Saddam Hussein October Revolution Frank Marshall Davis Bolshevik Revolution Barack Hussein Obama David Beckham Paul Ehrlich Adolph Hitler African National Congress Democratic Sen Russian Communist Party Barack Obama Benito Mussolini Napoleon Bonaparte George Washington
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Issue 4, May 17, 2011
We have received reports of large numbers of buffalo gnats, also known as black flies, attacking people particularly in the Springfield and Moline areas. Buffalo gnats are small, 1/16- to 1/8-inch-long, humpbacked black flies. They bite exposed skin, typically leaving a small, red welt. When the gnats are numerous, the toxins from their bites can kill poultry and other birds. They feed on the thinly haired areas of dogs, cats, and horses, such as ears and undersides. There are a number of species that occur in Illinois, and some species are relatively specific to host. With this host specificity, one type of animal may be attacked much more than others. Only in the last few years have we had common human-biting species.
Many buffalo gnat species live as larvae in clear, fast-moving streams and feed by filtering food from the water. With the public activity in reducing water pollution and associated federal and state water protection legislation over the past few decades, the streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds of Illinois are becoming clean enough to support life that has been much reduced since the 1930s. Although there are species of buffalo gnats that live in eutrophic, nutrient-laden water, increases in human-biting species has coincided with measurably-cleaner streams.
Adult buffalo gnats can fly from 7 to 15 miles from their source; but generally, Illinois residents that are bothered live within a half mile of the stream producing the flies. Although there are reports of DEET-containing insect repellents not being effective, scientific literature reports that DEET repellents provide the most effective protection. In areas with high populations of buffalo gnats, people commonly wear head nets, hats with insect protective netting that covers the head down to the shoulders. These are sold in sporting goods stores. Unlike mosquitoes, buffalo gnats do not bite through clothing, so only exposed skin is susceptible to attack. They also do not enter buildings.
Controlling the buffalo gnats as larvae is generally not an option. Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (Bti) is effective against the larvae but is restricted by extensive regulation before it can be applied to running water. Other insecticide application would not only be in violation of federal and state laws but would likely kill fish and other wildlife. Running water is extensively protected by law because most running water eventually is used as human drinking water. If the buffalo gnats follow the pattern of previous years, they should be a problem for only 3 to 4 weeks and are not likely to return until next year. (Phil Nixon)
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For the more information about natural sounds and night skies in the National Park Service, please visit http://www.nature.nps.gov/sound_night/.
If a tree falls in the woods, and no one is around to hear it... it may have been recorded!
Efforts to protect the acoustical environment in our national parks are driven by NPS management policies. But before any action can be taken, park planners and managers need reliable data about a park's existing acoustical environment. What natural and cultural sounds can be heard at the park? What types of human-caused noises can be heard? Where, when, and how often are they heard, and how loud are they?
Through sound monitoring efforts, parks can learn about the acoustical environment as a whole and identify desirable and appropriate sound sources, as well as those that are undesirable in the park setting. Information gathered can then be used to identify the potential impacts of non-natural sounds and proposed developments or actions that may affect the acoustical environment.
Noise modeling software can help to predict how sounds will spread across a park landscape. To learn more about noise modeling, view this presentation by acoustical specialist Randy Stanley.
If you're interested in learning how to conduct acoustical monitoring, you can download the Acoustical Monitoring Training Manual.
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What Is Aldolase?
Your body converts a form of sugar called glucose into energy. This process requires a number of different steps. One important component in the process is an enzyme known as aldolase. Aldolase can be found throughout the body; concentrations are highest in the muscles and liver.
High blood aldolase levels can occur if there is damage to your liver or muscles.
Why Is the Aldolase Test Ordered?
The aldolase test measures the amount of aldolase in your blood. Increased levels of this enzyme may indicate a serious health problem.
Elevated aldolase is usually a sign of muscle or liver damage. For example, muscle damage from a heart attack releases aldolase in large quantities. Liver damage, such as cirrhosis, raises aldolase levels as well.
In the past, the aldolase test was used to look for liver or muscle damage. However, today blood tests that are more specific can be used. Examples include:
- creatine kinase (CK)
- alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
- aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
The aldolase test is no longer used routinely. However, it may be ordered if you have muscular dystrophy. It can also be used to assess rare genetic disorders of the skeletal muscles. Such conditions include dermatomyositis and polymyositis.
How Is the Aldolase Test Administered?
The aldolase test is a blood test. You will be required to give a blood sample. The sample will usually be taken by a technician. A needle will be inserted into a vein of the arm or hand and the blood will be collected in a tube. The sample will be sent to a lab for analysis and the results will be reported to your doctor. Your doctor will tell you your results.
What Are the Risks of the Aldolase Test?
There may be some discomfort when the blood sample is drawn. You may feel pain at the test site during the blood draw. There may also be some brief, mild pain or throbbing at the site after the test.
In general, the risks of a blood test are minimal. Potential risks include:
- difficulty obtaining a sample, resulting in multiple needle sticks
- excessive bleeding at the needle site
- fainting as a result of blood loss
- accumulation of blood under the skin, known as a hematoma
- an infection where the skin is broken by the needle
Preparation for the Aldolase Test
Your doctor will tell you how to prepare for the test. Typically you will not be able to eat or drink anything for six hours before the test. Your doctor may also ask you to stop taking medications that may alter test results.
It is important to note that exercise can affect aldolase test results. Let your doctor know what about your regular exercise program. You might be told to limit exercise for several days before the test. Exercise can cause you have to erroneously high aldolase results.
Be sure to tell your doctor about all medications you are taking. This includes both prescription and over-the-counter drugs.
Understanding the Results
The specific ranges for an abnormal test may vary slightly by laboratory. and there are slight differences between normal levels for men and women. In general, normal results range from 1.0 to 7.5 units per liter.
Higher or abnormal levels may be due to health conditions, including:
- muscle damage
- viral hepatitis
- cancers of the liver, pancreas, or prostate
- muscular dystrophy
- heart attack (myocardial infarction)
Aldolase testing for conditions such as hyperaldolasemia is not straightforward. This condition causes muscle mass in the body to decrease. At first, muscle destruction causes higher aldolase levels. However, aldolase levels actually decline as the amount of muscle in the body decreases.
Let your doctor know if you have recently engaged in strenuous activity. This can cause you have to erroneously high results.
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Wednesday April 8 2015
Diet drinks may disrupt the metabolism
"Is Diet Coke making you fat? People who drink at least one can a day have larger waist measurements," the Mail Online reports. A US study found an association between the daily consumption of diet fizzy drinks and expanded waist size.
This study included a group of older adults aged 65 or over from San Antonio, Texas. Researchers asked participants about their consumption of diet soft drinks and measured their body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. They then looked at whether this was associated with changes in body measures over the next nine years.
The study found people who drank diet soft drinks every day had a greater increase in waist circumference at later assessments compared with those who never drank them (3.04cm gain versus 0.77cm). Daily drinkers also had a slight gain in BMI (+0.05kg/m2) compared with a minimal loss in non-drinkers (-0.41kg/m2).
The hypothesis that diet drinks can actually make you fatter is not a new one – we covered a similar study back in January 2014. The problem with this field of research is it is very difficult to prove cause and effect. As with this study, people who regularly drink diet drinks may be overweight to start with and they could be drinking diet drinks in an effort to lose weight.
This study will add to the variety of research examining the potential harms or benefits of artificial sweeteners or diet drinks. But it does not prove that drinking diet drinks will make you fat.
If you are trying to lose weight, good old-fashioned tap water is a cheaper, calorie-free alternative to diet drinks.
Where did the story come from?
The study was carried out by researchers from the University of Texas Health Science Center in the US, and was funded by the US National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and the National Center for Research Resources. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
It was published in the peer-reviewed Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.
The Mail Online's coverage of this study seems overly conclusive, suggesting it provides evidence that drinking diet fizzy drinks causes people to become overweight. But this has not been proven, and the Mail did not consider this study's many limitations in their reporting.
It also includes an error in its story, describing the study of 749 people "in which 466 participants survived". This is the number of people who had data on body measurements available for at least one of the follow-up assessments. It is the retention of people in the study, not the survival rate.
Furthermore, in saying that, "Large waistlines linked to diabetes, stroke, heart attack and cancer", it is suggested that this study found a higher waist circumference was linked to the development of these diseases. However, health outcomes were not assessed in this study.
And, somewhat unfairly, Diet Coke was singled out as the main culprit. The study actually included any kind and brand of diet fizzy drink.
What kind of research was this?
This was a prospective cohort study that aimed to look at the link between diet soft drink intake and waist circumference.
The researchers discuss how concerns about high sugar intake over the past few decades have led to an increase in the consumption of artificial sweeteners. But the potential detrimental health effects of sweeteners have often been debated.
Some studies found no evidence for either the benefits or harms of sweeteners and diet drinks, while others found an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, such as causing weight gain, leading to obesity, high blood pressure and diabetes.
This study aimed to examine the effect artificially sweetened diet drinks have on weight changes over time by looking at people taking part in an ongoing cohort study.
The main limitation with this type of study, however, is that it is not able to prove cause and effect, as the relationship is likely to be influenced by various other factors (confounders).
What did the research involve?
This research included a group of older Mexican and European American people taking part in the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging (SALSA). This community-based study aimed to look at cardiovascular risk factors in people who were aged 65 or over at the start of the study (1992-96).
The first follow-up assessments were conducted an average of seven years later (2000-01), with two further follow-ups at 1.5-year intervals (2001-03, then 2003-04). The study included 749 people, with an average follow-up time of 9.4 years.
Assessments included measurements of participants' height, weight, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose levels, physical activity, and presence of diabetes. Dietary questionnaires were given at baseline and included the consumption of diet soft drinks.
People were asked the number of cans or bottles of diet soft drinks they consumed a day, week, month or year, and were categorised into three intake groups: non-users, occasional users (more than zero but less than one a day), and daily users (more than one a day) of diet soft drinks.
The researchers looked at the relationship between diet fizzy drink intake at the start of the study, and changes in BMI and waist circumference from when the study started to each follow-up point. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, socio-demographics, diabetes, smoking status, and leisure activity.
Despite the large initial cohort size, only 384 people (51%) had data available on soft drink intake at baseline and body measurements at the first and second follow-ups, reducing to 291 (39%) by the third follow-up.
What were the basic results?
The researchers found people who drank diet drinks at the start of the study also had significantly higher BMIs at the beginning of the study compared with non-users. They also tended to have higher waist circumference compared with non-users, though not significantly so.
The proportion of daily users who were overweight or obese at the start of the study was 88%, compared with 81% of occasional users and 72% of non-users.
Overall, the researchers found that for people who returned for one or more follow-ups, changes in BMI varied according to diet soft drink intake. Non-users experienced a minimal decrease in BMI (average 0.41kg/m2 decrease), as did occasional users (0.11kg/m2 decrease), while daily users had a slight increase (0.05kg/m2 gain).
Changes in waist circumference, meanwhile, were much more notable, with daily diet soft drink users experiencing a gain four times that of non-users. Average waist circumference gains at each interval were 0.77cm for non-users, 1.76cm for occasional users, and 3.04cm for daily users.
How did the researchers interpret the results?
The researchers concluded that, "In a striking dose-response relationship, increasing diet soda intake was associated with escalating abdominal obesity, a potential pathway for cardiometabolic risk in this ageing population."
This prospective study found that people who drank diet soft drinks every day experienced greater waist circumference gain over up to nine years of follow-up compared with those who never drank diet drinks (3.04cm gain versus 0.77cm).
They also experienced a minimal gain in BMI (+0.05kg/m2) over follow-up, compared with a minimal loss in non-users of diet drinks (-0.41kg/m2).
However, this study certainly does not prove that diet drinks, and diet drinks alone, are responsible for these small increases in waist circumference and BMI.
People who drank diet drinks tended to have higher BMIs and waist circumferences than non-users to start with. At the start of the study, when diet soft drink consumption was assessed, 88% of those drinking them daily were overweight or obese, compared with 72% who weren't drinking soft drinks.
Though these people experienced slightly greater gains in BMI and waist circumference, these people tended to have generally higher body measurements to start with. It is possible that people with weight concerns may consume diet drinks in an effort to try to manage their weight.
There may be a variety of unhealthy lifestyle behaviours that contributed to the gain in body measures during the study. For example, the researchers adjusted their analyses for leisure-time physical activity, but did not consider food intake, apart from diet drinks, or look at total energy intake.
Overall, it is not possible to say from this analysis that the diet drinks are the cause of the changes in body measures, as various other unmeasured health and lifestyle factors could be having an influence.
Other points to bear in mind with this study are:
- This was an older age cohort of people above 65, so we don't know how representative the results would be for younger groups.
- This was a specific sample of people from San Antonio in Texas, and we don't know whether their health, lifestyle and environmental influences may differ from other population groups.
- Despite the initial sample size being fairly large at 749, data on drink consumption and body measurements was only available for about half of these people. The results may have been different had data been available for the full cohort.
- We don't know the significance of the small changes in BMI and waist circumference observed.
- We don't know whether continued daily consumption of diet soft drinks in the longer term would be associated with continuously increasing body measures, or whether this would have direct health effects (such as in terms of cardiovascular disease).
- The effects observed in this study can't be attributed to specific artificial sweeteners or specific diet soft drink brands.
The researchers' statement that there is a "striking dose-response relationship" between soda consumption and obesity seems overly bold given this study's limitations.
This study does not prove that drinking diet drinks will cause you to become fat. If you are trying to lose weight, we recommend that you ditch the expensive diet drinks and stick to water.
Analysis by Bazian. Edited by NHS Choices. Follow Behind the Headlines on Twitter. Join the Healthy Evidence forum.
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Published on August 13th, 2008 | by Ariel Schwartz48
Oregon Launching First Solar Highway in the US
August 13th, 2008 by Ariel Schwartz
Oregon is once again taking the lead with renewable energy by installing the country’s first highway solar energy project. The project will consist of a 104 kW solar photovoltaic system that covers 8,000 square feet and produces 112,000 kWh each year. That’s 28% of the energy needed to power the project’s location, the Interstate 5 and Interstate 205 interchange in Tualatin.
Electricity for the interchange will be provided by PGE. The solar panels will come into play by producing electricity during the day, giving the power to the PGE grid, and getting the equivalent amount of power back at night from PGE to power lighting on the highway.
The whole project will literally be Oregon-powered, as companies based in-state will provide materials, design, and installation.
Next year, the Oregon Department of Transportation plans to look at more highway project proposals. Eventually, the department would like to generate 2 million kWh every year with the new projects. They also are looking for proposals that showcase new ways to utilize solar energy, such as solar panels that double as sound walls near highways.
Posts Related to Solar Energy:
- Nanoantenna Arrays Seen As Possible Solar Cell Replacement
- Solar Power From Outer Space Could Reduce Fossil Fuel Dependence
Keep up to date with all the hottest cleantech news by subscribing to our (free) cleantech newsletter, or keep an eye on sector-specific news by getting our (also free) solar energy newsletter, electric vehicle newsletter, or wind energy newsletter.
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(Click on the links to listen)
Contributors, in order, are Padraig Lenihan and Neil Buttimer, questions by John Dorney
Here we trace the decline of the Irish language from a dominant postion in the 1500s, to its catastrophic collapse after the Great Famine of the 1840s. In the intervening period, it had also come down in social stature. While Irish was the language of the native elite in the 1500s, by the early 19th century, it was spoken principally by the poor in the rural west.
Although the absolute number of Irish speakers, at four million people, may have been the highest ever, the language had retreated completely from the east of the country and collapsed even in the west after the 1840s.
Contributors, in order, Padraig Lenihan, Neil Buttimer, Fearghal McGarry
Here we ask why the Irish language first lost its pre-eminent position in Ireland and then declined almost to the point of extinction. Factors often cited are the famine of th 1840s, emmigration and the introduction of English-speaking compulsory National Schools in the 1830s. However, Irish had already lost its grip in much of the country by then.
Padraig Lenihan argues that factors such as the dispossession of the native elite, and the de-coupling of the language from social prestige were key factors. Fearghal McGarry notes that by the early 20th century, in Monaghan as in many other rural areas, the language was confined to the very elderly.
Contributors in order; Neil Buttimer and Padraig Lenihan.
While not absolutely unprecedented, the near death of Irish was very unusal for a modern European language. Here we look at the decline of the language by comparison with other minority languages.
About the Contributors
Padraig Lenihan is historian of early modern Ireland and author of Confederate Catholics at War 1641-49, Conquest and Resistance: War In Seventeenth Century Ireland, 1690, Battle of the Boyne, and most recently, Consolidating Conquest, Ireland 1603-1727. He teaches in the National University of Ireland, Galway.
Neil Buttimer is an Irish language scholar. He has lectured in the Department of Modern Irish of University College Cork since 1982.
His research and teaching are in medieval Irish tradition, pre-Famine Gaelic Ireland and contemporary cultural policy.
He has published The heritage of Ireland (with Colin Rynne and Helen Guerin, eds), 2000. Cork history and society: interdisciplinary essays on the history of an Irish county (Dublin: 1993), and Catalogue of Irish manuscripts in the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Dublin: 1989 ).
He also wrote a chapter of the New History of Ireland on the Irish language since 1921.
Fearghal McGarry is a senior lecturer in Modern History at Queens University Belfast. He has written a series of books on Irish republicanism including; Irish Politics and the Spanish Civil War, Frank Ryan, Eoin O’Duffy a Self Made Hero and The Rising, Ireland Easter 1916 and edited the collection, Republicanism in Modern Ireland.
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And The Family
report by Melissa Hart of Guelph for her grade 12 class,
What is Autism?
"Individuals and Families in a Diverse Society",
at Our Lady of Loures High School,
based on surveys kindly completed by mothers
whose children with autism who range in age from 4 to 36.
Autism is a spectrum disorder that affects social and
communication skills. It generally is apparent during the first three
life. Its effects are not the same in everyone. Autism knows no racial,
or social boundaries. Family income, lifestyle or educational levels do
affect the chance of autism’s occurring. It is four times more dominant
than girls. It is believed that as many as 1.5 million children and
adults in America have
Autism. Autism is not a disorder that can be “outgrown” but the
may lessen as the child develops.
on sameness; resistance to change
expressing needs; uses gestures or
pointing instead of words
Repeating words or
phrases in place of normal,
showing distress for reasons not
apparent to others
Prefers to be
alone; aloof manner
mixing with others
May not want to
cuddle or be cuddled
Little or no eye
- Unresponsive to
normal teaching methods
Sustained odd play
attachments to objects
over-sensitivity or under-sensitivity to
No real fears of
physical over-activity or extreme under-activity
Not responsive to verbal cues; acts as
although hearing tests in normal range.
children with autism, sensory integration problems are common. Their
be over or under active. Some children are particularly sensitive to
finding even the most ordinary daily noises painful, others may be
light and need to wear protective glasses and some may be sensitive to
and find that they are unable to wear certain fabrics or to keep their
and shoes on.
What Causes Autism?
Through brain scans, scientists have found that children
with autism have abnormalities in brain structure and function. The
that they have different shape and structure. There are many theories
causes autism but none have been completely proven. Some of the
genetics; problems during pregnancy or delivery as well as
factors such as viral infections, metabolic imbalances, and exposure to
environmental chemicals; and vaccines. Children are born with autism or
born with the potential to develop it. Bad parenting does not cause
children are not unruly kids who choose not to behave.
The Effects of Autism
on the Family
following is a collection of candid answers from five mothers of sons
autism. The children involved are 4 ½, 11, 13, 19 and 36. I
found this to be an
interesting range of ages.
All the children
at home. One exception is the oldest subject. He lived at home until he
In 1980, before Special Education was compulsory for Boards of
boy was placed in a residential school from age 12 to 21. He came home
weekends and holidays, so was home about half the time. Currently he
his own home where he tries to do all he can for himself and feels
His mother spends most of her time in his home providing support and
companionship and coordinating any other people who help him as support
Most of these families suspected
their child had a disability by age 2 but usually diagnoses took 2 to 3
years. Three out of the five families had other children with
as language difficulties; deafness; and math, reading, and writing
Adjustments for the Family
I asked the families
older children than the autistic child, if the family had to make major
adjustments when it became evident that the younger sibling was
families underwent drastic changes in family practices and behaviours.
in particular now found they were exhausted all the time and found it
function well. One mother commented that she loved to sing to her
had to stop because her son would scream and go into fits. Everything
have locks and be put away, nothing could be left out that could get
Some families had to change their diet. One mother said that her home
quality of relaxation that “home” implies. Attending appointments and
people coming to the house for evaluations were very time consuming and
Most of us would
agree that love
and support are the backbone of the family with communication next in
Communication varies drastically in autistic children. All the children
report communicate with their families, some easier than others. The 4
old and the 19 year old both have normal speech. The 11 year old does
speak. He uses sign language to a certain degree, plus gestures. He
what is said to him. The 13 year old does not communicate verbally but
picture exchange symbols to make requests. He also uses gestures and a
bit of sign language. He understands what is said to him. The 36 year
not spoken since the age of 4 or 5. He uses sign language, picture
symbols and facilitated communication (FC) which is most reliable for
involves a facilitator providing varying degrees of physical support,
as emotional and communicative support, to the user of a communication
aid.” Macalester.edu. 2004.
Awareness and Interaction
In all of the
children are very aware that their brother has autism. The siblings all
quality time with their brothers. However, behaviour and health
occasionally limit activities for some. In one family siblings find it
do things that he already has developed a level of competency. In
family where the autistic child is the youngest the children often play
together on the trampoline, swim in the pool, sing songs with him and
around the house. The older two sisters often babysit him on their own.
another family the twin sister spent quality time with her brother when
were young but found it more difficult in their pre-teen and early teen
but became good companions and friends later. His sister was a strong
and was proud of his efforts. She passed away when they were 27.
asked if the autistic child
attended school with his siblings only one out of the five had. During
difficult times in class the sibling was able to help out.
all these cases the mothers
found it difficult to spend equal time with both the neurotypical
the autistic child. The autistic children need so much more attention
All the families have both parents and they work very hard together to
time for everyone.
children often get help with outside services such as respite and home
services. Generally this extra attention to the autistic child does not
the other children in the house. In one family the siblings enjoy
getting to know their brother’s workers. They appreciate the time that
else watches and entertains him. Only one family said that they used to
services but currently found it too expensive and unaffordable.
