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Pediatricians may not tell parents when they make a mistake in a child’s care. The Institute of Medicine issued a report several years ago documenting widespread hospital errors. In the aftermath of this eye-opening analysis, health professionals called for more transparency regarding medical errors. A more recent study revealed that medication errors affect as many as one out of fifteen hospitalized children. How often are parents advised of such mistakes?
A study suggests that many pediatricians are unlikely to reveal errors. The scientists surveyed more than 200 pediatricians and asked what they would do in two hypothetical scenarios: one in which a child got the wrong dose of insulin, and one in which a laboratory result was overlooked and the child was hospitalized as a result. Most of the respondents felt that these errors would be serious and that they would feel responsible.
Approximately half of them said they would definitely tell the parents about the problem; about 40 percent thought they would probably tell the parents, and about 7 percent said they would talk about the mistake if they were asked a direct question.
Doctors were more likely to disclose an error if they felt the parents would already be aware of it or if it was quite obvious. They were also more likely to apologize in that case. Even when pediatricians were willing to reveal a mistake, they often indicated that they would leave some details out. Not revealing medical mistakes is an ethical violation. It also makes it more difficult for hospitals to change procedures so that similar errors become less likely in the future.
[Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oct. 2008]
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Swimmer’s itch is a skin rash that appears after you have been swimming or wading in natural bodies of water. It is more common in warm freshwater (lakes and ponds), but it can also occur in salt water.
Swimmer’s itch is an allergic reaction to a specific parasite. The parasite enters the water through the waste of infected birds and snails. If the parasite comes in contact with your skin, it can burrow under the skin and cause a reaction.
Swimmer’s itch is more common after:
- Swimming or wading in warm fresh or salt water
- Swimming or wading in warm shallow water near the shoreline
- Long periods of time in the water
- Previous episodes of swimmer’s itch
- Swimming in locations with onshore winds
- Swimming in areas with a lot of birds
Swimmer’s itch is also more common in children since they tend to stay in shallow water.
Symptoms can occur quickly. In most cases, you will notice skin irritation before the rash appears. Symptoms can include:
- A sensation of burning or tingling
- Small red bumps, blisters, or pimples
There is no skin or blood test to diagnose swimmer’s itch. The doctor will base the diagnosis on information about recent activities and the appearance of the rash.
The rash will go away on its own within a few days without medical treatment.
Scratching can cause further damage to the skin and increase the risk of infection. Itching may be relieved with:
- Soothing baths and cool compresses
- Over-the-counter cortisone creams and anti-itch medications
- Oral antihistamines—for more severe itching
A severe rash may require prescription strength medication.
To help reduce your chance of getting swimmer’s itch:
- Apply a barrier lotion with broad-spectrum sunscreen product before going in the water.
- Avoid swimming or wading in known contaminated waters. Also try and avoid areas of water with a lot of birds or marshy areas where there are snails.
- Rub your (and your child’s) skin with a towel after coming out of the water.
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 07/2014 -
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PROBLEM USING BACKTRACKING
This article explains about solving of knapsack problem using backtracking method.
In solving of knapsack problem using backtracking method we mostly consider the profit butof dynamic programming we consider weights.
Concept of backtracking:
The idea of backtracking is to construct solutions one component at a time and evaluate such partially constructed solutions. This partially constructed solution can be developed further without violating the problem constraints.
It is convenient to implement this kind of processing by constructing a tree of choices being made called the "State Space Tree". Its root represents an initial state before the search for the solution begins. The nodes of the first level in the tree represent the choices for the first component of a solution and the nodes of a second level represent the choices for the second component and so on.
A node in the state space tree is promising if it corresponds to the partials constructed solution that may lead to the complete solution otherwise the nodes are called non-promising. Leaves of the tree represent either the non- promising dead end or complete solution found by the algorithm.
Concept of Knapsack:
The knapsack is nothing but a sack where in which we need to place the given items according to the capacity of the knapsack. In case of backtracking we consider the profits but in dynamic programming we consider weights.
Bound (CP, CW, K)
for i=k+1 to n dp
c=c + w [i];
if (c<m) then
b= b + p[i];
return b+(1-(c-m)/w[i])*p[i] ;
CP=Current Profit; CW=Current Weight; K= Index; m=Capacity of Knapsack;
Profits P1=10, P2=10, P3=12, P4=18.
Weights W1= 2,= 4, W3= 6, W4=9;
When, i=1 C=2; b=10;
When, i=2 w=4 so, c=c + w c= 2+4= 6 so c= 6 if 6<15gets true so b=10+10=20;
When, i=3 w=6 so, c=c + w c= 6+6= 12 so c= 12 if 12<15 condition gets true so b=20+12=32;
When, i=4 w=9 so, c=c + w c= 12+9= 21 so c= 21 if 21<15 condition gets FALSE so b+(1-(c-m)/w[i])*p[i] is 32+(1-(21-15)/9)*18=38
Here we got the maximum profit as 38.
To obtain this maximum capacity we need to consider the Item 4 first then Item 2 then Item 1 that is 18+10+10 = 38.
Read more: http://www.articlesbase.com/computers-articles/knapsack-problem-using-backtracking-2099286.html#ixzz1NAexAEAv
Under Creative Commons License: Attribution
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Of many Arts, one surpasses all. For the maiden seated at her work flashes the smooth balls and thousand threads into the circle, ... and from this, her amusement, makes as much profit as a man earns by the sweat of his brow, and no maiden ever complains, at even, of the length of the day. The issue is a fine web, which feeds the pride of the whole globe; which surrounds with its fine border cloaks and tuckers, and shows grandly round the throats and hands of Kings.
Jacob van Eyck, 1651.
Lacemaking as a separate craft is supposed to have its origin in the Middle Ages in Italy. However, some authors assume that the manufacturing of lace began during Ancient Rome, based on the discovery of small bone cylinders in the shape of bobbins. For firm evidence of true lace we must look back to the 15th century when Charles the Fifth decreed that lacemaking was to be taught in the schools and convents of the Belgian provinces. During this period of enlightenment, the making of lace was firmly based within the domain of fashion. To be precise, lace was designed to replace embroidery and easily transform dresses to follow different styles of fashion. Unlike embroidery, lace could be unsewn from one material to be replaced on another.
Essentially, there exist two kinds of lace, needlepoint lace and bobbin lace. Needlepoint lace is made with a single-thread technique using embroidery stitches while bobbin lace, developed after needlepoint lace, was made with a variety of multiple-thread weaving techniques.
of garment, caps, pillows, tablecloth etc.
The first known lacemaking pattern books came from 16th c. Italy. Lacemaking techniques quickly spread to Spain and from there north to the Spanish Netherlands, France, Germany and England. "In the quintessential Elizabethan era, lace ruffs were worn in various incarnations by all but the lowest classes. Yards of lace were required for a single modest ruff, making elaborate ones were extremely costly. Ruffs were not the only lace items in demand at this time. Lace was used to trim anything from altar cloths to ecclesiastical vestments to tooth cloths and pillow beres (pillow cases)."1 Bobbin lace, the kind which is represented in Vermeer’s famous Lacemaker, had been developed to provide the borders of garment, caps, pillows, tablecloth etc. with tough but likewise decorative elements.
"Lace was more than just a sumptuous and highly coveted luxury, affordable by only the privileged and well-born. It was also the product of an industry that provided a living to thousands of workers. It formed a considerable portion of the revenue of many nations, and played a role in history that goes largely unrecognized and unremarked today."2
The Flanders, and in particular, Brussels, became one of principal and renowned centers for lacemaking and its trade in Northern Europe. But lacemaking, together with linen weaving and whitework, was nevertheless commonly practiced in the Northern Provinces as well, and the particularly fine woven linen from Holland had been already praised by Fynes Moryson after his journeys through the Low Countries in the 1590s.3
"Demand for lace was so high and widespread that many women became lacemakers. Lace schools for village girls were founded by noblewomen, their patronage being paid for in lace, no doubt. Children of both genders were enrolled at about age five or so, with boys usually leaving as they grew strong enough for harder labor. Not that the life of a lacemaking student was easy. Even children worked from dawn till dusk, often in crowded, unventilated rooms without even the most primitive of sanitary facilities.
Even worse was the lot of those who spun the incredibly fine thread3 used to make the lace. These poor souls plied their trade in damp and darkness. The fiber would break if it dried out, so the spinners frequently worked in basements lit by a pinhole in a shutter that allowed only a single beam of light to fall upon their thread. Once trained, lacemakers were no longer a burden on the family's resources. A girl could save towards her own dowry. She could continue to make lace after she married to contribute to her household's income and if she was widowed, she could support herself and her children. This new economic power, coupled with the Queen as a role model, may have sown the seeds of social change towards today's female independence.5
In the Netherlands, needlework was normally done by the women of the household whether rich or poor. It was a matter of course that young girls were taught sewing, embroidery and lacemaking, frequently in order to provide economic support for their parents. However, along side household women, there was a sizable number of professionals, called naaisters, who did sewing and needlework for a livelihood. A sharp distinction was made between those who worked with wool and those who worked with other materials. The first where organized in Guilds while the later, perhaps because they were simply too many and would have been impossible to control, were not. The reason for naming it Dutch lace is simple: the lace was made in the Flanders province for export to Holland. Dutch lace is also called Cauliflower or Chrysanthemum lace because of the pattern. In the many portraits of that period, we can see that Dutch lace was a thick, closely worked, strong lace. It formed a nice effect and contrast on their costumes. Dutch laces became famous because of the quality of its flax thread. The Flemish thread was bleached in Harlem (Holland) and was considered the best flax thread in the world.
Stories written down by English travelers from the 17th century tell us that Dutch houses were full of lace. Dutch laces were not only used to decorate garments but also for decoration of their household objects. Even their brasses and warming pans were muffled in laces. The people of Holland had unusual customs with lace. For example, they tied lace around the door knocker of their home to announce a new born baby. This was intended not only as a decoration but it also had a practical purpose. The baby would not wake up from knocking because the lace deadened the sound of the door knocker. Dutch lace was exported to other parts of Europe and America through Holland.
Dutch cities maintained orphanages, like Amsterdam (the Maagdenhuis), Haarlem, or Dordrecht (the Holy Ghost orphanage) where the young girls, beside the regular school lessons received lessons in needlework by special sewing-mistresses. At the same time they worked long hours each day to earn some money.
Furthermore, there existed religious communities, like "De Hoek" in Haarlem, normally Catholic, which ran schools for children of needy parents in which the girls were contemporarily instructed in the Catholic religion and taught sewing and bobbin lacemaking as trades. Similar schools attached to communities were found in Gouda and Delft and it is likely that Vermeer would have been aware of their presence due to his tie to the Catholic faith. The women who taught needlework in these schools were called klopjes, Catholic women who were neither nuns nor laywomen, but lead a life dedicated to their religion. In the villages these schools, which were always private, were for the most part little more than child-minding establishments, where young children were taught to knit and sew along with the Alphabet as well. In the towns they provided a form of apprenticeship opportunity, whereby girls could learn a trade. The girls where placed at these schools at the age of around ten to twelve and later began to earn something.6
The lacemaking industry in Holland had never reached the dimensions that it did in the Southern Netherlands, and the great part of the lace used there came from Flanders. Nevertheless, a considerable amount of bobbin lace, known in those times as speldewerk ("pin work"), was made in Holland even though it was of inferior quality. In some cases special bobbin lace workrooms (e.i.,Groningen in 1674) were so profitable that the authorities decided to set up such workrooms in a house next to the orphanage, where the girls could be supervised by the mistresses.
The trade of the speldewerkster or bobbin lacemaker was normally a separate one from that from linen seamstress, although some of the seamstress were also able to make lace and teach lacemaking.
With the refinement in fashion the lace patterns especially for collars and cuffs developed from relatively simple ones to very fine, elaborately made pieces, whereby special patterns soon became closely related with a single town, where it had come from. So we can find, for example, on portraits by Johannes Cornelisz. Verspronck from Haarlem certain types of lace which may be a local fashion or have come from a local source, such as the Haarlem school 'De Hoek'.7
Bobbin lace8 can be divided conveniently into two groups on the basis of the working methods involved: first, non-continuous laces (à pièce rapportées), and second, so-called "straight" or continuous laces. Bobbins had several functions. They store the thread for the lace, they act as handles to move the thread, and they weight the threads to keep tension against the pins. "Bobbin lace is worked on a firm pillow over a pricked pattern. Thread is wound on bobbin pairs and twisted around pins set in the pattern or "pricking" until the tension of the work holds the design in place. Bobbin lace was sometimes called "pillow lace" for the pillow used to hold the pins, or "bone lace" because fish bones were used by lacemakers who couldn't afford pins (and/or because small bones were sometimes used as bobbins). Bobbins are wound and used in pairs. It is best to wind half of the thread onto one bobbin and then the other half onto the other. It is important to always wind the thread onto the bobbin in the same direction.
All bobbin lace is the result of two simple movements—the "cross" and the "twist" just as the most intricate knitted designs are formed of the basic "knit" and "purl" stitches. Regional differences in lace patterns and in shapes of lace bobbins arose but "Torchon" was a basic style of bobbin lace made through out Europe. Usually made from linen thread, it was a surprisingly sturdy lace (the name means "dishcloth," probably a comment on its washablity). (also called "ground") or woven to form solid shapes, depending on the type of lace to be made."9 An experienced lacemaker (speldewerker or kantkloster today) is able to work with one hundred or even more bobbins very quickly.
The patterns (patroons or kantbrieven) were originally made of parchment for increased stability. The threads were normally made of linen, cotton or silk although human hair was used exceptionally. For costly designs gold and silver threads are inserted, others employ additional colored threads or ornamental elements attached after the lace was completed.
In Vermeer’s Lacemaker we can clearly distinguish the bobbins, the brownish kantbrieven, the light blue lacemaking cushion and even a curious three-legged adjustable lacemaking table.
The following websites were used for the compilation of this study.
- Lara Cathcart, Bobbin Lace
- Esther Brassac, Short History of Bobbin Lace
- The History of Lace
- History of Lace
- Marla Mallett, The Structures of Antique Lace
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Natural Environment:Geologic History
Island on the Move
Cordell Bank was originally created 93 million years ago as part of the southern Sierra Nevada mountains. As the Pacific Plate moved north, it sheared off part of the North American plate and carried Cordell Bank to its present location west of Point Reyes.
The Bank continues to move north at a rate of about three centimeters per year.
Between 20,000 and 15,000 years ago when sea level was about 360 feet below current sea level, most of Cordell Bank was exposed, making it a true island.
Today Cordell Bank emerges from the soft sediments of the continental shelf deposited more recently by coastal erosion. Within seven miles of the bank's western edge, the seafloor drops to over a mile deep.
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The previous four posts on acid-base, substitution, addition, and elimination covered the 4 main reactions in organic chemistry I. Now it’s time to go beyond those mainstays to introduce a few of the less common (but still important) reactions you learn in organic chemistry 1. They will be rearrangements, radical substitution, and cleavage (oxidative cleavage).
Let’s look at rearrangements in this post. As with everything in this series, the point is not to understand why just yet, but to be able to see from the diagrams what bonds are broken and formed. You need to understand how to read line diagrams. But other than that no further skills are required. The point here is to be able to follow the plot – to see what is happening. A later series of posts will go into more detail as to why things happen, but it takes time to build up that knowledge.
Rearrangement reactions are really interesting. They can accompany many of the reactions we’ve previously covered such as substitution, addition, and elimination reactions. In fact, if you don’t look closely, sometimes you can miss the fact that a rearrangement reaction has occurred. Let’s look at a substitution reaction first.
On the top is a “typical” substitution reaction: we’re taking an alkyl halide and adding water. The C-Br bond is broken and a C-OH bond is formed. If you look at the table on the right you’ll see this follows the typical pattern of substitution reactions.
However if we change one thing about this alkyl halide – move the bromine to C-3 instead of C-2 – now when we run this reaction we see a different product emerge. It is also a substitution reaction (we’re replacing Br with OH) but it’s on a different carbon. That’s because if you look closely, you can see there are actually 3 bonds broken and 3 bonds formed. The C2-H bond broke and the C3-H bond formed.
This represents a rearrangement reaction – when you see a group “move” from one carbon to another. Let’s look at another example.
Here we have an addition reaction. On top, nothing special – as with all additions, we break a C-C double bond (π bond )and form two new single bonds to the adjoining carbons (H and Cl). But look at the bottom example. If we use that alkene instead, we find that the Cl ends up on C3, not C-2. Again, examining the bonds broken/formed, we see that there’s an extra pair of events: the C3-H bond was broken and the C-2H bond was formed. In other words, the hydrogen “migrated” from one carbon to another. Weird!
Finally, let’s look at an elimination reaction. If you take an alcohol like the one below and add an acid (like H2SO4, pictured) and help the reaction along with some heat, you break the C1-OH and C2-H bonds, and form a new double bond between C1-C2. This is, in other words, a typical elimination reaction.
But if you take a slightly modified alcohol like the bottom example (with an extra methyl group on C1) and try the same reaction, something strange happens again. Analyzing the bonds broken and formed, there’s an “extra” bond being broken and an “extra” bond being formed here. If you look closely you can see that one of the methyl groups on C1 (we’ll call it C8) moved over to C2.
So what can we conclude about rearrangement reactions?
1. they can accompany many of the reactions we’re already familiar with, such as substitution, addition, and elimination reactions.
2. They involve the “movement” of an atom (H in the top two examples, C in the third) from one carbon to another.
What other insight might we glean from these examples? Here’s two questions.
1. look up, if you don’t know already, what “primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols and alkyl halides are.
2. In the substitution reactions and the elimination reactions, classify every alcohol (or alkyl halide) according to whether it is primary, secondary or tertiary. Notice any difference between the “normal” cases and the “rearrangement” cases?
For more detail on rearrangement reactions, start here: Rearrangement Reactions (1) – Hydride Shifts
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SUGRUE, JAMES LEONARD, carpenter, union organizer, labour leader, and office holder; b. 1 Sept. 1883 in Saint John, son of James Robert Sugrue and Mary Josephine Driscoll; m. there 10 June 1908 Estella Sophia Newman, and they had one son; d. there 24 June 1930.
James L. Sugrue grew up in the Irish working-class environment of west end Saint John. His mother was the daughter of immigrants from County Cork (Republic of Ireland); in 1877 she married James R. Sugrue, an immigrant from Kerry. The latter had become a teacher in the 1860s and taught at St Malachi's School for several decades; "a kindly, amiable man of high ideals and exemplary life," the older Sugrue "had the gift of imparting knowledge and of teaching his boys how to study and progress." Their children included four daughters, one of whom became a teacher and another a stenographer and bookkeeper, and two sons, both of whom entered the city's building trades.
As a young worker in the early years of the century, Sugrue boarded at the family home, now located in the south end. He married Estella Newman in 1908 and they remained lifelong residents of Saint John. Sugrue's elder brother, John, became an officer of the local Bricklayers' and Masons' Union during this period, and James himself began to attract attention among the carpenters. With a long history of independent organization in the 19th century, the Saint John carpenters had joined the American Federation of Labor in October 1901, as Local 919 of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America. In 1910 Sugrue became financial secretary (and in 1913 business agent) of the local as well as secretary-treasurer of the new Building Trades Council. Before he was 30 Sugrue had also been elected president of the Saint John Trades and Labor Council. Two years later, in 1914, "Jimmie" Sugrue ran as a labour candidate for city commissioner, winning a substantial increase in the labour vote.
Sugrue's rise to prominence as a local union leader coincided with an upsurge in labour activism in Saint John. The carpenters raised their wages to $3 a day in 1911 and in 1913 were the first in their trade in the Maritimes to inaugurate the eight-hour day. Later that year the Labour Day celebrations featured "the most successful labour parade in many years." The extension of unionism to unorganized workers proved more difficult. In 1913 a lock-out of more than 1,000 men at the city's lumber mills lasted from June to September and ended without wage increases or union recognition. The following year the street railway workers also faced employers unwilling to countenance unions. The workers secured a conciliation board under the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of 1907, naming Sugrue as their representative; he was able to persuade the board to call for recognition of the union and re-employment of its dismissed president, Fred Ramsey. When the company failed to agree, the workers went on strike in July 1914 and shut down public transportation for two days. Thousands of supporters rioted in the streets, overturning streetcars and attacking power installations, before a settlement was reached. For Sugrue, such events demonstrated that the cause of labour was important to the whole community in a major industrial centre such as Saint John. As he had explained in 1912, "In the long run we hope to so improve conditions here that the people won't leave for the west in search of better wages and shorter hours of labor." At the same time, he did not hesitate to call for more assistance from the international unions, reminding organizers that "Montreal is not the eastern extremity of Canada, despite the fact that some of our international executive officers seem to think so." By 1914 Sugrue had succeeded in persuading the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada to hold its annual convention in New Brunswick for the first time.
One of Sugrue's lasting contributions was the organization of a provincial federation of labour, which took place at a time when only British Columbia (1910) and Alberta (1912) had established such bodies. Efforts initiated by the Saint John Trades and Labor Council resulted in a preliminary meeting in September 1912 (which Sugrue did not attend), but the future of the federation was not assured until a more representative gathering took place a year later involving delegates from Saint John, Moncton, Fredericton, and Sackville. In the interim Sugrue had played a leading part in keeping the idea alive; in 1913 he was especially disappointed with the Fair Wage Schedule Act, for which he had lobbied on behalf of the council, and in the pages of the Eastern Labor News he argued that the legislative influence of labour could be applied more effectively through a provincial federation. At the organizational meeting on 16 Sept. 1913 Sugrue was elected president of the new federation; he and two other delegates were instructed to prepare a constitution and seek a charter from the TLCC. The first full convention of the New Brunswick Federation of Labor took place in Saint John on 20 Jan. 1914, with about 50 delegates in attendance. Sugrue was elected president, along with Frank Lister, Fredericton, as vice-president and Percy Douglas Ayer, Moncton, as secretary-treasurer. Within the year the federation reported 26 affiliated unions with a membership of 3,000 workers.
With Sugrue as its legislative representative, the federation pursued numerous objectives in Fredericton, including women's suffrage. Increasingly, attention focused on workers' compensation laws, a subject of marked concern to unionized employees on the docks and railways in Saint John and Moncton. The existing Workmen's Compensation for Injuries Act (1903) required workers to go to court to establish employers' liability for workplace accidents; awards were limited to a maximum of $1,500. Despite the election of labour-supported candidates such as Warren Franklin Hatheway in 1908, amendments failed to live up to expectations. More advanced legislation adopted by Ontario in 1914 – and in three other provinces in 1915 and 1916 – introduced state-sponsored no-fault insurance programs, backed by mandatory payroll assessments and with benefits administered by a compensation board. Sugrue lobbied provincial politicians for similar legislation, and in 1917 he and Frederick W. Daley of the longshoremen's union were appointed (by a Conservative government) to a royal commission which held hearings throughout the province and reported in favour of a new compensation law. When the bill was introduced (by a Liberal government), labour unions rallied to support it against the opposition of employers. The resulting Workmen's Compensation Act (1918) was considered exemplary progressive legislation at the time, although farmers, fishermen, domestic servants, and workers in the woods were excluded from coverage, and benefits in any claim were limited to a maximum of $3,500. Sugrue himself accepted a salaried position as one of three board members. In its first year of operation, 1919, the board completed consideration of 1,733 claims and approved compensation and pensions amounting to more than $100,000, numbers which increased substantially during the next ten years. Sugrue continued to serve on the board until his death in 1930 at 46 years of age. An apparent heart attack had forced him to reduce activities during the last two years of his life. His widow, who in 1923 had been appointed to a commission of inquiry into mothers' pensions and minimum wages, survived him by 40 years.
The death of Sugrue at such an early age was considered a heavy loss both to organized labour and to provincial society. Described as "not only an able executive but an excellent speaker and a man of ideas," he was remembered as well for his "kindly disposition." Union members in Saint John recalled his occasional musical recitations at labour meetings; a union gathering in his honour featured a variety of musical numbers. Sugrue's respectability was underlined by his participation in the Knights of Columbus, the Children's Aid Society, and other charities; the New Freeman eulogized him as "a man who had given freely of his time in all movements for the betterment of the community." In a city with a long history of labour organization in the 19th century, Sugrue promoted the extension of unionization to new groups of workers and collaboration around causes of common concern. While encouraging the transition from occupational loyalty to broader forms of labour solidarity, he remained a consistent supporter of the TLCC and the AFL. As a union leader who became a member of the province's early labour bureaucracy, Sugrue was a pragmatist who believed in mobilizing labour's influence within the existing political and economic structures; his success lends support to the theme of progressivism in the political history of the Maritime provinces. In promoting the recognition of unions and the enactment of reforms, Sugrue assisted New Brunswick workers and provincial society generally in establishing the regime of industrial legality and social legislation that came to characterize the 20th century.
[The author is grateful to Professor Robert H. Babcock for sharing references from his research in Saint John labour history. d.f.]
Arch. of the Diocese of Saint John, RBMB. PANB, RS6; RS141C5, F18983, no.080270; RS260/D. Eastern Labor News (Moncton, N.B.), 1909–13. Evening Times-Globe (Saint John), 24, 26 June 1930; 24 Jan. 1931. New Freeman (Saint John), 28 June 1930, 31 Jan. 1931. St. John Standard, 29–30 March, 5 April 1912; 2 Sept. 1913; 21 Jan., 15 April 1914. Telegraph-Journal (Saint John), 25, 27 June 1930. R. H. Babcock, "Blood on the factory floor: the workers' compensation movement in Canada and the United States," in Social welfare policy in Canada: historical readings, ed. R. B. Blake and Jeff Keshen (Toronto, 1995), 107–21; "Saint John longshoremen during the rise of Canada's winter port, 1895–1922," Labour (St John's), 25 (1990): 15–46; "The Saint John street railwaymen's strike and riot, 1914," Acadiensis (Fredericton), 11 (1981–82), no.2: 3–27. Labour Gazette (Ottawa), 1 (1900–1)–30 (1930). Ian McKay, "Strikes in the Maritimes, 1901–1914," in Labour and working-class history in Atlantic Canada: a reader, ed. David Frank and G. S. Kealey (St John's, 1995), 190–232. G. R. Melvin, History of New Brunswick Federation of Labour, 1914–1933 (n.p., n.d.). N.B., Acts, 1903–30; Workmen's Compensation Board, Annual report (Saint John), 1919–30. "Obituary," Canadian Congress Journal (Ottawa), 9 (1930), no.7: 29. Report of proceedings at a conference concerning Workmen's Compensation Act, held at St. John on Thursday and Friday 10th and 11th January, 1924 (n.p., 1924). W. Y. Smith, "Axis of administration: Saint John reformers and bureaucratic centralization in New Brunswick, 1911–1925" (ma thesis, Univ. of N.B., Fredericton, 1984). Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, Report of the proc. of the annual convention ([Ottawa]), 18 (1902)–34 (1918).
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Emergency Medicine is a speciality of medicine that focuses on diagnosis and treatment of acute illnesses and injuries that require immediate medical attention. While not usually providing long-term or continuous care, emergency medicine physicians diagnose a wide array of pathology and undertake acute interventions to stabilize the patient.
These professionals practice in hospital emergency departments, in the prehospital setting via emergency medical service and other locations where initial medical treatment of illness takes place. Just as clinicians operate by immediacy rules under large emergency systems, emergency practioniers aim to diagnose emergent conditions and stabilize the patient for definitive care.
Emergency physicians are tasked with seeing a large number of patients, treating their illnesses and arranging for disposition - either admitting them to the hospital or releasing them after treatment as necessary.
The emergency physician requires a broad field of knowledge and advanced procedural skills often including surgical procedures, trauma resuscitation, advanced cardiac life support and advanced airway management.
See Wikipedia, Emergency medicine.
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- What is ESD?
- Review Process
- Take Action
- Professional Development
- A project of
The Our Canada Project (OCP) website features an interactive map where students can pin their actions or action projects, including pictures and text. OCP can be used to document an entire project – from class vision and action plan, to pictures, progress updates and sharing success.
OCP was the brain child of a diverse group of 22 youth from across Canada. These youth were brought together for 48 hours to figure out how to inspire all youth from every area in Canada to be more responsible citizens. The answer: give youth a chance to share their voice and they will take action. And so, the Our Canada Project was born.
OCP can be used to share with all Canadians the work you and your students are doing, big or small, individually or collectively, to make Canada a better place.
On October 15th, 2012, Learning for a Sustainable Future hosted a Youth Rountable in Toronto, which was attended by 22 delegates from across Canada. The session was co-hosted with Deloitte. The purpose of the session was to engage youth in conversations about responsible citizenship, and how best to inspire all Canadians to take action toward a more sustainable Canada.
The delegates designed an innovative call to action in the form of an online sharing platform titled the Our Canada Project. This new project was launched at the What's Worth Knowing: Educating for Responsible Citizenship Symposium on Monday, May 13th, 2013 in Toronto. The Our Canada Project encourages all Canadians to engage in "conversations about the future" and actions that model responsible citizenship.
Through the Our Canada Project, Canadians are invited to upload and share with others their vision for a sustainable Canada and the actions they will take, or have taken, to bring Canada closer to their vision. All individuals, schools and school groups, and organizations, are invited to join the Our Canada Project! The format for submissions involves their Identity, Vision, and Action (including multimedia uploads) for Our Canada.
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Do you know what "The sooner, the better" means? Have you heard other English sentences like this?
Ron, an American, and his Chinese friend Jen are planning a party:
Ron: So, Jen, when should we have the party?
Jen: Sooner is better!
Jen: That's an idiom, right?
Ron: Oh! Not exactly…I think you want to say, "The sooner, the better."
Jen: But that doesn't make sense. There's no verb!
Ron: Yes, that's right. This is a special construction.
Jen: How does it work?
Ron: Well, you say "the" and then one comparative, then another "the" and another comparative. The meaning is as you said: comparative is comparative.
Jen: So "the bigger the better" means "Bigger is better," right?
Jen: Do we always have to use "better" as the second comparative.
Ron: No, but it's the most common. Try to say this: "More is merrier."
Jen: Are there other ways to do this?
Ron: Yeah, there's a slightly longer construction.
Jen: Can you give me an example?
Ron: Sure. One idiomatic expression is, "The bigger they are, the harder they fall." It still starts with "the" and a comparative, but adds a subject and verb.
Jen: Another example, please, that's not an idiom.
Ron: Let's see…my friend from the states is coming to visit this summer. So I could say, "The closer summer gets, the more excited I get."
Jen: Oh, I get it. So about our party: The better we plan, the more fun it is?
Ron: Wow, Jen! Good job.
Jen: It's nothing, really. The more I do it, the easier it gets.
Ron: Stop! Enough!
Often, idioms are based on vocabulary. This is a kind of "idiomatic grammar," where we break the rules of grammar for a special effect.
Here are some more sentences. Try to turn them unto the "the…the…" construction.
1. Earlier is better.
2. Redder is sweeter (like a strawberry).
3. Cleaner is healthier.
4. Slower is safer.
5. Steadier is better.
6. If I work harder, I get more tired.
7. If you start sooner, you'll finish earlier.
8. If you eat less, you'll get slimmer.
9. If you have to work less, you can relax more.
10. If you produce more, you'll get paid better.
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION OR WRITING:
1. Do you have any "idiomatic grammar" in your language?
2. Do you know other examples of this in English?
3. Write some short dialogues that end with the answers below. Act them out with a friend. Example (using number 2)
A: Oooo, strawberries! I love them!
B: Me, too. And these are so red!
A: Yeah, and the redder, the sweeter!
ANSWERS TO THE PRACTICE:
1. The earlier, the better.
2. The redder, the sweeter.
3. The cleaner, the healthier.
4. The slower, the safer.
5. The steadier, the better.
6. The harder I work, the more tired I get.
7. The sooner you start, the earlier you'll finish.
8. The less you eat, the slimmer you'll get.
9. The less you have to work, the more you can relax.
10. The more you produce, the better you'll get paid.
[Note that in 1-5, the comma is not absolutely necessary. You can write them "The earlier the better," etc.]
This lesson is ©2012 by James Baquet. You may share this work freely. Teachers may use it in the classroom, as long as students are told the source (URL). You may not publish this material or sell it. Please write to me if you have any questions about "fair use."
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For years scientists have wrestled with a puzzling fact: The universe appears to be remarkably suited for life. Its physical properties are finely tuned to permit our existence. Stars, planets and the kind of sticky chemistry that produces fish, ferns and folks wouldn't be possible if some of the cosmic constants were only slightly different.
Well, there's another property of the universe that's equally noteworthy: It's set up in a way that keeps everyone isolated.
We learned this relatively recently. The big discovery took place in 1838, when Friedrich Bessel beat out his telescope-wielding buddies to first measure the distance to a star other than the sun. 61 Cygni, a binary star in our own back yard, turned out to be about 11 light-years away. For those who, like Billy Joel, are fond of models, think of it this way: If you shrank the sun to a ping-pong ball and set it down in New York's Central Park, 61 Cygni would be a slightly smaller ball near Denver.
The distances between adjacent stars are measured in tens of trillions of miles. The distances between adjacent civilizations, even assuming that there are lots of them out there, are measured in thousands of trillions of miles hundreds of light-years, to use a more tractable unit. Note that this number doesn't change much no matter how many planets you believe are studded with sentients the separation distance is pretty much the same whether you think there are ten thousand galactic societies or a million.
Interstellar distances are big. Had the physics of the universe been different if the gravitational constant were smaller maybe suns would have been sprinkled far closer together, and a trip to your starry neighbors would have been no more than a boring rocket ride, kind of like cruising to Sydney. As it is, no matter what your level of technology, traveling between the stars is a tough assignment. To hop from one to the next at the speed of our snazziest chemical rockets takes close to 100,000 years. For any aliens who have managed to amass the enormous energy reserves and ponderous radiation shielding required for relativistic spaceflight, the travel time is still measured in years (if not for them, then for those they've left behind).
This has some obvious consequences (which, remarkably, have escaped the attention of most Hollywood writers.) To begin with, forget about galactic "empires" or more politically-correct "federations." Two thousand years ago, the Romans clubbed together an empire that stretched from Spain to Iraq, with a radius of about 1,200 miles. They could do this thanks to organization and civil engineering. All those roads (not to mention the Mediterranean) allowed them to move troops around at a few miles an hour. Even the most distant Roman realms could be reached in months or less, or about one percent the lifetime of your average legionnaire. It makes sense to undertake campaigns designed to hold together an extensive social fabric when doing so requires only a percent or so of a lifetime.
In the 19th century, steamships and railroads increased the troop travel speeds by a factor of ten, which extended the radius of control by a similar amount. The British could rule an empire that was world-wide.
But here's the kicker: Even if we could move people around at nearly the speed of light, this "one percent rule" would still limit our ability to effectively intervene our radius of control to distances of less than a light-year, considerably short of the span to even the nearest star other than Sol. Consequently, the Galactic Federation is a fiction (as if you didn't know). Despite being warned that Cardassian look-alikes were wreaking havoc and destruction in the galaxy's Perseus Arm, you couldn't react quickly enough to affect the outcome. And your conscripts would be worm feed long before they arrived on the front lines anyway.
In other words, aliens won't be getting in one another's face.
There's a similar argument to be made for communication. We seldom initiate information interchange that takes longer than months (an overseas letter, for instance). More generally, we seldom begin any well-defined project that lasts more than two or three generations. The builders of medieval cathedrals were willing to spend that kind of time to complete their gothic edifices, and those who bury time capsules are occasionally willing to let a hundred years pass before the canisters are dug up. But what about a project that takes several centuries, and possibly millennia? Who's willing to do that? Only Stewart Brand's "Long Now Foundation" seems to have the guts for this type of enterprise, proposing to build a clock that will keep time for ten thousand years.
Clearly, these simple observations must have implications for SETI which, as we noted, involves transmissions that will be underway for hundreds to thousands of years. In particular, if there are signals being bandied about the galaxy for purposes of getting in touch, either (1) the aliens are individually much longer-lived than we are, which if you're a fan of circuit-board sentience implies that they're probably not biological. Or (2) we're missing some important physics permitting faster-than-light communication, and extraterrestrial signaling efforts don't include burping light and radio waves into space.
Many readers will, in a display of endearing perversity, choose (2). Maybe they're right, but that flies in the face of what we know. And what we know argues something worth bantering about at your next cocktail party namely, that the time scales for travel and communication are too long for easy interaction with beings whose lifetimes are, like us, only a century or less. So while the cosmos could easily be rife with intelligent life the architecture of the universe, and not some Starfleet Prime Directive, has ensured precious little interference of one culture with another.
- Video: Virgin Galactic: Let The Journey Begin
- Video Player: A World in the Habitable Zone
- SPACE.com -- Future of Flight
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A Dark Future for Syria’s Children
Amina Kamel will never forget her last day of school. In January, the 20-year-old pharmacy student was at Aleppo University preparing for an exam when two explosions rocked the campus, killing more than 50 people. Kamel recalls the cries of her classmates, and the pandemonium that erupted as the students tried to flee their classrooms.
“We didn’t even know which way to run because of our panic, but when we reached the door to get outside that’s when I saw the blood … and the bodies,” she recalls, shaking her head and clenching her teeth. One of her friends was among the dead. The explosion had left his body unrecognizable even to his family. “It makes me so angry, just sick,” she says. “I remember thinking ‘no, this is a university. This is our place.’ [The students are] not on either side of the war.”
At the time, the government and the rebels each blamed the other side for the bombing. But given the information on the weapons involved, it is likely that Assad’s air force mistakenly targeted the university.
This dynamic has manifested itself throughout the conflict, most recently with each side blaming the other for the reported use of chemical weapons in an attack this month that may have killed more than one thousand civilians and ignited international demands for intervention. On Saturday, President Obama reached out to Congress seeking approval for targeted strikes in Syria. Congress will reconvene on Sept. 9—just a week before the school year resumes in Syria—to make a decision about military intervention.
Located in a regime-controlled area of the city, Aleppo University has become a safe haven for students whose families have fled other areas of conflict within Syria. Despite the January bombing and other attacks, the university has kept its doors open throughout the conflict, and is expected to resume classes in a few weeks, once summer break is over.
But the students at Aleppo University are among the lucky few. Millions of Syrian students have put their education on hold because of the war. Schools have been destroyed; neighborhoods uprooted, and many now live displaced lives, either within the country or as refugees abroad. According to UNICEF, one in five schools (PDF) in Syria have been destroyed, damaged, or converted into shelters. Of the 4 million Syrians who are internally displaced, more than two-thirds (PDF) are children. For those who have fled abroad, more than more than half the estimated 1.5 million refugees are children younger than18.
Like many other countries in North Africa and the Middle East, Syria is a disproportionately young country, with more than half the population younger than 24. Parents and local aid groups try to provide some form of education for the children, despite the violence and chaos, in order to maintain even just a small measure of normalcy for the kids. In the rebel-controlled Syrian town of al-Bab, for example, more than six schools have been bombed by Assad’s air force, yet parents and community leaders defiantly started “bunker schools” last fall—running basic elementary schools and offering playtime for the kids in secured concrete underground cells.
“Our children don’t deserve this. They deserve their right to an education just like American children,” said one parent who volunteers at one of the bunker schools. Talking about the future in Syria for his son and three young daughters, his eyes filled with tears.
Outside Syria, UNHCR is coordinating primary education for children in refugee camps in Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon. In Jordan’s notorious Zaatari refugee camp, UNICEF estimates (PDF) that one in 10 of every registered refugee is under the age of 3. “We are incredibly concerned about the situation for Syrian children, who make up the majority of those affected by the violence, and thus, we have put much of the focus of our operations on the safety, education, and mental and physical health of the children,” said UNHCR spokesperson Sybella Wilkes by phone.
For Kamel, a science buff, the government’s bombing of her university changed everything. Not only did she lose a childhood friend, she lost a hard-fought-for education. “I’m the first of my family to go to college,” she said with pride.
Her father, who fought with her conservative brothers to defend her right to an education, relented after the bombing. “The attack was too much for him,” she said. After the bombing, her father forced her to leave Syria and join her family across the border in Turkey. (Her hometown of Marreh, a small town near Aleppo, pushed out Assad’s forces last fall, but the Syrian government’s bombardments of Marreh and other “liberated towns” had eventually become too much for her family and, like thousands of other Syrians, they had fled to Turkey where they are currently living in a refugee camp in Gaziantep.)
Now, when she brings up the subject of university or continuing her studies, he insists that she get married and move on with her life.
“The day of the attack might have been my last day of school … Forever,” she said.
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Hill, David J.; Hosking, Clifford S.
Fussing and crying, especially in the evening, are normal developmental phenomena in infants in the first 3 months of life (1). Unexplained paroxysms of irritability, fussing, or crying that persist for more than 3 hours a day, for more than 3 days a week (2) are said to represent a separate clinical condition termed colic (3). During such episodes the legs may be drawn up to the abdomen, and the infant may become flushed. Abdominal distension and increased passage of flatus are often noted. However, the term colic implies a mechanism responsible for the distress displayed by these infants. Such a mechanism has never been demonstrated. For this reason many recent workers have referred to these infants as exhibiting crying, fussing, or distressed behavior.
In the following discussion the term colic will be used interchangeably with each of these terms, although it is to be emphasized that use of this term in no way implies the cause of the infant's distress.
Table 1 shows the varying incidences of colic reported from different countries (4). Most infants in these studies had severe colic, although no criteria have yet defined mild, moderate, or severe colic.
Broadly, pediatricians managing infantile colic take one of two approaches: 1) They assume that colic is an extreme form of normal crying behavior. The abdominal distension and excess flatus are attributed to air swallowing. Colic is managed with a behavioral approach. 2) They assume that colic is an entity distinct from normal crying behavior and results from an adverse reaction to foods.
This review will discuss:
1. Evidence that infants with colic differ significantly in their pattern of distressed behavior from noncolicky infants.
2. The incidence of colic in children with known food allergy.
3. The incidence of food allergy in children with colic.
4. The outcome of trials focusing on the dietary management of colic.
5. The outcome of studies involving behavior modification in colic.
6. The outcome of a preliminary trial of modification of maternal diet in very young infants with colic.
7. Findings of a systematic review of different treatments for colic.
Some of the data presented in this paper have been published elsewhere (5).
EVIDENCE THAT INFANTS WITH COLIC DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY IN THEIR PATTERN OF DISTRESSED BEHAVIOR FROM NONCOLICKY INFANTS
Brazelton (1) used parental recording on crying charts to document the natural history of distressed behavior in infancy. Figure 1 summarizes the pattern of distressed or fussing behavior in a group of 80 noncolicky infants studied in the first 12 weeks of life. Brazelton showed how distressed behavior frequently deteriorated until the children were approximately 6 weeks of age and then gradually improved. Both he and Wessel et al. (2) described the predominance of fussing behavior during the late afternoon and evening, although Wessel noted that distress was not confined to this period in one third of infants. As will be discussed, our studies suggest that this pattern of distress may be influenced by whether the infant is breast or formula fed.
Brazelton contrasted the pattern of distressed behavior in noncolicky normal infants with that of a group of colicky infants. He found that the colicky infant's distress was more marked, peaked later than the normal age of 6 weeks, and persisted to the 12-week follow-up (1).
The distress diaries of Wessel et al. and Brazelton were not validated against objective methods for measuring crying; however, Barr et al. (6) developed a 24-hour crying chart validated against objective measurements of infant distress. This group compared information recorded by parents on specifically designed crying data sheets with data voice-activated audio-tape recordings (VAR) of negative vocalizations (i.e., crying) during a 24-hour period. Their study of 10 infants showed a moderate correlation between VAR “negative” vocalization clusters and (1) the frequency of diary-recorded episodes of crying or fussing behavior (R = +0.64;P = 0.03) and (2) the duration of crying (R = +0.67;P = 0.02).
Elimination of one outlier considerably strengthened the correlation between the VAR objective data and episodes of crying-fussing behavior (R = +0.85) and duration of crying (R = +0.90). Using these validated crying charts, Hunziker and Barr (7) confirmed the natural history of distressed behavior previously described by Brazelton (1).
Recent studies from our center have compared the pattern and duration of distressed behavior in a group of 30 colicky and noncolicky infants (8). Figure 2 shows the higher levels of distressed behavior in the colicky infants compared with that in the noncolicky infants. The findings were confirmed in a separate group of 90 colicky infants. The evaluation of distressed behavior on an hour-by-hour basis confirmed the predominance of nocturnal symptoms, but similar to Hide and Guyer (9), we found colic and distressed behavior frequently occurred in colicky infants during other periods (Fig. 3). Table 2 shows the duration of distress broken down into 6-hour periods, highlighting the increased distress in colicky compared with noncolicky infants over these four 6-hour periods.
COMPARISON OF TIMINGS OF DISTRESS BETWEEN BREAST-FED AND BOTTLE-FED COLICKY INFANTS
In our colicky patients, the levels of distress at different times during 24 hours were compared between the formula-fed and breast-fed infants. Although the median total distress levels were similar during 24 hours (300 minutes vs. 325 minutes), formula-fed infants showed more distress before 12 noon than breast-fed infants (90 vs. 55 min;P = 0.05), whereas breast-fed infants were more distressed than bottle-fed infants after noon (263 minutes vs. 150 minutes;P = 0.03). When results were analyzed on an hourly basis, formula-fed infants showed significantly more distress at 9:00 A.M. (P = 0.01). In Figure 4, levels of distress behavior are shown during 6-hour periods. The bottle-fed colicky infants showed no significant difference in median distress times during these four 6-hour periods (20 minutes, 75 minutes, 60 minutes, 105 minutes), whereas, breast-fed infants showed more distress in the two 6-hour periods after 12 noon (10 minutes, 30 minutes, 95 minutes, 120 minutes;Fig. 4).
Relevant to these observations Axelsson et al. (10) noted that β-lactoglobulin appeared in the breast milk 4 hours after cow's milk ingestion, but the highest concentrations of β-lactoglobulin in breast milk were found 8 to 12 hours after ingestion. Paganelli et al. (11) demonstrated cow's milk–complexed antigen rapidly appeared in the serum within an hour of ingestion. Thus, if milk protein intolerance contributes to distress behavior, formula feeding with high-dose antigen exposure is more likely to elicit a rapid-onset distress response than is prolonged low-dose antigen exposure through breast milk. These observations are consistent with the different timing of distress behavior in our breast-fed and bottle-fed infants with colic.
Together these data suggest that the distressed behavior of colicky infants may not simply represent an exaggeration of the normal distressed pattern of noncolicky infants. Hunziker and Barr (7) reported that “supplemental carrying” reduced distress behavior in noncolicky infants but this was not found in colicky infants (12), results that are consistent with this hypothesis.
INCIDENCE OF COLIC IN CHILDREN WITH KNOWN FOOD ALLERGY
Studies from our group have used cow's milk allergy (CMA) as a model of food allergy. Description of the effects of cow's milk challenge in young children with suspected CMA demonstrate the diverse manifestations of this disorder (13). Associated markers of immune hypersensitivity mechanisms have also been reported (14–17). In a sequential group of 100 patients with challenge-proven CMA (median age, 16.2 months) 44% of infants displayed irritable and colicky behavior during the cow's milk challenge procedure (13).
A clustering algorithm (K-means) identified three groups of patients with common clinical features (13). Predominant clinical findings in each of the three groups of patients along with relevant immunologic markers are shown in Tables 3 and 4. Children who had immediate reactions (group 1), reacted to small volumes of cow's milk within 1 hour of beginning the cow's milk challenge procedure. In contrast, the children in group 2 (intermediate reactors) usually tolerated 60 to 200 ml of cow's milk before symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea developed over several hours. The third group of patients usually tolerated near-normal volumes of cow's milk for 24 to 72 hours before symptoms of CMA developed.
From these data, each of the groups showed statistically significant differences in incidence of challenge-induced skin eruptions, vomiting, diarrhea, and respiratory symptoms. By contrast, the incidence of distressed behavior (i.e., colic elicited by cow's milk challenge) was the same in the three groups. As shown in Table 3, each of the clinical groups exhibited different immunologic features. Thus, colic is not associated with any one immunologic marker of CMA, in that the children with immunoglobulin (Ig)E immediate-type hypersensitivity (group 1), non-IgE–associated enteropathy (group 2), or delayed onset T-cell associated disease (group 3) all showed features of colic.
One other point to emerge from these studies was that children with hypersensitivity to cow's milk frequently demonstrated similar reactions to other foods, including eggs, peanuts, nuts, wheat, soy formula, and extensively hydrolyzed casein and whey hydrolysate preparations (18,19).
Thus, children with true CMA often show colic and distressed behavior as one manifestation of the disease. It remains less clear how many children with colic, putatively due to CMA, fail to display other manifestations of CMA.
INCIDENCE OF FOOD ALLERGY IN CHILDREN WITH COLIC
Iacono et al. (20) put 70 cow's milk formula–fed infants with severe colic on a soy milk formula. After 1 week, the parents of 50 of the infants reported improvement of colic that relapsed within 24 hours after cow's milk was reintroduced into the infants' diets. Within 3 weeks, 8 of 50 infants showed effects of soy allergy, and at the age of 9 months, 18 of 50 patients had other symptoms of CMA at challenge. Only 1 of 20 of the patients in whom colic did not respond initially to soy milk showed other features of CMA (P < 0.02).
Lothe et al. (21) noted a similar phenomenon. Of 43 infants with colic who responded to exclusion of cow's milk, 18% showed other features of CMA by the age of 6 months and 13% retained these features to at least 12 months of age.
Although the severity of colic at initial examination in these infants may have overshadowed other minor features of CMA, it is more likely that colic represented one early manifestation of true food protein hypersensitivity.
