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The Dvorak technique (developed in 1974 by Vernon Dvorak) is a widely used system to subjectively estimate tropical cyclone intensity based solely on visible and infrared satellite images. Several agencies issue Dvorak numbers for cyclones of sufficient intensity. These include the National Hurricane Center's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB), the NOAA/NESDIS Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), the Joint Typhoon Warning Center at the Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA).
References[change | change source]
- "Objective Dvorak Technique". University of Wisconsin. http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/tropic/research/products/dvorak/odt.html. Retrieved 2006-5-29.
Other websites[change | change source]
- Agencies issuing Dvorak intensity estimates
- UW-CIMSS (Advanced Dvorak Technique)
- NOAA/NESDIS Satellite Analysis Branch
- Air Force Weather Agency
- About the TAFB
- Tropical Cyclone Intensity Analysis and Forecasting from Satellite Imagery Dvorak, 1974. (PDF, 1.3 MB)
- Dvorak Tropical Cyclone Wind Speed Biases Determined from Reconnaissance-based "Best Track" Data (1997-2003) Franklin and Brown
- The Dvorak Technique Through Time Dr. Jack Beven. (WRF File. Requires WebEx player)
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Data integrity refers to maintaining and assuring the accuracy and consistency of data over its entire life-cycle. Every organization whether it's small or large want to make sure their data is consistent and error free. Data might move to other media/ different storage system for performance, speed, scalability or any other business reasons. So we want to make sure data is not corrupt while migration/movement. Data integrity is a policy which enterprise can enforce to be confident about their own data.
The overall intent of any data integrity technique is to ensure data is recorded exactly as intended and upon retrieval later, ensure data is the same as it was when originally recorded.
User should be able to verify data integrity of Innodb data files of a taken backup. Because during backup MEB performs integrity check to ensure consistency of data which MEB copies from server data_dir. This feature gives flexibility to the user to run integrity check on his/her data at any time after backup. Thus this feature allows to check data integrity of backup directory/Image off-line.
Checksum mismatch/s will cause InnoDB to deliberately shut down a running server. It is preferable to use this command/operation rather than waiting for a server in production usage to encounter the damaged data pages.
This feature will be useful when user has taken a backup and is skeptical that the data might be corrupt before restore. It allows user to verify correctness of their backed data before restore.
MEB's parallel architecture supports integrity check in parallel. So multiple threads in parallel operating on different chunks of the IBD data at the same time. Performance of data integrity is truly great compared to innochecksum offline utility which is single threaded.
Existing "validate" command will be used to validate backup directory content. In option field,
"--backup-dir=back_dir" we have to specify with validate.
e.g. ./mysqlbackup --backup-dir=back_dir validate
To validate compressed backup dir following command line should be used
e.g. ./mysqlbackup --backup-dir=comp_back_dir validate
To validate image
e.g. ./mysqlbackup --backup-image=back_image validate
The error message expected from Validate operation over a corrupt data file is:
"mysqlbackup: ERROR: <filename> is corrupt and has : N corrupt pages"
In order to validate each pages of an Innodb data file. We need an algorithm name which was being used by server while we took backup.
In backup_dir/backup-my.cnf has parameter named "innodb_checksum_algorithm" along with other parameters. We use this parameter from "backup-my.cnf" file and initialize server checksum algorithm for validate of backup directory.
We have several algorithms like none, which stores magic value on each page, crc32, innodb as well as strict mode. Strict algorithm mode will try to validate checksum on given algorithm only. If checksum of a page is calculated with some other algorithm then it'll fail to validate. But, if algorithm given is not in strict mode it will try to validate page by trying all algorithm.
Validate operation involves no write sub-operation and hence no write threads required.
PAGE_CORRUPT_THRESHOLD is a constant, which specifies threshold/upper limit of corrupt pages per .ibd file. To avoid scanning through all the pages in ibd file we have an internal "PAGE_CORRUPT_THRESHOLD" for each .ibd file. When "validate" reaches this threshold it skips current .ibd file and moves to the next .ibd file.
Due to the limitations of checksum algorithms in principle, a 100% safe detection of each and every corruption is not guaranteed. But if MEB does not find a corruption, the server won't either since MEB uses the same algorithm. However, the algorithms used by server was theoretically proven solid in terms of detecting corruption.
MEB "validate" feature validates files of Innodb storage engine like .ibd, .par (Partitioned Innodb table file) etc. MEB can't validate Non-Innodb files as server don't have support of checksum for these files.
Reason for above problem:
For Non-Innodb files like .frm, .MYD, .MYI etc. no checksum is added by the server. InnoDB adds checksums before it writes data to the disk. So the data is protected for its whole life time: write to disk by server, stay on disk, read from disk by backup, write to disk by backup, stay on disk, read from disk by validate and even the copy-back cycle.
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2010 was a big year for Salmonella. The ubiquitous, rod-shaped, Gram-negative, disease-causing relative of E. Coli surfaced up in a wide range of foods grown, processed, and sold in the U.S. Salmonella has caused sickness in hundreds of thousands of men, women, children, and pets nationwide.
According to current CDC estimates , Salmonella in foods is responsible for 1,027,561 Illnesses, 19,336 hospitalizations, and 378 deaths per year.
Here is a partial listing of FDA recall announcements for food productions tainted with Salmonella.
January 14, 2010 FDA Health Alert for Merrick Beef Filet Squares Dog Treats Packaged and Distributed by Merrick Pet Care Products may be contaminated with Salmonella
March 4, 2010 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is taking steps to protect the public following the early identification of Salmonella Tennessee in one company’s supply of hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP). This is a common ingredient used most frequently as a flavor enhancer in many processed foods, including soups, sauces, chilis, stews, hot dogs, gravies, seasoned snack foods, dips and dressings.
March 8, 2010 - GNS Foods, Inc. is announcing a voluntary recall of mixes containing certain pretzels. The products contain the ingredient Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein (HVP) being recalled by Basic Food Flavors because of the potential to contain salmonella. The manufacturer of these pretzels, National Pretzel Co. of San Francisco, CA, used this flavoring, and is voluntarily recalling its related pretzel products. GNS is voluntarily recalling snack mixes which include these pretzels.
March 30, 2010 Red & Black Pepper Spice Recalls Linked to the Salmonella Montevideo Outbreak Investigation
April 12, 2010 - Response Products, Broken Bow, NE is voluntarily recalling Cetyl M for Dogs, lot numbers 1210903 and 0128010, due to a possible Salmonella contamination from the hydrolyzed vegetable protein component provided by Basic Foods of Las Vegas, NV.
- May 27, 2010 Salinas, California - organicgirl Produce is voluntarily recalling a limited number of cases of 10 oz organicgirl Baby Spinach with an expired Use-by Date of May 22 and Product Code 11A061167 because it has the potential to be contaminated with Salmonella.
May 21, 2010 Urgent Nationwide Alfalfa Sprout Recall. Raw Alfalfa Sprouts Linked to Salmonella Outbreak in 10 States
- June 17, 2010 - ConAgra Foods Packaged Foods, recalling Marie Callender's brand Cheesy Chicken and Rice frozen meals. These products are being recalled after the company was informed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of an investigation involving 29 people in 14 states who have been diagnosed with salmonellosis linked to Salmonella serotype Chester.
- CDC August 2, 2010 Investigation Announcement: Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella I Infections Associated with Frozen Rodents
- CDC August 20, 2010 nvestigation Update: Multistate Outbreak of Human Typhoid Fever Infections Associated with Frozen Mamey Fruit Pulp
- August 25, 2010 Kirkland Signature brand Milk Chocolate Salted Caramel Macadamia Clusters recalled due to possible salmonella contamination.
- December 28, 2010 - Including packaging details; states affected; and clarifying product only packed on two dates (Nov. 30 and Dec. 6, 2010) is covered by tbis recall - Following confirmation from regulators of a positive test for salmonella on curly parsley in Quebec and cilantro in Detroit, J&D Produce Inc. is initiating a precautionary, voluntary recall of these two items and other potentially affected products packed only Nov. 30 and Dec. 6, 2010. There have been no reported illnesses.
Closer to home, on March 29, 2010 , Lance, Inc. - headquartered in Charlotte - recalled 28,087 cases of Tom's Barbecue Potato Chips packaged in 1 oz, 2.25 oz and 8.5 oz sizes. According to the FDA recall notice, the products were possibly contaminated with Salmonella. No illness have been reported as yet (http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm206881.htm).
On December 10, 2010, the FDA announce that Tropical Nut & Fruit of Charlotte, NC, is "voluntarily recalling all its products containing walnuts supplied by Atlas Walnuts, LLC after November 16, 2010 because they have the potential to contain Salmonella. " http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm236656.htm
Illness caused by Salmonella usually last for 4 to 7 days and most folks recover fully. Death can result if the disease spreads into the blood stream. Fortunately, if the infection is diagnosed in time, the patients can recover. Most persons who have picked up Salmonella through contact with food or feces have these symtoms:
- abdominal cramping
The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) gives these recommendations to prevent the spread and ingestion of Salmonella:
- Wash hands with warm, soapy water for at least 20 seconds before and after handling raw meat and poultry. Also wash cutting boards, dishes and utensils with hot soapy water. Clean up spills right away.
- Keep raw meat, fish and poultry away from other food that will not be cooked. Use separate cutting boards for raw meat, poultry and egg products and cooked foods.
- Cook raw meat and poultry to safe internal temperatures before eating. The safe internal temperature for meat such as beef and pork is 160° F, and 165° F for poultry, as determined with a food thermometer.
- Refrigerate raw meat and poultry within two hours after purchase (one hour if temperatures exceed 90° F). Refrigerate cooked meat and poultry within two hours after cooking.
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In yesterday's post, I wrote about the broad history of inequality under capitalism. In many countries that have undergone capitalist development, inequality has moved in three stages. First, inequality rapidly escalates. Second, the rise in inequality slows down and actually reverses. Third, inequality shoots up once again.
Interestingly, when the United States was in stage two, some advocates of capitalism became very fond of egalitarian arguments. Whereas Marx predicted that capitalism would cause inequality to increase inexorably, the second stage seemed to show that wasn't true:
As you can see, the market incomes of the bottom 90 percent (blue) actually grew faster than the market incomes of the top 10 percent (red) for quite some time, with the 1950s and 1960s being right on the crest of that trend. From this, Simon Kuznets, writing in the 1950s and 1960s, developed a whole theory of two-stage capitalist development, with the latter stage being a march towards egalitarianism. Although the rich continued to get richer, the poor got richer too and at a faster pace. Consequently, capitalism was supposed to generate an egalitarian order through this basic process (hat tip Mike Konczal):
This equalizing was not just empirically observed; it was also utilized normatively to prove American capitalism was so great. Whereas, today, defenders of our system largely reject the importance of distribution and even call references to it class war and class envy, advocates during the period when greater equalization was coinciding with American capitalism trumpeted egalitarian distributions as extremely important and pointed out that this is precisely what we had and where we were heading.
Of course, these were mostly opportunistic egalitarians, people who did not really care about equalizing distribution, but thought it worthwhile to pretend to so long as it could be mobilized to provide arguments for the system that they actually supported on other grounds. This 1955 propaganda film called America's Distribution of Wealth is the best example of this now-dead egalitarian defense of American capitalism:
In the video, the professor character first establishes that equitable distributions are essential to the justness of economic systems and then goes on to statistically demonstrate that the wealth and income of the country is widely dispersed. Here are some choice lines:
In order to have a proper appreciation of the American economic system, we must know how the national income is divided in America. In other words, we must examine the distribution of the great wealth produced through the operation of American capitalism. Is the distribution widespread or is the wealth of America concentrated in the hands of the few, as the socialists and communists say?
Basically, an economic system must fulfill two social needs of the population which it serves: first an adequate production of goods, and second an equitable distribution of those goods.
This brings us to the central question: the question of distribution. Are these economic benefits under American capitalism being extended to American wage or salary earners or would this big segment of the population be better off under socialism or communism?
If we keep [our system's] basic principles strong and vigorous in the years ahead, the opportunity of every American for a still-better living standard will certainly be enhanced. And perhaps even the disciplines of socialism and communism will come out of their shadowy pipe dreams and join us in our march of human progress.
As we all should know by now, this march of human progress in the form of sharing in the prosperity of economic growth essentially stopped four decades ago, at least insofar as market distribution is concerned. In that period, basically all income gains have flowed to the top 10 percent. Middle class (median) incomes became decoupled from productivity and entirely stagnated.
When it comes to wealth, it is, in fact, concentrated in the hands of the few "as the socialists and communists say." According to Edward Wolff's widely-cited SCF calculations, in 2010, the wealthiest 5 percent held 63 percent of the nation's wealth and wealthiest 20 percent held 89 percent of it. This means that the bottom 80 percent of the country held just 11 percent of its wealth. The story is worse for non-home wealth, with the bottom 80 percent holding just 4.6 percent of it.
But notice that the opportunistic egalitarianism of capitalism's defenders has now disappeared. When we were in the middle of American capitalism's period of economic equalization, the system was explicitly justified on the basis that it generated "first an adequate production of goods, and second an equitable distribution of those goods." If we take seriously the egalitarian prong of that prior general theory of economic justice (and we should), we'd have to conclude that, as presently constructed, our system is a failure.
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Definitions for Triangulationtraɪˌæŋ gyəˈleɪ ʃən
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word Triangulation
a trigonometric method of determining the position of a fixed point from the angles to it from two fixed points a known distance apart; useful in navigation
a method of surveying; the area is divided into triangles and the length of one side and its angles with the other two are measured, then the lengths of the other sides can be calculated
A technique in surveying in which distances and directions are estimated from an accurately measured baseline and the principles of trigonometry
The network of triangles, so obtained, that are the basis of a map or chart
In navigation or seismology, a process by which an unknown location is found using three known distances from known locations.
A delaying move in which the king moves in a triangular path in order to force the advance of a pawn.
The use of three (or more) researchers to interview the same people or to evaluate the same evidence to reduce the impact of individual bias.
the series or network of triangles into which the face of a country, or any portion of it, is divided in a trigonometrical survey; the operation of measuring the elements necessary to determine the triangles into which the country to be surveyed is supposed to be divided, and thus to fix the positions and distances of the several points connected by them
In trigonometry and geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from known points at either end of a fixed baseline, rather than measuring distances to the point directly. The point can then be fixed as the third point of a triangle with one known side and two known angles. Triangulation can also refer to the accurate surveying of systems of very large triangles, called triangulation networks. This followed from the work of Willebrord Snell in 1615–17, who showed how a point could be located from the angles subtended from three known points, but measured at the new unknown point rather than the previously fixed points, a problem called resectioning. Surveying error is minimized if a mesh of triangles at the largest appropriate scale is established first. Points inside the triangles can all then be accurately located with reference to it. Such triangulation methods were used for accurate large-scale land surveying until the rise of global navigation satellite systems in the 1980s.
The numerical value of Triangulation in Chaldean Numerology is: 7
The numerical value of Triangulation in Pythagorean Numerology is: 8
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"Triangulation." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2016. Web. 27 Jun 2016. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/Triangulation>.
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In recent days, another debate over American citizenship has surfaced in the presidential election that centers on the eligibility of a foreign-born candidate for office.
The most-recent controversy comes from GOP presidential candidate Donald Trump, who said on Sunday that rival Ted Cruz could face legal problems because Cruz was born in Canada to a father from Cuba and a mother who was a United States citizen.
“From Ted’s standpoint and from the party’s standpoint, he has to solve this problem, because the Democrats will sue him if he’s the nominee,” Trump said. “This matter has not been determined.” Cruz responded later that day on CNN. “The son of a U.S. citizen born abroad is a natural-born citizen,” Cruz replied.
Here is a basic explanation of how these citizenship concepts are related to the Constitution and to legal precedents.
The Constitution’s Natural Born Citizenship Clause states that “no person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President.”
Sarah Helene Duggin from Catholic University, who is an expert on this topic, wrote at length for us about a potential Cruz candidacy back in October 2013, and she explained why many scholars believed Cruz was eligible.
Duggin said that the “consensus rests on firm foundations” based on the intent of the naturalization clause, as stated in a letter in 1787 from John Jay to George Washington; the language of the 1790 Naturalization Act; and the 14-year residency requirement in the Constitution’s Article II.
In the 1790 Naturalization Act, Duggin said the act provided that “children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond the sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered as natural-born citizens.”
But not everyone agrees with those arguments. Harvard’s Laurence Tribe, Cruz’s former professor, told the Guardian in a series of email exchanges that “there is no single, settled answer. And our Supreme Court has never addressed the issue.”
Tribe points out that two competing views of interpreting the Constitution could yield different results. The originalist view, he notes, might focus on concepts in place at the time of the Constitution’s ratification.
Tribe argues that an originalist might say “Cruz wouldn’t be eligible because the legal principles that prevailed in the 1780s and 90s required that someone be born on U.S. soil to be a ‘natural born’ citizen. … Even having two U.S. parents wouldn’t suffice for a genuine originalist. And having just an American mother, as Cruz did, would clearly have been insufficient at a time that made patrilineal descent decisive.”
Legislative attorney Jack Maskell, writing for the Congressional Research Service in 2011, explained how the gender of a parent was important historically in British common law, where the law of descent (known as jus sanguinis) indicated that “natural born” subjects were those born abroad of an English father.
Tribe also notes that a “living constitutionalist” judge who Cruz would dislike may find Cruz to “ironically be eligible because it no longer makes sense to be bound by so narrow and strict a definition.”
Cruz isn’t the first person to run for President born outside of the United States. In 2008, John McCain faced questions since he was born in the Panama Canal Zone. And Mitt Romney’s father, George Romney, was born in Mexico, and he faced questions during his 1968 presidential campaign.
Tribe also argues that the cases of Cruz and McCain are different. “[McCain’s] birth on a U.S. military base within a territory controlled by the US from 1903 to 1979 … under a treaty with Panama probably (although not certainly) qualified him as a natural born citizen, especially because both his parents were U.S. citizens at the time,” Tribe told the Guardian.
In his defense, Cruz has cited commentary from two legal authorities, Neal Katyal and Paul Clement, in a March 2015 Harvard Law Review article that said “there is no question that Senator Cruz has been a citizen from birth and is thus a ‘natural born Citizen’ within the meaning of the Constitution.”
“As Congress has recognized since the Founding, a person born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent is generally a U.S. citizen from birth with no need for naturalization. And the phrase ‘natural born Citizen’ in the Constitution encompasses all such citizens from birth,” Katyal and Clement argued. “Thus, an individual born to a U.S. citizen parent — whether in California or Canada or the Canal Zone — is a U.S. citizen from birth and is fully eligible to serve as President if the people so choose.”
Also, Maskell in his 2011 Congressional brief, found that “the weight of more recent federal cases, as well as the majority of scholarship on the subject, also indicates that the term ‘natural born citizen’ would most likely include, as well as native born citizens, those born abroad to U.S. citizen-parents, at least one of whom had previously resided in the United States, or those born abroad to one U.S. citizen parent who, prior to the birth, had met the requirements of federal law for physical presence in the country.”
To be sure, the debate over Natural Born Citizenship Clause will continue into the 2016 election cycle, and a definitive answer may not come until a lawsuit made its way to the Supreme Court (if the Court decided someone had standing to sue) or a constitutional amendment clarified the issue.
Recent Stories on Constitution Daily
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The second week of February is often prime time for a big snowstorm in the eastern US, especially here in Maryland. Considering that I called for a cold and snowy winter based on many reasons, the stats played a big role in my call.
A lot of the science of meteorology is math intensive. So documenting the highs, lows, and everything in between on a daily basis serves a purpose. Some of us treat it like a sports statistician, and sometimes patters show that are worth pointing out.
The most famous pattern has been December 5th (date with destiny) as the first snow of the season in Baltimore. I tracked it for a decade, and we had a good streak proving this true. Ironically that started in 2002 with a record 7.4” of snow at BWI, one year to the day after the record high of 75F was set in 2001.
Is Baltimore for a big snowstorm?
Looking at a typical season based on 1981-2010 average data, Baltimore’s BWI gets 20 inches of snow. Almost half of that occurs in the month of February with a typical 8 inches. The snowiest month was February 2010 with a total of 50 inches (2.5 times normal).
Two distinct patterns show up within this snowy period. They appear in the records and cross paths this week.
1) Every 3 to 4 years: A storm with over 10 inches of snowfall. This has been tracked for two decades without fail. Note that 3 of these ‘events’ occurred in the same season.
1993: 11.9” on March 13-14
1996: 26.6” on January 7-9
2000: 14.9” on January 25
2003: 28.2” on February 15-18 *Top storm on record
2006: 13.1” on Feb 11-12
2009: 18.0” on Dec 18-19
2010: 25.0” on Feb 5-6
2010: 19.5” on Feb 9-10
2) February 5-19th Prime Time for Big Storms: Almost half of the top snowstorms since 1891 fell during a 2-week period on the calendar. Of the 22 storms on the list, 10 events fell during this short stretch. The chart in the slide show is listed by amount, but here is the list by date. *Also see our pre-sleep snowfall checklist for kids and teachers.
Feb 5-8 1899: 11.7”
Feb 5-6 2010: 24.8”
Feb 9-10 2010: 19.5”
Feb 11-12 2006: 13.1”
Feb 11-14 1899: 21.4”
Feb 11-12 1983: 22.8”
Feb 15-16 1958: 15.5”
Feb 15-18 1892: 16.0”
Feb 15-18 2003: 28.2” *Top all time storm
Feb 16-18 1900: 12.0”
Feb 18-19 1979: 20.0”
If you consider the halfway point between the two-week period, February 12 and 13 are the sweet spot. It just so happens we have a potentially large snow storm on those dates this year. So we will see if history and statistics will prove itself once again.