In all of these families the
autistic child does do some household chores. Even the 4½ year
old clears his
dishes from the table and picks up his toys. The 11 year old
up spills that he has made but is usually not aware of messes that he
caused. This sometimes annoys his sisters when they are asked to clean
him. Yet they are very understanding that he is not capable of helping
household chores. The 13 year old empties and fills the dishwasher; he
the table in the past but with lots of supervision. The 19 year old
with many household chores. He can cook; do dishes, clean floors and
furniture. The 36 year old sets the table and has developed more
as an adult.
asked if the siblings are
comfortable having friends over to the house when their autistic
home, I got a mixture of answers. Most siblings had no problems when
brother was young. Those who experienced problems or embarrassments
usually in their teens. One because of some unusual behaviours, such as
suddenly disrobing, whining, and sometimes becoming aggressive or
boy is currently experiencing times when he is well and doesn’t behave
this at all but there seem to be a cycle so the other children in the
have to wait for those times to come around. One boy is very popular
sibling’s friends as he shares an excellent knowledge of computers and
electronics with them. When the oldest boy in this report was about 6
children were less tolerant of differences and disabilities and he was
by them making it uncomfortable for his sister to have friends over.
were much less understanding than they are today.
and Interaction of Others
this same question to the mothers about their friends’ comfort levels
autistic child, I also received an assortment of answers. Each case
mother answered that she wasn’t sure but had never received a negative
from her friends. Another answered that some friends were uneasy and
uncomfortable with the way he acts, as he is very loud and has a lot of
He can be overly friendly and sometimes will sit on people’s laps and
friends do not like it. In general, most of her friends take it in
don’t really interact with him. Another mother responded with “what
have no friends and even family don’t come around any more”. This child
aunt that has moved into the vicinity who has experience with these
children but because of health problems she needs to be careful. The
finds it nice to have her around, though it is not often. This mother
that her friends tend to be other people that she meets through
activities but they are more acquaintances than friends. Another mother
found that most of her friends were involved in autism support groups
Family outings can
be quite an
ordeal for these families. In one family, one person usually stays home
after the autistic boy or they get respite help when everyone needs to
as this boy gets very upset when we goes places he doesn’t like.
showing him pictures before hand helps. Another family always takes two
vehicles, that way when they see behavour that indicates that he is
down one parent can leave. If not, it is likely that the boy will have
full-blown tantrum, which is often accompanied by violence and
they see signs of heightened autism before going out they will choose
take him. Keeping a regular schedule of very well balanced meals and
water along with his supplements and enzymes are a must.
The foods are specialty items and he cannot
have the regular treat foods that children usually get on outings. This
requires carefully prepared and packaged food before the trip and
separating him from the rest of the children on the outing so that he
see them getting treats. Careful attention to this is imperative so
doesn’t feel badly about this. He is aware of what treats he likes and
when he sees the other children getting them. Another mother said that
avoid crowded situations where there are a lot of strangers. Their son
predictable surroundings where he has a safe place to go if he feels
However in 2003 when he was 18 he was able to travel by airplane to Texas
with the family with only his Gameboy and Walkman for safety. The mother of the oldest boy involved in this
report found family outings and holidays were very hard when the
little. But once the children were in their mid twenties they loved to
together with the family dog. He continues to love traveling though his
diet and sensory integration needs also means that they have to take a
stuff along. The youngest boy involved in this report has sensory
they can usually be dealt with at the time.
Support and Services
families agree whole-heartedly that there is not nearly enough support
services, from diagnosis to treatments to family supports made
everyone. Raising an autistic child calls for extraordinary and super
resources. Access to early diagnosis is essential. ABA
(Applied Behavior Analysis)/IBI (Intensive Behavioral Intervention) and
discrete trial therapy/education needs to be made available to every
person/family that wants it. Parents would also like to have access to
tests to investigate what is wrong with their child. Many autistic
cannot communicate how they feel or many do not even know what it feels
be well. Full physicals should be available regularly to check for
pain they are coping with. This would help to alleviate a lot of
issues can also be a major concern. Special services at home and
available but are very expensive and it can be hard to find good
families often go through long periods of time with no one available.
family says they only get two hours a week of home services. As
children need constant care and attention, two hours a week is hardly
Families often find that friends and family don’t understand and tend
away. With more knowledge given to explain autism the fear and
others could be lessened.
mothers had great ideas and opinions on services they would like to see
available. It was suggested by one mother that she would like to see a
the community with trained workers where the kids could go and play and
accepted. A camp geared only for autistic children was also suggested.
there has been discussion among political parties on a ten year plan to
that every family that lives with autism will have its own support
provides guidance as to how to get services from the system. There is a
in northern Ontario in
as support person may be provided. This kind of help everywhere would
great deal of difference. A great form of support that no longer exists
in the Guelph area in
matched “natural” families who had children with special needs with
families (in essence, volunteers that wanted to understand and be
They visited each other and built up friendships until the host family
comfortable having the special child visit by himself overnight or for
weekend. It was wonderful as a humane and natural form of respite and
increased general community understanding of what it is like to live
the mothers had great advice to give others, particularly those just
out that their child is autistic.
remember that autism is just a label and it is not who the child is.
every bit of help you can get but be realistic. Not every therapy helps
support immediately and look into all aspects of therapies that you
- Do not
- Get ABA
therapy right away if you can regardless of the costs – it will pay off
- Make sure
you get complete medical and nutritional profiles done on your child.
everything. Be carefully what you sign (particularly institutions such
make you child your life’s work.
- Have fun
in whatever way they are able to.
- Work hard
with your child but have some fun along the way.
become obsessed in trying to make your child better. They will progress
far they are meant to.
rush your child or yourself and above all do not blame your child or
feel like a failure. We can only give what we can.
other parents. Find out how they handle things.
- Keep in
close contact with your case manager.
- Stand up
for yourself and your child.
at your library and see what others have found that helps.
- Participate in the
research that is going on.
- Love and
believe in the child beneath the autism.
- Find ways
for the child to express himself/herself in whatever forms it takes.
- Find and
cherish true friends for the child with special needs and for the
- Plan time
with your other kids. Set aside a date even if it is with one parent
- Take care
affects families enormously. They are challenged physically,
financially. Everyday things that most of us take for granted have to
carefully planned and executed. It affects the social patterns of the
and friends. More support through
government agencies and community services are necessary. Better
through education for friends and families should be more available.
a life-long disorder and help needs to be available and affordable from
childhood to old age. Every human life is something to cherish.
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Pulmonary stenosis is a congenital (present at birth) defect that occurs due to abnormal development of the fetal heart during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy.
The pulmonary valve is found between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. It has three leaflets that function like a one-way door, allowing blood to flow forward into the pulmonary artery, but not backward into the right ventricle.
With pulmonary stenosis, problems with the pulmonary valve make it harder for the leaflets to open and permit blood to flow forward from the right ventricle to the lungs. In children, these problems can include:
- A valve that only has one or two leaflets instead of three
- A valve that has leaflets that are partially fused together
- A valve that has thick leaflets that do not open all the way
Pulmonary stenosis may be present in varying degrees, classified according to how much obstruction to blood flow is present. A child with severe pulmonary stenosis could be quite ill, with major symptoms noted early in life. A child with mild pulmonary stenosis may have few or no symptoms, or perhaps none until later in adulthood. A moderate or severe degree of obstruction can become worse with time.
Pulmonary stenosis is a component of half of all complex congenital heart defects.
Pulmonary stenosis is the second most common congenital heart defect, comprising 5 to 10 percent of all cases.
What causes pulmonary stenosis?
Congenital pulmonary stenosis occurs due to improper development of the pulmonary valve in the first 8 weeks of fetal growth. It can be caused by a number of factors, though most of the time this heart defect occurs sporadically (by chance), with no clear reason evident for its development.
Some congenital heart defects may have a genetic link, either occurring due to a defect in a gene, a chromosome abnormality, or environmental exposure, causing heart problems to occur more often in certain families.
Why is pulmonary stenosis a concern?
Mild pulmonary stenosis may not cause any symptoms. Problems can occur when pulmonary stenosis is moderate to severe, including the following:
- The right ventricle has to work harder to try to move blood through the tight pulmonary valve. Eventually, the right ventricle is no longer able to handle the extra workload, and it fails to pump forward efficiently. Pressure builds up in the right atrium, and then in the veins bringing blood back to the right side of the heart. Fluid retention and swelling may occur.
- There is a higher than average chance of developing an infection in the lining of the heart known as bacterial endocarditis.
What are the symptoms of pulmonary stenosis?
The following are the most common symptoms of pulmonary stenosis. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
- Heavy or rapid breathing
- Shortness of breath
- Rapid heart rate
- Swelling in the feet, ankles, face, eyelids, and/or abdomen
- Fewer wet diapers or trips to the bathroom
The symptoms of pulmonary stenosis may resemble other medical conditions or heart problems. Always consult your child's physician for a diagnosis.
How is pulmonary stenosis diagnosed?
Your child's physician may have heard a heart murmur during a physical examination, and referred your child to a pediatric cardiologist for a diagnosis. A heart murmur is simply a noise caused by the turbulence of blood flowing through the obstruction from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. Symptoms your child exhibits will also help with the diagnosis.
A pediatric cardiologist specializes in the diagnosis and medical management of congenital heart defects, as well as heart problems that may develop later in childhood. The cardiologist will perform a physical examination, listening to the heart and lungs, and make other observations that help in the diagnosis. The location within the chest that the murmur is heard best, as well as the loudness and quality of the murmur (harsh, blowing, etc.) will give the cardiologist an initial idea of which heart problem your child may have. However, other tests are needed to help with the diagnosis, and may include the following:
- Chest x-ray - a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) - a test that records the electrical activity of the heart, shows abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias or dysrhythmias), and detects heart muscle stress.
- Echocardiogram (echo) - a procedure that evaluates the structure and function of the heart by using sound waves recorded on an electronic sensor that produce a moving picture of the heart and heart valves.
- Cardiac catheterization - a cardiac catheterization is an invasive procedure that gives very detailed information about the structures inside the heart. Under sedation, a small, thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel in the groin, and guided to the inside of the heart. Blood pressure and oxygen measurements are taken in the four chambers of the heart, as well as the pulmonary artery and aorta. Contrast dye is also injected to more clearly visualize the structures inside the heart.
Treatment for pulmonary stenosis
Specific treatment for pulmonary stenosis will be determined by your child's physician based on:
- Your child's age, overall health, and medical history
- Extent of the condition
- Your child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
- Expectations for the course of the condition
- Your opinion or preference
Mild pulmonary stenosis often does not require treatment. Moderate or severe stenosis is treated with repair of the obstructed valve. Several options are currently available.
Some infants will be very sick, require care in the intensive care unit (ICU) prior to the procedure, and could possibly even need emergency repair of the pulmonary valve if the stenosis is severe. Others, who are exhibiting few symptoms, will have the repair scheduled on a less urgent basis.
Children who do not require immediate repair in infancy may need to receive antibiotics to prevent an infection of the inner surfaces of the heart known as bacterial endocarditis prior to procedures such as a routine dental check-up and teeth cleaning. Other procedures may also increase the risk of the heart infection occurring. It is important that you inform all medical personnel that your child has aortic stenosis so they may determine if the antibiotics are necessary prior to the procedure.
Repair options include the following:
- Balloon dilation or valvuloplasty - in a cardiac catheterization procedure, a small, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel in the groin, and guided to the inside of the heart. The tube has a deflated balloon in the tip. When the tube is placed in the narrowed valve, the balloon is inflated to stretch the area open.
- Valvotomy - surgical release of adhesions that are preventing the valve leaflets from opening properly.
Postoperative care for your child
After surgery, your child will go to the intensive care unit (ICU). While your child is in the ICU, special equipment will be used to help him/her recover from surgery, and may include the following:
- Ventilator - a machine that helps your child breathe while he/she is under anesthesia during the operation. A small, plastic tube is guided into the windpipe and attached to the ventilator, which breathes for your child while he/she is too sleepy to breathe effectively on his/her own. Many children remain on the ventilator for a while after surgery so they can rest.
- Intravenous (IV) catheters - small, plastic tubes inserted through the skin into blood vessels to provide IV fluids and important medicines that help your child recover from the operation.
- Arterial line - a specialized IV placed in the wrist, or other area of the body where a pulse can be felt, that measures blood pressure continuously during surgery and while your child is in the ICU.
- Nasogastric (NG) tube - a small, flexible tube that keeps the stomach drained of acid and gas bubbles that may build up during surgery.
- Urinary catheter - a small, flexible tube that allows urine to drain out of the bladder and accurately measures how much urine the body makes, which helps determine how well the heart is functioning. After surgery, the heart will be a little weaker than it was before, and, therefore, the body may start to hold onto fluid, causing swelling and puffiness. Diuretics may be given to help the kidneys to remove excess fluid from the body.
- Chest tube - a drainage tube may be inserted to keep the chest free of blood that would otherwise accumulate after the incision is closed. Bleeding may occur for several hours, or even a few days after surgery.
- Heart monitor - a machine that constantly displays a picture of your child's heart rhythm, and monitors heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and other values.
Your child may need other equipment not mentioned here to provide support while in the ICU, or afterwards. The hospital staff will explain all of the necessary equipment to you.
Your child will be kept as comfortable as possible with several different medications; some which relieve pain, and some which relieve anxiety. The staff will also be asking for your input as to how best to soothe and comfort your child.
After being discharged from the ICU, your child will recuperate on another hospital unit for a few days before going home. You will learn how to care for your child at home before your child is discharged. Your child may need to take medications for a while, and these will be explained to you. The staff will give you instructions regarding medications, activity limitations, and follow-up appointments before your child is discharged.
Long-term outlook after pulmonary stenosis surgical repair
Most children who have had a pulmonary stenosis surgical repair will live healthy lives. Activity levels, appetite, and growth should eventually return to normal. Infants who had a difficult post-operative course may be less healthy than infants who did not experience complications.
Your child's cardiologist may recommend that antibiotics be given to prevent bacterial endocarditis after discharge from the hospital.
Consult your child's physician regarding the specific outlook for your child.
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Bernahrd von Breydenbach's Pilgrimage to the Orient
On April 25th, 1483, Bernhard von Breydenbach embarked from Oppenheim am Rhein upon his pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Accompanying him in his entourage were Count Johannes von Solms, Knight Philipp von Bicken, Utrecht painter Erhard Reuwich, as well as a cook named Johann and interpreter Johann Knuss.
After 15 days on horseback, they arrived in Venice, having made use of "significant expenditures and detours".
The usual practice for pilgrims arriving in Venice was to pay for passage on a pilgrim ship to Palestine. The crossing was expensive and uncomfortable. Travelers from various countries were squeezed into a tight space. The food was usually bad and many became ill during the voyage, since sanitary conditions were miserable.
Some managed to climb over their fellow travelers and relieve themselves on deck. Added to these discomforts was the fear of being shipwrecked or attacked by pirates.
Nevertheless, the journey to Palestine was reserved for an elite clientele, since only well-to-do pilgrims could afford the considerable costs of the trip. For this reason, such a pilgrimage was especially well-suited to increasing the prestige of the traveler. It is estimated that about 300 to 500 Europeans made the pilgrimage to Jerusalem annually during the late Middle Ages.
After roughly two months at sea, Bernhard von Breydenbach and his entourage had their first glimpse of the Holy Land. The initial moment of happiness was quickly followed by a sobering realization, however: in order to be allowed to enter Palestine, the pilgrims first had to request safe passage from the Mamelukes.
Breydenbach and his fellow travelers had to wait six more long days aboard the ship before representatives of the Sultan's court came to Jaffa and granted them permission to set foot in the country.
At this point, each pilgrim was registered and asked to pay a fee. Nothing was free in the Holy Land. It was not uncommon for pilgrims to be "temporarily housed" in a damp cave on the beach during this processing procedure, and remain locked up inside for several nights. The locals didn't like to leave visitors from crusader states unguarded.
At the same time, the new arrivals were received by Franciscan monks. They viewed themselves as the final bastion of orthodoxy in the Holy Land and saw to it that pilgrims visited Jerusalem in a spirit of pious devotion and maximum benefit for their spiritual welfare (a great many indulgences were available for purchase).
Like modern-day travel guides, the Franciscans prepared the pilgrims in several different languages for the customs in the Orient and organized the stay in Jerusalem by initiating daytrips to the holy cities and, in some cases, arranging accommodation.
Breydenbach's report on Palestine focuses entirely on describing the holy cities. He includes descriptions of the site of the Last Supper and Christ's Way of the Cross, but also of the stall in which the paschal lamb was raised. Practically every location was a sensation and held a part of the story of salvation. The highlight of the pilgrimage was naturally a visit to the Holy Sepulchre, where pilgrims were permitted to stay the night in exchange for a bribe. However, we learn practically nothing about the Oriental city of Jerusalem.
No religious tolerance
But Bernhard von Breydenbach does discuss the residents of Jerusalem in his account. Here again, the central focus is on religious aspects, since the clergyman explains the religious errors committed by the various denominations represented in Palestine. In the process, he expresses an inwardly directed missionary zeal: above all, Breydenbach aims to strengthen the faith of European Christians by presenting Islam in a contrasting, negative light.
The resulting picture of Islam and its founder Muhammad is a combination of facts, distortions and complete fiction. According to the author, Muhammad – who is denigrated as "Satan's son" and "a dog most impure" – had been raised by a renegade Christian monk and, further, that as a young man he had founded, using deceitful symbols, a new religious persuasion which represented nothing more than a sect or offshoot of the Christian church.
Breydenbach's elaborations on Islam and above all his denigration are hardly the result of what he experienced on his pilgrimage. Instead, they were extracted from other standard works of his time.
The Oriental Christians are also painted in a less than flattering light in his book. He refers to the Maronites and Nestorians as heretics, since they have broken off from the Holy Church in Rome. No doubt is left here as to the Roman church's right to absoluteness. The concept of 'christianitas' is employed to define the line between the familiar and the foreign and becomes, in this argument, a good/evil dichotomy.
Breydenbach's account of his pilgrimage has become famous above all for the accompanying, lifelike wood engravings. The painter Erhard Reuwich supplied the originals. His pictures portray the various religious communities in a completely different light. For example, we see a group of Arabs with magnificent robes and weapons, while tall women – one of whom is veiled – seem to be eavesdropping on the men's conversation. A version of the Arabic alphabet – though incorrect – is also among the prints.
These images reflect a thoroughly positive and/or an open-minded interest in the people of the East which transcends religion.
Encounters with Muslims
Once the various tours of Palestine had been concluded, many of the pilgrims turned toward home and sailed with the pilgrim ships back to Venice. Breydenbach and his entourage decided instead to travel on through the desert to Sinai and Egypt. At this point, the reader senses that the author must have left his Franciscan guides behind in Jerusalem, because his comments about the strange landscapes and people become more personal and less restricted to the religious content of the journey.
His encounters with Muslims (who he usually refers to as Saracens) are, on the one hand, marked by his annoyance at unexpected customs duties and fraudulent activities, yet on the other hand also colored by positive experiences. He explains, for example, how people in the desert offered water to him and his travel party "for God's reward," even though they had to go "to great trouble" to draw it from the ground, or that they joined up with a trade caravan whose members "were not unpleasant to us."
He also spoke with the native people, apparently with the help of his interpreter. Repeatedly, Breydenbach learns that Muslim pilgrims honor the same relics as Christians. Nevertheless, the official version of Islam presented earlier in the book is not revised through these encounters. The clergyman's view is too static in this case.
The Orient as an exotic locale
Only in his descriptions of the city of Cairo does Breydenbach report of the wonders and the beauty of the Orient: "The Sultan's Palace is so large that all of Ulm or half of Nuremberg could fit inside. There are so many precious mosques here with high towers that I have to believe that there were never as many churches in Rom as there are mosques here.“
In these passages, the Orient becomes a exotic locale full of curiosities. For example, in amazement he describes a form of medieval fast food, found everywhere on the streets of Cairo: "We also saw many Saracens cooking in the streets and alleyways (…). Many carry their kitchens through the city upon their heads, with a burning fire, simmering pots and roasting spits.“
The author also captures events at the slave markets. Breydenbach and his party are themselves mistaken for slaves; a merchant offers their Mameluke guide ten ducats per person.
As with many a modern-day trip to the Orient, a visit to a Hamam was also not to be missed: "Many of us went to the sweating-bath, since the Saracens have beautiful bathhouses of marble. They also display fine service in the baths. They have an odd way of manipulating or rubbing the limbs of the bathhouse visitor."
After completing their tourist itinerary in Cairo, the pilgrims traveled via Alexandria on a ship back to Venice.
Today's reader of Bernhard von Breydenbach's travelogue will be left feeling somewhat perplexed at the end. How was it possible for this Cathedral deacon to present virulent rants against Islam on the one hand and express his admiration for the sacred buildings of the Muslims on the other? How could he have expressed a general mistrust of the character of Muslims and still praise their willingness to serve?
Much of this can be traced to the prevailing view of literature in the late Middle Ages. A written account of this kind was still limited by strict boundaries caused by expectations placed on any account of a pilgrimage and by that which had previously been reported, so that one's own statements could not be doubted. An author was not yet expected to report something new. Instead, his task was to take up something already familiar and topically stabilized in a new form.
We must also not overlook that as the Deacon of Mainz Cathedral, Breydenbach was a high church dignitary. Thus, the account of his pilgrimage is, above all, to be read in a medieval-Christian context. To emphasize the pleasures of a holiday or even to express tolerance toward the "infidels" would have been completely out of place by the standards of the late Middle Ages.
Despite this, Breydenbach's report does include the first traces of "Enlightenment." In itself, the fact that author included the Arabic alphabet, a German-Arabic glossary or portraits of the Oriental people as part of his book suggests that he was interested in objectively portraying an Oriental world that was foreign to him.
© Qantara.de 2005
Translation from German: Mark Rossman
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The 3rd grade math games on this webpage focus on several important topics such as place value, addition and subtraction of whole numbers and decimals, multiplication and division of whole numbers, concepts of length, perimeter, area, and time, characteristics of geometric figures, as well as collecting, organizing, displaying, and interpreting data.
Learning math has never been so much fun!
Are you a math magician? Make 20 bunnies disappear by solving addition, subtraction, and multiplication problems very quickly.
Even or Odd?
This is a fun and interactive Tic Tac Toe game about classifying whole numbers as even or odd.