Sleep disturbance is a major feature in infants with colic. Kahn et al. (22) identified 15 (median age, 13 months) in whom sleep disturbance resolved within 5 weeks of beginning a cow's milk–free diet. In a subsequent double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge, this sleep disturbance recurred within 4 days of the reintroduction of cow's milk. The effect of milk exclusion and reintroduction was monitored by the use of polysomnographs to document arousal and sleep disturbance patterns and was evaluated by measurement of skin water evaporation during non–rapid-eye-movement sleep. Gastroesophageal reflux and other cardiorespiratory dysrhythmias as a source of the distressed sleep pattern were excluded. Kahn et al. did not determine how many children had symptoms other than sleep disturbance and distressed behavior after reintroduction of cow's milk, but more than half showed features of eczema, vomiting, and diarrhea before receiving the cow's milk–free diet.
TRIALS OF DIETARY MANAGEMENT OF COLIC
After a preliminary study (23), Jakobsson et al. (24) noted that one third of breast-fed colicky infants had remission and then relapse of colic when mothers excluded and subsequently reintroduced cow's milk. Evans et al. (25), however, were unable to confirm these findings but associated increased colic with increased variety of foods in the maternal diet. Maternal ingestion of cow's milk, egg, chocolate, fruit, and nuts was implicated in producing symptoms. Lothe et al. (21) reported that 11 of 60 colicky infants receiving cow's milk formula responded to soy formula; another 32 improved after administration of a casein hydrolysate formula. These preliminary studies have been criticized because some of the populations were selected (25), the numbers were too small to identify a real effect (26), the protocol was not truly double-blind (22), and objective data of crying or fussing behavior were not obtained (26).
Other investigations of the role of diet in colic have addressed some of these shortcomings. Lothe et al. (27) implemented a 5-day cow's milk–free diet using casein hydrolysate. A marked diminution of distress symptoms occurred in 24 of 27 colicky infants. In these infants, the total crying time decreased from 5.6 hours to 0.7 hours (P < 0.001). The 24 responding infants then entered into a randomized, double-blind crossover trial of whey protein formula. The active or placebo challenge was conducted on a single day with an intervening 3-day washout period. Crying and disturbed sleep were more prevalent in the whey-feeding phase (whey, 3.2 ± 2.4 hours vs. placebo 1.0 ± 1.6 hours); (P < 0.01). Of the 24 infants challenged, 18 (two thirds of the original study population) demonstrated increased distress on challenge with milk protein.
In a crossover design of 17 colicky infants, Forsyth (28) ensured the smell of formula would not lead to unblinding of the study. Casein hydrolysate, or casein hydrolysate and cow's milk formula were fed alternately for four periods, each of which lasted 4 days. Significant decreases in distressed behavior were noted in the first two formula-change periods only. During the four formula challenge periods, only two (11.8%) of the infants showed a reproducible effect of formula change on colic behavior. Previously, Lothe et al. (21) had suggested approximately 25% of infants with colic responded to dietary change.
The conclusions of Forsyth's study have been questioned because of the small number of patients studied and the accuracy of diary recording for 16 days. In addition, critics have noted that the volume of milk protein administered in challenge was only half that normally provided to infants of this age. Furthermore, the effect of returning these infants to normal volumes of cow's milk formula upon completion of the study was not recorded. Forsyth concluded that diet was likely to be only one factor in the causation of colic (28). He particularly drew attention to the feelings of helplessness, frustration, and decreased confidence in parenting ability that parents of colicky patients experience. Results of these studies are summarized in Table 5.
STUDIES OF BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION IN COLIC
In a series of studies, Taubman (29) demonstrated the effectiveness of parental counseling in the management of distressed infants. In the first phase of a study of 21 colicky infants, he found that parental counseling reduced distressed behavior to an extent similar to that of introduction of a cow's milk–free diet. In the second phase of his study, however, patients who had received only dietary treatment in the first phase returned to their prestudy diets while their parents received counseling. The distressed behavior of these infants with diet-responsive colic further decreased with parental counseling. Taubman concluded that in many infants who have colic the crying results from parental misinterpretation of infant cries and is not caused primarily by milk protein allergy. The relatively small number of patients in this study and the difficulty of blinding counseling procedures bring the validity and generalizability of Taubman's findings into question. Nevertheless, they emphasize the importance of parental counseling in the management of infantile colic.
Hunziker and Barr (7) also implied that distressed behavior in infancy reflects parental misinterpretation of normal crying behavior. After their observation that normal infants showed less crying behavior when regularly nurtured by supplemental carrying, Barr et al. (12) studied the effect of supplemental carrying on 66 colicky infants. Overall, the treatment group carried their infants 6.1 hours per day (2.2 hours more than the control group) throughout the intervention period. At 6 weeks of age, when a significant effect of treatment was expected, none could be shown. Hunziker and Barr concluded that this difference in response to carrying may be due to an underlying pathologic process such as protein hypersensitivity or irritable bowel.
Studies by Rautava et al. (30) suggest an important role for maternal distress during pregnancy and childbirth and unsatisfactory sexual relationships, but not for sociodemographic factors, in the cause of colic in Finnish infants. Wolke et al. (31) examined the effect of different behavior strategies in 92 mother and colicky infant pairs. After 3 months, all of the infants' distress had improved. Infants whose mothers received advice on behavior modification had a 51% reduction in distress, however, compared with infants of those mothers received empathic support (37%) and infants in the control group (35%). Of note, all but 3 of the 92 infants in this study were ingesting hypoallergenic formula during the study period. Thus, although behavior modification clearly reduced distress in this cohort of colicky infants, the role of hypoallergenic formula in influencing the outcome of the study was not examined. The results of these studies are summarized in Table 6.
The Melbourne Colic Study
The role of diet was examined in an investigation of 115 colicky infants who reported distress for more than 3 hours per day for more than 3 days per week for more than 3 weeks (32). Infants were referred from community-based pediatric facilities and were studied during a 1-week period. All mothers of breast-fed infants were provided an artificial color-free, preservative-free, additive-free diet program. In addition, those assigned the active low-allergen diet excluded not only cow's milk but also other common food allergens including egg, wheat, peanut, nuts, fish, and shellfish. Formula-fed infants were assigned a casein hydrolysate preparation (low-allergen diet) or cow's milk–based formula. In the double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the response to diet was assessed by comparing the level of distress behavior at the outset and at the end of 1-week diet treatment. Parents recorded distress levels on the previously validated infant distress charts described earlier.
If successful outcome was defined as a reduction in distress of 25% or more, after adjusting for age and feeding mode, infants with an active diet had a significantly higher rate of improvement than those with the control diet (odds ratio [OR] = 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–5.0;P = 0.03). In addition, the results were assessed by comparing the distress ratio on day 8 to that on day 1 for infants assigned the active diet, compared with those assigned the control diet. Distress was reduced by 39% (95% CI [26–50]) in infants receiving the active diet compared with 16% (95% CI, [0–30]) for those consuming the control diet. After adjusting for age and feeding mode, these differences proved statistically significant (P = 0.012). This finding translates into a median reduction of 117 minutes in distress scores for infants consuming the active diet, compared with 46 minutes for those consuming the control diet.
Those results were achieved by studying a cohort of infants whose contact was restricted to the study period. Subjects entered the study irrespective of previous use of anticolic medications, dietary manipulation, or presence of psychosocial factors likely to contribute to colic. The findings have general applicability, because infants were referred by community-based pediatricians, family practitioners, and child health practitioners. They had distress times comparable to infants in other investigations of diet and behavior intervention strategies in colic.
The apparent benefits of diet in this study must be tempered by the following limitations of the study, however. First, a high withdrawal rate was noted with 36 infants not completing the full study, though no difference was observed whether active or control diets were assigned to patients, nor did socioeconomic factors differ between the withdrawals and those who completed the study. Second, in determining sample size, based on the data available, the incidence of spontaneous improvement in colic was underestimated by as much as 30% in the different groups. This meant that only one group of patients (breast-fed infants older than 6 weeks) included a sufficient number of patients to adequately test the effect of diet in different subgroups.
One striking feature that emerged from the study was the difference in the effect of the two diet programs on breast-fed infants less than 6 weeks of age. In this age group, only infants receiving the active diet decreased their distress, whereas those with the control diet increased distress during the study period. The breast-fed infants younger than 6 weeks of age receiving the active diet decreased distress by 24% (73 minutes per 24 hours), whereas those consuming the control diet increased distress by 34% (67 minutes per 24 hours). This difference in the response to diet was statistically significant (P = 0.006). When these data were examined according to whether the infants reduced distress by 25% or more, 9 of 12 infants assigned the active diet reduced distress according to this parameter, whereas only 1 of 10 assigned the control diet achieved this reduction (P = 0.015).
The findings of this study suggest that diet is one factor that contributes to colic in infants, but it was unclear whether this effect was global or whether only a subpopulation of distressed infants are responsive. The results suggest that, in particular, breast-fed infants younger than 6 weeks of age may benefit from this intervention; in older infants, the incidence of spontaneous remission of colic is such that a large number of patients must be studied to detect an effect of diet change. These findings suggest that some infants have colic because of transient protein intolerance that improves, beginning at approximately 6 weeks of age.
In our study, the degree of dietary restriction on mothers with breast-feeding infants was severe. If this approach is to be followed for more than 1 week, nutritional support for such mothers is essential.
DIET MODIFICATION IN VERY YOUNG COLICKY INFANTS
The Melbourne Colic Study identified a group of very young infants, less than 6 weeks of age, whose distress improved markedly if mothers consumed a low-allergen diet. In a subsequent open pilot study, mothers of 17 breast-fed colicky infants less than 6 weeks of age were given a low-allergen diet for 2 weeks. The low-allergen diet was that used in The Melbourne Colic Study, but, to ensure optimal nutrition, it was supplemented by an amino acid–based preparation, Elemental O28 (SHS, Liverpool, UK). This ensured that daily energy intake exceeded 2600 calories, whereas the previous low-allergen diet used in The Melbourne Colic Study provided only 1900 calories per day and was inadequate for prolonged use.
Of the 17 patients, 9 showed reduced distress behavior by more than 25% during the study period; 7 of these infants demonstrated relapse of distress behavior within 48 hours after the maternal diet was normalized. These results are summarized in Table 7. The significance of these findings and their clinical application must now be tested prospectively.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS IN COLIC
A recent systematic review (33) of more than 300 research articles on the treatment of infantile colic confirmed that hypoallergenic milk formula but not antacids alone or low lactose formula were effective in the treatment of colic. However, dicyclomine, an anticholinergic agent, was found in this review to be the most effective treatment for colic. This drug cannot be recommended because of the potential serious side effects it may have in an essentially self-limiting condition. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of a drug that alters gut motility may give a clue to the mechanism of distress in some infants with colic. These data, combined with the observation that infants who are destined for the development of colic show increased levels of the gut hormone motilin, which modulates gastrointestinal motility, in blood at birth as well as in infants with colic (34) should stimulate new studies on the role of gut motility in the cause of distress behavior in colicky infants.
Colic is a clinical entity that can be defined and quantified. No general consensus has emerged about its cause, which is likely to be multifactorial. The two major schools of thought attribute colic to either a disturbance in the parent–child interaction (behavioral) or a food protein hypersensitivity reaction (allergy) with perhaps either or both these effects manifesting in an infant predisposed to gut motility disturbance. The following observations may help to reconcile the apparent differences between these conflicting views.
First, Barr et al. (12) observed that colicky infants younger than 6 weeks respond poorly to a form of behavior modification shown to benefit normal crying infants (6). Second, Forsyth (28) noted that the response to diet change in formula-fed infants with colic is transient. Our group's study (32) demonstrated that breast-fed infants less than 6 weeks of age respond particularly well to a hypoallergenic diet. Finally, Wolke et al. (30) noted that older infants with excessive crying who were ingesting hypoallergenic formula diets responded to behavior modification.
Thus, we hypothesize that in colicky infants, transient food protein intolerance associated with disturbance in gut motility in the first weeks of life (34) leads to distress that may then persist, due to behavior patterns and secondary disturbance in parent-infant interactions.
Question: The association with colic and possibly CMA and diet is intriguing. Undeniably, a group of patients with colic improve while consuming a hydrolized formula such as Nutramigen. Is it possible that the mechanism is physiologic rather than immunologic? Does the size of the particle and the ease of absorption through the gastrointestinal tract determine whether there is an immunologic reaction and ergo a diagnosis of CMA?
Dr. Hill: With regard to immunologic markers associated with colic, I am not aware of any systematic studies that have examined the possible basis of food protein intolerance in these infants.
Question: If we assume that there is an improvement in some cases of colic when the infant is fed a hydrolized formula, the mechanism by which that occurs is not necessarily immunologic.
Dr. Hill: There are two studies that highlight the importance of intolerance to milk protein, compared with some other component of cow's milk formula or breast milk, as the cause of colic. The first, by Jakobsson (23), showed that, in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, when whey protein in gelatin capsules was reintroduced to the mother's diet after exclusion of cow's milk from the maternal diet, the patient experienced a relapse of colic. The other study in bottle-fed infants by Lothe et al. (27) showed remission of symptoms on exclusion of cow's milk from infants' diets, and relapse when lactose-free whey protein in capsules was reintroduced. Sequential analysis of both these studies showed a high correlation between infantile colic and exposure to milk protein.
Question: How about those patients who improve with hydrolyzed formula? What is their subsequent clinical course? Do they have other manifestations of CMA?
Dr. Hill: Iacono et al. (20) and Lothe et al. (21) showed that 20% to 40% of infants with colic who respond to a milk-exclusion diet show other features of cow's milk protein intolerance when challenged 3 to 6 months after initial diagnosis.
Question: Did they look at predictors of allergy in the infants, such as family history of allergic disease or poor IgE, in the patients who did not respond to the change in diet?
Dr. Hill: No.
Question: How about the effect of adding counseling to diet changes. Has that been looked at?
Dr. Hill: Yes. Taubman's (29) data compared the effect of counseling and change in diet in 20 infants (median age, 6 weeks) who were studied for 9 days. A significant decline in distress levels was noted in the 10 infants whose parents received counseling and in the 10 breast-feeding infants whose mothers were placed on a cow's milk–free diet or bottle-fed infants who received casein hydrolyzed formula. The number of patients and the design of the study make it unclear whether these effects of diet change and counseling may be additive.
Question: This suggests that the effect of counseling might be additive.
Dr. Hill: Taubman's (29) data and the data of Wolke et al. (31) confirm the importance of parental counseling in the management of colic.
Question: Are there features that distinguish the child who is going to be responsive to counseling versus the one who is not going to respond? What is the role of diet?
Dr. Hill: In the Melbourne Colic Study (32) the subgroup of infants who did best were those breast-fed infants less than 6 weeks of age whose mothers received a low-allergen diet. There is good evidence that much distress behavior in infants starts remitting after the age of 6 weeks. Together, these findings suggest that much colic during this period may be due to a dietary protein intolerance which may be a transient phenomenon. Perhaps the continuing distress behavior, which responds to parental counseling, reflects a secondary disturbance in family dynamics consequent upon distress in infancy. These observations should be tested prospectively.
Question: What is your interpretation of the efficacy of low-lactose formulas for infants? What do you think of the trenchant lactose intolerance that was originally alluded to in some reports?
Dr. Hill: Data from a Cochrane evidence-based medicine review of treatments of infantile colic found a low-lactose diet was not of benefit in the management of infants with colic behavior (33).
Comment: We have looked at a few children who are clearly IgE-mediated cow's milk sensitive, who respond on challenge to cow's milk, who drink lactose-free formula, and who have positive skin test responses to cow's milk formula and negative skin test responses to lactose-free formula. These children also respond when fed the enzyme in cow's milk, lactase. Apparently, a single company in New Zealand provides this lactose-free formula. They use a process that involves heating and some denaturation that does something to the protein as well as taking the lactose out. Clearly, this lactose-free formula is not just lactose-free.
Question: I almost never hear low socioeconomic status families reporting colic. Is this an observation you have made? Also, do you think there is a population of children who never see a specialist and who are put through “formula roulette” by the general practitioner or pediatrician who tries rotating the infant through a number of formulas until the level of the infant's irritability is acceptable to the family? Do you think there are a large number of infants who are probably responding adversely to their formulae but who never see a physician?
Dr. Hill: These questions can be addressed by conducting community-based studies. Participants in such research programs are probably going to be of middle-class socioeconomic status. One can expect that other factors, particularly disturbance in family dynamics, are greater in low socioeconomic status families; one can only guess at the impact of this disturbance on colic behavior in infants. Prospective studies should further define a group of infants who are likely to be most responsive to dietary intervention measures. Once those clinical profiles have been defined, the practice of formula roulette should be minimized.
Question: Are the patients in the Melbourne study involved in a long-term follow-up study as well? What would such a study show?
Dr. Hill: The Melbourne Colic Study was only of 1 week's duration. We have not had the opportunity to observe these patients long-term. I have referred to the long-term studies of Iacono et al. (20) and Lothe et al. (27) showing that 20% to 40% of infants with colic who respond to dietary exclusion programs subsequently show features of true cow's milk protein intolerance 3 to 6 months after initial diagnosis when challenged with cow's milk protein.
The authors thank Penny Millar for her assistance.
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Lending credence to the old adage about eating an apple a day, a new study finds that women who ate the fruit daily saw improvements in cholesterol levels and markers of inflammation — suggesting a lower risk of heart disease — in a year’s time.
The study, conducted by researchers at Florida State University, involved 160 women who were randomly assigned to eat about 2.7 ounces (75 g) of dried apples or prunes (dried plums) daily. Researchers did blood tests at the three-, six- and 12-month marks to measure heart-risk factors. (More on TIME.com: The Updated Egg: Less Cholesterol, But Is It a ‘Healthy’ Food?)
After a year, the women who ate dried apples had lowered their total cholesterol by 14%; their levels of LDL (or “bad”) cholesterol had fallen by 23%, and their levels of HDL (or good) cholesterol had increased by about 4%. Participants also experienced a 32% decline in C-reactive protein, an indicator of inflammation in the body and a risk factor for heart disease.
The women who ate prunes saw also slight reductions in these risk factors, but not to the same extent as those who ate apples, said study author and professor of nutrition Bahram H. Arjmandi.
As an extra benefit, the women in apple group lost about 3.3 lbs. on average — even though the dried fruit added an extra 240 calories to their diets. (More on TIME.com: System Failure: Countries Too Slow to Identify and Treat High Cholesterol)
Researchers chose to study apples in human volunteers, because previous data from animal studies had suggested health benefits. Reported WebMD:
Apples are rich in pectin, a soluble fiber, which blocks cholesterol absorption in the gut and encourages the body to use, rather than store, the waxy stuff. Apple peels are also packed with polyphenols — antioxidants that prevent cellular damage from free radicals.
Though the study used dried apples for convenience, Arjmandi says fresh are likely to be even better. And it doesn’t matter if they’re green, red, or golden. “Any varieties of apples are good,” he says.
Another key, [University of California, Davis, nutritionist Dianne] Hyson says, is eating the whole fruit, rather than looking for individual components in supplements. “Most of the time, in many studies, the whole is better than the sum of its parts,” she says.
(More on TIME.com: Even After a Morning Gym Session, a Day at the Desk Could Hurt Your Heart)
The next step is to take the preliminary study nationwide, according to a press release. The current findings, which were partially funded by the USDA, were presented at the Experimental Biology 2011 conference in Washington, D.C.
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Have you ever heard of Nauru? This small island of the South Pacific is not very well-known but its story could be representative of the one of humanity.
A little history
Nauru was formerly called “pleasant island” and if it may have been really pleasant, it is no longer the best tourist destination.
With its 21 square kilometers for less than 10 000 inhabitants, it is the second smallest state in the world after the Vatican.
As many islands in the South Pacific, Nauru was colonised by a European state in the 19th century. The German Empire settled in the small island to make it part of its protectorate of the Marshall Islands.
During this time, the Australian prospector Albert Fuller Ellis discovered phosphate in Nauru’s underground. Phosphate is widely used in agriculture and is an essential component in fertiliser and feed.
After contracting an arrangement with the German administration, Ellis began mining in 1906.
But soon, WWI happened and Australia, New Zealand and the UK took over Nauru and started administrating the island and its phosphate. In 1923, the League of Nations gave Australia a trustee mandate over Nauru, with the United Kingdom and New Zealand as co-trustee.
Then the Japanese troops occupied the small island during WWII. It’s only in 1968 that Nauru gained its independence, shortly after buying the assets of the phosphate companies. This enabled Nauru to become one of the richest island in the South Pacific.
All Used Up
Between 1968 and 2002, Nauru exported 43 millions of tons of phosphate for an amount of 3,6 billions Australian dollars. But 21 square kilometers is a small area to have mines everywhere and now there is no phosphate left.
The Land of the Fat
In the meantime, people of Nauru started having access to a lot of money and to live the American way. Apart from phosphate, there are very few resources on the island. Therefore, most products were imported, including big American cars and fat food. It did not take long before inhabitants of Nauru became the most obese people in the world, which led the British journal ‘The Independent’ to call Nauru ‘the land of the fat’. Indeed, according to the World Health Organisation, 97 percent of men and 93 percent of women in Nauru are overweight or obese.
Those people who used to eat fish, coconuts and root vegetables now eat imported processed foods which are high in sugar and fat. Now, more than 40% of the population is affected with type 2 diabetes, cancers, kidney and heart disease.
Money, Money, Money
In the 80’s, Nauru was very rich. However, soon, growing corruption, bad investments and big spending on the government’s side made Nauru a very indebt country.
Nauru’s bank accounts are all in Australia, simply because there are no banks in Nauru (the only one left, the National Bank of Nauru is actually insolvent). In October 2014, an Australian court ruled that Nauru owed 16 million Australian dollars to US-based investment fund Firebird, which had lent money to the government of the small island. But the government of Nauru did not respect the court’s decision and it defaulted on the bonds. Since it did not reimburse Firebird, its debt soon amounted to 31 million Australian dollars. Firebird had then prevented Nauru’s government from accessing its bank accounts held in Australia and had frozen all of Nauru’s acounts. Nauru’s administration immediately warned that it was about to run out of cash and that it could not pay for essential goods, such as generator fuel, and public servant salaries. It would have been a national disaster because from the 10% people who have a job in Nauru, 95% are employed by the government. Nauru’s unemployment rate is estimated to be 90 percent. The government clearly needed money to buy fuel to produce energy, since it did not invest in renewable energies. Without fuel, no possibility to have a functioning hospital or to have fresh water, because sea water is pumped and then desalinated, a process that needs lot of energy. And without fuel, all the planes stick to the ground.
Finally, Nauru merely won the court case and did not have to repay Firebird. Is this decision linked to the fact that Nauru hosts Australia asylum-seekers in a detention center? Maybe. If all the planes stick to the ground, that means that the center is no longer running; every day, new asylum seekers come and go, and so do doctors, lawyers and others.
Furthermore, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) declared that although Nauru’s administration has a strong public mandate to implement economic reforms, in the absence of an alternative to phosphate mining, the medium-term outlook is for continued dependence on external assistance (mainly from Australia and China). In 2007, the ADB estimated Nauru GDP per capita at $2,400 to $2,715. That’s not a lot!
Public enemy n°1
In the 1990s, Nauru became a tax heaven and started selling passports to foreign nationals.
It led the inter-governmental body based in Paris, the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF), to add Nauru to its list of 15 non-cooperative countries in its fight against money laundering. Experts estimate that Nauru triggered a $5 trillion shadow economy. According to Viktor Melnikov, previous deputy chairman of Russia’s central bank, in 1998 Russian criminals laundered about $70 billion through Nauru. The island started suffering the harshest sanctions imposed on any country, harsher than those against Iraq and Yugoslavia. European banks did no longer allow any dollar-denominated transactions which involved Nauru. This is why in 2003, under pressure from FATF, the government of Nauru introduced anti-avoidance legislation. The result was quick: foreign capitals left the island. Two years later, satisfied by the legislation and its effects, the FATF removed Nauru from its black list.
The difficult relationship between Australia and Nauru
There is a very special relation between Australia and Nauru. Australia administered Nauru from 1914 to 1968. However, Nauru did not seem entirely satisfied with the Australian administration. Indeed, in 1989, Nauru took legal action against its former master in front of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Nauru was attacking the Australian way of administrating the little island and in particular Australia’s failure to remedy the environmental damage caused by phosphate mining.
You can find the judgement here.
In 1993, Nauru and Australia notified the ICJ that, having reached a settlement, the two parties had agreed to discontinue the proceedings : Australia had offered Nauru an out-of-court settlement of 2.5 million Australian dollars annually for 20 years.
In 2001, Australia asked Nauru to help it fight immigration. The two countries signed an agreement known as “the Pacific solution”. In exchange for an important economic aid, the small island of 21 square meters agreed to host a detention center for people seeking asylum in Australia. This agreement officially came to an end in 2007 but the two countries are still looking for a solution to help Nauru’s economy survive. Which means the detention center is still running.
Furthermore, we know that a significant portion of Nauru’s income comes in the form of aid from Australia. In 2008, Australia committed €17 million in aid for the 2009 financial year, along with assistance for “a plan aimed at helping Nauru to survive without aid.”
In November 2014, the Australian independent Tasmanian MP Andrew Wilkie wrote to the International Criminal Court (ICC) asking it to investigate Abbott’s government for crimes against humanity over its treatment of asylum seekers .
Abbott’s government has consistently argued that its offshore processing and resettlement policies have stopped people attempting to arrive in Australia by boat and therefore saved lives. For the moment, asylum seekers who arrive to Australia by boat will be refused visas and the ‘Pacific Solution’ is implemented; under this policy, asylum seekers arriving without authorisation are sent to Australian-funded detention camps in Nauru or the island of Manus in Papua New-Guinea rather than being allowed to claim asylum on the Australian mainland. In September 2014, Canberra paid 40 million Australian dollars to the government of Cambodia for Phnom Penh to welcome asylum seekers from Australia. Furthermore, a new legislation from September 2014 will make it harder for asylum seekers already in Australia who arrived by boat to make visa applications.
After having sold many passports, the Nauru’s government decided to communicate on positive actions.
In 2008, immediately after Kosovo declared independence from Serbia, Nauru recognised it as an independent country.
One year later, along with Russia, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, Nauru recognised Abkhazia and South Ossetia, two breakaway regions from Georgia. After a war with Georgia, Moscow had tried to secure international recognition for the two regions. According to the Russian newspaper ‘Kommersant’, Russia gave $50 million in humanitarian aid to the little Pacific state.
Nauru is Kiribati’s neighbour, an atoll famous for disappearing and for sending the first climate change refugees abroad, to Fiji. With no space left to grow food or to live, no fresh water and always more refugees coming, the people of Nauru might also desert their island soon.
Hopefully, the story of the small island of Nauru will not be a sample to the history of humanity’s little island orbiting the sun!
Alix is a writer, researcher, and correspondent on the Asia-Pacific region for Marine Renewable Energy LTD. She previously served as a maritime policy advisor to the New Zealand Consul General in New Caledonia and as the French Navy’s Deputy Bureau Chief for State Action at Sea, New Caledonia Maritime Zone
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As of September 2012, women were estimated to comprise more than 1.8 million, or 8.6 percent, of all living veterans. This represents a 33 percent increase since 2002, when women represented 6.4 percent of all living veterans, and this percentage is expected to increase in future years. By 2035, women are projected to make up 15 percent of all veterans—similar to the current proportion of active duty military personnel that are female.1
The largest group of living women veterans today are from the Gulf War Era and the most recent conflicts: Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Operation New Dawn (OND). The continually changing military roles of women, multiple deployments, and the blurring of combat and non-combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan suggest that the needs of these women veterans may differ greatly from the needs of women veterans from previous eras.
Due to the more recent increase in military enrollment and opportunities for women, female veterans are much younger than their male counterparts. In 2010, 21.6 percent of female veterans were aged 18–34 compared to only 6.9 percent of male veterans. Conversely, 44.0 percent of male veterans were aged 65 and older compared to only 15.8 percent of female veterans. Expressed differently, women comprised 19.6 percent of all veterans aged 18–34 years but only 2.7 percent of veterans aged 65 and older (data not shown in graph images or in data tables on this site).
In addition to being younger, women veterans are also more racially diverse and more highly educated than their male counterparts. In 2010, 31.8 percent of women veterans were of minority race or ethnicity compared to 18.5 percent of male veterans. Female veterans were particularly more likely to be non-Hispanic Black than male veterans (19.3 versus 10.2 percent, respectively). Nearly 80 percent of women veterans had obtained post-secondary education beyond high school (78.1 percent) compared to 60.9 percent of male veterans (data not shown in graph images or in data tables on this site).
Relative to civilian non-veteran women, female veterans tend to be slightly older, more likely to be non-Hispanic Black, more educated, and less likely to be in poverty.2
Overall, in 2010, a higher proportion of female than male veterans reported having a service- connected disability (18.0 versus 15.4 percent, respectively)—determined by the Veterans Benefits Administration as injuries or illnesses incurred or aggravated during military service. Regardless of sex, the prevalence of service-connected disability declined with age. At older ages, male veterans are more likely to have a service-connected disability than women veterans. For example, for those aged 65 and older, 12.0 percent of male veterans had a service-connected disability compared to 9.0 percent of women veterans. The most prevalent service-connected disabilities for women veterans in 2009 were posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), lower back pain, and migraines, accounting for 15 percent of service-connected disabilities (data not shown in graph images or in data tables on this site).2 Among users of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care, a link between PTSD and military sexual trauma—defined as sexual assault and/or severe and threatening sexual harassment that occurred during military service—may be stronger for women than men.3
For the above reasons and despite higher educational attainment and income,2 women veterans may face greater health challenges compared to civilian women.3 In 2010, women veterans were more likely than their civilian counterparts to report smoking (18.5 versus 15.5 percent, respectively), being overweight or obese (61.2 versus 55.9 percent, respectively), and having limitations in activity due to physical, mental, or emotional problems (29.3 versus 20.7 percent, respectively). Women veterans were also more likely than civilian women to report having poor mental health on 14 or more days in the past month (18.1 versus 12.5 percent, respectively). Levels of activity limitations and frequent mental distress were also higher than those reported by male veterans (23.3 and 11.1 percent of male veterans, respectively; data not shown in graph images or in data tables on this site). However, no women veterans were more likely than civilian women to have received a past-year preventive visit (76.2 versus 72.0 percent, respectively).
Today, more than 337,000 women veterans or 19 percent of all women veterans use VA health care, double the number from a decade ago.4 The VA is improving services to make sure women who are eligible for VA care can access services tailored to their needs and has expanded research on the impacts of trauma and combat exposure for women, mental health outcomes of civilian reintegration, and overall health care needs of women veterans.
1 Defense Manpower and Data Center, unpublished data as of 30 September 2011. Compiled by the Women's Research & Education Center, April 2012
2 National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics. America's Women Veterans: Military Service History and VA Benefit Utilization Statistics. National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC. November 2011
3 Kimerling R, Gima K, Smith MW, Street A, Fragne S. The Veterans Health Administration and military sexual trauma. Am J Public Health 2007; 97(12):2160-2166
4 Lehavot K, Hoerster KD, Nelson KM, Jakupcak M, Simpson TL. Health indicators for military, veteran, and civilian women. Am J Prev Med. 2012 May;42(5):473-80
5 Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Finance Allocation Resource Center (ARC).
Living Women Veteran Population, 2002-2022*
Percent of Living Veterans:
- 2002: 6.4
- 2004: 6.8
- 2006: 7.3
- 2008: 7.7
- 2010: 8.1
- 2012: 8.6
- 2014: 9.0
- 2016: 9.5
- 2018: 10.0
- 2020: 10.5
- 2022: 11.1
*Historical data from 2000-2005; projected data from 2008 onward.
Source: Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Policy and Planning. VetPop 2007 National Tables. Accessed 11/1/12.
|Age||Percent of Veterans|
|Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 2010 American Community Survey: Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS). Analysis conducted by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau.|
|65 Years and Older||15.8||44.0|
|Age||Percent of Veterans|
|*Report of injuries or illnesses incurred or aggravated during military service as determined by the Veterans Benefits Administration. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 2010 American Community Survey: Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS). Analysis conducted by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau.|
|65 Years and Older||9.0||12.0|
|Health indicators||Percent of Women|
|*All estimates are age-adjusted.
**Body mass index 25.
†Report of limitations to activity due to physical, mental, or emotional problems.
††Report of having poor mental health 14 days in past month.
‡Report of a routine checkup in the past year, defined as a general physical exam that was not for a specific injury, illness, or condition. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2010. Analysis conducted by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau.
|Overweight or Obese**||61.2||55.9|
|Activity Limitation †||29.3||20.7|
|Frequent Mental Distress ††||18.1||12.5|
|Past Year Preventive Visit||76.2||72|
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Can growth in China be bad for the U.S.?
The problem generates this email:
7. Suppose that in a year an American worker can produce 100 shirts or 20 computers, while a Chinese worker can produce 100 shirts or 10 computers.
a. Graph the production possibilities curve for the two countries. Suppose that without trade the workers in each country spend half their time producing each good. Identify this point in your graph.
b. If these countries were open to trade, which country would export shirts? Give a specific numerical example and show it on your graph. Which country would benefit from trade? Explain.
c. Explain what price of computers (in terms of shirts) trade between the two countries might take place.
d. Suppose that China catches up with American productivity, so that a Chinese worker can produce 100 shirts or 20 computers. What pattern of trade would you predict now? How does this advance in Chinese productivity affect the economic well-being of the citizens of the two countries?
I added this problem in the new edition after reading an article by Paul Samuelson in the Journal of Economic Perspectives (Summer 2004). Part d uses the tools available to ec 10 students to illustrate the essential point of the Samuelson article: Growth in China can make the United States worse off.
Question 7 asks students to do a comparative advantage analysis of trade potential between China and the US.
In this problem regarding comparative advantage and trade the answer to part d provides fuel for a zero-sum outlook. When my students crunch the numbers they see that the gain in China's productivity eliminates the incentive for trade. Indeed, it appears that while China gains in productivity the US loses both the opportunity to buy shirts for a relatively lower price (creating inflation pressure within the US?) and the opportunity to "profit" by selling computers to China. I confirmed that result in your on-line answer key.
Yet, the numeric answer doesn't make intuitive sense. I often follow your suggestion in teaching trade by asking students to think about trade between two cities in the same state or two states in the same country. We learn about how the bias of nationalism creeps into and can cloud our judgement about the impact of trade. Am I mistaken in suggesting that just as a a gain in productivity in one part of the US shouldn't reduce the standard of living elsewhere, nor should a gain in productivity anywhere in the world lower the overall material standard of living. But the numbers in 7d either challenge that statement or do not make that clear.
Perhaps this is a simplistic question with an obvious answer, but I am curious about how you teach this problem and what suggestions might you make?
When it came out, the Samuelson article was widely misinterpreted as showing that outsourcing and trade with China were bad for the United States. In fact, what Samuelson and my textbook problem illustrate is that, while trade is beneficial for both countries, growth in China could be bad for the United States because it could cause us to lose some of those gains from trade. In the example, growth in the Chinese computer industry causes the two countries to become identical, so trade based on comparative advantage disappears. (The Samuelson paper and the public reaction to it are discussed more fully on pages 18 to 20 in my paper with Phill Swagel on outsourcing.)
I wouldn't describe this result as zero-sum: China is certainly better off from the productivity growth, and those gains need not equal U.S. losses. But the example does illustrate the principle that growth in one part of the world can create losers in another part. (Still not convinced? Here is a clear example: If New Zealand figured out a way to make a cheap gasoline substitute from sheep dung, the New Zealand economy would boom, but Saudi Arabian incomes would surely suffer.)
Although this textbook problem is useful as a theoretical exercise, one should not overstate its practical relevance (as I believe Paul mistakenly did in his paper). In the example, the United States is made worse off by growth in China because our trade with China dries up, so we lose the gains from trade. This theoretical result has minimal application to the world as we see it today. World trade is booming, not shrinking.
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Published on September 21st, 2013 | by Tanya Sitton5
New JAMA Study: Arsenic Contaminated Rice Causes Genetic Damage
Researchers in the UK and India published results this week linking arsenic contaminated rice to potentially dangerous genetic changes among consumers.
Authors published study results in the September 18, 2013 edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association. Researchers analyzed data collected from more than 400 people in a rural Indian area. Findings showed that individuals who consumed large quantities of arsenic-tinged rice, in the absence of other known arsenic exposure, showed significant cellular changes linked to cancer development.
Researchers quantified results by measuring amounts of micronuclei — damaged pieces of chromosomes no longer able to participate in cell division — in urine samples of participants. Prior research has shown links between high micronuclei levels and cancer emergence.
As we’ve covered before here at EDB, arsenic-y rice represents one of the disturbing ‘downstream’ effect of modern agricultural methods:
Eighty percent of the rice is grown in the US is from the south central area on lands that were previously sprayed with arsenic pesticide to reduce cotton boll weevils. In addition, arsenic laden manure has been used as fertilizer. The arsenic remains in the soil. Due to the nature of how rice is grown in flooded waters, it sucks up the arsenic from the soil…
‘The arsenic issue affects both organic and conventional rice. 80% of all rice grown in the US comes from areas where arsenic is an issue. However, this takes some legwork to know which rice products are safer than others. The good news is, this problem can be solved. Farmers can make agricultural changes such as not flooding their lands as much and changing the breed of rice they grow which is less sensitive to arsenic.
Mmmm, Arsenic! (Said No One Ever)
If you prefer to season your rice with less toxic substances, there’s good news and there’s bad news to report. The bad news is that the jury’s out on how one might arrange to avoid all rice contaminated with the more toxic inorganic arsenic derived from synthetic agricultural chemistry — other than not eating any rice (or rice starch or rice milk or rice syrup or rice cereal or any foods containing rice derivatives) at all.
The good news is that if you avoid rice that’s been cultivated in traditionally cotton-growing states, you can cut it way way way down! Researchers analyzed 107 samples of rice grown in Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Missouri, and Florida, and 27 samples of rice grown in California for a 2007 study of arsenic contamination in rice crops. They found that rice produced in the central and southern US contained arsenic levels almost twice as high as California rice — an average of 4.4 micrograms of arsenic per serving, compared to 2.5 micrograms per serving for rice grown in California. In this study organic brown rice grown in California contained the lowest levels of arsenic contamination, about 1.5 micrograms per serving.
After buying your organic rice from non-cotton states, soak and rinse it until the water runs clear before cooking. And don’t forget all the other grains (or grain-like seeds, or whatever)! Rotate rice with couscous, barley, quinoa, millet, and other grains for minimal food-mediated arsenic exposure.
Meanwhile agitate for a food system that omits the toxification of lovely staple grains like rice, and leaves your mononuclei levels unperturbed.
Keep up with the latest sustainable food news by signing up for our free newsletter. CLICK HERE to sign up!
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You have probably heard that you should eat more fruits and vegetables. If you like oranges, you might be wondering if they are good choice to meet your recommendations for fruits. Oranges are high in vitamin C and low in calories, and they may provide benefits as part of a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle. Many factors affect your health, and you should talk to a doctor if you have any concerns about your wellbeing.
A medium 140-gram orange has about 69 calories with no fat or protein and 11 grams carbohydrates with 3 grams dietary fiber. Vitamin C is an antioxidant vitamin that you need for proper immune function and wound healing, and an orange has 82 milligrams vitamin C, or 136 percent of the daily value for someone on a 2,000-calorie diet. Oranges are free from sodium and have 232 milligrams potassium, or 7 percent of the daily value.
Maintaining a healthy weight can reduce your risk for heart disease, diabetes, asthma and osteoarthritis, and oranges may support you in your efforts to control your weight. You need to limit your calories to prevent weight gain or to cause weight loss, and oranges may help you control you calorie intake since they are low in calories and high in fiber. Oranges are good sources of fiber, with more than 3 grams per orange; dietary fiber can reduce your hunger by slowing your digestion. Remember that many other dietary factors affect your weight, and talk to your doctor before going on a diet for weight loss.
Blood Pressure Management
A benefit of oranges is that they may help you prevent high blood pressure. High blood pressure, or hypertension, can increase your risk for coronary heart disease, kidney disease and stroke, and the 2005 Dietary Guidelines from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommend decreasing dietary sodium from processed foods, and increasing potassium from fruits and vegetables, to maintain a healthy blood pressure. Because oranges are sodium-free and they provide potassium, they may support healthy blood pressure.
Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when your body has difficulty controlling your blood sugar levels, and eating oranges may help you control your blood sugar levels and prevent diabetes. Dietary fiber such as that in oranges may slow down digestion so that your blood sugar levels do not rise quickly after a meal. The glycemic index measures how much the carbohydrates in foods affect your blood sugar levels. Food with a low glycemic index do not cause your blood sugar levels to spike, and the Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center at Oregon State states that people who eat more foods that have a lower glycemic index are less likely to develop diabetes. If you have diabetes or are at risk for diabetes, consult your doctor.
To get the most benefits from eating oranges, eat them as part of a healthy diet and exercise plan. Eat a balanced diet that includes foods from each of the food groups, and select a variety of different colors of fruits, such as blueberries, cherries and bananas. Although oranges can be extremely healthy, do not rely on them to prevent any diseases, and talk to your doctor if you have concerns.
- United States Department of Health And Human Services: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005rel="nofollow"
- Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center: Vitamin Crel="nofollow"
- Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center: Vitamin Crel="nofollow"
- MedlinePlus: Dietary Fiberrel="nofollow"
- Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center: Glycemic Index And Glycemic Loadrel="nofollow"
- U.S. Department of Agriculture: National Agricultural Services: Fruits and Fruit Juicesrel="nofollow"
- Goodshoot/Goodshoot/Getty Images
This article reflects the views of the writer and does not necessarily reflect the views of Jillian Michaels or JillianMichaels.com.
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To strengthen each child’s desire to live the Word of Wisdom.
Daniel 1:1–7—Daniel and his friends are trained in the king’s court.
Daniel 1:8–16—They eat plain food and refuse the king’s wine (Note: Pulse means foods made from seeds and grains).
Daniel 1:17–21—God gives them knowledge and wisdom.
Study the lesson and decide how you want to teach the children the scripture account (see “Preparing Your Lessons,” p. vi, and “Teaching from the Scriptures,” p. vii). Select the discussion questions and enrichment activities that will best help the children achieve the purpose of the lesson.
Suggested Lesson Development
Invite a child to give the opening prayer.
Show the children a baited mousetrap that is set and ready to spring closed. Use a stick or similar object to spring the trap. (You could also show a baited fishing line and explain how it works.) Ask the children what a mouse would do if it understood how the trap worked and knew that touching the bait was sure to bring disaster. Discuss with the children the “bait” Satan uses to try to persuade us to disobey the Lord’s law of good health, the Word of Wisdom. Help them understand that giving in to advertisements that appear desirable or to pressure from others can be compared to touching the bait in the mousetrap.
Tell the children that in this lesson they will learn about the courage and self-discipline Daniel had in refusing the meat and wine the king ordered him to eat and how Daniel was blessed for obeying the Lord’s law of health.
Using the picture at an appropriate time, teach the children the account of Daniel refusing the king’s food from the scriptures listed in the “Preparation” section. (For suggested ways to teach the scripture account, see “Teaching from the Scriptures,” p. vii.) During the discussion explain that Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, had made war on the people of Judah and captured many of the Israelite people. After he returned to his own land, he asked that some of the choicest Israelite youth be brought to live in his household along with some of the king’s children and some of the princes. Among these young men were Daniel and three other Israelites, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego.
Discussion and Application Questions
Study the following questions and the scripture references as you prepare your lesson. Use the questions you feel will best help the children understand the scriptures and apply the principles in their lives. Reading and discussing the scriptures with the children in class will help them gain personal insights.
After King Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem and took many of the people of Judah captive, whom did he want to come live in his household? (Daniel 1:3–4.) What qualities did those who were chosen possess? What were the names of four of the chosen ones of the children of Judah? (Daniel 1:6–7.)
The king eventually wanted to use these young men in his service, so what did he do to take care of them? (Daniel 1:5.) What commitment had Daniel and his friends made in their hearts? (Daniel 1:8.) Why do you think Daniel did not want to eat the king’s food or drink his wine? (Explain that when Moses was Israel’s prophet, the Lord gave the children of Israel a law that told them what to eat and drink. The food the king wanted Daniel and his friends to eat was against this law. In our day we have a law of health that has been revealed to us called the Word of Wisdom.) (See enrichment activity 1.)
If someone offered you something that was against the Word of Wisdom, how could you be like Daniel? (See enrichment activity 2.)
Why was the king’s chief officer worried when Daniel would not eat and drink the king’s food? (Daniel 1:10.) What was Daniel’s plan? (Daniel 1:12–13; explain that pulse was a food made from seeds and grains.) How was the health of these young men different after the ten-day testing period? (Daniel 1:15.) (See enrichment activity 4.)
Besides being blessed with good physical health, in what other ways were Daniel and his friends blessed? (Daniel 1:17, 20.) Why do you think their mental abilities were increased?
How can we receive the same blessings that Daniel and his friends received? What are the Lord’s promises to all who obey the Word of Wisdom? (D&C 89:18–21.)
You may use one or more of the following activities any time during the lesson or as a review, summary, or challenge.
Discuss with the children the healthy foods that are mentioned in the Word of Wisdom (see D&C 89:11–12, 16). Notice that grains are mentioned, which is what Daniel and his friends wanted to eat. Then discuss which substances the Word of Wisdom specifically tells us are harmful to our bodies (see D&C 89:5–9). Explain that the Prophet Joseph Smith defined “hot drinks” as tea and coffee. Modern prophets have added drugs, when used inappropriately, to this harmful list.
Bring to class pictures (or make wordstrips) of foods and substances listed in the Word of Wisdom. Make two signs that say “Good for us” and “Not good for us.” Distribute the pictures or the wordstrips to the children and let them take turns placing their picture by the appropriate sign.
Satan tries to convince us through advertising and peer pressure that disobeying the Word of Wisdom is fun and exciting and that it will not harm us. Discuss with the children the ways others might try to get them to use tobacco, alcohol, coffee, tea, or drugs. They might bring out ideas such as, “A little won’t hurt you,” “It makes you feel good,” or “Once won’t hurt.”
Put words such as the following on small pieces of paper: tea, beer, cigarettes. Have class members draw a slip of paper and role-play how they would respond to peer pressure to indulge in that item. Point out that in each case, even though it can be said in various ways, the answer is always “No!”
Play “Simon Says” by giving commands of things the body can do, such as “Simon says, ‘Stand on one foot’” or “Simon says, ‘Wave your right hand.’” As long as the command is preceded by the phrase “Simon says,” the children should obey. If you leave off that phrase, they should not obey the command. After a few minutes, discuss with the children all the wonderful things our bodies can do. Remind them of the things our bodies are constantly doing that we don’t even have to think about, like breathing, pumping blood through our veins, healing illnesses, sending messages from the brain to nerve endings, and so on. Suggest that the children express gratitude in their prayers to Heavenly Father for the great gift of their physical bodies. Encourage the children to show their gratitude for their physical bodies by following the Word of Wisdom.
Tell the children the following story:
In 1919 Creed Haymond was a runner representing his college in an annual athletic meet involving 1,700 men. The night before the meet, Creed’s coach said, “Creed, I’m having the boys take a little sherry wine tonight. I want you to have a little.”
“I can’t do it, Coach.”
“But Creed, I’m not trying to get you to drink. I know what you Mormons believe. I’m giving you this as a tonic.”
The coach continued trying to coax Creed into taking some of the wine, but Creed refused.
But later Creed thought, “What if I make a poor showing tomorrow; what can I say to the coach?” He was going against the fastest man in the world. Nothing less than his best would do. His teammates were doing as they were told. They believed in their coach. What right had he to disobey? Only one right, his belief in the Word of Wisdom. He prayed that the Lord would increase his testimony of the Word of Wisdom, and then he went to sleep.
The next morning, all the boys on the team except Creed were sick.
During the meet it was evident that something was wrong with Creed’s team. One after another his teammates fell far below their own records. Then the 110-yard (100-meter) dash was announced; it and the 220-yard (200-meter) dash were Creed Haymond’s races.
The starter shot the pistol, and every man started running except Creed Haymond. The earth gave way because of a hole made by a previous runner, and Creed came down on his knees. But in a flash he was up again, and at the last moment he swept past the leader to win the race.
Through a mistake in arrangement, the finals of the 220 came immediately after the semifinals. Creed had already run three races and had just barely finished his semifinal heat in the 220. He went to the starter to ask for some time to catch his breath. But the starter had been ordered to begin the race, so he had to call the men to their marks.
This time Creed shot from his marks and sprinted away from the field. Creed ran that race in twenty-one seconds, the fastest time the 220 had ever been run by any human being. (Adapted from “I Can’t Do It, Coach,” in Inspiring Stories for Young Latter-day Saints, comp. Leon Hartshorn , pp. 123–28.)
Discuss with the class the blessings that Creed Haymond received because he kept the Word of Wisdom.
Sing or read the words to
“The Word of Wisdom” (Children’s Songbook, p. 154).
Share your feelings of gratitude for the Word of Wisdom, and express your testimony that keeping this law of health blesses you both physically and spiritually. You may wish to share an experience when you have been blessed by living the Word of Wisdom.
Suggested Family Sharing
Encourage the children to share with their families a specific part of the lesson, such as a story, question, or activity, or to read with their families the “Suggested Home Reading.”
Suggested Home Reading
Suggest that the children study Daniel 1:5–17 at home as a review of this lesson.
Invite a child to give the closing prayer.
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Originally Posted by albie
>>the USAF found that the forecasts using the Appleman method were correct about 60 to 80 percent of the time. Looking more closely at the data, they found that when no contrails were forecast, the forecast was correct 98 percent of the time! However, when contrails were forecast to occur, the forecast was correct only 25 to 35 percent of the time, and often failed to predict the occurrence of contrails.