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Also keep up to date via
Facebook: Justin Berk, Meteorologist
Kid Weather App
This is a great time to work off the active weather and see the app I made with my son (when he was 6 years old). Plus you will be supporting my efforts and helping with our big upgrade. It won a Parents Choice Award, was listed on Mashable.com's top 10 list of apps to teach kids science, and has been downloaded in 29 countries. We have over 400 items of trivia plus live weather and forecasts for kids. It's available on iTunes and for Android on Google Play and Amazon. See more and links for your device at kidweatherapp.com
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Supplemental Materials: Guts & bugs in health and disease
Science for All Seasons, November 7, 2013
Our bodies are host to trillions of microorganisms, many of which reside in our digestive system. This tiny population, known as the gut microbiome, mostly functions to aid digestion or repress the growth of harmful bacteria. But imbalances in these same bacterial species have also been linked to inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and even cancer. Broad senior associate member and renowned gastroenterologist Ramnik Xavier will discuss the link between the gut microbiome and our health.
To learn more about how Broad researchers are gaining insights into the human microbiome, inflammatory bowel disease, and more, please visit:
- Human Microbiome Project
- Learning From Human Genetics
- Broad news story: Broad Institute and Mass. General Hospital announce major inflammatory bowel disease sequencing initiative
Keep up to date with the latest news and discoveries from the Broad Institute:
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A Passage to India Topic Tracking: Women
Women 1: Mrs. Moore impresses Aziz by removing her shoes before she enters the Mosque. This is a sign of respect that he does not expect from British women in his country.
Women 2: Fielding contends that English women can never be friends with Indian men. Disaster happens whenever the two meet.
Women 3: Aziz shows Fielding a picture of his wife: an act that is forbidden unless it is between brothers due to the tradition of purdah, the separation and veiling of women. Fielding asks if people in the world were to treat each other as equally as brothers, if there would be no more need for purdah.
Women 4: Aziz's friends now warn him that it is not advisable for him to mix with British women. They predict something bad will happen due to his interaction with these ladies.
Women 5: At the club, the men talk of protecting the women and children. This incites in them a blinding national pride.
Women 6: Aziz begins to write poetry about Oriental womanhood. He calls for the end of purdah, which he believes is an essential step to forming Indian statehood.
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Video: Historical First Spacewalk
Here’s a retro-fire back into the space-time continuum.
It was on this day, back on March 18, 1965, that the first spacewalk – or extravehicular activity (EVA) took place.
Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov left his Voskhod 2 capsule and floated about for several minutes at the end of a tether.
This first EVA proved difficult as Leonov’s spacesuit had inflated in the vacuum of space, making it difficult for the spacewalker to re-enter the spacecraft’s airlock. By regulating a suit valve he was able to reduce some of that spacesuit pressure, enabling him to re-board the Voskhod spacecraft.
Leonov made a second voyage into space as commander of the Soviet half of the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz mission – the first joint space mission between the Soviet Union and the United States.
To view a video of that first spacewalk, go to:
By Leonard David
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The topic of this book is Cold Spray technology. Cold Spray is a process of applying coatings by exposing a metallic or dielectric substrate to a high velocity (300 to 1200 m/s) jet of small (1 to 50 um) particles accelerated by a supersonic jet of compressed gas. This process is based on the selection of the combination of particle temperature, ...
The topic of this book is Cold Spray technology. Cold Spray is a process of applying coatings by exposing a metallic or dielectric substrate to a high velocity (300 to 1200 m/s) jet of small (1 to 50 um) particles accelerated by a supersonic jet of compressed gas. This process is based on the selection of the combination of particle temperature, velocity, and size that allows spraying at the lowest temperature possible. In the Cold Spray process, powder particles are accelerated by the supersonic gas jet at a temperature that is always lower than the melting point of the material, resulting in coating formation from particles in the solid state. As a consequence, the deleterious effects of high-temperature oxidation, evaporation, melting, crystallization, residual stresses, gas release, and other common problems for traditional thermal spray methods are minimized or eliminated. This book is the first of its kind on the Cold Spray process. Cold Spray Technology covers a wide spectrum of various aspects of the Cold Spray technology, including gas-dynamics, physics of interaction of high-speed solid particles with a substrate as well as equipment, technologies, and applications. Cold Spray Technology includes the results of more than 20 years of original studies (1984-2005) conducted at the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Science, as well as the results of studies conducted at most of the research centres around the world. The authors' goal is threefold. The first goal is to explain basic principles and advantages of the Cold Spray process. The second goal is, to give practical information on technologies and equipment. The third goal is to present the current state of research and development in this field over the world. The book provides coverage and data that will be of interest for users of Cold Spray technology as well as for other coating experts. At the present time the Cold Spray method is recognized by world leading scientists and specialists. A wide spectrum of research is being conducted at many research centres and companies in many countries. - New approach to spray coatings - Results are exceptionally pure coatings - Low spray temperature without degradation of powder and substrate materials - High productivity, high deposition efficiency - High operational safety because of absence of high temperature gas jets, radiation and explosive gases. - Excellent thermal and electrical conductivity - Wide spectrum of applications because of important advantages of the process"
Alibris, the Alibris logo, and Alibris.com are registered trademarks of Alibris, Inc.
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited, Baker & Taylor, Inc., or by their respective licensors, or by the publishers, or by their respective licensors. For personal use only. All rights reserved. All rights in images of books or other publications are reserved by the original copyright holders.
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George, Chinnamma and Gopakumar, K (1988) Loss of nutrients during canning of clams and mussels. CMFRI Bulletin, 42 (2). pp. 383-386.
Shellfish play a vital role in India's economy and the industry based on processing of the meat of mussels and clams has immense possibility to develop in future because of the abundant availability of this highly nutritious raw material. The Influence of pre-process ice storage on the quality of the canned product prepared from the clams, Villorita cyprinoldes has been studied and chemical and organoleptic aspects of the canned material prepared out of clams stored upto nine days under ice was reported. The results showed that the product prepared from material iced upto three days was acceptable with respect to colour, odour and flavour. Quantities of nutrients lost during different stages of canning such as initial boiling, blanching and sterilisation have been worked out. Loss of soluble nitrogenous constituents was maximum at the blanching stage.
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||Loss of nutrients; canning; clams; mussels|
|Divisions:||CMFRI-Kochi > Marine Capture > Molluscan Fisheries
Subject Area > CMFRI Brochures > CMFRI-Kochi > Marine Capture > Molluscan Fisheries
CMFRI-Kochi > Marine Capture > Molluscan Fisheries
|Depositing User:||Dr. V Mohan|
|Date Deposited:||24 Aug 2010 09:41|
|Last Modified:||09 Sep 2015 15:18|
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DOE research makes big bang
Berkeley National Laboratory
Saul Perlmutter has been awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for his breakthrough research at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He cofounded the Supernova Cosmology Project (SCP) in 1988, with the breakthrough coming ten years later. The SCP pioneered the methods used to discover the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae. For many years Perlmutter has been a leader in studies to determine the nature of dark energy. Explore the universe using Science Accelerator; check out the search results for big bang and supernovae.
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The act of graffiti has long been associated with the realm of vandalism. When planned complex aesthetic designs started to emerge in New York City during the 1970s, graffiti began to blur the realms of what is vandalism and what is fine art. Conceptual ideas lay down by fine artists, such as Marcel Duchamp and Andy Warhol, and graffiti's complex subculture combined to create a controversial art form.
This thesis examines the major elements of graffiti art culture that make it a fine art form. In turn these elements of graffiti art culture have influenced fine contemporary art, creating the post-graffiti art movement and the era of the "spothunter."
|School||UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI - KANSAS CITY|
About ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
With nearly 4 million records, the ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) Global database is the most comprehensive collection of dissertations and theses in the world. It is the database of record for graduate research.
PQDT Global combines content from a range of the world's premier universities - from the Ivy League to the Russell Group. Of the nearly 4 million graduate works included in the database, ProQuest offers more than 2.5 million in full text formats. Of those, over 1.7 million are available in PDF format. More than 90,000 dissertations and theses are added to the database each year.
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The Schomburg Center Guide to Black Literature From the Eighteenth Century to the Present
Complete with photos and chronologies, this easy-to-use, thorough reference source is an authoritative guide to the works of novelists, poets, critics, journalists, dramatists, and other black writers from around the world. It will serve as a resource for students and teachers alike.
572 pages. Published by Gale Research, 1996.
Hardcover. $75.00. ISBN 0-7876-0289-2.
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North, South Carolina to Get New Border—Their Old One States working to restore boundary set in 1772 By Kate Seamons, Newser Staff Posted Apr 5, 2012 10:29 AM CDT Updated Apr 8, 2012 2:59 PM CDT 11 comments Comments The border is about to get a lot more specific. (?Marxchivist) (Newser) – When the king of England demanded borders be set for North and South Carolina in the 1700s, surveyors battled swamps and panthers, and notched trees to demarcate the line. The boundary was officially set in 1772, and after nearly two decades of hard work, research, and some GPS help, the states are tweaking the since-shifted 335-mile-long border, restoring it to that colonial original. Unsurprisingly, there are some issues, reports the New York Times in a fascinating look at the process—and consequences. Take, for instance, South Carolina resident Judy Helms. Or former resident. Her four acres have been chopped up by the new line: Her house is now in North Carolina, her backyard dog still lives in South. She now needs a new driver's license. She'll have to pay higher taxes. She'll vote for new politicians. She's one of about 30 homes and a gas station dealing with the change, reports the Times, and both states' attorneys general's offices are trying to minimize the effects of the changes on them. The two boundary commissions have about 40 miles left to figure out, and hope to do so by year end. Click to read the entire piece, which outlines other, less friendly boundary battles between the states.
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Charles II of Anjou, the son of Charles I, King of Naples and Sicily, lived his life against the backdrop of a complex struggle between the houses of Aragon and Anjou for control of Sicily, which had begun with the Sicilian Vespers in 1282 and would continue for the next twenty years.
As a young man, Charles, who had already held various positions in his father's government, wed Mary, the daughter of King Stephen V of Hungary, in 1270. Upon Charles I's death in 1285, Charles II should have inherited the throne; unfortunately, he had been captured the year before in a naval battle with the Aragonese forces and was still a prisoner. To achieve his own liberation, Charles II was forced to cede Sicily to Peter III and pay a substantial ransom.
In a daring move, Pope Nicholas IV crowned Charles II as King of Naples and Sicily in 1289. In the following years, Charles concerned himself largely with negotiating a peace for the "two Sicilies," as his territory was often called. Although a pact of 1295 was largely successful, it was overturned by Frederick III, the Aragonese heir to the throne of Sicily. Backed by popular support, Frederick refused to restore the island to Angevin control and took the throne. After an unsuccessful military campaign on the part of Charles' son, an inglorious peace was reached at Caltabellotta in 1302, wherein Frederick III was confirmed as King of Sicily (but not Naples) and agreed to marry Eleanor, daughter of Charles II.
Despite his failure to regain the territories that his father had ruled, Charles II strategically planned the marriages of his children, strengthening ties with Hungary, Aragon, Piedmont and France, thus assuring the strength of his dynasty for at least a generation to come.
In Decameron II.5, "nostro re Carlo" is mentioned by the mendacious madama Fiordaliso as she invents a tall tale to gain Andreuccio's trust. Fiordaliso says that her husband, a Guelph, was forced to flee Sicily when Angevin rule was overturned, and was thereupon welcomed and protected by Charles II in Naples.
(R.P./N.S.) Adapted from Nitschke, August. s.v. Carlo II d'Angiò. Vol. 20. Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1960. pp. 227-235.; Manselli, Raoul. s.v. Carlo II d'Angiò. Vol. I Enciclopedia dantesca, 5 vols. Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1970-78. pp. 836-838.; Toynbee, P. Dictionary of Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante, Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.
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The art of sewing
It is, by far, the oldest and most durable piece of equipment that we own. Standing in the corner, ready to swing into action, is a 1957 Pfaff sewing machine Jean bought before we met. While the cabinet has changed colors several times, it still is in excellent condition.
It was a top-of-the-line Jean bought when she got her first full-time job. It cost $350, which was more than a month’s salary for a young legal secretary, however, it may have been the best investment we ever made. Over the years, it has been used to sew literally thousands of items ranging from clothing to curtains, costumes and bed spreads. For decades, Jean sewed her own clothes and dresses for our three daughters. It is too bad she didn’t keep a record of everything she made. It would be a staggering total.
Sometimes, it was used until the wee hours of the morning, when she produced back-to-school dresses for three young girls. Even though the sewing machine had heavy use for decades, it required relatively little maintenance and had few break-downs.
Certainly, sewing is an ancient art dating back 20,000 years. Early needles were made of bone, and the iron needle didn’t come into existence until the 14th century. The needle with an eye was developed in the 15th century.
Probably the most famous Americans when it comes to sewing were Betsy Ross, who created the American flag, and President Andrew Johnson, who was a tailor by trade. Even when in Washington, legend has it President Johnson made his own suits and shirts.
What surprised me when I started researching the history of the sewing machine was the amount of controversy it generated. These ranged from fights over patent rights to an outright riot in France.
You can check a variety of sources, but no one is exactly sure who developed the first sewing machine. A German, Charles Weisenthal, had an idea for a sewing machine in 1755. In 1791, Thomas Saint, a British inventor, patented a design for a sewing machine, however, a working model was never built. His idea was to use the machine on leather and canvas. Josef Madersperger, an Austrian, had a working model in 1814.
A French tailor, Barthelemy Thimonnier, earned a patent for a sewing machine in 1830. He may have been the first to find a commercial use for the sewing machine and started a factory with 80 machines. He was sewing uniforms for the French Army when his factory ran afoul of competitors. The idea of something new has always caused trouble, and this was the case with Thimonnier’s factory. Tailors in France were convinced the new machine would end their profession so they broke into the factory and destroyed the machines.
The sewing machine soon moved across the Atlantic Ocean, where a variety of inventors tried their hand at developing new and better models. John Greenough patented the first sewing machine in the United States in 1842. Interestingly, Walter Hunt developed the first lock stitch sewing machine in 1833, however he never patented his invention.
Elias Howe developed a machine in 1845. He went to England to try to drum up financial support, and when he returned to the United States, he found others were infringing on his patent. The best known American sewing pioneer was Isaac Merritt Singer, who made improvements in sewing machines and suggested a foot pedal or treadle to operate the machine. However, the sewing machine ended up in court with Howe suing Singer and winning.
During the years, the sewing machine has seen many improvements and has contributed to the wellbeing of millions of Americans. I doubt any sewing machine has received more tender, loving care than the one Jean bought more than 50 years ago.
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"Although" is used to show limitations, differences, and contrasts in situations. It's similar to "even though" and "though."
1. Although prescription medicine can help cure a disease, it can hurt you if you take too much.
("Although" usually appears at the beginning of a sentence.)
3. Although it tastes good, candy is really bad for your teeth and for your body.
4. He's not as healthy as he looks although he works out a lot and he's very strong.
5. Although he's very careful when riding a motorcycle, he still takes many risks by not wearing a helmet.
Next: Lesson Eleven
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Spiritual Meaning of
|Back to Parables index|
THE FIG TREE.
Now learn a parable of the fig tree; when his branch is yet tender, and puts forth leaves, you know that summer is near; so likewise you, when you shall see all these things, know that it is near, even at the doors. Verily I say to you, this generation shall not pass till all these things be fulfilled.
By learning a parable from the fig tree is meant, to learn instruction from what is signified by a fig tree, with its branches and leaves, which are afterwards mentioned; and, therefore, before this instruction can be learned, it will be necessary to consider what is signified and represented by a fig tree, with its branches and leaves.
A fig tree, whenever it is spoken of in the Holy Word, always signifies and represents the good of the natural principle of man's life, as a vine signifies and represents the good of his spiritual principle. By the good of the natural principle, is not meant the good into which man is born, or which he derives from his parents, but the good which is spiritual as to origin, and into which no one is born, but is introduced of the Lord by the knowledges of good and of truth; wherefore, before man is in this good, namely, in spiritual good, he is not a man of the church, however he appears to be so from natural good. If, then, the fig tree signifies and represents such natural good, its branches will denote the affections of that good, because affection buds forth from good, as a branch from its trunk; and, for the same reason, its leaves will denote the truths of that good, because truths are to the mind of man what leaves are to a tree.
The term rendered tender in our translation is expressed, in the original, by a word which means soft; and the term soft is applied to denote what is inmost and innocent, and thus in the present case, is intended to express the inmost principle of innocence from the Lord which is in the affection of natural good; thus by its putting forth leaves, is further signified its fruitfulness in the truths of innocence, or in truths of a celestial origin.
By summer, according to the spiritual idea, derived from the doctrine of correspondence between things spiritual and things natural, is to be understood, the conjunction of good and of truth in the Church here on earth; since, as natural heat and light are conjoined in the natural summer, in like manner spiritual heat and light, which are goodness and truth in the minds of men, are conjoined in the spiritual summer. By summer, therefore, is here spiritually meant the commencement of a new Church; and by its being near is, further, to be understood, the establishment of this Church whenever the branch of the fig tree becomes tender, and puts forth leaves; in other words, whenever the affection of natural good is influenced by innocence, and productive of truths from a celestial origin.
The import of the next words can only be known from considering what is meant by the things spoken of, which they were to see; and this cannot be known but by reference to the former part of the chapter, in which an affecting account is given by Jesus Christ, of the successive corruptions of the Christian Church, under its several fattened cattle away from evangelical purity and truth. These fattened cattle away may be, described in the following summary, containing prediction concerning the devastation of the Church, and, at length, concerning the establishment of a new Church in this order:
These, therefore, are the things which they were to see, and when they saw them, they were to know that it was near, even at the doors; in other words, that then would be the consummation of the Church, that is, the last judgement, and the coming of the Lord; consequently, that then the old Church would be rejected and a new one established. It is said, at the doors, because the good of the natural principle and its truths are the first things which are insinuated into man, when he is regenerated, and is made a church. It accordingly follows, Verily, I say to you, this generation shall not pass away till all these things be fulfilled, Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my word shall not pass away (verses 34, 35), to denote, first, that the Jewish nation shall not be extirpated as other nations; and, secondly, that the internals and externals of the former Church, here signified by heaven and earth, shall perish, but that the Word of the Lord shall remain.
We learn, from this parable, to adore again the wisdom of our God and Saviour, as peculiarly manifested by His usual mode of expressing His own divine ideas by natural images, or by the representation of natural things. Thus, in the present instance, we are instructed, that under the natural figure of a fig tree, its branches, and leaves, He describes, in the most appropriate language, the commencement of a glorious new Church, which was to succeed on the declension of the former Church from its original purity; and, further, under the natural figure of summer, He describes the conjunction of goodness and truth, or of spiritual heat and spiritual light, in that Church, by virtue of which it was to be fruitful in all heavenly graces and virtues, and thus to have living conjunction with its Heavenly Father. We are instructed, yet further, to attend carefully to the several predictions uttered in the verses preceding this parable, until we discover from them the several states of the declension of the first Christian Church from its original purity; and we are, besides, consoled with the prospect and the certainty of that glorious new Church which is to succeed it, and which may convince us, that what is commonly called the last judgement, and the coming of the Lord, is not for the purpose of destroying the earth, but of preserving it, by imparting to mankind the pure and heavenly doctrines of the eternal truth, which were prefigured in the Revelation by the descent of the new Jerusalem. Thus may we humbly hope, that, through the mercy of God, the branch of the fig tree with us may become tender, and put forth leaves, whereby we may be convinced, to our unutterable joy, that the summer of the divine benediction of the Most High is near at hand, consisting in the conjunction of His most blessed love and wisdom, and that thus, though heaven and earth pass away, His word shall not pass away. Amen.
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Hutchinson Tall, barren prairie lay in every direction the eye could see. Not a sound stirred, except for the wind amid the grasses and the insects that swarmed.
Jacob Wiebe, his family and a number of other Mennonites had traveled from southern Russia to the Kansas plains where they sought religious freedom among the other pioneers just settling the nearly 15-year-old state. They had decided to leave the green fields of the Crimea forever, hearing that Kansas had similar soils to their native country — a good place to grow wheat. The group purchased a tract of land in central Kansas from the Santa Fe Railroad.
And amid a hot August in 1874, Wiebe and congregation leaders traveled the uninhabited landscape 14 miles from Peabody to an area of Marion County.
"We rode in the deer grass to the little stake that marked the spot I had chosen. When we reached the spot, I stopped. My wife asked me, 'Why do you stop?' I said, 'We are to live here.' Then she began to weep."
Wiebe wrote the story as part of an essay 40 years later. For the woman, it must have seemed daunting to begin building a home on the lonely landscape — far from her native homeland, far from any settlement, said area historian Karen Penner as she read the marker that tells Wiebe's tale of settling the plains in 1874.
"It must have been overwhelming," Penner said.
Yet, these settlers had optimism for their future. They named it their new home Gnadenau, or Meadow of Grace.
Gnadenau was only the forefront of a large number of Mennonite settlements in south-central Kansas nearly 140 years ago — ghost villages now only marked by stone markers, tree rows and cemeteries.
They had first migrated from Europe to Russia under Catherine the Great for religious freedom. Nevertheless, 100 years later, changes took place under Alexander II that impacted their beliefs, including a universal military service act that would require the peaceful group to fight.
Thus, by the end of 1874, the first arrival of Mennonites, roughly 1,900 people, settled an area that consisted of 60,000 acres of land in Marion, McPherson, Harvey and Reno counties, according to a June 1973 article in Mennonite Life. And some of the hard winter wheat that made Kansas the breadbasket of the nation reached that state in the baggage of these German-speaking immigrants from the steppes of southern Russia.
At first, the settlers were determined to retain the village tradition and pattern of farmland distribution they had had in Russia, according to the publication.
Penner said each town was set up like these Russian villages, with long streets with several small farmsteads spaced evenly apart in a row along the street. Typically, in the middle of this long block was a school. Some villages also had a gristmill for processing the wheat the families brought with them. Each farmstead was given nearby strips of land to tend.
Gnadenau was just one of the first of more than a dozen villages settled in Marion and surrounding counties. It also was the largest, the new home of 34 families, or 164 people. A church was built, then a store and a couple of blacksmith shops. A large gristmill was built just west of the village and was operated by Jacob Friesen and his son, the publication stated.