3rd Grade Halloween Math Game (New)
Play this spooky Halloween math game and practice your math measurement skills to destroy a lot of monsters. For each correct answer, you will enter a bonus round where you can earn points by smashing monsters. The math problems are about measuring time, volume, and mass.
3rd Grade Math Vocabulary Game (New)
3rd grade students will have fun identifying important math terms when playing this interactive vocabulary game. For each definition, the students will have only 60 seconds to identify the correct word.
Math Magician Division Game
Play this fun and interactive game and make 20 bunnies disappear by quickly matching different division problems with the correct answer.
In this fast-paced car racing game, students will practice multiplication facts to 10 times 10.
Basketball Multiplication Game
In this fun basketball game, young students will have fun multiplying one-digit numbers.
Multiplication Jeopardy Game
In this game students will multiply one-, two-, and three-digit numbers by 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Kids can play this game alone or in teams.
Multiplication as Repeated Addition
In this fast-paced racing game students will use repeated addition to model multiplication problems.
Multiply Numbers Ending in Zeroes
In this cute pirate game kids can find the treasure chest by making no mistakes when multiplying numbers ending in zeroes.
Basketball Math - Properties of Multiplication
In this fast-paced math game, students will identify and use the commutative, associative, and identity property of multiplication.
Multiplication Basketball Game
In this game students will multiply 2-digit numbers by 1-digit numbers. They can play it alone or in pairs.
In this game students will count various US coins and match the pictures of the coins with the correct amounts.
Adding Two-Digit Numbers
In this fun soccer game, students will add two-digit numbers to get a chance to kick the ball and score points.
Subtracting Two-Digit Numbers
In this interactive soccer game, 2nd grade students will practice adding 2-digit numbers.
Short Division Basketball Game
Third grade students will have fun dividing small numbers when playing this math basketball game.
Place Value Game
In this fun place value game, students must pass the ball to the receiver in order to be given the chance to answer a problem and earn points.
Time Matching Game
This game is suitable for 3rd grade students and English language learners of all ages. The object of each problem is to match the analog clocks with the correct phrase.
Telling Time Basketball Game
In this interactive basketball game, 3rd grade students will practice telling time from analog clocks to the nearest minutes.
Who has? I have!
This is a printable time game that can be used as a classroom activity with elementary students.
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Don’t Release That Bat!
With summer quickly approaching, the number of bat and human encounters is sure to rise. The Broome County Health Department is asking everyone to adhere to the following when it comes to bat exposure and rabies:
- Potential exposure of the rabies virus by way of bats can be limited by vaccinating your animals as well as maintaining the exterior of your home.
- The need for rabies post-exposure treatment after an encounter with a bat can be minimized by safely containing and testing a bat. DO NOT RELEASE THE BAT!
- Bats can safely be collected by wearing gloves and using a coffee can or similar container and a piece of cardboard. Take care to prevent further exposure to the animal and to prevent damage to the bat’s head. Call the health department right away after capture (778-2847).
- Call animal control if you are not willing to capture the bat. Just remember not to release it!
For more information, please visit the Broome County Health Department’s website by clicking HERE and then clicking on “Rabies.”
Here is a video on how to properly capture a bat.
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February 7, 2008
A weekly feature provided by scientists at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.
Volcanic Hazards Continue, Rain or Shine
The rain did succeed in obstructing views of the eruption through our Webcams and has induced our tiltmeters to record erroneous signals. The rest of our monitoring networks worked just fine throughout this weather event - a great testimony to the HVO staff who install and maintain them. All our data tell us that there are three areas of current concern - Royal Gardens, the vent area (including Pu`u `O`o, the rootless shields, and the July 21 channel), and Kilauea's summit.
The main activity at the eruption site is rootless shield building. The Thanksgiving Eve Breakout (TEB) flow field comprises a series of rootless shields southeast of the TEB shield. The TEB shield itself is "rooted," or fed directly by fissure D.
Media attention has focused on the plight of Royal Gardens subdivision, which is directly downslope of the field of rootless shields. Twice during January, the southeasternmost rootless shield collapsed, releasing a considerable amount of stored lava into a long, narrow flow that has threatened the subdivision. We are nearly certain that it will continue to collapse and produce subdivision-threatening flows.
The collapse of the rootless shields is just one of the many hazards in the area that includes Pu`u `O`o and fissure D vents. Pu`u `O`o cone continues to collapse. Cracks abound at the crater's edge, where large chunks of the rim have fallen into the pit with little warning. The crater is also emitting more than one thousand tonnes of noxious sulfur dioxide (SO2) per day. Changes in wind conditions can cause these emissions to go in any direction, with the worst levels close to the vent. Both the National Park Service (NPS) and the State of Hawai`i Department of Land and Natural Resources have closed public access to their respective portions of the vent area as the best way to minimize these hazards.
One more hazard was posed by Kilauea within the last several weeks. At the summit, HVO gas geochemists recorded eye-popping increases in SO2 emission rates beginning late last year. By end of January, the rates had quadrupled!
To appreciate the implications of this increase in gas emission, it is useful to translate it into what is inhaled. SO2 is a toxic gas that is perpetually emitted from sources within and around Halema`uma`u Crater and is the most noticeable ingredient of vog. At background emission rates, trade (northeasterly) winds blow the SO2 emissions out of the caldera and dilute them before the gas reaches populated areas. Weak or southerly winds cause the gas to accumulate to the point where hazardous concentrations are reached.
The National Park Service (NPS) operates air quality monitors at Kilauea Visitor Center and Jaggar Museum. When those sensors indicate that concentrations have exceeded 1 ppm (parts per million), buildings are closed, and visitors and employees are advised to seek clean air elsewhere.
The currently elevated SO2 emissions have created hazardous conditions downwind of Halema`uma`u Crater despite trade-wind conditions. Visitors to Crater Rim Drive between the southwest rift zone pullout and the Halema`uma`u overlook parking lot are experiencing SO2 concentrations in excess of 1 ppm, the "RED" action level at Jaggar Museum and Kilauea Visitors Center.
Everyone will notice SO2 at these levels. The effects of SO2 are most severe for children, whose lungs are still growing, and people with respiratory conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. More on the health effects of SO2 can be found at http://www.dur.ac.uk/claire.horwell/ivhhn/guidelines/gas/so2.html.
NPS rangers and emergency responders have handled two respiratory emergencies a week over the past few weeks. Prior to the rapid increase in SO2 emission rates, such emergencies were rare. In 1993, one visitor with known sulfur sensitivity died in the Halema`uma`u overlook parking lot during normal emission levels.
Toxicity increases with exposure time. The NPS is considering placing temporary restrictions within the south caldera areas to protect people from becoming overexposed to these emissions. Heed the warnings and stay safe.
Kilauea summit and Pu`u `O`o continue to contract. Seismic tremor levels at the summit are elevated close to moderate levels. Summit sulfur dioxide emissions have nearly quadrupled since early January 2008. Earthquakes were located primarily beneath the general summit area and the south flank faults.
On July 21, 2007, lava began erupting from a set of fissures on the east flank of Pu`u `O`o. Eruptive activity soon stabilized at fissure D, 2.3 km (1.4 mi) northeast of Pu`u `O`o. For several months, lava was directed entirely into a perched lava channel that generally fed flows to the northeast and east. At dawn on November 21, lava began to erupt directly from fissure D, outside the perched channel, creating the Thanksgiving Eve breakout (TEB) flow. The perched channel continues to sporadically host minor activity, but most of the activity is now focused on the TEB flow.
The TEB flow has built a series of low shields, extending southeast from the vent, over the last several weeks. Three weeks ago, the front of the southeast-most shield collapsed, and a large volume of lava surged out to form a rapidly moving `a`a flow. The flow advanced about 3.4 km (2.1 miles), reaching to within 180 m (~590 ft) of the top of the Royal Gardens subdivision before stagnating. The eruption then resumed its construction of low shields within about 2 km (1.2 miles) of the TEB vent. The same shield collapsed again on January 26, sending an `a`a flow 650 m (0.4 miles) into the Royal Gardens subdivision three days later, before stalling. Shield construction promptly resumed, and slowly advancing pahoehoe flows continue to be shed east and southeast from the shield complex.
No incandescence has been seen from within Pu`u `O`o for the last several weeks. As in years past, Pu`u `O`o likely is serving as a large chimney, beneath which lava is stored briefly and degassed substantially on its way to the erupting fissure.
Vent areas are hazardous. Access to the eruption site, in the Pu`u Kahauale`a Natural Area Reserve, is closed (http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/chair/pio/HtmlNR/07-N076.htm).
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates from the summit area have been substantially elevated at 2-4 times background values since early January. During these conditions, SO2 concentrations frequently exceed 1 ppm for half or more of Crater Rim Drive between Halema`uma`u parking lot and the southwest rift zone. SO2 concentrations exceed 10 ppm for approximately 200 m (650 ft) of the road between the Halema`uma`u parking lot and the south caldera pullout.
The increase in sulfur dioxide emission rates at the summit means that SO2 concentrations are much more likely to be at hazardous levels for visitor areas downwind of Halema`uma`u, especially during weak wind conditions or when winds blow from the south. Most people are sensitive to sulfur dioxide at these levels, especially children, individuals with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or other breathing problems. These people should avoid areas in the south caldera: southwest rift zone, south caldera pullout, and the Halema`uma`u overlook parking lot. Stay informed about SO2 concentrations in continuously monitored areas (Jaggar Museum and Kilauea Visitor Center) by visiting the Kilauea Visitor Center and the web at: http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/webcams/parks/havoso2alert/havoalert.cfm
Mauna Loa is not erupting. No earthquakes were located beneath the summit in the past week. Extension between locations spanning the summit, indicating inflation, continues at steady, slow rates, which have slowed further since May 2007.
One earthquake beneath Hawai`i Island was reported felt within the past week. A magnitude-3.6 earthquake occurred at 1:13 a.m. H.s.t. on Wednesday, February 6. The earthquake was located 4 km (3 miles) north of the summit of Kilauea Volcano at a depth of 25 km (16 miles).
Visit our Web site (hvo.wr.usgs.gov) for daily Kilauea eruption updates and nearly real-time Hawai`i earthquake information. Kilauea daily update summaries are also available by phone at (808) 967-8862.
Updated: February 19, 2008 (pnf)
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Print version ISSN 0213-9111
JANSA, Josep M. and GARCIA DE OLALLA, Patricia. Health and immigration: new situations and challenges. Gac Sanit [online]. 2004, vol.18, suppl.1, pp.207-213. ISSN 0213-9111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0213-91112004000700033.
The new social and demographic framework in Spain that has appeared since the arrival of new migrant populations, raises the need to improve the knowledge of their health status and to identify preventive measures and priorities in heath services. A bibliographic review of the available information on migration and health in Spain is performed, together with an analysis of their contents from a Public Health point of view. The high proportion of new borns from foreign mothers, the mental needs, deficits in oral and dental health, and the increase of tuberculosis in migrants, together with limited vaccine coverage in children, define the main health needs of these populations. The analysis of health services, reveals a high use of pediatric, obstetric and gynecologic resources by migrant populations. Conclusions; although no particular health needs have been identified for migrants, special attention for tuberculosis, mother and child health and health promotion and prevention, have to be funded for specific migrant populations. Health resources and services have to be reinforced with health agents, human resources, and specialized education for health professionals.
Keywords : Health; Migration; Prevalent diseases; Health services.
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Maryland is poised to be the 18th state to abolish capital punishment, in favor of lifetime imprisonment.
If there is a flaw in the system, the flaw exists whether they were sentenced to death or sentenced to life without parole.
Maryland has executed only five inmates since 1976, and in March the state legislature passed a bill abolishing the death penalty entirely. Of the 32 states that still have the measure on their books, 13 have not carried out any executions in the past five years. This gradual retreat from capital punishment is celebrated by activists who note that U.S. use of the death penalty, long abandoned by the rest of the developed world, places it in the company of human rights abusers such as Bahrain and North Korea.
But this is far from the only way in which our criminal justice system is singular. The U.S. imprisons more people than any other country in the world, and locks them away for increasingly long periods of time. Since 1990, the average length of prison sentences in the United States has increased by nearly 40%. When states repeal the death penalty, they typically replace it with life without possibility of parole—a sentence rejected as inhumane in states such as China and Pakistan, which allow prisoners to come up for parole after 25 years. While some anti-death penalty campaigners argue that abolition will clear the way for broader sentencing reform, others believe that the movement has settled for narrow victories instead of building a broader front against mass incarceration.
Maryland just became the 18th state in the U.S. to repeal the death penalty, and Delaware may soon follow. What does this mean for the movement to abolish capital punishment?
Richard: We’re seeing the beginning of the end of the death penalty. In the past decade, death sentences have dropped by about 75 percent and executions by over 50 percent. There were 43 executions last year, but they were carried out across just nine states. So the death penalty is really becoming isolated, marginalized and irrelevant to the rest of the country.
Lily: At the same time, the Campaign to End the Death Penalty has been troubled by the development of a more and more conservative approach to the question of death penalty abolition. We’re one of the only anti-death penalty organizations that has a stance on life without parole: We don’t view it as a just alternative. Anti-death penalty campaigners need to do more to address the way that the whole criminal justice system operates.
Bennett: In the fight for abolition, we can’t ignore life without parole, which is fast becoming the new death penalty. Between 1992 and 2009, we saw a 300 percent increase in the number of life without parole sentences. In most campaigns for repeal, activists make the argument that getting rid of the death penalty will not be such a bad thing because we’re going to keep people locked up without the option of parole anyway–which helps normalize it.
Could activists be successful in repealing the death penalty without embracing life without parole as an alternative?
Richard: No. You could theoretically propose it, but I don’t think it would get enough votes. Right now, life without parole is the alternative if you want to get rid of capital punishment. As long as you have the death penalty, life without parole appears to be a gift. If we got rid of the death penalty, then life without parole would be left as the most extreme punishment, and I think attention could then be focused on its negative aspects.
Lily: I have to disagree. Life without parole shouldn’t be promoted by activists as a short-term strategy for abolition, only to try to return to the issue later and attack life without parole. [This won’t work] once life without parole has been cast by campaigners as a just sentence.
Bennett: Look at what happened in Illinois [following abolition of the death penalty in 2011]. Abolitionists celebrated when Governor George Ryan took 167 defendants off of death row, saying he was too uncomfortable with the idea that those people might be executed in error. But most of their sentences were commuted to life without parole. If there is a flaw in the system, the flaw exists whether they were sentenced to death or sentenced to life without parole.
An axiom of our legal system is that “death is different,” and requires special consideration. How does this idea shape campaigns to end the death penalty?
Bennett: The whole mantra that “death is different” is part of the problem. As a prosecutor, when I was confronted with a death-eligible case, [my team] would put in immense resources because we knew that judges would make sure to dot every “i” and cross every “t.” But when defendants were facing life without parole or an equivalent, we’d treat those cases like part of an assembly line. Those cases become invisible—it’s hard to imagine coming back to them after we get rid of the death penalty. We don’t worry and lose sleep over the defendants who will never see the light of day again.
Richard: Death is not the same as life in prison. Living is different from dying—there’s no doubt in my mind about that. But there are limited resources in our system, and right now the death penalty totally distorts their distribution—it takes millions of dollars and hours of time to do one case. Once we end the death penalty, those resources can be applied to other cases. So I think death penalty abolition will restrict life without parole sentencing, not expand it.
Lily: I actually agree that the death penalty is particularly cruel and finite. At the same time, life without parole is essentially a sentence of death in prison. The only way out depends on access to an attorney, which is generally not state-funded [for appeals on non-death penalty cases]. Casting death penalty repeal as a cost-saving measure may appeal to conservatives, but we need to stop talking about cutting costs when we actually need to be expanding resources for defense and access to appeals.
Some of the most common arguments for abolition of the death penalty are that it’s rife with racial discrimination, wasteful of public resources and ineffective at deterrence. Do the same arguments apply to other forms of extreme punishment?
Bennett: The racial bias actually appears to be even worse in life without parole sentencing. Blacks represent 35 percent of individuals sentenced to death since 1977; they represent half of those sentenced to life without parole.
Richard: Race is undeniably an issue that permeates our criminal justice system. But on some of the other questions, I’m not so sure. Capital punishment is particularly demanding of resources, because death penalty trials require separate conviction and sentencing phases. On deterrence, the question is: Does the death penalty add any more deterrence than a life sentence? Many studies indicate that it does not. We don’t know yet whether this is the case for life without parole. Again, the death penalty is crowding the stage, and once it goes, there’ll be much more room to investigate these problems.
Four more states may consider death-penalty repeals this year. Looking ahead at these campaigns, is there a way to maintain momentum on abolition while also addressing these concerns about life without parole?
Richard: When it comes down to lobbying for a bill that you want to pass, if you have a whole range of reforms that you want in society, that won’t be effective. This kind of approach is fraught with compromise, but it’s part of the messy process of getting something accomplished. We are starting to see changes on some of the overriding principles—last year, the Supreme Court limited the use of life without parole sentences for juveniles.
Lily: The Campaign to End the Death Penalty’s stance against life without parole hasn’t made it impossible for us to view the passage of state-by-state death penalty repeals as a victory. In Maryland, the questions of racial bias and wrongful conviction [played a big role in the campaign], and I think emphasizing these points and changing public opinion around them is a much better strategy than promoting life without parole as a just alternative.
Bennett: A significant portion of the death penalty abolitionist community right now believes that death is wrong no matter what—even if the person is guilty. I’d like to have that same conversation about extreme punishments like life without parole. I think right now is the time to make the argument that all extreme punishments are problematic. One in 11 prisoners is now serving a life sentence. We need to realize that the problem is that, as a society, we’re just punishing far too much across the board.
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Transcriptionists set spoken words into text, usually by listening to an audio recording and typing the speech, word for word, into a document or form. Lawyers, doctors, government agencies, police departments and a wide range of businesses need transcription services, and the job market for this skill is active and growing. Compensation depends on how the job is paid, typing speed, turnaround times and a few other factors.
One common method of paying for transcription is by line count. The client sets a specific format for each text document: margins, line spacing, text size and font, and the appearance of headers, running heads and page numbers. The job is paid according to the number of lines in the document, including partial lines. Legal and medical forms often have the line counts indicated in the left margin, making the calculation easy.
Many transcription clients also pay by duration: the elapsed time of the recording. A common rate might be 75 cents a minute, including partial minutes at the end of the recording. This system works best with digital audio files, where length of the file is indicated by a counter. Analog tapes -- still used by some doctors and lawyers -- would have to be timed manually by the client and the vendor, which is a cumbersome procedure. Conference calls and public speeches use digital files, while interviews and research notes might be recorded on tape.
Clients set the pay rates, or have transcription agencies set a standard rate, which is then paid out to freelancers, who work out of their homes. These agencies offer an online menu of jobs, which transcriptionists are free to download according to their availability. Standard jobs are completed and returned within 24 hours, while rush jobs may need to be done immediately, or within a few hours. Transcription rates, whether by line count or elapsed time, are higher for rushes. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median hourly pay for medical transcriptionists was $15.82 in 2011.
Clients will pay higher rates for foreign language transcription, and for jobs that involve supplementary tasks such as indexing or formatting in HTML so that the transcription can be uploaded to the Internet. With skill and experience, speech transcriptionists can also move into continuity transcription, the art of setting down a timed schematic of speech, movement, cues, music and other events from a movie, documentary, television episode or online video.
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
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This Halifax Project task force is focused on "Assessing the Carcinogenic Potential of Low Dose Exposures to Chemical Mixtures in the Environment". 174 scientists from prominent institutions in 28 countries were formed into 12 teams (see below) and they focused on the possibility that complex mixtures of commonly encountered chemicals in the environment may be capable of carcinogenic effects that have yet to be fully appreciated. This project was initiated because we believe that the historical scientific and regulatory emphasis on “mutagens as carcinogens” and the ongoing search for individual chemicals and precisely defined mixtures that are “complete” carcinogens (i.e., can cause cancer on their own) is an incomplete approach that has serious limitations. The last few decades have shown us that cancer can be enabled by a series of key events, while chemical exposure research has shown us that many of these key events can be independently instigated. At the same time, we have discovered that many chemicals have low dose effects that have not been fully appreciated. So this task force looked at the possibility that exposures to mixtures of disruptive chemicals at low doses (in our day-to-day lives) might be contributing to the high rates of cancer incidence that society is currently facing.
From the thousands of chemicals to which the population is now routinely exposed, the scientists selected 85 prototypic chemicals that were not considered to be carcinogenic to humans and they reviewed their effects against a long list of mechanisms that are important for cancer development. Working in teams that focused on various hallmarks of cancer, the group found that 50 of those chemicals support key cancer-related mechanisms at environmentally-relevant levels of exposure. This supports the idea that chemicals may be capable of acting in concert with one another to cause cancer, even though low level exposures to these chemicals individually might not be carcinogenic. This is a paradigm shift in the field of toxicology and the research has now been published in Oxford's Carcinogenesis (click here to see the special issue).
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Faith is a supernatural gift from God, a completely undeserved gratuity, a theological virtue infused into a soul at Baptism. It is, in its ultimate meaning, not something arrived at by any logical human reasoning unaided by God's grace. However, those who receive this gift of faith and who activate it in their lives by their willful cooperation with that grace, have an obligation, as they mature in the course of their human growth, to see that their faith settles comfortably into accord with the rational part of their human nature. In other words, their catechetical studies should help them establish how their Catholic Faith is perfectly logical and agrees with human reason, although in many ways it goes far beyond human reason. They should be able to see, throughout their lives, that to believe is reasonable and to not believe is unreasonable.
One of the primary goals of catechesis must be to provide for the student, especially the junior high school, high school, and adult student, the rational motives of credibility for the student's own personal fulfillment, as well as to enable the student to "be ready always with an answer to everyone who asks a reason for the hope that is within" him or her (1 Peter 3:15), so that the student can defend his or her faith and respond to any and all objections posed by others to it.
All mature and well-instructed Catholics should, therefore, have at least a rudimentary grasp of that part of theology and catechetics which goes by the name "apologetics". In English the words "apology" and "apologize" mean something altogether different than what is meant here, a scientific vindication of the Catholic Faith, the Christian Religion. The meaning in English has to do with "being sorry", accepting blame for some error, mistake, wrongdoing, etc., which has nothing to do with Catholic apologetics.