What does this mean exactly? It seems to suggest the chart is inaccurate.
Your starting to figure that out?
Ask yourselves this question. If you can see your breath at 20f, why does the Appleman Chart say it needs to be at least -45f?
It's not the moisture in your breath, it's CO2.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.clubconspiracy.com/forum/showpost.php?p=62872&postcount=22
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U.S. EXPERIENCED RECORD WARM FIRST HALF OF YEAR, WIDESPREAD DROUGHT AND NORTHEAST RECORD RAINFALL
July 14, 2006 — The average temperature for the continental United States from January through June 2006 was the warmest first half of any year since records began in 1895, according to scientists at the NOAA National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, N.C. Last month was the second warmest June on record and nationally averaged precipitation was below average. The continuation of below normal precipitation in certain regions and much warmer-than-average temperatures expanded moderate-to-extreme drought conditions in the contiguous U.S. However, much of the Northeast experienced severe flooding and record rainfall during the last week of June. The global surface temperature was second warmest on record for June. (Click NOAA image for larger view of January-June 2006 statewide temperature rankings. Please credit “NOAA.”)
The nation observed the second warmest June on record this year. In the West, 11 states were much warmer than average. Only five states (Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and South Carolina) were cooler than normal for the month.
The June statewide average temperature for Alaska was near average, and January-June was 0.55 degrees F (0.30 degrees C) cooler than the 1971-2000 average.
Record rainfall in parts of the Northeast during May and June contributed to the wetter-than-normal first half of the year for that region. Heavy precipitation along the East Coast from June 22-28 resulted in widespread flooding. For example, Washington’s Reagan National Airport reported 11.37 inches (289 mm) during that time and a record June total of 14.02 inches (356 mm). More than 10 inches (254 mm) of rain fell in Federalsburg on Maryland’s Eastern Shore in a 24-hour period. (Click NOAA image for larger view of January-June 2006 statewide precipitation rankings. Please credit “NOAA.”)
In June, 45 percent of the contiguous U.S. was in moderate-to-extreme drought (based on the Palmer Drought Index), an increase of 6 percent from May, while 27 percent was in severe-extreme drought (up from 20 percent in May). Additionally, from January through June, warm, dry conditions spawned more than 50,000 wildfires, burning more than 3,000,000 acres in the contiguous U.S. and Alaska, according to the National Interagency Fire Center.
In 2007, NOAA, an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department, celebrates 200 years of science and service to the nation. From the establishment of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1807 by Thomas Jefferson to the formation of the Weather Bureau and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in the 1870s, much of America's scientific heritage is rooted in NOAA.
NOAA is dedicated to enhancing economic security and national safety through the prediction and research of weather and climate-related events and information service delivery for transportation, and by providing environmental stewardship of the nation's coastal and marine resources. Through the emerging Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS), NOAA is working with its federal partners and more than 60 countries to develop a global monitoring network that is as integrated as the planet it observes.
Relevant Web Sites
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006/s2663.htm
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By Timothy Cama - 07/21/14 12:19 PM EDT
The world’s surfaces averaged 61.2 degrees Fahrenheit last month, making it the hottest June since records began more than 130 years ago.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) said Monday in its monthly report of global temperatures that June was the 352nd month in a row in which the global temperature was above the 20th century average.
The oceans in June set an all-time record of 57.61 degrees. That was 1.71 degrees above the 20th-century average, the highest departure from the average on NOAA’s records.
Land temperatures were the seventh highest on record in June, at 62.65 degrees.
“Most of the world experienced warmer-than-average monthly temperatures, with record warmth across part of southeastern Greenland, parts of northern South America, areas in eastern and central Africa, and sections of southern and southeastern Asia,” NOAA said in a statement.
“A few areas in North America, Far East Russia, and small parts of central and northeastern Europe were cooler or much cooler than average,” the agency said.
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<urn:uuid:705a8080-d7d1-4e6e-97e3-125c92bdc64d>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/212834-junes-global-temperature-hits-all-time-high
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Trevor Basin - at the head of Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, and part of Llangollen Canal
By Nick Bourne
How the canal came to Wrexham, why it stopped at Llangollen, Thomas Telford's involvement and the old tramways around nearby Ceiriog Valley, Cefn and Rhos
Llangollen Canal - formerly called Ellesmere Canal - was first mooted in 1791 at a public meeting in Ellesmere on the Wrexham-Shropshire border to plan a canal linking three rivers: the Mersey, the Dee and the Severn - helping industry and linking into the Denbighshire coalfields.
A year later work started on its meandering route starting west from Nantwich, Cheshire, to Whitchurch and Ellesmere in Shropshire, and ending in Cefn Mawr and Llangollen, on the Wrexham-Denbighshire border.
It made it no further. The planned route through the Denbighshire coalfield, past Wrexham and on to Chester, was too expensive.
In 1801 William Jessop the canal engineer recommended abandoning the canal. Chester and Shrewsbury had found cheaper, closer supplies than Denbighshire coal. Jessop, instead, focused on developing a tramway system to connect local industry to the canal basin at Trevor, Wrexham.
Despite the failure to build the canal to Chester, the completion of the now famous Pontcysyllte Aqueduct by Thomas Telford, an agent to the canal company, proved to be a major success for the local economy. Industries in the Ceiriog Valley used the Glyn Valley Tramway to carry freight to the canal.
Ironmaster & engineer William Hazeldine, whose Plas Kynaston foundry, Cefn Mawr, made the troughs for the aqueduct, was one of many businessmen to thrive during the 19th century in the villages north of the aqueduct.
A tramway system running from the Trevor basin, Froncysyllte, to north of Rhos encouraged more industrial development.
According to the history books, it took the boatmen and craftsmen - who worked the waterway and lived on the canals with their families - up to a week to make a return journey.
Today, British Waterways says Llangollen Canal is the most popular part of its network with 15,000 boat users each year.
Sarah, Chester: "A canal (The Ellesmere Canal) was planned to run from a place on the River Mersey near Whitby, to near Shrewsbury on the River Severn. This canal would pass through Chester, pass very near to Wrexham (at Poolmouth), and pass by the industrial areas around Ruabon on its way south. A branch was to run from Poolmouth to a large reservoir at Coed Talon, via a flight of locks at Ffrwd. This canal was not built as planned, largely due to the inflation in the economy after the Napolionic wars causing construction costs to increase substantially. What was built is now known as the Llangollen Canal, and part of the Shropshire Union Canal. (The place near Whitby is now known as Ellesmere Port.) A part of the branch (over 2 miles) was also built from the Gwersyllt Road to Ffrwd, and remains can be found, despite part of the canal being built over by a railway, which is now also derelict and lifted. (The Great Central Railway Westminster Colliery Branch, which also served Ffrwd Ironworks.)"
Ewan, Ffrith: "I'm not an expert but I believe that a start was made in digging some of the canal to Wrexham and beyond. There is a minor road in Cefn-y-Bedd where you can see clear traces of canal bed having been dug along the contour,(perhaps it was heading for the Ffrwd Coal and Iron Works) and there may be other places where remains can be seen. I also have read (can't remember where) that the plans included building a dam in the Ffrith area and flooding the Ffrith-Llanfynydd valley to provide a reservoir for canal water supplies. I'd be fascinated if anyone has any more information about these plans or remains."
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<urn:uuid:42d0fa60-a7ca-4295-b19d-cb4b66a2602b>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/northeastwales/hi/people_and_places/newsid_8162000/8162835.stm
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Log In to abcteach
Free Account (Settings)
Practice completing and reading a graph. Use your research skills to discover the scores for one group from the 2010 World Cup. Complete the graph and answer the questions. This is an easier version for younger students. Directions are included.
abcteach has a multitude of World Cup materials available! Here are some suggestions for using our materials as Learning Center activities - language arts, math, social studies, and more. Find inspiration and direction here.
Practice completeing and understanding graphs with information on the 2014 World Cup. Color in the graph and answer math comprehension questions. Directions and answers included. Groups A-H.
Practice completeing and understanding information on the 2010 World Cup. Color in the graphs and answer comprehension questions. Directions and answers included. Can be used to compare with the 2014 World Cup Soccer Center graphs.
A pie chart showing the participating countries for the 2014 World Cup Soccer tournament. Students can compare and contrast past years events to see what teams are new, the changes in number of countries in each region, etc.
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<urn:uuid:bf5d5cbb-9aa8-48d3-8f77-341df7c5befb>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.abcteach.com/directory/theme-units-sports-soccer-world-cup--9102-2-0
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Most of us associate capacitive touch sensors with the screens on our smartphones or tablets, but the technology can be applied to other fields as well. The Touché project illustrates this perfectly, integrating a more contextual method of touch sensitivity into everyday objects like door handles, tables and even water or a person's body. One of the most interesting demonstrations of the technology behind Touché includes setting a door handle to different states by grasping it in different ways.
The Touché project is a combined effort from Disney Research and Carnegie Mellon University. The obvious application is for locking and unlocking given different touches (tap, pinch, twist or grab) but the creators behind the project showed off different uses as well. Careful manipulation of your hand and finger can set a built-in screen to display "do not disturb", "back in five minutes" or other messages. The sensors are more attuned to specific stimuli than current capacitive sensors - for example, a Touché strip can tell the difference between "five fingers and a stylus" and "six points of contact".
Other fanciful examples of the sensor technology were Bluetooth wristbands that interpreted touches across the user's hands and arms as music controls, sensors in a table that could detect posture (a nightmare for six-year-olds everywhere) and even extending into a bowl of soup to determine if the correct utensil was being used. The applications for this really are limitless, thanks to the fact that the Touché sensor doesn't actually have to embed a piece of material all across a surface. Expect to see this stuff adorning the halls in Disney's next resort.
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<urn:uuid:687afa77-8382-473f-aab5-a43b8a50a20f>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.slashgear.com/concept-capacitive-tech-unlocks-doors-with-a-swipe-07226580/
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Wat Arun("Temple of the Dawn") in Bangkok is a Khmer-style Buddhist temple and major landmark on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River.
History of Wat Arun
Wat Arun was built in the days of Thailand's ancient capital of Ayutthaya, and was originally known as Wat Makok ("Olive Temple").
In the ensuring era when Thonburi was capital, King Taksin changed the name to Wat Chaeng. The temple briefly hosted the revered Emerald Buddha after it was recaptured from Laos, but it was moved to Wat Phra Kaew in 1784.
King Rama II enlarged the central prang and changed the temple's name to Wat Arunratchatharam. The work was finished by King Rama III, and King Rama IV gave the temple its current full name of Wat Arunratchawararam.
What to See at Wat Arun
Despite its name (from Aruna, the Hindu god of the dawn), the best views of Wat Arun come at sunset - there are several restaurants and coffee shops across the river that make fine viewpoints.
The outstanding feature of Wat Arun is its central prang (a prang is a Khmer-style pagoda), which is about 80 meters tall and symbolizes the legendary Mount Meru, center of the universe. It is possible to climb the prang, using some very steep exterior steps, to two terraces providing fine views.
The corners are surrounded by four smaller satellite prangs, which are dedicated to the wind god Phra Phai. The prangs are decorated by seashells and bits of porcelain which were used as ballast by boats coming to Bangkok from China.
Around the base of the prang are various sculptures of ancient Chinese soldiers and animals. Over the second terrace are four statues of the Hindu god Indra riding on Erawan.
At the riverside are six pavilions (sala) in Chinese style, made of green granite and contain landing bridges.
Next to the prangs is the Ordination Hall with the Niramitr Buddha image said to have been designed by King Rama II. The front entrance of the Ordination Hall has a roof with a central spire, decorated in coloured ceramic and stuccowork sheated in colored china.
There are two temple guardian figures in front. Characters from the Hindu epic Ramayana, the white figure is named Sahassateja and the green one is known as Tasakanth.
Quick Facts on Wat Arun
|Names:||Wat Arun · Wat Arunratchawararam · Wat Jaeng · Wat Makok|
|Visitor and Contact Information|
|Coordinates:||13.743773° N, 100.489132° E|
|Address:||Wang Doem, Bangkok Yai|
|Lodging:||View hotels near Wat Arun|
- Frommer's Thailand, 6th edition
- Wat Arun, Bangkok - Asian Historical Architecture
- Wat Arun, the Temple of the Dawn - Into Asia
- Wat Arun or Wat Arunratchawararam - Bangkok Thailand Travel Guide
- Wat Arun - Thailand Guidebook
- Bangkok: Wat Arun (Temple of the Dawn) - Virtual Tourist user reviews
- Wat Arun - IgoUgo user reviews
- Photos of Wat Arun - here on Sacred Destinations
Map of Wat Arun, Bangkok
Below is a location map and aerial view of Wat Arun. Using the buttons on the left (or the wheel on your mouse), you can zoom in for a closer look, or zoom out to get your bearings. To move around, click and drag the map with your mouse.
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http://www.sacred-destinations.com/thailand/bangkok-wat-arun
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Black Powder Guns
Black powder guns can make an interesting supplement to the survival arsenal because of their very simple ammunition requirements. These guns often do not require any products of modern industrial society to deliver full performance. Ammunition can be made from scrap lead with simple tools and limited resources and it is even possible for the wily survivor to manufacture black powder. Ignition systems come in three types, fuse, flint and cap. Fuse ignited black powder guns are uncommon and usually replicas of Spanish colonial weapons of the early 1600s or are replicas of artillery pieces. Fuses are usually commercially produced and cannot be easily manufactured without special equipment. Fuse ignited guns are not recommended for survival purposes, although they make interesting collectibles. The two most common ignition systems are cap and flint. Flint ignition systems are used only in single shot guns and are not as dependable as caps, but they almost never wear out or need replacement (only the flints need periodic replacement). Flintlock guns do not fire when wet and are vulnerable accidental discharge if exposed to flame or embers (like from cigarette ashes or campfire sparks). Flintlocks may also not fire when upside down or tipped too far to one side. The advantage of flintlocks lies in simple logistics, they only need lead, powder and cloth to be fully serviceable, meaning that they can be kept in service under the most primitive conditions. Replica Kentucky long rifles are accurate to 200 yards and are capable of delivering considerable power due to their heavy, large caliber projectiles. This makes them suitable for hunting and low intensity combat. Flintlock rifles are unlikely to be regulated by restrictive legislation and can be purchased by mail in most parts of the country. Black Powder guns are often so inexpensive new that they are not sold for much less when they are sold used, unless you can find them at garage sales or flea markets.
Cap ignited guns represent a technological advancement in black powder guns. They use a primer-like cap to fire the powder and are far more reliable than flintlocks. Caps are manufactured commercially but are cheap and easy to stock up on. Caps can be made in primitive facilities from common materials and simple chemicals. Replica cap and ball revolvers are cheap, often of high quality and are not legally restricted in most parts of the U.S. This ensures their popularity among certain segments of the shooting public, particularly ex-felons who do not wish to break the federal laws but still want to enjoy shooting sports. Cap and ball revolvers are available in some rather potent calibers, like .44 and .38 which can fire conventional bullets or traditional (for black powder guns) round lead balls. They are very slow to reload by modern standards but a person can buy three good black powder revolvers for the price of one decent 9mm automatic. Special maintenance and accessory kits are needed if the owner wishes to use black powder guns on a regular basis. These kits are available from the manufacturers and sellers of black powder firearms.
Modernized black powder rifles are available through several mail order firms and gunshops. They typically have modern sights and utilize modern steel production methods to ensure safety and quality. Most manufactures offer versions that are made from synthetic polymers and stainless steel which makes them nearly impervious to foul weather and limited maintenance. Newer designs use an in-line cap ignition system that is more reliable and accurate than those found in older designs. Telescopic sight mounts are available for most modern black powder rifles to enhance accuracy, although most will only shoot accurately to around 200 yards. These rifles are frequently used by hunters who take advantage of longer hunting seasons and relaxed regulations given to those who use "primitive weapons" for hunting rather than conventional modern firearms. Guns of this type might be useful in scenario one situations where some personal financial hardship requires the survivor to hunt wild game to supplement stored food reserves and/or food stamps or similar government subsidies. The survivor can take advantage of the longer legal hunting season to obtain fresh meat for the table, even if the expensive game meat is traded to the butcher for cheaper ground beef. Venison (deer meat) can cost $8.00 per pound while hamburger can be as low as $1.00. A little math can determine if it is worth while to spend money on a hunting license and deer tag to bag an animal with 50-80 pounds of good meat that can be traded for a whole winterís worth of ground beef.
Assault pistols Backup guns Hunting Rifles Compact Shotguns Machine guns Submachine guns Paintball guns Sniper Rifles Silenced guns Black powder guns Arrow weapons Grenades Grenade launchers Non-lethal Weapons Dart guns Air guns
Heavy Weapons Mortars Artillery Explosives Flame weapons
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.savvysurvivor.com/supplementary/x_black_powder_guns.htm
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To race in this position, Number 1, the player whose back is in the direction to be traveled, leans well forward so that his weight is well on his own feet. This makes it possible for his teammate, Number 2, to slide his feet forward along the floor, carrying Number 1 backward upon them. Number 2 then leans forward so that his weight is well on his own feet, which allows Number 1 to draw his feet towards him and Number 2 slides forward with them. By swaying backward and forward in this way, the two members of the team, by alternating the sliding of their feet, progress across the floor to the distance line. Upon reaching the same, they reverse their direction without turning around. The race ends when they have crossed the starting line.
Two players constitute a team. Each team may stand opposite each other at different ends of the room. At the signal to go Number 1 runs forward to Number 2, who must wear a four-in-hand necktie. Number 1 unties Number 2’s necktie, takes it off his neck and reties it in a four-in-hand knot. Number 1 then runs back to his former position with Number 2 following him. When behind the starting line Number 2 starts to untie Number 1’s necktie, takes it from his neck, replaces it and ties it in a four-in-hand knot. When he has accomplished this, he races back to his original position. The first team accomplishing this, wins the game.
OUTDOOR GAMES FOR OLDER BOYS AND YOUNG MEN
Push Cross Line
Three parallel lines are marked upon the ground about six feet apart. The group is divided into two teams. Each team lines up behind one of the outside lines, facing the opponents. At the signal to start, both groups rush forward and endeavor to push their opponents back over their own base line. Should they succeed in pushing the opponent so that both of his feet are behind the base line, that opponent is out of the game and retires to a position behind his own base line. At the end of thirty seconds the team having pushed the greatest number of opponents back across their own base line, wins.
This game is similar to the preceding game. Three parallel lines are made around a hollow square not less than 25 to 40 feet in dimensions. This square is known as the fortress. A small space is marked off in the centre of the fortress for a prison. Two captains are selected. These two choose the members of their own teams, in turn. One team is known as the defenders, the other as the attackers. The defending party takes a position within the fortress and the attacking party is scattered around the outside of the fort. Both are under the command of their captains.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/16599/53.html
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As before the Reformation, the taxing of northern Europe to sustain the subsidies and debts of mother church lasted awhile, but it could not last for ever. German taxpayers may bail out the Greeks, because half the Greeks' debts are to foreign banks. But these taxpayers will not also bail out the Portuguese, the Spaniards and the Italians. The attempted revival of the Holy Roman Empire is doomed. Luther's theses will soon be nailed to the doors not of Wittenberg but of the Berlaymont palace in Brussels.In England, it was naked greed rather than theology that truly drove the Reformation. The Church's stranglehold on wealth and land was too great a temptation for the rich and powerful; the result was plunder and waste on a princely scale. The poor became poorer as alms and dole disappeared, hospitals and medical care vanished and the infrastructure of Maisons Dieu across the country that provided sheltered accommodation for the halt, the lame and the crippled in mind and body threw their burdens onto the midden. Learning and scholarship, never popular with the titled class, fell into desuetude. Taxpayers enjoyed no benefit; in most cases they merely exchanged an ordained tax-collector for an unholy one. The dukes and earls and barons and every unwholesome dag who managed to thrust their sticky hands into the pot were the ones who gained. If the winners of a new European 'reformation' are similarly to be the banks, the powerful corporations and the Central State - our modern post-feudal aristocracy - then no thanks to Reformation.
It was the democratisation of the Renaissance that truly brought benefits to us all. The growth of a powerful middle class independent of Church or State, with law for all, the grammar schools, intellectual freedom, a flowering of science, philosophy and art and not just the Bard but Kit Marlowe, Spenser, Bacon, Milton, Sidney, Byrd, Tallis and Taverner. We had parlours and chimneys, and meat on the table, and shoes on our feet. The power of the aristocracy was curbed and regulated. It was the age not of the dukes and earls but of the knights from the Shires and staunch yeomen with stout houses and fertile holdings. A modern Renaissance that returns power and wealth from the centre, that undermines the malign power of the banks and international corporations, that emasculates the pernicious political class and repatriates our sovereignty is rather to be welcomed.
Reformation saw half a century of war and famine, with a third of Northern Europe's population killed by the sword, fire or starvation. The Renaissance gave us Bottom and Toby Belch.
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|35245||COM 3810 01||ST: Social Media||Aurora - Main Campus||3.00||05/06/13 05/25/13 DUNH 101 LEC MTW 05:30PM 09:30PM||Heidi Schlumpf||Description: Social media have profoundly changed not only online communication, but also societal definitions of community and how those communities effect social change. With the advent of new tools and platforms, more and more people are maintaining relationships via new forms of mediated interaction. The result: former audience members becoming content creators, corporations and media organizations losing control of their marketing messages, and individuals facing new challenges regarding privacy, identity, and how their ideas and information are spread. This course will explore the opportunities, challenges, and implication of social media on society in general and the communications professions in particular, including journalism, public relations, advertising, and marketing. Grounded in theory, the course is equally rooted in practice, with some of the class discussion taking place in online and virtual environments. Students must be willing to participate in social networks, forums, blogs, wikis, micro-blogs, and more. Readings, class discussions, presentations by students and guest speakers will analyze effective strategies and applications of social media. The course will include a survey of the most important social network sites and their histories, a look at some current trends in social media and how they are affecting individuals and cultures, case studies exploring how social media are being used in media and corporate environments, and hands-on use of social media. Learning objectives include being able to think critically about issues related to social media and being able to think strategically about how to apply trends in social media to students? lives and careers. No prerequisites. No prior experience with social media is required for the course.|
* The indicated start and end times refer to the general time frame in which the course is offered (most often a standard term). The actual first or last class for a particular course may not occur on the date indicated.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.aurora.edu/classes/13ma/com.htm
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14 Fun Facts About the Mississippi River: Educational Version
by Caitlind L. Alexander
The Muddy Mississippi is the largest river in the US, and one of the most well known rivers in the world. People have been discovering things about this river for hundreds of years. How much do you know about America’s waterway? Find out:
Where does the Mississippi River begin?
Where does the River lose most of its elevation?
How many dams?
The Educational Version has activities to meet CCSS.
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Smokers are more likely to die or become seriously ill from a flu or other viral infection than non-smokers are. According to researchers at the Yale School of Medicine, that might be because smokers’ immune systems don’t understand the value of proportional response.
Most scientists believed that viral infections hit smokers harder because smoking suppresses the immune system, making it less able to respond to the threat. But while working with mice exposed to cigarette smoke, the Yale scientists found the opposite—the rodents’ immune systems overreacted.
In the study, the mice’s immune systems fought off the virus like they were supposed to, but then kept on fighting after the opponent had been vanquished. The immune system just overreacts and uses far too much force, study leader Jack Elias says, like it’s trying to kill a mosquito with a shotgun. That hyperactivity, he says, can cause tissue damage and inflammation.
These subjects are rodents, of course, not humans, so we’ll have to wait for future studies to see whether the same pattern shows up in people. But if the Yale team is right, then rather than lacking the muscle to fight off infection, smokers’ immune systems might be curing the disease by killing the patient.
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In the Garden:
Many herbs, including cilantro, add not only flavor to food but health benefits as well.
To Your Health!
Gardening as a general activity brings you fresh air, sunshine (vitamin D), physical exercise, and a one-on-one opportunity to experience nature and the seasons, as well as a somewhat indefinable sense of well-being. Lawns are nice, flowers are beautiful, and patios are relaxing, but raising food is being added to more and more people's lists of garden projects. As we become more aware of the environmental hazards of transporting food thousands of miles and the potential personal hazards of eating food of unknown origin, growing at least some of our own edibles is becoming ever more important. Not to mention our desire for better health, which comes from eating a wide range of vegetables, fruits, and herbs.
Choosing What to Grow
Nothing beats the flavor and nutrition of just-picked produce. Try to grow as much as you reasonably can, then buy as much of the other foods as possible from a farmer's market that only sells locally grown produce. There are several ways to go about choosing which foods to grow.
Obviously, your first choices will be the foods that you like. Next, go for the easiest ones to grow, as well as the ones that are difficult to find organically grown. Organic options for certain vegetables, most notably carrots and onions, are widely available, so I choose to buy those.
Another way to choose is to grow as many as possible of the vegetables and fruits that are typically the most pesticide-ridden. These include apples, bell peppers, celery, cherries, grapes, nectarines, peaches, pears, potatoes, red raspberries, spinach, and strawberries. Some of these are easier to grow than others, so pick the easiest ones first.
First on my list is raspberries, as they are incredibly easy to grow and expensive to buy. Choose 'Caroline' as it is an everbearing type that is very productive and has been found to have the highest nutrition of any variety. One of the best apple varieties to try in the home garden is the highly flavorful 'Goldrush'; it also has some disease resistance. Bell peppers and spinach are easy to grow in the garden and also easy to keep in the freezer for wintertime use. Pears, both European and Asian, readily grow with few pesticides, as do sour cherries.
Potatoes are another easy crop, especially if you wait until July to plant; by that time potato beetles will be at a minimum. Strawberries are not hard to grow, but they are more labor intensive than some of the other fruit crops. Be sure to grow some of the day-neutral everbearing types like 'Tribute' and 'Tristar' to have fresh fruit all summer long. Any excess is easily frozen. Grapes, nectarines, and peaches are the most difficult of any of these crops to grow. For me, these are special treats that I buy when I can find organically grown ones.
Another way to choose the edibles for your garden is to select the ones that bring the most health benefits. At one time, people just looked at the vitamins and minerals in foods, but in recent years we've become much more aware of other benefits, usually lumped into the category of phytochemicals. These are powerful natural substances that protect the body's cells from damage. The bottom line, however, is to include a wide range of vegetables, fruits, and herbs in your diet. Still, there are certain ones that should be eaten as often and as much as possible.
Super Foods From Your Garden
Tops on everyone's list should be members of the cabbage, or cole, family. Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, turnips, radishes, kohlrabi, and many Asian greens are members. To keep cabbage worms in check, use a Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) spray according to manufacturer's directions.
Spinach is an important vegetable to grow and eat, not for Popeye's iron but for the lutein and zeaxanthine that are the major protectors of eyesight. When choosing varieties, pick ones that are heat tolerant for the summer garden, and more cold tolerant ones for fall and winter. 'Viroflay' is an heirloom variety that grows well year-round.
Tomatoes are just about everyone's favorite vegetable, plus they're a nutritional powerhouse, containing high levels of beta-carotene and vitamins C and E, plus lycopene. Lycopene only develops fully on the eleventh day of natural ripening; commercial tomatoes are ripened artificially and have low levels of lycopene. For even more nutrition, look for varieties with extra-high levels of these nutrients.
Garlic is considered by many to be the king of healing plants. Plan on planting some this fall for harvest next summer. Although beets were considered sacred medicine to the ancient Greeks, they're just now being considered among the super foods as their importance for blood health is better understood.
And, finally, the shrub that should be in every yard: blueberries. Always on the Top 10 list of super foods, blueberries are high in vitamins, phytochemicals, and fiber. Don't be intimidated by their need for an acid soil, just provide a site with full sun and well-drained soil enriched with compost, feed regularly with a fertilizer designed for acid-loving plants, and mulch with pine needles. Not only will you have plants that provide healthful food for decades to come, but also attractive additions to the yard with their brilliant red fall color.
Although this only scratches the surface of the many foods that are easily grown and full of health benefits, I hope that you'll be inspired to add more and more edibles to your yard every year.
Care to share your gardening thoughts, insights, triumphs, or disappointments with your fellow gardening enthusiasts? Join the lively discussions on our FaceBook page and receive free daily tips!
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WILKES-BARRE - As technology advances, so do instances of cyberbullying, the use of the Internet, email or text messages to harass, intimidate, threaten or embarrass.
Janene M. Holter, a special agent with the state attorney general's office, and Luzerne County Detective Charles Balogh talked to parents Sunday about what they can do to help keep their children safe in the era of cyberbullying and online predators.
Their recommendations won't be popular with young people.
"Every one of us in this room should know our kids' passwords," Balogh said. "It's not an option."
Balogh and Holter stressed the need for parents to monitor their children's use of computers, iPads and cellphones, check their text messages, know their friends, and monitor their Facebook activity.
Parents who give their kids technology need to know what the devices do and what the kids are doing with them. Holter said children with more technical skills than their parents are more likely to be victims.
Balogh said the district attorney's office, where he investigates computer crimes, is receiving an increasing number of calls about cyberbullying. And he said it isn't going to stop.
That's why parents need to be vigilant with children.
"If they have a smartphone, you need to know what their applications are," Balogh said.
There are some apps that will allow kids to use false phone numbers in texts, for example. These may be used to cyberbully, Balogh said.
To tell if a child is a victim of bullying, look for changes such as bad grades, depression or poor personal hygiene, Holter said.
Balogh pointed out that since kids love technology, a child that stops caring about his or her cellphone or computer is "a problem."
Holter and Balogh condemned the "bystander," the friend or classmate who knows what's going on, but won't come forward. Holter showed a video based on a true story about a bullied teen who committed suicide. His friends, who knew, never reported the bullying.
Remind children that if someone is "mean and nasty," they can block them from their Facebook page and the phone number from their cellphone, Holter said. She said children should be taught to ignore the bullying at first, but if it becomes persistent, to tell a parent immediately.
For Internet safety, Holter advised parents to ensure they keep personal information off social networking sites like Facebook. Children should give their first name and a nickname - that's all, Holter said.
Avoid posting photos if possible, she said. They can be altered. And once something is out there, it's out there for good, she said.
Be careful with GPS settings on cellphones and don't upload photos directly from cellphones to the Internet, Holter advised. The exact location of photos can be traced through these source codes, she said.
Baloga recommended unchecking the "share picture location" box in the phone settings rather than disconnecting the GPS function, which can be used to monitor children's whereabouts.
Other recommendations include:
> Keep computers in open areas.
> Don't let your children go to Internet chat rooms.
> When you go to bed, shut down Internet service and take children's cellphones and laptops.
> Maintain an open dialogue with your child.
"Today's parents have far more to worry about than (our parents) ever did back in our day," Balogh noted.
For information about cyberbullying or Internet safety, or to have the state Attorney General's office make a presentation on the subject, visit www.attorneygeneral.gov or email email@example.com.
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8,000 girls a day must have rights
At Intrepid our aim is to support and respect the protection of what are internationally proclaimed as human rights issues, and we want to make sure that we are not complicit in human rights abuses, within our sphere of influence. An Intrepid traveller recently questioned our decision to visit a Masai village in Kenya, where they still perform the abhorrent practice of female genital cutting or mutilation (FGM). This raises a very important issue that we want to share with you all.
We know that the practice still occurs all too frequently in several popular tourist destinations – parts of Africa, the Middle East and some communities in Asia and Latin America. Rather than boycotts, which can add to poverty and isolation, we hope that we may better help through education, awareness raising and supporting organisations that are working effectively to campaign against this barbaric practice.
Our friends at Amnesty International have shared with us the following information: The World Health Organisation estimates that 100-140 million women and girls have been subjected to FGM. Three million more girls and women worldwide each year. That’s 8000 girls per day.
There are many degrees of FGM, but in all cases it entails the cutting, stitching or removal of part or all of the female external genital organs for non-therapeutic reasons. The mutilation of healthy body parts severely affects the health and well-being of women and girls, who can suffer extreme pain, excessive bleeding, septic shock, infections, difficulty in passing urine, and even death. Long-term consequences include chronic pain, pelvic infections, cysts, abscesses, excessive scar tissue formation, infected reproductive systems and painful intercourse. Psychological impacts include fear of intercourse, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and memory loss.
All of this is bad enough, but Amnesty International and other organisations also have found that FGM is hampering the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Most obviously, the goal of promoting gender equality and empowering women cannot be achieved when the physical and psychological effects of FGM prevent women and girls from attending school, keeping paid employment and participating in social and political life. The goal of reducing child mortality also is at odds with the practice of FGM on infants and young girls – in Africa, for example, 1-2 per cent of babies die due to FGM.
Because FGM causes obstructed labour and an increased risk of caesarean sections, it also is hampering the goal to reduce the numbers of women dying in childbirth. Additionally, when women haemorrhage because of these problems and need blood transfusions, they are at higher risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. FGM further hampers the goal to combat HIV/AIDS because the procedure often is carried out on number of girls at one time, without disinfecting the knife or razor in between each procedure. Women who have been subjected to FGM also have an increased risk of vaginal tearing during intercourse, making them vulnerable to infection.
Intrepid Travel and The Intrepid Foundation are long-term supporters of Amnesty International. To help contribute positively to the communities we visit, we urge you to join us and go to www.endfgm.eu to help end the practice of FGM.
The Intrepid Foundation – travellers making a difference
Help support Amnesty International and many other great grassroots organisations via the Intrepid Foundation, plus find out how your donation can be matched* by Intrepid Travel!
* Donations will be matched by Intrepid Travel up to AU$5000 per donor and a total of AU$300,000 each financial year.
* photo by Marc Ehrenbold – Intrepid Photography Competition
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In classical Greek mythology, the island of Crete was home to King Minos and the terrible Minotaur, a beast that was half man and half bull. The known historical record of Crete is no less impressive. The island was the center of the Bronze Age Minoan civilization that flourished from approximately 2700–1420 BC. There is archeological, geological, and cultural evidence to suggest that a cataclysmic volcanic eruption of Santorini volcano around 1620 BC was a major cause of the decline—if not complete destruction—of the Minoan civilization.
Today, Crete is the largest and most heavily populated island of Greece (or the Hellenic Republic). The island stretches approximately 260 kilometers (161 miles) from west to east, and it is roughly 60 kilometers (37 miles) across at its widest point. The rugged terrain of Crete includes mountains, plateaus, and several deep gorges. The largest city on the island, Heraklion, sits on the northern coastline.
Several smaller islands ring Crete. Two of the largest of these, Dia and Gavdos, are sparsely populated year-round, although Gavdos hosts numerous summer visitors.
The western and central parts of Crete appear surrounded by quicksilver in this astronaut photograph taken from the International Space Station. This phenomenon is known as sunglint, caused by light reflecting off of the sea surface directly toward the observer. The point of maximum reflectance is visible as a bright white region to the northwest of the island. Surface currents causing variations in the degree of reflectance are visible near the southwestern shoreline of Crete and the smaller island of Gavdos (image lower left).
Astronaut photograph ISS028-E-18562 was acquired on July 22, 2011, with a Nikon D3S digital camera using a 48 mm lens, and is provided by the ISS Crew Earth Observations experiment and Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, Johnson Space Center. The image was taken by the Expedition 28 crew. The image has been cropped and enhanced to improve contrast. Lens artifacts have been removed. The International Space Station Program supports the laboratory as part of the ISS National Lab to help astronauts take pictures of Earth that will be of the greatest value to scientists and the public, and to make those images freely available on the Internet. Additional images taken by astronauts and cosmonauts can be viewed at the NASA/JSC Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth. Caption by William L. Stefanov, Jacobs/ESCG at NASA-JSC.
- ISS - Digital Camera
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For release: Wednesday, May 15, 1991
Officials at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) hailed as a major research advance the mapping of a gene that causes familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to chromosome 21. "This is an important first step in our attempt to better understand the basic, molecular mechanisms of this widely studied but poorly understood neurological disorder," said Dr. Roger J. Porter, deputy director of the NINDS.
Porter congratulated the international team of investigators, led by neurologist Dr. Teepu Siddique at Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago. Siddique and his colleagues reported the discovery in the May 16 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine *.
The project, supported in part by the NINDS, took 7 years and the combined efforts of 36 investigators at 21 scientific institutions in the United States, Canada, Europe and Australia. "This extraordinary scientific collaboration is in the best interests of the patients," Porter said. "More collaborative efforts of this type will be needed before we finally untangle the mysteries of this terrible disease."
Siddique and his colleagues studied 23 families with familial ALS. Using sophisticated statistical analysis, the investigators showed a gene responsible for the disease lies on chromosome 21 in a large group of the families. In a smaller group, a familial ALS gene appears to be located on a different, but undetermined, chromosome. This suggests, according to the investigators, that familial ALS may result from more than one molecular mechanism or more than one genetic defect.
As many as 20,000 Americans suffer from ALS. Most cases of the disease occur sporadically and usually result in death within 5 years. Familial ALS represents about 5 to 10 percent of the approximately 5,000 new cases of ALS in the United States each year. ALS strikes in midlife and causes degeneration of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movements. The muscles of ALS patients weaken and waste away. Eventually patients become disabled, have difficulty speaking and swallowing, and may succumb to infections, particularly pneumonia. Patients do not lose sensation or mental alertness. Currently there is no cure or preventive measure. Despite decades of research, scientists have been unable to unearth a cause for the disorder, also called Lou Gehrig's disease after the famous New York Yankee slugger whose death in 1941 was caused by the disease.
The NINDS-supported investigators also found evidence that mutations on more than one chromosome may lead to familial ALS. "Further work is needed to identify the gene or genes responsible for familial ALS, determine their faulty output, and design therapeutic interventions based on this knowledge," Porter said. "However, for the first time we have a structured, rational approach to the study of this devastating disease. Since familial ALS is clinically indistinguishable from sporadic ALS, the insights to be gained from this line of investigation may apply to both forms and possibly to other neurodegenerative disorders, as well."
The NINDS, a part of the National Institutes of Health, is the focal point within the Federal Government for research on the brain and nervous system. The NINDS supports a broad range of basic and clinical neurological investigations into ALS at leading biomedical research institutions. The goals of the program are to improve understanding of ALS, find methods of treatment, and eventually cure and prevent the disorder.
# # # #
* Siddique, T.; Figlewicz, D.A.; Pericak-Vance, M.A.; Haines, J.L.; Rouleau, G.; Jeffers, A.J.; Sapp, P.; Hung, W.Y.; Bebout, J.; McKenna-Yasek, D.; Deng, G.; Horvitz, H.R.; Gusella, J.F.; Brown, R.H.; Roses, A.D; and collaborators. Linkage of a gene causing familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to chromosome 21 and evidence of genetic-locus heterogeneity. The New England Journal of Medicine, 324(20), 1381-4, May 16, 1991.
Last Modified March 14, 2016
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LANDSLIDES RELATED TO
DAVID J. MILLER
DEBORAH-ANN C. ROWE
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE
Heavy rainfall from the rain storms of 27 October- 5 November 2001, 22 May – 2 June 2002, 17-24 September ( Isidore) and 27- 30 September ( Lili) 2002 triggered hundreds of landslides on steep slopes of the Port Royal and Blue Mountains in eastern Jamaica. Rainfall patterns obtained from the satellite showed that the pattern of damage was generally consistent with the area of heaviest rainfall.
Fig. 1. The NOAA satellite image of Tropical Storm Lilli taken at on Friday, 27September 2002.
Following the recent rainstorms we visited some of the severely affected drainage basins in the are. Our field data and historical records indicate that previous flooding and debris-flow events of similar magnitude to that of October 2001, and May-September 2002 have occurred throughout this region.
This paper examines the recurrent processes of landslides of flow type and sediment deposition in the eastern section of the island and suggests mitigation measures.
Landslide characteristics include: (a) dominant varieties were debris flows, debris avalanches, debris slides and mud flows originating on mountain-sides with landslide scars being generally located at the steepest section of the slope; vegetation was uprooted (b) landslide debris followed pre-existing depressions/channels, (c) debris flows and debris avalanches originating in small and steep channels caused sediment surges which along with organic matter blocked channels creating temporary landslide dams; these were breached within couple of hours, (e) landslide distribution was irregular suggesting variation in rainfall intensity over short distances, (f) erosion of stream channels was spectacular and contributed significant amount of sediments to total sediment yield. Landslide debris was deposited in several different niches. These included deposits at the base of slopes, channel deposits, debris fans, deposits where mountain streams were blocked by road culverts, and flood plain deposits in the lower reaches of the major rivers.
Most landslides initiated as thin earth (soil) slides or debris slides (soil with pieces of rock), as indicated by shallow sliding surfaces within soil or weathered, and jointed bedrock.
Figure 2 shows a shallow earth slide in decomposed
granodiorite near Temple Hall,
Shallow slides composed of loose soil and rock liquefied into debris flows/ mud flows with the addition of hill slope runoff or the water from within the channels. This process of debris-flow mobilization initiating from shallow slides is a widely recognized process. Large rock slides, and rotational slides of earth or rock, were also observed.
Mud flows in
completely decomposed granodiorite exposed along the
Mobilization of debris slides into mudflows is shown on
Figures 4 to 6 from the Broadgate area,
traveling down steep hillside paths, the debris flows entrain the colluvium
that is resident on hill slopes. Upon entering the main channels, the debris
flows incorporated alluvium from the channel beds and also sediments from collapsing
channel banks. Grain size in debris flows range e from fine-grained clastics to
extremely large boulders as seen in Figure 7 from Belcarres in
damage to communities and infrastructure was extensive in
Figure 8 shows a view of the breached eastern end of the Yallahs Fording .( Photo taken on1st October 2002.)
Figure 9 shows the
FROM: THE GLEANER WEBSITE Damage caused by Tropical Storm Lili in
Photographers:Ian Allen and Junior Dowie
Figure 10. Eastern approach to the
Electricity and telephone poles damaged by debris flows are seen in Figure 11.
This location is near the intersection of
Fig. 12. Residents of Bull Bay, Jamaica, take shelter
from flood water on Monday, Sept. 30. In
Figure 13 shows communities located close to the
FROM THE GLEANER WEBSITE:
by Tropical Storm Lili in
Photographers:Ian Allen and Junior Dowie
Debris and water impact on buildings, roads and other structures may be reduced if structures were built with their length aligned parallel to the direction of flow. This type of construction tends to minimize the width of a house/building exposed to a debris flow. This practice is recommended for all those communities located on debris fans.
Figure 14 is an example of a house with its length parallel
to the flow direction. Although a weak construction, this structure remained
intact following the debris flows of
Figure 15 shows a house and a van partially engulfed by the
debris in the
Figure 16 is an example of the house with its width oriented perpendicular to the flow path. Accumulation of debris and vegetation is seen along the wall facing the flow path.
Debris flows engulfed houses and church, October 2001, Belcarres,
Debris flow Damage in the
Landslides were abundant on steep slopes within all lithologies. Some hillsides , as in Figure 19 were denuded by single or coalescing failures as in the watersheds north of Norbrook in St. Andrew. Several old and stabilized landslide scars are also visible in the background.
Following the 25-29 October 2002 rainfall the
Figure 20 is an upstream view of the silted
Figure 21 is a view of the
PERFORMANCE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES IN THE WAKE OF HEAVY RAINFALL
flooding processes in
A survey of damaged bridges and culverts in
Blocked culvert on the
Figure 23. Culvert on a debris channel, Bybrook,
Debris flows blocked the channel upstream of the bridge in October 2001 resulting in damage to the structure and flooding in the adjoining community.
A view of the 29th October 2002 debris flows that
blocked the 10 Mile Bridge,
The size of the bridge is inadequate to allow for the passage of debris and plant material. With the channel being completely blocked by tree trunks, branches and debris etc., avulsion took place and debris and water started moving west toward the road and houses located on the right-hand side of the channel in the community.
Design of bridges and culverts in this area must take into consideration the large volume of debris and vegetation that are being carried into the channels. The structures designed for accommodating only pure water floods are unsuitable as they offer a resistance to the passage of debris and vegetation, for example, the current flooding problem at the 10 Mile Bridge on Highway A4.
It appears that
fording is a better alternative to culverts and small-scale bridges as these
structures do not obstruct the flows and are easily cleared by a front end
loader, for example, the fording on Spring Gut east of
The socio-economic impact and losses to infrastructure, private property and agriculture in the wake of 2001-2002 high magnitude rainstorm events were catastrophic. Road network and water supply systems suffered serious disruption.
Landslide deposits have caused severe indirect damage and hazards
manifested in damming of the rivers and sudden debris supply to river channels.
For example, sediments generated by October 2001 event raised the river bed at Bybrook
Excessive coarse sediment supply to channels tends to decrease channel depth and an increase in the frequency of overbank flooding in the lower reaches of these channels, that is fan areas where most of the development takes place.
Mitigation is necessary in order to minimize future losses from events of similar or greater magnitude.
It is considered important to establish rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for triggering of landslides.
DEBRIS FLOW MITIGATION MECHANISMS (Table 1)
Following the identification and assessment of the hazard, a public education programme may be mounted to advice the citizenry of the vulnerability and risk.
Non-structural measures can be
especially cost effective in reducing hazards if the areas in question are
subject to frequent debris flows, e.g.,
A majority of houses/structures on the alluvial fans visited are built with their length oriented perpendicular to the flow direction. The impacts of debris and flood waters are likely to be minimized if houses were oriented with their length parallel to the flow. This would also allow for the construction of V-shaped debris deflection structures.
Recommendations are made to the effect that it is best to avoid problem areas, relocation of existing houses etc. is proposed, or land use regulations controls are applied to prevent further occupation. The final decision, however, rests with the landowners/ state.
An important aspect is to minimize the amount of debris from entering into coastal environments where coral reefs and/or fishing habitats may be adversely affected.
TABLE 1. PROPOSED
DEFENCIVE MEASURES AGAINST DEBRIS FLOW AND FLOODING IN
NOTE:These measures may not be effective in case of a very high magnitude event.
(Modified from the approaches proposed by Hungr, O., and others, 1987, Debris flow defenses in British Columbia, Reviews in Engineering Geology, Vol. VII, p.201- 222.)
1. Hazard mapping and zoning Restrict use of endangered areas; public education
on acceptable risk, and interventions for a safer building practice.
(NOTE: Maps that delineate areas affected by debris flows and floods are available)
2. Warning systems: advance Facilitate evacuation at times of danger
during event or post-event
(NOTE: This requires installation of, e.g., a Tripwire device, rainfall gauges in the watershed)
A. In source areas
3. Revisit landuse practices/ Reduce debris by stabilization of debris sources.
execute an audit / find
innovative uses of sediments
(NOTE: Long-term solution)
4. Reforestation Reduce loss of vegetation cover disturbed by ever-increasing development activities in the watersheds.
(NOTE: Long-term solution)
5. Road construction control Eliminate unstable cuts and fills that could act as
debris sources or initiation points.
B. In transportation and deposition zone
(The zone between the mountain front and the debris deposition area)
6. Open debris deposition basins; Control the extent of depositional area by shaping dykes or walls and diking.
7. Closed retention barriers and Create a controlled deposition space fronted by a
basins; full or partial volume straining structure and a spillway.
8. Raise the height of the bridges Allows for the safe passage of debris under the
channel dredging and widening bridge and through culverts
of culverts; create fording.
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Moisture in building envelopes can have serious consequences. For example, moisture in insulation reduces its insulating capability, causing heating and/or cooling losses and wasting energy. Moisture can also cause structural deterioration and foster mold growth. Thermal imaging is well suited to identifying wet spots.
Conventional wisdom would have you concentrate thermal imaging on windows and doors. However, windows and doors contribute very little to total air leakage in most dwellings. In fact, the most serious leaks occur at the top and bottom of the conditioned building envelope - in attics and basements.
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Everyone has experienced the gnawing, burning, nausea of acid heartburn or reflux at least once, even if it was just the result of a monstrous burp. Some of us experience heartburn way too often. Before describing what to do about it, let me describe what heartburn really is.
When you swallow food or liquid it goes down the esophagus, passes through a muscular ring at the end of the esophagus as it enters the stomach itself. The purpose of this little muscular ring is to relax when we swallow, allowing the stomach to fill up appropriately and to tighten up appropriately not allowing stomach contents to splash upward. A burp is simply when the stomach pressure is greater than that little muscle's ability to hold things back.
An occasional backsplash is a common, albeit nasty thing. It's when this little muscle relaxes inappropriately for some reason and can't hold its own against greater pressures that heartburn becomes more of a nuisance and leaves patients with the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD. Left untreated, chronic heartburn could lead to problems that are more serious.
The first thing to do is to nail down the diagnosis. No one wants to mistake heartburn for heart pain. You and your provider need to figure out if your symptom is coming from your heart or your stomach. Making this distinction is sometimes a piece of cake and sometimes more challenging. Your provider will ask lots of questions and probably order a few imaging (X-ray) tests and blood tests. But once the conclusion is reached that you are suffering from GERD the treatment is easy. Prescriptions and some over-the-counter medicines slow down the stomach's production of acid so the backsplash is less "burning." If you are overweight or obese, losing weight would help simply by virtue of easing the backward pressure on that muscle we talked about earlier. If you can identify certain foods that make your reflux worse you could limit or avoid them entirely. You could even raise the head of your bed with a couple of bricks or sleep on a couple of extra pillows to raise the upper part of your body. And finally, you could avoid eating large meals at least three hours before actually going to bed.
Allowing chronic reflux to persist does run risks. This chronic exposure to the stomach's acids could cause the esophagus to develop narrowing, strictures or ulcerations that could bleed; furthermore, very severe cases could lead to cancer of the esophagus. Injury to the vocal cords is also a possibility, as well persistent hoarseness and cough (from stomach contents irritating the trachea or windpipe, which runs parallel in the throat to the esophagus).
So, I hope I haven't ruined anyone's appetite with this month's topic, but rather shed some light on a common complaint. Questions or comments are always welcome.