Other communities had ethic names like Schoenthal, or Fair Valley in English; Gruenfeld, or Greenfield; and Hoffungsthal, which means Hope Valley. The area was divided into two communities, in essence, the Alexanderwhol and Krimmer Mennonite communities, according to the Mennonite publication. The Alexanderwhol community was the largest and consisted of eight villages in all.
These early pioneers tried the village setup for just three years before it was abandoned — due to confusion in paying taxes and because families wanted personal property and independence, according to the publication. The Gnadenau village, however, lasted several more years before it became a ghost village.
"With the American system of private-land ownership, some moved out of the villages sooner," said Peggy Goertzen, director of the Center for Mennonite Brethren Studies at Tabor College in Hillsboro.
However, she said, "You can still see (village locations), and at Hochfeld, you can still see the village pattern."
On a recent spring day, Penner, a historian and board member with Newton's Bernhard Warkentin House — the man who helped bring Mennonites to Kansas — toured many of the former village sites.
A large green sign marks Hochfeld, where tree rows still mark the outline of the village. A mile to the north is Springfield, which also is marked by a sign and a cemetery. At Alexanderfeld, there is a cemetery, as well as a church, school and stone pillar.
Then there is the first site of Gnadenau, where a stone still marks the spot of where a cemetery once was located. Penner said most of the graves, as well as the church, were moved west to another site. That church burned down several years ago and a new one was built in Hillsboro.
Hillsboro has a full-sized replica of the wind-powered gristmill built in 1876 at Gnadenau on display.
Penner grew up around the Ebenfeld Mennonite Brethren Church area in Marion County, near the town of Aulne. She and her family recently gathered for a reunion at Bethel College, which included talking about their roots.
She said her family also plans to install a gravestone for her great grandmother, Adelgunda Penner Suderman Dueck, who died in 1888. She was buried with a couple of family members in a field near the Alexanderfeld community — a common practice back then. The family moved the grave to the Gnadenau cemetery in the 1970s but never put a marker on the plot, she said.
The family is beginning to raise money to mark her grave.
Family, after all, she said, is important.
"There is a saying that, for your children to have wings, they must have roots," she said. "And to know where you are going in life, you have to know where you came. That has been my philosophy. I just like to learn the stories of who these people were, what they went through. That is what makes it fun for me — finding they were real people not just a name and a date."
A sign is staked at each end of the village of Hochfeld, a Mennonite community settled around 1874. The tree rows from when it was an active village are still visible. Villages lasted about three years before residents dispersed to their own farms.
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Photo by Monica Iglecia
A complex of wetlands, of which Stillwater Wildlife Management Area, Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge, and Carson Lake Pasture are the most important for shorebirds. Area consists mainly of fresh and alkaline marshes varying from several centimeters to a meter in depth. These are dependent upon return flows from irrigation projects.
In good years, the area hosts about 250,000 shorebirds. Several censuses by Paul Lehman and Steve Thompson (USFWS) during dry years (1987-1988) revealed numbers in the 50,000-125,000 range.
Ecology & Conservation
Stillwater Wildlife Management Area (SWMA), is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR) is managed for the purpose of:
1. maintaining and restoring natural areas
2. providing for the conservation and management of fish and wildlife and their habitats
3. fulfilling the international treaty obligations of the U.S. with respect to fish and wildlife, and
4. providing opportunities for scientific research, environmental education, and fish and wildlife oriented recreation.
The Carson Lake and Pasture Area is administered by the Bureau of Reclamation, with a long-term lease to TCID which provides cattle grazing on an annual permit basis.
Prolonged drought has forced water users to be even more efficient in their water applications, leaving little drain water available for wildlife use. However, prime water purchases for the wetlands are up to 29,000 acre feet, and is split 18,960 and 8,040 acre feet between Stillwater NWR and Carson Lake Pasture respectively. Negotiations concerning the transfer of Carson Lake to state ownership still continue.
Limited prime water rights (27,000 af) are now available for use on Stillwater NWR and Carson Lake Pasture. Use of upstream water for agricultural purposes effects drainwater flows returning to the wetlands. There drainwater flows continue to decline while increasing in contaminants.
Research and Management:
Congress has appropriated funds (approximately $16 million) for the purchase of water rights from willing sellers within the Lahontan Valley, since 1989. Acquisitions of water rights has in many cases included lands that will be incorporated into the Stillwater NWR. The Nevada Waterfowl Association purchased the first water rights for Stillwater NWR in 1990.
In 1992 western Nevada suffered its sixth consecutive year of drought, devastating habitats for migratory and nesting shorebirds and waterfowl. Shorebird counts conducted as part of Point Reyes Bird Observatory's Flyway Project hit record lows in 1992. Yet, thanks to U.S. Public Law 101.618, which took effect on November 16, 1990, the purchase of water rights for wetlands in the Lahontan Valley was authorized. This Public Law mandated that water rights be acquired and conveyed to support on a long-term average, 10,100 hectares (25,000 acres) of primary wetland habitats within the Lahontan Valley at the following locations: Stillwater NWR, Carson Lake Pasture and Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Indian Reservation wetlands. This expanded Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge to include 31,385 hectares (77,520 acres) under the sole stewardship of the USFWS, and authorized the transfer of Carson Lake to the state of Nevada for the purpose of establishing a state wildlife refuge, provided that it be managed in a manner consistent with applicable international agreements and designation of the area as a component of the Western Hemispheric Shorebird Reserve Network.
Click on each thumbnail to see a bigger picture.
1000 Auction Road
Fallon, NV 89406
Phone: (775) 423-5128 x233
Nevada Department of Wildlife
1100 Valley Road
Reno, NV 89512
Phone: (775) 688-1525
Fax: (775) 688-1595
Alberico, J.A. 1991. Drought and predation cause avocet and stilt breeding failure in Nevada. 18 pp. M.S. Thesis, Progress Report, University of Nevada, Reno.
Fowler, Cahterine S. 1992. In the Shadow of Fox Peak. U.S. Government Printing Office and environmental Impact statement, Water Rights Acquisition for Lahontan Valley Wetlands. 1996. USFWS.
Herron, Gary B., editor. 1988-1994. Population Surveys, Species Distribution, and Key Habitats of Selected Nongame species: Job 2, Water Bird and Shorebird Investigations. Job Performance Report, Project W-53-R-20. Nevada Divisiion of Wildlife.
James, L. Hainline. 1974. Distribution, migration, and breeding of shorebirds in Western Nevada. M.S. Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno.
Osugi, K., and M. Barber. 1972-1977. Monitoring program of wildlife habitat and associated use in the Truckee-Carson irrigation district, Nevada. Progress reports No. 1-6, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Stanton, J. 1988. The general feeding and nesting ecology of Black-necked Stilts on the Stillwater Wildlife Management Area. Research report submitted to Stillwater NWR.
Thompson, S.P. and K. L. Merritt. 1988. Western Nevada wetlands history and current status. In Nevada Public Affairs Review, No. 1 (R. Bless and P. Goin, eds.) University of Nevada, Reno.
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BILL MOYERS: Welcome. You may think you know about Martin Luther King, Jr., but there is much about the man and his message we have conveniently forgotten. He was a prophet, like Amos, Isaiah and Jeremiah of old, calling kings and plutocrats to account, speaking truth to power.
Yet, he was only 39 when he was murdered in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4th, 1968. The March on Washington in ’63 and the March from Selma to Montgomery in ’65 were behind him. So were the passage of the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act. In the last year of his life, as he moved toward Memphis and fate, he announced what he called the Poor People’s Campaign, a “multi-racial army” that would come to Washington, build an encampment and demand from Congress an “Economic Bill of Rights” for all Americans — black, white, or brown. He had long known that the fight for racial equality could not be separated from the need or economic equity – fairness for all, including working people and the poor. That’s why he was in Memphis, marching with sanitation workers on strike for a living wage when he was killed.
With me are two people steeped in King’s life and work. Taylor Branch wrote the extraordinary, three-volume history of the civil rights era, “America in the King Years.” The first of them, “Parting the Waters,” received the Pulitzer Prize. He now has distilled all that work, adding fresh material and insights to create this new book, “The King Years: Historic Moments in the Civil Right Movement.”
James Cone, a longtime professor of theology at New York’s Union Theological Seminary, wrote the ground-breaking books that defined black liberation theology, interpreting Christianity through the eyes and experience of the oppressed. Among them: “Black Theology and Black Power,” “Martin and Malcolm and America,” and this most recent bestseller, “The Cross and the Lynching Tree.”
Before we talk, let’s listen to these words from Martin Luther King, Jr., spoken at Stanford University just a year before his assassination. It’s as if he were saying them today.
MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR: There are literally two Americas. One America is beautiful for situation. And in a sense this America is overflowing with the milk of prosperity and the honey of opportunity. This America is the habitat of millions of people who have food and material necessities for their bodies, and culture and education for their minds, and freedom and human dignity for their spirits. […] But tragically and unfortunately, there is another America. This other America has a daily ugliness about it that constantly transforms the buoyancy of hope into the fatigue of despair. In this America millions of work-starved men walk the streets daily in search for jobs that do not exist. In this America millions of people find themselves living in rat-infested, vermin-filled slums. In this America people are poor by the millions. They find themselves perishing on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.
BILL MOYERS: Welcome to you both.
BILL MOYERS: As he was trying to converge economics, race, social and political equality, what was he struggling for at that time when he, alone among his colleagues, wanted to take on the tough structure of prejudice in economics in the North?
JAMES CONE: I think he was thinking about class issues. He talked about class issues to his staff. He didn't do it primarily in speeches because of the kind of anticommunism spirit that was so deep in America at that time.
But on many occasions, he talked about the economic and about America having 40 million people who are in poverty in the richest country in the world. He was talking about restructuring everything. And if you talk about restructuring, you're talking about class too.
TAYLOR BRANCH: Yes. You have to understand that some of this class tension was also within the black community. Some of King's most stinging speeches were to the members of his own, like Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, saying, "You spend more money on liquor at your annual convention than you contribute to the NAACP.”
"This is -- we're more concerned about, I know ministers who are more concerned about the wheel base on their Cadillac than they are the spiritual base of their commitment to this world." So, King drew an awful lot of sustenance and biting challenge from the basic notion of -- I think that his favorite parable was the parable of Lazarus and Dives in Luke about--
BILL MOYERS: Which was?
TAYLOR BRANCH: It was about the rich man who passed Lazarus begging at his door and didn't notice him and went to hell and saw Lazarus up in heaven.
And King interpreted this thing as saying the rich man did not go to hell because he was rich. He went there because he didn't notice the humanity of the man he was passing at his gate. And it was about humanity.
Remember how the sanitation strike started, it started because two members of the sanitation force were crushed in the back of a garbage truck that was a cylinder, one of those compacting cylinders, in a torrential rainstorm and they were not allowed by the city to seek shelter in storms.
Because the white residents didn't like it if black garbage men stopped. All the garbage workers were black. And, so, they weren't allowed -- the only place they could get shelter in -- they wouldn't all fit in the cabin. So, the ones that could fit in the cabin and two of them had to climb in the back with the garbage and a broom fell on the lever and it compacted them with the garbage. And that is the origin of the slogan, "I am a man. I am a man, not a piece of garbage." And that connects to King's philosophy.
BILL MOYERS: And the sanitation workers carried those signs, remember? "I am a man."
TAYLOR BRANCH: "I am a man." And to them, that was about Echol Cole and Robert Walker, their two friends who had been literally crushed with the garbage and nobody noticed. And King is saying, "You're going to go to hell as a nation if you don't notice the humanity of Echol Cole and Robert Walker.
JAMES CONE: And that's why justice is so central for King and why poverty became the focus of his ministry after that civil rights and voting rights. Because the civil rights and voting rights is not going to get rid of poverty. And, so, King saw that as central.
BILL MOYERS: Let’s listen again to Dr. King, from the speech he made to those striking sanitation workers in Memphis just weeks before he was shot to death. What he said about poverty still rings true.
MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR: Do you know that most of the poor people in our country are working every day? They are making wages so low that they cannot begin to function in the mainstream of the economic life of our nation. These are facts which must be seen. And it is criminal to have people working on a full-time basis and a full-time job getting part-time income.
BILL MOYERS: Could anything be more current right now?
TAYLOR BRANCH: No. It's hard to imagine, and of course, it's chilling to think what the distribution of wealth was when he made that indictment compared to what it is now. It is much more skewed now than it was then and it was bad then.
So, you really get a sense of King's power. I would only caution that we not assume that he undertook these issues of poverty only late in his career. It was part of his message all along. Certainly, if you look at Nobel Prize lecture in 1964, he says, we are -- the world is seeing the widest liberation in human history, not just in the United States but around the world.
And we cannot lose this opportunity to apply its nonviolent power to the triple scourge of race, war, and poverty, what he called violence of the flesh and violence of the spirit. This was a very, very broad vision early on. It's only at the end of his career that he's making witness on that because he sees his time limited and he wants to leave that witness.
He made a wonderful quote when he was arguing with his staff about doing the Poor People's Campaign and most of them didn't want to do it. He quoted something saying, ‘At times, you must finish with what you have, even if it's only a little.’
BILL MOYERS: You remind that the famous March on Washington five years earlier in 1963 wasn't called the March on Washington. It was a march for jobs--
JAMES CONE: Jobs and freedom.
BILL MOYERS: --and freedom. Which goes back to his early concern, as you say.
JAMES CONE: Actually, you know, King grew up, he was a child during the Depression and he saw relief lines, even as a young man, and he was disturbed about that. He came from a middle-class family, but he was disturbed about it then. And even when he got ready to go the Crozer Theological Seminary out of Morehouse, when they asked him why he wanted to go into ministry, he connected it with helping people, helping them deal with hurt and pain.
So, it's not new for King. King has always been concerned about that. I think it becomes sharp for him at the end because he's accomplished civil rights, and the voting rights, and now he sees that it's still, he sees the cities burning.
BILL MOYERS: Right.
JAMES CONE: And he wants to provide an alternative to riots.
BILL MOYERS: I want to play you an excerpt of the speech he delivered, one year to the day before he was killed, at Riverside Church here in New York City.
MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR: I am convinced that if we are to get on the right side of the world revolution, we as a nation must undergo a radical revolution of values. We must rapidly begin to shift from a thing-oriented society to a person-oriented society. When machines and computers, profit motives, and property rights are considered more important than people, the giant triplets of racism, extreme materialism, and militarism are incapable of being conquered.
BILL MOYERS: A radical revolution of values.
TAYLOR BRANCH: The revolution in values is to see people first, to see Lazarus at the gate and not pass them by. So, I think the revolution in values is Christian and it's democratic, but it starts with people. They have equal souls and equal votes and we are very stubborn, human nature, about denying that and wanting to see anything but.
BILL MOYERS: Was it theological?
JAMES CONE: Oh, yes. Because people are created in the image of God. If you're created in the image of God, you can't treat people like things. If we are interconnected with each other, we can't treat each other like things. If America is concerned with life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, you can't have life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness if you're treating others as things.
BILL MOYERS: So, what was the turning point that moved him from an understanding of what you're talking about to an actual agenda of trying to achieve it?
TAYLOR BRANCH: Well, I think part of it is a natural progression. If you are totally invisible, you're not even up to the level of a thing yet. The bus boycott, the sit-ins, the freedom rides, getting the right to vote, if you're not a citizen, you're not even up to the table where you can start dealing with these issues.
To me, Martin Luther King saw race as the gateway. If you can deal with race and the fundamental denial of common humanity through race, then it opens up possibilities which I think happened in history.
And finally, toward the end of his career, he said, we have an opportunity. Now that we are learning, at least the beginnings of treating each other as equal citizens to really tackle what he called the eternal scourge of racism, poverty, and war.
JAMES CONE: His fight against poverty was multiracial. He wasn't just focused with black people. Well, you can't get that multiracial fight against poverty unless first black people are regarded as persons. So, civil rights, that earlier part, is, as Taylor was saying, black people coming to the table. So, after they get to the table, if you’re going to deal with poverty, it spreads across races. So, King was concerned about a multiracial movement against poverty because that's what the Poor People's Campaign was about.
BILL MOYERS: So, that would help us understand the colorblindness of that Economic and Social Bill of Rights that he and the Poor People's Campaign developed in the first, early part of 1968.
“The right of every employable citizen to a decent job, the right of every citizen to a minimum income, the right of a decent house and the free choice of neighborhood, the right to an adequate education, the right to participate in a decision-making process, the right to the full benefits of modern science in health care.” Quite a statement.
TAYLOR BRANCH: And he had a workshop, one of the more remarkable events that never made any news and is not preserved in history, in which he had representatives of Indian tribes, Appalachian white coal miners--
JAMES CONE: That's right.
TAYLOR BRANCH: --Latinos of every different stripe. He had to do hurry-up education on how to tell a Chicano from the Mexicans. His rule was if they are poor, have them here. And half his staff was revolting against that, saying, "We are a black movement."
BILL MOYERS: Why? Because they felt it would dilute the impact of--
TAYLOR BRANCH: It would diminish the unfinished agenda for black folks. It would diminish their expertise. Hosea Williams, who was a lovely rascal --
JAMES CONE: That's right. That's right. He was strongly against it.
TAYLOR BRANCH: He said, “You're taking my budget and giving it away to Indians and Mexicans. You can't do that."
JAMES CONE: That's right. Yeah.
TAYLOR BRANCH: But he had this incredible conclave there of people who didn't know each other. And everything and he said, “If we can't agree together that there's a poverty and a common approach that's bigger than race, then we should stop now."
But by the end of this thing, he had them all together and the rival Indian tribes were settling differences, and the Chicanos said, "Okay, well, we're going to let the Indians go first because they were here first," you know and deferring.
JAMES CONE: That's right. That's right. That's right.
TAYLOR BRANCH: It was a remarkable event.
BILL MOYERS: He was growing more impatient in the last few months and more radical. Let's listen to what he told those workers we were talking about in Memphis.
MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.: Never forget that freedom is not something that is voluntarily given by the oppressor. It is something that must be demanded by the oppressed. If we are going to get equality, if we are going to get adequate wages, we are going to have to struggle for it. And you know what? You may have to escalate the struggle a bit. If they keep refusing and they will not recognize the union, and will not decree further check-off for the collection of dues, I'll tell you what you ought to do, and you're together here enough to do it. In a few days you ought to get together and just have a general work stoppage in the city of Memphis.
BILL MOYERS: That was a genuine call to the barricades.
JAMES CONE: Yes, it was. And but you can't do that without that inner freedom that he's talking about, which is the freedom that empowers you to stop the work. It is the freedom inside that makes you do that. And for King, everybody has to claim that freedom. It's not a gift. Freedom is something that you have to demand from others, but you cannot demand it from others unless you have it internally yourself. And that's a kind of inner freedom.
BILL MOYERS: In what sense was he free?
JAMES CONE: Well, King was free because death did not stop him. That is, the fear of death did not keep him from doing his actions for freedom. See, if the fear can stop you, then you are not free. So, freedom from fear was crucial. And throughout the South, having grown up there, I know what that fear is like.
And what is the most amazing thing for me is how King could inspire ordinary black people by the masses, like in Memphis, to march when white people have intimidated them for centuries. What King taught was that inner freedom that makes you confront the oppressor, even if it means risking your life. So the freedom from fear is the necessary freedom to get to civil rights, to get the jobs, to get work against poverty, even though the odds may be against you. And for black people, the odds were against them.
BILL MOYERS: But here's the unfortunate thing. As you write about it, after his assassination, riots broke out across Memphis. And even though he acknowledged that, quote, "Riot is the language of the unheard," didn't this outbreak of violence in some way begin the end of the movement?
TAYLOR BRANCH: This is a very, very profound and difficult topic and I would have to say that it had already begun before. Nonviolence was already not popular. It had already become passé. Some of the most hostile language toward nonviolence came from the Left, people saying that nonviolence is kind of Sunday school and outmoded now.
And that we want to adopt the language of violence.
And King's answer to that was, “Nonviolence is a leadership doctrine. If we abandon nonviolence, it's not that we're stepping up to demand the right to be just violent, just like first-class white people. We're stepping back from a leadership doctrine in the United States." And that's what America including especially white America, does not understand.
One of the few speeches, by the way, in which a white leader acknowledged that was Johnson.
Before he said, "We shall overcome," he said “so it was at Appomattox, so it was at Concord, so it was at Selma last week, when fate and destiny met in the same moment."
So, he was putting a nonviolent black movement not only in the heart of American patriotism, but in the vanguard heart of American patriotism.
BILL MOYERS: But do you admit that nonviolence ultimately didn't work? That it couldn't change America?
TAYLOR BRANCH: No.
JAMES CONE: No. It did change America.
TAYLOR BRANCH: It did change America.
JAMES CONE: It changed it radically for me. I grew up in Arkansas and I know what fear is. What the movement did, nonviolence did, was to take the terror out of the South. And for the first time, you can not only go to hotels, but you can go all over the South without much fear of harm. That is a major achievement.
BILL MOYERS: Certainly I recognize that.
TAYLOR BRANCH: The white South was the poorest region of the country when it was segregated. It was totally preoccupied in this terror.
It was not fit for professional sports, even, until nonviolence lifted it out of segregation and white Southern politicians were no longer stigmatized. So, you get Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton and all these people elected president. And they're all standing on the shoulders of a nonviolent black movement. Whether they realize it or acknowledge it or not. That's the reason that our blinkered memory of this period is such a handicap for us today.
BILL MOYERS: Granted, but nonviolence did not bring about the economic restructuring that King hoped for. So that today he could make the same speeches about inequality, poverty, work that he made 45 years ago.
TAYLOR BRANCH: Poverty is probably the toughest issue. You're talking about how much nonviolence? Maybe two or three years?
And for the time that it was active and that it matured into what is the movement. Movement is a word we use often, but don't reflect on what it means.
It was the watch word of politics. People were moved and literally moved history. But in a very, very short time. Now, the watch word of politics is spin. You know, nothing’s going anywhere and nobody's moving.
BILL MOYERS: Not since Martin Luther King has inequality been on the table the way it was at the Occupy briefly appeared on the scene. And I wondered watching Occupy from here if a Martin Luther King had risen to embody that movement, would they have carried us further toward the changes that King and others wanted?