On the other hand here, deriving from the Greek and Latin meaning of the term (and also similarly in the French and German languages), "apologetics" in the catechetical and theological sense means a reasoned defense and explanation of the doctrines of our faith, positing the arguments that show the rational validity of Catholic belief. Of course, this does not mean religious polemics, which often generate more heat than light. But, some possession of apologetic mastery, can equip a Catholic to face successfully those parts of our world and culture which are hostile to religion, which are agnostic, skeptical, humanistic, secularistic, or which are non-Christian, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, otherwise pagan, or which are semi or incompletely Christian, that is, some variety of Protestantism, either of the older or new types, different kinds of heterodoxies, etc.
Such a rudimentary knowledge of apologetics might not equip everyone and every time to refute with success the Jehovah Witnesses or Mormons who could show up at a front door, but it will convey a sense of comfort in knowing and mastering the reasonable nature of God's true Religion. It can also make one less distrustful of oneself when religious discussions occur, as they often do, in family gatherings, work places, and the like.
What to Know
A well-catechized Catholic, for instance, should be able to articulate the arguments for God's existence and something about His Oneness and His attributes, the arguments for the spiritual and immortal soul of every human being, the arguments for the need for all human beings to practice religion, etc.
He or she should be able to set out the reasonableness of the Gospels' historicity, the claims of Jesus and their vindication by His miracles, fulfillment of prophecies, His transcendent human personality, etc., and then His establishment of the Church, with her marks of one, holy, Catholic, and apostolic, and her attributes of authority, indefectibility, and infallibility, Christ's divinity, therefore, and the certitude that He will be with His Catholic Church until the end of time.
Once these things are intellectually validated, the Church, as hierarchically established by divine arrangement, can be seen as requiring our docile obedience, when she teaches with certitude the canonicity, inspiration, and correct interpretation of the Gospels and, indeed, of all the Books of the Bible, along with the contents and correct understanding of Sacred Tradition, and those things deriving from what is implicit in Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition.
Upon those motives of credibility then can be constructed the reasonableness of our creeds, of the sacraments and liturgical life of Catholics, of the commandments and the requirements of Gospel living, and of the necessity of a life of prayer, virtue, and preparation for the end of one's life on earth and for the particular and then the general final judgment.
Opens the Door
The apologetic area of catechetics constitutes only one aspect of religious teaching, and it does not begin to exhaust what a well planned, well coordinated, and well developed C.C.D. program should bring regularly to its students. However, it can provide some important intellectual and spiritual "ammunition" to Catholics, especially to our children and youth, allowing them to face our contemporary religious chaos of pluralism, relativism, and general religious confusion and ignorance with a serious hope for success.
It is always possible, of course, for anyone to misuse the human freedom that God gives to each of His human creatures. It is possible even for well-instructed Catholics sometimes to fall away from the faith, usually for some moral failure or inability to observe the demands of the Gospel. This is often followed by an attempt to rationalize or explain away the misbehavior to one's own conscience and sometimes to others. But, this is far more difficult for one who is properly catechized, with appropriate instruction in apologetics, for whom it is clear that sin is in the will and not in the intellect.
Apologetics has marked the entire history of the Catholic Church, from her earliest days, through the time of the Fathers and ancient Doctors of the Church, through all the vicissitudes of her two millennium history, down to the present time. There is a vast Catholic apologetical literature, and there are an abundance of current and excellent modern apologetical books and magazines available today. Even if we no longer are involved in formal religious instruction or teaching, we would be spiritually and intellectually enriching ourselves and others, were we to continue to study seriously the part of catechesis called Catholic apologetics.
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Sleep Apnea (cont.)
Siamak N. Nabili, MD, MPH
Dr. Nabili received his undergraduate degree from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), majoring in chemistry and biochemistry. He then completed his graduate degree at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). His graduate training included a specialized fellowship in public health where his research focused on environmental health and health-care delivery and management.
In this Article
- Sleep apnea facts
- What is sleep apnea?
- What are the types of sleep apnea?
- What is central sleep apnea and what causes it?
- What is obstructive sleep apnea and what causes it?
- How common is obstructive sleep apnea?
- What are obstructive sleep apnea symptoms?
- What are some of the complications of sleep apnea?
- How is obstructive sleep apnea diagnosed and evaluated?
- What are the nonsurgical treatments for obstructive sleep apnea?
- What are the surgical treatments for obstructive sleep apnea?
- Why is it important to treat obstructive sleep apnea?
- Find a local Sleep Specialist in your town
How common is obstructive sleep apnea?
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is estimated to affect about 4% of men and 2% of women. In one study of people over 18 years of age, obstructive sleep apnea was estimated to develop in 1.5% of people per year over the 5 year study. It is probably more common than either of these numbers because the population is becoming more obese, and obesity worsens obstructive sleep apnea. More shocking is the estimate that only 10% of people with obstructive sleep apnea are currently receiving treatment and many patients with sleep apnea remain undiagnosed.
Some groups are more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea.
- Men are more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than women before age 50.
- After age 50, the risk is the same in men and women.
- Among obese patients, a majority have obstructive sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea worsens in severity and prevalence with increasing obesity.
- Among patients with heart disease, a significant portion have obstructive sleep apnea, and among patients with strokes, a majority have obstructive sleep apnea.
- African-Americans have a 2.5 times greater risk of obstructive sleep apnea than Caucasians. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the Chinese population is similar to American Caucasians, but the Chinese population is generally smaller and less obese than the general American population. Therefore, something besides obesity must be the explanation for obstructive sleep apnea in the Chinese population. We do not understand the reasons for these differences, but studies are ongoing to better define the risks.
- The prevalence of sleep apnea in nonobese and otherwise healthy children younger than 8 years old is considered as high as 5%. Obstructive sleep apnea may develop in children of all ages, even in infants. Prematurely born infants are at a higher risk to develop sleep apnea.
Get tips for better sleep.
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The activity or skill of making things from wood.
- He said last year, somebody was talking about the woodworking I do.
- While Nicholson found his calling in the pulpit, he also continued to put his woodworking to work for his congregation.
- One could easily spend the best part of a weekend ambling through the village with its woodworking and weaving workshops.
- Example sentences
- A master carpenter and woodworker, examples of his skills can be seen in many establishments in Rosses Point, Colm is very grateful for any help or support you can give.
- There he worked as an ouvrier amongst many other German woodworkers and cabinetmakers in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, and in 1881 he married the daughter of the German owner of the hostelery he resided in.
- However, those who worked mainly inside - the carpenters and woodworkers, plumbers, plasterers - all voted against by a clear majority.
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of woodworking in:
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Originally posted by Wherestheproof
reply to post by Watcher-In-The-Shadows
Actually the cities are found in the bedrock under the sea, so a melting glacier could not have caused that, plus building a city on ice would have sucked for agriculture. Atleast the cows would have given ice cream rather than milk lol
This documentary discusses the discoveries of a possible pre-Egyptian civilization, and presents actual in your face proof of it all. He really does make you think outside of the box.
Originally posted by stevcolx
Can u see it with Google Earth? I found something similar on Google Earth. Here are the co-ordinates:
31°23'48.77" N 24°23'00.01" W
Eye Alt 384.15 km
This looks man-made to me!!
Originally posted by jinx880101
There are already pre- Egypyian civilisations discovered, they where called Sumarians. Here's a piece out of Zecharia Sitchens book The 12th Planet-
Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in Central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 200,000 to 500,000 years ago. Most traces of the out of Africa migration along the shores of the Indian Ocean seem to have been lost. Due to flooding in the post-Ice Age period, recent finds in Tamil Nadu (at c. 75,000 years ago, before and after the explosion of the Toba volcano) indicate the presence of the first anatomically modern humans in the area.
The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent covered a time span of around 25,000 years, starting around 30,000 years ago. More extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age, or approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed permanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka in modern Madhya Pradesh, India.
Early Neolithic culture in South Asia is represented by the Mehrgarh findings (7000 BCE onwards) in present day Balochistan, Pakistan. Traces of a Neolithic culture have been found submerged in the Gulf of Khambat in India, radiocarbon dated to 7500 BCE. The Edakkal Caves has one of the earliest exmples of stone age writing. Late Neolithic cultures sprang up in the Indus Valley region between 6000 and 2000 BCE and in southern India between 2800 and 1200 BCE.
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And to further what Alina says it's used for Blossom end rot as that's a calcium deficiency. Actually most of what I've read says you can use powdered or proper milk, but full fat not non fat. Classed as an environmentally safe fungicide. Well you live and learn!
BER is related to calcium in that it's a side effect of a plant not being able to distribute calcium within its internal system. There can be tons of calcium available to the plant but the plant can't use it. So milk won't help against BER. So what causes the plant not to be able to distributre calcium? No one knows for sure, but plant stress seems to be a major factor. Strong buffeting winds, temperature extremes and irregular watering are only some of the possible causes.
There is also the puzzling fact that some tomato types - the plum varieties, for example - are more prone to BER than others. No one knows why.
Milk has no value as a tomato fertiliser but it's been claimed over the years that it has anti-fungal properties. The evidence is largely anecdotal, backed by the suggestion that the milk creates a pH level that fungal spores don't like.
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Dr. Jeffrey Ellis appeared tonight on LI Talks, News 12 with Lea Tyrrell to discuss and debate safety of indoor tanning with Joseph Levy, the executive director of International Smart Tan Network – a lobby for the indoor tanning association. The discussion was prompted by the American Academy of Pediatrics recent position statement to ban minors from tanning.
The International Smart Tan Network would like you to believe that developing a tan is an intelligent way to minimize risk of sunburn. It is NOT. The Indoor Tanning Association has been cited by the FTC for making false claims related to the safety of tanning. A tan gives you an SPF of 3 while causing DNA damage. Tanning intensity and time regulation are poorly enforced by facility staff with 95% of tanners exceeding time limits and 83% of tanning booths producing more UVB than standards allow.
Here are the facts:
- The World Health Organization categorizes tanning beds as a carcinogen
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer categorizes tanning beds as a carcinogen to humans
- The American Medical Association, American Academy of Dermatology, and the American Academy of Pediatrics all recognize the dangers associated with tanning beds, and have position statements to limit access to younger children
- The risk of melanoma is increased by 75% when exposure to tanning beds occurs before the age of 30 (Lancet Oncology 2009)
- In the population based Skin Health Study, researchers found that people who used tanning beds often were 2.5-3x more likely to develop melanoma thana person who never tanned indoors
- The Australian Melanoma Family Study identified 76% of the melanoma in patients between the ages of 18-39 were attributed to tanning bed use
The tanning industry is a big one, with a powerful lobby. In 2007, domestic sales were in excess of $5 billion. They use marketing tactics simlar to the tobacco industry where they try to mitigate health concerns, appeal to a sense of social acceptance, emphasize the “relaxing” component of going tanning, and target specific population segments who are most vulnerable (ie: prom specials).
At this time, 32 states have legislation to regulate tanning, but more is needed on a federal level. In Brazil, tanning beds sale and use is banned. In France, Germany, Austria & the UK it is banned for individuals under 18 years old. In New York, current legislation does not allow anyone under 14 years of age to use tanning beds, but adolescents age 14-17 can use one if they have parental consent. Tanning beds have a wide variability of radiation output, operator knowledge, and degree to which operators comply with state and federal guidelines. Some studies suggest that 95% of patrons going to tanning salons were not following the exposure guidelines.
Regarding Vitamin D… did you know that Vitamin D is generated from UVB light, and most tanning beds use predominantly UVA light (because UVB increases the risk of a burn). UVA does not help to generate Vitamin D, but does increase the risk of skin cancer, premature aging, wrinkles, etc. Here is more information from the American Academy of Dermatology on Vitamin D.
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http://belaray.com/blog/plainview/long-island/new-york/dermatologist/dermatology/spa/media/dr-jeffrey-ellis-on-li-talks-news-12-with-lea-tyrrell/
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Proactive Investors brings you a summary of some of the major stories on the Australian Securities Exchange.
Rare earth metals are most simply defined as those chemical elements that have atomic numbers between 57 to 71. These include lanthanum, from which rare earth metals get their collective chemical name of lanthanides, to lutetium.
For reasons of chemical similarity, two additional metals, scandium and yttrium, are commonly found in rare earth metal deposits, and so are frequently referred to as rare earth metals, resulting in a total number of 17 rare earth elements – all of which are metals.
These 15 consecutive lanthanide elements have, uniquely among all the elements in the periodic table, chemical properties so similar that they are difficult and expensive to separate from one another.
However, once these metals have been separated from one another, the individual physical properties of these materials put them in today's top tier of the rarest and in many cases the most critical of metals for technological application. These metals are used to manufacture environmentally friendly products such as electric cars and in alternative power generating technologies such as wind turbines.
By way of example, according to a December New York Times article two elements, "dysprosium and terbium, are in especially short supply, mainly because they have emerged as the miracle ingredients of green energy products. Tiny quantities of dysprosium can make magnets in electric motors lighter by 90 percent, while terbium can help cut the electricity usage of lights by 80 percent. Dysprosium prices have climbed nearly sevenfold since 2003, to $53 a pound. Terbium prices quadrupled from 2003 to 2008, peaking at $407 a pound, before slumping in the global economic crisis to $205 a pound."
Table: Rare Earth Elements Periodic Chart
In discussing 'rare earth elements' the term rare can be thought of in two different ways. First, rare can be defined by how much of a particular metal is actually produced and made available to end-users who require its use. Second, rare can be thought of in terms of its uncommonness or scarcity.
When speaking of 'rare earths' in current, manufacturing terms it is the production of these metals (high or low) and their availability (large or small) that can be used to establish which of them are rare and which are not. In short, ramping up production of some of these rare metals is one way of diminishing their value by increasing their availability on world markets and most importantly their availability to manufacturers which require their use.
China's Monopoly Over Rare Earth Elements
All is not well in the world of rare earths. The main accessible concentrations of the rare earths are found in China, where more than 95% of rare earths are now produced. Over the last seven years, China has reduced the amount of rare earths available for export by some 40%.
Earlier in 2009, concern over rare earths and their availability caught fire with the US Congress when it ordered the US Government Accountability Office to undertake a comprehensive review of US dependence on rare earths for military applications (night vision goggles, range finders, precision guided munitions and cruise missiles to use but a few examples).
The American public's attention, apparently unaware of their use in national defense and in the production of "green" technologies, was heightened by this development. Then in December 2009 the PBS broadcast a series of interviews by a British journalist in Inner Mongolia. The topic of the interview was "Are Rare Earth Minerals Too Costly for the Environment?"
The theme of the story was that the levels of pollution in the Bayanobo region of China where most of its and the world's production of the rare earth metals takes place, are now so high that industry must be reformed if new mineral production is to continue.
Even existing mineral production may be in danger. The necessity for industry restructuring seems to be the case. It is obvious that in order to clean up the damage from decades of mining and refining operations, China's rare earth industry must slow or even stop temporarily its activities.
This must be carried out in order to assess the environmental impact of past mining operations and then to plan strategies for mitigating future environmental damage. Such steps would allow China to resume and perhaps ultimately to enlarge its production of the rare earth elements.
The PBS program also took note of the fact that Chinese officials are openly concerned that the elements mined in the Bayanobo region are so valuable and important to China's technological future that they must be conserved for future Chinese use. Rare earth production is or may soon be too low to keep up with growing demand.
Six months ago, a story was circulated concerning China's State Council which is the arm of the government that sets the agenda for China's command economy. The story, supported by a white paper from the Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), suggested that the export of the rarest of the rare earths, the higher atomic numbered (or heavy ones) be immediately terminated and that the export of the rare earths should be reduced in the next five-year plan (2010-15).
The story could have been floated as a trial balloon to measure world reaction to a curtailing of the rare earths' supply. Another possibility is that the story was released to the Western press because the Chinese government had become aware of the importance of rare earths to China's technological and green future and that this importance is sufficient enough to curtail the export of rare earths at current levels.
This is particularly important since rare earth production may soon have to be reduced while environmental problems are remedied.
For the rest of the world, the problem is that the rare earths which the Chinese deem so important to their technological and green future are already critical for maintaining the West's technological and green present, let alone a future of green growth and sustainable production.
For example, China has announced that over the life of the next two five-year plans, 2010-2020, it will construct some 133 gigawatts of wind turbine generated electricity. This is likely to dramatically impact the supply of the rare earth metal neodymium. (it could take up to half a ton of neodymium to make a permanent magnet for a very large wind turbine)
If China chooses to go with the wind turbine generator design that uses a rare earth permanent magnet based on neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, and terbium, (the last two of which are among the rarest of the rare earth metals) then this will require that China increase its current production levels in order to meet additional demand. The alternative is that China substantially reduce its exports of the required metals under the terms of present production levels. Modern, smaller, high performance and high efficiency electric motors and generators are also increasingly dependent on the unique properties of these metals.
The interruption of the supply of these metals to non-Chinese manufacturers and end users would upset both the civilian and military markets in the West. A shortage would surely mean that, first of all, the West would have to choose between "guns and butter."
Secondly, it would mean that technological advancements would stagnate or stop altogether in alternative energy production and uses where these metals are critical.
This is a direct challenge to the West's march toward a greener future.
In 2002 the United States' most important rare earth mine, operated by Molycorp in Mountain Pass, California was shut down. This was due, at least in part, to Chinese predatory pricing. Rare earths from China's Bayanobo region were shipped to California and sold for less than the cost of producing the same rare earths at Mountain Pass, even with a 5% duty assessed against the imports.
It was unknown then, as it is now, whether Chinese mining companies were "dumping" their product, i.e., selling it for less than the cost of production.
Certainly today it is obvious that if China had capitalized its environmental liabilities and the true costs of its mining operations in their own country, production costs may not have been competitive with Molycorp's production costs.
However, lowball pricing had its effect. Molycorp ceased mining its immense, high grade California deposits of the light rare earths (with lower atomic numbers), and South African mining operations also abandoned their supply space to the Chinese.
This happened even though the resources and reserves available and accessible to modern clean mining operations outside China were (and still are) loaded with immense verifiable quantities of high grade ores.
Mountain Pass was, as early as 1984, the largest rare earth mine in the world; it produced then fully one-third of all of the global supply of rare earths and 100% of the US demand for them. Mountain Pass has proven reserves of more than 30,000,000 tons of ore when measured using a lower cut-off grade of 7.6%.
Much of the ore is at 9.5%, which means that at today's American demand of 20,000 metric tons a year, Mountain Pass could provide "light" rare earths, lanthanum through samarium, in sufficient quantities to supply current demand for 150 years. If this mine were operating and its output were merged with other known US deposits containing "heavy rare earths," such as dysprosium, terbium, and europium, in commercial quantities, then America would be self-sufficient in rare earths.
It is important to note rare earth supply security may now be on an even keel with rapid return on investment as a driver for developing American domestic rare earth resources. Market forces are the preferred avenue to bringing US production of rare earth resources back online, but the issue is so vital to the US manufacturing sector and to US national security interests that Congress should address the it a priority.
Indeed these observations catalyzed the proposed the Rare Earths Supply-Chain Technology and Resources Transformation Act of 2009 (RESTART Act) referenced earlier.
China's gradual reduction of its export of raw ores and ore concentrates has forced the rare earth refining, separating, metal and alloy production industries to move to China. Therefore investment in China and the employment of Chinese laborers and engineers is the surest way for a foreign company to assure a supply allocation of rare earths for its own end-use.
The West has now been essentially denuded or contrarily has denuded itself of almost all its rare earth mine-to-market supply and value chains. Only some of the final assembly of permanent magnet using devices such as DC electric motors and electric generators for civilian use remain anywhere outside of China today.
The US military and the allies it equips require that the final manufacture and assembly of all munitions or guidance devices and components be within the US or in an allied country such as the UK. Even so, rare earth metals – from which military components such as permanent magnet electric motors and generators, lasers, and infrared and sonar sensors are constructed all or in part – are exclusively imported from China and then alloyed and fabricated in the US or in another allied military contractor's country.
This is an incredible and truly inconvenient truth. It should also be noted that Canada also has large and high grade deposits under development.
It is important to realize that the situation regarding the supply security of rare earth supply elements has been fundamentally driven by China's growing domestic demand. Western industry, both civilian and military, could be cut off with little or no notice from these elements at a time when there is no alternative supplier of these elements from someplace other than China.
Western free-market mining, banking and institutional investors have to use this current reality to reassess factors such as the availability of strategic or critical rare metals, and the valuation of the entire supply chain to political and economic advantage. US policy makers should consider all options, including government incentives if necessary, to return US supply back to the point that it can satisfy at least US national defence requirements.
The US Department of Interior must now, through the Bureau of Land Management (which supervises mining claims) and its subsidiary the US Geological Survey, (which monitors the market and end use of natural resources) step forward.
It needs to identify and measure US domestic reserves of rare metals which are strategic and critical for America's industrial and military needs. These steps should be administratively codified by the Departments of Defense and Commerce and be used to catalyze the sourcing of these resources in the most beneficial way for the US economy.
To be clear, the security of the US supply chain for rare earths, and their availability, must be the focus of whatever actions are undertaken.
Also equal to supply concerns regarding rare earths is the fact that even if tomorrow the US would restart the mining of heavy rare earths it lacks the capacity to refine these elements. Thus, should the United States begin to mine its heavy rare earth oxides, it would still be dependent on overseas refineries for further elemental and alloy processing.
Transportation alternatives such as electric cars, electricity generating technologies such as wind turbines, communications' technologies, such as iPhones, and even medical equipment such as X-ray machines and MRI machines all require rare earths for their manufacture.
Getting onto the green road is not the same as staying on it.
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Talk Maths Year 6
iOS iPad Education
Talk Maths is a fun way to get children talking about maths and working together to solve problems. This app provides four games to help children practise their mathematical vocabulary and speaking and listening skills.
Talk Maths is designed for pairs of children using iPads in school.
One child plays ‘blue’ and the other plays ‘green’, with each child having their own colour-coded area of the screen.
Talk Maths Year 6 is aimed at children aged 10-11 (England Year 6). This app provides four games, each differentiated at four levels.
1-dot is aimed at children who need Support
2-dot is for the Core of your class
3-dot is for children you want to Extend
4-dot provides an extra-hard Challenge!