Agnes Oblas is a nurse practitioner with a private practice and residence in Ahwatukee Foothills. For questions, or if there is a topic you would like her to address, call her at (602) 405-6320 or e-mail her at firstname.lastname@example.org. Her Web site is www.newpathshealth.com.
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December 6, 2006
Do Galaxies Follow Darwinian Evolution?
VLT Survey Provides New Insight into Formation of Galaxies
Using VIMOS on ESO's Very Large Telescope, a team of French and Italian astronomers have shown the strong influence the environment exerts on the way galaxies form and evolve.The scientists have for the first time charted remote parts of the Universe, showing that the distribution of galaxies has considerably evolved with time, depending on the galaxies' immediate surroundings. This surprising discovery poses new challenges for theories of the formation and evolution of galaxies.
The 'nature versus nurture' debate is a hot topic in human psychology. But astronomers too face similar conundrums, in particular when trying to solve a problem that goes to the very heart of cosmological theories: are the galaxies we see today simply the product of the primordial conditions in which they formed, or did experiences in the past change the path of their evolution?
In a large, three-year long survey carried out with VIMOS , the Visible Imager and Multi-Object Spectrograph on ESO's VLT, astronomers studied more than 6,500 galaxies over a wide range of distances to investigate how their properties vary over different timescales, in different environments and for varying galaxy luminosities . They were able to build an atlas of the Universe in three dimensions, going back more than 9 billion years.
This new census reveals a surprising result. The colour-density relation, that describes the relationship between the properties of a galaxy and its environment, was markedly different 7 billion years ago. The astronomers thus found that the galaxies' luminosity, their initial genetic properties, and the environments they reside in have a profound impact on their evolution.
"Our results indicate that environment is a key player in galaxy evolution, but there's no simple answer to the 'nature versus nurture' problem in galaxy evolution," said Olivier Le Fvre from the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France, who coordinates the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey team that made the discovery. "They suggest that galaxies as we see them today are the product of their inherent genetic information, evolved over time, as well as complex interactions with their environments, such as mergers."
Scientists have known for several decades that galaxies in the Universe's past look different to those in the present-day Universe, local to the Milky Way . Today, galaxies can be roughly classified as red, when few or no new stars are being born, or blue, where star formation is still ongoing. Moreover, a strong correlation exists between a galaxy's colour and the environment it resides in: the more sociable types found in dense clusters are more likely to be red than the more isolated ones.
By looking back at a wide range of galaxies of a variety of ages, the astronomers were aiming to study how this peculiar correlation has evolved over time.
"Using VIMOS, we were able to use the largest sample of galaxies currently available for this type of study, and because of the instrument's ability to study many objects at a time we obtained many more measurements than previously possible," said Angela Iovino, from the Brera Astronomical Observatory, Italy, another member of the team.
The team's discovery of a marked variation in the 'colour-density' relationship, depending on whether a galaxy is found in a cluster or alone, and on its luminosity, has many potential implications. The findings suggest for example that being located in a cluster quenches a galaxy's ability to form stars more quickly compared with those in isolation. Luminous galaxies also run out of star-forming material at an earlier time than fainter ones.
They conclude that the connection between galaxies' colour, luminosity and their local environment is not merely a result of primordial conditions 'imprinted' during their formation - but just as for humans, galaxies' relationship and interactions can have a profound impact on their evolution.
The Visible Multi-Object Spectrograph VIMOS is a multi-mode instrument on Melipal, the third Unit Telescope of the Very Large Telescope array at ESO's Paranal Observatory. In operation since 2003, VIMOS can provide both images and astronomical spectra at visible wavelengths over wide fields of view. In its multi-object mode, it can record up to 1,000 spectra at a time.
The VIMOS VLT Deep Survey (VVDS) is a breakthrough spectroscopic survey which will provide, when finished, a complete picture of galaxy and structure formation over a very broad redshift range (0 < z < 5), over sixteen square degrees of the sky in four separate fields.
Because of the time taken for light to reach an observer on Earth over the vast distances of the cosmos, astronomers studying distant galaxies are in fact observing conditions in the Universe's past. The region closer to Earth, local to our own Milky Way Galaxy, is thus often referred to as the 'present-day' Universe.
On the Net:
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The massive comets are known as centaurs
While the movie Armageddon taught us to be afraid of doomsday asteroids, it’s actually comets that may pose a bigger threat, according to new research by the Royal Astronomical Society.
Astronomers from Armagh Observatory and the University of Buckingham have determined that giant comets known as centaurs, though typically traveling far from earth, could potentially be deflected toward the planet when traveling through the orbits of outer planets like Jupiter and Saturn. Centaurs are 50 to 100 kilometers across, meaning they can be bigger than all the asteroids that have been found to pass near Earth to date.
“If we are right, then these distant comets could be a serious hazard, and it’s time to understand them better,” University of Buckingham professor Bill Napier said in a statement.
The researchers calculate that a centaur should cross the Earth’s orbit once every 40,000 to 100,000 years. The comets disintegrate as they approach Earth, spreading dust and larger fragments that can still be multiple kilometers wide. Documented environmental upheavals in 10,800 B.C. and 2,300 B.C., as well the death of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, may have been the result of centaurs.
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The time period computer generation is utilized in distinct advancements involving new laptop or computer technology. Each age group of computers is well know by significant technological growth that basically changed how computers work, resulting throughout increasingly smaller sized, cheaper, highly effective, efficient along with reliable tools. The 1st generation involving computer ended up being incorporated in the Second Entire world War by simply Germany to develop a warfare plane. Throughout England, its method of function was employed to crack The German language secret unique codes. Computer age group is mankind’s innovation involving technology just as one improvement involving early depending machine.
The 1st computers, which in turn used machine tubes, were generally enormous in space, occupying total rooms. These folks were very expensive to control. In supplement, they used quite a lot of electricity, generated a great deal of heat which has been often the reason malfunctions. The 1st computers ended up developed to the atomic electricity industry.
Those PHS relied in machine language to complete operations and they also could merely solve one particular problem during a period. Machine languages include the only different languages understood by simply computers and perhaps they are almost extremely hard for humans to work with because that they consist fully of figures. Therefore, dangerous computer coding language is utilized. Every COMPUTER has a distinctive appliance language. Programs have to be rewritten to own on a variety of computers. Input was determined by punch playing cards and cardstock tapes even though output ended up being displayed in printouts.
Through second age group, the transistor ended up being invented throughout 1947 nevertheless didn’t see endemic use throughout computers prior to the late 50s. But at a later date, transistors became the real key component to all digital circuits which include computers. Today’s most up-to-date microprocessor is made up of tens of numerous microscopic transistors! The microprocessors brought the most up-to-date generation involving computers. A huge number of integrated circuits are created up right single silicon chip made up of a COMPUTER. The silicon chips have reduced the dimensions of computers through the bulky slower computers to your size involving computers that could be fixed in desktop as well as laptop.
Modern PHS are considerably superior letting them become smaller sized, compact, more rapidly, cheaper, additional energy saver, additional reliable when compared with their 1st generation predecessors. The computers increasingly becoming smaller; for this reason speed, electrical power and recollection have reasonably increased. New developments are regularly being revised in PHS that affect how we are living, work along with play. While using latest invention in technological innovation, computers are getting to be a supreme necessity for all those.
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I will be teaching a course for Infopeople in May all about open source software in libraries!
With the growing popularity of applications like Koha, Evergreen, Open Office, and Ubuntu, the library community is abuzz about open source software. Open source usually refers to an application whose source code is made available for use, change, or improvement in a public, collaborative manner. More than just programming, open source is about following a philosophy of free distribution and access. The open source world and the library world live by the same principles.
- What does open source mean to you and your library? The benefits are immediately evident:
- More flexibility and freedom than using software purchased with license restrictions
- More affordable options than other alternatives on the market
- The ability to provide exceptional service with ever-decreasing budgets
This course will introduce you to what open source is, how easy it is to implement, and how to evaluate open source software options. You’ll be able to separate the facts from misconceptions and come away with a toolbox of over 60 open source applications that you can start using right away at your library.
Register soon to learn all about how you can use open source in your library.
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The state of your health depends heavily on the state of your liver, making it all the more important to look after it. Please read on to find out how.
What Does Your Liver Do?
The liver is the biggest organ in the body and the most important outside the brain and heart. It is located to the right of the stomach, in the upper abdomen and below the diaphragm.
The liver performs a variety of tasks, including:
- Processing and eliminating toxins and drugs from the body.
- Producing bile that is used to break down fats.
- Fighting infection and disease.
- Storing vitamin B12, copper and Iron.
- Storing glycogen, the body’s glucose storage.
- Producing and regulating cholesterol.
- Cleansing the blood.
- Processing digested foods and their nutrients.
Taking Care of Your Liver the Natural Way
1. Cut the Booze
Alcohol is a toxic substance that the liver is responsible for metabolising. It may cause cellular malformations, scarring and inflammation, all of which inhibit liver function and cause potential liver disease at a later date.
2. Try Some Herbs
Herbs protect liver function by stimulating bile flow and help the organ to regenerate itself. Popular herbs for liver support include:
- Milk Thistle
- Dandelion root
3. Have a Caffeine Break
The liver processes caffeine like it does any other toxin. It is forced by caffeine to release glycogen stores into the blood, and slows the organs ability to cleanse the blood from other harmful toxins.
Ironically, coffee enemas have been proven beneficial in the liver detoxification process by relaxing the smooth muscles of the small intestine and anus, which causes a dilation of the bile ducts and blood vessels.
4. Think Green
Natural greens support the liver by:
- Balancing the body’s acidity levels.
- Strengthening the immune system.
- Reducing excess fat and fluid stores.
- Assisting toxin elimination.
Green foods rich in minerals include sea vegetables, barley grass, green vegetables, green salads, chlorophyll, spirulina and chlorella.
5. Get Some Zs
When you close your eyes to go to sleep at night, your brain releases a chemical called Melatonin that helps to regulate your sleep cycle. Melatonin shares the body’s toxic load with the liver by helping to neutralise free radicals and by regenerating the body overall.
6. Flush Your Liver
Flushing your liver rids it of toxins, cholesterol build up and gallstones, and frees the way for bile flow. It involves drinking a mixture of olive oil, epsom salts and grapefruit juice before bed, which leads to an excavation on the toilet stool first thing in the morning.
7. Avoid Medications When Possible
Like other toxins, residues of drugs and medications can build up in the liver and cause toxicity. When possible, and with your doctor's consent, give your liver a break and avoid pain killers, anti-inflammatories, HRT, antibiotics and the pill.
8. Go Organic
Try to buy organic fruit, vegetables and meat when possible. Non-organic products often contain toxic poisons, pesticides, hormones and antibiotics which may all build up and inhibit liver function.
9. Water Water Water
Drinking at least two litres of filtered water per day assists the liver (and kidneys) with toxin elimination. Small and frequent sips are best, and if you find it hard to get two litres in, herbal teas are considered ok to be counted as well. It is also recommended to avoid a lot of water 9especially cold water) with meals as it may dilute the gastric juices in the stomach, inhibiting digestion and increasing the livers workload.
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If you don't know what an atomic bomb is, then imagine the worst thing possible. Atomic bombs were worse than that.”— Vault Dweller's memoirs
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter; a modern thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than a thousand kilograms can produce an explosion comparable to the detonation of more than a million tons of conventional high explosive.
Nuclear weapons were first used in World War II on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, effectively ending the war. These two explosions are said to have been seen as the start of the eventual end of the modern world that would come 132 years later, because it set a dangerous example for humanity that would come after this: that a war could be ended with nuclear weapons. The atomic bomb, a purely fission-based weapon, and the hydrogen bomb, a fission-fusion hybrid weapon, were both developed in the Fallout universe, with hydrogen bombs being considerably more dangerous because of the sheer size of their explosive yields.
In the Fallout world, megaton-class thermonuclear weapons had largely been retired by the major nuclear powers in favor of much smaller-yield warheads by the time of the Great War. An average strategic warhead in 2077 (with a few exceptions, such as the weapons which fell on Washington D.C.) had a yield of about 200-750 kilotons, but with a massive increase in radioactive fallout in place of thermal shock, much like a neutron bomb in our own world. However, despite the apparent reduction in raw explosive power, this arsenal was far more dangerous to the Earth's ecosystem, as it deposited far greater amounts of fallout in the atmosphere than had been assumed by pre-War models.
China, the United States of America, the Soviet Union, the European Commonwealth's member states and other countries around the world possessed massive nuclear stockpiles, which they were not afraid to use against each other, or other nations in general. Limited nuclear exchanges occurred before the Great War as well. One Middle Eastern terrorist organization even managed to acquire at least one nuclear weapon, which was detonated in Tel Aviv, Israel in 2053. A majority of the American, Chinese, and Soviet nuclear arsenals were used during the Great War, to devastating effect. The electromagnetic pulse resulting from every nuclear detonation rendered a large portion of humanity's electronics non-functional in an event later described as the Great Blackout.
In Fallout, the Glow is testament to the horror of nuclear war, a radioactive hellhole destroyed by a direct nuclear hit. In the same game, the Vault Dweller also discovers an unused nuke sitting in the Master's vault, to be used as last resort against an undefeatable enemy.
A nuclear bomb also rests on the Enclave Oil Rig, and is, once again, used to obliterate the main enemy of the game (detonated by an explosion of the on-board nuclear reactor).
Nuclear weapons feature prominently in Fallout 3, in the form of a C-23 Megaton - Megaton's nuke, the Fat Man and its unique variant, the experimental MIRV, which are two tactical nuclear catapults, a bunker full of nuclear bombs, Vertibirds with nuclear carpet bombs, Liberty Prime's inexhaustible backpack arsenal of medium-sized bombs, various orbital weapons platforms such as Highwater-Trousers, and Bradley-Hercules - the Enclave-controlled satellite which destroys Liberty Prime in the Broken Steel add-on. Equally, near Fort Constantine, the Lone Wanderer has the ability to launch a Ballistic missile from a concrete silo, via a computer terminal, to an unmarked destination.
|The following is based on the Wild Wasteland trait and has not been confirmed by canon sources.|
The C-23 Megaton returned in Fallout: New Vegas in the form of an undetonated atomic nuke called The One, which can be found north-west of the Devil's Throat if the player has the Wild Wasteland perk.
|End of information based on the Wild Wasteland trait.|
The Fat Man also returned in Fallout: New Vegas, it can be purchased from Knight Torres, a merchant in the Hidden Valley bunker. The Gun Runners also sell them. A unique version can also be purchased if the player has Gun Runners' Arsenal add-on.
In Lonesome Road many nuclear weapons are scattered throughout the Divide namely in an old missile silo. There are also some undetonated warheads scattered around in the divide that can be detonated using a Laser detonator. For more info see the page: Lonesome Road
|The following is based on Fallout Tactics and some details might contradict canon.|
|The following is based on Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel and has not been confirmed by canon sources.|
A nuclear device also rests on the Secret Vault, as an emergency decontamination procedure (a self-destruct system) if the Vault started to become too dangerous. A special monorail located in the first complex of the laboratories section should be used to evacuate the vault dwellers quickly to a secret exit in the mountains. The Initiate activates it to obliterate all of its research and all of the experimental deathclaws, radbugs, super mutants, robots, and the heavily mutated Attis, destroying both the Secret Vault and the city of Los.
|The following is based on Van Buren and has not been confirmed by canon sources.|
The yield of the weapons in the games is never explicitly given. While it is stated that entire continents were scorched by nuclear weapons, their effects in the game are not even remotely similar to that description. Therefore, ten thousand or more nukes may have devastated the land. This would make sense, as each country would have at least a century's worth of nuclear weaponry in their stockpile. Also, during the 50's in the real world, Nuclear Strategy favored brute-force precision strikes on military installations with ICBM whilst relying on heavily irradiating a country's population by dropping large amounts of small-yield nukes on highly populated urban areas from strategic bombers, as ballistic missiles were somewhat rare during this time. The war as it is portrayed in Fallout seems to follow this doctrine to a large extent as observable by many in-game reports and terminal entries. Also, many military facilities in the game where stated to be hit first during the nuclear exchange, such as the West-Tek facility, the Sentinel Site and many other strategic installations throughout the US.
The way the weapons are portrayed in the games is inconsistent; in the classic Fallout games, nuclear weapons are feared, respected, and exceedingly rare (not to mention that arguably the most intelligent being in the Fallout world, the Master, is unwilling to unleash the power of the atom again). In Fallout 3 nuclear weapons are commonplace and devoid of their traits from previous games. You can destroy a small city with a nuclear bomb in the first few hours of the game, blow up cars in nuclear explosions and carry a personal tactical nuclear launcher.
The term nuke is also, in the Fallout Universe, a generic name for anything that resembles a missile. When Liberty Prime is destroyed in Fallout 3, there is no radioactive fallout, nor is there a scorched blast zone or mushroom cloud—the explosion is tiny in comparison to an real nuclear weapon (though such weapons are sometimes refereed to as in universe as "Micro-Nukes" hinting that they were designed to have a much smaller blast radius). The same can be said about the mobile base crawler in the Broken Steel add-on when it is destroyed by an orbital strike—again, there was just an explosion, and no radioactive, flaming byproducts of a nuclear detonation (although the Bradley-Hercules system may have only used conventional warheads). This may indicate the missiles aboard B.O.M.B.-001 or other orbital platforms were not actually primed with warheads, but were missiles waiting to be armed.
Another inconsistency with Fallout 3's nuclear missile theory is the shape of the actual weapons themselves. Some, like the one within Megaton are 1940s "Fat Man" atomic bombs: powerful, but were quickly surpassed by even stronger thermonuclear (or "hydrogen") weapons, which were not barrel-shaped but were more streamlined in appearance.
There are the more 'ballistic' missiles—the converted "space shuttles"—that are launched from concrete silos (like the one outside Fort Constantine) or submarines (like the Chinese Yangtze). Most missiles that can still be found are either broken or still waiting for launch, as some officers refused to fire their warheads including an entire arsenal of them in The Divide.
Oddly enough, while most of the strategic arsenal of the US has been launched, most orbital installations appear to have been forgotten about, or only partially launched their payload. It is unknown whether this is a design oversight, or if the weapons were indeed not properly armed.
Nuclear weapons appear in all Fallout games.
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Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History
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Few issues in modern history have received as much attention as assigning responsibility for the outbreak of the World War in 1914. The debate began during the war itself as each side tried to lay blame on the other, became part of the "war guilt" question after 1918, went through a phase of revisionism in the 1920s, and was revived in the 1960s thanks to the work of Fritz Fischer.
This lecture also deals with the causes of World War I, but does so from a Balkan perspective. Certainly Great Power tensions were widespread in 1914, and those tensions caused the rapid spread of the war after it broke out, but many previous Great Power crises had been resolved without war. Why did this particular episode, a Balkan crisis that began with a political murder in Bosnia, prove so unmanageable and dangerous?
Some questions will help to frame our inquiry:
From a Balkan perspective, it is crucial to look at the actors and decision-makers who were at work during the conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, the two states involved in the original Sarajevo crisis. Doing so highlights factors that are somewhat different from those at work among the Great Powers at large, or those cited in general explanations for the war.
General treatments of the European crisis of 1914 often blame Great Power statesmen for their shortsightedness, incompetence, or failure to act in a timely or effective way to keep the peace. A common theme is the passive nature of Great Power policy: leaders reacted to events instead of proactively managing the crisis. With some justification, scholars conclude that French leaders had little choice: France was the object of a German invasion. England in turn entered the war because a successful German attack on France and Belgium would have made Germany too powerful. Both Germany and Russia mobilized their armies in haste, because each one feared defeat by powerful enemies if they delayed. Germany and Russia also rashly committed themselves to support Balkan clients -- Austria-Hungary and Serbia, respectively -- because Berlin and St. Petersburg feared that failure to do so would cost them the trust of important allies and leave them isolated. This interpretation treats Balkan matters largely through their influence on policies elsewhere.
An analysis rooted in a Balkan perspective, on the other hand, can evaluate the proactive steps taken in the region from the start of the crisis. Unfortunately, when Austrians, Hungarians and Serbs made important decisions early in the crisis, they consistently avoided compromise and risked war. Two months passed between the murder of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Bosnian Serb high school student on June 28, and the coming of general war at the end of August. In other words, there was plenty of time for calculation, caution and decision. Who chose to risk war, and why?
The murder itself was hardly a mystery. There were scores of witnesses and the killers were immediately arrested: we even have a photograph of Gavrilo Princip being wrestled to the ground by police. The conspirators willingly confessed: transcripts of their trial statements have been published. Nor was the fact of murder per se crucial. It was an age of assassins: Franz Joseph's wife, the Empress Elizabeth, had been murdered in 1898 in Switzerland by an Italian, but Austria did not seek war with Italy or Switzerland. It was the significance of this particular crime for Austro-Serbian relations that mattered.
To assess the degree of Serbian guilt, we should look in three places: the young Bosnian assassins, their backers in Serbia, and the Serbian government.
In an open car, Franz Ferdinand, his wife Sophie Chotek and Governor Potiorek passed seven assassins as their procession drove through Sarajevo. A look at the actual participants tells us something about South Slav nationalist dissatisfaction in Habsburg-ruled Bosnia.
The first conspirator along the parade route was Mehmed Mehmedbasic, a 27-year old carpenter, son of an impoverished Bosnian Muslim notable: he had a bomb. After planning a plot of his own to kill Governor Potiorek, Mehmedbasic joined the larger plot. When the car passed him, he did nothing: a gendarme stood close by, and Mehmedbasic feared that a botched attempt might spoil the chance for the others. He was the only one of the assassins to escape.
Map: SARAJEVO IN 1905/1914
[Clicking here will display a tourist map of the city of Sarajevo in 1905 in another browser window, while leaving this lecture text in the original browser window.]
Next was Vaso Cubrilovic, a 17-year old student armed with a revolver. Cubrilovic was recruited for the plot during a political discussion: in Bosnia in 1914, virtual strangers could soon be plotting political murders together, if they shared radical interests. Cubrilovic had been expelled from the Tuzla high school for walking out during the Habsburg anthem. Cubrilovic too did nothing, afraid of shooting Duchess Sophie by accident. Under Austrian law, there was no death penalty for juvenile offenders, so Cubrilovic was sentenced to 16 years. In later life he became a history professor.
Nedelko Cabrinovic was the third man, a 20-year old idler who was on bad terms with his family over his politics: he took part in strikes and read anarchist books. His father ran a cafe, did errands for the local police, and beat his family. Nedeljko dropped out of school, and moved from job to job: locksmithing, operating a lathe and setting type. In 1914 Cabrinovic worked for the Serbian state printing house in Belgrade. He was a friend of Gavrilo Princip, who recruited him there for the killing, and they travelled together back to Sarajevo. Cabrinovic threw a bomb, but failed to see the car in time to aim well: he missed the heir's car and hit the next one, injuring several people. Cabrinovic swallowed poison and jumped into a canal, but he was saved from suicide and arrested. He died of tuberculosis in prison in 1916.
The fourth and fifth plotters were standing together. One was Cvetko Popovic, an 18-year old student who seems to have lost his nerve, although he claimed not to have seen the car, being nearsighted. Popovic received a 13-year sentence, and later became a school principal.
Nearby was 24-year old Danilo Ilic, the main organizer of the plot; he had no weapon. Ilic was raised in Sarajevo by his mother, a laundress. His father was dead, and Ilic worked as a newsboy, a theatre usher, a laborer, a railway porter, a stone-worker and a longshoreman while finishing school; later he was a teacher, a bank clerk, and a nurse during the Balkan Wars. His real vocation was political agitation: he had contacts in Bosnia, with the Black Hand in Serbia and in the exile community in Switzerland. He obtained the guns and bombs used in the plot. Ilic was executed for the crime.
The final two of the seven conspirators were farther down the road. Trifko Grabez was a 19-year old Bosnian going to school in Belgrade, where he became friends with Princip. He too did nothing: at his trial he said he was afraid of hurting some nearby women and children, and feared that an innocent friend standing with him would be arrested unjustly. He too died in prison: the Austrians spared few resources for the health of the assassins after conviction.
Gavrilo Princip was last. Also 19-years old, he was a student who had never held a job. His peasant family owned a tiny farm of four acres, the remnant of a communal zadruga broken up in the 1880s; for extra cash, his father drove a mail coach. Gavrilo was sickly but smart: at 13 he went off to the Merchants Boarding School in Sarajevo. He soon turned up his nose at commerce in favor of literature, poetry and student politics. For his role in a demonstration, he was expelled and lost his scholarship. In 1912 he went to Belgrade: he never enrolled in school, but dabbled in literature and politics, and somehow made contact with Apis and the Black Hand. During the Balkan Wars he volunteered for the Serbian army, but was rejected as too small and weak.
On the day of the attack, Princip heard Cabrinovic's bomb go off and assumed that the Archduke was dead. By the time he heard what had really happened, the cars had driven past him. By bad luck, a little later the returning procession missed a turn and stopped to back up at a corner just as Princip happened to walk by. Princip fired two shots: one killed the archduke, the other his wife. Princip was arrested before he could swallow his poison capsule or shoot himself. Princip too was a minor under Austrian law, so he could not be executed. Instead he was sentenced to 20 years in prison, and died of tuberculosis in 1916.
We can make some generalizations about the plotters. All were Bosnian by birth. Most were Serbian, or one might say Orthodox, but one was a Bosnian Muslim: at their trial, the plotters did not speak of Serbian, Croatian or Muslim identity, only their unhappiness with the Habsburgs. None of the plotters was older than 27: so none of them were old enough to remember the Ottoman regime. Their anger over conditions in Bosnia seems directed simply at the visible authorities. The assassins were not advanced political thinkers: most were high school students. From statements at their trial, the killing seems to have been a symbolic act of protest. Certainly they did not expect it to cause a war between Austria and Serbia.
A closer look at the victims also supports this view: that symbolic, not real, power was at stake. Assassination attempts were not unusual in Bosnia. Some of the plotters originally planned to kill Governor Potiorek, and only switched to the royal couple at the last minute. Franz Ferdinand had limited political influence. He was Emperor Franz Joseph's nephew, and became the heir when Franz Joseph's son killed himself in 1889 (his sisters could not take the throne).
This position conferred less power than one might think. Franz Ferdinand's wife, Sophie Chotek, was a Bohemian noblewoman, but not noble enough to be royal. She was scorned by many at court, and their children were out of the line of succession (Franz Ferdinand's brother Otto was next). Franz Ferdinand had strong opinions, a sharp tongue and many political enemies. He favored "trialism," adding a third Slavic component to the Dual Monarchy, in part to reduce the influence of the Hungarians. His relations with Budapest were so bad that gossips blamed the killing on Magyar politicians. There have been efforts to say that Serbian politicians had him killed to block his pro-Slav reform plans, but the evidence for this is thin.
The assassins did not act alone. Who was involved within Serbia, and why? To understand Serbian actions accurately, we must distinguish between the Radical Party led by Prime Minister Pasic, and the circle of radicals in the army around Apis, the man who led the murders of the Serbian royal couple in 1903.
The role of Apis in 1914 is a matter of guesswork, despite many investigations. The planning was secret, and most of the participants died without making reliable statements . Student groups like Mlada Bosna were capable of hatching murder plots on their own. During 1913 several of the eventual participants talked about murdering General Oskar Potiorek, the provincial Governor or even Emperor Franz Joseph.
Once identified as would-be assassins, however, the Bosnian students seem to have been directed toward Franz Ferdinand by Dimitrijevic-Apis, by now a colonel in charge of Serbian intelligence. Princip returned from a trip to Belgrade early in 1914 with a plan to kill Franz Ferdinand, contacts in the Black Hand who later supplied the guns and bombs, and information about the planned June visit by the heir, which Princip would not have known without a leak or tip from within Serbian intelligence. In 1917, Apis took credit for planning the killing, but his motives can be questioned: at the time, he was being tried for treason against the Serbian king, and mistakenly believed that his role in the plot would lead to leniency. In fact, the Radical Party and the king were afraid of Apis and had him shot.
Those who believe Apis was at work point to "trialism" as his motive. Apis is supposed to have seen the heir as the only man capable of reviving Austria-Hungary. If Franz Ferdinand had reorganized the Habsburg Empire on a trialist basis, satisfying the Habsburg South Slavs, Serbian hopes to expand into Bosnia and Croatia would have been blocked. In early June 1914, Apis is said to have decided to give guns and bombs to Princip and his accomplices, and arranged to get the students back over the border into Bosnia without passing through the border checkpoints. Later in the month, other members of the Black Hand ruling council voted to cancel the plan, but by then it was too late to call back the assassins.
While Apis may or may not have been guilty of planning the murder, the murder did not necessarily mean war. There was no irresistable outburst of popular anger after the assassination: Austria-Hungary did not take revenge in hot blood, but waited almost two months. When the Habsburg state did react against Serbia, it was in a calculated manner as we will see in a moment. For now, suffice it to say that the Austrians chose to blame the Pasic government for the crime. How culpable was the Serbian regime?
There is no evidence to suggest that Pasic planned the crime. It is unlikely that the Black Hand officers were acting on behalf of the government, because the military and the Radical Party in fact were engaged in a bitter competition to control the state. After the Balkan Wars, both military and civilian figures claimed the right to administer the newly liberated lands (the so-called Priority Question). After 1903, Pasic knew that Apis' clique would kill to get their way.
Pasic's responsibility revolves around reports that he was warned of the intended crime, and took inadequate steps to warn Austrian authorities. Despite Pasic's denials, there is substantial testimony that someone alerted him to the plot, and that Pasic ordered the Serbian ambassador in Vienna to tell the Austrians that an attempt would be made on the life of the heir during his visit to Bosnia.
However, when the Serbian ambassador passed on the warning, he appears to have been too discreet. Instead of saying that he knew of an actual plot, he spoke in terms of a hypothetical assassination attempt, and suggested that a state visit by Franz Ferdinand on the day of Kosovo (June 28) was too provocative. Austrian diplomats failed to read between the lines of this vague comment. By the time the warning reached the Habsburg joint finance minister (the man in charge of Bosnian affairs) any sense of urgency had been lost, and he did nothing to increase security or cancel the heir's planned visit. After the murders, the Serbian government was even more reluctant to compromise itself by admitting any prior knowledge, hence Pasic's later denials.
If we agree that the Pasic government did not plan the killings, what can we say about their response to the crisis that followed? War in 1914 was not inevitable: did the Serbs work hard enough to avoid it?
Before we can answer that question, we must look at the official Austrian reaction to the killing. This took two forms. First, the police and the courts undertook a wide-ranging series of arrests and investigations. Hundreds of people were arrested or questioned, sometimes violently. Twenty-five people were finally tried and convicted, though only a few were executed, because so many of the defendants were minors.
Second, the Austrian foreign ministry and the emperor's closest advisors considered what to do about Serbia's role in the plot. Investigators quickly learned that the murder weapons came from Serbian sources, but Austrian intelligence failed to distinguish between the roles of the Pasic administration and the unofficial nationalist groups: for that matter, they blamed Narodna Odbrana for the crime, apparently unaware of the Black Hand.
Austria's blame for the war attaches to its calculated response to the murders. Early councils were divided. The chief of staff, General Franz Baron Conrad von Hoetzendorf, wanted a military response from the beginning. Conrad had previously argued that the Monarchy was surrounded by enemies who needed to be defeated individually, before they could combine. In other words, he wanted a war against the Serbs and Russians, followed later by a confrontation with Italy. Leopold Count von Berchtold, the Habsburg foreign minister, generally agreed with Conrad's analysis. Berchtold took no strong position in the crisis: he was apparently convinced by Conrad, and his only hesitation involved the need to prepare public opinion for war.
The only real opposition to a policy of confrontation and war came from the Hungarian Prime Minister, Count Stephan Tisza. Tisza was personally opposed to militarism and took the risks of war more seriously than Conrad. Also, as a Magyar, Tisza realized that a Habsburg victory would be a domestic defeat for Hungarians: if Austria annexed Serbia, the delicate ethnic balance in the Dual Monarchy would be lost. Either the Slavic population of Hungary would increase, leaving the Magyars as a minority in their own country, or trialism would replace the dualist system, again discounting Magyar influence.
The early Austrian deliberations included another, calculated element that shows their limited interest in peace: in weighing the merits of a military response, Vienna first sought the reaction of her German ally. The Austrian ambassador in Berlin found that the Germans, especially Kaiser Wilhelm, supported a war to punish Serbia and offered their full support. This was in clear contrast to events during the Balkan War of 1912, when Berlin refused to back Vienna in any intervention. Like the Austrians, the Germans feared a future war with Russia, and preferred to fight soon, before their enemies grew stronger.
When the Austrian Council of Ministers met again on July 7, the majority favored war. To satisfy Tisza, the council agreed to present demands to Serbia, rather than declare war at once. In the belief that a diplomatic victory alone would not be enough to destroy Serbia as a threat, the demands were deliberately to be written in such extreme terms that Serbia could not accept them. Serbia's refusal to comply would then become the excuse for war. Within a week, Tisza himself consented to this plan: his only reservation was insistence that no Serbian territory be annexed after the war.
The final 10-point ultimatum demanded the suppression of anti-Austrian newspapers and organizations (including Narodna Odbrana), a purge of anti-Austrian teachers and officers, and the arrest of certain named offenders. Two points seriously interfered in Serbian sovereignty:
The document had a 48-hour deadline. The council finalized the demands on July 19th and sent them to Belgrade on the 23rd. The war party in Vienna hoped that the Serbs would fail to agree, and that this could be an excuse for war. The 48-hour time limit is further evidence that the document was not meant as a negotiating proposal, but as an ultimatum.
We can say three things about how the Austrian process of decision bears on Austria's responsibility:
The Serbs in turn failed to do their utmost to defuse the crisis. When Serbia first received the ultimatum, Pasic indicated that he could accept its terms, with a few reservations and requests for clarification. As time passed, however, it became clear that Russia would support Serbia regardless of the situation. After that, Pasic gave up seeking peace. While a long reply was written and sent, Serbia rejected the key points about Austrian interference in domestic judicial and police work. Pasic knew that this meant war, and the Serbian army began to mobilize even before the reply was complete. While mobilization was prudent, it did not imply a strong commitment to peace. Because the Serbian reply did not accept every point, Austria broke off relations on July 25.
The tough positions taken by both Austria and Serbia brought the situation too close to the brink to step back, and in a few days matters were out of control. Again, the specific arguments raised by each side matter less than their mutual willingness to take risks. This policy of brinkmanship made war more likely than negotiation.
This leads us to the last question: why did the Balkan crisis of 1914 lead to World War I, when many other crises were resolved without a general war in Europe?
This is really two questions:
From what we have seen about risktaking by the Austro-Hungarians and the Serbs, we can say something about why those two states went to war in 1914.
In the first place, both governments believed that their prestige and credibility were on the line, not only in the international community, but at home.
For the Austrians, a personal attack on the royal family required a strong response, especially if the assassins were Serbs, who had defied the Dual Monarchy during the Pig War, been labelled as traitors during the Friedjung Trial, and recently destroyed southeastern Europe's other dynastic empire (the Ottomans). Failure to act in the summer of 1914 invited greater turmoil later.
For the Serbian regime, the humiliating Austrian terms would have undone all the progress made since 1903 in achieving independence from Habsburg meddling. The economic Pig War, Austria's annexation of Bosnia in 1908, and now the demand to send police into Serbia, all implied renewed Austrian control. In addition, Pasic and his ministers faced a real risk that right-wing extremists would kill them if they backed down.
On the international stage, both sides were one defeat away from being marginalized: Austria-Hungary had no intention of replacing the Ottoman Empire as the "Sick Man of Europe" and Serbia refused to be treated as a protectorate.
Second, in 1914 both sides believed that they were in a strong position to win if war came. The Austrians had German backing; the Serbs had promises from Russia. Neither side considered the chance that the war would spread across Europe.
Third, neither side really believed that their differences could be settled by negotiation. Only one regime could rule the South Slavs in Bosnia.
Fourth, both sides focussed on the fruits of victory and ignored the costs of defeat. We have already discussed the Great Serb ideas that became Belgrade's war aims: annexation of Bosnia, Croatia, Vojvodina and so forth. Despite promises to Tisza that the war would bring no annexation of unwelcome Slavs, by 1916 the Vienna government drew up plans for the annexation of Serbia and Montenegro, as well as border districts in Russia and Italy, and an economic plan to make Albania and Romania into economic dependencies.
Fifth, there was too little fear of war. After the Greco-Turk war of 1897, the ethnic fighting in Macedonia, the two Balkan Wars, and the Italian war with Turkey in 1911, war in the Balkans was not unusual. A little warfare had become commonplace, a normal aspect of foreign relations. No one foresaw what the World War would mean.
In sum, too many leaders on both sides in 1914 deliberately decided to risk crisis and war, and the initial Austro-Serb combat was the result.
Finally, why was the local war between Austria and Serbia so significant that it grew into a World War? Here, we can draw inferences from what we know of the Eastern Question and past Balkan politics. An essential element of Greek, Serb and Bulgarian nationalism had always been the destruction of the Ottoman Empire: the achievement of national unity necessarily meant the achievement of Ottoman collapse.
The same choice pertained to Austria-Hungary. Concessions to Serbian nationalism could only make Vienna's problems worse, not solve them. After the South Slavs would come the Romanians, the Italians, the Czechs and the Slovaks, each with their demands. Once the Habsburg Monarchy started down that road, it would inevitably disappear as a Great Power.
The potential collapse of Austria-Hungary was important not only for the Vienna government, but for Austria's German ally, for the other Great Powers and for the balance of power system. Because the clash with Serbia in 1914 affected an issue of such magnitude, it is not surprising that all the Powers soon became involved: all of them had interests at stake. The specific steps to the World War, and the division into two sides, reflected local considerations from Poland to Belgium: but the risk of world war, and not just war, entered the equation because of the larger ethnic issues behind the Sarajevo crisis of 1914.
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Mars is about half the diameter of the Earth and has 1/10th the Earth's mass. Mars' thin atmosphere (just 1/100th the Earth's) does not trap much heat at all even though it is 95% carbon dioxide (CO2). The other 3% is nitrogen (N2). Because the atmosphere is so thin, the greenhouse effect is insignificant and Mars has rapid cooling between night and day. When night comes the temperature can drop by over 100 K (180° F)! The large temperature differences create strong winds. The strong winds whip up dust and within a few weeks time, they can make dust storms that cover the entire planet for a few months. Two "before-after" image sets are shown below. The first pair is from the Mars Global Surveyor of the Tharsis bulge side of the planet. The "before-after" images are about 1.5 months apart. The second pair is from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) of the other side of the planet. The "before-after" images are about 2.5 months apart and the truly global dust storm was still going on. You can see the dust storm beginning in the HST image in the left image in the Hellas Basin at about the 4 o'clock position.
Color view of river drainage system from Viking orbiter on left and black-and-white zoom-in of Nanedi Vallis canyon using Viking (wide-field view) and Mars Global Surveyor (magnified view) images on right.
In Eberswalde Crater is a "fossil delta" that shows that Mars experienced ongoing, persistent flow of water over an extended period of time. It also shows that some sedimentary rocks on Mars were deposited in a water environment. Select the image to find out more details leading to these deductions.
Fossil delta in Jezero Crater. Color-enhancing shows the clay-like minerals (green here) that were carried into the lake, forming the delta. The clays would be a good place to look for signs of ancient life.
What makes Mars so intriguing is that there is evidence for sustained running liquid water in its past. Some geologic features look very much like the river drainage systems on Earth and other features points to huge floods. The Mars Pathfinder studied martian rocks in the summer of 1997 and found some rocks are conglomerates (rocks made of pebbles cemented together in sand) that require flowing water to form. Abundant sand also points to widespread water long ago. More recently, the larger and more advanced Mars Exploration Rovers (one called "Spirit" and the other called "Opportunity") have further strengthened the conclusion that there was liquid water on Mars in the past. Highly magnified images of the rocks examined by Opportunity (see image below) show a particular type of rippling patterns on the rocks that are formed under a gentle current of water instead of wind. In the image below the green stripes show the sedimentary layers laid down in flowing water and the blue lines show the boundaries between the layers. Furthermore, detailed chemical analysis of the compositions of the rocks by Opportunity show that they formed in mineral-rich water when the water got very concentrated with the minerals as the water evaporated (spectrum 1, spectrum 2, spectrum 3, spectrum 4, spectrum 5, spectrum 6 links).
More recently, Opportunity found veins of the mineral gypsum near the edge of the large crater Endeavour. The gypsum veins show that water flowed through the rocks and they are even stronger evidence for water than mentioned above.
The Mars Science Laboratory, "Curiosity", landed in Gale Crater near the equator of Mars on August 5, 2012. It has a suite of instruments for identifying organic compounds such as proteins, amino acids, and other acids and bases that attach themselves to carbon backbones and are essential to life as we know it. It is also able to detect gases that could be the result of biological activity but it does not the instruments to determine if there is currently existing biological activity going on. It will identify the best possible sites of biological activity (past or present) for a follow-up mission to more definitely confirm. Gale Crater is 155 kilometers (96 miles) across with a large mountain (Mount Sharp) inside it that appears to be the remnant of an extensive series of deposits. The layers at the base of the mountain contain clays and sulfates that very likely formed in liquid water. Curiosity will also investigate: the geology of the area to figure out how the rocks and soil formed; how the atmosphere has changed through time and the cycling of water and carbon dioxide; and the radiation environment at the surface (photons and particles from the Sun and the rest of the galaxy). See the William M Thomas Planetarium's MSL Landing page for more about Curiosity's landing sequence, see the first pictures returned from Gale Crater, and details on why Gale Crater was chosen.
The image above shows sections of the first 360-deg color pan of Gale Crater where Curiosity landed. The image was brightened during processing. The crater wall is visible on the left and right sides of the image and Mount Sharp is near the center of the image with the dark dunes near its base containing clays and sulfates that very likely formed in liquid water probably 3.5 billion years ago. The several gray splotches in the foreground were produced by the descent stage sky crane's rocket engines blasting the ground and blowing off the surface dust layer. Parts of the rover are visible as well. The black areas are places where the images making up the pan had not been all beamed to Earth yet.
At locations near where Curiosity landed in Gale Crater, it found deposits of gravel made of well-rounded pebbles eroded off of sedimentary conglomerate outcrops (left image). On Earth (right image of sedimentary conglomerate), rocks that are well-rounded are a common sign of rocks that have been transported by water in a river or stream. If the flow of water is great enough, the pebbles are lifted up in the flow or rolled along the bed and they get pounded against each other so the edges get rounded off. The sizes of the pebbles on Mars are too large to have been transported by wind; they must have been transported by a sustained, vigorous flow of water.
Features such as the gullies in the sides of craters provide a cautionary tale for how we have to be careful in assuming that water must be the cause of sinewy features (and how Mars can fool us if we are too Earth-like in our thinking!). The Mars Global Surveyor found places where gullies are etched into the sides of craters that themselves have very few smaller impacts inside of them. That means the crater walls are geologically young, so the gullies have to be even younger still. The orbiter also found gullies where bright new deposits were seen in images taken just four years apart from each other that seemed to be the result of water carrying sediments down the sides of the craters for a short time. However, the gullies formed mostly on the crater walls facing the poles. Also, the gullies were far more active (forming new features) in the southern hemisphere than in the north. These patterns better match the seasonal changes of carbon dioxide frost (dry ice) formation and then sublimation (when a solid turns directly to gas without the intermediate liquid phase). Mars' southern hemisphere winters are longer and colder than those in the north, so more frost forms and piles up in the southern hemisphere. As the dry ice sublimates it causes the rock and soil to flow downhill. Such action by dry ice can happen on Mars but not the Earth because Mars can get extremely cold, colder than Antarctica.
Even with this cautionary tale, there does appear to be evidence for liquid water flowing relatively recently. In 2011 the team of scientists working with the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) released images of seven craters where thin (0.5 to 5 meters wide) dark streaks are seen to flow down steep slopes repeatedly during the summer seasons when temperatures on the surface there can reach -23º to +27ºC (-10º to +80ºF). In an effort to not bias our interpretation of them, the team has called the features "recurring slope lineae". There are 12 to 20 other sites the team is keeping a close eye on to see if they too have the repeated dark flows.
Select image for other craters with time-lapse images from the MRO press release
Mars' surface air pressure is much too low for pure liquid water to exist now. At very low pressure, water can exist as either frozen ice or as a gas but not in the intermediate liquid phase. If you have ever cooked food at high elevations using boiling water, you know that it takes longer because water boils at a lower temperature than at sea level. That is because the air pressure at high elevations is less. If you were several miles above the Earth's surface, you would find that water would boil (turn into steam) at even room temperature! However, if the liquid is very salty water, then it may be able to exist long enough to flow partway down the crater walls before freezing or evaporating. The dark streaks that grow during the warm summer time could be the result of liquid brines near the surface of Mars breaking through to the surface. Because of the widespread presence of salts on the surface of Mars, even pure water from below would get mixed with the salts. Unfortunately, the spectrometer on board MRO does not have sufficient spatial resolution to analyze the very narrow dark streaks. To strengthen the argument for these being the result of salty water flowing downhill, research teams on Earth will simulate the conditions (soil composition, low air pressure, and temperature) in the lab to see what all could create the dark streaks. In 2012 the MRO team increased the number of recurring slope lineae to 15 and strengthened their conclusion that they are caused by briny water melting and seeping downhill through the soil (see also link).
Where there is liquid water, there is the possibility for life to arise. Tiny structures in a meteorite that was blasted from Mars in a huge impact of an asteroid look like they were formed by ancient simple lifeforms. However, there is still a lot of debate among scientists on that but strong evidence of contamination by terrestrial organic molecules has probably killed the possibility of conclusive proof of martian life in the meteorite. The dissenters are not wanting to be party poopers. They just want greater certainty that the tiny structures could not be formed by ordinary geologic processes. The great importance of discovering life on another world warrants great skeptism---``extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence''. The search for martian life will need to be done with a sample-return mission or experiments done right on Mars.
The fact that Mars had sustained liquid water in the past tells us that the early Martian atmosphere was thicker and the surface was warmer from the greenhouse effect a few billion years ago. Some of the topics for follow-up research are: how long was there liquid water present on the surface; when did the liquid water disappear from the surface; how widespread was the liquid water; how much liquid water was there; and were there repeated episodes of liquid water appearing and then disappearing.
Life may have started there so current explorations of Mars are focussing on finding signs of ancient, long-dead life. An important step in that search is to determine how habitable Mars might have been long ago. Besides liquid water, life would need to have some source of energy to drive its metabolism. In early 2013, the Curiosity rover drilled into a sedimentary rock in Gale Crater. Drilling into the rocks may give us information about the conditions on Mars further back in time than what the Mars Exploration Rovers can give us with their wire brush tool.
The rock powder from Curiosity's first drillings were gray with a hint of green, not red, from olivine and magnetite that have less oxygen than the hematite found in rocks studied by the Mars Exploration Rovers. The range of oxidation of the materials in the rock could be used as a sort of chemical battery by micro-organisms. In addition, the reduced oxygen minerals would be better at preserving organics than the more oxidized rocks studied by the Mars Exploration Rovers. The rock studied by Curiosity has sulfur (including sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide), nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide)---key ingredients for life. The presence of calcium sulfate and other minerals suggest that the clay minerals were formed from neutral or mildly alkaline water that wasn't too salty instead of the extremely high acidity and saltiness of the water that would have formed the rocks explored by the Mars Exploration Rovers. Examinations of other rocks in the Gale Crater area explored by Curiosity in late 2012-early 2013, show cracks between rocks filled with hydrated minerals that may indicate the Gale Crater floor was soaking wet more than once. At the time of writing, no organic compounds had been found yet by the SAM instrument on Curiosity, but one thing for sure is that ancient Mars was definitely habitable, able to support microbes long ago.
Any lifeforms living now would have to be living below the surface to prevent exposure from the harsh ultraviolet light of the Sun. Mars has no protective ozone layer, so all of the ultraviolet light reaching Mars can make it to the surface. The Viking landers that landed in 1976 conducted experiments looking for biological activity, past or present, in the soil but found the soil to be sterile with no organic matter (in the top several centimeters at least). The soil is more chemically reactive than terrestrial soil from the action of the harsh ultraviolet light. More recently, the Phoenix mission described below in the "Ice on Mars" section may have found another reason for the lack of organic matter in the soil: perchlorate in the soil would break down any organic compounds that would have been in the soil when the soil was heated up during the Viking experiments. In any case, Mars appears to have undergone significant global change. What changed Mars into the cold desert of today?
Four views of Mars from four generations of Mars explorers: Viking 2 lander on top left, Mars Pathfinder on top right, Opportunity in the middle (much less rocky terrain---long picture!), and Curiosity on bottom (also a long picture!)
Mars Exploration Rover Sites movie (select the link to view a Flash movie showing where the Mars Explorations Rovers landed)
The runaway refrigerator is described in a flowchart on the Earth-Venus-Mars page. The flowchart up to the last dashed arrow occurred a LONG time ago. The box at the end describes the current state: frozen water and carbon dioxide below the surface and a very thin atmosphere.
The runaway refrigerator theory recently received further support when the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter found places where deposits of iron and calcium carbonates had been uncovered at large impact sites great distances apart from each other. These types of carbonates form most easily in the presence of large quantities of liquid water and fit the runaway refrigerator idea of atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolving in bodies of liquid water. The carbonate layers are buried under a few miles (about 5 kilometers) of younger rocks, including volcanic flows, similar to what Spirit found when exploring Gusev crater. At Gusev Crater, Spirit had to climb the hills near where it landed to find the older minerals that formed in the presence of liquid water sticking above the surrounding crater floor covered in lava flows (see "Panel 1" of the "Follow the Water" forum). Large impacts are able to uncover the deeper carbonate layers, so MRO will explore other large impact craters closely to see how widespread the buried carbonate layers are.