JAMES CONE: It may would have. I'm not sure. But, you know, getting rid of poverty, redistribution of wealth is not as easy as getting the right to vote. The right to vote doesn't cost anything. But redistribution of wealth takes across class lines. That costs a lot. And people will fight you in order to prevent that from happening. And I don't know what it would take in order to make that happen.
TAYLOR BRANCH: It's also not a simple formula. Dr. King never said we were going to give up freedom to have redistribution imposed on us. He never advocated something like that. It is a hard intellectual, spiritual challenge to figure out, "How do you preserve freedom and address poverty?" I don’t think Occupy got that far yet. It didn’t take that much responsibility.
It was just kind of a sign of protest and not a developed sense of responsibility the way, even the sit-ins were taking lessons from Rosa Parks.
JAMES CONE: Yes. That's right. The sit-ins disrupted society. The freedom riots disrupted things. Occupy Wall Street didn't disrupt much of anything. They just camped down there and they were not grassroots in quite the same way the Southern movement was during the time of King.
BILL MOYERS: King was identifying with labor and workers and felt that unions were an essential part of the civil rights struggle.
I have this speech from 1961, when he told delegates of AFL-CIO convention, "Our needs are identical with labor's needs: decent wages, fair working conditions, livable housing, old-age security, health and welfare measures, conditions in which families can grow, have education for the children, and respect in the community." He felt this radical structuring that you talk about could not come without labor. And today, 45 years later, unions are largely impotent, smallest percentage of the workforce. So, what's happened to labor today?
TAYLOR BRANCH: Labor has fallen in disfavor and fallen into, in some respects, an intellectual vacuum. Because people take for granted the right that we give capital to organize in form of corporations. Every corporation is a public charter.
It is a creation of our people. It is a legal entity that we create. And the notion that people on the other end need some sort of vehicle in a global economy in order to make their rights effective ought to be an easy idea at least to begin a conversation with. But we're so frightened that anything -- I guess we're beholden to corporations in the way that people in the early movement felt that they were beholden to segregation, that their place in the order was threatened.
If you start messing around with this thing, your whole place might go. That's how they marshaled a lot of Southerners who were not in sympathy with segregation into not being for doing anything about it. And, so, right now, you know, I think that we're hostage to our fears and don't really understand how we need to think about economics.
BILL MOYERS: A year before his death, this time he was speaking in California at Stanford University, he said, "In the North, schools are more segregated today than they were in 1954, when the Supreme Court's decision on desegregation was rendered. Economically, the Negro is worse off today than he was 15 and 20 years ago.
"And, so, the unemployment rate among whites at one time was about the same as the unemployment rate among Negroes. But today, the unemployment rate among Negroes is twice that of whites. And the average income of the Negro is today 50% less than whites." Now, Taylor and James, he could practically say the same thing today, 45 years later.
TAYLOR BRANCH: Absolutely.
JAMES CONE: Absolutely.
TAYLOR BRANCH: And when he did it, though, he could also say to American white people, "You tend to think of black people as hopelessly caught up in the rear. The way you should look at this is that the things that are happening to black people, unless you make common cause, are going to happen to you, too."
The poverty rates, the divorce rates in families that were decried among black people now, the white society has long since passed. The notion that higher education is primarily harder for men, which is now afflicting white society. Most of our college graduates are females. That's been true in black society for years.
And it has had effects in the culture. So, Dr. King said black folks are a headlight of the problems we need to deal with. And white people too often just see them as something that needs to be left behind and out of mind.
BILL MOYERS: So, what would liberation theology say today about what Taylor just described?
JAMES CONE: Well, you know, liberation theology came into being largely because mainstream theology had not spoken to that gap. So, it was in the late '60s, early '70s, throughout the '80s, all the way up to the present day that liberation theology has its meaning primarily in seeing Jesus as one in solidarity with the poor to get them out of poverty.
So, in actual fact, what I see King as, is a precursor to liberation theology. I see King actually making liberation theology, particularly on the American scene, as real and true. And I think if he were here today, he would be trying to bridge this gap between the rich and the poor.
He focused on black people but it was always multiracial for King.
TAYLOR BRANCH: To connect it to what Jim just said, I think that an awful lot of people today are fearful of the basic economic structure and it keeps them from thinking and rattling and getting together to address these problems. He said that King conquered his fear. I say it took him a while to do it, but he certainly did it.
JAMES CONE: Yeah. Yeah.
TAYLOR BRANCH: Fannie Lou Hamer conquered her fear. Everything that she did, including testifying as an unpolished woman before the Democratic Convention, she did when she was homeless. She had been evicted from her plantation. But she had gotten rid of her fear and had a vision that would empower and make productive whole generations of people who racism had denied, you know.
So, we have an awful lot of productive people in the society today who are productive and educated and have talent because the movement helped people conquer their fear. But we're now at another stage.
Now it's hitting us and I think everybody is afraid to deal with these issues in the way that the movement dealt with them, which was, "I'm going to let loose of my fear. I'm not going to worry about my savings and my wealth and whether my kids are going to get into Harvard. I'm going deal with the basic issues of how we can cope with these things together."
BILL MOYERS: Given the absence of a movement today, given the power of money, corporations, and the structure, what do you think Martin Luther King would say to those in power today?
JAMES CONE: I think he would say something about, “You -- this society cannot survive with the huge gap between the one percent and the 99 percent. When you have that kind of gap, then you destroy the possibility of genuine human community and showing how we are interconnected together.
TAYLOR BRANCH: I pretty much agree with that. I think he would have to be saying, "Don't give into pride and thinking that it is solely your genius that's creating all these billions that you're sitting on. You are reaping the interconnectedness that we have.
"And that interconnectedness is precious. And it is political. And that can vanish. And so, you need to look beyond that." We only have two hopes: enlightenment, which comes from really wrestling and conquering your pride and appealing to the young, quite frankly; and catastrophe. That's the only other hard teacher that we would have, which is that we're going to ride this system into a catastrophe. And then we will wake up and say, "Why didn't we do it before? Why didn't we listen to Martin Luther King?"
BILL MOYERS: Taylor Branch and James Cone, thank you very much for being with me and for your thoughts and ideas.
TAYLOR BRANCH: Thank you.
JAMES CONE: Thank you.
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Province - County Kilkenny is located in southern Leinster Province of the Republic of Ireland. Ireland and Northern Ireland are comprised of four provinces in all: Leinster (SE), Ulster (NE), Connaught (NW) and Munster (SW).
Probate Districts - The County of Kilkenny is contained within the
Probate District of Kilkenny. There are 11 other Probate Districts in Ireland,
including Londonderry, Belfast, Armagh, Ballina, Cavan, Tuam, Mullingar,
Dublin, Limerick, Cork and Waterford.
After 1858, "wills" were proved within each probate district, and records were kept in at the Public Record Office (PRO) in Dublin. A 1922 fire at the PRO destroyed most of these records; much of what survives include will indexes and abstracts.
For information on "wills" available for County Kilkenny, see Wills.
Poor Law Union - or PLU's were districts created under the
Poor Law Relief Act of 1838 (aka the Poor Law). Land-based taxes were
collected within these areas for maintenance of the local poor, and many
of the Workhouse Records from this era provide good source information to
the genealogist. PLU's later became 'General Registrar's Districts',
areas within which births, deaths and marriages were compiled. For
genealogical information about PLU's,
Workhouse Records (PRONI).
There were 5 Poor Law Unions (pre-1849) and 8 Poor Law Unions (post-1849)
which extended into County Kilkenny. These included Callan,
Carrick-on-Suir, Castlecomer, Kilkenny, New Ross, Thomastown, Urlingford,
and Waterford. Refer to the County Kilkenny
Poor Law Union Maps.
For a broader look, see a
Poor Law Union Map
for all of Ireland.
Barony - A Barony was a portion of a county or a group of
civil parishes. County Kilkenny was divided into 10 Baronies. These
included Callan, Crannagh, Fassadinin, Galmoy, Gowran, Ida, Iverk,
Kells, Knocktopher, and Shillelogher. Historically the boundaries were
defined by the Anglo-Normans, based on Gaelic family territories or
"tuaths". Refer to the Barony Page,
the Barony and City Map, or to the
Barony and Civil Parish Map.
In the thirteenth and fourteenth century, Kilkenny was divided into
Cantreds, which were later restructured into the
modern baronies of today.
Also see Barony Histories.
Civil Parish - There were over 139 Civil Parishes within, or
extending into, County Kilkenny. They were roughly equivalent to the
Parishes of the Anglican Church of Ireland. Civil Parishes are important
units for locating civil registration records, and generally contain 25 to
30 Townlands, as well as towns and villages. Information regarding the
content and timeframe of parish records can be found at
Also refer refer to this list of Civil Parishes,
or to this Civil Parish Map, or to the
larger Outline Map of Civil Parishes. Brief
historical summaries of each parish are on-line at
Kilkenny Parishes and Towns - GenUKI.
Diocese - The diocesan boundaries of the Church of Ireland
(Anglican) do not conform to to the Roman Catholic diocesan boundaries,
nor do either conform to county boundaries. Church of Ireland dioceses were
important for early records purposes, such as the administration of wills.
Catholic dioceses are less useful for record purposes.
Dioceses which extend into County Kilkenny
include the Catholic Diocese of
and to a smaller degree the diocese of Kildare & Leighlin. Anglican
Dioceses in Kilkenny include Ossory, and small portions of Leighlin and
Cashel. Refer to the Diocese page for more
information about dioceses, or to the Parish information (above) for
information about parish records available to the genealogist.
Townland - Kilkenny is divided into a large number of
Townlands, 1,683 as of 1851. Locating the Townland of your ancestor is an integral
part of completing your research in Ireland. For a full alphabetic index of
Kilkenny Townlands in 1851, see Co. Kilkenny Townland
Index. For Northern Ireland Townlands, see
PRONI. A full
list of Irish townlands is also available through
The names of Co. Kilkenny townlands recorded in Petty's "census" are included in this
list of 1659 townlands.
Minor Placenames - Kilkenny has contained many placenames of
various sizes and locales. These were not covered in the Index of Townlands,
or in the Ordinance Survey, but were noted on early maps of the County.
Some of the placenames of the early 19th century are listed at
Minor Placenames of County Kilkenny. In addition
some of the old Country Town Houses
are listed on the same page.
Knights' Fees - In the early centuries following the arrival of
the Anglo-Normans (late 12th century), much of Ireland became divided into feudal
manors which were held by right of royal service. See this list of
Knights' Fees in the 13th and 14th century.
Also see this list of Royal Service in 15th century
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When it comes to sea dwelling animals, many people picture these creatures submerged in water all of the time. However, could it be possible for them to fly? In the case of the Mobula Ray, the answer is yes. This 17 foot long flat bodied ray, weighing over a ton, has the ability to launch itself out of the ocean. This makes them the second largest species of manta ray, and despite this immense size, they can jump as high as six and a half feet out of the water.
These talented creatures are found mainly off the Mexico’s eastern shore in the Sea of Cortez, and are one of four species of manta ray occupying the area. The one question that remains: Why do these animals leap out of the water in such incredible fashion?
Some ideas that may answer this question have been proposed. It could be a method of detaching parasite-cleaning remoras from their backside, a form of co-operative hunting, a way of tricking their prey to obtain easy food, or even just a form of play. Despite extensive research, this remains a mystery.
What we do know is that this behavior has proven to be dangerous. One afternoon, a woman in Florida was killed when a ray leaped into the boat she was on, and struck her. Due to its immense size, this type of incident will almost always prove to be fatal. Thus, those who choose to share their fascination through spectacular pictures and videos posted on the internet must do so at their own risk!
- “Is It a Bird? Is It a Plane? No, It’s a Flying Mobula Ray Soaring High off the Mexican Shore”, Mail Online. 26 Sept. 2011.
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The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist, located just behind and slightly left of the breastbone. The heart pumps blood through the network of arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system.
The heart has four chambers:
- The right atrium receives blood from the veins and pumps it to the right ventricle.
- The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs, where it is loaded with oxygen.
- The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.
- The left ventricle (the strongest chamber) pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The left ventricle’s vigorous contractions create our blood pressure.
The coronary arteries run along the surface of the heart and provide oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. A web of nerve tissue also runs through the heart, conducting the complex signals that govern contraction and relaxation. Surrounding the heart is a sac called the pericardium.
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Why the Blood is important
SEND A PRIVATE MESSAGE
HIRE THIS WRITER
WHY THE BLOOD IS IMPORTANT.
By Henry Jaegers
"And almost all things are by the law purged with blood; and without shedding of blood is no remission. (Hebrews 9:22)
For the life of the flesh is in the blood: and I have given it to you upon the altar to make atonement for your souls: For it is the blood that makes atonement for the soul."
Perhaps you ask the question to yourself when pondering these verses, why is the blood important? That's a good question. To those who are not familiar with the Scriptures the shedding of blood appears to be cruel and inhuman. But there is a reason why God requires the shedding of blood in order to take away sin.
Even before the beginning of creation God had a plan. It's called the plan of the ages and it takes into consideration everything that would or could happen. When He created man He knew that man could fall because he was given a free will. Having a free will means that there is a potential to make wrong choices. God created man perfect and also planned for the occasion when man might fall. Much confusion surrounds this idea of predestination or pre-determination; included in this is the word election. God never pre-determined anyone to fall. It was not part of his overall purpose but having a free will presupposes that man might exercise that free will for selfish purposes. Before man ever fell and committed sin God provided a plan to bring him back. Sin means to miss the Mark or to fall short. It is like shooting at a target that is too far away or not having enough strength to pull back the bow. Sin causes death. If man had not sinned he would not die. From the very outset when men chose to disobey God, coats of skin were provided to cover Adam’s sin. In order to provide these coats of skin something had to die (an animal) God chose the death of an innocent animal as a substitute to die in the place of man. It was God who instituted the shedding of blood as the payment for sin. In the verses quoted above we talked about the life of the flesh being in the blood. And God chose blood which represented life as a substitute for man's sin which equaled death: Life for death. God pardoned man’s sin and accepted the blood as payment. It all makes sense when we see it from God's point of view.
Some might charge God with cruelty for killing an innocent animal, however there is a bigger picture here. God in love accepted the death of an innocent animal so man could live. It was a demonstration of the great love of God for man. Jesus is called the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world in revelation 13:7. This means the plan was in place even before man was created. God planned somewhere down the road that a perfect Lamb, a man named Jesus Christ, would offer himself to die for the sin of the world. This perfect Lamb would be the only offering that could satisfy the anger of this holy God. God's holiness demanded a perfect sacrifice and Jesus, on his own volition became that Lamb.
The next thing we need to consider about the blood is that it was ordained by God. That means that is the way, God meant for it to happen. Man, because of inherent sin, can never work his way out of his lost condition. God has provided for man's salvation so that he never needs to wonder if he's doing well enough. Man must come in penitence to God on the grounds of Christ's shed blood. The blood was sprinkled on the altar and that means that man has found acceptance with God. God said “it is the blood that makes atonement for the soul.”
Perhaps we might gain clearer understanding by considering the purpose for the blood.
The first purpose for the blood is for protection. You may ask “protection from what? In Romans 1: 18, we are told “that the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all unrighteousness and ungodliness of men who suppress the truth in unrighteousness.” This helps us to see that without the blood men are exposed to the wrath of God. It’s like having no protection against a storm. The blood is given by God as the only protection against His holy wrath. God knows what will protect men from His wrath and He has provided the blood as our only protection.
The second purpose for the blood is identification. During the times when God was pouring out His wrath upon the Egyptians, Moses was commanded to cover the doorposts of the Israelites, This served as a means of identification of those who were to be saved from the judgment that was to continue. Sometimes Christians use the term that they are “under the blood” .That means that they are known by God as His children, Incidentally, Satan also knows who we are and constantly demeans us before God.
This brings us to the third reason for the blood. It is for the purpose of covering. Satan’s darts of accusation fall short of His target because God no longer sees our sins. They are forgiven, forgotten, removed as far as the east is from the west. Psalm 103, gives us a list that is comprehensive about how our great God finds us blameless against Satan’s charges. Revelation chapter 12 verse 11 tells us “that they overcame him (Satan the accuser of our brethren)by the blood of the Lamb” The overcoming was by believing what God said (that they are gone) when Satan tries to tell us that they are not. That is the battle that Satan never wants to end, but our confidence rests in what God has said and done. That is what the term “under the blood” means.
Finally the blood is a reminder that there is no other way to approach God. Hebrews 9: 22, is like flashing sign that tells us that “without the shedding of blood there is no remission of sin.” It is natural for men to think that they can work their way to heaven by performing enough good works. But the sign hangs over the door in flashing red lights that entry is impossible without the blood of Jesus. The blood reminds us that to try another way is to miss the target completely (Romans 3:23) “For all have sinned (missed the mark) and have fallen short of the glory of God.” (that means God’s perfection as manifested by the ten commandments.. That is the target that men have missed. The target is too perfect and the men are too weak to reach it.
With this explanation we have covered the essentials of why the blood is important. As we continue we will discover further truth on this.
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The opinions expressed by authors do not necessarily reflect the opinion of FaithWriters.com.
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MONTCALM TOWNSHIP — John Johansen lost seven ash trees last year to the emerald ash borer.
This year he estimates he will lose 17 more trees to another problem — oak wilt.
Oak wilt is a disease caused by a fungus that plugs the water-conducting system of oak trees. To block the spread of the fungus, trees produce gums and resins, which also plug the system, causing infected trees to die.
Johansen’s trees are the first reported case of oak wilt in Montcalm County, according to Jeremy Sova, district conservationist for the Natural Resources Conservation Service, a United States Department of Agriculture office in Stanton. Oak wilt also has been reported in Ionia County and Kent County.
“It’s devastating,” said Johansen of the disease. “In order to control it, you have to take some pretty drastic steps.”
Disease = death
Johansen, a member of the Montcalm County Board of Commissioners, noticed something odd in a portion of the forest on his Montcalm Township property in late September. Red oak leaves were rolling up and hanging or falling off the trees well before any of the other forest’s foliage.
The red oak leaves didn’t have the typical warm colors of autumn, but were a strange shade of bronze.
Johansen suspected oak wilt, which he had heard about before. He called Sova, who came out to the property. The two men couldn’t find any solid evidence of fungus pads under the bark indicating oak wilt.
Sova called a conservation district forester, who referred Sova to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR), which arranged for a Michigan State University Extension graduate student to visit the site and confirm the presence of oak wilt.
All oak trees can be affected by oak wilt, but red oaks are the most susceptible, according to the DNR Forest, Mineral & Fire Management Division and Michigan State University Extension.
Red oaks will die within a few weeks of becoming infected. White oaks are more resistant and the disease progresses more slowly.
Spread and prevention
Oak wilt can spread to adjacent healthy trees through root grafts, even to trees 50 feet away. The fungus also can be carried to new areas by sap-feeding beetles, which move spores from infected trees to healthy trees.
Beetles can also transfer the disease from infected firewood.
“It’s something that doesn’t spread very rapidly,” Sova said.
Wounding an oak tree between mid-April and mid-July can also lead to oak wilt. Wounding can occur from a lawnmower, pruning or be weather related.
While fresh sap is only attractive to sap-feeding insects for several hours after a wound occurs, beetles are numerous and widespread during this period and the risk of oak wilt being transferred is high.
“Typically by the time you see it it’s too late to do anything,” said Sova of the disease. “If it starts in one tree, it typically works in a circle. Oaks tend to grow in a group anyway.”
Oak wilt can’t be cured, but it can be controlled and prevented. Avoid injuring or pruning oak trees from mid-April to mid-July.
Stop the movement of the fungus by severing root grafts between healthy and infected trees. Removing infected trees without severing root grafts first is not effective because the fungus stays alive in the root system.
Removing an infected tree before the roots have been severed can actually speed up the movement of the fungus into surrounding trees.
Vibrating plows or trenchers with five-foot blades are the most effective way to break interconnected root systems.
Barriers must be placed far enough away from infected trees to ensure that the disease has been isolated in the root systems within the barrier circle. This includes trees that may not yet be infected, but are close enough to infected trees to be grafted.
Trees inside the barrier circle should be removed, cut and covered with a tarp for one year to prevent beetles from reaching the fungus pads.
Fungicides are also effective, but are expensive and must be applied by a licensed applicator using special equipment before or shortly after infection takes place.
‘Hopefully we can contain it’
Johansen plans on cutting down all the oak trees in the perimeter of his diseased trees and turning them into firewood, as well as pulling up the stumps and stacking them.
He’s concerned not only about his own property, but also about his neighbor’s virgin oak forest comprised of trees that haven’t been harvested since the late 1800s.
“We have the best variety of wood in this state,” said Johansen, who informed his fellow county commissioners about oak wilt at a recent board meeting. “The goal is to let people know that oak wilt has moved into Montcalm County. Hopefully we can contain it and it doesn’t move. It’s very serious to anyone who has timber.”
Sova encourages anyone with questions or concerns about oak wilt to call him at (989) 831-4212.
Facts about oak wilt
• Oak wilt is a disease caused by a fungus that plugs the water-conducting system of oak trees.
• Oak wilt can affect all oak trees, but red oaks are the most susceptible and will die within a few weeks of becoming infected.
• Signs of oak wilt include curled up leaves that turn an ugly shade of bronze and fungus pads underneath the tree’s bark.
• Oak wilt cannot be cured, but can be controlled and prevented. Don’t prune oak trees between mid-April and mid-July. Severe root grafts can occur between healthy and infected trees.