Number Sums – make the sides of the triangle equal
1-dot: make a total of 10; find a second way
2-dot: make a total of 39; find a second way
3-dot: make a total of 6; there are four mystery numbers; find a second way
4-dot: make a total of 3; mystery numbers include a negative number
Dominoes – match the capacities (litres, pints and gallons)
1-dot: use simple fractions and multiples to find equivalents
2-dot: use further calculations to find equivalents
3-dot: use more complex calculations to find equivalents
4-dot: capacities are approximately equivalent
Marble Run – adjust the function machine to make the target number
1-dot: input value 0.5, targets 50, 0.05, 500 and 5
2-dot: input value 0.5, targets 5, 50, 0.05 and 0.005
3-dot: input value 0.5, targets 5, 500, 0.5, 0.0005
4-dot: input value 50, targets 0.05, 0.005, 0.0005, 500000
Mystery Number – use clues to eliminate digits and find the mystery decimal
1-dot: clue vocab: round, digit, odd, even, multiple of 3
2-dot: clue vocab: round, digit, even, consecutive, total, product, multiple of 3
3-dot: clue vocab: round, digit, even, consecutive, product, multiple of 4
4-dot: clue vocab: round, even, consecutive, product, divisible by, multiple
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Send To A Friend
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Epidemic of Obesity?
Jerry Yudelson, PE, LEED® AP
Monday, October 30, 2006
According to numerous studies and reports over the past few years, the United States is suffering through an "epidemic of obesity," with the average American ten pounds heavier than before and the number of "super-sized" people growing rapidly. Many health complications abound, including diabetes, heart disease and premature death. Airlines are burning more fuel, to compensate for another 1000 to 2000 pounds on each flight.
Other studies link this epidemic to our approach to urban design, namely the tendency to drive more and walk less, because of the spread-out nature of work, home, shopping, recreation, etc. (This tendency was satirized beautifully by Steve Martin in the 1980s movie, L.A. Stories: at the opening of the movie, he walks out of his house in the morning, gets in his car, drives to the next house and gets out of the car to visit his neighbor.)
I’ve found this out first-hand: since moving to the outskirts of Tucson, Arizona, in April, I’ve been both driving more and walking less than when I lived in downtown Portland, Oregon. Tucson is a very spread-out town, with little public transportation, very unlike Portland, which is quite compact with excellent public transportation. Every errand requires a car, and the major roads are all a mile apart. So, every errand requires at least a two-mile drive, and most require a six-mile roundtrip. (There are some bicycle commuters; I have a friend who rides 12 to 15 miles a day, to and from work, but this is pretty rare; most bicycling in Tucson is recreational, unlike Portland, which has considerable bicycle commuting.)
Since this is a green building web site, I’ve wondered what implications this epidemic of obesity might have for building design, particularly its impact on energy-efficiency and indoor air quality. We already know that many people in our buildings are "too hot, too cold," and that heavier people tend to be hotter (not universal, I know) than thin people.
From a design perspective, one of the best ways to reduce energy use in many buildings is to use natural (vs. forced) ventilation and to install operable windows. Typically, in naturally ventilated buildings, the acceptable temperature in workspaces is allowed to fluctuate over a wider range, typically both 3 to 4 degrees Fahrenheit hotter and cooler, than the normally tight 73F to 74F +/- 2F. On summer afternoons, many naturally ventilated buildings will have work spaces that exceed 78F or 80F, for perhaps 80 to 100 hours per year (about 3 percent to 5percent of 2000 total annual work-hours).
This slight discomfort yields a significant savings in both energy use for cooling and a first-cost advantage of a reduced size for the HVAC system. However, what about the people in the space? Are we designing comfort systems for them as they should be, or as they really are? If they’re really uncomfortable, what happens to their expected productivity gains, one of the major business case arguments for green buildings? (People cost $200 to $600 per square foot, vs. $1 to $3 for energy, so a 1 percent productivity gain pays for all the energy use, and a 1percent productivity loss doubles the energy use!). Is it a false economy to sacrifice their comfort in the name of energy efficiency?
Now, we know that public employees constitute about one-third of the workforce. Are we opening ourselves up for grievances and impromptu walk-outs in green buildings when we fail to deliver expected comfort levels? It does little good to appeal to the example of Europeans and others, who are perfectly willing to endure a little hotter temperatures in the summer (and dress lighter) and cooler temperatures in the winter (wearing the famous Jimmy Carter cardigans to work), when our workforce is quintessentially American.
Here are some solutions:
Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems
, in which each work station is able to adjust individual comfort levels (temperature and air flow) by manipulating in-floor air diffusers. This solution works very well for open-plan offices with large floorplates. It saves a considerable amount of energy, since air is typically supplied at 62F instead of 55F from a conventional overhead air diffuser, requiring less cooling. Because wire and data cabling also comes up from below the floor in these systems, moving workspaces (which most companies do at the rate of 20 percent per year or higher) is typically fast and cheap, leading to cost recovery in less than three years in most cases because of significantly reduced “churn” costs. These systems enjoy widespread use in Europe but are just beginning the adoption cycle in the U.S. The primary drawback is a first-cost increase of typically (net) $4 to $6 per square foot, a penalty that is often offset by the ability to buy cheaper furniture systems that don’t need electrical hook-ups.
Thermal energy storage
, where we still supply the same cooling energy but use far cheaper “off-peak” electricity to make chilled water or ice during the evening and night, store it, and deliver it during the warmer afternoons. With peak power rates climbing above $0.20 per kilowatt-hour in many metropolitan areas, this solution makes sense for many new buildings. Thermal energy storage is a viable option for any new building and typically pays for itself by allowing the designers to decrease the size of the HVAC systems for summer cooling.
Talk to the people!
If there’s one thing architects and buildings owners and facility managers are loath to do, it’s to involve the actual users of a building into the design process, so that they understand what is being done to save energy, what the implications are for thermal comfort and how to explain it to their co-workers. I have actually been involved with projects where the project team was forbidden by the facilities department (under pain of excommunication or something similar) to talk with the actual users of a new building, because in their view, it would slow down the design process and because facilities staff said, "we’ve already had all the discussions we need to with those people." Without good user education about the reasons for natural ventilation, can you blame people if they get upset if the building is too hot or too cold?
Design with Climate.
I’m just amazed at how many buildings I see in the desert Southwest with no shading on the south and west (or east) façades, either recessed windows, overhangs or wing walls, thereby guaranteeing hot spots that won’t allow HVAC systems to be downsized to save energy. In most cases, it’s just a style that architects have adopted for buildings everywhere with little thought to local climate dynamics. In the Southwest, buildings should be like caves, with thermal mass (concrete) to reduce temperature fluctuations and lots of shading on the solar-exposed façades (think of the Mesa Verde National Park cliff dwellings in Colorado).
Health clubs in every office building?
Perhaps the best solution is to make it easy and convenient for our friends and colleagues to exercise right in the building, as a way to lose weight effectively. Then building design might be a little less challenging, and natural ventilation/operable window design approaches a little more popular. This would add slightly to the cost of building operations, but could more than pay for itself with reduced health-care costs.
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2006 Green Building Update by Jerry Yudelson
Book- Marketing Green Buildings: Guide for Engineering, Construction & Architecture
The Insider's Guide to Marketing Green Buildings
A Green Port in a Perfect Storm
First, Let's Kill All The Lawyers
And the Greenie Goes To...
Green Building Consultant Predicts $30 Billion Green Building Market in 2007
Thunder From Down Under
Green Consultant Predicts Green Building Trends for 2007
Show Me The Money
A Sudden Cessation of Stupidity
Yudelson Associates Launches Innovative Web Site
Educated Incapacity: Are We Smart Enough to Save the Planet?
"The Change Function" and Green Buildings
Green Buildings and iPods
Re-thinking Renewable Energy in Green Buildings
Green Building Information from iGreenBuild.com
Copyright © 1998 - 2012, GBM Marketing, Inc. - All rights reserved.
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New 1080 plan 'has to happen'
The Nelson branch of Forest and Bird has reiterated its stance in favour of 1080 as it anticipates a wave of community backlash to follow the extensive new poisoning operation planned for this year.
Minister of Conservation Nick Smith said last month that the seeding season or "mast" of the beech tree would result in around a million tonnes of seed being dropped this autumn.
This would supply the raw material necessary for around 30 million rats and tens of thousands of stoats to be born.
The 1080 programme developed in response to the impending predator plague will hit an extra half a million hectares with 1080 drops this year, and add another 50,000ha each year until 2019.
In a Department of Conservation community forum meeting, DOC science officer Josh Kemp said beech seeds looked small to human eyes, but their high nutritional content made them very desirable food for rats.
"They have to husk [a beech seed] but it's very rewarding for them. They eat it, they love it."
He said a full beech mast meant the trees would cover the forest floor with 4000 seeds per square metre, but expected Nelson and Tasman forests to see around 6000-10,000 seeds per square metre.
Silver beech, red beech, mountain beech and hard beech were all going "completely nuts".
Mr Kemp said rats capitalised on the unlimited food supply by breeding as fast as they were able, before turning on native birds and invertebrates once the seeds germinated.
Forest and Bird regional field officer Debs Martin said public opposition to the use of 1080 was often voiced on social media, but DOC's poisoning programme was essential: "We think this is absolutely superb. It has to happen."
Trapping is often proposed as an alternative to the use of 1080. Ms Martin said trapping was appropriate in small protected areas such as Paremata Flats, where teams check the traps each week, but mounting a trapping operation big enough to reach the heartland of national parks such as Kahurangi was impossible.
"You would need to employ a small town to go out and check traps, and then [the trappers] would have to be fit every day and go out in all weather, and have access to all the cliffs and bluffs."
She said trapping would be particularly ineffective during the beech mast as rats were not tempted by traps when there was such an abundance of free food.
Ms Martin said it was true that kea had died after eating 1080 pellets, but thousands more native birds were saved by the poison's application.
She likened the poison to chemotherapy, saying it was unpleasant but necessary.
"Those people [objecting to the use of 1080] are not being eaten by predators, so their aversion to toxins is not really fair. The idea that we can trap our way out of this is just whimsical."
Is the region better served by having multiple events over one weekend or spread out throughout the year?Related story: (See story)
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Definition of Encryption
Encryption is a process of translating a message, called
the Plaintext, into an encoded message, called the Ciphertext.
This is usually accomplished using a secret Encryption Key
and a cryptographic Cipher.
Two basic types of Encryption are commonly used:
Some interesting politics surround strong Encryption:
- Strong (i.e., hard to break) Encryption algorithms are considered
to be a munitions by the United States government. Exporting such
algorithms therefore amounts to arms smuggling -- a very serious offence!
- Some countries (i.e., France) forbid their citizens from using strong
- Strong encryption algorithms are freely available everywhere in the
world, on the Internet.
- In the United States, it is possible to patent an algorithm, including
an Encryption Cipher. This can limit who can make such algorithms.
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What would a child’s drawing look like if it were painted realistically? For the past several years, Kidspace artist Dave DeVries has been on a quest to answer this question. Dave’s project Monster Engine re-interprets kids’ drawings of monsters — a subject that kids can often get frustrated drawing, because no matter how terrifying something is in your mind, it never seems scary enough on paper. But Dave uses skills he gained with years of training as a comic strip artist and painter at Universal Studios to amp up any creature from a young imagination.
Dave has told us that an important step in his process is double-checking with the original young artists that he got the details right. He has made it clear that his paintings are collaborations, and wouldn’t want to overshadow the fact that these kids are artists too.
Dave’s paintings are collected into a book, which also gives some background about how he got started on this project. Even more exciting is that Dave travels to schools all around the country to give demonstrations, turning kids’ drawings into shaded, textured, realistic monsters before your very eyes. And Dave is coming to MASS MoCA to give one of those presentations to local school groups on March 15th. Students from our six partner schools in grades 2-4 have been asked to draw their own monsters, and Dave will choose a couple to transform during the presentation. He’ll also speak a little bit about his career as an illustrator, and invite kids to come up and help him complete the painting. At the end of the presentation, these paintings are donated to the school. Dave uses lots of paint, so let’s hope those kids are willing to get a little messy!
Come by the Kidspace exhibit Curiosity to see three of Dave’s paintings currently on display. And you can learn more about the Monster Engine project here.
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Tackling violence against women and girls
“There is one universal truth, applicable to all countries, cultures and communities: violence against women is never acceptable, never excusable, never tolerable.”
-Ban Ki-moon, UN Secretary-General (2007-2016)
Over a lifetime, one in three women will experience physical or sexual violence — regardless of age, background or country. The violence occurs in public and private and affects both the woman and her community. Overwhelmingly committed by men against women, sexual violence can take many forms, including rape, domestic violence, harassment and objectification, “honor” killings, sex trafficking, female genital mutilation, “child marriage” and other harmful practices.
When women and girls can live free from the threat of sexual violence, they can live healthier lives. When communities are safer for women and girls, they are safer and more prosperous for everyone. Equality Now’s work to end sexual violence can positively impact not only the woman or girl – but also her entire community.
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On day three the dry land and all its attendant elements appeared. A solid granite crust provided form for the surface of the young planet. The ferromagnetic core maintained alignment of the magnetic field. Radioactive elements with adjacent moderating units formed foundations and a controlled nuclear reactor within earth's interior. Masses of hydrocarbon assumed their role as a swaddling band" to moderate temperatures in the adjacent water reservoirs.
These warm waters fountained up through granite, clays, and sands to re-circulate back into the subterranean reservoir and form a dynamic hydrocycle. A great supercontinent was outlined on the planet's surface. Luxuriant plants were created with their fruit and seeds fully formed, thus incorporating "immediate youth" and "functional maturity."
On day four stellar heavens were formed from the mass and energy inherent in the universal flood of light registered on day one. As the microcosmic structure of the atoms would permit seven "shells" of particles above its nucleus, the macrocosmic structure of the heavens above would cluster seven distinct "spheres" of star bodies on a universal scale. Designed in harmony with the biorhythms of Earth's living systems, these stellar instruments provided functional time and energy to the universe as a whole.
[ Session Three | Session Five ]
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Definitions for fast day
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word fast day
a day designated for fasting
Fast Day was a holiday observed in some parts of the United States between 1670 and 1991. "A day of public fasting and prayer," it was traditionally observed in the New England states. It had its origin in days of prayer and repentance proclaimed in the early days of the American colonies by Royal Governors, often before the spring planting. It was observed by church attendance, fasting, and abstinence from secular activities. The earliest known fast day was proclaimed in Boston on September 8, 1670. Fast day had lost its significance as a religious holiday by the late 19th century. It was abolished by Massachusetts in 1894 and shortly thereafter by Maine, which also adopted Patriots' Day. It continued in New Hampshire until 1991, signifying only the opening of the summer tourist season; the April holiday was dropped and replaced with the January Civil Rights Day in 1991, and then in 1999, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day.
The numerical value of fast day in Chaldean Numerology is: 4
The numerical value of fast day in Pythagorean Numerology is: 4
Find a translation for the fast day definition in other languages:
Select another language:
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Consider giving a donation to your local public library this week in honor of Judith Krug, whose death at the age of 69 was recently announced. Krug backed librarians around the country who defended their collections from censorship for several decades--and when the Internet came into libraries, she defended its freedom as well.
The history of library resistance to censorship and privacy violations is a tribute to the staunch integrity of thousands of ordinary librarians traversing the stacks throughout the United States, who over the decades kept books ranging from the John Birch Society Blue Book to Heather Has Two Mommies available to anyone who wanted to read them. Krug was their official leader at the American Library Association, as director of their Office for Intellectual Freedom form 1967 on.
Key to their defense was the distinction between selection and removal. People who objected to seeing books they didn't like in the library would tell the librarians, "You choose which books to stock in the first place; why can't you remove some?" Librarians successfully argued that they could choose books on the basis of their value, but that removing a book after it was chosen was a violation of the First Amendment.
Krug was one of the leaders in a coalition that overturned the "indecency" provisions of Communications Decency Act, That frontal attack on the First Amendment was followed quickly by successors attempting to control the Internet. One such bill, I'm sad to say, was sponsored by John McCain, who in this case didn't follow his "maverick" tendency to choose good sense and moderation over easy demagoguery.
The sponsors of such bills saw Supreme Court free speech rulings as damage, and routed around them by drawing their censorship provisions more and more narrowly until they succeeded in getting a bill upheld that required Internet filters in public and school libraries. The ALA and the majority of our countries librarians upheld open access throughout. And nowadays, when poor and unemployed people are flocking to libraries more than ever for Internet access, we must appreciate the vigilance of these public servants.
Even more courageous was the resistance by librarians to the FBI's demands in 2002 for the reading records of public library users. Krug spoke out forcefully against the privacy invasions of the PATRIOT Act and advised librarians to discard readings records as quickly as possible so they could not be subpoenaed. I wonder how many librarians had a chat about privacy with Google when it came to offer their books online...
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While we hear a lot about bees and how important they are to our food system, and to pollinating non-edible plants, we don’t hear as much about butterflies even though they are also pollinators. In fact, butterflies are second only to bees in pollination of our food supply and they also provide an important indicator of the overall environmental health of an area.
Here are some ways that you can help the butterfly population in your area to remain healthy and plentiful.
Create a butterfly-friendly garden. Butterflies drink the nectar of flowering plants. So plant things that attract them to your garden. These are typically native, flowering plants, like butterfly weed, bee balm, mints, and sages. The North American Butterfly Association (NABA) has a great page with comprehensive links on creating a butterfly garden and habitat including regional butterfly guides.
Help to count them. Counting them helps to assess the health of the environment. While you can certainly do an “unofficial” count, wouldn’t it be more fun and more helpful to be part of the official one? You can take part in the NABA Butterfly Count Program that covers butterflies of North America. This ongoing program offers different counts at different times of the year in regions all across North America. Check the NABA page to find counts near you and instructions on how to participate. If you live in Great Britain, you can take part in a more informal way, via the Big Butterfly Count that is taking place from July 20 to August 11.
Don‘t “release“ commercial butterflies into the environment. Several years ago NABA published “There’s No Need to Release Butterflies — They’re Already Free” outlining why they believe that releasing commercially raised butterflies at weddings and other events is a bad idea. If you buy butterflies that don’t belong where you live, they will not have the right environmental conditions to survive winters, they can also release diseases and parasites to the wild butterfly populations, and these commercial butterfly releases are now creating a black market, “poaching” environment putting the butterflies in further jeopardy.
Take action against the interstate shipment of commercial butterflies. Let the USDA (US Department of Agriculture) know that you oppose the shipment of commercially-raised butterflies intended for release into the environment. NABA has all the contact information and talking points you need to make your voice heard.
First Aid for Butterflies
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RENO, Nev. - Two years ago Scott Tyler, a University of Nevada, Reno scientist, measured the temperature of Nevada's Walker River and the soil of surrounding farmlands like no one had done before, with fiber optics and a laser, in efforts to draw a better hydrological picture of water-use efficiency and run-off/groundwater characteristics.
Tyler and his colleagues have since used the fiber optic/laser technology around the world in a variety of hydrological, climatological and geological topics such as to study glaciers, caves, creeks, mines, avalanche areas and even water temperature at Devils Hole in Death Valley to help protect the endangered pupfish.
Now, as part of an $890,000 grant from the National Science Foundation, he will be developing a national community-user facility for environmental sensing to make this state-of-the-art fiber-optic distributed temperature (DTS) instrumentation and equipment available to researchers throughout the country. The DTS records temperature continuously at various intervals along great distances of cable over a long period of time.
Tyler is establishing the Center for Transformative Environmental Monitoring Programs (CTEMPs) using the NSF's grant through their Division of Earth Sciences Instrumentation and Facilities Program. The Center is a collaborative effort with researchers from Oregon State University, who will be developing novel applications for environmental measurement with sensor validation and development, working closely with industrial and government agency partners, and developing software support.
Initially, CTEMPs will be equipped with four field-deployable laser temperature systems, up to 20 km of fiber-optic cable and state-of-the-art wireless meteorological sensing equipment. The University will become the instrument and training facility for fiber optic sensing in hydrology.
"We'll have complete systems available for other researchers to use," Tyler said. "They will complete a week-long training workshop and then be able to use the equipment for short field work campaigns or long-term monitoring."
Tyler is a faculty member in the University's Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering. He and his colleagues in the College of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Natural Resources and the College of Engineering developed the DTS methods, used by oil and gas companies for well monitoring, and deployed optical fiber cables as part of the recently completed two-year Walker Basin Study, a federally sponsored research initiative aimed at understanding the hydrology and ecology of the Walker River and Walker Lake and designed to sustain the region's economy, ecosystem and lake.
Funding from the Walker Basin Project led to the large-scale development of these methods for a wide variety of hydrologic and environmental research projects including for extensive use in aquatic systems and for the measurement of soil moisture for improving water use efficiency. Over $1.2 million in new research at the University using DTS has been developed since the start of the Walker Basin project.
Since the initial work in Walker Basin, Tyler and his team have conducted fiber-optic sensing research for fish habitat studies here at home in Great Basin National Park and Death Valley National Park, at Lake Tahoe to measure the near-shore temperatures to help stop the spread of invasive weeds, at Mammoth Mountain and Switzerland studying the effects of climate change on snow packs and glaciers, in Carlsbad Caverns National Park in New Mexico studying how this enormous cave system "breathes" and in west Africa (Burkina Faso) developing an understanding of the impacts of agriculture on water runoff and soil erosion.
In addition to the University of Nevada, Reno and Oregon State University, teams from the University of Idaho and University of Washington will provide test sites where technology will be assessed and validated under varied field conditions.
Tyler's two Walker Basin research projects will be presented at the "International Symposium on Terminus Lakes: Preserving Endangered Lakes through Research" Oct. 27-29. The symposium features presentations on the latest closed-basin lakes research from several continents by more than 30 scientists and a keynote presentation by world-renowned geochemist Wally Broecker, who first coined the term "global-warming." The symposium, co-hosted by the University of Nevada, Reno and DRI, will be held at the Joe Crowley Student Union on the University campus.
Nevada's land-grant university founded in 1874, the University of Nevada, Reno has an enrollment of nearly 17,000 students. The University is home to one the country's largest study-abroad programs and the state's medical school, and offers outreach and education programs in all Nevada counties. For more information, visit www.unr.edu .
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The skin is our largest organ. It is a reflection of our lifestyle choices, and overall health and wellbeing. The skin’s most important function is protection; it prevents environmental toxins from entering our bodies and protects us from dehydration through evaporation.
The outer layer of the skin — the epidermis and its lipids (oily substances) — creates a barrier that keeps out infections, bacteria, viruses and fungi. A lipid-deficient epidermis allows water to escape from the skin, which evaporates causing dryness. Dry, cracked skin creates a vicious cycle of evaporation, losing its ability to protect against infections and bacteria.