Human explorers will need to use spacesuits on Mars' surface. The low pressure would kill them in a fraction of a second without something to provide an inward pressure on their bodies. Explorers will also need to contend with temperatures that are way below the freezing point of water even during the day and have enough shielding to block the abundant ultraviolet light from the Sun.
One of the predictions of the runaway refrigerator is that there should be water ice below the surface. Mars does have polar ice caps made of frozen carbon dioxide ("dry ice") and frozen water, but is there frozen water below the surface away from from the polar ice caps? Yes!
Yuty Crater is a type of crater called a rampart crater (or "splash crater") because of the distinctive ridges along the edge of the "fluidized" ejecta. This image from the Viking 1 orbiter as well as others it took of craters in the surrounding area show features formed when frozen (or liquid?) water was melted and mixed with the dirt and rocks to flow like mud upon impact (see also the image of Yuty Crater from the Mars Global Surveyor and a high-resolution image of the fluidized ejecta flow or link 2).
The Mars Odyssey spacecraft orbiting Mars found that the highest concentrations of the sub-surface ice are near the poles from about latitudes 60 degrees and higher. The Phoenix Mars Lander that landed at the end of May 2008 scooped up ice and soil at its landing spot near the martian north pole south of the north polar cap. It uncovered water ice just a few centimeters below the surface. Phoenix also ran tests to see if the soil & ice could be habitable for microbial life. Phoenix did not have the capability to detect biological activity; it could only determine if life could exist in the soil at its landing spot. The answer: maybe. Phoenix found perchlorate that is toxic to most Earth life but it can be food for some types of microbes. Water vapor from the atmosphere could attach to the perchlorate to form a thin film layer of water for biological activity. In addition perchlorate in water can lower its freezing temperature enough to keep it liquid even in Mars' cold temperatures.
"Holy cow!" image from the robotic arm camera of the Phoenix Mars Lander shows what looks like ice uncovered by the rocket exhaust upon landing.
Phoenix uncovered ice in this trench called "Dodo-Goldilocks" that sublimated (from ice directly to water vapor) over the course of four Mars days. The ice lumps seen in the lower left corner on day 20 are no longer there on day 24. If the ice was carbon dioxide, they would have sublimated away in less than a day at the temperatures of Phoenix's location when the trench was dug.
The image above and others from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter show that frozen water is just below the surface at latitudes closer to the equator than thought possible before. The bright areas in the upper panels are are sub-surface water ice freshly exposed by meteorite impacts. They fade over 15 weeks as the water ice sublimates (bottom panels). See the MRO video archive for a nice video about this particular discovery (choose the September 24, 2009 video). These craters were near the location of the Viking 2 lander and the scientists figured out that if Viking 2 had been able to dig just 15 cm (6 in) deeper, it would have found the ice (33 years before Phoenix).
Some pieces of Mars are delivered to Earth as meteorites blasted from the surface of Mars from giant impacts. The ejecta from the blasts were moving fast enough to escape Mars' gravity and eventually find their way to Earth. The Zagami meteorite, named after the place in Nigeria where it landed in 1962, is one example. A small slice of it is shown above. At least several dozen martian meteorites have been discovered so far. Trapped gases in them closely resemble the atmosphere analyzed by Viking, their distinctive compositions (very different from regular meteorites), and, in most cases, much younger ages than regular meteorites, tell us that these particular meteorites came from Mars. Some of them have carbonates in them which again tell us that liquid water was once present on Mars.
And just for fun: Zoom in to the "Face on Mars". The "Face on Mars" is a remnant massif that attracted a lot of attention in the 1990s when a Viking 1 Orbiter picture of it, that made it appear like a face had been carved onto the martian surface, circulated around the web. Those with an over-active imagination thought the feature was artificial (made by ancient martian astronauts) and conspiracy theories were created of a NASA cover-up. The Viking image has poor resolution, poor lighting, and a number of "bit errors" that create black speckles, a couple of which were located at the feature's "nostril" and a "dimple" on its chin. Later much higher resolution images from the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express spacecrafts show it to be a naturally-occuring geologic formation. The "`Face on Mars' Zoom In" page shows where the "Face" is on Mars and increasingly higher-resolution views of the feature.
Finally, my notes from the January 13, 2011 update on the Mars Program.
Go back to previous section -- Go to next section
last updated: June 7, 2013
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by the National Streamflow Information Program Committee (J.D. Bales, J.E. Costa (chair), D.J. Holtschlag, K.J. Lanfear, S. Lipscomb, P.C. Milly, R. Viger, and D.M. Wolock)
U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2004-1263--ONLINE ONLY
The full report is available as a pdf.
The full report is available as html online.
The Committee that prepared this plan for a National Streamflow Information Program (NSIP) met and worked in 1998-1999. The results of the Committee’s meetings and deliberations are contained in this document, which is a product of the circumstances of the U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging program as of 1999. Over the next several years as partial funding for NSIP became available, parts of the plan presented here were adopted, other parts were revised, and some have never been implemented. Although this report was completed and reviewed in 1999, personnel changes, planning, and implementation of this important new program has delayed publication until now. A brief summary was published in 1999 (Streamflow Information for the Next Century, 1999, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-456, 13 p.). The NSIP program today (2004) is similar but not identical to the program outlined herein. This report is published since it provides the only detailed documentation of the thinking and workings of the Committee who developed and designed the program. From a larger perspective, this report also serves to document the vision of the Water Discipline for the future of streamgaging in the U.S. Geological Survey. A more recent description of NSIP is provided in Hirsch, R.M. and Norris, J.M., 2001, National Streamflow Information Program: Implementation Plan and Progress Report: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-048-01, and National Research Council, 2004, Assessing the National Streamflow Information Program: National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 146 p.
The NSIP web page contains these reports, and others, as well as the most current information about NSIP. The web page can be found at http://water.usgs.gov/nsip/.
This report is available online in Portable Document Format (PDF). If you do not have the Adobe Acrobat PDF Reader, it is available for free download from Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Download the report (PDF, 1.7 MB )
Document Accessibility: Adobe Systems Incorporated has information about PDFs and the visually impaired. This information provides tools to help make PDF files accessible. These tools convert Adobe PDF documents into HTML or ASCII text, which then can be read by a number of common screen-reading programs that synthesize text as audible speech. In addition, an accessible version of Acrobat Reader 5.0 for Windows (English only), which contains support for screen readers, is available. These tools and the accessible reader may be obtained free from Adobe at Adobe Access.
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|U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
Persistent URL: http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr20041263
Page Contact Information: Contact USGS
Last modified: Sunday, January 13 2013, 12:02:22 AM
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Growing up in a bilingual home near New York City, where my brother and I were the only ones who spoke Norwegian in our elementary school, I remember being asked to translate for newly-arrived Scandinavian students whose parents were assigned to the UN. Our school had no teaching resources in other languages back then, let alone in Norwegian, but I credit the staff for using local resources to get non-English speaking students off on the right foot (it may also have been my first teaching opportunity!).
Years later, I was amazed when I encountered websites such as Bing Translator (bing.com/translator), FreeTranslation.com and BabelFish.com where anyone could essentially do the same work without knowing the language. For example, a click of a mouse at FreeTranslation will tell you that “How high is the moon?” in English is “Hvordan høy er månen?” in Norwegian. It will also translate web pages to and from more than 30 different languages, including French, German, and Spanish, but also Hausa, Hindi, and Urdu (try it out on the DA site www.districtadministration.com).
There are now more than 4 million English Language Learners (ELL) nationwide, representing more than 180 languages, so it is impossible for administrators to hire enough bilingual staff members and prepare programs to support all those diverse groups, and it is becoming essential to turn to technology. In fact, while it is easy to think of the internet as an American English-speaking phenomenon, this is far from reality, and the fastest-growing online languages are Arabic, Russian, Chinese, Portuguese, and Spanish, respectively. The search engines Google and Yahoo offer interfaces in scores of languages, which make it easier for “English as a second language” learners to use web resources and follow events in their native countries.
Evolving Language Tools
Language and translation tools are becoming increasingly sophisticated, such as proficiency solutions from Rosetta Stone, while the interest in audible technologies is exploding. More than two decades ago, researchers at Texas Instruments showed me the prototype of a device that would translate written text into speech in another language, but the device was too expensive to produce. However, online speaking translators, including translate.google.com are now common, and users are comfortable in exchanging information audibly with our automobiles, GPS devices, iPhones, and iPads, Droid Razr from Motorola, and Google’s Nexus smartphones and tablets. In this month’s “Online Edge” column on page 72, Will Richardson introduces us to exciting technology from Microsoft that translates spoken English to spoken Chinese.
Although the internet is a multilingual and multinational community with unparalleled opportunities for educators and students to communicate and share resources across borders, the statistics on second-language learning in American schools are grim. The American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) found recently that only 18 percent of U.S. students were enrolled in foreign language courses, and 17 states are reporting declines. As a result, our students are essentially monolingual in a bilingual or multilingual world.
As Carla Thomas McClure points out in this month’s Research Center on page 68, a growing body of research suggests that studying second languages in K12 schools also boosts student achievement in other content areas. However, the Center for Applied Linguistics found that our national focus on mathematics and reading reduced the resources available for foreign language instruction. Therefore, with President Barack Obama’s education priorities in his second term of office, as discussed on page 27, it is time to reconsider the missed benefits.
Happy New Year!
Odvard Egil Dyrli
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It’s more important to have a useful perception of reality than an accurate perception of reality. But of course, in many cases, an accurate perception of reality is a useful perception of reality. And so it’s important to try to figure out what reality actually looks like and to try to cut through the illusions and to try to cut through your biases and make sure that you’re not confusing correlation for causation. If it looks like A caused B, did A really cause B or is there something else that may have caused both? Try to think of other hypotheses.
Another mistake that we tend to make is to selectively look at evidence or to use motivated reasoning. So if you cherry-pick things in your environment that pop out at you and tend to support things that you already believe or things that you want to believe, then maybe you should try to find disconfirming evidence.
60 Second Reads is recorded in Big Think's studio.
Image courtesy of Shutterstock
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The Huron Indians
Social Studies Unit Plan
The Huron Indians
Social Studies Unit Plan
The unit is prepared for a fourth grade class.
The unit material will be taught for one hour each day, unless additional time is required for a certain activity.
The unit was chosen in an effort to educate the students about the culture of the Huron Indians and to make them aware of the diversity and history of our country’s first inhabitants, the Native Americans. Through social studies as well as cross-curricular lessons, the students will understand the similarities and differences between the Native Americans who lived in Detroit and those in other parts of the country.
Michigan content standards and benchmarks:
Standard 1.2 (Comprehending the Past) = 1.2.5, 1.2.6, 1.2.7, 1.2.8
Standard 1.3 (Analyzing and Interpreting the Past) = 1.3.4, 1.3.6
Standard 1.4 (Judging Decisions from the Past) = 1.4.3, 1.4.4
Standard 2.1 (People, Places, and Cultures) = 2.1.3, 2.1.4, 2.1.5
Standard 2.2 (Human/Environment Interaction) = 2.2.5, 2.2.7
Standard 3.1 (Purposes of Government) = 3.1.4
Standard 5.1 (Information Processing) = 5.1.4, 5.1.5, 5.1.6
Standard 5.2 (Conducting Investigations) = 5.2.5, 5.2.6, 5.2.7, 5.2.8
The unit has been developed under the assumption that the students can work both independently and cooperatively to complete assignments. Also, that the students are able to gather data and information using a variety of sources, such as library books and the Internet.
- Technology will be used throughout the unit as a means of gathering data and information, as well as to provide students with a source for answering questions that are sparked by class discussions.
The teacher will also begin reading the chapter book The Education of Little Tree by Forrest Carter, which will be read to the students each day before lunch throughout the course of the unit.
- Introductory Lesson – Fourth grade students will understand the hardships endured by Native Americans when their "rights as individuals"(Core Democratic Value) were withheld from them, so that when given a position they will be able to role-play a similar situation and write a paragraph response to the event.
Fourth grade students will know some basic information about the Huron Indians, so that when asked to create their own legends, they will be able to incorporate parts of the Huron Indians’ lives into them.
- Language Arts – Fourth grade students will be able to define what a legend is, so that when asked to create their own legends, they will be able to include all the required elements.
Social Studies – Fourth grade students will become familiar with different aspects (clothing, housing, tools) of Huron Indian culture, so that they will work creatively to make a visual representation of that culture.
Math – Fourth grade students will be able to measure the circumference of a circle, so that when given three circles of different sizes they will be able to measure them with 85% accuracy.
Social Studies – Fourth grade students will gain an understanding of how the circle is vital to the natural world, so that in a class discussion they will verbalize the many circles found in nature.
- Social Studies – Fourth grade students will gain an understanding of how the circle is symbolic in many cultures and religions, so that in a class discussion they will verbalize how the circle is used as a symbol.
Social Studies – Fourth grade students will know that Native American culture is closely related to nature, so that in a classroom discussion they will be able to answer prompting questions given by the teacher and give examples from the book The Education of Little Tree.
Social Studies – Fourth grade students will discuss how the British and French used germ warfare against the Native Americans, so that after researching information on the Internet, they will participate in a class debate with one group supporting each side of the argument.
Fourth grade students will discuss how germ warfare is used today, so that they will be able to work cooperatively to investigate data and give both and oral and a written report on how chemicals and germs have been and still are used to wage combat.
Art – Fourth grade students will learn the stories behind Native American symbols and the legend of dreamcatchers, so that when given a variety of materials they will construct their own dreamcatchers.
Social Studies – Fourth grade students will identify traditional Native American foods, so that when given a list of 25 foods, they will be able to identify with 80% accuracy which were grown and eaten by Native Americans.
Social Studies – Fourth grade students will understand that traditional foods varied from one region to another, so that when given a list of foods, they will be able to identify which location the food came from and will highlight those eaten by the Huron Indians.
Social Studies – Fourth grade students will understand the relationship between natural resources, physical environment, and the way the people have met their needs for basic nourishment, so that when put into groups they will discuss why certain foods were grown in each area and will present their findings to the rest of the class.
Social Studies – Fourth grade students will understand three of the sacred ceremonies or rituals of Huron Indian culture, so that when given the name of a ceremony they will be able to describe key components of that ceremony.
Social Studies – Fourth grade students will learn about diverse cultural activities of the Huron Indians, so that they will be able to demonstrate the Native Americans’ use of pictographs by creating a clay pot story of their own, and so that they will be able to identify at least three different ways to learn about culture.
Social Studies – Fourth grade students will identify the pipe as an important symbol of sacred beliefs, so that they will be able to orally give the various reasons for the pipe and will explain how it was used by the Huron Indians.
Fourth grade students will learn traditional Native American songs, so that as a class they will be able to memorize and sing the songs correctly.
Social Studies – Fourth grade students will know the route taken by the Huron Indians after leaving Detroit, so that when given a map of the United States they will be able to draw the route the Indians took from Detroit to the west.
Culminating Activity – Fourth grade students will prepare for their open house by making traditional Native American food and setting up displays of their work completed during the unit, so that they will be able to present this work to their families at the open house that evening.
Detroit Native Americans
Destination: Great Lakes Indian Museum
Address: W. Jefferson Detroit, MI. 48209
Contact Person: Stacy Klenner
Phone: 313 – 297 – 9360
Hours/Days: 9:00 am – 5:00 pm daily
Cost: Adult $5.00 Children $3.00
Food: Bring your own
Length of Tour: Approximately one hour
Rationale for the field trip: This field trip helps students learn more about Michigan Indians. Here at the museum students learn the story of Great Lakes Indians through various artifacts on display. Display items include burial mound data, carved peace pipes, colorful clothing and weapons.
Unit: The Huron Indians
Lesson Title: Introductory Lesson
Objective: Fourth grade students will understand the hardships endured by the Native Americans when their "rights as individuals" (Core Democratic Value) were withheld from them, so that when given a position as either a native or a settler, they will be able to role-play a similar situation and write a paragraph response to the event.
Rationale: This lesson address the Michigan content standard for social studies 1.4.3, which states that later elementary students will "identify problems from the past that divided their local community, the state of Michigan, and the United States and analyze the interests and values of those involved." By role-playing the position of either the Native Americans or the settlers who ignored the natives’ rights as individuals, the students will be able to consider the historical event and the problems it possessed from both sides.
Opener: As the students enter the classroom on the first day of the unit, hand out either a feathered headband or a paper gun to each student at random. Instruct those with headbands to go to the back of the classroom with their backpacks or other belongings and instruct those with paper guns to put their belongings away and to wait in the hall. In order to increase the students’ level of curiosity, give no further explanation and instruct them that they are not allowed to speak to one another.
- Tell the students in the hallway that when given the signal from the teacher, they are to enter the classroom playing the role of the English settlers, and that they are to take away the belongings of the other students, those who have been designated the Native Americans.
- Explain to the students in the classroom that they are playing the role of Native Americans, and tell them that they must follow all instructions given to them by either the teacher or their classmates.
- Signal the "English settlers" to enter and allow them to take the other students belongings and put them in the front of the classroom.
- Separate the students into groups of four, two settlers and two natives per group.
- Instruct the settlers that they must "teach" the natives how to do something, anything of the settlers choosing. Instruct the natives to do their best to comply and complete the given task.
- If the natives can complete the task, have the settlers give them back some belongings, but not their own.
- If the natives do not complete the task, have the settlers escort them to the back of the room to signify that they have been killed.
- Once each group has completed the task, bring the entire class back together and instruct each student to write a paragraph in response to the activity from the perspective of either the Native Americans or the English settlers. Explain that the paragraph should answer the questions "how did the settlers ignore the natives’ individual rights" and "what effect did these events have on the future of the United States."
Wrap-Up: After the activity is completed, facilitate a class discussion about what the students were thinking and feeling during the activity and connect their views to those of the Native Americans and the English settlers who actually took part in such events. Allow the students an opportunity to discuss how the Native Americans’ rights as individuals were violated and how the situation may have played out differently.
Evaluation: The students must write a paragraph in response to the activity from the perspective of either the natives or the settlers. This paragraph must illustrate their understanding of the event and how it affected the future of the United States.
Lesson Plan – Huron Indians
Language Arts/Social Studies
Title: Create Your Own Legend!
- Students in Miss Herold’s class will be able to define what a legend is, so that when asked to create their own legend, it will have all the elements needed to be a legend.
- Students in Miss Herold’s class will know about the Huron Indians, so that when asked to create their own legend for the Huron Indians, they will be able to incorporate parts of the Indian tribe’s life into the legend they create.
Meaning and Communication:
Content Standard 2.1: All students will demonstrate the ability to write clearly and grammatically correct sentences, paragraphs, and compositions.
Content Standard 5.2: All students will describe and discuss the shared human experiences depicted in literature and other texts from around the world.
Content Standard 2.3: All students will be able to recount the lives and characters of a variety of individuals form the past representing their local community, the state of Michigan, and other parts of the United States.
Content Standard 1.1,1.2,1.3: All students will describe, compare, and explain the differences in location, and characteristics in Indian cultures.
American Indians Myths and Legends by Richard Erdos and Alfonso Ortiz
Opener: To get the students interested in creating and writing new legends for the Huron Indians in Michigan, I will read several legends of the Huron Indians to the class.
- The teacher will read to the class several legends from American Indians Myths and Legends in the areas of human creation, world creation, and stories of animals and other people, that the Huron Indians have created.
- The teacher will have the students list several characteristics of legends.
- The teacher will tell the students they will create their own legends for the Huron Indians living in Detroit.
- The teacher will have the students pick one topic to create a legend about: human creation, world creation, or stories of animals and other people.
- The teacher will tell the students they must include three pieces of information they have learned about the Huron Indians in their legend. This can include where the story takes place - Detroit, the gender roles the Huron Indians have, the foods the Huron Indians eat, the way the Huron Indians live, or they way the Huron Indians hunt.
- The teacher will have the students create the story, and then create drawings for their story as well.
- The students will put the story together in a book form.
- The students will read their legends to the class.
The students will be assessed on the three types of information included in the legend about the Detroit Huron Indians. The legends must be on one of the three topics available, and include all the elements that make it a legend.
To expand this lesson, the students could create their legends in small groups, and than perform it in front of the class.
Huron (Wendat) Lifestyles
Grade Level: Fourth
Length: 3-4 Class periods.
Students will become familiar with different aspects (clothing, housing, tools) of Huron Indian’s culture.
Students will work creatively with their hands and make a visual representation of Huron culture.
Students will practice cooperative group work.
SOC.II.1.LE.1 Locate and describe cultures and compare the similarities and differences among the roles of women, men, and families.
SOC.V.1.E.1 Locate information using people, books, audio/video recordings, photos, simple maps, graphs and tables.
Paper Mache supplies (news paper, paste, balloons)
What do you think the people were like that lived in the Detroit area 300 years ago? You will be working on a project in conjunction with your regular teacher and the media specialist in order to explore the life style of the Huron (Wyandotte) Indians. You will be working in groups in order to create a representation of an aspect of the Huron Indians lives (clothing, housing, tools, villages, recreation). As a group you will decide how you want to create your representation (paper mache, construction, drawing).
- During regular class time students will be assigned into groups and each group will randomly be assigned a cultural area to explore and depict.
- Students will research the Huron Indians during library time and bring their resources to art class.
- Projects will be approved in advance.
- Art resources will be made available to the students, others supplies could be brought if necessary and paper mache technique will be explained as needed.
- During the first art period, projects and mediums will be decided upon by group consensus. Students will gather supplies and begin work.
- Teacher will be available to students throughout the project for guidance.
- Students will have three to four class periods to complete their projects.
Research sources can be made available in art room for special needs students or if the class does not know how to do research.
Examples can be shown for visual students.
In social studies students could do Venn diagrams comparing the Huron’s culture to that of their own.
In English students could write papers on what it would be like to be a part of the Huron tribe 300 years ago.
Students will present their projects in front of the class and give background information of the aspect of the Huron culture they are representing (what it is, how it is used, why they did things this way).
Students will complete group evaluation forms
Lesson Plan – Huron Indians
Lesson Title: Germ Warfare
- Fourth grade students will discuss how the British and French used germ warfare against the American Indians, so that in a class debate the class will break up into two sides, the Europeans and the Indians, and support each side. Blooms Taxonomy Evaluation.
- Fourth grade students will use the Internet to look up information about how infected blankets were given to the American Indians, so that they will demonstrate how they found information to support their side of the debate. Blooms Taxonomy Application.
- Fourth grade students will discuss how germ warfare is used today, so that they will form groups of not more than 5 and each group will investigate and give oral and written reports on how chemicals and germs have been and are still used to wage combat. Blooms Taxonomy Analysis.
Short Term: Children will begin to understand how the United States became a country governed by white European males.
Long Term: Children will begin to understand how "ethnic cleansing" is still used today.
Social Studies Content Standards:
1.2 Comprehending the past.
1.3 Analyzing and interpreting the past
1.4 Judging decisions from the past
- Identifying and analyzing issues
Time of Lesson:
Initial Lesson – 45-50 minutes
Two weeks to form debates (meeting twice a week)
Four weeks to investigate and do group projects
Handouts given by teacher on Michigan History in the 1700’s
Map of Michigan
Article highlighted by teacher
Example of a debate from the Presidential debates
- Teacher will ask the class what the term "ethnic cleansing" means.
- Teacher will ask the class for examples of "ethnic cleansing."
- Teacher will ask the class how the Europeans gained control of North America from the Native Americans.
- Start a classroom discussion on what "ethnic cleansing" means.
- Ask for and give examples. The Ukrainians, the Armenians, the Irish potato famine, the German camps. Tell the class that before these events happened, the Europeans gave blankets filled with the small pox virus to the Native Americans in Michigan.
- Hand out summary of article from Internet and have class read parts highlighted by teacher. Show the class the map of Michigan and how this affected the wars between the Indians and the French and British.
- Ask for reactions to the information.
- Tell the class that there are two sides to every story and each side believes that they are right.
- Tell the class that they are going to be breaking up into two groups, the Europeans and the Native Americans and take on the roles. They must investigate why the Europeans used this method and what impact it had on the Indian population. Each side must justify the roles they played in this war.
- The class must use a variety of methods to find information. The library, the Internet, and any other sources are acceptable.
- The class will present their debates in two weeks.
- The class will also be divided into groups of 5 and each group will investigate a different type of "ethnic cleansing." The teacher may assign and event or the students may select one on their own with the teacher’s approval.
- The class will use history and social studies time twice a week to investigate.
- Each group will turn in a 2-3 page paper on who their group investigated, when it happened, what happened to each side, why it happened, and the result.
- The group must report or "teach" their event to the class and give their reactions to the events that they investigated.
Throughout time men have been trying to dominate others for limited space and resources. These types of things are still happening today. Why do you think that we don’t try harder to stop these things from happening? Do you think that someday people will be able to live together peacefully? We must remember that we are all human beings and we all basically want the same things.
The students will be evaluated on their ability to work together in groups to investigate a controversial issue and to successfully argue their side of the debate. They will also be evaluated on their ability to research examples of "ethnic cleansing" and to assemble a report of their findings.
- Have each student in the class do a family "tree" to show how all of us are inter-related.
- Have each student interview a relative or anyone who can remember being discriminated against because of their ethnic origin.
Lesson Plan – Huron Indians
Social Studies/Language Arts/Art
Creating Stories Using Pictographs
Objective: Students will learn about diverse cultural activities that will educate themselves and gain better understanding of Native American people from Michigan.
- Students will be able to demonstrate the Native Americans use of pictographs by creating a clay pot story of their own.
- Students will be able to identify at least three different ways to learn about culture.
Rationale: To incorporate Michigan Native American history, culture, and philosophy into an educational program that is significant for children today.
Michigan Content Standards:
Strand I. Historical Perspective
Students use knowledge of the past to construct meaningful understanding of our diverse cultural heritage and to inform their civic judgments.
Standard I.3 Analyzing and Interpreting the Past
All students will reconstruct the past by comparing interpretations written by others from a variety of perspectives and creating narratives from evidence.
Standard II.I "Diversity of People, Places, and Cultures"
All students will describe, compare, and explain the locations and characteristics of places, cultures, and settlements.
Standard 1, 2, 3 Meaning and Communication:
All students will demonstrate the ability to write clearly and grammatically correct sentences, paragraphs, and compositions.
Standard 5 Literature:
All students will describe and discuss the shared human experiences depicted in literature and other texts to seek information, and the rich diversity of our society.
Standard 2 All students will apply skills and knowledge to create in the arts.
- Apply knowledge of materials, techniques, and processes to create artwork.
- Explore and understand prospective subject matter, ideas, and symbols for works of art.
- Select and use subject matter, symbols and ideas to communicate meaning.
- Know different purposes of visual art to creatively convey ideas.
- "When Clay Sings" by Byrd Baylor
- Indian pictures writing books
- Pictograph dictionary or book on pictographs
- Modeling clay/clay pots
- Black markers
- Map of the United States
To determine what the students know prior to instruction, I will ask the students for ways that we can learn about culture. I will write the students responses on the chalkboard.
I will ask the students what they already know about the Native Americans. Who are the Native Americans? When did they come here? How did they get here?
- Talk about the different tribes of Michigan Native Americans then asks that the students locate the regions on a map.
- Tell the students that they will be learning about Detroit Native Americans and their culture by reading the Native Americans pottery.
- Tell the students that Native Americans decorated their pottery with pictures. These pictures told a story about what was going on in the tribe at the time.
- Call the students over to the reading circle and reads Byrd Baylor’s "When Clay Sings."
- After reading the book, ask the students to describe their impressions of Native American life based on the story.
"What were your initial thoughts while listening to the story?"
"How did these pots tell us so much about their culture?"
"Do you think it is a unique way to learn about culture?"
- Explains to the students that by examining the pictures on the remains of the pots, they will learn about the beliefs, customs, and everyday lives of these people.
- Asks the students, "Why didn’t Native Americans just write down their stories like we do today?
- Explains that Native Americans did not use the alphabet we use today. They used pictures to represent what they wanted to say. These pictures were called pictographs.
- Hands out a pictograph dictionary to each student, so that they can see what it is.
Tell students a brief story about Michigan Native Americans and then show them how to translate it using the pictograph dictionary.
Tell students that they will use pictographs to write a story, imagining themselves as tribal members.
The students will then transfer their story to a clay pot using black marker.
To determine if the students have mastered the lesson, each student will be able to list at least three ways to learn about culture. Students will also write their stories.
Check the students’ stories for correct grammar, punctuation, and capitalization.
Students will learn about other cultures, such as African Americans. Students will explore African American heritage. Also, the students will read the book "Tar Beach" by Louise Hamilton and will be able to give a short report about African American heritage.
I could also invite Native American community members (and/or parents of students) to discuss their jobs, daily lives, their culture, past times, and what it means to them to be an American Indian.
Unit: The Huron Indians
Lesson Title: Culminating Activity (Open House / Powwow Party)
- To have students tie together all of the information that they have learned throughout the Native American lessons and activities.
- To have students’ parents and families see what they have been doing in school.
- To have students become "teachers" themselves by teaching their parents and families about the Huron Indians and making fry bread.
Rationale: Parents and families will come to the classroom and participate in a Native American powwow with their children. They will be aware of what has been going on in their child’s classroom, and will interact with their learning experiences.
- Students will present materials and work that they have done throughout the unit.
- Fry bread
- milk, flour, salt, skillet, baking powder, vegetable oil
Opener: Each student will show his or her favorite piece of work that was created or will share his or her favorite fact that was learned.
- The last week of the unit, send home invitations to the open house with the students.
- The day of the open house, open the presentation by explaining what has been learned throughout the unit, and what will be done at the open house/ powwow.
- Have students show work or tell what their favorite fact or story about the Huron Indians has been.
- Have students tell about the fry bread and pass out the bread as the teacher makes it.
- The teacher will read "The Legend of the Dreamcatcher" while the parents and families eat their fry bread.
- The students will show each of their dreamcatchers that they have made.
Wrap-Up: The parents will show what they have learned at the powwow.
Evaluation: The teacher will watch and listen to students as they interact with and "teach" their parents and families about the Huron Indians. After the open house has ended, the students will share what their favorite part of the powwow was.
References and Materials
1. Bonvillain, Nancy. The Huron. Ed. Frank W. Porter III. New York: Chelsea
2. Carter, Forrest. The Education of Little Tree. University of New Mexico Press, 1976.
3. Doherty, Craig A., and Katherine M. Doherty. The Huron. Vero Beach:
Rourke Publications, 1994.
4. Erdos, Richard, and Alfonso Ortiz. American Indian Myths and Legends
5. McConnell, David B. Michigan’s Story. Hillsdale: Hillsdale Educational
- http://falcon.jum.edu/ ramseyil/natauth.ntm.
Papermache supplies (newspaper, balloons, paste)
Handouts given by teacher on Michigan history in the 1700’s
Map of Michigan / Map of United States
Article highlighted by teacher on germ warfare used against Native Americans
Videotape of Presidential debate
"When Clay Sings" by Byrd Baylor
Indian pictures writing books
Pictograph dictionary or book on pictographs
Modeling clay / clay pots
Fry bread supplies (milk, flour, salt, baking powder, vegetable oil, skillet)
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Before the 2010 Olympic Games, Vancouver famously had to ship in snow from the Rockies because the local slopes were too bare. Since then, however, humanity has fixed global warming and never again will a place selected to host the Winter Games, presumably in part due to its ample snow cover, have to go to embarrassingly extreme measures to make sure it has enough powder for people to ski on.
Just kidding. The planet is still frying, and Sochi, the Russian city that will be the site of next year's Olympics, is currently in the process of loading up the nearby Caucasus Mountains with 500,000 tons of extra snow to keep it cold for next winter. You know, just in case.
Sochi just had "unseasonably warm temperatures" throughout its winter this year, as well as a significant shortage of snow. Which has Russian organizers worried they'll be facing down a similar predicament next year.
"We've prepared seven separate areas for snow storage high up in the mountains," Sergei Bachin, the director of a resort that will host alpine skiing events, told Reuters. "I want to assure all the competitors that there won't be any shortage of snow next February even if we encounter even warmer temperatures next year. We're storing such huge amounts of snow just in case."
Welcome to 2013, where part of preparing for the Winter Olympics means pushing half a million tons of snow into seven storage tanks on the top of a mountain. But this absurdity clearly isn't anomalous—it's the next logical evolution in a decade-spanning trend.
Here, for instance, is an account of what the Vancouver organizers had to do in 2010:
As spring flowers bloom early and birds start to nest around balmy Vancouver, officials there have chartered a fleet of helicopters to fly in thousands of tons of snow for the Winter Olympics. Without the emergency snowlift, which is also shipping in tons of snow in convoys of giant lorries, Olympic chiefs feared they might have to abandon the Games that have already cost £1.5 billion and are due to start in three weeks.
Organisers admitted that they seriously underestimated the impact of climate change when they picked the venue at Cypress Mountain, Vancouver, for some of the most popular ski and snowboard events.
With the temperature hovering around 11°C it was too warm to make snow with snow-blower machines so the winter fun resort was closed to the public yesterday while new snow was flown in from mountains 500 miles further north.
It was too hot to even make artificial snow, so they had to ship it in with helicopters and convoys of trucks. But even before that, previous hosts of the Winter Olympics had routinely been struggling with too-low snowfall. Snowfall was disconcertingly low in Turin in 2006, until last minute flurries rescued the games. The same fear gripped Nagano organizers in 1998—though the snowstorms eventually came, and proceeded to nearly derail the games by being too strong.
The fact is, our beloved (okay, tolerated so our moms can watch figure skating) winter games are becoming decidedly less wintery. That's largely because the last ten years comprised the hottest decade on record, as measured by NASA, NOAA, and the British Meteorological Office and Climate Research Unit. And that line on that graph is going to keep on ticking upward, because humans have not slowed one iota the amount of greenhouse gas emissions they are pouring into the atmosphere. Scientists say the "safe" amount of carbon in the atmosphere, the amount necessary to prevent drastic heating, is 350 parts per million. Earlier this year, we hit 395 ppm.
That means we've got many more low-snow winters in store. That means Olympic organizers storing up snow in mountainous freezers or hauling it in from higher elevations is probably going to become a regular thing. Either that, or it means we're going to have to start holding all of our Winter Olympics in Dubai.
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What do American labor unions do? In a nutshell, they negotiate and enforce contracts ('collective-bargaining agreements') that govern wages, hours, and working conditions for employees who work in unionized firms. From an employee's perspective, the contracts unions secure are typically superior to those governing non-union workers in at least three respects. First, they provide a wage-and-benefit package that is significantly greater than those provided by similarly situated non-union firms. Second, union contracts provide guarantees of job security whereas non-union workers are employed 'at will' and can be dismissed at any time for any reason not proscribed by positive law. Finally, union contracts come with their own enforcement mechanism: i.e., the labor union itself and a grievance-arbitration resolution process that is typically far faster, cheaper, and more effective than the judicial alternative. If unions provide American workers with such a terrific deal, it is fair to ask why so few contemporary workers seek and secure union representation. (Currently, just under 10% of the private-sector workforce belongs to unions, down from a post-World War II high of over 40%.) This course will explore that question and suggest a variety of possible legal, social, and economic explanations as we examine in some detail (a) the body of law governing union organizing (how workers go about getting a union in the first place, and the protections workers enjoy against employer and union coercion in that process) and (b) the law of collective bargaining (how unions secure and enforce collective-bargaining agreements, and the ways in which American law structures union power vis a vis employers).
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Basic British Shorthair Information
- Lifespan: 15 - 20 years
- Weight: 6 - 12 pounds
Medical Conditions Seen in British Shorthair
British Shorthair Traits
- Lap Cat
- Ease of Training
- Grooming Requirements
- Good with Children
- Good with Dogs
British Shorthair History
- As its name implies, it originated in Great Britain, but earlier reports indicate they were descendents of domestic cats with wild native cats during the days of ancient Rome.
- In 1871, a 14-year-old British Shorthair captured Best in Show at the first formal cat show held at the Crystal Palace in London.
- First arrived in the United States at the turn of the 20th Century.
- The breed's popularity waned during World War I, but has steadily regained is appeal ever since.
- Accepted by both the Cat Fanciers Association and The International Cat Association. Achieved championship status by the CFA in 1980.
British Shorthair Behavior Concerns
- Affectionate in a dignified manner.
- Love to leap on laps, but tend to leave because their thick coats combined with your body heat makes them get overheated
- Smart, loyal and a bit reserved.
- Exhibits quiet confidence.
- Not noted for its speed or agility, but delights people with its comical nature.
- Well-behaved and easy going, ideally suited for apartment living.
- Best suited for indoor living. Supervise them when outdoors because their docile nature makes them ill-suited against fights from raccoons, coyotes or other predators.
Look of British Shorthairs
- Trademark color is blue with a tinge of gray but also comes in more than 30 different colors and patterns.
- The coat breaks over the body's contours, often described as crisp or cracking.
- Muscular, well portioned in medium to large frames.
- Round is the key word to describe this breed as it sports round faces, eyes and ears.
- Thick necks, broad chests, medium-sized legs and rounded paws with a tail thick at the base.
- Takes up to five years to reach physical maturity.
Grooming British Shorthair Cats
- Thick, plush coat feels surprisingly velvet to the touch.
- Run a comb through its coat at least weekly to keep it mat-free and looking healthy.
- Fares best when you use basic metal or curry combs.
- Be sure to brush the coat especially during seasonal shedding times.
Suggested Nutritional Needs for British Shorthairs
- Not prone to any diet-related medical condition.
- Due to its size and relative moderate activity level, measure food portions to prevent this breed from becoming overweight.
Fun Facts of British Shorthairs
- Author Lewis Carroll immortalized the British Shorthair's "Cheshire-cat like smile" in his classic, Alice in Wonderland.
- Reported to have more fur per square inch than any other cat breed.
Did you know?
- A decrease in cat grooming behavior may indicate they are in pain.
- Some cat parasites are transferable to humans.
- Many common pet ailments may be detected early and prevented by visiting your veterinarian twice yearly - saving both time, money, and most importantly, ensuring the best quality of life for your cat.
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The Basic Law, in accordance with tradition, declares that Islam is the state religion and that Shari'a is the source of legislation. It also prohibits discrimination based on religion and provides for the freedom to practice religious rites as long as doing so does not disrupt public order. The Government generally respected this right, but within defined parameters that placed limitations on the right in practice.
There was no change in the status of respect for religious freedom by the Government during the reporting period. While the Government continued to protect the free practice of religion in general, it formalized previously unwritten prohibitions on religious gatherings in locations other than government-approved houses of worship, and on non-Islamic institutions issuing publications within their communities, without prior approval from the Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs (MERA).
There were no reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious belief or practice.
The U.S. Government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government as part of its overall policy to promote human rights.
Section I. Religious Demography
The country has an area of 119,498 square miles and a population of 2.5 million, of whom 1.9 million are citizens. The Government does not keep official statistics on religious affiliation, but most Omanis are either Ibadhi or Sunni Muslims, although there are small communities of ethnically Indian Hindus and Christians that have been naturalized. Ibadhism, a form of Islam distinct from Shi'ism and the "orthodox" schools of Sunnism, historically has been Oman's dominant religious sect, and the Sultan is a member of the Ibadhi community. The Government, however, does not give official preference to any particular religious group.
Non-Ibadhi and non-Sunni religious communities individually constitute less than 5 percent of the population and include various groups of Shiite Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Christians. Christian communities are centered in the major urban areas of Muscat, Sohar, and Salalah and are represented by Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and various Protestant congregations. These groups tend to organize along linguistic and ethnic lines. More than 50 different Christian groups, fellowships, and assemblies are active in the Muscat metropolitan area. Shi'a Muslims are a small but well-integrated minority, concentrated in the capital area and along the northern coast. The majority of non-Muslims, however, are noncitizen immigrant workers from South Asia.
Section II. Status of Religious Freedom
The Basic Law declares that Islam is the state religion and that Shari'a (Islamic law) is the source of legislation. It also prohibits discrimination against individuals on the basis of religion or religious identity and provides for the freedom to practice religious rites so long as doing so does not disrupt public order. In May 2006 the MERA issued a circular to non-Muslim religious leaders and diplomatic missions, reaffirming the individual's right to practice his or her own religious activities according to his or her values, customs, and traditions; however, the circular informed them that gatherings of a religious nature are not allowed in private homes or any other locations except government-approved houses of worship. The circular, which formalized existing, but unwritten, government policy, also prohibits non-Islamic institutions from issuing publications within their communities without prior ministerial approval.
All religious organizations must be registered and licensed by the MERA. The Ministry recognizes the Protestant Church of Oman, the Catholic Diocese of Oman, the al Amana Center (interdenominational Christian), the Hindu Mahajan Association, and the Anwar al-Ghubaira Trading Company in Muscat (Sikh) as the official sponsors for non-Islamic religious communities. Groups seeking licensure must request meeting and worship space from one of these sponsor organizations, which are responsible for recording the group's doctrinal adherence, the names of its leaders, and the number of active members and submitting this information to the Ministry. Members of non-Islamic communities were free to maintain links with fellow adherents abroad and undertake foreign travel for religious purposes. The Government permitted clergy from abroad to enter the country, under the sponsorship of licensed religious organizations, for the purposes of teaching or leading worship.
Officials at the MERA claim that there is no limit on the number of groups that can be licensed. New religious groups unaffiliated with one of the main communities must gain ministerial approval before receiving a license. While the Government has not published the rules, regulations, or criteria for approval, the Ministry generally considers the group's size, theology or belief system, and availability of other worship opportunities before granting approval. The Ministry employs similar criteria before granting approval for new Muslim groups to form. According to government regulations, mosques must be built at least 1 kilometer apart and only on government-owned land.
Religious leaders of all faiths must be licensed with the MERA. The Ministry has a formal licensing process for Muslim imams, and unlicensed lay members are prohibited from leading prayers in mosques. Lay members of non-Islamic communities may lead worship if they are specified as leaders in their group's licensing application. Foreigners on tourist visas are prohibited from preaching, teaching, or leading worship.
Apostasy is not a criminal offense under Omani law. Citizens who convert from Islam to another faith, however, generally face problems under Oman's Personal Status and Family Legal Code, which specifically prohibits a father who leaves the Islamic faith from retaining paternal rights over his children. The law does not prohibit proselytizing, but the MERA will stop individuals or groups from engaging in it if the Ministry receives complaints. The Government uses immigration regulations and laws against harassment to enforce the Ministry's policy. Article 209 of the Penal Code assigns a prison sentence and fine to anyone who publicly blasphemes God or His prophets, commits an affront to religions and faiths by spoken or written word, or breaches the peace of a lawful religious gathering; this could be used to limit religious expression. However, there were no reports of any prosecutions under this statute during the reporting period. The Ministry reviews all imported religious material for approval.
Laws governing family and personal status are adjudicated by Oman's civil courts, according to the Personal Status and Family Legal Code, which is based on the principles of Shari'a. Some aspects of the code discriminate against women, particularly by favoring male heirs in adjudicating inheritance claims. While there was continuing reluctance to take an inheritance dispute to court, for fear of alienating the family, women increasingly were aware of, and took steps to protect and exercise, their rights as citizens. Article 282 of the code exempts non-Muslims from the code's provisions, allowing them to follow their own religious rules pertaining to family or personal status.
Instruction in Islam is mandatory in the basic curriculum in all public school grades K-12. Non-Muslim students are allowed to opt out of the public school system and attend private schools that do not offer instruction in Islam. Non-Muslim members of the military are also exempt from otherwise mandatory Islamic studies. Military bases maintain at least one mosque and one imam for the convenience of military personnel. Training facilities dedicate approximately three sessions per week for the study of Islamic subjects. While non-Muslim members of the military were not prohibited from practicing their own religion, the military did not provide them with alternative places of worship on base.
The Government sponsored fora for examining differing interpretations of Islam, and government-sponsored interfaith dialogues took place on a regular basis. Private groups that promote interfaith dialogue were permitted to exist, as long as discussions did not constitute an attempt to cause Muslims to recant their Islamic beliefs. During the reporting period, the MERA hosted several Christian and Muslim scholars and lecturers of various schools of thought to discuss interfaith relations and tolerance in Islamic traditions.
The Islamic holy days of Eid al-Adha, Islamic (Hijra) New Year, the Birth of the Prophet Muhammad, Ascension Day, and Eid al-Fitr are national holidays.
Restrictions on Religious Freedom
While the Government generally respected the freedom of religion, some government procedures and policies placed limitations on religious practice.
The prohibition on group worship in private homes or other locations limited the ability of some adherents who were physically distant from those locations or who lacked reliable transportation to practice their faith collectively. There were reports that government officials monitored and stopped several small groups from meeting in unsanctioned locations during the reporting period. On the whole, churches and temples voluntarily abided by the May 2006 circular, taking steps to enforce the prohibitions among groups under their sponsorship and provide space on their compounds for worship; however, the lack of sufficient space in the existing locations sanctioned by the Government for collective worship, as well as long waiting lists for use of these facilities, effectively limited the number of groups that could operate.
The MERA approved a limited number of "church visas" to professional clergy of non-Islamic congregations. Some leaders in these congregations claimed, however, that the number of approved clergy was insufficient to handle the demand for worship and therefore limited the natural growth of these congregations
The MERA monitored sermons at mosques to ensure that imams did not discuss political topics. The Government expected all imams to preach sermons within the parameters of standardized texts distributed monthly by the Ministry. While the MERA did not control the content of sermons in non-Islamic communities, groups were prohibited from issuing any publications without obtaining the Ministry's prior approval.
There were no reports of religious prisoners or detainees in the country.
Forced Religious Conversion
There were no reports of forced religious conversion, including of minor U.S. citizens who had been abducted or illegally removed from the United States, or of the refusal to allow such citizens to be returned to the United States.
Anti-Semitism in the media was present, and anti-Semitic editorial cartoons depicting stereotypical and negative images of Jews along with Jewish symbols, and comparisons of Israeli leaders to Hitler and the Nazis, were published during the reporting period. These expressions occurred primarily in the privately owned daily newspaper, Al-Watan, and occurred without government response.
Improvements and Positive Developments in Respect for Religious Freedom
During the reporting period, the MERA met with visiting leaders of some non-Islamic faiths regarding the state of their communities in Oman and discussed the possibility of allowing groups to establish new places of worship in other metropolitan areas. The Ministry provided an additional 10,000 square meters of space to one of the Christian compounds in Muscat to facilitate its expansion, which could help ease space constraints that limit religious practice.
Section III. Societal Abuses and Discrimination
There were no reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious belief or practice.
Section IV. U.S. Government Policy
The U.S. Government discusses religious freedom issues with the Government as part of its overall policy to promote human rights. The U.S. Embassy raised its concern about the May 2006 circular prohibiting group worship in private homes with the MERA and encouraged the Government to consider easing restrictions, as well as broadening and strengthening channels of communication with non-Islamic religious communities. Embassy employees of all faiths freely participated in local religious services. Embassy officials also met regularly with representatives of non-Islamic groups to discuss religious freedom concerns.
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The ideas for relational databases were worked out in the 1970’s and the first commercial implementations appeared around 1980. By the 1990’s relational databases were the dominant way to store data. There were some non-relational databases in use, but these were not popular. Hierarchical databases seemed quaint, clinging to pre-relational approaches that had been deemed inferior by the march of progress. Object databases just seemed weird.
Now the tables have turned. Relational databases are still dominant, but all the cool kids are using NoSQL databases. A few years ago the implicit assumption was that nearly all data lived in a relational database, now you hear statements such as “Relational databases are still the best approach for some kinds of projects,” implying that such projects are a small minority. Some of the praise for NoSQL databases is hype, but some is deserved: there are numerous successful applications using NoSQL databases because they need to, not because they want to be cool.
So why the shift to NoSQL, and why now? I’m not an expert in this area, but I’ll repeat some of the explanations that I’ve heard that sound plausible.
- Relational databases were designed in an era of small, expensive storage media. They were designed to conserve a resource that is now abundant. Non-relational databases may be less conservative with storage.
- Relational databases were designed for usage scenarios that not all applications follow. In particular, they were designed to make writing easier than reading. But its not uncommon for a web application to do 10,000 reads for every write.
- The scalability of relational database transactions is fundamentally limited by Brewer’s CAP theorem. It says that you can’t have consistency, availability and partition tolerance all in one distributed system. You have to pick two out of three.
- Part of the justification for relational databases was that multiple applications can share the same data by going directly to the same tables. Now applications share data through APIs rather through tables. With n-tier architecture, applications don’t access their own data directly through tables, much less another application’s data.
The object oriented worldview of most application developers maps more easily to NoSQL databases than to relational databases. But in the past, this objection was brushed off. A manager might say “I don’t care if it takes a lot of work for you to map your objects to tables. Data must be stored in tables.”
And why must data be stored in tables? One reason would be consistency, but #3 above says you’ll have to relax your ideas of consistency if you want availability and partition tolerance. Another reason would be in order to share data with other applications, but #4 explains why that isn’t necessary. Still another reason would be that the relational model has a theoretical basis. But so do NoSQL databases, or as Erik Meijer calls them, CoSQL databases.
I’m not an advocate of SQL or NoSQL databases. Each has its place. A few years ago developers assumed that nearly all data was best stored in a relational database. That was a mistake, just as it would be a mistake now to assume that all data should now move to a non-relational database.
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By Linda Cunningham Fluharty
Web pages and history books abound with information about Captain John Baker and his family. While there are minor variations of the data and the history, the essence is the same and Captain Baker, with countless descendants nationwide, is a legendary figure in the early history of the Ohio Valley.
Captain John Baker MAY have been the son of George Perilous Baker. Siblings of Captain John Baker were: Henry (b. 1731, d. 1807; m. Maria Elizabeth Fink), Jacob, George (b. ca 1749; m. Elizabeth Strenger), Peter, Hannah and Betty.