Source: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources Forest, Mineral
& Fire Management Division and Michigan State University Extension
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This native perennial plant is about 1-3' tall, sometimes branching sparingly near the base. The green or reddish central stem is four-angled and ridged; it may be hairless or slightly pubescent. This plant has a tendency to sprawl in the absence of supportive vegetation. The opposite leaves are sessile or have short petioles, and somewhat widely spaced along the stem. They are up to 3" long and ¾" across, and usually lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in overall shape. The lower leaves are lobed or pinnatifid toward the base, while the upper leaves are coarsely dentate all along their margins. The foliage is hairless, except for a few hairs along the central vein on the lower leaf surface. Axillary whorls of white flowers occur where the upper pairs of leaves join the stem. Each flower is about 1/6" long, and has a tubular corolla with 4 spreading lobes. There are two stamens with brown anthers that are exerted outside the corolla. The green calyx is divided into 5 triangular teeth that are more than twice as long as they are across at the base. The corolla is only a little longer than the teeth of the calyx. The blooming period is from mid-summer to early fall, and lasts about 1-2 months. Neither the foliage nor the flowers have any noticeable scent. The flowers develop into nutlets that are shorter than the calyx. These nutlets are broad and flat at the top, becoming rounded and more narrow along 3 angles toward the bottom. They have a smooth surface. Their is a taproot and abundant production of rhizomes, the latter facilitating the vegetative spread of this plant.
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Pressure’s On: Algae to Crude Oil
Wednesday, December 18, 2013 @ 05:12 PM gHale
A continuous chemical process is now in development that can produce useful crude oil minutes after pouring in harvested algae, a lush green paste with the consistency of pea soup.
In the process, a slurry of wet algae pumps into the front end of a chemical reactor, according to engineers at the Department of Energy’s (DoE) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Once the system is up and running, out comes crude oil in less than an hour, along with water and a byproduct stream of material containing phosphorus that can end up recycled to grow more algae.
With additional conventional refining, the crude algae oil can convert into aviation fuel, gasoline or diesel fuel. And the waste water processes even further, yielding burnable gas and substances like potassium and nitrogen, which, along with the cleansed water, can also end up recycled to grow more algae.
While researchers have eyed algae a potential source of biofuel, and several companies have produced algae-based fuels on a research scale, the fuel ends up being expensive to make. The PNNL technology harnesses algae’s energy potential efficiently and incorporates a number of methods to reduce the cost of producing algae fuel.
“Cost is the big roadblock for algae-based fuel,” said Douglas Elliott, the laboratory fellow who led the PNNL team’s research. “We believe that the process we’ve created will help make algae biofuels much more economical.”
PNNL scientists and engineers simplified the production of crude oil from algae by combining several chemical steps into one continuous process. The most important cost-saving step is the process works with wet algae. Most current processes require dried algae, which ends up being a very expensive process. The new process works with algae slurry that contains as much as 80 to 90 percent water.
“Not having to dry the algae is a big win in this process; that cuts the cost a great deal,” Elliott said. “Then there are bonuses, like being able to extract usable gas from the water and then recycle the remaining water and nutrients to help grow more algae, which further reduces costs.”
While a few other groups have tested similar processes to create biofuel from wet algae, most of that work occurs one batch at a time. The PNNL system runs continuously, processing about 1.5 liters of algae slurry in the research reactor per hour. While that doesn’t seem like much, it’s much closer to the type of continuous system required for large-scale commercial production.
The PNNL system also eliminates another step required in today’s most common algae-processing method: The need for complex processing with solvents like hexane to extract the energy-rich oils from the rest of the algae. Instead, the PNNL team works with the whole algae, subjecting it to very hot water under high pressure to tear apart the substance, converting most of the biomass into liquid and gas fuels.
The system runs at around 350 degrees Celsius (662 degrees Fahrenheit) at a pressure of around 3,000 PSI, combining processes known as hydrothermal liquefaction and catalytic hydrothermal gasification. Elliott said such a high-pressure system is not easy or cheap to build, which is one drawback to the technology, though the cost savings on the back end more than makes up for the investment.
“It’s a bit like using a pressure cooker, only the pressures and temperatures we use are much higher,” said Elliott. “In a sense, we are duplicating the process in the Earth that converted algae into oil over the course of millions of years. We’re just doing it much, much faster.”
The products of the process are:
• Crude oil, which can convert to aviation fuel, gasoline or diesel fuel. In the team’s experiments, generally more than 50 percent of the algae’s carbon converts to energy in crude oil — sometimes as much as 70 percent.
• Clean water, which can end up re-used to grow more algae.
• Fuel gas, which can burn to make electricity or cleaned to make natural gas for vehicle fuel in the form of compressed natural gas.
• Nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium — the key nutrients for growing algae.
Elliott has worked on hydrothermal technology for nearly 40 years, applying it to a variety of substances, including wood chips and other substances.
Genifuel Corp. has worked closely with Elliott’s team since 2008, licensing the technology and working initially with PNNL through DoE’s Technology Assistance Program to assess the technology.
“This has really been a fruitful collaboration for both Genifuel and PNNL,” said James Oyler, president of Genifuel. “The hydrothermal liquefaction process that PNNL developed for biomass makes the conversion of algae to biofuel much more economical. Genifuel has been a partner to improve the technology and make it feasible for use in a commercial system.
“It’s a formidable challenge, to make a biofuel that is cost-competitive with established petroleum-based fuels,” Oyler added. “This is a huge step in the right direction.”
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The depression of the 1930s and the onset of World War II brought far-reaching change to the League. Membership fell from 100,000 in 1924 to 44,000 in 1934. The National League's budget was cut in half, necessitating a major reduction in staff and services to Leagues. Perhaps the most important change was that because of gas rationing, League members started meeting in small groups in their neighborhoods to discuss fundamental issues. These issues included the threat to democracy itself and the importance of the informed individual to the success of democracy.
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Sodium Phosphate Buffer - (Nov/15/2012 )
I have an issue regarding production of sodium phosphate buffer.
I have been asked to make 2x sodium phosphate buffer pH8.0. I have found protocols which combine 1M monobasic and 1M dibasic reagents and adjust to pH using either or which I have made.
My issue is how do I know what 2x is? and or, what would the combination of the two 1M solutions produce in 'X'. Im hoping to make a stock like PBS comes in @ 10x and then dilute down from there.
Hope this makes sense
2x is twice the concentration you would normally use - this will depend on your protocol, but typical phosphate solutions are 0.1 M made by mixing mono and di-sodium phosphate 0.2 M solutions with water.
bob1, 0.1M is for the 10X stock, usually 10mM for use
El Crazy - depends on the application, but you are right, it is a stock usually.
R3search3R on Thu Nov 15 11:12:21 2012 said:
what would the combination of the two 1M solutions produce in 'X'. Im hoping to make a stock like PBS comes in @ 10x and then dilute down from there.
as the others have pointed out, "x" depends on the protocol, but, in answer to your question of combining two 1M solutions, the beauty of using equimolar acid and base components of a buffer is that no matter how much you add of one or the other the concentration of the buffering component remains the same. so, by mixing two 1M components your buffer solution will be 1M.
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With these estimates, Santa would have or be at risk for the following: heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, cancer, gallbladder disease, gallstones, osteoarthritis, gout, and breathing problems
St. Louis, MO (PRWEB) December 17, 2010
One of the perks of being Santa Claus is eating all the delicious holiday cookies left by children all around the world. Being a "jolly old soul," Santa never seems to leave more than a crumb, no matter the cookie. But, considering the number of houses Santa must visit, he would put on more than the usual holiday weight.
To estimate Santa's weight, biomarker provider Lee BioSolutions, (http://www.leebio.com) did the math to see just how much Santa would weigh. Taking the world population of 6.8 billion people and dividing it by the average 2.5 people per family, gives Santa about 2.7 billion households to visit across the globe in one night.
Now assuming that every household will leave two chocolate chip cookies for Santa, they multiplied the nutrition facts of an average cookie by the number of households, returning some "inflated" numbers.
From the math, Lee BioSolutions found that Santa would eat about 5.4 billion cookies or 473 million pounds of cookies, making him too heavy for even the space shuttle to lift him. He would consume 936 billion calories, far exceeding the 2,000 calorie a day diet.
Giving him a belly like a "bowl full of jelly," Santa would eat 123 billion total grams of fat. His cholesterol would off the charts with 27.5 billion grams in one night when an average person should only take in 24,455 grams in one year. And finally, keeping him awake for his trip, Santa would consume 38.5 billion grams of sugar.
"With these estimates, Santa would have or be at risk for the following: heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, cancer, gallbladder disease, gallstones, osteoarthritis, gout, and breathing problems," said Burton Lee, president at Lee BioSolutions. "I am sure that Mrs. Claus is deeply concerned by the health implications of her husband's cookie binge eating and subsequent obesity."
To help Santa with his heart disease, the leading cause of death in the United States, Lee BioSolutions isolates cardiac markers used in groundbreaking research of the disease. Heart disease, which is an umbrella term for many different types of diseases of the heart, is often caused by obesity and poor eating habits, putting Santa at great risk.
"Santa would surely have high cholesterol with consuming more than 10,000 times the cholesterol suggested during a life time," said Lee. "This could lead to a heart attack or stoke. Our company produces cardiac and lipoprotein markers such as Troponins and total cholesterol for researchers studying these various diseases."
"We want to help keep Santa around for a long time, as future generations hang their stockings and wait for this magical man to appear," said Lee. "As the world population continues to grow, it will only become harder for Santa to avoid these diseases. That is why it is important that we continue delivering the highest quality proteins and enzymes to labs across the world, to help combat these health issues."
About Lee BioSolutions
For over 30 years, St. Louis based Lee BioSolutions has answered the call to provide Solutions On Demand to the researchers around the world who have committed their work to scientific and medical advancements. Providing the latest, proven, and best quality biological materials, Lee BioSolutions delivers the highest level in customer service, product availability and product quality. For more information visit http://www.leebio.com.
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iSPEX is a scientific project that aims to measure the atmospheric aerosols. Spectropolarimeter for Planetary EXploration (SPEX), ISPEX has been created and manufactured by the University of Leiden.
Aerosols are having a huge impact on our lives, without us being aware. These small particles, that affect our health, are the major cause of that aircraft cannot take off when volcanic ash (so far invisible)is in the atmosphere, or even make the great unknown in our knowledge about climate change. Although we know a lot about them, there is much more to learn from aerosols and their effects on the environment.
Therefore, the objective of the ISPEX project is to measure the density of fine powder or dust particles, the size distribution, and a rough indication of the chemical composition of the particles based on the determination of the complex refractive index. The last values are important for health studies concerning fine particles. The results of the measurements ISPEX not provide measures that can be applied by official or legal regulations.
Keep in mind that ISPEX only works properly with a blue, cloudless sky. ISPEX is space technology compressed into a device attached to a smartphone, this seeks to obtain data from satellites where other scientific instruments have little or zero scope. By simply adding the add-on to an iPhone, you can use this device as a scientific instrument everyday in order to measure the amount and type of these small particles suspended in the air.
As part of the project LIGHT 2015, this initiative is being coordinated by the ICFO - Institute of Photonic Sciences, with the participation and collaboration of BCNLab (through the Office of Citizen Science) and CREAL - Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology. These institutions help to promote the event and participate and co-coordinate some of the observation points in taking scientific data.
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Code Reading & Reading
Best Practice 1- Keep Reading Existing Software Source Code
Let me ask you few basic questions before we start with one of the most important best practices required for a software developer.
- Do you read movie magazines?
- Do you read newspapers?
- Do you read roadside advertisements?
- Do you read junk written here and there?
- Do you just read....?
Definitely your answer will be positive but if I ask you one more question in the series:
Do you read Software Source Code?
Only few software developers will have positive answer because reading and understanding an existing software source code is the most boring task. If you are one of them who feels reading software source code is a boring task, then you are missing one of the most important best practices, which a software developer should have in his/her life.
If you want to become a novelist, can you just start writing novels? I would say 100% no!!, you definitely need to read hundreds of novels before you start writing GOOD novels. If you want to become a movie script writer, can you start writing good movie scripts until you have gone through various good movie scripts?, again my answer would be no!!
So, if you want to write a good software code, then how it will be possible for you to write a good source code without reading tons of source codes? Even if you will write something, then how would you and know which the best is?
Reading source code written by others gives you opportunity to criticize the mistakes done in writing that code. You will be able to identify the mistakes other software developers have done in their source code which you should not repeat.
There are many attributes of software codes (indentation, comments, history header, function structure, etc.), which you will learn by reading existing code, specially, a code written by well-experienced software developers. Spend some time in reading others' source code and I'm sure you would be able to write BEAUTIFUL source code in few days or few weeks and you will be able to fix the mistakes, which you were doing so far in writing the source code.
One thing to experiment, just go in the past and check the code you had written few years ago, you will definitely laugh....because you are always improving by doing practice.
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During one interrogation by the Gestapo, he remarked that in reality he regarded himself as “actually nonpolitical”. But what means “nonpolitical” in a totalitarian regime? Similar to Prassek, he had the dark foreboding after his ordination in 1940 that he would surely get to know the inside of a KZ (Concentration Camp) one day.
Born in Neumünster in 1911 as the youngest of seven children, he had a meagre youth. The father had left the family and only paid alimony on rare occasions, his devout mother made a living by taking in laundry and working as a char woman. After finishing elementary school he completed an apprenticeship as a cabinet-maker. He already at that time felt the desire to become a priest. These talents had been recognised earlier by his one time school-mistress and his parish priest. They provided him with private tuition and organised financial sponsorships from Catholic patrons. He entered the Institute for Late Vocations “St. Clemens” near Driburg, where he attained his high-school-leaving certificate. While there, he always felt somewhat humiliated for being without means and dependent on others; but he persisted and went on. Having matriculated in 1935, he studied theology. A few weeks after his ordination as a priest, he took on his first posting in Lübeck.
While there he took care of the boys’ group, 10 years and up, as well as a group catering for unmarried young men. His activities with youths were so successful, that leaders of the Lübeck HJ (Hitler Youth) tried to engage him for their programs, however, they were not successful in recruiting him. Müller consciously structured his work as a counter to that of the HJ. His excursions into the Lübeck environs on Sunday mornings after mass were in direct opposition to HJ activities. His friendly and un-authoritarian manner was in contrast to that of the HJ leadership. Youths admired him. He was also held in high regard by tradesmen and labourers, as he would always lend a hand, when help was needed.
He took part in the copying and distribution of literature critical of the regime and allowed discussions, critical of the regime, during group meetings with young men. Müller never lost his gentleness, not even in the clutches of NS-Justice. Fellow prisoners and his cell-neighbour Stephan Pfürtner writes: “I think I shall never forget his calm gentle eyes: How they would wink me a ‘Good Morning’ in the early hours and in the evening a ‘Good Night’, I guess he was unable to even hurt a fly”. Eduard Müller’s short life as a priest was in itself decidedly contradictory to the prevailing ideology of cruelty, hatred and violence.
Original GermanText: Ökumenischer Arbeitskreis „Lübecker Märtyrer“
English Translation: Hans-Heinrich Boeker, Wyoming, Australia
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NASA's newest Mars rover is smartest, most expensive yet
This artists rendering provided by NASA shows the Mars Rover, Curiosity. After traveling 8 1/2 months and 352 million miles, Curiosity will attempt a landing on Mars the night of Aug. 5, 2012. (AP Photo/NASA)
The Associated Press
Published Monday, July 30, 2012 2:00PM EDT
PASADENA, Calif. -- It's the U.S. space agency's most ambitious and expensive Mars mission yet -- and it begins with the red planet arrival Sunday of the smartest interplanetary rover ever built.
It won't be easy. The complicated touchdown NASA designed for the Curiosity rover is so risky it's been described as "seven minutes of terror" -- the time it takes to go from 13,000 mph (20,920 kph) to a complete stop.
Scientists and engineers will be waiting anxiously as the spacecraft plunges through Mars' thin atmosphere and, in a new twist, attempts to slowly lower the rover to the bottom of a crater with cables.
Scientists on Earth won't know for 14 minutes whether Curiosity lands safely as radio signals from Mars travel to Earth.
If it succeeds, a video camera aboard the rover will have captured the most dramatic minutes for the first filming of a landing on another planet.
"It would be a major technological step forward if it works. It's a big gamble," said American University space policy analyst Howard McCurdy.
The future direction of Mars exploration is hanging on the outcome of this $2.5 billion science project to determine whether the environment was once suitable for microbes to live. Previous missions have found ice and signs that water once flowed. Curiosity will drill into rocks and soil in search of carbon and other elements.
Named for the Roman god of war, Mars is an unforgiving planet with a hostile history of swallowing man-made spacecraft. It's tough to fly there and even tougher to touch down. More than half of humanity's attempts to land on Mars have ended in disaster. Only the U.S. has tasted success.
"You've done everything that you can think of to ensure mission success, but Mars can still throw you a curve," said former NASA Mars czar Scott Hubbard, who now teaches at Stanford University.
The Mini Cooper-sized spacecraft travelled eight and a half months to reach Mars. In a sort of celestial acrobatics, Curiosity will twist, turn and perform other manoeuvrs throughout the seven-minute thrill ride to the surface.
Why is NASA attempting such a daredevil move? It had little choice. Earlier spacecraft dropped to the Martian surface like a rock, swaddled in airbags, and bounced to a stop. Such was the case with the much smaller and lighter rovers Spirit and Opportunity in 2004.
At nearly a ton, Curiosity is too heavy, so engineers had to come up with a new way to land. Friction from the thin atmosphere isn't enough to slow down the spacecraft without some help.
During its fiery plunge, Curiosity brakes by executing a series of S-curves -- similar to how the space shuttle re-entered Earth's atmosphere. At 900 mph (1,450 kph), it unfurls its huge parachute. It then sheds the heat shield that took the brunt of the atmospheric friction and switches on its ground-sensing radar.
Curiosity then jettisons the parachute and fires up its rocket-powered backpack to slow it down until it hovers. Cables unspool from the backpack and slowly lower the rover -- at less than 2 mph (3.2 kph). The cables keep the rocket engines from getting too close and kicking up dust.
Once the rover senses touchdown, the cords are cut.
Even if the intricate choreography goes according to script, a freak dust storm, sudden gust of wind or other problem can mar the landing.
"The degree of difficulty is above a 10," said Adam Steltzner, an engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which manages the mission.
The rover's landing target is Gale Crater near the Martian equator. Scientists know Gale was once waterlogged. Images from space reveal mineral signatures of clays and sulfate salts, which form in the presence of water, in older layers near the bottom of the mountain.
During its two-year exploration, the plutonium-powered Curiosity will climb the lower mountain flanks to probe the deposits. As sophisticated as the rover is, it cannot search for life. Instead, it carries a toolbox including a power drill, rock-zapping laser and mobile chemistry lab to sniff for organic compounds, considered the chemical building blocks of life. It also has cameras to take panoramic photos.
Humans have been mesmerized by Mars since the 19th century when American astronomer Percival Lowell, peering through a telescope, theorized that intelligent beings carved what looked like irrigation canals. Scientists now think that if life existed on Mars -- a big if -- it would be in the form of microbes.
Curiosity will explore whether the crater ever had the right environment for microorganisms to take hold.
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This 'play for voices' is arguably Dylan Thomas's best known work, and exemplifies his skill with the rhythm and cadence of language. This new hardback educational edition includes an introduction to the author and the play, and end notes with engaging activities for students of both English and Drama.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
The play is an evocation of the "maze's and colours and dismays and rainbows and tunes and wishes and flight and fall and despair" of the inhabitants of Llareggub, a mythical Welsh seaside community, revealed within one day.About the Author:
Dylan Thomas was born in Swansea on 27 October 1914, the son of a senior English master. On leaving school he worked on the South Wales Evening Post before embarking on his literary career in London. Not only a poet, he wrote short stories, film scripts, features and radio plays, the most famous being Under Milk Wood. On 9 November 1953, shortly after his thirty-ninth birthday, he collapsed and died in New York city. He is buried in Laugharne, Carmarthenshire, which had become his main home since 1949. In 1982 a memorial stone to commemorate him was unveiled in 'Poet's Corner' in Westminster Abbey.
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
(No Available Copies)
If you know the book but cannot find it on AbeBooks, we can automatically search for it on your behalf as new inventory is added. If it is added to AbeBooks by one of our member booksellers, we will notify you!Create a Want
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7th December 2012
By Woody Morrison
Guest Writer for Wake Up World
WHEN THE SPANIARDS CAME INTO HAIDA COUNTRY in the 1500s, we first saw the use of thole pins, the fore-runners to oarlocks. We Haidas immediately saw the advantage of using the oarlocks—canoes could be propelled quickly with fewer people. However we did not adopt their usage until about 300 years later. The unwillingness to utilize this new technology was not out of ignorance or the fear of change but because we recognized that there are always unintended consequences to using any new technology. We saw that it would fundamentally change Haida worldview and societal structure.
There are two types of societies—command structured and common-mind structured. The common-mind society is based upon cultural imperatives gleaned from thousands of years of experience. Much like flocks of birds and schools of fish that can change direction instantaneously without any orders, indigenous peoples learn to think alike, to focus all their activities toward a sustainable society.
For thousands of years we Haida had gone to sea in cedar-log, ocean-going canoes that were sixty to ninety feet in length. These canoes required as many as 24 to 30 paddlers. The seating was partly by order-of-inheritance rather than personal preference. When paddling, everyone faced forward except the chief’s nephew who sat back-to-back with his uncle. His responsibility was to apprise his uncle of anything coming from behind—an unusually large wave, or human danger—and to describe special features of the land just passed. His uncle had to be able to trust the judgment and word of his nephew implicitly, for, eventually, that nephew would succeed his uncle as chief.
Since everyone could see where they were going, no one needed to give orders. For example, when the canoe traveled in very large seas and an overly large wave came from one side, without orders the paddlers all moved to that side of the canoe to deal with the problem. Thus, the paddlers moved with one mind rather than under someone’s command. They utilized the collective wisdom rather than the judgment of just one person.
Since rowing with oars requires that people face backward, we Haida saw that someone would have to take command, giving orders about when to stroke, how to turn and so on. People would not be engaged in the same way with the sea since they would be looking at what was behind them instead of what was before them.
Also, a hierarchy would be created that would affect the sense of unity among the people. The society would change and become command-structured with the majority of members dependent upon the orders of a select few. And, because the nephew of the chief would not be needed to warn of dangers, the responsibility of protecting the lives of the society would be held by the person giving orders, thus depriving the nephew of that crucial experience.