The body parts most susceptible to dryness
Some body parts are more prone to dryness than others, depending on their concentration of oil glands. The greatest concentration of oil glands is on the face — the forehead and nose. The chest and back have adequate oil glands for good barrier function. The legs, arms, and hands have few oil glands and tend to be dry. The lips have none and, unlike the skin on the body, lip tissue has no thick, outer protective layer. Lips are constantly moistened by saliva, which evaporates leaving the lips vulnerable to radiation, blisters and cracking.
Hydrated skin protects against external assaults and absorbs nutrients for a healthy radiant appearance. Our skin has a self-regulating process that regenerates on a monthly cycle.
It sheds dead, flattened cells that lie on its surface, making skin appear dull and lifeless, allowing new, living cells to rise. If dead cells don’t shed as quickly as they should, thick, dry skin accumulates.
This further impairs the skin’s normal barrier function. This monthly cycle slows as we age, taking anywhere from 28 to 50 days, which is why there are so many exfoliation products and dermatological procedures on the market to accelerate the process.
These include exfoliating grains, glycolic acids, retinols, microdermabrasion and dermaplaning, which may be used effectively to accelerate natural exfoliation. Approach these techniques intelligently and moderately, though, as we do not know the long-term effects.
Winter skin care tips
Take good care of your skin so it can take care of you. Below are a few tips to help you keep dry skin at bay, especially as winter nears:
• Always use an emollient moisturizer after washing hands. We wash our hands frequently to reduce exposure to viruses and bacteria, but frequent washing breaks down the lipid barrier.
• Drink more water than you think you need each day.
• Dry brushing the skin on the body with a soft, natural fiber brush, stimulates skin renewal by increasing circulation, stimulating oil gland production and removing dead cells.
• Wash and bathe with a gentle cleanser. Antibacterial soaps strip the skin of its protective layer.
• Wash and bathe with warm, not hot water to prevent drying. Apply a rich, creamy moisturizer while skin is damp.
• Choose a good moisturizer. The skin’s ability to absorb nutrients makes a case for concern about what we apply to its surface. Also be aware of the company’s philosophy.
• Avoid skincare products that contain isopropyl lauroyl (from propane), dimethicone (from petroleum oil), laurate (a toxic petroleum byproduct) and parabens (made from petroleum).
Lisa DeKoster is the spa manager at the Vail Vitality Center. She also is a licensed esthetician.
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Dead fish could fertilize algal blooms in Tampa Bay
CLEARWATER -- When St. Petersburg College natural sciences professor Heyward H. Mathews saw the thousands of dead fish left decomposing around Tampa Bay after they were killed by January's extended cold, his mind went to his research on algae.
With so many dead fish around -- each one like a little bag of Miracle-Gro -- he fears that the excess nutrients could lead to a boom in algae populations in the coming months -- a phenomenon that would reduce water quality and kill even more aquatic life by reducing oxygen content in local waterways.
"As long as the water's cold, that slows everything down," Mathews said. "Come March and April, we'll see horrendous algae blooms."
Those fears may be well founded, say state and county officials -- especially since local waters already have higher-than-natural levels of nutrients in them from sewer and agriculture runoff.
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Cruise Control: System Modeling
Automatic cruise control is an excellent example of a feedback control system found in many modern vehicles. The purpose of the cruise control system is to maintain a constant vehicle speed despite external disturbances, such as changes in wind or road grade. This is accomplished by measuring the vehicle speed, comparing it to the desired or reference speed, and automatically adjusting the throttle according to a control law.
We consider here a simple model of the vehicle dynamics, shown in the free-body diagram (FBD) above. The vehicle, of mass m, is acted on by a control force, u. The force u represents the force generated at the road/tire interface. For this simplified model we will assume that we can control this force directly and will neglect the dynamics of the powertrain, tires, etc., that go into generating the force. The resistive forces, bv, due to rolling resistance and wind drag, are assumed to vary linearly with the vehicle velocity, v, and act in the direction opposite the vehicle's motion.
With these assumptions we are left with a first-order mass-damper system. Summing forces in the x-direction and applying Newton's 2nd law, we arrive at the following system equation:
Since we are interested in controlling the speed of the vehicle, the output equation is chosen as follows
For this example, let's assume that the parameters of the system are:
(m) vehicle mass 1000 kg
(b) damping coefficient 50 N.s/m
First-order systems have only has a single energy storage mode, in this case the kinetic energy of the car, and therefore only one state variable is needed, the velocity. The state-space representation is therefore:
We enter this state-space model into MATLAB using the following commands:
m = 1000; b = 50; A = -b/m; B = 1/m; C = 1; D = 0; cruise_ss = ss(A,B,C,D);
Taking the Laplace transform of the governing differential equation and assuming zero initial conditions, we find the transfer function of the cruise control system to be:
We enter the transfer function model into MATLAB using the following commands:
s = tf('s'); P_cruise = 1/(m*s+b);
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Alberta vital statistics date from about the
1850s to present day. Availability is dependent upon the year, which
record is needed, and where that record is kept.
Note that Alberta vital statistics are currently
NOT available on the internet!
Alberta (Vital Statistics Office)
Marriages: c1890-present day
Deaths: c1890-present day
Birth, marriage & death records
held by Service Alberta are NOT public record. In order to access these
records you must submit a paid application and meet specific criteria.
Anyone can apply for registrations of:
Births that occurred 100+ years ago
Marriages that occurred 75+ years ago
Deaths that occurred 50+ years ago
To obtain a copy of a birth, marriage or
death that occurred more recently than 100/75/50 years ago you must be
either the person in question (ie. Your own birth or marriage
registration), next-of-kin, or have a legal reason for access (see Service
Alberta for complete list of those eligible to apply).
Tip: Request a photocopy
of the registration for genealogy purposes as it holds the most
Provincial Archives holds birth, marriage & death records from
c1870 through to the 1980s but the collection is
incomplete. Indexes are available for the records they do hold -
records up to 1905 are alphabetized by name of person, records after
1905 are alphabetized by place name.
Vital statistics not available at the
archives can be requested from Service
The index to pre 1905 records have been published as the following and are available in most Alberta public libraries:
- Alberta, formerly a part of the North-West Territories : an index to birth, marriage and death registrations prior to 1900
- Alberta, formerly the Northwest Territories : index to registration of births, marriages and deaths, 1870 to 1905
|AFHS Civil Records
Lutheran Church Records (excerpt)
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Eric Carle Week: A House for Hermit Crab
An under the sea delight from Eric Carle! My kiddos always love when we talk about ocean animals in the spring and A House for Hermit Crab is always a crowd pleaser. The book is about a hermit crab who has outgrown his shell. Throughout the story he finds objects and other sea life to decorate his shell for beautification and protection. The kids love to look at the beautiful pictures and love to see what/who the crab will add to his shell next.
Ideas for Circle Time:
- To scaffold the concept of the hermit crab outgrowing his shell we talk about how we outgrow our clothes and have to get new ones as we get bigger. This always helps my students to understand why he has to leave his shell and find a new one.
- For an interactive read aloud have cut outs of the hermit crab, his shell, and each item added to his shell and allow students to decorate his shell as the story progresses.
- Bring in pictures of crabs and hermit crabs and make a comparison/contrast chart.
- If you really want to thrill your students bring in an actual hermit crab for them to make observations about!
For this activity you need a paper plate, red paint, wiggly eyes and anything you want to add glitz to the shell. First you make a hand print on a piece of paper let it dry then cut it out. While the hand print is drying have your students decorate the back of the paper plate with art supplies–I usually empty out my odds and ends of pom poms, tissue paper, stickers, glitter and jewels. After both pieces dry attach the hand to the paper plate and add wiggly eyes to two of the fingers. This activity is so much fun and the kids all come up with a unique home for their hermit crab!
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"As You Like It"
Answers 7Add Yours
Actually, this novel added 2 shakespeare play's under a huge debate...coz,this novel was written simply with no title and no signature at the end(usually the author would sign his name/pen-name at the end of their article)....these two things were actually missing...then finally it was concluded that it may be wriiten by Shakespeare and they left the title to be decided by the readers..thats why, it is named as "AS YOU LIKE IT"-meaning the readers whoever it may be, can title this novel as they like......
Hey there Arun...
That's an interesting one...but do you have some kind of a reference for this...? Some site or book name or something where you got this info??? No offence meant, but I needed to be sure before I mention it to students in class. :)
please mention some referrence, books or any site!
please mention some referrence, books or any site~!
I liked the essays.
Can u plz giv more details on the importance of the title As You Like It ???
good inference.had it been so do you think the critics would have ignored the story?Anyway I join others with a request for reference.
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National Geographic reports that the Marshall Islands is now home the world’s largest shark sanctuary. According to the report, the Parliament of the Marshalls unanimously passed legislation that bans commercial shark fishing in the country’s waters, which cover 768,547 square mi (1,990,530 square km).
The new legislation also bans the sale of any sharks and has a “zero retention” stipulation, which requires any sharks that are accidentally caught by commercial vessels to be set free. The legislation also has provisions for enforcement which include large fines for fishing for sharks and possessing sharks or shark products. The law also requires all fishing vessels to land their catch at local ports within the Marshall Islands and bans at-sea transfer.
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Fair warning to the men in the room you may want to avert your eyes in sympathy for our fellow mammalian males during this story.
Southern Africa has an elephant over population problem. Specifically in South Africa and Botswana Elephant overpopulation in wildlife parks and reserves can have devastating effects on the natural landscape and other animal species. Because no proven method of permanent contraception previously existed for elephants, wildlife officials in many countries have considered killing herds of elephants in order to minimize the damage caused by growing elephant populations.
But veterinary experts led by Disney’s Animal Kingdom’s Dr. Mark Stetter have perfected a method of performing laparoscopic vasectomies on elephants while in the wild. This effectively sterilizes male elephants with little trauma or side effects and has given African herd managers an option other than culling.
Dr. Mark Stetter with his graying hair and boyish good looks is the Dr. Ross, or Dr. McDreamy if you prefer an ABC reference, of the animal veterinary care world. Dr. Stetter explains that operations in the wild are different from the controlled environment of a zoo. They have to find the elephants, make them go to sleep, then have them wake up and go right back out to the wild.
They use a helicopter to find and then dart the animals. They bring them to a clearing where a truck and other equipment can be brought in. Once the elephant is asleep a crane-truck is used to lift them to a standing position. It’s legs are braced and it essentially stands up next to the truck for the surgery.
There is another trick with an elephant vasectomy. Unlike most mammals you may be familiar with, elephant testes are located on the interior of the body (near the upper back of the abdomen) right next to the kidney. So an 3-foot long elephant laparoscope was developed to perform this surgery. Disney’s Animal Care program has the only working version of this tool.
Each animal is then collared for tracking purposes to make sure the stitches don’t come out or other complications arise.
Over the course of several years Dr Stetter and his team have perfected the operation. Now they can perform two surgeries a day and should be able to perform 10 additional vasectomies when they return this year.
“We are pleased that the laparoscopic vasectomies have been successfully performed and that wildlife officials are investigating its utility in elephant management for parks in South Africa,” said Dr. Mark Stetter, director of Veterinary Services and Disney’s Animal Programs and leading this effort. “This is a collaborative project that brings together conservation groups, universities and private industry to address a complex and controversial wildlife issue. As an accredited member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) we are committed to finding or creating innovative solutions to issues facing all wildlife.”
This is another example of how Disney’s Animal Kingdom takes wildlife conservation seriously. Not only is the theme park an active and important participant in maintaining a healthy and active elephant breeding program in the North American zoo system, but they take the knowledge they learn and use it to make a difference around the world. Thanks for caring, Disney.
10 Years Of Caring at Disney’s Animal Kingdom:
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How Can Palliative Care Help?
You may have heard of a new medical term – palliative care (pronounced PAH-LEE-UH-TIVE). For the last thirty years, palliative care has been provided by hospice programs. Now this very same approach to care is being used by other healthcare providers, including teams in hospitals, nursing facilities and home health agencies in combination with other medical treatments to help people who are seriously ill.
To palliate means to make comfortable by treating a person’s symptoms from an illness. Hospice and palliative care both focus on helping a person be comfortable by addressing issues causing physical or emotional pain, or suffering. Hospice and other palliative care providers have teams of people working together to provide care. The goals of palliative care are to improve the quality of a seriously ill person’s life and to support that person and his/her family during and after treatment.
Hospice focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting patients with a life expectancy of months not years, and their families. However, palliative care may be given at any time during a person’s illness, from diagnosis on. Most hospices have a set of defined services, team members and rules and regulations. Some hospices provide palliative care as a separate program or service, which can be very confusing. The list of questions below provides answers to common questions about the difference between hospice and palliative care.
What is Palliative Care? [PDF]
Web site powered by i4a.
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a family of sets has a System of Distinct Representitives, x is an element of one of the sets. Prove there is an SDR containing x.
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What is a System of Distinct Representatives?
Please refine your problem statement and give enough information.
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Suppose you have lots of people, each of whom (independently, with quite low probability) may have a certain disease. There is a perfectly reliable blood test for the disease. You want to identify everyone in your group who has the disease, using as few tests as possible.
We assume that you can pool blood samples, which is why the answer isn't just "one test per person, duh". The test will then tell you whether at least one person in the pool has the disease.
The solution offered on the blogs I linked to above has the following form: divide your group into several roughly equally sized subgroups; test each subgroup; then, for each positive-testing subgroup, test each person in that subgroup. If you do that, then it turns out that you want to use groups of size approximately 1/sqrt(p) where p is the fraction of people who have the disease; the total number of tests you need is then approximately twice the number of groups.
So, for instance, with a group of 1000 people and p=0.000154, you want groups of size 81 and the average number of tests is about 25. That's quite a big improvement on testing everyone.
But you can, and should, do better: when a subgroup tests positive, after all, you don't immediately have to test everyone in it: you can do the same thing to the subgroup as you did to the whole group. (Except that now you know at least one person in the subgroup has the disease, which changes things a bit.) Since you can do this, the cost of processing a subgroup that's tested positive grows more slowly (as a function of subgroup size) than you'd naïvely expect, which means that you typically want to use larger groups.
So far as I can tell, there isn't any simple elegant optimal solution. But one can get a computer to crunch the numbers. It turns out, for instance, that for 1000 people and p=0.000154, you should begin by testing the whole group. (After all, about 86% of the time that test will be negative and you'll be done.) If the test is positive, you should then test a subgroup of 377 people. (Why 377? Search me.)
With optimal choices, the average number of tests you need to do is about 3.2. That's a whole lot better than 25.
You can take a look at my hacked-up code if you like.
In general, it seems (though I haven't tried to prove it) that if your number of people is at most 1/p+1 then you should begin by testing all of them; otherwise you should begin by testing a smaller number, which fluctuates in peculiar ways between about 1/2p and 1/p.
If you have a group of people known to have at least one case, as will happen as soon as you get a positive result, it seems (and again I haven't tried to prove anything) that when the group size is at most about 1/p the optimal size of subgroup to test first is usually a Fibonacci number. More specifically, starting at a group size of Fk+2 there is a long run of values of Fk, followed by a gradual mostly-monotonic transition to the next run of Fk+1 starting at Fk+3.
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WASHINGTON, March 2 (UPI) -- NASA's $820 million investment in Mars rovers paid off Tuesday as scientists reported the latest data from the Opportunity rover show liquid water once drenched the surface of the red planet.
Opportunity currently is exploring Mars along with its twin, Spirit.
"Liquid water once flowed through these rocks -- it changed their texture and it changed their chemistry," said Steve Squyres of Cornell University, the principal investigator for science instruments on both rovers. "We've been able to read the tell-tale clues the water left behind, giving us confidence in that conclusion."
On Jan. 24, Opportunity touched down in a relatively smooth, flat area called Meridiani Planum, about halfway around the Martian equator from Spirit's landing site, called Gusev Crater. Meridiani was chosen because data collected by the orbiting Mars Global Surveyor had determined it was rich in a mineral called gray hematite, an iron-derived compound that forms almost exclusively in the presence of water.
Opportunity's landing turned out to be extremely fortuitous. The 150-pound (Martian weight) rover ended up in the middle of a small and navigable impact crater that contained an exposed, "marvelous outcrop of layered bedrock," Squyres said.
"Every single piece of our payload" was brought to bear examining that outcrop, he said. Clues from the rocks' composition, such as the presence of sulfates, and the rocks' physical appearance -- including niches where crystals grew -- helped make the case for a watery history.
"NASA launched the Mars Exploration Rover mission specifically to check whether at least one part of Mars ever had a persistently wet environment that could possibly have been hospitable to life," James Garvin, lead scientist for Mars and lunar exploration at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration headquarters, told reporters. "Today we have strong evidence for an exciting answer: 'Yes.'"
That strong evidence arrived in four parts, Squyres explained.
First, the rock structure contained tiny spherical objects -- nicknamed "blueberries" by the mission team -- that appear to have formed the same way as concrete hardens when water is added to its ingredients.
Second, the rock is "shot through with tabular holes," he said, suggesting it once held crystalline structures that subsequently have either been washed away or evaporated.
Third, the rock contains a high level of salt, a strong sign of the chemical action of water.
Fourth, the rock contains jarosite, an iron sulfate-hydrate that requires water for its formation. Jarosite suggests the rock may have underlain an acidic lake or an acidic hot springs environment.
Put these components together, Squyres explained, and there is only one plausible conclusion: "For a certain amount of time, Mars was habitable."
Conclusive evidence notwithstanding, many questions remain. Foremost is whether the minerals were deposited as sediments, accumulating over a long period of time at the bottom of a lake or river, or whether they were formed by the chemical action of groundwater.
Another question is how pervasive the mineralogy of the Opportunity crater is on the Martian surface. Over the next month or so -- depending on the operational lifetime of the rover -- Opportunity will roll across Meridiani to see if other rocks will yield similar compositions. The Spirit rover will attempt a similar exploration of Gusev.
There is a bigger crater about 800 yards away from Opportunity's current site, rover team member Joy Crisp told reporters. Orbital images of the site show the crater is rimmed by a bright rock outcropping that looks virtually identical to the outcropping that produced the water evidence, she said.
On a longer timescale, NASA scientists must begin planning a new mission to collect some of the mineral-bearing rocks at the Meridiani site and return them to Earth for more detailed study. To date, none of the next generation of Mars probes -- the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, scheduled to liftoff in 2005, the Phoenix Mars Scout in 2007 and the Mars Science Laboratory in 2009 -- will carry the capability to retrieve Martian soil.
Such a mission has been compelled by Opportunity's discovery.
"It's the kind of thing that is absolutely the best-case scenario," said David Grinspoon, principal scientist at the Southwest Research Institute's space studies department in Boulder, Colo.
"We've had suggestive evidence (for water) from orbital missions for some time -- this is a smoking gun," Grinspoon told United Press International.
Multiple instruments aboard Opportunity all turned up data associated with the presence and actions of water, he noted.
"Opportunity's situation represents probably one chance in a thousand," said Grinspoon, author of "Lonely Planets: The Natural Philosophy of Alien Life" (Harper Collins, 2003). Not only did the rover land in a crater, which contained the exposed outcropping of subsurface rock, it also came to rest looking directly at the outcropping, he said.
"If this hadn't happened, they might have had to drive around for weeks to find something as promising," he explained.
Grinspoon said the discovery now requires an attempt to retrieve Martian soil samples, perhaps from the very area Opportunity is exploring.
"They can't age (the rocks) because there are no instruments aboard for that purpose," he said, so NASA needs to bring samples back to Earth for analysis.
"When they calculate how old the rocks are, they'll know how long ago water flowed on the surface," he added.
Phil Berardelli is UPI's Science & Technology Editor. E-mail firstname.lastname@example.org
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Introduction to Sculpture
"An orientation to the art of sculpture, illustrated entirely with works from the permanent collections of the National Gallery of Art. The objects provide a survey of major stylistic periods in Western art from the medieval, Renaissance, and baroque periods to contemporary twentieth-century works.
Footage shows a sculptor demonstrating techniques: carving in marble, molding clay, casting bronze, and welding steel."
(Source National Gallery of Art)
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After gaining independence on August 15, 1947 it was necessary to give new policy for industrial development, decide priority areas and clear doubts in the minds of private entrepreneurs regarding nationalisation of existing industries.
The Government of India announced its Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) on April 6, 1948 whereby both public and private sectors were involved towards industrial development. Accordingly, the industries were divided into four broad categories:
(a) Exclusive State Monopoly-This includes the manufacture of arms and ammunition, production and control of atomic energy and the ownership and management of railway transport. These industries were the exclusive monopoly of the Central Government.
(b) State Monopoly for New Units-This category included coal, iron and steel, aircraft manufacture, ship building, manufacture of telephone, telegraphs and wireless (apparatus (excluding radio receiving sets) and mineral oils. New undertakings in this category could henceforth be undertaken only by the State.
(c) State Regulation-This category included industries of such basic importance like machine tools, chemicals, fertilizers, non-ferrous metals, rubber manufactures, cement, paper, newsprint, automobiles, electric engineering etc. which the Central Government would feel necessary to plan and regulate.
(d) Unregulated private enterprise-the industries in this category were left open to the private sector, individual as well as cooperative.
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Coffee Lowers Suicide Risk, Harvard Study
Drinking coffee lowers suicide risk by as much as 50 percent in both men and women, according to a new study from Harvard School of Public Health.
Coffee doesn't stimulate the brain, but acts like an antidepressant by accelerating the production of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline, according to the researchers.
The study was based on three large reports conducted in the U.S. on the subject. Scientists specifically looked at beverages that had caffeine.
"Unlike previous investigations, we were able to assess association of consumption of caffeinated and non-caffeinated beverages, and we identify caffeine as the most likely candidate of any putative protective effect of coffee," said Michel Lucas from Harvard School of Public Health and lead author of the study in a news release.
There are many conflicting reports on the effects of coffee. A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine says that coffee consumption can't be linked to risk of heart attacks or stroke while another study says that coffee is positively related to increased risk of heart attacks.
Another study claims that coffee consumption is related to a significantly lower incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD). Coffee intake has also been linked to reduced risk of common type of skin cancer and increased odds of living for a long time.
The current study looked into caffeine consumption of over 200,000 men and women between 1988 and 2008. All the study participants were enrolled in either one of the three large epidemiological studies.
Researchers looked for all sources of caffeine from the participants' diet such as soft drinks and chocolates. During the study period, there were about 277 suicide deaths in the study cohort.