Captain Baker MAY have come to America on the ship, NEPTUNE, in 1754. And he MAY have been married to a woman who died enroute to this country.
He DID marry Elizabeth Ann Sullivan about 1760 in Philadelphia, PA and they lived in Shenandoah, VA; Dunkard Creek, Greene County, PA; Redstone Fort, Brownsville, PA. Finally, they settled along the banks of the Ohio River after the Revolutionary War, in the area that is now Marshall County, WV.
Fortunately for descendants of this family, John and Elizabeth's grandson, Col. Samuel P. Baker (s/o Henry), born in 1798, and a resident of Benwood, Union District, Marshall County, related the history of the Baker family for an article published in The Wheeling Intelligencer, May 1866. This biography served as the the basis for many later publications.
When Captain Baker was about fifty years old, he lost his life in a conflict with Indians. Accounts of his murder, as well as other Baker history, are found in many publications:
That Dark And Bloody River, by Allan W. Eckert
Lewis Wetzel, The Life and Times of a Frontier Hero, by C. B. Allman
History Of Marshall County, West Virginia*, by Scott Powell
History of Belmont and Jefferson Counties (Ohio), J. A. Caldwell, 1880
History Of The Panhandle, Being Historical Collections of the Counties of Ohio, Brooke, Marshall and Hancock, West Virginia*, by J. H. Newton, with G. G. Nichols and A. G. Sprankle, 1879 (*Excerpts presented on this page.)
HUSBAND John Baker Birth 1737-1740, Prussia Death Killed by Indians in 1787, near Baker's Station, Marshall Co., WV Burial Graveyard Run, Cresap's Bottom, Marshall Co., WV Marriage ca 1760, Philadelphia, PA Father George Perilous Baker Mother Other wives Notes Revolutionary War service accepted by the D.A.R. WIFE Elizabeth Ann Sullivan Birth 14 Feb 1743/4, Germany Death 22 May 1836, Monroe Co., OH Burial Steed Cemetery, Center Twp, Monroe Co., OH (Near Woodsfield) Father Dr. Sullivan (Family legend: He served as a doctor in the Rev War.) Mother Other husbands Notes
CHILDREN BIRTH DEATH MARRIAGE John, Jr. ca 1760, Dunkard Creek, Greene Co., PA 22 May 1794; Killed by Indians at Battle of Captina Creek ca 1785, ____ Parr Margaret (twin) ca 1761, Shenandoah, VA ca 1830, Fish Creek, Ohio Co., WV Peter Yoho, Rev War Veteran Catherine (twin) ca 1761, Shenandoah, VA 1847 Henry Yoho, Rev War Veteran Henry ca 1763, Greene County, PA ca 1847, Graysville, (PA or OH?) or Fish Creek, in WV (1) ca 1795, Elizabeth Parr
(2) Nancy Swaney
Mary (Mary Jane?) ca 1778 (or 1765, Shenandoah Co., VA?) 14 June 1794, James Smith Joseph ca 1773, Redstone Fort, Brownsville, Fayette Co., PA 1859, Pea Vine Creek, Belmont Co., OH 18 Oct 1797, Mary Finney Jacob ca 1775/77 1861, Monroe Co., OH 23 June 1798, Monroe Co., OH, Mary Steen Martin 10 Oct 1780 27 Apr 1857, Monroe Co., OH (1) Sarah Winland
(2) 16 Feb 1812, Belmont Co., OH, Sarah Farnsworth
George 1762, Shenandoah, VA (or 1771, VA?) ca 1845, Graysville, Monroe Co., OH Sarah Beam Elizabeth 1766/67 (or ca 1778?) Christian Gatts Isaac 13 Jan 1782, Wheeling Creek, Ohio Co., WV ca 1865, Tazewell Co., IL 1800/01, Ruth BrockSources for the information on this Family Record:
D. A. R. Patriot Index, Centennial Edition
History of Marshall County, by Scott Powell
Baker Family, compiled by the Wheeling Area Genealogical Society with information from Clarice Stanley and Denver Yoho Personal Genealogy file; some data from Phyllis Dye Slater
NOTE: Corrections and additions to this record will be appreciated.
THE BAKER FAMILY
History of Marshall County
by Scott Powell
Of the early settlers in Marshall County, the Baker family is one that is worthy of mention. Henry Baker lived for more than one-half of a century in the lower end of Round Bottom. Colonel Samuel P. Baker, his son, gave the following account of the early history of the Baker family:
He said that his grandfather, John Baker, settled on Dunkard Creek in Green County, Pennsylvania, about the year 1767, and lived there a number of years near Indians, who then lived in that section of the country and were very friendly with the whites. At the breaking out of Dunmore's War in 1774, his grandfather removed his family to Redstone Old Fort, now Brownsville, and remained there some time after the war was over. Later he removed his family to Catfish Camp where Washington, Pennsylvania, now stands.
In the spring of 1781 reports were circulated that Indians were preparing for early and active operations on the south side of the Ohio River, and it was rumored that a large body had crossed the river near Holliday's Cove. Three young men were started to Fort Henry at Wheeling to inform the settlers of their danger. They were Henry Baker (eighteen years old), Henry Yoho, and a man by the name of Stalnater. Only one of them reached the fort.
They rode along without seeing any indications of Indians until they reached the narrows on Wheeling Creek near the old Woods residence, when they ran into a number of Indians in ambush awaiting them. Stalnater shot the Indian nearest him and was in turn shot by the Indians. A bullet struck Yoho's horse, causing it to fall to its knees but it quickly arose and in its freight started in the direction of the fort at the top of its speed and reached the fort and saved the life of its rider.
A bullet struck Baker's horse which ran about one hundred yards and fell dead. It fell on Baker's leg and it was with some difficulty that he freed himself from the dead horse. Seeing his danger he abandoned his gun and started for the fort in full speed but ran only a short distance when he met an Indian with a tomahawk in one hand and a pistol in the other. He saw he had no chance to escape and when the Indian called to him in good English, "You are a prisoner," he stopped. He was taken back to the other Indians, and a brother of the warrior killed by Stalnater, wanted to kill him but was prevented by the chief.
With their prisoner they started for the river. They crossed the hill and went out the ridge that runs just on the top of the hill along the Narrows and descended the hill at Kate's Rock where they found a number of Indians in canoes as if they were awaiting the arrival of the party.
They embarked in canoes and descended the river a short distance and left the canoes and went around the fort at the Flats of Grave Creek, keeping along the foot of the hill and crossing Big Grave Creek not far below the mouth of Middle Grave Creek, and from there they went over the hill and arrived at the river at the lower end of Round Bottom. The party crossed the river and encamped on the north side opposite the head of Captina Island.
Early the following morning they started and for three days and nights they made no halt. They did not rest until they arrived at Chillicothe, having evidently been in fear of pursuit. After that they were in no hurry. They killed deer and had plenty to eat. When they arrived at Sandusky three hundred Indians had just arrived from a foray against settlements in Kentucky with nine prisoners. The nine young men taken by them were burned at the stake after running the gauntlets. One was burned each day.
All this time Baker was reminded frequently that his turn was coming after the nine were burned. On the morning of the tenth day Baker was taken to the place where they had burned the other prisoners and compelled to run the gauntlet which he did with little difficulty. It so enraged a warrior that he knocked Baker down after he had reached the council house in safety. Baker fought them and delayed them some time and seeing a man riding toward them in the uniform of a British officer he ran to meet him and asked him to save his life if it was possible.
The man was no other than the notorius Simon Girty. Girty talked with the Indians two hours or more, arguing with them and finally induced them not to burn him. Girty evidently had motives other than that of humanity, as he took Baker out from the Indians and questioned him about the conditions at Wheeling and many other places, especially the former place. Baker afterwards believed that Girty contemplated an attack upon Fort Henry. He was taken to Detroit and in a short time was released. He hired with a trader and remained with him some time.
He and three Virginians concluded to return and started for Wheeling. They got lost and wandered about for three weeks before they reached the Ohio River, where Bridgeport has since been built. Some men were making sugar on that side of the river and when they saw the four men approaching in Indian dress they mistook them for Indians and crossed over to the island and watched them. After some time Baker and his companions made the men understand who they were and the men crossed back and brought them over in a canoe.
While Henry was away his father moved to the lower end of Round Bottom. He learned where the family had gone and he went to it. He remained in the Round Bottom until his death, except the time spent at Tomlinsons' Fort. He died in 1848.
Another account of the Baker family says that Captain John Baker was born in Prussia and came to America about 1760. He arrived at Philadelphia and five years later married Elizabeth Sullivan of that city, and from there the young people removed to the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, where they lived two years and from there they removed to the waters of Dunkard Creek now in Green County, Pennsylvania, in the year 1767, and remained there seven years. At the time they lived on that creek there were a number of Indians residing on it and they and the whites were very friendly. At the breaking out of Dunmore's War he removed his family to Redstone Old Fort, now Brownsville. The American Revolution breaking out soon after the close of Dunmore's War, Indian hostilities soon followed the breaking out of the war. He remained at the fort a number of years, and was in the service of the Colony of Virginia much of the time during the war, but there is little record of him.
He went from Redstone to Catfish Camp in 1787, where he remained a short time and then removed to Round Bottom and in 1784 Captain Baker built a block-house near the upper end of Cresap's Bottom. The place was generally known by the name of Baker's Station.
While two of the Wetzels were at Baker's Station in 1787, they and Captain Baker noticed some Indians on the opposite shore walking about leisurely. Baker, getting an opportunity, shot at one of them and killed him. The others ran away as if badly frightened, leaving the dead Indian where he fell. They did it evidently to deceive the whites as it was proved later by their actions. Baker and the two Wetzels crossed over the river and were viewing the dead Indian when several shots were fired and Baker fell, mortally wounded. The Wetzels treed and commenced a fight and some other men crossed the river and reinforced them and drove the Indians off and recovered the body of Baker. He had crawled a short distance from where he fell and was alive when recovered, but died soon after arriving at the station. He was buried on a flat near a stream called Grave Yard Run at the upper end of Cresap's Bottom.
Baker's Station soon became a rendezvous for scouts as it was at one of the crossings of the Indians on a war path from the Muskingum River into the interior of Virginia. They traveled up Wills Creek from the Muskingum River and crossed a divide and went down Big Captina to the Ohio River and up Fish Creek or broke up into small parties of marauders and visited the various settlements committing all kinds of depredations.
The Baker family appears to have resided in the blockhouse and it never had a regular garrison. Hunters and scouts were so frequently at it that it was seldom without a fairly good force, in case of attack, to have defended it against a large force of Indians. In time of danger scouts gave much attention to the war path down Big Captina and among others who frequented the place were the Wetzel brothers. It was a custom to send scouts to the west side frequently to look for indications of the presence of Indians. Indians were frequently seen on the west or Ohio side of the river and frequent shots were exchanged.
Martin Baker gave a very interesting account of an engagement between fourteen whites and a number of Shawnee Indians at the mouth of Cat's Run, some distance up the creek from the river.
Martin said that one morning in May, 1794, four scouts, Adam Miller, John Daniel, Isaac McCown and John Shopton, crossed from the station to look for indications of Indians. Miller and Daniel went up the river and the other two went down it.
McCown and Shopton soon discovered signs that indicated to them that Indians were near them and attempted to make their escape by immediate flight. McCown started for the canoe and was shot and wounded. He ran to the river, jumped over the bank and ran into the water but was pursued by Indians who overtook him and killed and scalped him. Shopton escaped by running to the river and swimming it.
The two who went up the river soon encountered Indians. Miller was killed and Daniel was wounded in an arm and sought safety by flight. After running about three miles up the creek he was overtaken by Indians, taken prisoner and kept by them till after the treaty at Greenville in 1795, when he was released.
There were about fifty men at the station and a call to arms was beat and volunteers called for to cross the river and attack the Indians. There seemed to be a hesitancy and no one seemed anxious to cross the river and engage the enemy, and getting volunteers was slow work.
John Baker, for a wonder, seemed to hesitate until his sister May Jane remarked that she would not be a coward. That was sufficient. He joined the other thirteen. Captain Adam Enoch commanded the force. One of the volunteers was Duncan McArthur, who was many years later elected Governor of Ohio. They crossed from the station and followed the trail of the Indians up the creek to the mouth of Cat's Run when they were fired upon by Indians who were concealed on a hillside above them but they were too high and the bullets went whistling over the heads of the whites. The whites treed and the battle began. Captain Enoch and a man by the name of Hoffman were killed by some Indians who attacked them from the rear. After the death of Enoch young McArthur took command of the small force and commenced a retreat. They had not retreated far when John Baker was shot through the hips and being in the rear it was impossible to get him and carry him from the field.
From what was afterwards seen it was thought that Baker knowing that he would be killed, determined to sell his life at as high a rate as possible. He got into a hollow place with a large rock at his back so they could not get at him from behind. Soon after he fell two shots in quick succession were fired and it was thought that he killed an Indian and was in turn killed by another. When whites visited the ground the second day after the battle they found the bodies of the men killed horribly mutilated.
They were taken to the Virginia shore and buried on the bank of Grave Yard Run, where John Baker and John Wetzel had been buried some years before. They were buried in coffins made of hickory bark.
The Indians had gone up the creek, after killing the scouts, some distance, and returned to the mouth of Cat's Run and there lay in ambush for the whites who started in pursuit of them.
Some years afterwards some whites visited the spot and found seven skeletons in the rocks where it was thought that the Indians had hid their dead. There is a tradition among the Baker family that Henry and his sister Kate were taken prisoner by Indians while at work near the station and taken to an Indian camp back of Round Bottom. Henry was compelled to gather wood which he thought was intended to burn him but in this he was mistaken. While gathering wood and carrying it to the camp he picked up a knife some warrior had dropped. He concealed it in his clothes and worked on quietly. The Indians had some whiskey and at night indulged in it quite freely and lay down, many of them, in an intoxicated condition. The two prisoners had been tied securely, so thought by the Indians, but with the knife hid in his clothes, Henry was not long in cutting the thongs when he thought the Indians asleep, and soon he and Kate were free. They started but had not gone far when the Indians discovered that the prisoners had escaped, and began scouring the woods in search of them.
They saw that they were cut off from the station and also from the fort at the Flats of Grave Creek, with Indians in the woods yelling blood curdling yells. A party soon got directly after them and they ran through the woods in a direction from either of the places of safety mentioned, and as they ran along a path, they came to a log that lay directly across it. They started to run around it but found that it was hollow and one crawled into it from each end. The pursuers jumped the log and ran in the direction they had been running and after the Indians were a safe distance from them they left their hiding place and started for the river and reached it at Kate's Rock and swam to the Ohio side and went down it to the mouth of Big Captina and swam it again and arrived at their home none the worse by having one more experience with Indians.
Of the Baker family, three were killed by Indians. The father, his son John and daughter Margaret were killed by them but no account of the death of Margaret is given.
History of The Pan-Handle,
by J. H. Newton, with G. G. Nichols and A. G. Sprankle
Captain John Baker, who located here in the early settlement of the country, was captain of a company of men fighting the Indians, and about 1778 met with his death. He was in company with the Wetzels, three in number, in a block house that had been erected at the head of Cresap's bottom. They were watching Indians who sauntered around on the opposite banks of the Ohio River, evidently waiting an opportunity to kill the whites that has taken refuge in the fort. Baker seizing the first chance fired and killed an Indian that was in range of his gun. The Indians pretending they were frightened, scattered and ran in different directions, leaving their bleeding and dying brother upon the ground. Baker seeing at once that his shot had proven fatal, and being somewhat daring, suggested to the Wetzels to cross the river and examine their dead foe. No Indians then, of course, were in sight -- all tranquil and every appearance of safety. But the savages were using strategy. They had secreted themselves not far from their dead companion. He was left there for a bait, and Baker was thus decoyed. A canoe was secured and they crossed to the opposite bank to take a look at their dead victim. Whilst reconnoitering him, several shots from the Indians were unexpectedly fired, and one taking effect on Baker, who fell and was captured by the Indians. The Wetzels recovered the body shortly afterwards -- they found he had crawled partially under a log, lying insensible, with both eyes gored out -- and he was carried accross the river on the canoe, only surviving but a short time after reaching the fort, or block-house. He was buried at that place. The following named persons attended the funeral: Henry Baker, the old Indian Warrior, and family; Reuben Roberts, and family; George Baker, Leonard Raigor and two brothers; Aaron Hughes, and Capt. Roberts. There were three canoe loads went from the Round bottom to Baker's Station, where the block-house stood. Col. S. P. Baker and Capt. Roberts are the only two persons now living that attended on that occasion.
In about the year 1804-5, John Wetzel migrated up the Missouri with Jonathan Clark, and whilst there his brother Martin, who remained here, died in the fall of 1812, and before his death he requested that his remains be laid along the side of John Baker's, which request was granted, and accordingly his body was interred there. Before he breathed his last he told his brother Lewis, who bent over him, to encourage John, and tell him never to bury the tomahawk.
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|Fort Pannerden is a disused military fort situated near to the village of Pannerden in the east of the Netherlands. In November 2006, it became the focus of national news stories because a group of squatters were evicted in a large-scale operation by police, helped by the army. Later on in the same month, it was resquatted.|
The fort was constructed between 1869 and 1871 to serve as part of the New Dutch Waterline. It had strategic significance in that it guarded the Pannerden Canal, but the fort never saw active service. In World War I the Netherlands was neutral and in World War II the fort was surrounded and surrendered without a shot being fired. After 1945, the building fell into disuse.
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Happy 30th Anniversary National System of Interstate and Defense Highways
The 30th Anniversary of the Interstate System was honored in several ways. Here are a few examples.
America Celebrates 30th Anniversary of the Interstate System
The Fall 1986 issue of the FHWA's short-lived journal, U.S. Highways, contained the following article about events commemorating the 30th anniversary of the Interstate System.
Transportation and highway officials across the country recently celebrated the 30th anniversary of our nation's Interstate Highway System with proclamations, gatherings and ceremonies. In a formal proclamation, President Ronald Reagan designated June 26 as "National Interstate Highway Day," calling our system of highways "the world's largest and most successful transportation and public works project."
Federal Highway Administrator Ray A. Barnhart joined a host of congressional leaders and dignitaries at the Russell Senate Office Building for an anniversary ceremony. "There are few governmental projects that have played a more important or dramatic role in the development of this country," said Barnhart. "Today we have an unparalleled system that is 97 percent complete with 41,297 miles open to the public. America is, in fact, mobility, and the Interstate system is the backbone of that mobility," Barnhart added, citing the 325 billion miles traveled last year on the Interstate system.
Much of that Interstate travel will no doubt continue to occur on I-80 which recently celebrated an historic occasion of its own. In late August [August 22, 1986], another milestone in America's Interstate history was recorded as the final section of the East-West Interstate was completed near Salt Lake City, Utah. The completion of the final 4.5 miles of I-80 makes this the longest completed freeway in the world, running 2,908 miles from the George Washington Bridge in New York City to the Oakland Bay Bridge in San Francisco.
Back in Washington, D.C., among the attendees at the Interstate Day celebration on Capitol Hill was Susan Eisenhower, granddaughter of former President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who signed the legislation launching the highway system; co-hosts Senator Robert Stafford and Congressman Glenn Anderson; and other congressional and highway leaders. Anderson, a Democrat from California, is chairman of the Surface Transportation Committee. Stafford, a Republican from Vermont, is chairman of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works.
Eisenhower commented, "We are proud and happy for this national recognition of one of Grandfather's crowning achievements. He was committed to a strong Interstate transportation network and never doubted that it would happen, and I think this would have been one of his proudest moments," she said.
Representatives of the highway industry unveiled a commemorative sign that will be erected at rest stops and welcome centers along the coast-to-coast route of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Highway to honor the "Father of the Interstate System." [The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 designated the "Dwight D. Eisenhower Highway" along several Interstates that paralleled the route of the U.S. Army's 1919 convoy from Washington to San Francisco, on which the young Eisenhower gained an understanding of the value of good roads.]
Francis Turner, former FHWA Administrator during much of the system's development, also participated in the celebration. "We are paying honor today not only to the physical construction of the Interstate system, but to its integral fiscal structure, which is its inseparable foundation," Turner said.
In an earlier celebration on May 20, nearly 500 transportation construction executives and members of the American Road and Transportation Builders Association (ARTBA) gathered to celebrate "Interstate Nite." More than two dozen members of Congress attended the dinner at the Washington Hilton Hotel, as well as Administrator Barnhart and five of his predecessors: John Volpe, Frank Turner, Norbert Tiemann, Karl Bowers and John Hassell, Jr.
Rep. James Wright (D-Texas), the House Majority Leader and a member of the Public Works Committee in 1956, delivered the main address. "The Interstate system has tied this nation together and enhanced its mobility," said Wright. "It has saved lives, time and money."
The system was launched in June 1956 with the passage of the Federal-aid Highway Act and the Highway Revenue Act, establishing the Highway Trust Fund as a pay-as-you-go system of user fees designed to let the beneficiaries of the Interstate System pay for the cost of construction and maintenance.
During the Interstate Day celebration, Barnhart pointed out that although the system comprises little more than one percent of the nation's total road mileage, it carries 20 percent of America's highway traffic. "The Interstate system links more than 90 percent of America's cities with populations of 50,000 or more, and many smaller towns as well," said Barnhart. "It's importance to industry, commerce, the economy and recreation and travel cannot be overstated."
The system is composed of more than 40,000 miles of four-lane divided highways, built by nearly 2.4 billion man-hours of time. Each year, approximately 352 billion miles are traveled on the system, yet its safety record of 1.06 fatal accidents per 100 million miles of travel is less than half that tallied on the nation's other highways.
"The system is a tremendous engineering achievement that maintains the economic growth of America," concluded Barnhart. "The 30th Anniversary of this peerless system is the time for all members of the highway community to be recognized for their contributions to the development and maintenance of our Interstate highways."
America's Interstate: A Monument to Freedom!
by Ray A. Barnhart Federal Highway Administrator
Federal Highway Administrator Ray Barnhart, who held that title longer than any of his peers (1981-1987) published the following article about the 30th anniversary of the Interstate System in the Fall 1986 issue of U.S. Highways:
As we celebrate the 100th Anniversary of the Statue of Liberty, we are mindful of our many American freedoms. The Statue is not only an inspiring monument, but a symbol embodying the hopes and dreams of generations of immigrants and citizens alike. As we look at this vast country of ours, we can see many monuments to that freedom. One of them, which we too often take for granted, is also celebrating its special birthday. This summer marked the 30th Anniversary of America's Interstate Highway System. In the entire history of our nation, not to mention the world, there have been few-if any-public enterprises which have brought about more positive changes and enhanced the lives of more people than these magnificent transportation routes.
America's Interstate highways make up a 42,500-mile network of the safest and most technologically advanced roadways in the world. Comprising only one percent of our total road mileage, they carry almost 20 percent of all traffic. They link together America's major population centers, providing untold benefits for commerce and industry, for recreation, and-should the need arise-for defense mobilization in times of national emergency. Interstate design standards mean the highest standards of transportation safety and efficiency with unimpeded travel, wide lanes, gentle curves, as well as high quality directional signs and roadside safety equipment. Last year, the Interstate accounted for only slightly more than one fatal accident for every 100 million miles of travel-a truly remarkable record.
But the Interstates are much more than just ribbons of concrete and asphalt. By forming the backbone and lifeline of our economy, they have changed the face of America, affecting the way we live, where we work and play, the goods and services we provide and receive, and our ability to freely move about our nation whenever we choose, unrestricted.
The Interstate highway system has had a dramatic impact on our nation's economy, stimulating commercial development, and creating jobs all across this land in every state in the union. When President Eisenhower signed the Federal-aid Highway Act establishing the Interstate system in 1956, America's Gross National Product (GNP) was $421 billion. Today, our GNP approaches $4.5 trillion, more than a ten-fold increase. This economic explosion and the corresponding quantum leap in our national quality of life has been made possible in large measure by the efficiency of this Interstate highway system.
Last year, more than 357 billion miles were driven on the Interstates. And we should not lose sight of the fact that a large portion of those miles was logged by trucks, carrying every kind of commodity to markets across the nation. In fact, virtually everything we eat, wear, use and produce at some point on its way to the consumer moves by truck along our nation's highways. And it moves with a safety and efficiency unparalleled in the entire world, thanks not only to the Interstates themselves, but to the hard work and skill of the people who comprise America's trucking industry, another one of our nation's vital, yet under-appreciated assets.
It is also significant that the Interstate system, which is recognized as the world's largest and most extensive public works project, has been financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, incurring for the federal government not one dime of fiscal indebtedness. The system is totally financed by the Highway Trust Fund, an innovative mechanism conceived by the Congress in the same legislation which established the routing of the Interstates. Very simply, it provides that those who use the system pay for it. Gasoline and other highway related taxes are dedicated solely to transportation purposes. Through the Trust Fund, the American people have invested more than $108 billion in the Interstate system during these last 30 years. Strict provisions prevent Trust Fund expenditures from exceeding Trust Fund revenues over a given period of time, thereby insuring the fiscal soundness of the program. Don't we wish we could say the same for our other government programs?
Finally, consistent with the balance of powers inherent in our Constitution and with the wisdom of our Founding Fathers, the Interstate system has been a true model of the federal/state partnership at work. Ten percent of all costs related to the Interstates have been borne by the states, which are also responsible for awarding the construction contracts and managing day-to-day maintenance operations and law enforcement. It is a relationship between the federal and state governments which has worked exceedingly well in the past and should continue to serve us well in the future.
Like the other freedoms we celebrate as Americans, the freedom of mobility is exercised daily and regarded as our national birthright. We often forget that it is not so in other lands. In most countries throughout the world today, we know that freedom of movement of people is severely restricted by a variety of "roadblocks," both literal and figurative. In the Soviet Union, for example, a citizen must apply for a visa to get permission to travel between certain cities and areas within that country. But in the United States, it is a significant measure of the "liberty" we celebrated this Fourth of July that a citizen can drive to Boston or Houston or Los Angeles at any time he chooses without encountering so much as a traffic light or stop sign. Our Constitution and laws have made it legal-for which we will forever count our blessing; but it is our Interstate highways that have made it possible.
President Ronald Reagan Declares National Interstate highway Day, 1986
National Interstate Highway Day, 1986
By the President of the United States of America
In June 1956, the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 and the Highway revenue Act of 1956 were enacted to provide for the construction and financing of the National Interstate and Defense Highway System. Nineteen hundred and eight-six marks the 30th anniversary of the passage of this legislation.
During the last 30 years, the construction of the Interstate System has brought about tremendous change and progress in our society. As the world's largest and most successful transportation and public works project, it has enhanced travel and has helped join the Nation together to supply raw material, finished goods, food, and other essential products and services, and contributed to the national defense.
The Interstate System accounts for just over one percent of the total road mileage in the United States, yet it carries approximately 20 percent of the Nation's total traffic volume. Employing the most advanced highway safety designs ever devised, the Interstate System is one of the Nation's safest modes of transportation.
The Congress, by House Joint Resolution 638, has designated June 26, 1986, as "National Interstate Highway Day" and has authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this day.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, RONALD REAGAN, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim June 26, 1986, as National Interstate Highway Day, and I call upon the people of the United States to observe that day with appropriate ceremonies and activities.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this nineteenth day of June, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-six, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and tenth.
National Interstate Highway DAY
H.J. Res. 636
Whereas the 42,500-mile National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is the world's largest transportation and public project and connects the various regions of the Nation;
Whereas June 1986 is the 30th anniversary of the enactment of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 under which construction of the Interstate System commenced and which established the Highway Trust Fund; and
Whereas the design and construction of the Interstate System has provided substantial employment and economic growth for all segments of our society; Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, The June 26, 1986, is designated as "National Interstate Highway Day". The President is authorized and requested to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe that day with appropriate ceremonies and activities to recognize the 30th anniversary of the establishment of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways and the Highway Trust Fund.
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Our chickens are about eight weeks old. Most of their adult feathers have grown in. The chickens appear to be about one third the size that they will reach as adults. They are about the size of bantams.
Distinguishing Males and Females
The difference between the male and female Buff Rocks is becoming obvious.
The combs of the males are larger and redder than those of the females.
The Third Eyelid
When reviewing the photos I had taken today, I noticed that in many of them the chicken’s eyes had a hazy appearance, slightly gray. This is because chickens have an inner eyelid, known as the third eyelid or the nictitating membrane, and in many of the photos, it was closed or partly closed.
Chickens have three eyelids for each eye, the upper lid, the lower lid, and the nictitating membrane. During the day, when they are awake, chickens usually keep their upper and lower lids open, but they frequently blink the nictitating membrane closed momentarily. It is a transparent lid that the chickens can see through, and it helps clean, moisten, and protect the eye.
The red arrow in the photo below points to the partially closed nictitating membrane. (It is a little hard to see in the thumbnail photo, but you can click on the thumbnail photo to see a larger view). In the photo on the right, the nictitating membrane is completely open and not visible.
The Turken below has a hazy looking eye in the photo because the nictitating membrane is closed over his eye.
In the photo below, the Turken’s third eyelid is about halfway closed. As you can see from the photo, when closing, the membrane slides from front to back.
Below is a gallery of photos. Click on any photo to see a larger view.
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Description from Flora of China
Herbs perennial, glabrous, with fibrous roots. Stems simple or several branched. Leaves basal, or both basal and cauline, sometimes distal cauline ones palmately lobed, orbicular, reniform, or ovate, base cordate, margin dentate or entire; petioles sheathed at base. Flower solitary, terminal, or 2 or more in a simple or complex monochasium opening nearly flat. Sepals 5 or more, petaloid, yellow, rarely white or red, obovate or elliptic, caducous. Petals absent. Stamens numerous; anthers elliptic to oblong; filaments linear. Follicles 5--40, sessile, sometimes stipitate, with branching transverse veins, styles distinct or nearly absent; ovules several to many. Seeds several in a follicle, ellipsoid-globose, smooth.
About 15 species: temperate and cold-temperate regions of N and S hemispheres; four species (one endemic) in China.
(Authors: Li Liangqian; Michio Tamura)
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The largest landlocked country in the world Kazakhstan is about the size of Western Europe. Geographically the country possesses great contrasts. In the north lies a border with Siberia with freezing winds and temperatures to match. The arid central steppes include one of the largest lakes in the world, Lake Balkhash, which is half saline, half fresh water. Deserts are found near the Caspian Sea in the west including the Karagie Depression, 132m (433ft) below sea level, the second lowest point in the world after the Dead Sea in Israel. In the south-east lie the Tian Shan mountains whose highest peaks Pobeda Peak (7439m/24,406ft) and Khan-Tengri Peak (7010m/23,000ft) attract climbers from around the world. Astana was made Kazakhstan’s new capital in 1998, as its location was thought to be more accessible to the Russian Federation than Almaty, the former capital. However, Almaty remains a fascinating place to visit. The 28 Panfilov Heroes Memorial Park honours the Kazakhs who died fighting against the Nazis. Hot springs, waterfalls, and forest walks are found at the Turgen Gorge 90km away and nearby is the Medeu ice rink where the speed-skaters of the Soviet Union used to train. The Great Silk Road passed through Kazakhstan and ancient sights abound including those in Golovachovka, where the ruins include the 11th-century Babadzi-Khatun Mausoleum and the 12th-century Mausoleum Aisha Bibi. Aksu-Jabagli is a UNESCO biosphere reserve that’s home to 238 species of birds, 42 species of animals and 1300 species of plants. Located in the Kaskasu River valley on the border with Kirghistan and Uzbekistan the Sayram-Ugam National Park is home to snow leopards, bears, lynx, golden eagles, and bearded vultures.
Get travel tips and any other information about Kazakhstan through our tripguru stelledoriente
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Carbon nanotubes little review
In detail, carbon nanotubes are graphite sheets to form long (related with diameter) thin cylinder.
This rolled-up sheet consists of one or more real tubes they are considered to be carbon nanotubes.
Carbon nanotubes are became a sort of nanotechnology symbol.
Carbon nanotubes, considering their extraordinary properties, have many potential applications.
Carbon nanotubes applications include:
Carbon nanotubes Polymers nanocomposites
- Conductive polymers
- Advanced high strength polymers
- Composites (flame retardant properties)
Carbon nanotubes in Energy applications
- Capacitor electrodes- Battery electrodes
- Hydrogen storage for fuel cells
- Fuel cells: membranes
- Solar cell improvements
Carbon nanotubes and Nanoelectronics
- Field Emission Displays (FEDs)
- Lighting elements
- Integrated circuits & memory: datastorage
- Nano-oscillators- Batteries and generators
Carbon nanotubes Sensor- General nanosensors
Other application of carbon nanotubes:
- Membranes for catalysis;- Molecular drug delivery devices.
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There is something "in the air" these days and many
people are feeling it. Countless people everywhere felt it months before
9/11. Now that feeling is back. A better understanding of this feeling
may eventually provide warning about an upcoming explosive event in our
future. For some readers this entire article will be a bit "out there."
But that is just the nature of this subject. There is some repetition
in this article to help the reader understand this intangible subject.
To explore this, let's first look at a few things which function
outside our 3D reality:
1. Thinking works without requiring physical form. While the brain
itself has physical form, It is based on electrical signals taking place
at the quantum level (a simple overview.)
2. Computers function by using electrical charges. A can opener
exists and operates under the laws of 3D reality. A computer is subject
to the laws of 3D reality for it to exist, just as our bodies are. However
- what goes on INSIDE a computer at the chip level happens outside of
time. Computation, processing and memory storage all take place at the
3. Any electrical device or object, even a simple flashlight, operates
at the quantum level.
Item (1) above is what we are concerned with. Shock to the population
caused by explosive, public destruction like the Boston Marathon event
or 9/11/2001 event sends out ripples forwards and backwards in time equal
amounts. After terrible public events occur everyone feels sorrow, fear
and even terror for quite some time. Strong emotions like fear and terror
generate waves of negative energy. These waves may be able to travel through
time outside of normal 3D space (more on this later.)
It may be possible to quantify the uneasy feeling people experience.
Quantifying the uneasy feeling is something we are still working on. Actual
amount of time in days, weeks or months can vary based on various factors.
Severity of negative energy rippled backward in time from a public
explosive event may be affected by:
a. Proportionate to the magnitude of a future event - i.e., size
of the explosion(s)
b. Number of casualties caused by a future event
For discussion purposes only, consider the period of time the population
is deeply affected by a explosive public event is 6 months. Perhaps 6
months will be how far back in time that emotions will ripple and still
be felt. It was several months before 9/11 that other friends and myself
felt something was wrong, feeling much the same way we do now. Perhaps
the magnitude of the "uneasy effect" is related to the magnitude of the
To visualize the effect of a future explosive event back in time
on the population, a Gaussian (bell) curve may be used:
NOTE - "Event - x days" is NOT intended to show, imply or predict
there are 4 days remaining to the next big event. Tick marks on chart
above are for illustrative purposes only.
As seen above, varying the equation changes the curve of the slope.
The higher up the curve a line is, the further-reaching and longer lasting
effect in time on the population into both past and future. On the day
of the event people experience the strongest emotions. This is also when
negative energy ripples are initially sent backward into time. Orange
curve shows how ill effects sensed by people from a explosive event lasts
longer over time than other curves.
It is also known that terror in the population can affect remote
viewing, too. According to one military source about 12 years ago, I was
told they could not remote view the year 2013 because of a horrific event
which occurred in late 2012. Only 2014 onward could be remote viewed.
What they did remote view was massive destruction everywhere, as though
civilization was destroyed. As of this writing in May 2013, nothing of
that magnitude has occurred yet. Maybe they were remote viewing a different
dimension or timeline than ours. Perhaps the future in another dimension
experienced a catastrophic event.
Putting a numeric value on that "uneasy feeling" for the vertical
axis of the chart is very difficult. It is highly subjective and varies
from one person to another. Fractional values shown on the vertical axis
of the chart are intended to represent a nominal value, indicating the
severity of what people are feeling. X axis (across the bottom) represents
time (in days) which the event is felt measured days, weeks or months
into the past and future. Center of the curve marks the date of the explosive
event affecting the population. This is where fear and terror are
at the highest levels.
When a grain of sand is dropped into a calm pond it has no noticeable
effect on the water surface. Surface tension on the pond creates a threshold
for disturbance. But a rock only an inch across dropped into a calm pond
causes ripples which travel outward equally in all directions. In the
case of a public explosive event of sufficient magnitude, ripples of fear
and horror from a explosive event can be felt in the past from future
event through time. After the explosive public event, the event itself
will continue to be remembered an relived by the population. This too,
fades over time as the bell curve shows.
A uneasy premonition or feeling began a few months ago for many
people, long before the Boston event took place. It continues to be present
in people three weeks after Boston. Some people feel it in the pit of
their stomach, while others feel experience troubling unexplained emotions.
As horrific as the Boston event was, it does not appear that Boston is
the event causing today's uneasy feelings. My comment about the Boston
event is not intended to sound cold and insensitive, but the intensity
of today's "uneasy feeling" may be related to the number of casualties
created by a given explosion or other event.
How can people sense the future? Human thought exists OUTSIDE of
3D space-time. It takes place at the quantum (atomic) level. Reality at
the quantum level is extremely different than what we see at our macro
level. Physicists have said that if we could see the quantum world with
our eyes directly, it would appear highly distorted when compared normal
reality. Our minds are more powerful than most of us realize. We can unknowingly
connect (i.e., tune in) to other time frames, events, strong emotions
generated by large masses of people, events at remote locations and perhaps
events in other dimensions and accidents or deaths of twins, friends and
Perhaps that uneasy feeling many people feel today is about an event
that happened or will happen in another dimension.
Or, there may be something very bad coming our way, like the equivalent
of another 9/11.
I certainly hope not.
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Two reports from the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work warning about dangers in the workplace
Occupational skin diseases and dermal exposure and Workplace exposure to vibration in Europe
A new report on occupational skin diseases has been issued by the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, analysing European Union (EU) policies and practices. Report findings include guidelines and recommendations, collective actions and programmes along with good practice examples for preventive measures.
Skin diseases represent 13.6% of all occupational illnesses in Europe and are one of the most important emerging risks related to the exposure to chemical, physical and biological substances.
Frequency and seriousness depend very much on the country, sector of activity and type of profession. Forty per cent of all cases were registered in the manufacturing sector, followed by construction with 12.5% and health and social work with 10.7% respectively.
Although the Member States have implemented central EU directives regarding the skin contact to dangerous substances, no standard dermal exposure limits have been established at EU level yet. Skin diseases rank highly in incidence lists, but only some countries indicate that assessing and preventing them is a priority. Consequently, there is a clear need for effective evaluation and registration standards, but also a common European framework of criteria for occupational diseases.
Effective prevention of skin diseases requires a combination of technical, organisational and medical measures to eliminate or minimise the skin's exposure to risk factors.
Employers need to take on the responsibility and identify possible danger at each workstation and make employees actively aware of the physical, biological or chemical risks.
Read the report on occupational skin diseases: http://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/TE7007049ENC_skin_diseases/view
Workplace exposure to vibration in Europe: an expert review
One in three European workers is exposed to vibrations at work and for some sectors, such as construction at 63%, this figure is much higher. Although vibration is a long-standing and well-known risk, its importance has increased since the application of the vibration directive (2002/44/EC), which came into force on 6th July 2005. Enterprises, regulators and legislators face new challenges; measurement is complicated and risk assessment and reduction are not simple. This report by the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work brings together specialists from eight leading European institutes to produce an overview of the challenges facing the occupational safety and health community as regards management of occupational vibration risks. The situation in six Member States - Belgium, Germany, Spain, Finland, France and Poland - is examined, and research information is presented covering all Member States.
Read the report on workplace exposure to vibration: http://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/8108322_vibration_exposure/view
European Risk Observatory: http://osha.europa.eu/en/riskobservatory
If you need further details on workplace exposure to vibration and occupational skin diseases have a look at OSH UPDATE which is a wonderful collection of information sources collected together in one place - www.oshupdate.com!
More information on all aspects of health and safety at work - not only from Europe but from around the World, can be found by checking out the OSH UPDATE electronic collection of 19 information databases.
Information seekers will find a wealth of authoritative and validated advice from these global sources. Full text documents and references on research results, best practices, case studies, journal articles, reports, advice and guidance, legislation and much more are in OSH UPDATE.
Why not try OSH UPDATE for yourself? Take a 15-day free trial to a collection of over 800,000 sources of authoritative and validated information.
Why be without quality OSH information?
And if you need further information on fire and fire-related research and validated and authoritative then take a trial of FIREINF www.fireinf.com a collection of over 525,000 sources of authoritative and validated information.
Contact Sheila Pantry Associates Ltd. for 15 day FREE trials for all services that are cost effective. Why pay more for information? Go to: www.sheilapantry.com/interest.html
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Nairobi, August 19, 1998 — Displaced children in the famine-stricken area of Panthou in Bahr el Ghazal, southern Sudan, are at extreme risk of death, a new Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (known internationally as MSF) nutritional and mortality survey reports. According to the assessment, displaced children in Panthou are almost 17 times more likely to die of starvation or starvation-related illnesses than resident children from the area, despite the fact that the levels of malnutrition within the two groups are similar.
The mortality and nutritional survey reports a death rate of 43.8 deaths per 10,000 people per day for displaced children under the age of five versus 2.6 deaths per 10,000 people per day for resident children under the age of five. The overall level of malnutrition among children under the age of five in Panthou is 53.4%.
"Usually malnutrition rates are good indicators of the risk of death, but in Panthou there are obviously other factors which are contributing to the high mortality rate among the displaced. This survey shows just how much more vulnerable displaced people are. They have limited access to shelter, and no or few family members around, and they are often exhausted after walking for days before reaching our centers," says Stephanie Maxwell, medical coordinator of MSF's relief programs in Panthou.
In order to prevent further displacement to Panthou, MSF is now planning to open feeding centers both in Ajac and Tieraliet -- the two locations from which most of the displaced in Panthou have come.
Approximately 14,000 people reside in Panthou, 43.9% of whom are displaced. Of the total population, 29.2% are children under the age of five. MSF has admitted the 100 most severely malnourished children to its therapeutic feeding center (supervised wet meals eight times a day) in Panthou, and approximately 2,000 to its supplementary feeding center (dry food to take home, once a week). The organization will start a so-called modified therapeutic feeding center in the next couple of weeks, for some 1,000 severely malnourished children. There, the children will receive 2 supervised meals a day plus rations of dry food to take home.
"We admit 50 new children every day to the supplementary feeding center. The problem is that up to 250 new people line up every day -- most of whom fit the admission criteria -- but at present our capacity is insufficient. Only the most malnourished can be admitted. To select the 50 who'll get food is one of the most emotionally draining tasks imaginable. Everybody hates that job," says Stephanie Maxwell.
In addition to food, the children receive Vitamin A, measles vaccinations, de-worming medication, malaria treatment and prophylaxis, and ferrous sulphate as many children are anemic. All children in the therapeutic feeding center (and the modified therapeutic center when operational) also receive a dose of antibiotics when admitted.
"In terms of infectious diseases, we are doing everything we can to prevent cholera, dysentery, and measles. We are already preparing for a possible cholera outbreak by having a cholera treatment kit transported from Nairobi to Lokichokio, just in case. At this point, though, respiratory infections pose the greatest risks of death to the children, says Stephanie Maxwell.
MSF is currently running 12 supplementary and intensive feeding centres for around 12,000 children in nine locations in Bahr El Gazhal. The number of children needing to be admitted continues to increase and MSF estimates that by the end of August around 20,000 children will be going through their feeding centres.
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Virus possibly linked to chronic fatigue sufferers
The virus known as XMRV which is already linked to prostate cancer may also play a role in chronic fatigue syndrome, according to research for a mysterious disorder that affects 17 million people worldwide. Researchers from the Whittemore Peterson Institute in Nevada , at the National Cancer Institute, and at the Cleveland Clinic found the virus in the blood of 68 out of 101 chronic fatigue syndrome patients. The same virus showed up in only 8 of 218 healthy people according to the report which appears in the journal Science.
The researchers emphasize that the finding only shows a link between the virus and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and does not prove that the pathogen causes the disorder.
CFS impairs the immune system and causes incapacitating fatigue, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sufferers can also experience memory loss, problems with concentration, joint and muscle pain, headaches, tender lymph nodes and sore throats. Symptoms last at least six months and can be as disabling as multiple sclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis, the CDC said.
There is currently no medical treatment for CFS aside from cognitive behavioral therapy to help patients cope with the disorder's crippling effects. The XMRV virus is a retrovirus like the HIV virus that causes AIDS. Known formally as xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus, XMRV has also been found in some prostate tumors and is also known to cause leukemia and tumors in animals.
The research team said further research must now determine whether XMRV directly causes CFS, is just a passenger virus in the suppressed immune systems of sufferers or a pathogen that acts in concert with other viruses that have been implicated in the disorder by previous research.
"Conceivably these viruses could be co-factors in pathogenesis, as is the case for HIV-mediated disease, where co-infecting pathogens play an important role," the report said.
Because 3.7 percent of the healthy test population tested positive for XMRV, the researchers said several million otherwise healthy people in the United States could be infected with it.
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Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute is the first medical center in the United States to use a new fully resorbable “envelope” that encloses implantable cardiac devices, such as pacemakers and internal cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and helps prevent surgical site infections. The AIGISRx R Antibacterial Envelope from TYRX, Inc. received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance on May 20.
AIGISRx R Antibacterial Envelope is a fully bioresorbable, antibacterial pouch-like mesh envelope that holds cardiac rhythm devices securely in place when implanted in the body. The envelope contains the antimicrobial agents rifampin and minocycline, which are released locally into the tissue, to help reduce infections associated with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs).
“Over the last several decades, the number of cardiac device infections has risen significantly and out of proportion to the number of cardiac device implantations. With more than 500,000 CIED implantations annually in the U.S., it is critical that the infections associated with these types of procedures are avoided to help save lives and money,” according to cardiologist Christopher Ellis, MD, assistant professor of medicine, who used the resorbable envelope for the first time on Aug. 7.
The CIED is placed below the collarbone in a pocket the physician creates underneath the skin. Once the device is placed inside the mesh envelope and implanted into the pocket, the antimicrobials are released and the envelope dissolves entirely within about nine weeks.
“The infection protection is still there. It’s nice to know when I go back into the pocket several years from now, I won’t even know it (AIGISRx R) was ever in there,” Ellis says.
Research by Ellis and colleagues at Vanderbilt has shown that the AIGISRx Antibacterial Envelope significantly reduced device infections by nearly 90 percent in high-risk patients, compared to patients who did not receive the AIGISRx.
Nationally, patients with surgical site infections following CIED procedures spend additional time in the hospital and undergo repeat surgical procedures to treat the infection. These patients experience significant increases in morbidity and mortality, with one-year mortality rates of greater than 25 percent, and three-year mortality of up to 50 percent, depending on device type.
Cardiac device generators typically need to be replaced every five to eight years due to wear and tear, and each time the procedure is performed, the rate of infection increases exponentially, Ellis says. In addition, there are some patients who are at greater risk of infection due to diabetes, kidney disease and prior device infection.
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We hear much about Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum in ancient Athens, schools that emphasized engagement with the polis. We hear less about the Garden School of Epicurus. Students there actually cultivated their little plot of land beyond the city walls. They ate the fruits and vegetables they teased from the soil. In his book Gardens, Robert Pogue Harrison writes of the Epicureans:
Their garden activity was also a form of education in the ways of nature: its cycles of growth and decay, its general equanimity, its balanced interplay of earth, water, air, and sunlight. Here, in the convergence of vital forces in the garden's microcosm, the cosmos manifested its greater harmonies; here the human soul rediscovered its essential connection to matter.The most important lesson espoused by the Epicureans is knowledge that the soul is material and mortal, and that the goal of life should be careful cultivation of an equanimity of spirit.
It is a common misconception that Epicureanism is a selfish, amoral hedonism, a Mall-of-America self-indulgence. Nothing could be further from the truth. Yes, there is a certain disengagement from the hubbub of the polis and focus on self, but only to nurture qualities of companionship, gratitude and spiritual repose. These are the sources of human happiness, the Epicureans believed, and these are fostered by a quiet attention to nature -- not the wilderness, where nature runs unruly and wild, but the garden where the mortal human soul and the immortal soul of the world exist in symbiosis.
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With the help of Stokes' theorem, Ampère's integral law (1.4.1) can now be stated as
That is, by virtue of (2.5.4), the contour integral in (1.4.1) is replaced by a surface integral. The surface S is fixed in time, so the time derivative in (1) can be taken inside the integral. Because S is also arbitrary, the integrands in (1) must balance.
This is the differential form of Ampère's law. In the last term, which is called the displacement current density, a partial time derivative is used to make it clear that the location (x, y, z) at which the expression is evaluated is held fixed as the time derivative is taken.
In Sec. 1.5, it was seen that the integral forms of Ampère's and Gauss' laws combined to give the integral form of the charge conservation law. Thus, we should expect that the differential forms of these laws would also combine to give the differential charge conservation law. To see this, we need the identity ( x A) = 0 (Problem 2.4.5). Thus, the divergence of (2) gives
Here the time and space derivatives have been interchanged in the last term. By Gauss' differential law, (2.3.1), the time derivative is of the charge density, and so (3) becomes the differential form of charge conservation, (2.3.3). Note that we are taking a differential view of the interrelation between laws that parallels the integral developments of Sec. 1.5.
Finally, Stokes' theorem converts Faraday's integral law (1.6.1) to integrations over S only. It follows that the differential form of Faraday's law is
The differential forms of Maxwell's equations in free space are summarized in Table 2.8.1.
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The analysis of microfossils found in ocean sediment cores is illuminating the environmental conditions that prevailed at high latitudes during a critical period of Earth history.