The Haida term for “chief” literally means “the big boss who cannot give orders.” People followed that person’s lead because of his proven leadership and his caring for his people as a people. Each paddler was a relative of the “uncle” and was responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of the canoe. It was a family enterprise. A Haida maxim says, “Like the Forest, the roots of our people are so intertwined that the greatest troubles cannot overcome us.”
We Haida resisted using the oarlock until the early 1900s when, due to a population crash brought about by disease and other factors, we no longer took our great canoes to sea. We switched to using smaller canoes with oars held in place by oarlocks. In many cases a canoe that normally required three or four paddlers could be propelled by a single person. Now an individual could do things himself. He no longer needed the cooperation of other persons. Family relationships began to fade. No longer were we bound together by a common soul (all related by creation) or by cultural imperatives.
“Individual liberty” and self-reliance are the greatest threats to the survival of all common-mind societies because the focus shifts from sustainable societies to obtainable resources. The economic system of the command-structured society is based upon “relative scarcity.” When something becomes scarce, the price is simply raised. Therefore, conservation is not possible. Someone will buy the last drop of drinkable water, will buy the last salmon, will buy the last tuna. In this system money equals power.
In the common-mind society, there are ceremonies for “giving back,” for not taking what is scarce. Wealth equals the responsibility to share. So, the task faced by Haidas is to figure out how to make technology serve society, rather than serve the economic advantages offered by individual liberty. One might say it is the legacy of the oarlock.
About the Author
Woody Morrison serves on the board of directors of Wisdom of the Elders, Inc., a 501 (c) (3) corporation that records and preserves indigenous oral traditions and cultural arts in order to regenerate the greatness of culture among native peoples.
This article was originally published in Sacred Fire magazine
Sacred Fire magazine is an initiative of the Sacred Fire Foundation which seeks to help all people re-discover and celebrate the sacred, interconnected nature of life, a perspective held by indigenous peoples and spiritual traditions everywhere which is the source of all personal, cultural and environmental well-being.
Key initiatives include:
Sacred Fire magazine, which offers a fresh outlook on modern culture by showing the relevance of ancient ways to today’s world
Ancient Wisdom Rising, a series of gatherings with elders and wisdom keepers that offer hope, healing and renewed relationship with our sacred world
Sacred Fire Press, a book imprint that preserves and presents spiritual teachings from ancient and original sources
Wisdom Fellowships, bi-annual awards to tradition holders who are keeping the sacred fires of their people burning.
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Lyndon B. Johnson addressing crowd in Indianapolis, Indiana,
LBJ Library photo by Yoichi R. Okamoto
the Vietnam War: The March on the Pentagon, 10/21/1967,
LBJ Library photo by Frank Wolfe
1945 and 1954, the Vietnamese waged an anti-colonial war against
France, which received $2.6 billion in financial support from
the United States. The French defeat at the Dien Bien Phu was
followed by a peace conference in Geneva, in which Laos, Cambodia,
and Vietnam received their independence and Vietnam was temporarily
divided between an anti-Communist South and a Communist North.
In 1956, South Vietnam, with American backing, refused to hold
the unification elections. By 1958, Communist-led guerrillas known
as the Viet Cong had begun to battle the South Vietnamese government.
support the South’s government, the United States sent in
2,000 military advisors, a number that grew to 16,300 in 1963.
The military condition deteriorated, and by 1963 South Vietnam
had lost the fertile Mekong Delta to the Vietcong.
1965, Johnson escalated the war, commencing air strikes on North
Vietnam and committing ground forces, which numbered 536,000 in
1968. The 1968 Tet Offensive by the North Vietnamese turned many
Americans against the war.
next president, Richard Nixon, advocated Vietnamization, withdrawing
American troops and giving South Vietnam greater responsibility
for fighting the war. His attempt to slow the flow of North Vietnamese
soldiers and supplies into South Vietnam by sending American forces
to destroy Communist supply bases in Cambodia in 1970 in violation
of Cambodian neutrality provoked antiwar protests on the nation’s
1968 to 1973 efforts were made to end the conflict through diplomacy.
January 1973, an agreement reached and U.S. forces were withdrawn
from Vietnam and U.S. prisoners of war were released. In April
1975, South Vietnam surrendered to the North and Vietnam was reunited.
The Vietnam War cost the United States 58,000 lives and 350,000
casualties. It also resulted in between one and two million
Congress enacted the War Powers Act in 1973, requiring the president
to receive explicit Congressional approval before committing
American forces overseas.
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Throat polyps are small fleshy growths which form on the vocal cords, usually as a result of overuse. They are not cancerous and will either disappear on their own or respond well to treatment.
Causes of throat polyps
They are mainly caused by straining or overusing the voice, for example, public speaking. Professional singers, sports/fitness coaches or actors are all prone to developing throat polyps.
This is usually due to the fact that they shout or use their voices to a greater extent than most people.
Other causes include smoking, excess alcohol intake or medical conditions such as acid reflux.
Symptoms of throat polyps
In some cases the polyps are so small that the person affected is unaware of them. These polyps then break off and disappear inside the body or clear up by themselves.
But throat polyps can increase in size to the extent that they affect a person’s ability to speak.
The position of these polyps will determine the effect on the voice. They can change the pitch of the voice so that it becomes lower than normal or cause the voice to sound hoarse and croaky.
Throat polyps are not the same as a lump in the throat. They can not be felt or appear as a swelling in the throat. If you have a sensation of a lump in your throat then this likely to be caused by an infection or cysts on your tonsils.
Find out more about this in our lumps in the throat section.
Diagnosing throat polyps
See your GP if you notice any changes in the pitch or tone of your voice or your voice sounds hoarse. This is particularly important in regard to hoarseness as this can be an early warning sign of throat cancer.
Do not automatically assume that a hoarse throat means that you have throat cancer. The chances of this happening are very small but it is better for your peace of mind to have this checked out at your GP’s surgery.
Your GP will ask you about your medical history before examining your throat. He or she may use a throat endoscope –a small thin tube with a light and a camera mounted at the end to see inside your throat. This will enable him/her to have a close look at your vocal cords to see the extent of the polyps.
A biopsy is another possibility. Your GP may perform this or refer you to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist. He or she will remove a small section of one of the throat polyps in order to see if it is cancerous or not.
Another advantage of this is that it enables the specialist to see the size and growth pattern of the polyps and plan your treatment accordingly.
Treatment for throat polyps
This depends upon the cause. If you are a smoker then you will be advised to give up. Your GP can recommend a smoking cessation programme and advice about stop smoking groups.
If you use your voice as a profession, for example public speaking or singing then you will be advised to stop doing this, on a temporary basis, to allow your vocal cords time to heal.
It is difficult to stop talking altogether and especially if this how you earn a living but it is important that you do so. Avoid shouting or raising your voice at all times and limit the amount of talking that you do.
This treatment will hopefully shrink these polyps but if it fails to do so or your polyps are noticeable large then surgery is an option. This involves removal of the throat polyps, usually under a general anaesthetic followed by voice/speech therapy.
Are there any long term consequences of throat polyps?
If you are a singer or a professional speaker then it is natural to be concerned about your voice. You will worried about whether having polyps removed will result in a permanent change to your voice.
In other situations you may be concerned about the effect of the polyps on your voice. Will they alter the pitch or tone of your voice so that it is no longer acceptable?
Most people find that once their throat polyps have disappeared or have responded to treatment then they have no further problems. In these cases their voice remains as before or if it does change then this change does not affect their vocal ability.
But as with anything in life there is always a risk. There are cases where someone has undergone surgery to remove throat polyps only to find that it has changed their voice for the worse.
Your GP or ENT specialist will discuss the benefits and risks of surgery and throat polyps in general with you.
Sore Throat Guide
- Sore Throat
- Throat anatomy
- Vocal cords
- How the throat works
- Causes of a sore throat
- Throat related problems
- Throat ulcers
- Globus pharyngeus
- Acid reflux
- Lumps in the throat
- Reinke’s oedema
- Enlarged adenoids
- Congenital throat problems
- Wegener’s granulomatosis
- Pharyngeal pouch
- Bad breath
- Throat infections
- Strep throat
- Bacterial throat infections
- Viral throat infections
- Glandular fever
- Throat polyps
- Throat cancers
- Cancer of the larynx
- Cancer of the oesophagus
- Cancer of the pharynx
- Cancer of the thyroid gland
- Cancer of the trachea
- Cancer of the mouth
- Treatment for sore throat
- Home based treatment
- Over the counter treatment
- Prescription medicine
- Throat surgery
- Recovery after tonsillectomy
- Looking after your throat
- Lifestyle factors
- Excess weight
- Voice misuse
- Professional speakers and singers
- Preventing a sore throat
- Sore throat in children
- Sore throat FAQs
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National Highway System
The National Highway System (NHS) consist of a network comprised of strategic highways within the United States, including the Interstate Highway System and other roads serving major airports, ports, rail or truck terminals, railway stations, pipeline terminals, defense and mobility and other strategic transport facilities. Making it the
largest highway system in the world. The NHS was developed by the Department of Transportation (DOT) in cooperation with the states, local officials, and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs). There are approximately 2,900 miles currently of NHS miles throughout the state.
To access National Highway System map files, select a county on the image map with your mouse. The map
files are in Adobe Acrobat format (average size of 800k.., allow 30-40 sec to download with the dial-up
connection). You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader to view the PDF files, which is available free from
our state Adobe access page.
There are 2 maps for Middlesex County: Map 1 |
E-mail your questions or comments or call
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| 0.921172
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| 2.640625
| 3
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orders, holy [Lat. ordo, = rank], in Christianity, the traditional degrees of the clergy, conferred by the Sacrament of Holy Order. The episcopacy, priesthood or presbyterate, and diaconate were in general use in Christian churches in the 2d cent. In the Roman Catholic tradition a development, beginning in the 3d cent. and culminating in the Middle Ages, resulted in a division of major holy orders (episcopacy, priesthood, diaconate, and subdiaconate) and minor orders (acolyte, exorcist, lector, and doorkeeper), with a special rite of introduction into the clerical state called tonsure. From the late Middle Ages, the minor orders and the major orders of subdiaconate and diaconate were largely ceremonial, considered steps to priestly ordination, and were taken by those who intended to be ordained to the priesthood.
A considerable revision of that schema was undertaken under the direction of Pope Paul VI. In 1967 the diaconate was restored as an independent order with its own ministry (e.g., preaching, baptizing, distributing Holy Communion), and married men began to be received into this order. In 1972 tonsure, minor orders, and subdiaconate were abolished, and a rite of admission to candidacy to the diaconate and priesthood took their place. Thus the Roman Catholic Church, like the Church of England, has three orders—bishop, priest, deacon—and, like the Orthodox Eastern churches, it has permanent deacons who serve in local parishes and assist the priests. For various Protestant clerical systems, see ministry.
Traditionally in the West, the episcopacy has the plenitude of priestly power; bishops—archbishops, patriarchs, and the pope are bishops—alone have the power to ordain to major orders. In the Roman Catholic Church the ordination to the priesthood is considered a sacrament, conferring on the recipient the power to celebrate the eucharist and marking the priest with an indelible character. Like the sacraments of baptism and confirmation, ordination is never repeated. The rite entails the laying on of hands and the recitation of the prayer beginning "Receive the Holy Spirit." Priests are required to take an oath of obedience to the bishop or superior and a promise of celibacy (already taken at diaconate by those intending to be priests); they are also bound to recite the divine office, the traditional daily prayer of the priest. The diaconate was instituted in the primitive church for the distribution of alms and other material duties (Acts 6.1–6.)
The main administrative life of the Roman Catholic Church is conducted by bishops and their priests called secular clergy. Priests who are members of religious orders are called regular clergy (see monasticism). Monsignor and cardinal are honorary titles and are not identified with any particular office; they are not considered orders.
See also apostolic succession.
See D. N. Power, Ministers of Christ (1969); P. Bradshaw, The Anglican Ordinal (1971); C. R. Meyer, Man of God (1974).
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Santa Fe, New Mexico: one of America's most diverse, fascinating places
Learn everything you need to know about Santa Fe
Santa Fe, which means Holy Faith in Spanish, is New Mexico's fourth largest city behind Albuquerque, Las Cruces, and Rio Rancho. Situated at 7,000 feet in the foothills of the southern Rocky Mountains, Santa Fe was founded between 1607 and 1610, making it the second oldest city, as well as the highest and oldest capital, in the United States.
Art, culture, traditions
In 1912, Santa Fe officially achieved statehood and today its unique offerings of art, culture, and ancient traditions make it a world-class tourist destination, drawing more than 1 million visitors each year. In 2005, Santa Fe became the first U.S. city to be chosen by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization as a Creative City, one of only nine cities in the world to hold this designation.
Santa Fe has long been a center for arts and culture. Due to sales, it now ranks as the country's third largest art market with nearly 300 galleries and dealers. There also are more than a dozen major museums showcasing an array of art, culture, history, and traditions, as well the world-class Santa Fe Opera.
Today, Santa Fe is recognized as one of the most intriguing urban environments in the nation, due largely to the city's preservation of historic buildings and a modern zoning code that mandates the city's distinctive Spanish-Pueblo style of architecture, based on the adobe (mud and straw) and wood construction of the past. Also preserved are the traditions of the city's rich cultural heritage.
The city has also earned a reputation with food-lovers. Whether you're hankering for basic New Mexican food, creative Southwestern cuisine, or authentic Italian, French, Asian, and other world cuisines, the city offers more than 200 choices.
Four seasons define the weather here. Santa Fe averages 300 sunny days per year, with 14 inches of rain and 17 inches of snow annually. Because of the altitude, temperatures can change by 30 degrees in a single day, and sometimes all four seasons seem to pass through in a 24-hour time period. May usually brings mild to cool days and cool evenings. Also, the temperatures in hotel meeting rooms can vary widely. Dressing in layers will help you stay comfortable both inside and out.
Ski Santa Fe opens from Thanksgiving through Easter, and you can hike and bike here year-round. You can also enjoy river rafting, horseback riding, fly-fishing, ice-skating, swimming, and hot air ballooning.
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In the 1930s, the National Fascist Party became a bigger and bigger factor in the political landscape of Italy. Their influence found its expression in modern buildings, in contrast to Nazi Germany which preferred traditional, stately architecture. In 1931, Giuseppe Terragni and his brother were asked by the fascists to design a monument for the victims of World War I. Their design was based on a sketch of the Italian futurist Antonio Sant'Elia, whose sketches showed modernity, dynamics and speed. Most of his designs were never built, but his futurist vision has influenced many architects. Made of Serizzo granite and Nabresina marble, the monument has a surface polished like a mirror and shows that the Terragni brothers have skillfully adapted Sant'Elia's vision.
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There is a natural progression that takes place within the context of the helping relationship. This process enables you and the person you are working with to build a relationship, assess the situation, set goals and come up with a plan to bring about your desired results. This progression is known as the counseling process. There are four stages of the counseling process. They are: developing a relationship, making an informed assessment, establishing mutually agreed upon goals and objectives and developing an implementation plan.
Phase 1. Developing A Relationship
In order to develop positive helping relationships with youth, you’ve got to be able to connect with them. This can only happen when youth are made to feel like you genuinely care about their well-being and that you understand where they are coming from. It’s about behaving in a way that demonstrates the core conditions of genuineness, respect and empathy. To develop solid relationships with youth, you need to create a safe environment where young people will feel comfortable enough to open up to you and talk to you about anything that is on their minds. You also need to help youth see that despite their circumstances they have strengths. In short, you should start things off from a strengths-based perspective.
Questions to Consider When Trying to Develop A Relationship
· In what ways can you build better relationships with the youth in your program?
· If there are youth who are not actively engaged, what can you do differently to engage them?
· If a youth is resistant, what steps can you take to reduce resistance?
· What worked in the past with resistant youth?
· How do you know when you’ve built a solid relationship with a youth? Could you use these indicators to strengthen your relationships with other youth?
Phase 2. Making An Informed Assessment
An informed assessment happens when both you and the youth gather information in order to figure out what’s “really” going on so that you can assess what needs to happen next in order to change the situation for the better or build up the youth’s coping skills to better deal with a problematic situation. The first step in making an assessment is to find out if change is necessary, and if it is what needs to happen for change to take place. If you have determined that change is necessary, then the next step is to figure out what needs to change. Is it a behavior? An attitude? A situation?
A good assessment can provide an opportunity for a young person to see how his/her behavior or attitude might be contributing to an undesirable or unhealthy situation. Assessment is an ongoing process. You need to regularly check in with your youth to see how things are going. Reassessments enable you to ensure that you and the youth are on the right track.
How do you gather information in order to make an informed assessment? You can gather information in a number of ways: talking with youth, observing the youth’s behavior and interactions, discussions with other people who are involved in the young person’s life, and reading any documented information on the young person. Keep in mind that when utilizing someone else’s verbal or written report as a source of background information, you run the risk of subjecting yourself to their biases and assumptions.
Points to Keep In Mind When Making An Assessment
· Be aware of your biases and how they impact on the assessments you make.
· Involve youth in the assessment process.
· Don’t rely on one single source to make an assessment, gather as much information as you can from a variety of sources.
· Don’t automatically label a behavior as dysfunctional because you don’t understand it, or it is not germane to your culture.
· Make sure to point out a young person’s strengths even when addressing problematic behavior.
Phase 3. Establishing Mutually Agreed Upon Goals and Objectives
Why is it important to establish “mutually agreed” upon goals and objectives? Because if a young person is in agreement with the goals then he/she is more likely to follow through on them. When a youth is actively involved in the goal setting process and is in agreement with the goals, then he/she is more inclined to take ownership of the goals. What are goals? Goals are broad statements that identify what you want to accomplish. Think of goals as the end result that you are trying to achieve. While goals are broad statements that identify what you want to accomplish overall, objectives are the measurable steps that you take to achieve your goals. For example if you have a goal that states, “youth will be better able to manage her anger.” One of your objectives might be, “youth will recognize emotional triggers that lead to angry outbursts and use positive, self-talk to calm herself down.” Your objectives should always be concrete and measurable. They should also be derived from the overall goal.
Questions to Consider When Developing
Goals and Objectives
· What do you and the young person want to achieve?
· How are you going to achieve it?
· When do you want to achieve your stated goal?
· What obstacles do you anticipate?
· How will you address these obstacles?
· How will you use to measure and monitor progress?
· Are your goals realistic?
Phase 4. Implementation Plan
The implementation plan is a plan that you and the youth work on together. It is designed to prevent, intervene, or address unhealthy behaviors and practices. The implementation plan identifies who will perform the activities, where the activities will occur, how frequently they will occur, how they will be carried out and when they will be carried out. Implementation activities are designed to help individuals re-think risky behavior, work through problematic issues, address unhealthy lifestyles practices, learn new skills and build strengths. Implementation activities can include: counseling, crisis intervention, training and education, supportive services, concrete services and constructive use of free time.
As you can see, each stage of the counseling process builds upon the former. As you move through each stage, you will come to realize that it takes patience and practice to counsel youth effectively, but if you are committed to the goal you’ll do just fine. You may not feel completely confident in your ability as a counselor, but as you expand your knowledge base, gain more experience and strengthen your helping skills, you will become a more effective counselor.
Copyright © 2006 by Cassandra Mack
Excerpted from Cassandra Mack's book, "Smart Moves That Successful Youth Workers Make"
Cassandra Mack, MSW is the CEO of Strategies for Empowered Living and the producer and host of the online talk show The No More Drama Hour of Power which can be heard by going to: http://www.caribworldradio.com For more information about the author go to: http://www.strategiesforempoweredliving.com
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Jewish Coins Mentioned in Works of Jewish Scholarship
Ancient Jewish coins bearing Hebrew inscriptions have been discussed by some of
the most illustrious figures in Judaism. Although most of these scholars claim
to have actually seen the ancient coins, it is evident from their descriptions
that they did not always understand the significance of the designs. The earliest
discussions of ancient Jewish coins are found in the Mishnah, reflecting the attempts
of sages of the first centuries of the Common Era to explain contemporary coins
and those of previous generations. In medieval times, Hai Ben Sherira (939-1038),
gaon of Pumbedita and supreme authority of the halakhah, was one
of the first to discuss the ancient Jewish shekel. Later scholars described such
coins in increasing detail, and as early as 1538, some even began to illustrate
them in their books.
Commentary and the "Fantasy Shekels"
supposedly imitating genuine ancient coins, were first issued in Europe at the
end of the 15th century. The earliest examples were apparently commissioned by
Georg Emerich, burgomaster of Görlitz in Silesia, who made a pilgrimage to
Jerusalem around 1465. When he returned to Görlitz, Emerich built a replica
of the Holy Sepulcher in his home town and, in conjunction, commissioned a souvenir
shekel to be produced according to a description found in the writings of Nahmanides.
Nahmanides' description was based on a shekel coin of the Jewish War against Rome
(66-70 CE), which he had seen during his visit to Akko in 1268:
Lord had blessed me so far, and I have been privileged to visit Akko, where the
city elders showed me a silver coin, richly worked, which depicts an almond branch
on one side and a flask on the other, with clear inscriptions on each side. The
coin was shown to some Samaritans, who knew how to read the inscription immediately,
because it was in the ancient script, which has remained their script. They read
on one side: "Shekel of Shekels" and on the other "Jerusalem the Holy." It is
said that the branch represents the rod of Aaron and the flask the pot of manna.
. . . I also saw a coin with similar motifs and writing - weighing half that of
the previous coin - this was the half shekel used toward the sacrifices.
R. Moshe ben Nahman (Nahmanides) (1194-1270)|
the Pentateuch, third edition, Venice, 1545
Courtesy of the Jewish National
and University Library, Jerusalem
"shekels" were distributed to visitors to Emerich's model sepulcher as souvenirs.