The study found a link between coffee consumption and lower suicide risk. Researchers, however, don't recommend changes in coffee consumption based on this study.
"Overall, our results suggest that there is little further benefit for consumption above 2-3 cups/day or 400 mg of caffeine/day," the authors wrote.
Previous research from HSPH had shown that drinking more than four cups of coffee doesn't affect health adversely.
As mentioned earlier, do not increase coffee consumption based on this study findings. There are many products that contain high levels of caffeine and you might already be getting all the caffeine that you need to maintain a healthy diet.
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Despite this spring's cold temperatures, alfalfa leaf diseases are light. We have examined a number of alfalfa fields around Ames and in northern Iowa, which included fields in the first, second, and third years after planting. The levels of foliar diseases are very low. The northern half of Iowa has not had excessive rains necessary to spread these diseases.
In Iowa, three foliar diseases are commonly seen in spring: spring black stem, Leptosphaerulina leaf spot, and downy mildew. We did not observe downy mildew in any of the fields we examined. We found spring black stem in every field, but it was limited to the lower four leaves with very few lesions on stems. We occasionally found Leptosphaerulina leaf spot. In a normal year, the last two diseases are present in every alfalfa field.
The situation may vary in some areas, however. Extension field specialists in southern Iowa reported relatively severe Leptosphaerulina leaf spot. The following information may help you identify these diseases if you have leaf spot problems in your alfalfa.
Spring black stem produces numerous small, dark-brown to black spots on the lower leaves, petioles, and stems (see top photo). Irregularly shaped lesions on leaves increase in size and coalesce. Lesions on stems and petioles enlarge and may blacken large areas near the base of the plant (see middle photo). The fungus that causes this disease is dispersed by splashing rain. If infections are severe in fields, early cutting generally is recommended to avoid defoliation damage. Cutting as early as mid-bud stage may be necessary when the disease is severe.
Leptosphaerulina leaf spot attacks mainly leaves. Both young and old leaves are susceptible to infections. Lesions often start as small, black spots and remain as "pepper spots" or enlarge to "eyespots." The lesions have light brown to tan centers with darker brown borders and often are surrounded by a chlorotic area (see photo, page 73). The spread and control of this disease are similar to spring black stem.
Downy mildew is caused by the fungus, Peronospora trifoliorum. The fungus infects alfalfa in spring when the temperature is low and moisture is high. Symptoms of this disease are chlorotic blotches on the upper leaf surface, and a white to gray mold growth on the lower leaf surface (see photo, page 73). Sometimes the leaf may be pale in color. Only young tissues are susceptible to infection. The fungus survives in shoots over summer and spreads in the fall. A light occurrence of the disease this spring means a small risk in the fall. Resistance to this disease is available.
Finally, last week's cold temperatures caused damage in some plants, typically seen as wilting of the top portions of plants. Be aware that these symptoms can be misidentified as symptoms of a fungal disease.
This article originally appeared on pages 73-74 of the IC-478(10) -- May 26, 1997 issue.
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To rate this resource, click a star:
In the 1990s, scientists predicted that the Florida panther would be extinct within 20 years and, in 1995, formulated a bold plan to save them. This news brief of December 2010 reports on the success of that plan which gave the panther a second lease on life by the infusion of genetic variation.
UC Museum of Paleontology
This article encourages students to reason about scientific data. It includes a set of discussion and extension questions for use in class, as well as hints about related lessons that might be used in conjunction with this one. Get more tips for using Evo in the News articles in your classroom.
Correspondence to the Next Generation Science Standards is indicated in parentheses after each relevant concept. See our conceptual framework for details.
- Evolution results from selection acting upon genetic variation within a population. (LS4.B)
- The amount of genetic variation within a population may affect the likelihood of survival of the population; the less the available diversity, the less likely the population will be able to survive environmental change.
- Natural selection acts on the variation that exists in a population. (LS4.B, LS4.C)
- Natural selection acts on phenotype as an expression of genotype.
- Over time, the proportion of individuals with advantageous characteristics may increase (and the proportion with disadvantageous characteristics may decrease) due to their likelihood of surviving and reproducing. (LS4.B, LS4.C)
- As with other scientific disciplines, evolutionary biology has applications that factor into everyday life.
- There is variation within a population. (LS3.B)
- Fitness is reproductive success - the number of viable offspring produced by an individual in comparison to other individuals in a population/species.
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GONAREZHOU PARK, ZIMBABWE— The International Committee of the Red Cross [ICRC] and the government of Zimbabwe have embarked on a landmine removal campaign in a village on the border with Mozambique. Zimbabwe's government is struggling to raise funds for demining, and some people are being maimed or killed by old mines still in the ground.
A loud sound that can be heard is a mock landmine explosion set off by Zimbabwe's army in Gonarezhou National Park, near the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border.
But explosions like this still happen 33 years after the country won its independence. People get maimed. Some even killed.
Thirty-year-old Philemon Sibanda lost a limb after he stepped on a landmine in 1998 while herding cattle in his village.
“They have not even cleared the area of landmines. As for me, I have no life. I am just seated. If I had not been injured I would be tilling the land as others are doing. Those who are able-bodied are crossing into South Africa to look for employment,” he said.
Sibanda can’t walk, as the prosthetic limb that was donated to him by the charity World Vision now causes pain if he uses it. He needs a new one, but cannot afford it.
Hundreds of thousands of mines laid in the 1970s during Zimbabwe's independence war still litter the ground at sites across the country. According to Halo Trust, a British-based demining organization, Zimbabwe is one of the densest minefields in the world, with approximately 5,500 unexploded landmines per kilometer.
It will take an estimated $100 million to clear them - a sum Zimbabwe does not have and is struggling to raise.
Army Colonel Mkhululi Ncube, who heads the demining exercise, said removal will take another 30 years if the international community does not chip in.
“The government had been funding the mine-clearing operation since 1982. We need assistance. There is no country, which is a state party to the Ottawa treaty, which does not get assistance from the international community,” said Ncube.
In 1999, Zimbabwe became a signatory to the Ottawa Convention on the Prohibition of the Production, Transfer, Stockpiling and Use of Anti-Personnel Landmines. The country was supposed to have cleared its landmines within 10 years of signing the treaty.
Germany, the United States and the European Union funded the demining exercise, but at some point withdrew, as accusations against President Robert Mugabe of human rights violations piled up.
The International Committee of the Red Cross is now training the army personnel who are removing mines on Zimbabwe-Mozambique border, and giving them the necessary equipment.
Olivier Dubois, who heads the ICRC in Zimbabwe, explained why his organization is now assisting in the demining of Zimbabwe. “Zimbabwe was left a bit alone to do the job. So when they approached us in 2011, we said, 'yeah, they need that kind of support' that we could offer. People are still being affected in their daily life.”
Dubois notes that mines have even injured livestock as they tried to graze - making it more urgent they be removed so Zimbabweans can live less in fear.
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Revista mexicana de investigación educativa
Print version ISSN 1405-6666
CASAL, Silvana. Learning History in Secondary School: the Case of Morelia, Michoacan (Mexico). RMIE [online]. 2011, vol.16, n.48, pp.73-105. ISSN 1405-6666.
This article presents a diagnosis of the teaching/learning process in three general secondary schools in Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico. We centered on history classes in secondary school and followed up on student learning and teacher performance. We interviewed 500 students in the three grades of secondary school, and then selected fifty of these students at random group for an interview to reinforce and study certain aspects in depth. We also interviewed most of the teachers, in order to compare their answers and reach clearer conclusions. The samples represent the three schools and all of their history teachers.
Keywords : teaching; learning; history; secondary education; Mexico.
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http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1405-66662011000100005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
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ANCHORAGE - A new state report says tougher regulations designed to protect Alaska's waters from cruise-ship pollution effectively protect the environment.
The report, released Tuesday by the state Department of Environmental Conservation, found that newly installed waste treatment systems on ships filter out much of the bacteria and other pollutants generated on board. The wake of the ships effectively dilutes what is released, the study said.
The report resulted from more than a year and a half of research by a panel of independent scientists from Alaska, Canada and several Western states.
After public concern over cruise-ship discharges, the state and federal governments toughened laws and increased oversight in the last few years.
The scientists concluded in the new report that a properly maintained, well-managed, modern cruise ship will not release chemicals into the environment in amounts that would cause "measurable negative environmental impact." They added one warning, though. The assumption is based on the ships "operating in full compliance with government regulations." The report did not examine compliance.
"As long as everybody complies and the enforcement works," there's little cause for concern, said Michael Stekoll, a chemistry professor at the University of Alaska Southeast, who helped produce the study.
The Coast Guard inspects the fleet of foreign-flagged cruise ships that tour Alaska from May to September.
Aside from the illegal release of up to 40,000 gallons of wastewater into Juneau's harbor last summer by a Holland America ship, the Coast Guard found few problems with the big ships during the summer, said Stephen Ohnstad, the federal agency's captain of port in Juneau.
Another member of the nine-person committee said the cruise industry is doing a good job of cleaning its wastes before discharging them.
"Even though there are a few things that should be further investigated, overall, the marine resources of Alaska (are) protected by the cruise-ship regulations," said Charles McGee, a microbiologist with the Orange County, Calif., sanitation district.
John Hansen, executive director of the North West CruiseShip Association, said he was pleased with the findings.
"We thought it was important to have good-quality research. From what I see so far, this panel's report affirms that the programs we have in place are the right way to go."
Not everyone was satisfied. Michelle Wilson, a program coordinator with the Alaska Center for the Environment, said the state law adopted in July 2001 only regulates wastewater and sewage from the ships.
It doesn't address other waste streams, such as ballast water, bilge water or deck wash, she said.
Wilson was disappointed that the science panel didn't recommend no-discharge zones in sensitive areas, such as those frequented by endangered humpback whales or where subsistence hunters collect harbor seals.
"We're concerned that this report doesn't take a hard enough stand on an industry that is a notorious polluter," Wilson said.
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WHY A QUAD ?
The choice of a beam instead of an
other depends on many factors: electric properties (Gain, F/B ecc.), weight, encumbrance,
resistence to the wind, appearance ecc.; in a word: IT'S AN ARRANGEMENT! (I forgot price,
but I think a beam should be always Home-Made).
So I rejected Log-periodic dipole arrays for Gain/Size ratio, X-Beam and similar for poor information and Delta for mechanical problems; well, yagi or quad?; what to do? The choice was QUAD and you'll understand the reason reading the following page.
QUAD VERSUS YAGI
I'll not say you that a quad is better than a yagi: I have not enought knowlegde to do that; I'll just say you what I read on some books.
On "More about cubical quad", when somebody asks if the Quad listen better than the Yagi, author answers he is agree; Quad is a quieter antenna not really for its capture area but for the closed loop configuration.
"Quad works better than a Yagi at a low height": that's true! Yagi is an higher Q antenna and has a very high impedance at the element tips so every closed objects will detune it; Quad, on the contrary, is a low Q antenna and has high impedance on the sides, vertical to the ground. But height has the same effect on angle of radiation for the Quad as it does for the 0Yagi, so a low quad will work better than a low Yagi but it will have a low angle of radiation.
"The Quad is less subject to static noise than the Yagi": that's true! For this reason quad were used in the Desert Storm operation.
At last, a two element Quad will perform as a three element Yagi, a 3 quad as a 4 yagi and so on: if you consider a trapped-tri-bander yagi, that's true!
We said a quad is a low Q antenna:
that means it will have a wider bandwidth and Gain, F/B Ratio and S.W.R. will be "the
same" for a wide band; that is not so important if you work only CW or SSB but if you
use both modes that's very important.
When i tried to project a yagi with a PC I understund it was impossible to have good results on wide bands (28 and 21 mhz); with the Quad this problem doesn't exist: I can use my beam on Cw or Ssb with the same performance; I can do quick QSO on all mode without tuning and this is extremely important during a Contest!
This is consequence of the beam
heigth, but, at the same heigth, it's better in the Quad than in the Yagi.
That's why somebody says the Quad open the band at first and close it at last; do you think that's not important?!
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The BBC News Website this week reported :-
“Temperatures could soar to dangerously high levels in some homes insulated under the government’s flagship Green Deal scheme, experts have warned.
Energy-saving measures designed to save on winter fuel bills and protect the environment could pose a risk to health during summer heatwaves, they add.
The government says it is aware of the problem and is taking steps to prevent overheating in Green Deal properties.
Homes in densely populated urban areas such as London are most at risk.
Heat can build up during the day and has nowhere to escape at night leading to poor air quality and a greater risk of heat stress for the occupants which, in extreme cases, can kill.
Prof Chris Goodier, of Loughborough University’s department of civil and building engineering, said it was vital that homes in the UK better insulated to help meet carbon emission targets and save on winter fuel bills.
But he said the risk of overheating had been overlooked in the “big rush to insulate and make homes airtight”, particularly as more extreme weather events, including heatwaves, are being predicted for the UK by meteorologists.
“Overheating is like the little boy at the back of the class waving his hand. It is forgotten about because the other challenges are so big,” he told the BBC News website.
Research by Professor Goodier and Prof Li Shao, of Leicester De Montfort University, suggests top floor flats in 1960s tower blocks, and modern detached houses were most at risk, particularly if they were south facing.
Heat was likely to have the biggest impact on elderly or infirm people who remained at home all day, the research suggests.
“If you are in the wrong type of house, facing the wrong way, in the wrong street and you don’t deal with heat in the right way, it is a problem,” said Prof Goodier.
“Particularly for the elderly. They are going to suffer. Suffering means they are going to die from overheating.”
Under the Green Deal, householders take out loans to finance improvements such as double-glazing, loft insulation or more efficient boilers. The idea is that the energy savings they make should more than compensate for the repayments.
According to research by a group of leading engineering and climate change experts, published last year, “Green Deal measures could create new problems in the future, with inappropriately insulated properties experiencing poor indoor air quality and significant summer overheating.”
It said the increased likelihood of summer heatwaves could lead to rise in heat-related deaths from 2,000 to 5,000 per year by 2080 “if action was not taken”.
The Department for Energy and Climate Change says it has now issued fresh guidance to Green Deal suppliers to help reduce potential risk from installing energy efficiency measures – as part of a broader plan to deal with the effects of climate change, published on Tuesday.
But Prof Goodier said it was not always possible to predict which houses were most at risk from overheating, saying: “The problem for DECC and the Green Deal assessors is that is such a complex problem.”
He said there were simple measures anyone could take – whether living in a well-insulated home or not – to keep heat levels down, such as keeping windows closed during the day to trap cool air and opening them at night.
Fitting shutters to windows and painting exterior walls white – both common sights in Mediterranean countries – would also help, but were unlikely to be widely adopted in the UK due to the relative rarity of heatwaves.
Anastasia Mylona, adaptation science officer at UKCIP, an organisation based at Oxford University which carries out research into mitigating the effects of climate change, said there was a danger of “over-insulating for the winter” in the UK.
“The crucial thing we are looking at, at the moment, is government initiatives such as the Green Deal,
“They are taking very effective measures to protect against winter temperatures but by doing that they increase the risk of overheating.”
She added: “We have repeatedly spoken to Decc, through the university, and we have presented various research results which show it is a risk. I think they are starting to realise that this is a problem.”
In a statement, the department said: “DECC is working with experts and other government departments to understand the potential risk of overheating in retrofitted homes and ensure that the energy efficiency supply chain, including those working within the Green Deal, are aware and guidance is provided on homes which are most likely to be vulnerable and what steps could be taken to minimise any risk of overheating.”
Only four people have signed up to the Green Deal since it was launched six months ago but DECC says that number is expected to increase with more finance in place.
In total it said there had been 38,259 Green Deal assessments, where customers are given initial advice about what energy improvements they might be eligible for.
Of those, 241 households have confirmed they would like to proceed with work.”
We are clearly not used to thinking of ‘Britain’ and ‘heatwave’ in the same sentence but in light of this week’s summer sizzler, with temperatures reaching nearly 50 degrees at Centre Court in the men’s singles finals at Wimbledon, this revelation is certainly food for thought.
As with any works to be undertaken to your home, thought should be given to all pros and cons and perhaps this most unexpected of cons, remarks Liz Wallis of Ridley & Hall LLP.
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Hepatitis C Research Group, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. email@example.com
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped, positive-strand RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae that primarily infects hepatocytes, causing acute and chronic liver disease. HCV is also associated with a variety of extrahepatic symptoms including central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, cognitive dysfunction, fatigue and depression. These symptoms do not correlate with the severity of liver disease and are independent of hepatic encephalopathy. HCV RNA has been associated with CNS tissue, and reports of viral sequence diversity between brain and liver tissue suggest independent viral evolution in the CNS and liver. This review will explore the data supporting HCV infection of the CNS and how this fits into our current understanding of HCV pathogenesis.
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You are currently browsing the tag archive for the ‘context’ tag.
One of the most famous speeches in the 20th century demonstrates the importance of the way that something is said as opposed to the words of what is said. In mediation, negotiations, and all types of communication this statement is true. It is not what you say, but how you say it. President John F. Kennedy is a perfect example of this statement in his famous speech in Berlin.
First, let me play the original speech for you.
The import of the speech is clear. Kennedy, in a time of turmoil and trouble lets the people of Berlin know that he is with them. He made that speech to the people of Berlin while facing the Berlin Wall. He has let them know that he is a citizen of Berlin and will stand with them. To most people, this is a historical moment and a momentous time in history. What is interesting to know is that his words did not convey that message. Here is a humorous look at what his words actually conveyed (as opposed to the intent — and accepted premise — of the message). [WARNING: THERE IS SOME PROFANITY IN THE FOLLOWING CLIP]
Just to be make sure that the comedic license hasn’t gone too far, I uncovered an article in the New York Times from 1988 recounting this very gramatical mistep. It states:
It’s worth recalling, again, President John F. Kennedy’s use of a German phrase while standing before the Berlin Wall. It would be great, his wordsmiths thought, for him to declare himself a symbolic citizen of Berlin. Hence, ”Ich bin ein Berliner.”
What they did not know, but could easily have found out, was that such citizens never refer to themselves as ”Berliners.” They reserve that term for a favorite confection often munched at breakfast. So, while they understood and appreciated the sentiments behind the President’s impassioned declaration, the residents tittered among themselves when he exclaimed, literally, ”I am a jelly-filled doughnut.” (NYT)
Indeed, I even found a picture of the the pastry itself. so the question arises, why does such a funny statement have such great significance.
The answer, plain and simple, is that words are a limited form of communication. To truly communicate with a person, you need to understand the entire message: The context. That context is from non-verbal signals as well as the societal and social context of the statement.
In mediation and negotiation, you will often flub on a statement. What you cannot flub on is intention. You must be completely present and in the moment and communicate the message with genuineness. If you do so, then even if you make a verbal mistake, you can make sure that such verbal mistake does not become a communication mistake.
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Good problem! My answer: I don't know
BUT I'm pretty sure B needs to end up as a square (a square is a rectangle).
Apologies if I'm poor at describing this problem.
I have a rectangle, A, of known size, that starts aligned to the x/y axes, and can rotate around its centre point.
For any given angle of rotation, I need to determine the maximum dimensions of a second rectangle, B, that:
- is inscribed inside A
- maintains the same proportions as A
- maintains alignment to the x/y axes
So, here A (the black rectangle) has been rotated through 30 degrees (the red rectangle). How do I determine the maximum size of B (the blue rectangle)?
Many thanks for any help.
The vertices of the blue rectangle will lie on the diagonals of the black rectangle (green lines on the attachment). So all you have to do is to see where the green lines intersect the red lines, choose the two such intersections that are closer to the centre of the rectangle, and take those to be opposite vertices of the blue rectangle.
If the black rectangle has sides on the lines and , where a>b, and the red rectangle is obtained by rotating it through an angle θ (between 0 and π/2), then I think that the vertices of the blue rectangle will be at (but I haven't checked that calculation carefully).
the above formula was used in an ImageMagick discussion forum to develop a video rotation sequence.
the coordinates was used to define a 'scaling factor' enlarging an rotated image so that it completely defines the images original bounds.
ImageMagick • View topic - optimizing 'convert' speed
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Governor of Massachusetts Mandates Conservation and More Use of Renewable Energy in State Facilities
April 23, 2007
An executive order, signed by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, mandates higher standards for energy efficiency in state buildings and greater use of renewable energy by all state agencies.
The "Leading By Example — Clean Energy and Efficient Buildings" executive order is intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and cut electricity costs. Currently, every year Massachusetts agencies consume more than 1 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity, 22 million gallons of heating oil, and 46 million therms of natural gas, emitting 1 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2) — the equivalent of 200,000 automobiles.
"This executive order supersedes all previous administrative actions on energy conservation, and sets the clean energy bar far higher than ever before," Patrick said.
State agencies will be required to:
- Reduce their overall energy consumption 20 percent by 2012, from 2002 levels, and 35 percent by 2020
- Reduce greenhouse gas emissions 25 percent over the next 5 years, 40 percent by 2020, and 80 percent by 2050.
To achieve these goals, state agencies must:
- Obtain 15 percent of their electricity from clean renewable sources by 2012, and 30 percent by 2020
- Use biofuels for 3 percent of their heating oil next winter, and 5 percent the following winter
- Meet Massachusetts’s LEED-Plus green building standards for all new construction and major renovations, and consider energy performance in leasing decisions
- Reduce potable water use 10 percent over the next 5 years, and 15 percent by 2020.
Under the new requirements, all facilities larger than 100,000 square feet will have to be retrofitted for energy efficiency by 2012, and small agencies will be allowed to take advantage of utility rebate programs. The executive order also prohibits the purchase of incandescent light bulbs in most cases, and requires the purchase of energy efficient products, such as high-efficiency lights, programmable thermostats, and Energy Star qualified products. In the executive order, Patrick also calls for changes in behavior in state offices.
"There will be no more leaving lights on at night or over the weekend," said Patrick.
For more information, see the governor's April 18 press release.
To read more information about renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in Massachusetts, see:
- Massachusetts news published on the EERE Web site.
- Brief project descriptions from the Massachusetts Energy Office published in the EERE State Energy Program newsletter, Conservation Update.
- Massachusetts publications listed in the EERE State Publications Database.
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Courtesy of Helping Psychology
Influence. That's a neat word.
According to Dictionary.com, influence is "the capacity or power of persons or things to be a compelling force on or produce effects on the actions, behavior, opinions, etc., of others". In other words, its how effective you are in transforming others and eliciting change.