Around 55 million years ago at the beginning of the Eocene epoch, the Earth's poles are believed to have been free of ice. But by the early Oligocene around 25 million years later, ice sheets covered Antarctica and continental ice had developed on Greenland.
"This change from greenhouse to icehouse conditions resulted from decreasing greenhouse gas concentrations and changes in Earth's orbit," said Dr Ian Harding of the University of Southampton's School of Ocean and Earth Science (SOES) at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS): "However, the opening or closing of various marine gateways and shifts in ocean currents may also have influenced regional climate in polar high-latitudes."
The separation of Eurasia and Greenland due to shifting tectonic plates led to the partial or complete submergence of former land barriers such as the Vring Plateau of the Norwegian continental margin. For the first time, waters could exchange between the NorwegianGreenland Sea, the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic.
Dr Harding and his former PhD student Dr James Eldrett have reconstructed the environmental conditions over the Vring Plateau over this time period by carefully analysing the fossilised remains of organic debris and cysts of tiny aquatic organisms called dinoflagellates from sediment cores.
"Because different dinoflagellate species are adapted to different surface water conditions, their fossilised remains help us reconstruct past environments," said Dr Harding.
The evidence from the sediments cores suggests the development of shallow marine environments across parts of the Vring Plateau during the early Eocene. However, the presence of fossilised species that lived in fresh or brackish water indicates that northerly parts of the plateau as well as the crest of the Vring Escarpment were still above water.
In the late Eocene sediments (around 44 million years old) only marine plankton species were found, indicating that the entire Vring Plateau had by then subsided and become submerged. This demonstrates that marine connections were established between the various Nordic sea basins much earlier than had previously been thought. These surface water connections may have promoted the increased surface water productivity evidenced by the abundance of planktonic fossils preserved in the sediment cores of this age.
"Increased productivity would have drawn carbon dioxide down from the atmosphere," said Dr Harding: "Because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, this may have contributed to declining global temperatures and led to the early development of continental ice on Greenland in the latest Eocene."
|Contact: Dr Rory Howlett|
National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (UK)
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1 Answer | Add Yours
Dante Alighieri, the author of Dante's Inferno, includes as Dante's (the character) guide Publius Vergilius Maro (or Virgil). Dante (the character) comes upon Virgil (the character) during his journey to find the the sunlight (which he spots over a mountain). Dante comes across different animals until he comes to a place where he cannot pass. Virgil enters and tells Dante that he can show him a different path (one where Dante can see departed souls), Dante agrees to follow Virgil. In this aspect, Virgil acts as Dante's guide. Virgil also symbolizes reason.
As for the man Virgil, his works influenced the works of many others. Virgil's impact on Dante (the poet) is evident given Dante's inclusion of Virgil as his guide. Dante, then, obviously looked to Virgil as a mentor (even though he had passed long before Dante's lifetime). Dante's use of the epic further proves Virgil's influence.
That said, although Dante (the character) accepted Virgil (the Character)--noted by his "father/son" relationship noted in the Inferno, Dante (in life) condemned Virgil given he believed him to be a sodomite.
We’ve answered 328,029 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
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Children are Israel's future as well, and Israeli parents are equally committed to making their lives better. Just one indication of the results of this concern is the number of children who pursue higher education after completing their compulsory military service. According to a 1991 UNESCO survey of 174 countries, Israel ranked fourth in the world in the percentage of high school graduates who go on to pursue higher education. Only the United States (60 percent), Canada (58 percent) and New Zealand (36 percent) exceeded the 34 percent of Israelis who attend either university or other diploma programs.
Cooperative Research and Programming
In 1984, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Israeli Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (MLSA) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to work together to improve the delivery of social services in both countries through the exchange of experience and joint research. Priorities under the MOU include: strengthening the family; children and youth at risk; foster care and adoption, including child abuse and the effects of substance abuse on children; early childhood development (including day care) and developmental disabilities. Many projects have been undertaken, including:
Revolutionize Lifetime Learning
In their book, Clinton and Gore specifically single out the Home Instruction Program for Pre-school Youngsters (HIPPY) as an example of an innovative parenting program. It was developed at the National Council of Jewish Women-sponsored Research Institute for Innovation in Education at Hebrew University.
HIPPY was established in Israel to prepare children of poor immigrants from Africa and Asia for the rigors of Israeli schools. HIPPY materials are designed to provide parents who have had little formal schooling with the necessary structure to implement a school-readiness, home instruction program. Clinton and Gore said HIPPY can "help disadvantaged parents work with their children to build an ethic of learning at home that benefits both parent and child."
HIPPY USA was established in 1984 by the National Council of Jewish Women. When Governor Clinton learned about the program, he instituted it in Arkansas and Hillary was a founding member of the Board of Trustees of HIPPY USA. "This program, in my judgment," the Governor said, "is the best pre-school program on earth, because it gives parents the chance to be their children's first teachers, no matter how meager the education of the parent" (Forward, Oct. 9, 1992).
Today, HIPPY is being used in more than 60 communities in 17 states, serving four and five-year-olds in approximately 9,000 families. With additional support from the Department of Education, this proven program could be set up in communities in every state.
Several other innovative education programs have been developed at Hebrew University that might also be imported to help American youth, including:
Other institutions have also developed innovative programs. For example:
Existing collaborative education projects can also be expanded. One such project involves joint scientific studies conducted by teens in Israel and the United States through teleconferencing. Students at the ORT-Eilat school studied the effect of the desert on its residents with students in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and ORT-Ma'alot students engaged in a genetics study with counterparts in Minnesota.
One of the most innovative and important education programs in Israel is Youth Aliya. It was started in 1933 to rescue Jewish youth from Nazi Germany. Teenagers were brought to what was then Palestine and educated in boarding schools. Today, Youth Aliya residential educational institutions, with an enrollment of some 18,000 pupils, offer a proven method for the absorption and acculturation of immigrants and a successful program for educating disadvantaged youth.
In the United States, boarding schools have traditionally either been for the wealthy, for orphans or for troubled youth. Reports of poor conditions in many of these institutions have provoked a movement toward increased reliance on foster care. In most areas, however, foster care systems are strained beyond their capacity. In fact, the government's family preservation plan will spend more than $1 billion to keep children out of foster care. Residential programs are one possible response to this crisis, particularly those following the community and family-oriented models used in Israel.
One of the best ways for Americans to appreciate their own heritage is to be exposed to other cultures. Several U.S.-Israel exchange programs have promoted such cross-cultural experiences:
Since 1985, 12 Philadelphia high school juniors-six black and six Jewish-have participated in a program that exposes them to each other's culture and history. The orientation phase of "Operation Understanding" educates participants about the historical differences and relationships between the black and Jewish communities. The second phase consists of an intensive one month trip to the Republic of Senegal, the State of Israel and selected points along the historic U.S. Underground Railroad. The purpose of this travel is to promote greater understanding between the students through an in-depth look at the histories and cultures of each. The third phase of the program requires a nine-month commitment by each student to participate in a speaker's forum.
For 24 years, the Bessie F. Lawrence Summer Science Institute program has brought together an international group of talented future scientists at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot. In 1992, 19 of America's outstanding high school students participated.
Since 1985, American graduate and undergraduate journalism students and young Israeli journalists have participated in an exchange program cosponsored by New York University's Department of Journalism and the America-Israel Friendship League. This is a professional, structured program that involves field work in Israel. Participants meet, interview and have symposia with key figures in Israel's political, military, industrial and academic world.
Since 1977, 200 American and Israeli high school students have changed places, teaching and learning from each other's cultures as part of the High School Youth Ambassadors Exchange. They live in their hosts' homes, attend their schools and socialize with their friends. The program is cosponsored by the Council of the Great City Schools, the Israel Public Council for Exchange of Youth and Young Adults, the America-Israel Friendship League, the United States Information Agency and the Ford Foundation.
For 12 years, Seton Hall University has offered a study tour of Israel for divinity students and clergymen. The program is cosponsored by the America-Israel Friendship League and Hebrew University. The program provides an interdisciplinary approach, combining seminars at the Hebrew University with tours of historic sites.
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Stand and deliver
A demand for money, often associated with English highwaymen.
Highwaymen are up there with pirates as the anti-heroes of literature and B-feature films. Their flamboyant and audacious image provides ready-made stock characters. The image is far from the reality; pirates didn't bellow 'shiver me timbers' or desport themselves with the obligatory eye-patches, peg-legs or Johnny Depp style braids and earrings. Likewise, as we shall see, highwaymen were often little more than what we would now call muggers, although some highwaymen did fit into the 'gentleman of the road' persona that dramatists later portrayed. Nor was 'stand and deliver' an invention of screenwriters, but a very real threat heard by 18th century travellers.
Highway robbery was defined by the English legal system as any robbery which took place on the King's Highway. It was viewed as a particularly serious crime because it interfered with the freedom of movement, which was considered a fundamental right.
So, why 'stand and deliver'? The word 'stand' has been used to mean 'come to a halt' since the 16th century. Shakespeare used it in Two Gentlemen of Verona, 1591:
"Stand sir, and throw us that you have about'ye."
The expression 'stand and deliver' must have been established in the language by 1714, as Alexander Smith included it in his reference work The History of the Lives of the Most Noted Highwaymen:
"He order'd him to Stand and Deliver."
The Old Bailey was and is England's primary criminal court and, fortunately for the etymological community, it houses an invaluable documentary resource, the largest body of text detailing the lives of the common people of England, namely The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674-1913. That record lists an early use of the term 'stand and deliver' in the case of Robert Jackson, tried for Highway Robbery on 7th September 1720. Jackson was indicted for "Assaulting John Andrews on the High Way, putting him in Fear, and taking from him a Silver Watch value £4 10s". A witness testified:
The Prisoner clapt a Pistol to a Child's Head and said [to Andrews], G - d D - n you, stand and deliver your Money and Watch; and that he saw the Prisoner clap a Pistol to Andrews's Breast, and take his Watch; that he is sure the Prisoner is the same Person.
That's an example of the common pedestrian highwayman. For an example of the mounted 'gentleman of the road' we need to look to "Captain" James MacLaine. MacLaine was a notorious and prolific highwayman who specialised in robbing from the rich and famous. The accompanying picture, helpfully titled 'An Exact Representation of Maclaine the Highwayman Robbing Lord Eglington on Hounslow Heath on the 26th June. 1750' shows MacLaine in action. He developed a taste for finery (most of it stolen from his victims) and text below the picture states that MacLaine was 'A tall young fellow and commonly very gay in his dress'. He became something of a celebrity and was the model for Macheath, the antihero of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera and of Mack the Knife in Brecht's Threepenny Opera.
MacLaine was also the source of the 'Dandy Highwayman' imagery used by Adam Ant in his 1981 song Stand and Deliver.
Just in case people didn't get the idea, from the 1750s onward the 'stand and deliver' command was extended to include 'your money or your life'. An early example, also from the proceedings of the Old Bailey, is found in the trial of James Abbot for highway robbery on 27th February 1754. Abbot's victim gave this testimony:
When we came into Hyde Park the prisoner, Abbot, came up to me, and put a pistol to my breast, and said, D - n you, deliver to me this moment, and make no noise, for if you do I will shoot you dead. I will have your money or your life before you wag [move] a step farther.
Like most of his compatriots, Abbot came to a sticky end. The Old Bailey records show that Robert Jackson, James Abbot and James MacLaine were all hanged for their crimes.
Highway robbery cases are no longer brought to trial in the UK - armed robberies are tried as such regardless of where they are committed. The mounted robber disappeared from English roads in the late 1820s and the last prosecution for highway robbery was heard at the Old Bailey in 1897.
These days the highwayman's best-known lines are more likely to be found in comedy skits than on the highway. Jack Benny got good mileage out of the 'your money or your life' when he used it as a gag that played on his tight-fisted stage persona. The gag's set-up was that a mugger approached Benny and demanded, "Your money or your life". After a long pause, the mugger repeated the demand and Benny replied, "I'm thinking it over". Spike Milligan also used the phrase to comic effect; his punch line was a typically surreal "Take my life; I'm saving for my birthday".
See also: an offer you can't refuse.
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APPENDIX No. I
Remarks on the Origin and Genealogy of the Franklin Family.
THE origin of the name of Franklin, in England, may perhaps be traced to a different source from the one supposed by Dr. Franklin. The name Francquelin or Franquelin, is found in France; and, while he resided there, be received letters from several persons bearing that name, who claimed relationship, as having the same ancestry. It was said, that the name could be traced back at least to the fifteenth century in Picardy, and that the records of the town of Abbeville contained the names of John and Thomas Franquelin, woollen-drapers, who were inhabitants of that town in the year 1521. From this part of France, the emigrations to England at that time and previously were frequent, and it was inferred, that one or more families of the name of Franquelin were among the number, and that in England the orthography of the name was changed, according to a common usage. In the absence of direct proof on the subject, this conjecture is perhaps worthy of some consideration.
Dr. Franklin seems to have taken much pains to search out the history of his immediate ancestors. He traced them back four generations to Thomas Francklyne of Ecton, in Northamptonshire. His grandfather had nine children, of whom his father, JOSIAH, was the youngest. Josiah Franklin emigrated to Boston, New England, in the year 1684, or in the early part of 1685.
By the Record of Births in Boston, it appears, that there was a family by the name of Franklin among the early settlers. In 1638 the birth of Elizabeth, daughter of William Franklin, is recorded. There were other children, one of whom was Benjamin, who also had a son of the same name. The descendants of this family were, numerous. It is likewise probable, that one or two other families, of the name of Franklin, settled in Boston some time afterwards; but it is believed that no relationship can be traced between any of these families and that to which Dr. Franklin belonged.
When Josiah Franklin established himself in Boston he had three children, born at Banbury, in Oxfordshire. After the birth of four others, his first wife died. He then married Abiah Folger, daughter of Peter Folger, of Nantucket, probably in the early part of the year 1690. By this marriage be had ten children, making seventeen in the whole; ten sons and seven daughters. BENJAMIN was the youngest son, and the fifteenth child, his sisters Lydia and Jane being younger.
All the brothers and sisters of Josiah Franklin lived and died in England, except Benjamin, who emigrated to Boston in the year 1715. His son, Samuel, a cutler by trade, had preceded him. This Benjamin was born March 20th, 1650. At the age of sixteen be began to learn the trade of a silk-dyer, and served an apprenticeship of seven years. He afterwards set up that business in London, and followed it there till he removed to America. He was married to Hannah Welles, daughter of Samuel Welles, a clergyman of Banbury, on the 23d of November, 1683. In one of the manuscript volumes of poems, mentioned by Dr. Franklin, is the following printed advertisement. "Wrought things, printed English or India calicos, cloth, silk, and stuff, scoured; linen, cloth, silk, and stuff, dyed, printed, or watered ; and black cloth, silk, and stuff, dyed into colors; by Benjamin Franklin, at the Indian Queen, in Princes-Street, near Leicester Fields." He had ten children, six sons and four daughters. They all died young, except Samuel, the eldest. His wife died on the 4th of November, 1705. From a brief account of himself, preserved in manuscript, and from some of his pieces in rhyme, he seems to have had many afflictions. Poverty, adversity, and sickness pursued him through life. When he left England, his wife and all his children, except his eldest son then in Boston, had been dead several years. After his arrival in Boston, he lived with his brother Josiah four years, till 1719, when be went to reside with his son, who had recently been married and become a housekeeper.
The manuscript volumes of poetry, before mentioned, are curious. The handwriting is beautiful, with occasional specimens of short-hand, in which Dr. Franklin says his uncle was skilled. The poetical merits of the compositions cannot be ranked high, but frequently the measure is smooth and the rhymes are well chosen. His thoughts run chiefly on moral and religious subjects. Many of the Psalms are paraphrased in metre. The making of acrostics on the names of his friends was a favorite exercise. There are likewise numerous proofs of his ingenuity in forming anagrams, crosses, ladders, and other devices. The specimens below were written to his nephew and namesake; the first two, when he was four years and a half old.
Sent to his Namesake, upon a Report of his Inclination to Martial affairs, July 7th, 1710.
"Believe me, Ben, it is a dangerous trade,
The sword has many marred as well as made;
By it do many fall, not many rise,
Makes many poor, few rich, and fewer wise;
Fills towns with ruin, fields with blood; beside
'T is sloth's maintainer, and the shield of pride.
Fair cities, rich today in plenty flow,
War fills with want to-morrow, and with woe.
Ruined estates, the nurse of vice, broke limbs and scars,
Are the effects of desolating wars."
ACROSTIC, Sent to Benjamin Franklin in New England, July 15th, 1710.
"Be to thy parents an obedient son;
Each day let duty constantly be done;
Never give way to sloth, or lust, or pride,
If free you 'd be from thousand ills beside;
Above all ills be sure avoid the shelf.
Man's. danger lies in, Satan, sin, and self.
In virtue, learning, wisdom, progress make;
Ne'er shrink at suffering for thy Saviour's sake.
"Fraud and all falsehood in thy dealings flee,
Religious always in thy station be;
Adore the Maker of thy inward part
Now is the accepted time, give him thy heart;
Keep a good conscience, It is a constant friend,
Like judge and witness this thy acts attend.
In heart with bonded knee, alone, adore
None but the Three in One for evermore."
The following piece was sent when his Namesake was seven years old. It would appear that he had received from him some evidence of his juvenile skill in composition. Sent to Benjamin Franklin, 1713.
"Tis time for me to throw aside my pen,
When hanging sleeves read, write, and rhyme like men.
This forward spring foretells a plenteous crop;
For, if the bud bear grain, what will the top!
If plenty in the verdant blade appear,
What may we not soon hope for in the ear!
When flowers are beautiful before they're blown,
What rarities will afterward be shown!
If trees good fruit un'noculated bear,
You may be sure it will afterward be rare.
If fruits are sweet before they've time to yellow,
How luscious will they be when they are mellow!
If first years' shoots such noble clusters send,
What laden boughs, Engedi-like, may we expect in the end!"
These lines are more prophetic, perhaps, than the writer imagined. He continued to make verses, and to turn the Psalms into rhyme, after he came to New England. The precise time of his death is not known. He was living in 1727, and probably died the year following, at the age of seventy-eight.
His son, Samuel, had a son of the same name, born October 21st, 1721. He was an only child. He followed the trade of his father, and died in Boston, February 21st, 1775, leaving four daughters. 1. Eunice, married to Benjamin Callender. 2. Hannah, married to Samuel Emmons. 3. Sarah, married to Jerome Ripley. 4. Elizabeth, married to William Clouston. The last three are now living, in 1839.
The ancestors of Abiah Folger, the mother of Dr. Franklin, emigrated from England to America. In a letter to his sister, dated in London, January 13th, 1772, he says; "No arms of the Folgers are found in the Herald's Office. I am persuaded it uses originally a Flemish family, which came over with many others from that country in Queen Elizabeth's time, flying from the persecution then raging there." For the following facts relating to the family in America, I am chiefly indebted to Mr. William C. Folger, of Nantucket, who has made a diligent search in the early records of that Island and of Martha's Vineyard.
There is a tradition in the family, that John Folger, and his son Peter Folger, (the name was then written Foulger) crossed the Atlantic in the same vessel with Hugh Peters, in the year 1635. They came from Norwich, in the county of Norfolk, England. Peter was then eighteen years old, and of course was born in the year 1617. The father and son settled at Martha's Vineyard. The time is not exactly known, but it is supposed to have been very soon after they came to the country. It has not been ascertained whether John Folger's wife came with him, or whether she had died in England, and he married again in America. The name of his wife, Meribell, is mentioned in the records of Martha's Vineyard. He died about 1660. His wife was living in 1663. Peter was his only child.
In the year 1644, Peter Folger married Mary Morrell, who had been an inmate in Hugh Peters's family. He resided at Martha's Vineyard till 1663, when he removed to Nantucket, being among the first settlers of that Island. He was a man of considerable learning, particularly in mathematical science, and he practised surveying both in the Vineyard and Nantucket. He was one of the five commissioners first appointed to measure and lay out the land on the Island of Nantucket; and it was said in the order, that "whatsoever shall be done by them or any three of them, Peter Folger being one, shall be accounted legal and valid." This mode of wording the order shows the confidence that was placed in his integrity and judgment.
He acquired the Indian language, and served as interpreter, both in affairs of business, and in communicating religious instruction to the Indians. He rendered assistance in this way to the Reverend Thomas Mayhew, the distinguished missionary at Martha's Vineyard. Mr. Prince, in his account of Mayhew, says, that be had "an able and godly Englishman, named Peter Foulger, employed in teaching the youth in reading, writing, and the principles of religion by catechizing; being well learned likewise in the Scriptures, and capable of helping them in religious matters."× He is said to have preached on some occasions. There is a long letter from him to his son-in-law, Joseph Pratt, containing religious counsel, with much use of Scripture, according to the practice of those times. Indeed his poem, entitled A Looking-Glass for the Times, published in 1676, shows that he was not only well informed in theology, but in political affairs, such as they then were in New England. He died in 1690, and his widow in 1704.
The children of Peter and Mary Folger were, 1. Johannah, who married John Coleman. 2. Bethiah, married John Barnard, February, 1668-9. They were both drowned four months afterwards by the upsetting of a boat, while crossing from Nantucket. to the Vineyard. 3. Dorcas, married Joseph Pratt 4. Eleazer born 1648, married Sarah Gardner. 5. Bethshua, married Pope. 6. Patience, married Ebenezer Harker. 7. John, born 1659, married Mary Barnard. 8. Experience, married John Swain 9. Abiah, born August 15th, 1667, married Josiah Franklin.
Joseph Pratt lived at one time in Nantucket, but is supposed to have removed to Boston. Some of the descendants of Pope also lived in Boston. John Pope was a physician of some eminence. Joseph Pope was ingenious in mechanics, and constructed the orrery in Harvard College. Robert Pope was a watchmaker, skilful in his art. The other children of Peter Folger and their descendants have nearly all resided in Nantucket. A son of Eleazer, of the same name, served as register of probate forty- seven years, and died in 1753, aged eighty-one. He was succeeded by his son Frederick, who held the same office thirty-seven years, and died in 1790, at the age of sixty-five. Peleg, a brother of Frederick, wrote many pieces in prose and verse, and was distinguished for his piety and estimable character; he died in 1789, aged fifty-five. Nathan, another son of the first Eleazer, had several children. His son Abisha was justice of the peace, and for thirty years represented the town in the legislature. Barzillai, another son of Nathan, commanded a vessel in the London trade. Abisha had a large family of children. Among them were William, George, and Timothy; the last of whom was justice of the peace and a merchant. He took an active part with the patriots at the beginning of the Revolution. There is a portrait of him by Copley. Barzillai likewise had many children. Among them was Walter, a man of great strength of mind, of strict probity and honor, a good mathematician, at one time commander of a vessel, and for many years a merchant and ship-owner. He died much respected in 1826, in the ninety-second year of his age. His son, Walter Folger, known as the astronomer of Nantucket, was born in 1765, and is still living (in 1839). Many years ago be invented and constructed a very ingenious astronomical clock. He also made a telescope with a magnifying power of about five hundred. The above are descendants of Eleazer, the son of Peter. His other son, John, had children, from whom have sprung descendants, but they are less known.
Although Dr. Franklin's grandfather had five sons, and his father five, who grow up to man's estate, were married, and together had a large number of children, yet there is not an individual in the male line, bearing the name, now remaining. Thomas Franklin was the only one in England as long ago as. 1766. Dr. Franklin found him at Lutterworth, in Leicestershire, poor and destitute, and contributed to his relief for several years. He supported and educated his only child, Sally, till she was married. He was living at Lutterworth, very old, in 1791. His daughter died in 1782. There is none bearing the name in America, who descended from this family. Dr. Franklin's brothers, John and James, each had a son, but these died without children. His first cousin, Samuel, likewise had a son, but the children of this son were four daughters. Dr. Franklin's eldest son, William, died in London, November, 1813. His wife, whom he married in London, 1762, just after he was appointed governor of New Jersey, died in 1777. As he took the side of the loyalists in the Revolution, he went to England after the war, received a pension from the King, and remained there till his death. He had an only son, William Temple, who died without issue. Dr. Franklin's other son, Francis Folger, died in childhood. His daughter, Sarah, was born September 11th 1744; married Richard Bache, October 29th, 1767; died October 5th, 1808. The children of Richard and Sarah Bache, were, 1. Benjamin Franklin Bache, born 1769, married Margaret Markoe, died 1798, during the yellow fever in Philadelphia. 2. William, married Catherine Wistar, died 1814. 3. Elizabeth, married John Harwood. 4. Louis. 5. Deborah, married William J. Duane. 6. Richard, married the eldest daughter of Alexander J. Dallas. 7. Sarah, married Thomas Sergeant. Their descendants are numerous.
It appears by Dr. Franklin's Will, that, at the time of his death, there were living descendants of his brothers Samuel and James, and of his sisters, Anne, Sarah, Lydia, and Jane. He left a small bequest to each of them.
The basis of the subjoined Genealogical Table is a paper supposed to have been drawn up by Dr. Franklin. It has been enlarged, and in some instances corrected, particularly in the dates, from the Record of Births in Boston, from Dr. Franklin's letters in which he speaks of his family, and from the manuscript volumes of his uncle Benjamin, which contain various particulars illustrative of this subject.
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II. A Story: Inherit the
The father has been preparing a war for his son’s
birthday. He started long ago. You have to, you know.
People who decide on a war and expect it to happen
the minute or week or month they want it to are often
disappointed. You also cannot do it alone. The father
has a few friends from his war who are willing to
help out. They have sons, too. There are quite simple
ways to begin-- probably in childhood. For instance,
help the boy develop an easy dislike for your neighbor's
daughter. Mild prejudice will then rest contentedly
in his little breast. As time goes on, it can appear
as nothing worse than sleepy contempt for the girl
The father remembers his war, how
long it took for his father to get it right.
He was almost too old. (The father and his friends
are now called The Great Generation. This isn't exactly
fair. Their fathers had fought in an equally
famous war, and luckily had survived to provide a
war in turn for this father and his friends.)
This father does need more preparation,
and quickly. His son is growing beautifully, but he's
reading too much. Some of his ideas seem to come from
Leftish media. The schools are also bad, even treacherous.
But the father is sure he can find the old newspapers
he's kept or the right pages of the history book,
which are very clever about enumerating insults to
our national soul and natural hegemony. The recollection
of historical insult is as important in the life of
great nations as their stunning victories.
The father would like his son to
be an airman. Of course, anxiety about civilian deaths--
women and children-- always undercuts the enthusiasm
of sentimental citizens and tenderhearted boys.
He's talked to many other fathers.
They're nearly ready. They've begun their letters
to newspapers, their attacks on the wimps in Congress
and the administration. Most important, they've selected
the enemy and are very clear about it.
The father has only one year left--
before his son’s eighteenth birthday.
His son is not unaware of what is coming. He has that
boyish excitement, that intensifying patriotism--
his own war at last.
III. Is There a Difference
Between Men and Women?
The arms trade. The slave trade. The trade in women’s
IV. What Now:
Today's wars are about oil. But alternate energies
exist now-- solar, wind-- for every important energy-using
activity in our lives. The only human work that cannot
be done without oil is war.
So men lead us to war for enough
oil to continue to go to war for oil.
I'm now sure that these men can't
stop themselves anymore-- even those who say they
want to. There are too many interesting weapons. Besides,
theirs is a habit of centuries, eons. They will not
break that habit themselves.
For ourselves, for
our girl and boy children, women will have to organize
as we have done before-- and also as we have never
done before-- to break that habit for them, once and
JUMP TO PAGE 1
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Appearance and Reality/Appendix/Note A
If we are asked “What is contrary or contradictory?” (I do not find it necessary here to distinguish between these), the more we consider the more difficult we find it to answer. “A thing cannot be or do two opposites at once and in the same respect”—this reply at first sight may seem clear, but on reflection may threaten us with an unmeaning circle. For what are “opposites” except the adjectives which the thing cannot so combine? Hence we have said no more than that we in fact find predicates which in fact will not go together, and our further introduction of their “opposite” nature seems to add nothing. “Opposites will not unite, and their apparent union is mere appearance.” But the mere appearance really perhaps only lies in their intrinsic opposition. And if one arrangement has made them opposite, a wider arrangement may perhaps unmake their opposition, and may include them all at once and harmoniously. Are, in short, opposites really opposite at all, or are they, after all, merely different? Let us attempt to take them in this latter character.
“A thing cannot without an internal distinction be (or do) two different things, and differences cannot belong to the same thing in the same point unless in that point there is diversity. The appearance of such a union may be fact, but is for thought a contradiction.” This is the thesis which to me seems to contain the truth about the contrary, and I will now try to recommend this thesis to the reader.
The thesis in the first place does not imply that the end which we seek is tautology. Thought most certainly does not demand mere sameness, which to it would be nothing. A bare tautology (Hegel has taught us this, and I wish we could all learn it) is not even so much as a poor truth or a thin truth. It is not a truth in any way, in any sense, or at all. Thought involves analysis and synthesis, and if the Law of Contradiction forbade diversity, it would forbid thinking altogether. And with this too necessary warning I will turn to the other side of the difficulty. Thought cannot do without differences, but on the other hand it cannot make them. And, as it cannot make them, so it cannot receive them merely from the outside and ready-made. Thought demands to go proprio motu, or, what is the same thing, with a ground and reason. Now to pass from A to B, if the ground remains external, is for thought to pass with no ground at all. But if, again, the external fact of A’s and B’s conjunction is offered as a reason, then that conjunction itself creates the same difficulty. For thought’s analysis can respect nothing, nor is there any principle by which at a certain point it should arrest itself or be arrested. Every distinguishable aspect becomes therefore for thought a diverse element to be brought to unity. Hence thought can no more pass without a reason from A or from B to its conjunction, than before it could pass groundlessly from A to B. The transition, being offered as a mere datum, or effected as a mere fact, is not thought’s own self-movement. Or in other words, because for thought no ground can be merely external, the passage is groundless. Thus A and B and their conjunction are, like atoms, pushed in from the outside by chance or fate; and what is thought to do with them but either make or accept an arrangement which to it is wanton and without reason,—or, having no reason for anything else, attempt against reason to identify them simply?
“This is not so,” I shall be told, “and the whole case is otherwise. There are certain ultimate complexes given to us as facts, and these ultimates, as they are given, thought simply takes up as principles and employs them to explain the detail of the world. And with this process thought is satisfied.” To me such a doctrine is quite erroneous. For these ultimates (a) cannot make the world intelligible, and again (b) they are not given, and (c) in themselves they are self-contradictory, and not truth but appearance.
Certainly for practice we have to work with appearance and with relative untruths, and without these things the sciences of course would not exist. There is, I suppose, here no question about all this, and all this is irrelevant. The question here is whether with so much as this the intellect can be satisfied, or whether on the other hand it does not find in the end defect and self-contradiction. Consider first (a) the failure of what is called “explanation.” The principles taken up are not merely in themselves not rational, but, being limited, they remain external to the facts to be explained. The diversities therefore will only fall, or rather must be brought, under the principle. They do not come out of it, nor of themselves do they bring themselves under it. The explanation therefore in the end does but conjoin aliens inexplicably. The obvious instance is the mechanical interpretation of the world. Even if here the principles were rational intrinsically, as surely they are not, they express but one portion of a complex whole. The rest therefore, even when and where it has been “brought under” the principles, is but conjoined with them externally and for no known reason. Hence in the explanation there is in the end neither self-evidence nor any “because” except that brutally things come so.
“But in any case,” I may hear, “these complexes are given and do not contradict themselves,” and let us take these points in their order. (b) The transition from A to B, the inherence of b and c as adjectives in A, the union of discretion and continuity in time and space—“such things are facts,” it is said. “They are given to an intellect which is satisfied to accept and to employ them.” They may be facts, I reply, in some sense of that word, but to say that, as such and in and by themselves, they are given is erroneous. What is given is a presented whole, a sensuous total in which these characters are found; and beyond and beside these characters there is always given something else. And to urge “but at any rate these characters are there,” is surely futile. For certainly they are not, when there, as they are when you by an abstraction have taken them out. Your contention is that certain ultimate conjunctions of elements are given. And I reply that no such bare conjunction is or possibly can be given. For the background is present, and the background and the conjunction are, I submit, alike integral aspects of the fact. The background therefore must be taken as a condition of the conjunction’s existence, and the intellect must assert the conjunction subject in this way to a condition. The conjunction is hence not bare but dependent, and it is really a connection mediated by something falling outside it. A thing, for example, with its adjectives can never be simply given. It is given integrally with a mass of other features, and when it is affirmed of Reality it is affirmed of Reality qualified by this presented background. And this Reality (to go further) is and must be qualified also by what transcends any one presentation. Hence the mere complex, alleged to be given to the intellect, is really a selection made by or accepted by that intellect. An abstraction cuts away a mass of environing particulars, and offers the residue bare, as something given and to be accepted free from supporting conditions. And for working purposes such an artifice is natural and necessary, but to offer it as ultimate fact seems to me to be monstrous. We have an intellectual product, to be logically justified, if indeed that could be possible, and most certainly we have not a genuine datum.
At this point we may lay down an important result. The intellect cannot be reduced to choose between accepting an irrational conjunction or rejecting something given. For the intellect can always accept the conjunction not as bare but as a connection, the bond of which is at present unknown. It is taken therefore as by itself appearance which is less or more false in proportion as the unknown conditions, if filled in, less or more would swamp and transform it. The intellect therefore while rejecting whatever is alien to itself, if offered as absolute, can accept the inconsistent if taken as subject to conditions. Beside absolute truth there is relative truth, useful opinion, and validity, and to this latter world belong so-called non-rational facts.
(c) And any mere conjunction, I go on to urge, is for thought self-contradictory. Thought, I may perhaps assume, implies analysis and synthesis and distinction in unity. Further the mere conjunction offered to thought cannot be set apart itself as something sacred, but may itself properly and indeed must become thought’s object. There will be a passage therefore from one element in this conjunction to its other element or elements. And on the other hand, by its own nature, thought must hold these in unity. But, in a bare conjunction, starting with A thought will externally be driven to B, and seeking to unite these it will find no ground of union. Thought can of itself supply no internal bond by which to hold them together, nor has it any internal diversity by which to maintain them apart. It must therefore seek barely to identify them, though they are different, or somehow to unite both diversities where it has no ground of distinction and union. And this does not mean that the connection is merely unknown and may be affirmed as unknown, and also, supposing it were known, as rational. For, if so, the conjunction would at once not be bare, and it is as bare that it is offered and not as conditional. But, if on the other hand it remains bare, then thought to affirm it must unite diversities without any internal distinction, and the attempt to do this is precisely what contradiction means.
“But,” I shall be told, “you misrepresent the case. What is offered is not the elements apart, nor the elements plus an external bond, but the elements together and in conjunction.” Yes, I reply, but the question is how thought can think what is offered. If thought in its own nature possessed a “together,” a “between,” and an “all at once,” then in its own intrinsic passage, or at least somehow in its own way and manner, it could re-affirm the external conjunction. But if these sensible bonds of union fall outside the inner nature of thought, just as much as do the sensible terms which they outwardly conjoin—the case surely is different. Then forced to distinguish and unable to conjoin by its own proper nature, or with a reason, thought is confronted by elements that strive to come together without a way of union. The sensible conjunctions remain for thought mere other elements in the congeries, themselves failing in connection and external to others. And, on the other hand, driven to unite without internal distinction thought finds in this attempt a self-contradiction. You may exclaim against thought’s failure, and in this to some degree I am with you; but the fact remains thus. Thought cannot accept tautology and yet demands unity in diversity. But your offered conjunctions on the other side are for it no connections or ways of union. They are themselves merely other external things to be connected. And so thought, knowing what it wants, refuses to accept something different, something which for it is appearance, a self-inconsistent attempt at reality and truth. It is idle from the outside to say to thought, “Well, unite but do not identify.” How can thought unite except so far as in itself it has a mode of union? To unite without an internal ground of connection and distinction is to strive to bring together barely in the same point, and that is self-contradiction.
Things are not contrary because they are opposite, for things by themselves are not opposite. And things are not contrary because they are diverse, for the world as a fact holds diversity in unity. Things are self-contrary when, and just so far as, they appear as bare conjunctions, when in order to think them you would have to predicate differences without an internal ground of connection and distinction, when, in other words, you would have to unite diversities simply, and that means in the same point. This is what contradiction means, or I at least have been able to find no other meaning. For a mere “together,” a bare conjunction in space or time, is for thought unsatisfactory and in the end impossible. It depends for its existence on our neglecting to reflect, or on our purposely abstaining, so far as it is concerned, from analysis and thought. But any such working arrangement, however valid, is but provisional. On the other hand, we have found that no intrinsical opposites exist, but that contraries, in a sense, are made. Hence in the end nothing is contrary nor is there any insoluble contradiction. Contradictions exist so far only as internal distinction seems impossible, only so far as diversities are attached to one unyielding point assumed, tacitly or expressly, to be incapable of internal diversity or external complement. But any such fixture is an abstraction, useful perhaps, but in the end appearance. And thus, where we find contradiction, there is something limited and untrue which invites us to transcend it.
Standing contradictions appear where the subject is narrowed artificially, and where diversity in the identity is taken as excluded. A thing cannot be at once in two places if in the “at once” there is no lapse, nor can one place have two bodies at once if both claim it in their character as extended. The soul cannot affirm and deny at a single time, unless (as some perhaps rightly hold) the self itself may be divided. And, to speak in general, the more narrowly we take the subject, and the less internal ground for diversity it contains, the more it threatens us with standing or insoluble contradictions. But, we may add, so much the more abstractedness and less truth does such a subject possess. We may instance the presence of “disparate” qualities, such as white, hard and hot, in a single thing. The “thing” is presented as one feature of an indefinite complex, and it is affirmed as predicate of a reality transcending what is given. It is hence capable in all ways of indefinite addition to its apparent character. And to deny that in the “real thing” can be an internal diversity and ground of distinction seems quite irrational. But so far as for convenience or from thoughtlessness the denial is made, and the real thing is identified with our mutilated and abstract view of the thing—so far the disparate qualities logically clash and become contradictory.
The Law of Contradiction tells us that we must not simply identify the diverse, since their union involves a ground of distinction. So far as this ground is rightly or wrongly excluded, the Law forbids us to predicate diversities. Where the ground is merely not explicit or remains unknown, our assertion of any complex is provisional and contingent. It may be valid and good, but it is an incomplete appearance of the real, and its truth is relative. Yet, while it offers itself as but contingent truth and as more or less incomplete appearance, the Law of Contradiction has nothing against it. But abstracted and irrational conjunctions taken by themselves as reality and truth, in short “facts” as they are accepted by too many philosophers, the Law must condemn. And about the truth of this Law, so far as it applies, there is in my opinion no question. The question will be rather as to how far the Law applies and how far therefore it is true.
But before we conclude, there is a matter we may do well to consider. In this attempt to attribute diversity and to avoid contradiction what in the end would satisfy the intellect supposing that it could be got? This question, I venture to think, is too often ignored. Too often a writer will criticise and condemn some view as being that which the mind cannot accept, when he apparently has never asked himself what it is that would satisfy the intellect, or even whether the intellect could endure his own implied alternative. What in the end then, let us ask, would content the intellect?
While the diversities are external to each other and to their union, ultimate satisfaction is impossible. There must, as we have seen, be an identity and in that identity a ground of distinction and connection. But that ground, if external to the elements into which the conjunction must be analyzed, becomes for the intellect a fresh element, and it itself calls for synthesis in a fresh point of unity. But hereon, because in the intellect no intrinsic connections were found, ensues the infinite process. Is there a remedy for this evil?
The remedy might lie here. If the diversities were complementary aspects of a process of connection and distinction, the process not being external to the elements or again a foreign compulsion of the intellect, but itself the intellect’s own proprius motus, the case would be altered. Each aspect would of itself be a transition to the other aspect, a transition intrinsic and natural at once to itself and to the intellect. And the Whole would be a self-evident analysis and synthesis of the intellect itself by itself. Synthesis here has ceased to be mere synthesis and has become self-completion, and analysis, no longer mere analysis, is self-explication. And the question how or why the many are one and the one is many here loses its meaning. There is no why or how beside the self-evident process, and towards its own differences this whole is at once their how and their why, their being, substance and system, their reason, ground, and principle of diversity and unity.
Has the Law of Contradiction anything here to condemn? It seems to me it has nothing. The identity of which diversities are predicated is in no case simple. There is no point which is not itself internally the transition to its complement, and there is no unity which fails in internal diversity and ground of distinction. In short “the identity of opposites,” far from conflicting with the Law of Contradiction, may claim to be the one view which satisfies its demands, the only theory which everywhere refuses to accept a standing contradiction. And if all that we find were in the end such a self-evident and self-complete whole, containing in itself as constituent processes the detail of the Universe, so far as I see the intellect would receive satisfaction in full. But for myself, unable to verify a solution of this kind, connections in the end must remain in part mere syntheses, the putting together of differences external to one another and to that which couples them. And against my intellectual world the Law of Contradiction has therefore claims nowhere satisfied in full. And since, on the other hand, the intellect insists that these demands must be and are met, I am led to hold that they are met in and by a whole beyond the mere intellect. And in the intellect itself I seem to find an inner want and defect and a demand thus to pass itself beyond itself. And against this conclusion I have not yet seen any tenable objection.
The view which to me appears to be true is briefly this. That abstract identity should satisfy the intellect, even in part, is wholly impossible. On the other hand I cannot say that to me any principle or principles of diversity in unity are self-evident. The existence of a single content (I will not call it a quality) which should be simple experience and being in one is to me not in itself impossible intrinsically. If I may speak mythologically I am not sure that, if no diversity were given, the intellect of itself could invent it or would even demand it. But, since diversity is there as a fact, any such hypothesis seems illegitimate. As a fact and given we have in feeling diversity and unity in one whole, a whole implicit and not yet broken up into terms and relations. This immediate union of the one and many is an “ultimate fact” from which we start; and to hold that feeling, because immediate, must be simple and without diversity is, in my view, a doctrine quite untenable. That I myself should have been taken as committed to this doctrine is to me, I must be allowed to add, really surprising. But feeling, if an ultimate fact, is not true ultimately or real. Even of itself it is self-transcendent and transitory. And, when we try to think its unity, then, as we have seen, we end in failure. For thought in its own nature has no “together” and is forced to move by way of terms and relations, and the unity of these remains in the end external and, because external, inconsistent. But the conclusion I would recommend is no vain attempt either to accept bare identity or to relapse into a stage before thinking begins. Self-existence and self-identity are to be found, I would urge, in a whole beyond thought, a whole to which thought points and in which it is included, but which is known only in abstract character and could not be verified in its detail.
And since I have been taken to build on assumptions which I am unable to recognize, I will here repeat what it is that I have assumed. I have assumed first that truth has to satisfy the intellect, and that what does not do this is neither true nor real. This assumption I can defend only by showing that any would-be objector assumes it also. And I start from the root-idea of being or experience, which is at once positive and ultimate. Then I certainly do not go on to assume about being that it must be self-contained, simple or what not?—but I proceed in another manner. I take up certain facts or truths (call them what you please) that I find are offered me, and I care very little what it is I take up. These facts or truths, as they are offered, I find my intellect rejects, and I go on to discover why it rejects them. It is because they contradict themselves. They offer, that is, a complex of diversities conjoined in a way which does not satisfy my intellect, a way which it feels is not its way and which it cannot repeat as its own, a way which for it results in mere collision. For, to be satisfied, my intellect must understand, and it cannot understand by taking a congeries, if I may say so, in the lump. My intellect may for certain purposes, to use an old figure, swallow mysteries unchewed, but unchewed it is unable in the end to stomach and digest them. It has not, as some opponents of Hegel would seem to assume, any such strange faculty of sensuous intuition. On the contrary my intellect is discursive, and to understand it must go from one point to another, and in the end also must go by a movement which it feels satisfies its nature. Thus, to understand a complex AB, I must begin with A or B. And beginning, say, with A, if I then merely find B, I have either lost A or I have got beside A something else, and in neither case have I understood. For my intellect cannot simply unite a diversity, nor has it in itself any form or way of togetherness, and you gain nothing if beside A and B you offer me their conjunction in fact. For to my intellect that is no more than another external element. And “facts,” once for all, are for my intellect not true unless they satisfy it. And, so far as they are not true, then, as they are offered, they are not reality.
From this I conclude that what is real must be self-contained and self-subsistent and not qualified from the outside. For an external qualification is a mere conjunction, and that, we have seen, is for the intellect an attempt of diversities simply to identify themselves, and such an attempt is what we mean by self-contradiction. Hence whatever is real must be qualified from itself, and that means that, so far as it is real, it must be self-contained and self-subsistent. And, since diversities exist, they must therefore somehow be true and real; and since, to be understood and to be true and real, they must be united, hence they must be true and real in such a way that from A or B the intellect can pass to its further qualification without an external determination of either. But this means that A and B are united, each from its own nature, in a whole which is the nature of both alike. And hence it follows that in the end there is nothing real but a whole of this kind.
From the other side—Why do I hold reality to be a self-contained and self-consistent individual? It is because otherwise, if I admit an external determination and a qualification by an other, I am left with a conjunction, and that for the intellect is a self-contradiction. On the other hand the real cannot be simple, because, to be understood, it must somehow be taken with and be qualified by the diversity which is a fact. The diversity therefore must fall within and be subordinate to a self-determined whole, an individual system, and any other determination is incompatible with reality. These ideas may be mistaken, but to my mind they do not seem to be obscure, nor again are they novel. But if I may judge from the way in which some critics have taken them, they must involve some great obscurity or difficulty. But, not apprehending this, I am unfortunately unable to discuss it.
We have found that nothing in itself is opposite and refuses to unite. Everything again is opposite if brought together into a point which owns no internal diversity. Every bare conjunction is therefore contradictory when taken up by thought, because thought in its nature is incapable of conjunction and has no way of mere “together.” On the other side no such conjunction is or possibly could be given. It is itself a mere abstraction, useful perhaps and so legitimate and so far valid, but taken otherwise to be condemned as the main root of error.
Contradiction is appearance, everywhere removable by distinction and by further supplement, and removed actually, if not in and by the mere intellect, by the whole which transcends it. On the other hand contradiction, or rather what becomes such, as soon as it is thought out, is everywhere necessary. Facts and views partial and one-sided, incomplete and so incoherent—things that offer themselves as characters of a Reality which they cannot express, and which present in them moves them to jar with and to pass beyond themselves—in a word appearances are the stuff of which the Universe is made. If we take them in their proper character we shall be prone neither to over-estimate nor to slight them.
We have now seen the nature of incompatibles or contraries. There are no native contraries, and we have found no reason to entertain such an idea. Things are contrary when, being diverse, they strive to be united in one point which in itself does not admit of internal diversity. And for the intellect any bare conjunction is an attempt of this sort. The intellect has in its nature no principle of mere togetherness, and the intellect again can accept nothing which is alien to itself. A foreign togetherness of elements is for the intellect, therefore, but one offered external element the more. And, since the intellect demands a unity, every distinguishable aspect of a “together” must be brought into one. And if in this unity no internal connection of diversity natural to the intellect can be found, we are left with a diversity belonging to and conjoined in one undistinguished point. And this is contradiction, and contradiction in the end we found was this and nothing but this. On the other hand we urged that bare irrational conjunctions are not given as facts. Every perceived complex is a selection from an indefinite background, and, when judged as real, it is predicated both of this background and of the Reality which transcends it. Hence in this background and beyond it lies, we may believe, the reason and the internal connection of all we take as a mere external “together.” Conjunction and contradiction in short is but our defect, our onesidedness, and our abstraction, and it is appearance and not Reality. But the reason we have to assume may in detail be not accessible to our intellect.
- Reprinted with omissions from Mind, N.S., No 20.
- This addition is superfluous.
- I use “validity” much in the sense in which it was made current, I believe, by Lotze, and in which it has been said, I presume, with some truth, partly to coincide with δόξα. For my own purposes I have tried elsewhere to fix the meaning of the term, and I think it would have been better if Mr. Hobhouse, in his interesting and most instructive volume on The Theory of Knowledge, had remembered, when concerned with myself, that what is self-contradictory may also for me be valid. I should find it in general very difficult to reply to Mr. Hobhouse’s criticisms on my views, because in so many places I have to doubt if I can have apprehended his meaning. I understand him e.g. to urge that a judgment must be categorically true, if its content can be shown to be “contained” in reality. But the question was, I supposed, not in the very least as to whether the content is contained in reality or not, but entirely as to how, being contained there, it is contained, i.e. whether categorically or otherwise. Again Mr. Hobhouse seems to assume that, if a complex (such as the inherence of diverse adjectives or the union of continuity and discretion) is “fact,” it therefore cannot be self-contradictory for thought. But surely the view he is engaged in controverting, holds precisely that to be false here which he, as far as I have seen, without any discussion assumes to be true. So that it is better that I should admit that I must have failed to follow the argument. If Mr. Hobhouse has in general understood the main drift of the view he criticises, I have not been able for the most part to understand his criticism, and I do not doubt that I am the loser.
- Of course the real thing or the reality of the thing may turn out to be something very different from the thing as we first take it up.
- On this and other points I would refer to Mr. McTaggart’s excellent work on Hegelian Dialectic.
- Feeling is certainly not “un-differentiated” if that means that it contains no diverse aspects. I would take the opportunity to state that this view as to feeling is so far from being novel that I owe it, certainly in the main, to Hegel’s psychology.
- And hence it follows also that every “part” of this whole must be internally defective and (when thought) contradictory. For otherwise how from one to others and the rest could there be any internal passage? And without such a passage and with but an external junction or bond, could there be any system or whole at all which would satisfy the intellect, and could be taken as real or possible? I at least have given my reason for answering this question in the negative. We may even, forgetting other points of view, say of the world,
- “Thus every part is full of vice,
Yet the whole mass a paradise.”