They became very popular, as can be learned from a sixteenth-century document,
which reports that no less than 52,412 pilgrimage medals were issued and sold
in the town of Regensburg between 1519 and 1522. Subsequent producers of fantasy
shekels, up to the twentieth century, had less noble motives: they tried to pass
off their coins as genuine.
|Fantasy shekel of King Solomon, to left gold to right white
metal alloy, 16th-17th century|
Obv.: Solomon's seal surrounded by legend "King Solomon - Land of Israel"|
Rev.: Star surrounded by legend "In the year 3000 - Kosher Shekel"
rare gold exemplar of the fantasy shekel of Solomon|
By courtesy of Joseph
Steinig, Moshav Netaim
from the time of the Jewish War against Rome, silver, 67 CE|
Omer cup surrounded by legend "Shekel of Israel", "Year two"|
Pomegranates surrounded by legend "Jerusalem the Holy"
|Fantasy shekels, white
metal alloy, 15th-19th century|
| Obv.: Aaron's rod surrounded by
legend "Holy Jerusalem"|
Rev.: Manna pot surrounded by legend "Shekel
lamp with censer (resembling the manna pot on the fantasy shekels) in center|
cast bronze, 16th century|
Stieglitz Collection, donated to the Israel Museum
with the contribution of Erica and Ludwig Jesselson, New York, through American
Friends of the Israel Museum
mold for the production of fantasy shekels, 1746|
of Jesus, white metal alloy, 16th-19th century|
Obv.: Bust of Jesus
with legend "L(ord) Jesus"
Rev.: "Messiah-King has come in peace and
Man-God, exalted, made Living"
|Fantasy coin of Moses, bronze,
Obv.: Bust of Moses with beard
and horn; on shoulder traces of legend "Moses"
Rev.: "You shall have
no other gods before me"
Bar Kokhba Coin Revealed
Moshe ben Yizhaq Alashqar (1466-1542), a talmudist and liturgical poet, was apparently
the first medieval Jewish scholar to have actually seen a tetradrachm of the Bar
Kokhba Revolt (132-135 CE). From the passage quoted below it is evident that he
also saw a silver shekel and half shekel of the Jewish War against Rome. Alashqar
further mentions that an Ashkenazi Jew had told him of Jewish coins bearing a
Greek legend on one side and a Hebrew legend on the other. These would have been
Hasmonean coins of either Alexander Jannaeus or Mattathias Antigonus.
And you should know that I have come across some of those coins of various
types, shekel and half shekel, and some are inscribed "such-and-such year of the
restoration of Zion" and "such-and-such year of king so-and-so." And I saw upon
one of them the shape of a palm branch bundle (lulav), bound the way ours
are, and alongside it a citron (etrog), next to its binding. And an Ashkenazi
Jew who was familiar with the type of writing inscribed on the shekel told me
that he had seen one inscribed in Greek on one side, with the Greek "coat-of-arms"
engraved upon it, and on the other side a Hebrew inscription. Apparently, this
dates from the period of Greek rule. And Jews here told me that they had seen
in the possession of [Samuel] Hanagid of blessed memory three or four pure gold
denarii in the form of the shekel itself, inscribed with the same writing and
weighing six ducats. And we still are in possession of copper coins inscribed
with the same writing. And people here say that the Torah and scriptures were
written in Assyrian [block] script, but mundane things and secular documents and
coins were inscribed in [ancient] Hebrew script.
From the Responsa
of Moshe ben Yizhaq Alashqar
Sabbioneta, Italy, 1554
Coin of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, silver, 134-135 CE|
Palm branch bundle and citron
Shekel of the Jewish War against Rome, silver, 68 CE|
Omer cup surrounded
by legend "Shekel of Israel"
Half shekel of the Jewish War against Rome, silver, 68 CE|
surrounded by legend "Half Shekel"
Coins of Alexander Jannaeus, bronze, 103-76 BCE|
Greek and Hebrew legends
Obv.: Star; Rev.: Anchor
Coins of Mattathias Antigonus, bronze, 40-37 BCE|
Greek and Hebrew legends
Obv.: Double cornucopiae; Rev.: Wreath
The First Illustrations of a Jewish Shekel
One of the first illustrations of a Jewish shekel is found in Azarya di Rossi's
commentary Meor Enayim (Enlightenment to the Eyes), published in 1574.
In this work, di Rossi (ca.1511-ca.1578) interpreted the Hebrew letters shin
dalet in the coin he illustrates as an abbreviation for shekel David
(shekel of David), instead of shnat arba, namely "Year Four" of the Jewish
War against Rome (= 69 CE). Based on this and other erroneous interpretations
of ancient Jewish coins, as well as passages from the Talmud and the Midrash which
attribute the invention of coins to renowned figures in Jewish history, such as
King David and his son Solomon, forgers in the sixteenth and seventeen centuries
produced fantasy shekels of David and Solomon.
|True W. Postel 1538||Arias Montanus
Rossi's book also includes the first known table of what he and others believed
to be Samaritan script, but what is actually ancient Hebrew script.|
Shekel of the Jewish War against Rome, silver, 69 CE|
cup with legends "Shekel of Israel," "Year Four"
with legend "Jerusalem the Holy"
Fantasy shekel of King David, white metal alloy, 16th-17th century|
Vessel with three branches, shofar (ram's horn), and High Priest's head-covering,
surrounded by legend "The Lord is the Keeper of Israel - The Mighty King in Jerusalem"
Rev.: Aaron's rod, jug, and crown surrounded by legend "Shekel of
David which Remains Hidden in the Treasury of Zion in the Temple"
Ancient Jewish Coins and Currencies Over the Ages
portrait of Maimonides from Ugolinus'|
Thesaurus Antiquitatum Sacrarum,
In Maimonides' writings
[R. Moshe ben Maimon (Maimonides) (1135-1204), Mishneh Torah, first complete
edition, Rome, c. 1480], as well as in works by other distinguished scholars,
we find frequent attempts to convert monetary measures (shi'urim) pertaining
to aspects of Jewish observance into contemporary coinage. An example of such
a conversion can be seen in the Italian Jewish marriage contract (ketubbah)
exhibited here. In such contracts, the "basic" sum of two hundred zuz (silver
denarii) was fixed in accordance with the local currency. In this marriage contract,
for example, the equivalent of the basic ketubbah plus the tosefet
(an additional amount determined by the husband) was calculated at 3125 scudi.
Groom: Menahem, son of Samuel Zadik
Bride: Zevia, daughter of Elijah
Parchment, tempera, gold powder, and ink
Israel Museum Collection
Gift of Dr. Charles and Suzanne Merzbach, Jerusalem
1 Gold Scudo, Urbano VIII|
1 Silver Scudo, Urbano VIII|
Shekels in the Fourteenth Century
Tributes to the Temple in
Jerusalem during the years 127 BCE - 70 CE had to be made in Tyrian shekels, which
were chosen for this purpose since they were made of pure silver. It is interesting
to note that in 1322, Eshtori ben Moshe Farhi (1280-1355) in his book Kaftor Vaferah,
also emphasizes the fact that the Tyrian coins were of pure silver.
Tyrian half shekel, silver, 1st century BCE|
Obv.: Head of Herakles
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The Charadrius, Cock And Hen, Dove
( Originally Published 1913 )
IN the Vulgate and Septuagint versions of Deut. xiv. 18 the Jews were forbidden to eat the flesh of the charadrius among other birds. Liddell and Scott write of the charadrius as being a stone curlew, or thick-kneed bustard, «-which is very greedy. The sight of it was supposed by the Greeks to cure the jaundice. In the Bestiaries this bird is drawn like a white thrush or plover, though in some cases it is represented as a huge bird with curly feathers, and long neck as in the mutilated Bestiary in the British Museum (Vit. D. 1).
The charadrius was thought to be found in the courts of kings. When the friends of a sick person wished to know whether he would recover or not, it was held to be the thing to go and fetch a charadrius, which would inform them of the prospects of the patient, by its actions. If the patient were about to die, the charadrius would turn away, but if, on the contrary, he were destined to live, the bird would gaze towards him, thus attracting the disease to itself. The charadrius would then fly up to the sun, where the poison of the disease would be burned by the heat. This bird had a great thigh-bone, the marrow of which was supposed to restore sight to the blind.
The symbolic interpretation refers to Jesus Christ, Whose soul was perfectly white and free from sin. He came down from heaven and turned His face from the Jews, but looked upon the Gentiles, and healed them of their spiritual diseases. Is the symbolism of the charadrius partly drawn from such Biblical passages as Ezek. vii. 22 and Ps. lxxx. 7 ?
The sick person is often represented crowned in the mediaeval MSS., in allusion to the idea that the charadrius is found in the courts of kings. In the sculpture at Aine (which looks rather like a raven pecking out the eyes of a dead man) the inscription, " Caladrius," shows what the interpretation must be.
The cock is treated incidentally in the Bestiaries. A twelfth century Anglo-Norman work of Philippe de Thaun, called Le Livre des Creatures, maintains that the lion is afraid of the white cock, because it chants the hours of service in honour of S. Peter. The white cock in this author signifies the man of holy life. Early writers say that the cock is significant of vigilance and liberality. It is significant of the latter, because it does not devour all it finds in the way of food, but calls for the hens to come and share. We see the cock accompanied by its mate carved on what was originally a perpendicular bench-end at Forrabury, Cornwall.
The clergy, says a media val poet, are not to keep all their learning to themselves, but imitating the cock, to distribute it to their congregation.
The cock is generally represented, however, in connection with S. Peter, who denied Our Lord before the cock crew twice (S. Mark xiv. 72'. Mrs. Jameson gives a picture which represents S. Peter's repentance, from a sarcophagus of the third century, where she understands the cock to be a general emblem of human weakness and repentance.
The most interesting examples that we know of are from S. Peter's Church, Rowlestone, Hereford, where almost every conceivable place on the south door and chancel arch capitals is occupied by carvings of cocks. In the chancel, too, there are two complete candelabra, made of iron, which are adorned with fleur-de-lys and cocks. These candelabra are twelfth century, and are believed to be unique.
In the same church on the south impost moulding of the chancel arch two figures are carved. One is an angel with nimbus and book, and the other a nimbed man holding in his hand a short cross and book. The peculiarity of these carvings is that they are set in upside down. Antiquaries have wondered whether this was a mistake or not. It is more probable, however, that (as was suggested to the writer by a most intelligent churchman of the place some years ago) here we have S. Peter, who was crucified upside down, and that the angel is put upside down too. For it would have seemed absurd to have carved on the same block of stone one figure on his head and another on his feet.
Similar figures are placed in a more natural position on the north capital opposite ; though here the angel has the short cross, and S. Peter holds a long cross in his bare right arm, and a book in his left hand.
The two figures do not both represent angels, though a cursory inspection would make us think so, for S. Peter's clothes are disposed rather like wings.
On a bench-end at Sefton, Lancs, the cock is represented on top of the pillar to which Our Lord would be bound with a rope for His scourging. A poppy head at Cumnor, Berks, shows a cock carved together with other emblems of the Passion.
An amusing device is carved in several places on Bishop Alcock's Chapel in Ely Cathedral. Two cocks, each with a claw on the ground, face one another, while a bishop's mitre and a circular object like a globe, are placed between them.
The globe is being grasped by each of the cocks with a claw. John Alcock was Bishop of Ely between 1486 and 1501.
The dove appears in the catacombs with a varying significance. Sometimes it represents the soul of the departed Christian. Similarly Mrs. Jameson remarks that in pictures of dying martyrs a dove is shown issuing from the mouth.
More frequently, when the dove bears an olive branch in its beak, it is connected with Noah and the ark, and its significance is as follows. Just as the dove could find no rest for the sole of her foot save in the ark, so the Christian soul can find no safety or peace outside the Church.
Sometimes the dove may mean merely a harmless Christian life, for Our Lord told us to be harmless as doves.
But very generally the dove signifies the Holy Spirit. This symbolism is derived from the fact that He came down on Jesus at His baptism in this form.
The baptism of Jesus Christ is by no means uncommon. Two good examples are at Adel, Yorks, and Shorne, Kent. The Adel " Baptism " is on a capital of the chancel arch, while the Shorne example is on a Perpendicular font. In the latter case the Dextra Dei, and the Dove with the cruciferous nimbus, are clearly seen. S. John is clad in what looks like a dalmatic. He stands in the water of Jordan, and pours the water on the head of Christ, Who seems to be kneeling in the water in an attitude of prayer:
Our Lord is often represented as a small beardless Boy in English representations of His baptism, just as He is represented in the very earliest Christian art.
The " Baptism " on Southfleet font, Kent, is of similar date and character. Here, how-ever, both S. John and Our Lord have the nimbus, and the former is clad in a camel-skin with the head and legs hanging down almost to the Baptist's feet. Mr. Francis Bond notes that S. John is similarly clad in a carving of the Baptism on a sarcophagus at the Lateran.
In many MSS. of all dates the Holy Trinity are symbolised by two nimbed man-like figures with a dove standing between them on an orb, which is held in the hands of the First and Second Persons.
Sometimes Three Figures like men are represented, with a dove on the shoulder or the head of the One in the centre.
This symbolism may possibly explain the meaning of the Bird which in Romilly Aliens' book is described as holding a circular disc or loaf between two Ecclesiastics. The same author illustrates rather similar Irish examples, from the cross at Nigg, and two of the crosses at Kells. On the cross of Saints Patrick and Columba at Kells the two human Figures are seated upon thrones facing one another, and the Bird or Dove flies down and holds the orb between them. Each of the Figures holds the orb in one hand and a pastoral staff in the other.
The usual method of representing the Trinity in the Middle Ages may be seen on the perpendicular font at Stalham, Norfolk. Our Lord hangs on the cross, with the Dove over His head, and God the Father sits crowned and throned behind. Similar representations to this are quite common.
Doves are seen drinking together from a vase on a sepulchral slab at Bishopstone, Sussex, and on the upper surface of some of the Tournai fonts in Hampshire, such as Winchester and East Meon.
This idea was no doubt derived from the Catacombs, where it is common enough. A travesty of the drinking doves is to be seen at Bridlington, Yorks, where a fox and a goose are drinking out of a vase.
On the font of Castle Frome two doves are facing one another. On the Winchester font there are three circles containing two doves each. In one the doves have their heads back to back, with a bunch of grapes suspended above ; in the central circle they are pecking at the bunch of grapes ; while in the third circle they are placed in a similar position to that which they occupy in the first, only the bunch of grapes has gone. Mr. C. H. Eden conjectures that these representations are types of the Holy Eucharist, which is often symbolised on fonts. The first circle contains the idea of Christians before reception of the Communion. The second contains the reception itself ; while the third symbolises after Communion.
The doves drinking from a vase may likewise be interpreted of the Holy Eucharist.
A roughly carved poppy head at Westwell, Kent, shows a dove just alighting to peck at small hunches of grapes.
Symbolism of Animals & Birds In English Architecture:
Sources Of Animal Symbolism
The Ape, Ass, Beaver, Bear, Boar, Camel, Dog, Elephant
The Fox, The Goat, The Hart And Antelope, The Hyena
The Hedgehog, The Lamb, The Lion
The Ox, Pig, Panther, Salamander
The Sheep, Tiger, Whale And Fish, Wolf
The Charadrius, Cock And Hen, Dove
The Eagle, Goose, Peacock, Pelican, Raven
The Basilisk Or Cockatrice And Centaur
The Dragon Or Serpent
Read More Articles About: Symbolism of Animals & Birds In English Architecture
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Education & Schooling
September Tue 22, 2009
On September 8, 2009, President Obama issued a back-to-school speech to students in American schools. This speech was novel in several ways. It was the first presidential speech to be delivered live to students of all levels across the nation. It was the first national presidential speech to students in 18 years. It was the first speech to come with a curricula prepared by the Department of Education for students from pre-Kindergarten through high school. It was the first time that a president spoke directly to students in his first year in office. President Obama's African-American heritage is another first, one that has raised the question of racism with the negative reaction of many before the speech was delivered.
In addition to the novel elements of the speech, there have been a range of cultural shifts since Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush spoke to students in schools (1988, 1991). The No Child Left Behind program of George W. Bush has put national pressure on schools to conform to national standards and improvement in scores on standardized tests in exchange for national funds. In the United States, public schools have historically been run at the state level, so the No Child Left Behind program has weakened provincial control in favor of a more centralized approach.
During this time, private schools have won access to more state funding, and have likewise moved toward the same national standards as public schools. And while institutional schooling has become more nationalized, increasing numbers of parents with diverse political ideologies have opted out of institutions and chosen instead to homeschool their children. Both teachers and parents have resisted the emphasis on standardized testing in the schools.
Another cultural shift has been increased ideological polarization and the lack of a decisive majority in recent presidential elections. A president who wins 53% of the popular vote must win over a sizable minority following the election.
Liberal commentators have said that the negative reaction to the president's plan to address students demonstrates an underlying racism on the part of conservative critics. No doubt, the United States has a long history of negative attitudes toward African Americans, and these attitudes are found in all demographics: rich and poor, conservative and liberal, northern and southern. President Obama has downplayed the impact of these racial attitudes and instead consistently makes appeals to positive ideals. As the first Black man to be President of the United States, President Obama will challenge our prejudices and those feelings which are deeply ingrained in the American psyche. Political dissenters (on the left and the right) will also need to strive for a higher level of civility and courtesy and be attentive to these subconscious attitudes.
Because of the increased diffusion of technology in classrooms, more students likely heard this speech than heard the national speeches of Reagan and the senior Bush. When I read President Obama's speech, I felt that it really echoed the optimistic sentiments of Ronald Reagan. Bypassing the experts to speak directly to people, President Obama spoke of opportunity and the importance of individual effort. He appealed to students to really put themselves into their own education and to take responsibility for their education and the future of America.
Looking back at Reagan's 1988 speech, I see that Obama sounds more like Reagan than Reagan did there. In his speech, Reagan was more interested in solidifying his legacy in the context of the American founding and urging students to remember that in the United States, the people give power to the government. Delivered in November, following the election of his successor, Reagan's speech looks ahead to a future in which faith and morality will continue to regulate human behavior, no matter what technological changes come.
Instead, Obama's speech is more similar to Bush's 1991 speech, a year before he lost to President Clinton. Both tell stories of specific students who overcame circumstances to succeed, and both stress personal responsibility for education. In a very savvy way, President Obama also makes references to pop culture, not merely to pander to students' interests but more so to challenge them to be innovators and not merely consumers of technology.
Many of the older students who heard President Obama this year will vote for him or for someone else in 2012 (when they're 18 or older). For the rest, who knows what effect this presidential encounter will have on their own education and on their adult life as American citizens?
Barack Obama Prepared Remarks
of President Barack Obama (Wakefield High School). Back to School Event, Arlington, Virginia September 8, 2009
Department of Education
page with links to Lesson Plans: Pre K-6, and 7-12
Ronald Reagan Remarks
and a Question-and-Answer Session With Area Junior High School Students November 14, 1988. http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1988/111488c.htm
George H.W. Bush Remarks
to Students and Faculty at Alice Deal Junior High School October 1, 1991 http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3450&year=1991&month=10
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/languages/info_about_lang.jsp Indonesian Language Information - Indonesian alphabet, Indonesian grammar, Indonesian pronunciation rules and more. About | Free Online Services | Free Online Dictionary | English Thesaurus | Forum | Version 3.5 (details) Indonesian Language Information Here you can get information on Indonesian language. It contains main Indonesian language features, such as Indonesian alphabet, Indonesian pronunciation rules, Indonesian grammar and more. If needed, the input method is also described. Choose other language Indonesian Language Tools Indonesian Dictionaries Indonesian Thesaurus Indonesian Phrasebooks Indonesian Translators Indonesian Flash cards Indonesian translation software Indonesian handheld dictionaries There are no additional information available about Indonesian language. asxsaxAXA About | Free Online Services | Free Online Dictionary | English Thesaurus | Forum | Linguistic Web-Resources Database © Copyright 1990- ECTACO, Inc. LingvoSoft All rights reserved.
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This information is for reference purposes only. It was current when produced and may now be outdated. Archive material is no longer maintained, and some links may not work. Persons with disabilities having difficulty accessing this information should contact us at: https://info.ahrq.gov. Let us know the nature of the problem, the Web address of what you want, and your contact information.
Please go to www.ahrq.gov for current information.
Dysthymia may contribute to the disparity in use of antiretroviral therapy between men and women
Dysthymia, a chronic low-level daily depression that lasts at least 2 years and is relatively prevalent among women and minorities, may be a barrier to minority women's use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In particular, the feelings of hopelessness, indecision, and mental inflexibility that commonly occur in persons with dysthymia could prevent these patients from either being offered or accepting HAART, notes Barbara J. Turner, M.D., M.S.Ed., of the University of Pennsylvania, and John A. Fleishman, Ph.D., of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
They analyzed data on the use of HAART in 1997 among 1,982 HIV-infected adult patients in the national HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study, which is supported by AHRQ (HS08578). Overall, 63 percent of patients received HAART. However, treatment varied significantly by gender and race. White men were the most likely to receive HAART (69 percent), while Hispanic women (53 percent) and black women (55 percent) were least likely.
Compared with white men without dysthymia, black and Hispanic women with dysthymia were less likely to receive HAART. Among patients with depression and no dysthymia, minority women had HAART use similar to white men. Thus, dysthymia, an underrecognized condition, may contribute more than depression to the gender disparity in HAART use, conclude the researchers. They found that dysthymia was more prevalent among women than men, and that major depression was greater among whites than minorities.
See "Effect of dysthymia on receipt of HAART by minority HIV-infected women," by Drs. Turner and Fleishman, in the December 2006 Journal of General Internal Medicine 21, pp. 1235-1241. Reprints (AHRQ Publication No. 07-R021) are available from the AHRQ Publications Clearinghouse.
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Do you have the common cold or an upper respiratory tract infection? Normally, people take over-the-counter antihistamines, nasal decongestants, and cough suppressant syrups to combat such common maladies. However, clinical trials suggest that these medicines are less effective than previously thought. They may combat symptoms for a short period of time, but they do very little to actually weaken the source of your cold. Your body is already equipped with powerful disease fighting capabilities. Do what you can to help your body's natural defenses. Do your best to decongest your sinuses, boost your immune system, and conserve energy by making yourself comfortable.You can do all of this without the help of medicine.
Decongesting Your Sinuses
1Blow your nose. Apply pressure to one nostril. Blow gently through the other into a facial tissue. Repeat the process for the other nostril. Be sure to blow gently. Blowing too hard can cause further damage to the inside of your nasal passage, which will extend the time it takes to heal. Do not blow through both nostrils at the same time. It won’t be effective. Wash your hands after blowing your nose.