In the past, influence was purely vested in large and powerful organisations. Those with multi-billion dollar advertising budgets wield huge impacts on the lives of their customers, suppliers, and distributors.
Historically, influence was also measured by rank and status. Corporate chieftains of MNCs exert tremendous control over their followers. Political leaders of dictatorial regimes could dictate how their citizens lives should be led, armed with policies and the might of the public sector.
Wealth was also a measure of influence. Those with the means could buy their way into the hearts and minds of others. Folks who could afford status symbols like condominiums, cars, credit cards, and carats were also more respected than others.
While the above factors still hold largely true, the winds of change are blowing. Through the pervasiveness of social media, influence is slowly shifting from organisations towards individuals. Its becoming social - and personal.
Consumers are making themselves heard on social networks, magnifying their pleasures - or more commonly, displeasures - a hundred or thousand fold. Niche businesses are punching above their weight class, leveraging on digital networks to cultivate customer relationships, increase visibility, and strengthen marketing efforts.
Influence is also skewed towards the young. Digital natives from "generation-whatever" are making themselves seen and heard a lot more than their parents. These restless purveyors of the "screentastic" lifestyle have always lived in a webbed world without boundaries. Fear isn't in their vocabulary.
Increasingly, influence is becoming personal. We're no longer just defined by our day jobs ("I'm an engineer/doctor/hawker/nurse") but by our night jobs ("I'm an amateur rock musician/artist/food connoiseur"). The "other eight hours" is increasingly defining who we are, and how we're perceived by the world.
In this brave new world, brand influence isn't just a great logo, flashy advertising, or even premium service. Rather, the influence of a brand is now embodied by how its values and beliefs are woven into a compelling and authentic story that resonates with stakeholders wherever they are.
More than ever before, influence is becoming a function of how much respect and clout you can garner in your professional and social networks. Increasingly, however, the lines between the two are becoming blurred.
Leading companies like Coke, Nike, Amazon, LEGO and P&G understand this seismic shift. They create platforms and facilitate customer communities. They involve their customers in shaping their products, interact with them as peers, and focus on their interests and concerns.
Have you thought about your influence lately? How has it changed for you over the years?
Labels: digital, grassroots evangelism, influence, network, social media, social web, strategy, word of mouth
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Klee’s passion for the theater in all its forms--from opera and cabaret to marionette and puppet theater--is poignantly revealed in Figure of the Oriental Theater. Although Klee never actually designed stage sets or costumes for a theatrical production, he was a fervent theater dweller who took great pleasure in observing the pathos of the human condition brought to life on the stage. Painted in 1934, Figure of the Oriental Theater recalls Klee’s particular fondness for non-Western theater, and Japanese performers in particular. Klee likely saw images of Kabuki actors and their marionettes on the pages of the French art journal, Cahiers d’Art. Masked performers also made a regular appearance in the theatrical performances staged by Oskar Schlemmer at the Bauhaus in the 1920s that Klee frequented. During these years, Klee was inspired to create a number of whimsical, caricatured puppets for his eight-year-old son Félix. His exaggerated portrayal of the Figure recalls all of these influences while also serving as a kind of autobiographical statement. Completed in the aftermath of his forced exile to Switzerland, Klee himself was grappling with his own identity and here joins the protagonist in confronting an uncertain future full of all the dualities embodied by the hidden persona behind the masked figure.
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Walk down a midtown Manhattan street and you’ll see a folding table piled high with knockoff Prada handbags, Rolex watches, and Louis Vuitton wallets for a fraction of their retail prices.
Shoppers are well-acquainted with the fake designer goods racket. They know they are buying counterfeits, choosing to be complicit in a crime in pursuit of a bargain.
But what about the shadow economy for counterfeit food products?
The eggs of a Mississippi river fish passed off as sturgeon caviar, French Perigord truffles that actually come from China, cow’s milk masquerading as water buffalo’s in mozzarella di bufala; these are just a few of the scams perpetrated in the specialty food marketplace.
Fraudulent foods are estimated at five to seven per cent of the U.S. food supply. The Food and Drug Administration has been focused on forms of mislabeling and adulteration that threaten food purity and public health, giving little attention to forms of debasement that don’t raise safety alarms. Unscrupulous producers and importers have had a heyday in fake origins and low quality substitutes for premium-priced specialty foods.
Technology makes it easier to detect fraud that would have previously passed unnoticed. DNA can be extracted from the cells of foods like fish, meat, rice, and coffee to be compared with authenticated samples. Isotope ratio analysis can tell you what waters a fish came from and whether it was farmed or wild. When it comes to imports, only 2% of fish are subject to testing, although spot checks have shown mislabeling to be as high as 75% or more for some varieties. And Coldiretti, the Italian farmers’ union, claims that 7 out of 10 Italian products in the U.S. are misrepresented.
Whether they are imports or home-grown fakes, some of your favorite foods are likely to be frauds.
Fish is the most frequently faked food, usually in the form of what the industry calls “species adulteration.” A Consumer Reports nationwide investigation found that a majority of the wild salmon samples it collected were actually less expensive, farmed varieties whose color had been enhanced by dyes added to feed pellets to mimic the vibrant flesh of wild fish. Grouper and red snapper ordered in a restaurant is more likely to be tilapia or catfish than the real deal. But the urban legend of skate wings cut into circles and sold as scallops is just that— a legend. The FDA has never found an actual case of it.
Honey and maple syrup are high-value items that, being mostly sugar, are easily faked. The costly sweeteners are often diluted with cane sugar, corn syrup, or even water. The sneakiest hucksters will substitute beet sugar which passes muster with most product testers.
Vanillan, the chemical copy of the richly organic flavor of true vanilla appears all-too-frequently in prepared foods under the guise of the real thing. Safflower and turmeric are used to extend saffron but contribute little more than yellow color to dishes. And much of the cinnamon we purchase is really cassia, a harsher, cheaper cousin of the real spice.
Fraudulent olive oil is rampant. This must-have for even the casual home cook is subject to numerous forms of fakery. High-grade extra virgin oil might not actually come from the first, virgin pressing of olives, and the actual country of origin is anyone’s guess. Bottlers have long been known to top off with inexpensive soybean oil in quantities that range from ten to ninety percent of the oil’s volume. Chlorophyll is added to maintain the deep yellow-green of true extra virgin olive oil. Connecticut became the first state to set olive oil standards, followed by California where 60-70% of the state’s extra-virgin oil has been estimated as adulterated.
You can report suspected food fraud to the FDA either through its website or food hotline at 888-723-3366.
Operation Rotten Tomato, the Great Rice Scam: read about the biggest food frauds of the past decade.
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Throughout the history of British occupation the Irish dreamed of rescue from either France or Spain, Catholic countries which were sworn enemies of the English. One of the most famous songs of the period was “My Dark Rosaleen” which stood for Ireland. The first verse includes the line “And Spanish ale shall give you hope My Dark Rosaleen.”
The French intervention is well remembered in connection with the 1798 rebellion but the Spanish effort less so. It also came close to a major victory with the Northern leaders Hugh O’Neill and Hugh O’Donnell coming to help. When the Spanish and Irish were defeated the “Flight of the Earls” began. On September 2, 1601 thirty-three ships sailed from Lisbon to Ireland. In total there were 4,432 men under the leadership of the Don Juan del Águila and Francisco de Toledo Tercios. Del Águila held the supreme command of the expedition as its General Field Master. The aim was to take the port of Cork, key southern port of the island and hold for a larger Spanish landing.
According to Wikipedia, a strong gale dispersed the fleet near the island of Ouessant. The admiral, Diego Brochero, managed to reach Kinsale on October 1 with the greater part of the vessels. Thus, most men were able to land on Irish soil, but eight or nine ships under Pedro de Zubiaur, along with 650 soldiers and most of the provisions, returned to Galicia.
As soon as they landed, the fleet returned to Spain in search of reinforcements. Juan del Águila stayed with 3,000 men isolated in Kinsale. Allied troops were far from the town and so they could only get 900 poorly armed rookies. He decided to fortify the camp and wait for reinforcements. At the entrance of the bay he had built two forts: Castle Park and Ringcurran.
An English army of 10,000 infantry, 600 horsemen and several cannons under the command of Charles Blount, VIII Baron of Mountjoy soon came. Additionally, a small fleet blockaded the harbor.
In November, Mountjoy ordered an attack on Kinsale. The British took the Ringcurran fort, but were ultimately rejected. Soon after, Juan del Águila made an offer of surrender, which was rejected.
From the north of the island, Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone and Red Hugh O'Donnell, Lord of Tyrconnell headed toward Kinsale in command of 5,500 men. In Spain, Pedro de Zabiaur, left port on December 7 in command of ten ships with 829 soldiers and abundant provisions and ammunition. But a new storm caused four ships to get lost. The rest managed to reach Castlehaven, about 48 km south of Kinsale on December 11.
Blount, alerted to the presence of a new Spanish force in Ireland, sent a fleet of seven ships to Castlehaven. On December 16, after five hours of fighting, the English were only able to sink the galleon Maria Francisca and, unable to take the port, defended by a battery of five guns, fled the scene.
In the morning of that day, December 16, 1,500 men left Kinsale to try to break the siege. They managed to destroy twenty guns and kill more than seven hundred English, but they had to return to the city, unable to cross enemy lines. Spanish casualties were relatively low, which encouraged the troops.
After the victory against the English in Castlehaven, the nobles of the area swore allegiance to the King of Spain (then Philip III) and provided 550 infantry and a company of cavalry. In addition, the castles of Dunboy (near Castletownbere) and Donneshed (near Baltimore) were given to the Spanish forces.
The rebel army coming from the north, finally managed to link with the Spanish, then decided to help Juan del Águila. But Zabiaur did not want to lose control of a number of places from Castlehaven to Baltimore that could be used for future landings. So he divided his troops, giving the Irish army 200 auxiliary infantry while he and the other men secured positions. So, just under 6,500 men set off for Kinsale.
At that time, the English army had been reduced to 8,000 men due to casualties caused by the Spanish, diseases and desertions.
On January 3 the two armies met at Kinsale. The lack of coordination between the rescue army and the besieged, coupled with the disorganization of the Irish and the superiority of the English cavalry, turned the Battle of Kinsale into a major defeat for the Spanish-Irish coalition.
The Irish began the attack, but were repulsed by the English. Under pressure from the English army, some Irish began to abandon the fight. After that, the English cavalry launched a counterattack, which drove them back and the Irish army fled. The cavalry then began to chase them, causing heavy casualties among the deserters. The intervention of the Spanish infantry prevented greater carnage at the expense of 90 deaths and 52 prisoners. Juan del Águila left the city with his men, but it was already late and they were rejected. In total, 1,200 Irish died at Kinsale.
On January 12, Juan del Águila surrendered. The terms of the surrender forced the Spanish to surrender their palaces and castles in Kinsale, Castlehaven, Dunboy, Donneshed and Donnelong (on the island of Sherkin). In return, the Spanish army (then reduced to 1,800 men) and all the Irish who so wished, would receive supplies and transport to return to Spain. Also, they would keep their weapons, flags and money.
On January 14, just two days later, Martín de Vallecina arrived in Kinsale with reinforcements, but returned to Spain as soon as he learned of the surrender.
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posted on Jan, 8 2013 @ 11:07 AM
I have a question.
If we ever learn how to create fusion reactors, one thing I've heard is that we could scoop up hydrogen in space to fuel the reaction. Since there's
lots of hydrogen on Saturn, could you park your spaceship in its atmosphere and scoop up hydrogen? Or would it make more sense to scoop it up
somewhere else, like in open space or on an asteroid?
What I want to ask is is there a reason to EVER place a spaceship inside a gas giant?
And could there be rare places in its atmosphere where the temperature is higher? I know that the temperature is supposed to be something like -100 to
-100 celsius which is too cold for life. But might there be areas near the storms or near concentrations of energy where the temperature is higher?
And is it possible the universal gravitational constant is not constant? I am referencing g = G * M / R^2.
g = gravity
G = universal gravitational constant
M = mass of body (like a planet)
R^2 = radius of planet (metres)
This is a classic question. When students enter physics they often ask how science knows that certain things are constants. They'll play god with the
equations for fun. This is because there're a decent number of them. Whether it's the form of the equation (the sequence and number of operations) or
a constant ratio (sort of like PI). If the equations are different in another part of the universe somehow then we could end up with a part of the
universe which behaves differently.
I think it's interesting to note that while Saturn has a gravity at its surface roughly equal to earth (something like 0.92 earth gravtiy), it would
be much harder to reach escape velocity because the gravity well on saturn is deeper. I think what this means is since the planet has a larger radius
it will require more energy to escape. It may also relate to the combined weight of the atmosphere of Saturn on the surface of its heavier core, since
that's what you're launching from. I confess I don't know hte details of how it all works and I'm probably wrong on many points.
I'll admit the OP is crazy, but I really am coming at this from a different direction. Rather than only focusing on what he argues, why not bring up
other things? Like if an advanced civilization existed, could they use the gas giants in a system for anything in particular? And if we're wrong about
certain thigns in our cosmos, what might they likely be and what effect might that have?
edit on 8-1-2013 by jonnywhite because: (no reason
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Bellingen is a small town (pop 3,038) on Waterfall Way on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately halfway between the major Australian cities of Sydney and Brisbane. It is the seat of Bellingen Shire and has a mixture of valley, plateau and coastal environments.
The Bellinger Valley including Bellingen was first settled by Kooris - the Gumbaynggir People - long before European settlement. The first European into the Bellinger Valley was the stockman William Myles who arrived in 1840 looking for new valleys north of Kempsey and the Macleay River. The following year Myles, accompanied by Surveyor Clement Hodgkinson explored the valley and by 1842 there were cedar cutters at the mouth of the Bellinger River and sheep grazing in the valley. In July 1843 the first cargo of red cedar from the Bellinger valley was transported to Sydney. So determined were the local Aborigines to keep the cedar cutters and explorers off their land that they regularly attacked the cedar cutters camps and when Hodgkinson returned to the valley he was accompanied by members of the Yarrahappinni group who he hoped would explain his 'innocent' intentions to the locals. In 1845 it was estimated that there were 300 Aborigines living in the Bellinger Valley.
The growth of cedar cutting throughout the 1840s was dramatic with 20 pit sawers operating along the river by 1843 and, by 1849, the first timber vessel, the 'Minerva', being built by a shipwright named William Darbyshire. The cedar was hauled down to the river by teams of bullocks or horses. So rich was the area in cedar that it was estimated that over 2 million feet of cedar were being extracted each year.
In 1864 a site was set apart and reserved for the village of Bellingen. The town allotments were surveyed in 1869 and were sold by public auction at West Kempsey Court House on Sep 14 1870, the deeds in every case describing the land as in the village of Bellingen
In the 1890s, Bellingen was selected as the government centre of the valley, due to its location at the tidal limit of the Bellinger River and the availability of fresh water. A period of rapid growth ensued.
By the early 1900s, red cedar supplies were virtually depleted, except for those that survived in the inaccessible upper reaches of the Bellinger Valley. The cleared areas were turned into prime farming land and the valley became a dairying centre. The indigenous population had been decimated by disease and inability to move across the land to locate traditional food supplies, and many were killed in their bid to drive away the cedar getters and new settlers from traditional Gumbaynggir land. 'Black Jimmy' is reported to be the last full-blood member of the Bellinger Gumbaynggir People. Black Jimmy died in 1922 and is buried in Bellingen Cemetery. The Gumbaynggir People still live in the area of Bellingen.
The dairy industry crashed in the 1960s with the rise of the European Common Market, when export prices fell (with Britain no longer relying on Australian dairy products) and the margarine industry finally overcame laws restricting its production levels. Dairy farming still continues to a lesser extent.
Rainforest logging ceased altogether in 1975. Sclerophyll forest logging is still carried out, but to a much lesser extent than in the past.
In 1950, Bellingen came to national fame with the birth of the Sara Quads (Sara family quadruplets). From the 1970s until the present, alternative life-stylers purchased land in the area and built owner-built homes. Numerous intentional communities were established, many of which are still in existence. The rural lifestyle of Bellingen and surrounds has consequently diverged and is now a mix of traditional and non-traditional farming. Many of today's residents, such as artists, craftspeople, writers, musicians and horticulturalists, have established home-based activities.
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Raising cows -- and kids -- in the West
The Family Ranch: Land, Children, and Tradition in the American West
photographs by Madeleine Graham Blake
University of Nevada Press, 2009.
The families described in The Family Ranch: Land, Children, and Tradition in the American West are traditional in that they are not "traditional" at all: One mother is single, and six children in another family were born in Haiti. Good mothering is a lot like good ranching, according to author Linda Hussa. "If you don't know how," says one ranch-raised woman, "you just start and you learn." These wildly differing families all show that one family, even one child, really can change the world.
"All across the West," writes Hussa, "ranchers and rural communities are victims of environmental disputes." Some problems result from bad decisions a hundred years old, "some made by ranchers, some made by capitalists, some made by the federal government." Studies prove that when land is sold away from ranchers, the rural communities that keep landscapes intact rapidly disintegrate. Responsible ranching keeps pastures healthy, but developments take water from agriculture to support golf courses no one can eat. Multinational corporations get government subsidizes to run feedlots, while ranchers whose beef eats only grass struggle to pay taxes.
Hussa sees possible benefits in the current economic mess, declaring that the strength and character we all need to survive are an integral part of everyday ranching life. Individual stories fascinate from a dozen different directions; Hussa is "as persistent as a foxtail in your sock." She tells how Gail Tyson, who raises quarter horses, adopted an 18-year-old daughter. With the aid of Madeleine Graham Blake's superb photographs, we follow the extended Walker family of Indian buckaroos roping together on the Duck Valley Shoshone Reservation. Ranchers' children learn to think for themselves, to achieve goals; they become people like Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos, musician Dave Brubeck.
Ranchers such as those profiled here could save us from having to depend for food and goods on people who may not like us. "I know of no other industry," writes Hussa, "that turns totally within the concentric circles of family and community" -- the very values many Americans believe we need most. "The way these parents raise their children is an integral part of how they care for the land. Without this kind of mothering dynamic, we lose the West."
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|Zooming into the Past|
P U N T L A N D
REGIONS AND TERRITORIES
Regions and territories: Puntland
August 23, 2006
Puntland, an arid region of north-east Somalia, declared itself an autonomous state in August 1998.
The move was, in part, an attempt to avoid the clan warfare engulfing southern Somalia. Nevertheless, the region has endured armed conflict.
Unlike its neighbour, breakaway Somaliland, Puntland says it does not seek recognition as an independent entity, wishing instead to be part of a federal Somalia. Its leaders have taken part in talks aimed at fostering Somali reconciliation.
Sporadic fighting has broken out between Puntland and Somaliland over the ownership of the latter's Sool and Sanaag regions, which are claimed by Puntland on the basis of ethnicity. Violence also accompanied a political power struggle in 2001 between rival claimants to the Puntland leadership.
Livestock herding and fishing sustain the people - many of them nomads - of the drought-prone region. The money sent home from overseas workers is an important source of foreign exchange.
Puntland is a destination for many Somalis displaced by violence in the south; some of them attempt to make the sea crossing to Yemen.
The region's coast was hit by the December 2004 Asian tsunami; more than 300 people were killed and thousands lost their livelihoods.
The territory takes its name from the Land of Punt, a centre of trade for the ancient Egyptians and a place shrouded in legend. But ancient Punt and present-day Puntland are not necessarily one and the same place.
Population: 2.4 million (Puntland government estimate, 2003)Capital: Garowe (administrative), Bosasso (commercial)Major languages: Somali, Arabic Major religion: Islam Life expectancy: n/a Monetary unit: Somali shilling Main export: Livestock GNI per capita: n/a International dialling code: +252
Leader: General Mohamud Muse Hersi (Adde), elected by parliament in January 2005
Puntland is governed by a 66-member House of Representatives and a traditional council of elders.
The territory's first leader, Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf, served a three-year term until 2001, when his attempt to extend his mandate triggered fierce fighting.
Col Yusuf reclaimed the leadership in 2002 and led Puntland until his election as Somalia's transitional president in October 2004. He was known for his authoritarian approach.
Although Puntland's charter provides for freedom of the press, the authorities have resorted to detaining journalists and closing media outlets.
In 2002 they shut down the private Somali Broadcasting Corporation's (SBC) radio and TV stations in Bosasso. The broadcaster was accused of favouring Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf's rival for the presidency. The license was restored in 2003.
The press Kaaha Bari - weekly Yamayska - weekly
Television Somali Broadcasting Corporation (SBC) - private, Bosasso
Radio SBC Radio - private, Bosasso Radio Midnimo - private, Bosasso Radio Galkayo Radio Nugaal – Garowe.
© BBC News Limited 2006.
PUNTLAND IN PICTURES
BUUNDADA TOGGA LAAG
PUNTLAND COMMUNITY COLLAGE
PUNTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
EAST AFRICA UNIVERSITY, BOSASO
EAST AFRICA UNIVERSITY: 2005 GRADUATING STUDENTS
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Six Sigma Workbook For Dummies
Part I: Getting Started in Six Sigma.
Chapter 1: Getting Ready for Six Sigma: The Effects of Variation.
Chapter 2: Forming a Six Sigma Initiative.
Chapter 3: Leading and Managing a Six Sigma Initiative.
Part II: Defining a Six Sigma Project.
Chapter 4: Putting the Right Foot Forward: Defining a Six Sigma Project.
Chapter 5: Brainstorming the Inputs to Your Process.
Chapter 6: Prioritizing Which Inputs to Address.
Part III: Mastering Measuring.
Chapter 7: Categorizing Data and Calculating Measures of Variation.
Chapter 8: A Picture’s Worth 1,000 Words: Measuring with Charts and Graphs.
Chapter 9: Yield and Defects: Calculating the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.
Part IV: Assessing the Right Approach to Your Analysis.
Chapter 10: Mastering Measurement System Analysis (MSA).
Chapter 11: Capability: Matching Performance to Need.
Chapter 12: Narrowing Your Inputs with Confidence.
Part V: Improving and Controlling.
Chapter 13: Quantifying Variable Relationships.
Chapter 14: Planning and Conducting 2k Factorial Experiments.
Chapter 15: Constructing Control Plans and Charts.
Part VI: The Part of Tens.
Chapter 16: Ten Implementation Myths of Six Sigma.
Chapter 17: Ten Tips for Finishing a Six Sigma Project Successfully.
|
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