- “Thus every part is full of vice,
- The Law of Identity, I may be allowed to note in this connection, is the denial that truth, if true, is alterable from the outside. For, if so, it would become either itself conjoined with its own absence, or itself conjoined with a positive other; and either alternative (to take them here as alternatives), we have seen, is self-contradictory. Hence any mere context cannot modify a truth so far as it is true. It merely adds, we must say, something more which leaves the truth itself unaffected. Truth cannot be modified, in other words, except from within. This of course opens a problem, for truth seems on the one hand to be abstract, as truth, and so incomplete, and on the other hand, if true, to be self-contained and even self-existent. For the Law of Identity the reader is further referred to the Index.
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https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appearance_and_Reality/Appendix/Note_A
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Vandra Lee Huber
The art and science of negotiations with the goal of making students more effective negotiators in a variety of business situations, such as budget negotiations, buying and selling, contracts, and merger negotiations. Concept and skill development. Offered: AWSp.
This course is designed to complement the technical and diagnostic skills learned in the other courses at UW. A basic premise is that the manager needs analytic skills as well as interpersonal skills for effective negotiation. If you take advantage of everything this course has to offer, you will be comfortable and adept in many of your future negotiations. The course will allow students the opportunity to develop these skills experientially and to understand negotiation in useful analytical frameworks. Each week, we will cover an aspect of negotiation in depth, explicate some key issues, discuss the reading, and examine critical issues that have been raised with regard to your experience. The purpose of this course is to understand the process of decision making and negotiation as it is practiced in a variety of settings. Each week, we will cover an aspect of negotiation in depth, explicate some key issues, discuss the reading, and examine critical issues that have been raised with regard to your experience.
Student learning goals
General method of instruction
While the class will include lectures and class discussions,the core of the course is a series of negotiation exercises. The negotiation simulations allow participants to explore behavioral principles, as opposed to discussing them as abstract theory or principles. They allow for spontaneity and involvement in the material. They permit the examination of behavior, as opposed to theoretical analysis or speculation (What people actual do, is often quite different from what they say they would do or others should do.). Simulations also give people the opportunity to experiment with new ways of behaving without necessarily facing the real-world consequences of that experimentation.
Basic organizational behavior class. Openness to experiment with ways of negotiating and ways of persuading others.
Class assignments and grading
Written preparation and debriefing reports serve as the primay evaluation mechanisms. Students will need to prepare for each negotiation outside of class. Students CAN NOT miss ANY class in which a negotiation simulation is being conducted.
Attendance and Participation 10% Scoreable Salary Negotiation Role-play 10 % Homework Preparation Assignments 25 % Homework: Debriefing Assignments 20% Final Examination: Negotiation Principles 10%
Negotiation Analysis Paper (Group) 25%
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<urn:uuid:566fe35f-3e92-4190-93a7-4dc5d610d853>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.washington.edu/students/icd/S/mgmt/402vandra.html
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Santamaria, J. M. and Kerstiens, Gerhard (1994) The lack of control of water loss in micropropagated plants is not related to poor cuticle development. Physiologia Plantarum, 91 (2). pp. 191-195. ISSN 1399-3054Full text not available from this repository.
To assess if cuticular transpiration could contribute significantly to the high rates of water loss often observed in micropropagated plants after transfer to the nursery, it was tested whether adaxial cuticular water permeance (P) of leaves grown in vitro was higher than that of leaves grown ex vitro. For four species of micropropagated plants with hypostous leaves (Delphinium elatum hybrid, Doronicum hybrid, Hosta sieboldiana var. elegans, Rodgersia pinnata), P was determined with two independent techniques which gave similar results. Minimum adaxial overall conductance was measured with the same methods for a Heuchera hybrid which had amphistomatous leaves. Leaves of all species except Heuchera lost 36–65% of their original weight within 25 min after excision. Detached leaves whose abaxial surfaces had been coated lost only 25–38% of their original weight within 5–9 h. Permeances (P) were between 1 × 10−5 m s−1 and 1 × 10−4 m s−1, which was within the range of typical values found with leaves grown ex vitro. From these results and a critical assessment of the literature it is concluded that there is no evidence that P of micropropagated plants was high enough to contribute significantly to the desiccation problem at the transfer stage.
|Journal or Publication Title:||Physiologia Plantarum|
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||Conductance • cuticle • Delphinium elatum • Doronicum hybrid 'Frühlingspracht' • Heuchera hybrid 'Pewter Moon' • Hosta sieboldiana var. elegans • in vitro-propagation • permeance • Rodgersia pinnata'Elegans' • stomata • tissue culture • transpiration • transpiration decline curves • water loss|
|Subjects:||G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GE Environmental Sciences|
|Departments:||Faculty of Science and Technology > Lancaster Environment Centre|
|Deposited On:||27 Jan 2009 14:42|
|Last Modified:||24 Jun 2016 01:15|
Actions (login required)
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http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/22521/
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
A health exchange or health insurance exchange is an organization that provides a marketplace for individuals, small businesses, and other interested parties to purchase health insurance coverage at rates that are competitive, and lower than these groups can obtain on the open market. These exchanges are designed to function like cooperatives, thereby offering a range of plans with similar rates to those employed by large corporations, and providing participants with relevant data that will allow them to make informed choices. Rules are typically in place concerning the type of coverage that can be offered and the pricing structure that may be employed in a health exchange. In the U.S., each state is supposed to create an exchange as part of the recently enacted healthcare reform law, assuming it is fully implemented.
In the U.S., many individuals obtain health insurance through their employers. These companies are able to negotiate relatively reasonable rates with the insurers because the risk can be spread over a large group of employees, many of whom are in good health. Self-employed individuals, or those who work for smaller businesses, or who are unemployed, retired, and/or ineligible for U.S. Medicare or Medicaid often face much higher rates. The concept of the health exchange is to provide a place for these people to purchase health insurance at fair, affordable prices.
By design, a health exchange is supposed to function like a cooperative for the purpose of purchasing medical insurance. It groups large numbers of people who would have to purchase insurance on their in a group purchase plan at lower rates, similar to a food cooperative. This allows the members to enjoy the purchasing power of a large company and provides the insurer with a large pool of customers among whom to spread risk. The exchange negotiates with insurers to get the best possible rates and plans on behalf of the members. The health exchange also provides consumers with detailed information concerning their options, thus allowing them to compare plans and select the best ones to meet their needs.
In general, there are rules governing the type of insurance policies that can be offered through a health exchange. All of the plans are supposed to include certain minimum levels of coverage, and insurers are not authorized to deny coverage to members of the exchange. There can also be different tiers of coverage; those who are willing to pay more can get increased coverage. Although exchanges are not supposed to set the prices, they usually have the power to reject plans that are too expensive, and to stop offering plans that implement unreasonable rate increases.
As part of impending health reform in the U.S., each state is supposed to create its own health exchange. The design and implementation of the exchange is left up to each individual state as long as certain guidelines are fulfilled. It is envisioned that many of the exchanges will utilize web portals on the Internet and telephone help lines among other possibilities.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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full hard disk copy
dd if=/dev/hdx of=/dev/hdy
dd if=/dev/hdx of=/path/to/image
dd if=/dev/hdx | gzip > /path/to/image.gz
Hdx could be hda, hdb etc. In the second example gzip is used to compress the image if it is really just a backup.
Restore Backup of hard disk copy
dd if=/path/to/image of=/dev/hdx
gzip -dc /path/to/image.gz | dd of=/dev/hdx
Getting around file size limitations using split
When making images, it's quite easy to run up against various file size limitations. One way to work around a given file size limitation is to use the split command.
# dd if=/dev/hda1 | gzip -c | split -b 2000m - /mnt/hdc1/backup.img.gz.
- This example is using dd to take an image of the first partition on the first harddrive.
- The results are passed through to gzip for compression
- The -c option switch is used to output the result to stdout.
- The compressed image is then piped to the split tool
- The -b 2000m switch tells split how big to make the individual files. You can use k and m to tell switch kilobytes and megabytes (this option uses bytes by default).
- The - option tells split to read from stdin. Otherwise, split would interpret the /mnt/hdc1... as the file to be split.
- The /mnt/hdc1... is the prefix for the created files. Split will create files named backup.img.gz.aa, backup.img.gz.ab, etc.
To restore the multi-file backup, do the following:
# cat /mnt/hdc1/backup.img.gz.* | gzip -dc | dd of=/dev/hda1
- Cat recombines contents of the compressed and split image files to stdout, in order.
- Results are piped through gzip for decompression.
- And are then written to the first partition of the hard drive with dd.
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http://michi-bs.blogspot.com/2008/06/hdd-or-partition-backup-with-dd.html
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June 30, 2011
By Joan Baxter
The “town” chief of the village seemed to be in a state of shock.
Sitting on the front porch of his mud and thatch home in Pujehun District in southern Sierra Leone, he struggled to find words that could explain how he had signed away the land that sustained his family and his community.
He said he was coerced by his Paramount Chief, told that whether he agreed, or not, his land would still be taken and his small oil palm stand destroyed. He didn’t know the name of the foreign investor nor did he know that it planned to lease up to 35,000 hectares of farmland in the area to establish massive oil palm and rubber plantations.
Haltingly, he said that without his land, he might as well take his leave of the village. By that he meant that he was as good as dead.
This is a ground-level view of a large land deal in Africa, where in recent years foreign investors have acquired tens of millions of hectares of farmland. In 2009 alone, the World Bank estimates that around the world foreign investors acquired about 56 million hectares of farmland – an area about the size of France – by long-term lease or by purchase. Farmland has become a favourite “new asset” class for private investors; “like gold, only better” according to Capital & Crisis.
The World Bank has its own term for the new global land rush. It calls it “agro-investment” and has developed seven voluntary principles to make the land deals “responsible”.
Critics of the phenomenon – farmers’ movements, human rights, civil society, women’s and environmental organisations, and many scientists – call it “land grabbing”. They say there is no way that the taking over vast areas of smallholder farmland and transforming it into giant industrial plantations and agribusiness operations can ever be “responsible”.
They argue that land grabs are throwing millions of farming families and indigenous peoples off their land. They say that it’s not just land that’s being grabbed, but also precious water resources.
The investors are hedge funds, private equity funds (that are attracting even prestigious American universities with their promises of high returns), pension funds, banks, multinational corporations, and sovereign wealth funds seeking to sow capital and grow profits. They are also Middle Eastern and Asian nations anxious to secure their own future food security in the face of climate change, with dwindling water resources and arable land.
An estimated 70 per cent of the demand for farmland is in Africa, where land is cheap and traditional communal ownership makes people particularly vulnerable. Sometimes this can be done for the cost of a few gifts to traditional chiefs and grandiose promises of bringing “development”.
Since 2009, in the wake of the food, fuel and financial crises of 2007-2008, the rush for farmland has only accelerated. But it’s impossible to know just how much more of Africa’s fertile land has now been taken by investors.
Corruption and profit
Recent in-depth research by the US-based Oakland Institute of land deals in seven African countries found that most of the land deals lack transparency, making it almost impossible to calculate their total area. Lack of transparency is a great enabler of corruption.
Full Article Here – http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/06/201162884240129515.html
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Work Tunic of Pleated Linen
Department of Egyptian Antiquities: Objects from everyday life
© Musée du Louvre / G. Poncet
Objects from everyday life
Textiles are extremely common in Egyptian tombs, even if intact garments are rare finds, and their subsequent conservation even more difficult. The kind of tunic we have here - close fitting and long-sleeved - has also been seen elsewhere. Yet it is uncommon in having conserved its original horizontal pleats, and also in the whole of its length having survived. It may have been worn before finally being rolled up and placed in a tomb of circa 2000 BC.
A Well-Designed Garment
The tunic consists of three pieces of linen sewn together. One piece goes around the body beneath the arms. It is tacked together along the left side with long, loose stitches. The shoulders and sleeves consist of two pieces forming a yoke attached to the upper edge of the "skirt," in such a way as to leave a V-neck at the front and back. Very narrow, this type of dress would have fitted close to the body, from wrist to ankle.
It is not known exactly how the pleating was obtained - whether by hand, or perhaps by using the puzzling ridged boards that may be seen in certain museums. In any case, the fabric would have been wet during the process. All the long-sleeved, "T-shaped" garments with horizontal pleats that are known today had been folded in four before the operation. At least fifteen of this type have been discovered in excavations since the late nineteenth century.
Like all the others at Assiut, No. 13 was a collective tomb, and it housed four anonymous coffins. One of these contained a now skeletal mummy, packed around with rolled-up balls of fabric. Several of these turned out to be horizontally pleated tunics, only one of which could be saved. Weapons had been placed on the lid of the coffin, though this does not necessarily mean that the body was that of a man. The other long-sleeved "T-shaped" robes, according to excavators, came from women's tombs. Those that have been dated range from between the Fifth and the Eleventh Dynasties (between 2500 and 2000 BC).
Several examples of horizontally pleated robes have survived, but there exists only one pictorial representation of such a garment, and this would seem to be sleeveless. Egyptian costume, represented in countless contemporary images, presents Egyptologists with a knotty problem: why do tombs yield objects unlike those found in reliefs, paintings and statues?
Egypt: Linen and Civilization
Linen had a very important place in Egyptian civilization: much is known about weavers, and even launderers, and the prices they charged. Fabric was used for clothing, but also for barter, to pay wages and taxes, and in the production of mummies. It also ensured the comfort and prosperity of the deceased in the hereafter. From the Old Kingdom onward, lists of funerary offerings include different kinds of fabric, sometimes in great quantity. Tombs could contain rectangular pieces of cloth, loincloths, dresses, shawls and scarves in astonishing numbers. The tomb of Uah, a Middle Kingdom notable, was estimated to have held 845 square meters of fabric, 375 of which enshrouded the mummy itself.
BibliographyCatalogue de l'exposition Un siècle de fouilles françaises, 1880-1980, RMN, Paris, 1981, p. 135.
G. ANDREU, M. H. RUTSCHOWSCAYA, C. ZIEGLER, L'Egypte au Louvre, Hachette, Paris, 1997, p. 84-85, notice 30.
Moyen Empire (2033 - 1710 avant J.-C.)
trouvée dans une tombe d'Assiout
H. : 1,21 m. ; L. : 0,57 m.
Vitrine 4 : Vêtements et accessoires
The Louvre is open every day (except Tuesday) from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
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Printable Handout: Punctuation
Note: When printed, this page will be formatted correctly for use as a handout.
View: Answer Sheet | As an Online Quiz
Instructions: Choose the correct answer.
In British English, this is called a period.
In American English, this is called a period.
In British English, this is called a full stop.
In American English, this is called a full stop.
' = apostrophe
' = inverted comma
Copyright © 2002 - 2016 UsingEnglish.com Ltd.- All rights reserved
This printable handout can be used by teachers without any fee in the classroom; however, you must keep all copyright information and references to UsingEnglish.com in place.
View this handout online at: http://www.usingenglish.com/handouts/340.html
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According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, “If available, emergency services personnel are the best trained and equipped to handle emergencies…you should use them. However, following a catastrophic disaster, you and the community may be on your own for a period of time because of the size of the area affected, lost communications, unpassable roads.”
This warning appears in the foreword to FEMA’s loose-leaf “Community Emergency Response Team Participant Manual.” A copy of this comprehensive volume is issued to each qualified CERT volunteer who has taken a course followed by an exam. I have access to a copy that was issued to a volunteer in New Canaan, Conn., where CERT methods are used extensively and effectively. Much can be learned by talking with the people in charge there.
The text goes on to explain that “CERT training is designed to prepare you to help yourself, your family, and your neighbors in the event of a catastrophic disaster. Because emergency services personnel will not be able to help everyone immediately, you can make a difference by using the training in this Participant Manual to save lives and protect property.”
The manual points out that “for the initial period immediately following a disaster—often up to three days or longer—individuals, households and neighborhoods may need to rely on their own resources for: food, water, first aid, shelter. Individual preparedness, planning, survival skills, and mutual aid within neighborhoods and worksites during this initial period are essential measures in coping with the aftermath of a disaster.”
The 20-hour CERT training program covers disaster preparedness, fire safety, disaster medical operations, light search and rescue, CERT organization, disaster psychology, and, finally, terrorism and CERT. Each of these subjects has a separate chapter in the manual.
My hope is that the Rye City Council will issue a call for CERT volunteers and recruit appropriate citizen leadership.
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Telling Our Kids the Truth about Tobacco
- Jean Nelson Contributing Writer
- 2005 1 Apr
How many kids will begin a lifetime of tobacco addiction before we understand that we as parents and grandparents must play a larger role in prevention? The tobacco industry is trying very hard to make tobacco use look very attractive and cool to our young people. They use magazines, movies, sports, and even the Internet to get kids to think that tobacco is the thing to do.
In an effort to combat these glamourous images, here are some hard facts you and your kids should know about tobacco use.
Just the Facts, Ma'am
Tobacco is a drug, as addictive as cocaine and heroin. Nicotine is a poison that kills bugs that try to eat the tobacco plant. One or two drops of liquid nicotine will kill a person.
Tar is a sticky, dark brown chemical. When a person smokes, inhaled tars stay in the lungs, and will cause a person to cough trying to get it out of the lungs. If you smoke a pack of cigarettes a day for a year you would have inhaled about a quart of tar and the body will cough or get rid of all but about a half a cup a year. The rest will remain in the lungs to cause lung problems in the future.
Emphysema or COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) may be the result of the tars left in the lungs. In emphysema the lungs become enlarged and hard, making breathing very difficult. Lungs become so large there is not enough room in the chest cavity for the lungs to expand to take in oxygen or to expel the carbon dioxide. A person will suffocate and die with high carbon dioxide levels.
Carbon monoxide is another poisonous gas found in tobacco smoke. In large amounts it can make people sick or even kill them. Heart disease and cancer is also a result of smoking.
What About Alternatives to Cigarettes?
Some youth might ask if cigars and chewing tobacco are safe alternatives to cigarettes. No.
Cigars can have up to 70 times more nicotine than cigarettes, and 30 times more carbon monoxide than cigarette smoke. Even if you just hold an unlit cigar in your mouth, the chemicals get into your body. Cigar and pipe smokers have more lip and mouth cancer than people who don't smoke.
Smokeless tobacco is a mixture of tobacco, sugar, salt, flavoring agents, abrasives, and hundreds of chemicals. Among these chemicals are 28 known carcinogens (cancer-causing agents). A few of the carcinogens found in smokeless tobacco include formaldehyde (embalming fluid), polonium-210 (nuclear waste), and nitrosamines. Smokeless tobacco also contains nicotine, the same addictive drug in cigarettes.
Snuff dippers consume on average more than 10 times the amount of cancer causing substances (nitrosamines) than cigarettes smokers. In fact, some brands of smokeless tobacco contain more than the legal limit of nitrosamines permitted in certain foods and consumer products, such as beer and bacon. The juice from the smokeless tobacco is absorbed directly through the lining of the mouth. This can create sores and white patches which often lead to oral cancer.
Other consequences of smokeless tobacco use include halitosis (chronic bad breath), discoloration of teeth and fillings, gum disease, and tooth loss. Smokeless tobacco users may also smoke cigarettes that make the risks of developing cancer higher.
The Leading Users & Pregnant Women
Unfortunately, young men ages 17-19 are the leading age group in smokeless tobacco use. Peer pressure is perhaps the primary reason that many of them start using tobacco. Tobacco use may lead to many other unsafe habits.
The amount of nicotine in smokeless tobacco can be equal to or even greater than that in cigarettes. A user who takes 8 to 10 dips or chews a day is getting the same amount of nicotine as someone who smokes 30 to 40 cigarettes a day; one can of snuff is capable of delivering as much nicotine as 60 cigarettes.
Pregnant women who smoke endanger the health and lives of their unborn babies. A pregnant woman who smokes is really smoking for two because the nicotine, carbon monoxide, and other dangerous chemicals enter the bloodstream and pass directly into the baby's body. Statistics show a direct relation between smoking during pregnancy and spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, death among newborns, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Dollars & Cents
If a child starts smoking and works up to a pack a day, they will spend nearly $1500 a year on their habit. If they would instead put those dollars into a savings account they could have a million dollars or more at retirement.
Nearly 3,000 young people start smoking every day-- over 1,000,000 every year. A third of them will die from a tobacco related disease. Ninety percent of adults became addicted as teenagers, and that addiction may shorten their life expectancy by an average of 7 years. Smoking is a pediatric disease of epidemic proportions.
We must also think about the dangers to the rest of us from second hand smoke, which contains 4,000 chemicals. These poisons cause COPD, emphysema, bronchial infections, asthma, lung cancer, and death.
Watch the movies -- see how many of them depict smoking scenes that adds nothing to the story line, and leaf through the magazines (any kind), just to see how many of them have tobacco advertisements. It may surprise you.
The Bottom Line
Probably the most important reason not to use tobacco would be that our body does not belong to us.
Know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God, and ye are not your own? For ye are bought with a price: therefore glorify God in your body, and in your spirit, which is God's. I Corinthians 6:19, 20 (KJV).
Jean Nelson is a new Christian living in Red Oak, Iowa. She has dedicated much of her time to educating people, especially youth, on the truth about tobacco. Get more information on the web at http://www.smokekills.org/.
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Introduction: How many drops of water can the surface of a penny hold before the water spills over the side? This trivial matter will be used to illustrate the steps in the scientific method, and to show that even little things are not so simple as they might initially seem.
The steps of the scientific method are:
1) Make a prediction (just a guess since we have no data at this point) about how many drops of water will fit on the surface of a penny before it spills over.
2) Perform some "pilot experiments". Remember that your results should be repeatable. Do everything exactly the same way at least 3 times. Are they repeatable?
3) Suggest some of the factors that might be influencing the results. For example, did you always hold the dropper at the same height? Did you always use the same dropper? Did you always use the same penny? The same side?
4) Eliminate as many sources of error as you can and repeat your experiment. What do you find? Can you make your results more consistent?
You are now done collecting background information. It is time to formulate a hypothesis. A hypothesis must be testable. The question should be asked in such a way that your hypothesis must be either accepted or rejected. The question you will address is: "What is the factor which causes the most variability in the number of water drops that a penny can hold?"
5) Pick a factor which you feel might be the cause of some of the variability in the number of water drops a penny can hold. For example, does the side of the penny (heads vs. tails) matter?
6) Set up a null and alternate hypothesis related to the variable you selected. For example, my null hypothesis is that the side of the penny makes no difference. The alternate hypothesis is that the side of the penny does make a difference.
7) Design an experiment which tests your hypothesis. Describe it below.
It is worth considering the method you will use to analyze your data. For example, what was your sample size? (How many times did you perform the experiment. How many pennies did you use? If you used only one penny, can you generalize your result to all pennies?) Is your test one-tailed or two-tailed? In a one-tailed test, you alternate hypothesis might be: "The heads side will hold significantly more than the tails side" If the test was two tailed-test your alternate hypothesis would be: "The heads side will hold a significantly different amount than the tails side."
8) Conduct your experiment and collect data.
9) Present your results in a table.
10) Interpret your results. Is your alternate hypothesis accepted or rejected? Explain.
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Lesser-known seismic fault could prove disastrous for Victoria
The Devil’s Mountain Fault runs east to west from Washington state into the Strait of Juan de Fuca, ending just south of Victoria.
A federal report says it could produce a devastating earthquake.
“It’s a fault that we suspected was there but now has been proven to be there,” earthquake seismologist John Cassidy said. “It has slipped at least once and the real question now is, how often does it move?”
If the entire fault zone were to rupture at once, it could result in a 7.5-magnitude quake right at the surface, similar to a 2011 earthquake that devastated Christchurch, New Zealand.
Doug Carey, the City of Victoria’s acting emergency coordinator, said the report serves as a reminder to be ready.
“This is a new scientific discovery,” he said. “These things happen all the time and the key message out of all these discoveries are that the public needs to be prepared.”
“We have to continue doing what we’re doing which is to continually invest in seismic projects so our schools are being seismically upgraded [as are] hospitals and bridges,” Minister of State for Emergency Preparedness Naomi Yamamoto said.
But the true risk of a quake is still a mystery. Research will continue to determine just how far the fault stretches.
“Whether it happens in a year or 10 years or this afternoon, we know that those earthquakes will occur in this region,” Cassidy said.
– With files from Kylie Stanton
© 2016 Shaw Media
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Elementary Level Lessons | Multiple Perspectives of the War of 1812
One Class Period
June 1812 Declaration of War (6 minutes)
Summer 1812 The Americans Invade (18 ½ minutes)
September 1813 The Americans Invade Canada – Again (7 ½ minutes)
Winter 1814 New Orleans (7 minutes)
1815 Peace (4 minutes)
V: Individuals, Groups, and Institutions
VI: Power, Authority, and Governance
IX: Global Connections
X: Civic Ideals and Practices
Canadian (Ontario) Concepts
Systems and Structures
Interactions and Interdependence
Power and Governance
Canadian (Ontario) Specific Expectations – Seventh Grade
Explain key characteristics of life in English Canada from a variety of perspectives
Describe the different groups of people
Students will be able to:
• understand and explain the multiple perspectives of diverse groups of people during the War of 1812
• experience empathy through understanding what the War of 1812 meant for each group
1. What was the meaning of the War of 1812 for
The United States?
The Native Nations of North America?
The British Colonies in Canada?
Impressments, Secession, Embargo, War, Battle, Debate
The War of 1812 DVD
Markers, crayons, and colored pencils
“What is the meaning of War?” Graphic Organizer Template
Now PlayingJune 1812 | Declaration of War
- The teacher will ask students what might cause them to get so angry or upset that they would argue with others.
- As students brainstorm answers, the teacher will guide them by explaining that an argument always has more than one side. People in an argument must compromise or it can turn into something more dangerous.
- The teacher will introduce The War of 1812 segment by explaining that the British, the Native Americans of North America, the Canadian colonies, and the United States interpreted the war differently.
- The teacher will distribute the graphic organizer and direct students to fill it in while they are viewing the documentary. Students must have at least five sentences for each group. Students may also choose to draw their meanings inside the graphic organizer.
- The teacher will then question the class about the different meanings of the war and ask students about the various reasons for going to war.
- The teacher will lead students in a constructive discussion of the pros and cons and reasons for entering the war.
- Students will turn in their completed graphic organizers.
Students will complete a graphic organizer that has at least five sentences or a hand drawn picture that depicts the meaning of the war. Students will also participate in classroom discussions based on the pros and cons along with the meaning of the war.
Related PBS Resources
The Beginning of the War-Two Views on Texas
Explore and compare varying conflicts that have escalated into wars and then debate the conflicting perspectives that resulted in the U.S.-Mexican War.
The Battle of the Bulge
Describe the military situation in the European Theater in late 1944 and investigate the Battle of the Bulge from both American and German points of view.
The conflict between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda centers in some ways around the myth of settler vs. native, and the influence of colonial powers in creating conflict between ethnic groups within a country.
Israeli-Palestinian Peace Summit
Students will develop persuasive arguments for a given position or point of view regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Download a print-friendly version
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Poll: Effects of Katrina differ by race
Storm affected black New Orleans residents more than whites
YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS
(CNN) -- Black residents of New Orleans were hit harder than their white counterparts by Hurricane Katrina, but they were also more likely to express optimism about the city's future, according to a poll released Monday.
Fifty-three percent of black respondents in the CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll reported they lost everything when Katrina slammed into the Gulf Coast August 29, compared with 19 percent of white respondents.
And 52 percent of whites said they were never separated from their loved ones, compared with 37 percent of blacks. Twenty-six percent of black respondents said they have been reunited after being separated from those they lived with; more than a third, 35 percent, said they were still separated.
Overall poll results, not separated by race, showed 67 percent of respondents believe their lives will return to normal at some point. Asked how long that will take, 41 percent estimated between one and five years. Thirty-one percent predicted their lives will never return to normal.
And a majority -- 57 percent -- estimated the city will return to normal. Of those, 39 percent estimated it would take one to five years. Viewed along racial lines, 67 percent of black residents said New Orleans would return to normal, compared with 52 percent of whites.
Fifty-five percent of black residents -- but only 35 percent of white residents -- said that the low-lying areas most affected by the flooding should be rebuilt as they were before Katrina.
In all, 804 current residents were surveyed February 18-26 through calls to home or mobile telephones registered in New Orleans. The overall margin of error for the poll is plus or minus 4 percentage points.
The racial breakdown of interviewees was: 399 whites and 311 blacks. The rest were of other races or did not divulge their race. The margin of error for questions tallied along racial lines is plus or minus 6 percent.
The possibility of another hurricane striking the city has 88 percent of residents very or somewhat worried, although 54 percent said they believe New Orleans is prepared to deal with a small hurricane and 51 percent said, after rebuilding, the city would be able to deal with a major hurricane.
Fifty-one percent, however, said they were less confident about the city's levee system after seeing the devastation done by Katrina.
Poll respondents ranked home repairs as the biggest obstacle facing current New Orleans residents, with 69 percent saying that was a very or somewhat serious problem.
Next were housing (63 percent), medical care (58 percent) and basic services such as garbage collection, public transportation, electricity and clean drinking water (53 percent).
Nearly half -- 47 percent -- said the availability of restaurants is a very serious or somewhat serious problem, while 36 percent lamented the availability of good jobs.
Crime is also a serious concern, the poll showed. Forty-four percent said they were worried about their home being burglarized. The same amount said they were concerned for their personal safety at night.
More than three-fourths of poll respondents -- 78 percent -- said they want to stay in New Orleans, and 52 percent said they will definitely do so. Another 25 percent said they want to stay but may have to leave.
As for this week's Mardi Gras celebration, 49 percent of respondents said the Carnival should be celebrated the same as in previous years. Twenty-six percent said they preferred a more low-key Mardi Gras.
Along racial lines, 58 percent of white residents said Mardi Gras should be the same as previous years, compared with 37 percent of black residents. Thirty-seven percent of blacks and 10 percent of whites said it should not be held at all.
|© 2007 Cable News Network.
A Time Warner Company. All Rights Reserved.
Terms under which this service is provided to you.
Read our privacy guidelines. Contact us. Site Map.
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I would like to share some teaching experience and advices about teaching grammar in the Kindergarten with you.
First of all, I think that it is important to correct children’s grammar and to help them to find some rules that they are ready to understand. I always remember that children like challenges, they are fearless at this age, they like taking risks. Of course, the main aim of the teacher to provide students with an appropriate opportunity that won’t discourage them. Teachers’ task is to make them feel that they’re doing a great job, that they are able to do the grown-up or the elder children’s job. However, tasks and grammar activities should be adapted and should respond to the learning needs of your students. So, here are some advices that I hope you will find useful.
1. Teaching sentence structure. You probably do the activities with the order of the events that happened in a story or in a song. You show your students three or more flash cards that represent different scenes from the story. And you ask them to put them in the right order. You can do the same thing with the grammar structure of the sentence. Make flash card with the pictures of the repetitive sentence used in a story and ask them to put in the right order, brining their attention to the place that they give each word according the role it plays in the sentence and/or the question it answers. I found it useful when the sentences become longer, and students start using adjectives (colors, for example). So, you can refer them to the sentence structure and add a card of one color to illustrate the place of the adjective in a sentence.
Check this source for examples of grammar flash cards: http://flashcards.havefunteaching.com/2 ... cards.html
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Statement of the aims and rationale for the book:Sociology in particular and social science in general have not taken in earnest Rabindranath's acquaintance with the grist and grind of people's life and the social and economic ills which had the country in its grip. It is the prime duty of Social scientist to re-look/revaluate the works of Rabindranath Tagore, especially at this juncture, because India is now being treated as a monolith in its cultural influences. For understanding India it is necessary for us to the vision of Rabindranath Tagore that give us the realization as to how the mode of imagining the unity of natural and sacred space had crossed the great oceans to reach distant parts all over the world.
Rabindranath in many ways represented the zenith of the nineteenth century renaissance spirit who was aware, way ahead of his time, that nature to be the best teacher. Therefore, moving away from the contemporary practice of erecting walls both metaphorically as well as practically around children, he earnestly began the practice of holding classes in the open with trees to provide the shade and the distant horizon to provide the ingredients of learning for children. In an environment so surcharged with the raw elements of nature, education could take place both in arts and sciences naturally. A citizen of his country and of the universe, Tagore is still a precious guide today, when so many people still believe that those two kinds of citizenship are mutually exclusive and even contradictory. Opposed to those obscure and obscuring views, Tagore held that promoting one’s own culture and approving the cultures of the others could be one and the same attitude. Embracing dialogue, Tagore heralded the rapprochement of cultures. This took courage: he not only had to argue with the colonial powers to have them acknowledge the dignity of every culture – he also had to argue with his fellow compatriots. His thought, philosophy and works represent, as in the words of his biographer Krishna Kripalini, "He strove to build up, through social participation and service, a living communication between the students of his school, the budding intelligentsia who might become the active leaders of tomorrow, and the peasants rooted in the soil, the solid core of Indian economy and society. So long as the core remained unchanged, India would remain static whatever the seeming progress among the intelligentsia in a few big cities like Calcutta or Bombay" (Krishna Kripalini, Tagore — A Life, New Delhi: National Book Trust 3rd edn. 1986). Tagore had an early grasp that development had to be human-centred and that only through education could sustainable social transformation be achieved. A son of the elite, Tagore did not entertain elitist views on education – in which he differed from many of the progressive thinkers and politicians of his time. Reflecting on India’s plight as a colony under foreign dominion, he understood, just as Gandhi did, that violence was a path unworthy of humanity. Tagore was deeply aware that India needed more than a change of political regime: “there can be no question of blind revolution, but of steady and purposeful education.” For society to thrive, people should discover the bond that holds them together as a community. It is our view that modern society could be interpreted, if not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially, as interplay of multiple and competing universalisms as envisioned by Tagore.
May 7, 2011 marks the 150th birth anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore, one of India's most important cultural touchstones. To mark the occasion many notable events are taking place around the country, and even outside of it. 150 years later Tagore is not only an intellectual forerunner, but also he remains a steadfast companion to many in the midst our contemporary endeavours and challenges. Born in Kolkata in 1861, Tagore expressed himself as a novelist, playwright, poet, musician, artist, social reformer, and a central figure in the Indian modernist movement. He was a visionary educationist who set up the futuristic Visva-Bharati University in 1901 in Santiniketan, at Bolpur, in Birbhum District, in the state of West Bengal of India. Tagore won the Nobel Prize for Literature, the first non-European, in 1913. ‘Gitanjali’ (1910), his famous collection of poems that he himself translated, was the key component for his Nobel. For him, the “highest education is that which does not merely give us information but makes our life in harmony with all existence.”
To mark the 150th birth anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore many notable events with innovative ways are being organized all around the world. However it has to be remembered, celebrating Tagore’s One Hundred Fiftieth anniversary touches our past, the present and indeed our future. Accelerated change, brought about by globalization processes, by developments in science and technology and by dangers affecting the environment and life itself, the world currently is witnessing a global crisis of immense proportions. Sociological Re-look of Rabindranath Tagore can allow us to refocus our priorities around sustainable values, social solidarity and scientific humanism. All over the planet, people face critical challenges which call for a new solidarity pact between human beings and our planet, and the formulation of new paradigms based on humanism and a re-evaluation of the relationship between culture and development. Taken together, the works of Rabindranath Tagore encapsulate this spirit for us to take.
In context of the above, it is proposed an anthology be produced revisiting the works of Rabindranth Tagore commemorating his 150th birth anniversary
Ramanuj Ganguly, Ph.D
Department of Sociology
West Bengal State University
Barasat, Calcutta, West Bengal
India, PIN 700126
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I recently came across an article in the Charlotte Observer about the ongoing work of Charles Purser. For a second time, Purser has identified a Federal soldier buried among the Gettysburg section of Oakwood Cemetery. Hats off to Purser and his work.
But something about the article caught my attention. The article, which originally ran in the Raleigh News and Observer, interviewed Dr. A. James Fowler about the burial of Federals in Confederate Cemeteries. Here is the quote:
Mingling between Northern and Southern dead isn't so rare, said A. James Fuller, history professor at the University of Indianapolis.
Sometimes, he said, Union soldiers died on their way to prison camp and were buried in the nearest cemetery, alongside the enemy.
Cemeteries exclusively for Confederates were a product of post-war bitterness, he said, and they were set up as monuments to Southern culture. Raleigh's Gettysburg section was created by the Ladies Memorial Association. In 1871, it arranged for 137 bodies -- all of them supposedly from North Carolina -- to be reinterred.
"Cemeteries exclusively for Confederates were a product of post-war bitterness..." Ok, I’ll concede that may be true. However, are cemeteries exclusively for Federal soldiers (National Cemeteries) a product of post-war bitterness?
In 1867, when the Ladies Memorial Association of Wake County was formed, their mission was to "protect and care for the graves of our Confederate soldiers." the reason that it was the "Ladies Memorial Association" was that men were banned by the Federal government from meeting in large groups. The ladies acquired a piece of property from Henry Mordecai and began to clean and level the property. Their goal was to move the Confederates interred at the Rock Quarry Cemetery, and others buried in the surrounding area, to the new Confederate cemetery. There were an estimated 500 Confederates interred at the Rock Quarry Cemetery.
The Federals wanted the Rock Quarry Cemetery all to themselves, for a National Cemetery for Union dead. On February 22, 1867, the group received a letter from the Federal commander in Raleigh. All Confederates had to be moved from Rock Quarry Cemetery immediately to make room for a National Cemetery. The Ladies Memorial Association set about work. Volunteers disinterred the Confederates and began moving them to the new cemetery. Their progress was too slow for the Federal government, and in March 1867, the Federal commandant issued a letter, stating that if the Confederate dead were not moved by the given date, "their remains would be placed in the public road." By the end of March, the ladies and their volunteers had finished the work.
So - if the Federal government came and told you that the remains of your loved ones would be dug up and dumped in the road, well, I guess that could cause a little bitterness.
The story is almost the same around Gettysburg. As they were working their fields around Gettysburg, farmers, when finding the bones of Confederate soldiers, were more likely than not to dump those bones alongside a fence. I even recall some advertisements that Gettysburg citizens ran stating that they wanted the graves of Southerners removed from their property or the remains would be disposed of. Is that not bitterness?
And was it also bitterness that caused the early leaders, mostly former Federal soldiers, of battlefield preservation at Gettysburg to lead to the denial of former Confederates monuments in Pennsylvania?
I think Dr. Fowler’s choice of words poor.
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|February 11, 2012 | Found Images
“ A Tower of Silence, or Dakhmeh, is a structure laying on the top of a hill, consisting of concentric slabs surrounding a central pit. The bodies were arranged onto four concentric rings: men, outermost, than women and children. Despite the fact the the birds of prey needed less than an hour to leave nothing but bones, the remains of the dead were left bleaching on the upper circles no less than a year before the nasellars could come and push the skeletons onto the underlying ossuary pit. Running through sand and coal filters, the disintegrated bones were eventually washed away in the sea. ” This.
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Episode 5: What We Can Do About Global Warming
To get to the heart of the global warming story, the very heart of it, it turns out that the scientific explanation hangs on the behavior of one very particular atom — carbon.
The more you know about carbon, the more you'll know about global warming. In a five-part cartoon series, NPR's Robert Krulwich explains the chemistry behind this special atom. Here, episode 5:
There's not much we can do about the carbon atom. It is what it is. It makes bonds, breaks bonds and hugs oxygen. And nobody — not you, not me, not Albert Einstein, not a pack of Einsteins — can change that.
Yet we have a carbon problem. There's too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It's trapping sunshine and very possibly warming the planet. So if carbon won't change (and it won't, it hasn't for billions of years), what do we do?
Well, we can hope some very clever person has a very clever idea, like a flying CO2 vacuum cleaner, for example. Imagine a guy flying over Beijing or a burning coal field, collecting all the CO2 from the atmosphere. This notion has a technical name, it's called "carbon sequestration." You can't do this in a flying machine yet. But the idea is to go to places where carbon dioxide has gathered in high concentrations and what you do is remove some of the CO2, as in "suck it up."
Actually, this principle has already been tested in real life in real places. There are non-flying vacuum-like machines inside power company smokestacks. They are called "scrubbers." What they do is capture the CO2 coming up a smokestack before it gets into the air, and the concentrated CO2 is then gathered, transported and eventually shoved down a hole. Usually a deep hole, where it's supposed to sit for a long, long time.
The advantage is extra CO2 doesn't get into the air. The disadvantage: It's expensive to isolate CO2, expensive to transport, expensive to find and fill a hole, and the hole might leak.
The other possibility is to use less carbon. We rely on oil and coal and natural gas (all carbon-based) to heat ourselves, cool ourselves, light our homes, drive our cars, run our businesses. Carbon is, even now, cheap, abundant and releases energy easily. That's why it has been popular since the first cave person burnt a log. But carbon is not the only atom in town. We can shop around.
In France and Japan, they like uranium. Of course, uranium has its problems (that unfortunate accident in Ukraine). President Bush likes hydrogen. He hopes hydrogen one day will power cars. But that day is not around the corner.
The alternative to alternative atoms is to grab energy from nature itself: from the sea sloshing about (hydro), from the wind blowing (windmills), from underground heat (thermal), from raw sunshine (solar), from grass (biofuel), from trash. The world, long content with living off carbon, is now restless with new ideas.
China is looking for carbon alternatives because in so many cities the air is almost toxic. Same with India. Bangladesh is worrying about sea levels. Everyone is worrying about changes they can't control, so the hunt for solutions is on.
And the best way to find a solution is to understand the problem. This series has concentrated on carbon, the main actor in this drama. We know a lot about carbon: its habits, its attachments, its strengths.
Carbon has been bonding with oxygen, forming CO2 molecules and behaving predictably for billions of years. So if we have a "carbon problem," the mechanics are not mysterious. Carbon is merely following nature's laws. If anything is going to change it will have to be us. But considering that we humans (water aside) are two-thirds carbon ourselves, we carbon life forms will have to solve our carbon problem.
In the end, as we said in the beginning, it's all about carbon.
Special thanks to Dan Nocera, professor of chemistry at the Massachussets Institute of Technology and to NPR's Anil Mundra for research and design.
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Read the following passage about a study into 'sitting'.
The ease of our modern workday could come at the expense of our longevity. A new study of older women in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine finds that sitting for long stretches of time increases the odds of an untimely death. The more hours women in the study spent sitting at work, driving, lying on the couch watching TV, or engaged in other leisurely pursuits, the greater their odds of dying early from all causes, including heart disease and cancer.
Even women who exercised regularly risked shortening their lifespan if most of their daily hours were sedentary ones. “Even if you are doing the recommended amount of moderate to vigorous exercise, you will still have a higher risk of mortality if you’re spending too many hours sitting,” says Dr. JoAnn Manson, one of the study’s authors.
How much sitting can you safely do in a day? In the study, women who were inactive for 11 or more hours a day fared the worst, facing a 12% increase in premature death, but even lesser amounts of inactive time can cause problems. “Once you’re sitting for more than 6 to 8 hours a day, that’s not likely to be good for you,” Dr. Manson says. You want to avoid prolonged sitting and increase the amount of moderate or vigorous exercise you do each day, she adds.
Are the following statements true, false or not given?
1. The study looked at the effects of sitting on elderly women only.
2. A link was found between hours spent sitting and serious health problems.
3. The warnings about sitting do not apply to people who exercise regularly.
4. Less than 6 hours a day is a safe amount of sitting.
(Source: Harvard Medical School)
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The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
Posted: Mar 28, 2012
Transparent memory chips are coming
(Nanowerk News) Want a see-through cellphone you can wrap around your wrist? Such a thing may be possible before long, according to Rice University chemist James Tour, whose lab has developed transparent, flexible memories using silicon oxide as the active component.
Tour revealed this week in a talk at the national meeting and exposition of the American Chemical Society in San Diego that the new type of memory could combine with the likes of transparent electrodes developed at Rice for flexible touchscreens and transparent integrated circuits and batteries developed at other labs in recent years.
Details of the Rice breakthrough will be published in an upcoming paper, Tour said.
A flexible, transparent memory chip created by researchers at Rice University. (Image: Tour Lab/Rice University)
"Generally, you can't see a bit of memory, because it's too small," said Tour, Rice's T.T. and W.F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as well as a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and of computer science. "But silicon itself is not transparent. If the density of the circuits is high enough, you're going to see it."
Rice's transparent memory is based upon the 2010 discovery that pushing a strong charge through standard silicon oxide, an insulator widely used in electronics, forms channels of pure silicon crystals less than 5 nanometers wide. The initial voltage appears to strip oxygen atoms from the silicon oxide; lesser charges then repeatedly break and reconnect the circuit and turn it into nonvolatile memory. A smaller signal can be used to poll the memory state without altering it.
That discovery was reported on the front page of the New York Times. The Rice lab has since developed a working two-terminal memory device that can be stacked in a three-dimensional configuration and attached to a flexible substrate.
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Keeping Bees Healthy
Honey bees don’t scare Rachael Bonoan. They can buzz her face, and she doesn’t flinch. That’s a good thing, since she spent much of the summer in their company, running an experiment to see whether certain minerals can keep them healthy.
Honey making aside, bees are important for agriculture. Many of our foods are dependent on them for pollination, from almonds and peaches to squashes and soy. In recent years, the population of honey bees in particular has declined drastically as colonies have collapsed, killing them off in alarming numbers—up to 50 percent in the last decade. Several factors have been cited as possible causes, from insecticides called neonicotinoids that damage their immune systems to stress on the hives from being trucked to farms and orchards where the bees are deployed to pollinate large monocultures of crops.
Bonoan, a doctoral student in biology studying with Professor Philip Starks, landed on her mineral theory while working on another bee project in the summer of 2013. An undergrad, Georgiana Burrass, A14, noticed honey bees clustered around a muddy puddle, even though there were much cleaner water sources nearby. Perhaps, Bonoan surmised, the bees were attracted to certain minerals in the dirty water that were needed to optimize their health.
“I’m ultimately interested in how nutrition affects the immune system in honey bees,” says Bonoan, who believes that minerals could be an important part of that equation.
For the experiment she ran this summer on the grassy hill overlooking the Eliot-Pearson parking lot on the Medford/Somerville campus, she used eight honey bee hives maintained by biology researchers in a hut behind Cousens Gym. Bonoan trained the bees to come to her research site, located about 100 yards from the hives, by placing jars of sugar water at staged intervals until the worker bees got hooked on the ready food supply.
With the assistance of Marlen Rodriguez from Fullerton College—participating in the National Science Foundation’s Research Experiences for Undergraduates program—and Taylor Tai from Swarthmore, Bonoan set up water vials on a table, lacing each with different minerals such as sodium, magnesium or phosphorus. The team catalogued how many bees visited each vial. At the end of the day, they measured how much the bees drank from each vessel to determine which minerals were most in demand. As a control, they set up a distilled water vial under mesh netting nearby and measured water lost to evaporation.
They also tracked the hive each bee belonged to by dusting worker bees with different colored powders as they exited the hives. The team noted which colored bees were drinking from which mineral-laden water source, and later planned to measure hive health—using weight of the brood, for example—to determine whether there is a connection between bee health and specific minerals.
Although the findings aren’t all in yet, Bonoan plans to conduct the same experiment this fall to see whether the honey bees are attracted to different minerals when the season changes.
The Attack of the Wool-carder Bees
It’s not just nutrients that can affect the well-being of bees. One other factor is the presence of an invasive species that may affect local bee populations. Kelsey Graham, also a Ph.D. student in biology, is studying how an invasive bee, the European wool-carder bee, is affecting our native bumble bees. Male wool-carder bees will attack and sometimes kill bumble bees, and female wool-carder bees compete with bumble bees for access to flowers. Because of this, she hypothesized that the wool-carder bee may be pushing the bumble bee out of its habitat.
To test this, over the summer Graham worked with Victoria Forde-Tuckett, an undergraduate from Oakwood University in Huntsville, Alabama, to set up three large blue tents on the hill behind Eliot-Pearson, each divided into two compartments. Three small bumble bee hives (they ordered them through the mail) were embedded in the ground, and the bees had access to each tent compartment. The tents had no flooring, and each was filled with flowers that bumble bees enjoy—cat mint and lavender, for starters.
Graham put wool-carder bees—they are ubiquitous and easily captured around campus—in one side of each enclosure where the bumble bees had been regularly foraging for pollen and nectar.
“We had three to five male and female wool-carders in there for a week at a time, and at least one of the males staked out territory around the flowers,” says Graham. “The bumble bee coming near those flowers would be attacked and go back to the hive, missing a foraging opportunity.” As a control to discover whether the bumble bees would hang around if the wool-carders couldn’t get at them, one side of each tent enclosure was set up so only the bumble bees could get in. (The only exit from the enclosures was via the bumble hives, so to wool-carder bees stayed until released by Graham.)
Graham and Forde-Tuckett checked the tents four times a day and counted how many bumble bees would venture into the enclosures. The results, Graham says, were consistent: “If the wool-carder bee is there, then the bumble bees won’t be there.”
Based on this limited experiment, it’s not yet possible to know to what extent European wool-carder bees are affecting bumble bee populations on a larger scale, Graham says. Still, “we know bumble bees have to forage in other places if the wool-carder bee is present, and bumble bees are incredibly important pollinators in our area. So any disruption that limits their ability to forage is not good.”
Graham plans to continue with her bumble bee experiments. Next year, she hopes to have six hives, double what she had this summer, and look directly at how the health of the hive is affected by wool-carder bee presence.
And those leftover bumble bee hives? Come cold weather, they will do what all small hives do naturally: the queen will stop reproducing, and the bumble bees, which only have a life span of about four weeks, will slowly fade away.
Taylor McNeil can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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