- Avoid sniffling as much as possible. All you are doing is sucking the mucus back up in your body. If your nose is running, blow it.
- Frequent blowing can irritate your skin. Use soft tissues with lotion to alleviate dryness.
2Inhale steam. Steam inhalation helps with nasal decongestion. It loosens mucus, which can easily be blown away afterwards. Boil some water. Pour it into a bowl. Place that bowl on a table and then sit with your head over the bowl. Place a towel over your head. Close your eyes and breathe deeply. Do so for around 60 seconds at a time and make sure that your face is not too close to the surface of the water. You should be comfortable the entire time.
- Add a drop of menthol, eucalyptus, camphor, thymol, or pine oil to the water for a pleasant and effective addition. These natural ingredients help loosen mucus up further.
- Do not allow children to do this by themselves. Hot water scalds and a child probably won’t be able to handle the boiling water well enough to avoid injury.
- Take a hot shower. Steamy showers act in a similar way and can be a great alternative for children to use.
3Use a saline solution. Saline is just a natural mixture of salt and water. You can purchase pre-made saline nasal drops over-the-counter at any pharmacy. They can be done with children. They should be done once a day for maximum effectiveness.
- To use nasal drops or perform a nasal wash, stand over a sink with your head leaned downward. Place the tip of the bottle in one of your nostrils and spray. You should be squeezing approximately 4 ounces of the solution into your nasal passage. Rotate your head back and forth and let it drip back out of your nose naturally. Then repeat this process in your other nostril. Do not swallow the saline solution. If you feel it entering your throat, lower your head more over the sink. When you’ve completed, blow your nose gently to remove any leftover saline solution.
- If you are using a Neti pot, fill it with your saline solution. Stand by a sink. Tilt your head sideways and place the spout of the Neti pot in the upper nostril. Breath through your mouth and pour the saline solution into your nostril slowly (again, around 4 ounces is best). The liquid should drain through your nasal system and come out of your lower nostril after around 3 or 4 seconds. Then repeat through your other nostril. Be sure to blow your nose after using your Neti pot.
- Saline drops can be used in infants too. Add 2-3 drops into each nostril of your baby. Then take a bulb syringe. Place the tip in each nostril and suck out the saline solution gently. Do not add solution to both nostrils at the same time. It could further impair your baby’s ability to breathe.
Boosting Your Immune System
1Drink plenty of fluids. Drink warm fluids. Staying hydrated will reduce the effects of many symptoms such as headaches and sore throat, while also preventing dehydration. Hot teas and soups are a good way to increase your liquid intake, while also helping to relieve sinus congestion and reduce inflammation in the nose and throat.
- Drink enough fluids to quench thirst. Getting enough fluids when you're sick is important, but getting too many may actually force your liver and kidney to work overtime in order to process it. Drink a little more than normal when you're sick, but don't feel like you need to drink 12 or 15 glasses a day.
- A good indication that you are drinking enough fluids is that your urine will be almost clear. The deeper yellows imply higher concentrations of waste in your body that are not dissolving and diluting enough — so raise your fluid intake.
2Use natural herbs to reduce common cold symptoms. There are several natural remedies out there — some are the stuff of late-night infomercials and others are legitimate. There are two herbs shown to improve cold symptoms. Andrographis paniculata (a common South-East Asian herb) has been shown to reduce symptoms. Take a 100 mg capsule twice daily for 5 days. Higher dosages can cause vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. You can also take Pelargonium sidoides (a South American herb). This is most often sold as a liquid extract. Take 1.5 ml or 30 drops of the liquid 3 times a day before meals for up to 10 days. Side effects can by mild nausea, diarrhea, and general skin irritation. Cease taking it if you experience any of these side effects.
3Eat garlic. There is some evidence, which suggests that garlic could reduce the occurrence and improve symptoms of common cold. Allicin in garlic has been shown to fight off viruses. You can either eat whole garlic cloves, add them to soup, or take garlic supplements. Capsules containing 180 mg of garlic extract decrease the duration of common colds. Garlic can increase the risk of bleeding, therefore people on blood-thinners [aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin)] should not take garlic.
4Take vitamin C. Perhaps, an orange a day helps keep the doctor away. Taking vitamin C supplements before the onset of a common cold can decrease the duration of symptoms. Vitamin C supplements are available as tablets and 200 mg can be take everyday. Doses exceeding more than 2000 mg/day can result in diarrhea, fainting, headache, and abdominal pain.
Making Yourself Comfortable
1Rest. Your body needs all the energy it can get, so make sure to get plenty of rest. Use an additional pillow to elevate your head while you sleep. This will help make sure that your nose effectively drains while you sleep rather than getting even more clogged up.
- Take time off from work or school. You cannot continue your normal routine and rest enough. You should stay at home. To prevent the transmission of the virus, you need to stay away from large groups of people. With the common cold, the rhinovirus spreads through the air. Normally the worst day of your cold — around day 2 — is when your body is eliminating the virus. You’ll still be a carrier for a couple of days past this.
2Eat chicken soup. The steamy soup clears congestion, relieves stuffy noses, and provides a great source of nutrition to keep you going. Researchers argue that compounds found in chicken soup actively increase white blood cells, which attack foreign bodies that cause illness.
3Get warm and cozy. If you have a fever, your body will inevitably feel colder. Get a warm blanket and snuggle up on the couch. Wear plenty of layers and use as many blankets as you need to. While staying warm itself, won’t get rid of a cold, it will make you feel more comfortable, while your body fends it off. There is little scientific evidence to back up the assertion that sweating fights colds. You cannot “sweat” out a cold.
4Gargle salt water. Since nasal congestion often leads to sore throats be sure to gargle with salt water regularly. Add 1/4 tsp table salt to 8 oz of water. Thoroughly dissolve the salt in the water. Take small sips and gargle for about 30 seconds eat time. Spit and repeat as needed.
5Take throat-soothing supplements. You can purchase these supplements at most pharmacies. Many of these supplements also come in the form of “cough drops”. Find some with honey, licorice, or slippery elm as ingredients.
- Honey consumed in lozenges or tea can be a good remedy for sore throats and can help suppress coughs.
- Licorice root can be purchased in a tablet or as a separate solution. Dissolve 500 mg of licorice root (generally 1 1/2 tablets) in 30 ml of warm water. Gargle and spit.
- Slipper elm has been used as an herbal supplement in North American for centuries. You can purchase it in tablet or powder form. Take 3-4 tablets (400-500 mg each) daily for 1 to 2 months. To make a slippery elm tea, add two tsp of the powder to 2 cups of warm water (400 ml). Drink 3 times a day for the duration of your cold.
6Turn on a humidifier or vaporizer. Using either a humidifier or vaporizer in the room you are resting in can make you more comfortable by keeping the air moist. This is especially helpful if your nasal passages or throat are dry and irritated. Keep in mind that although humidifiers might help soothe your throat, they probably don't help relieve cold symptoms or shorten the duration of the cold.
- Some studies have suggested that humidifiers and vaporizers may be more harmful than useful. Humidifiers can spread pathogens, mold, and toxins, in addition to causing nasty burns. Use your own judgement to decide if using a humidifier is right for you.
7Use a vapor rub to loosen mucus. According to the Mayo Clinic, Vicks VapoRub doesn’t actually relieve nasal congestion, but the strong scent does manage to break past your clogged up nose. This tricks your brain into thinking that you can breathe, which decreases illness-driven anxiety. Try it to calm yourself.
8Stop smoking. Tobacco use can weaken your immune system and exacerbate many cold symptoms. In addition, the added strain on your throat and lungs hinders the healing process.
9Visit the doctor. Sometimes, you simply need to visit a doctor. You should visit a doctor when you experience the following symptoms:
- Fevers over 103 degrees Fahrenheit
- When symptoms persist for more than 10 days
- Difficultly breathing
- Severe ear pain or discharge of mucus from the ear
- Confusion, disorientation, or seizure
- Frequent vomiting or abdominal pain
- Painfully swollen glands in the neck or jaw
At what point should I seek medical attention for coughing?wikiHow ContributorIf the coughing has gone on for more than one week or you are coughing throughout the night, it is wise to see your doctor for further assessment.
I cannot use saline. Are there any other ways?wikiHow ContributorEat fruits and vegetables, drink plenty of clear fluids and inhale steam to get rid of a cold.
Does the soup have to be chicken, or can it be original?wikiHow ContributorIt can be another, nutrient-rich soup, like garlic soup or another clear broth that you like.
Sources and Citations
- ↑ Simasek M, Blandino DA. Treatment of the Common Cold. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75(4):515-520
- ↑ De Sutter AI, Lemiengre M, Campbell H. WITHDRAWN: Antihistamines for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD001267; Taverner D, Latte J. Nasal decongestants for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD001953; Smith SM1, Schroeder K, Fahey T. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in ambulatory settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;8:CD001831.
- ↑ http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/8-tips-to-treat-colds-and-flu-the-natural-way
- ↑ http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/eucalyptus
- ↑ http://aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/library/allergy-library/saline-sinus-rinse-recipe.aspx
- ↑ http://webmd.com/allergies/ss/slideshow-nasal-irrigation
- ↑ http://aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/library/allergy-library/saline-sinus-rinse-recipe.aspx
- ↑ http://www.webmd.com/allergies/sinus-pain-pressure-11/neti-pots?page=2
- ↑ http://www.babycenter.com/0_how-to-use-a-bulb-syringe-or-nasal-aspirator-to-clear-a-stuf_482.bc
- ↑ http://webmd.com/cold-and-flu/8-tips-to-treat-colds-and-flu-the-natural-way
- ↑ Sanu A, Eccles R. The effects of a hot drink on nasal airflow and symptoms of common cold and flu. Rhinology, 2008;46(4):271-27
- ↑ Saxena RC, Singh R, Kumar P, Yadav SC, Negi MP, Saxena VS, Joshua AJ, Vijayabalaji V, Goudar KS, Venkateshwarlu K, Amit A. A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical evaluation of extract of Andrographis paniculata (KalmCold) in patients with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(3-4):178-185
- ↑ Timmer A, Günther J, Motschall E, Rücker G, Antes G, Kern WV. Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013;10:CD006323.
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11697022
- ↑ Lissiman E, Bhasale AL, Cohen M. Garlic for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014;11:CD006206
- ↑ Hemilä H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold.Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013;1:CD000980
- ↑ http://reference.medscape.com/drug/cenolate-vitamin-c-ascorbic-acid-344416
- ↑ http://www.humanillnesses.com/Infectious-Diseases-He-My/Influenza.html
- ↑ http://www.active.com/health/articles/running-with-sickness-can-you-sweat-it-out
- ↑ Paul IM, Beiler J, McMonagle A, Shaffer ML, Duda L, Berlin CM Jr. Effect of honey, dextromethorphan, and no treatment on nocturnal cough and sleep quality for coughing children and their parents.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(12):1140-1146.
- ↑ Agarwal A, Gupta D, Yadav G, Goyal P, Singh PK, Singh U. An evaluation of the efficacy of licorice gargle for attenuating postoperative sore throat: a prospective, randomized, single-blind study. Anesth Analg. 2009;109(1):77-8
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cool-mist-humidifiers/AN01577
- ↑ http://www.npr.org/2011/01/07/132743646/Humidifiers-Dont-Do-Lick-Of-Good-Helping-Colds
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/expert-answers/nasal-decongestant/faq-20058569
- ↑ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/05/990527043042.htm
- ↑ http://familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/diseases-conditions/colds-and-the-flu.printerview.all.html
Categories: Colds and Viruses
In other languages:
Français: se débarrasser d’un rhume sans médicament, Español: curar una gripe sin medicamentos, Deutsch: Eine Erkältung ohne Einsatz von Medikamenten loswerden, Português: Curar uma Gripe Sem Tomar Remédio, Italiano: Sbarazzarsi dell'Influenza senza Farmaci, Nederlands: Zo kom je van je verkoudheid af zonder medicijnen, Русский: избавиться от простуды без лекарств, 中文: 不用吃药治好感冒, Bahasa Indonesia: Menyembuhkan Flu Tanpa Menggunakan Obat, 日本語: 薬を飲まずに風邪を治す, 한국어: 약 쓰지 않고 감기 이겨내는 법
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 709,844 times.
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Historically, aggressive and effective wildfire suppression has resulted in increased undergrowth and density of trees, creating high levels of fuels. These conditions pose increasing risks to human health, safety, and property, especially in areas that are commonly referred to as the wildland/urban interface. Fires in these areas are harder to control and are more costly than fires in wildlands. The USDA Forest Service has begun to address this problem by developing risk maps to identify areas at high risk and increasing the number of acres treated to reduce excessive fuel levels, especially in the wildland/urban interface. State and local partners play a key role in coordinated solutions in fire-prone wildland/urban interface areas.
The Winniger Ridge Ecosystem Management and Restoration ProjectNearly 100 years of successful fire suppression activities in the mountains of Boulder County, Colorado, have resulted in contiguous, densely stocked forests that are highly susceptible to insects, diseases, and wildfire. This ecosystem encompasses approximately 40,000 acres (50 square miles) of intermixed lands in public and private ownerships. Tree mortality from insects, diseases, and other natural causessuch as snow stormsincreased fuel buildup and the risk of catastrophic fires.
The USDA Forest Service is 1 of 22 partners trying to reduce the potential for catastrophic insect, disease, and wildfire events while improving overall ecosystem health on all ownerships. To address this problem, a full range of tools is being usedincluding timber sales, thinning, and wildlife habitat treatments, as well as mechanical and prescribed fire treatments. New contracting authorities and administrative processes are being tested. Promising outcomes include reducing fire hazard and providing nontraditional wood products to improve the economy of local communities.
Oak Wilt in TexasLive oaks, the most common and prized trees in central Texas, continue to sustain serious losses due to oak wilt disease. With the USDA Forest Services contributions of funding and technical assistance, the State of Texas Forest Service is addressing the problem through the Cooperative Oak Wilt Suppression Project. Local governments and private citizens have combined forces to detect and control thousands of oak wilt infection centers. Oak wilt has been identified in 55 counties in central Texas and 6 counties in west Texas. The disease spreads through interconnected root systems at rates up to 100 feet per year. To stop the spread of individual infection centers, the cooperators have installed more than 400 miles of barrier trenches. On average, 70 percent of the trenches have successfully halted expansion of the oak wilt centers. In addition, several hundred infected red oaks are removed annually to reduce long-distance spread of the oak wilt fungus by insects. Another part of the project involves public awareness and education on how to manage and control the disease on privately owned lands. The $7.5 million investment in the oak wilt project has saved central Texas communities an estimated $45 million in tree removal and replanting costs.
|Previous | Overview Map | Introduction | Next|
|Contact Us | Forest Service Home Page | Forest Health Home Page|
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In this image of mouse embryonic fibroblasts undergoing reprogramming, each colored dot represents messenger RNA associated with a specific gene that is active in cells being reprogrammed. Red dots represent... Several years ago, biologists discovered that regular body cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells — cells with the ability to become any other type of cell. Such cells hold great promise for treating many human diseases.
These induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are usually created by genetically modifying cells to overexpress four genes that make them revert to an immature, embryonic state. However, the procedure works in only a small percentage of cells.
Now, new genetic markers identified by researchers at Whitehead Institute and MIT could help make that process more efficient, allowing scientists to predict which treated cells will successfully become pluripotent.
The new paper, published in the Sept. 13 online edition of Cell, also identifies new combinations of reprogramming factors that produce iPSCs, according to the researchers.
Led by Rudolf Jaenisch, a Whitehead Founding Member and an MIT professor of biology, the study is the first to examine genetic changes that occur in individual cells as they become pluripotent. Previous studies have only looked at gene-expression changes in large populations of cells — not all of which will actually reprogram — making it harder to pick out genes involved in the process.
"In previous studies, you weren't able to detect the few cells that expressed predictive pluripotency markers. The really cool part of this study is that you can detect two or three cells that express these important genes early, which has never been done before," says Dina Faddah, a graduate student in Jaenisch's lab and one of the paper's lead authors.
The other lead author is Yosef Buganim, a postdoc at Whitehead Institute.
In 2007, scientists discovered that adult human cells could be reprogrammed by overexpressing four genes — Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4. However, in a population of cells in which those genes are overexpressed, only about 0.1 to 1 percent will become pluripotent.
In the new study, Jaenisch's team reprogrammed mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and then measured their expression of 48 genes known or suspected to be involved in pluripotency at several points during the process. This allowed them to compare gene-expression profiles in cells that became pluripotent, those that did not, and those that were only partially reprogrammed.
Once the reprogramming, which took between 32 and 94 days, was complete , the researchers looked for genes expressed only in the cells that ended up becoming pluripotent.
The team identified four genes that were turned on very early — around six days after the reprogramming genes were delivered — in cells that ended up becoming pluripotent: Esrrb, Utf1, Lin28 and Dppa2, which control the transcription of other genes involved in pluripotency.
The researchers also found that several previously proposed markers for pluripotency were active in cells that became only partially programmed, suggesting those markers would not be useful. With their newly discovered markers, "you can eliminate all the colonies that are not completely reprogrammed," Buganim says. "You don't want to use partially reprogrammed iPSCs for patient-specific therapies."
To read cells' genetic profiles so precisely, the researchers screened for genes using a microfluidic system called Fluidigm, then confirmed their results with a fluorescence imaging technique that can detect single strands of messenger RNA.
Not totally random
The findings also allowed the researchers to develop a new model for how genes interact with each other to steer cells toward pluripotency. Previously, it had been thought that reprogramming was a random process — that is, once the four reprogramming genes were overexpressed, it was a matter of chance whether they would activate the correct genes to make a particular cell pluripotent.
However, the new study reveals that only the earliest phase of the process is random. Once those chance events awaken the cell's own dormant copy of the Sox2 gene, that gene launches a deterministic pathway that leads to pluripotency.
During the early, random stage, there are probably many ways that Sox2 can be activated, Buganim says. "Different cells will activate Sox2 in different ways," he says. "As soon as you have a specific combination that allows the activation of Sox2, you are on the way toward full reprogramming."
The new model also predicted six combinations of factors that could activate Sox2. The researchers tested these combinations in reprogrammed cells and found that they were successful, with varying rates of efficiency.
Interestingly, they found combinations that do not include any of the original reprogramming factors. The researchers are now testing their new combinations to see if they produce healthier iPSCs. The most stringent test involves injecting iPSCs into an embryo that cannot give rise to normal cells because it has four sets of chromosomes instead of two. If a healthy animal develops from those cells, it is entirely the product of the iPSCs, demonstrating that the iPSCs were equivalent to embryonic stem cells. Most iPSCs injected into embryos do not pass this test. Source : Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
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The aging of the population of the United States is occurring at a time of major economic and social changes. The science of sociology offers an important knowledge base and analytical approach that can help us understand and plan for our changing demographics.
In a new report, The Future of the Sociology of Aging: An Agenda for Action, a panel assembled by the National Research Council evaluates contributions of social demography, social epidemiology and sociology to the study of aging and identifies promising new research directions in these fields.
The report is one of several recent publications from the National Academies dealing with the implications of the aging U.S. population, including:
- Fostering Independence, Participation, and Healthy Aging Through Technology: Workshop Summary (2013)
- Aging and the Macroeconomy: Long-Term Implications of an Older Population (2012)
- Perspectives on the Future of the Sociology of Aging (2012)
Join the Koshland Science Museum for a weekend of special activities celebrating opportunities for healthy aging September 21-22, 2013. See “The Science of Healthy Aging” for more information.
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This course will encourage students to evaluate magic and mythology through a chain of three processes: 1) Acquire a working knowledge of mythology and magic in different cultures and different time periods (where possible through primary text), 2) Establish the way in which modern media (books, short stories, movies, television shows, etc) makes use of mythology and magic as well as what, if any, alterations such media has made to the medium, and 3) Discern what modernity has “gained” through such alterations to the original form.
Student learning goals
Students should have a wide working knowledge of traditional mythology
Students should have a working knowledge of several magical paradigms
Students should have experience in framing the needs of modernity in the way modernity makes use of traditional mythology and magical paradigms
Students should have a general knowledge of the transformation that myths undergo in their appopriation into modernity
General method of instruction
Class will follow the form of a brief lecture in the beginning, followed by discussion and group analysis.
No prior background is necessary, although it can only serve to enrich the course.
Class assignments and grading
One final paper about a subject studied in class.
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of Long Term Research Conducted by the Northeastern Research Station
Title Large Area Comparisons
of Forest Management Practices in Appalachian Forest Types
||To determine the effects of different forest management systems
for different site-quality classes on: a) yield and growth of
the stands in terms of board feet, cubic feet, and basal area,
b) species composition, and c) timber quality.
||expected to continue
||Fernow Experimental Forest. Originally, areas were well-stocked
and presently have no history of cuts or burns for at least
25 years. Most of the growing stock originated from second growth
central Appalachian hardwoods that were 45-50 years old. Some
residuals were present from the 1905-1910 logging activities.
Study areas were laid out in mountainous terrain on the basis
of site quality. The 3 site qualities included 1 from each of
the following oak site indices: 80, 70, 60. Camera point surveys
were used to identify the study areas.
||Each of 3 silvicultural programs was replicated twice by 3
site qualities for a total of 18 sites plus 3 control areas
(1 for each site index). Overall total of 21 sites.
|Likelihood of Locating Study Areas:
||Prior to the first cut, 100% inventory was made of all trees
>5.0" d.b.h. (by 2" classes).
3 silvicultural programs: 1) Diameter-limit cut, 2) uneven-age
management, 3) patch cutting.
Diameter-limit cut: cut and removed all trees and felled all
culls >17.0" d.b.h.
3 site qualities: 80 (75-89), 70 (65-74), 60 (55-64).
Uneven-age Management: Single-tree selection harvests were made
according to residual stand goals to produce sawtimber (no trees
<11.0" d.b.h. are felled).
27 acres on 15-yr. cutting cycle; initially cut 1957
81 acres on 15-yr. Cutting cycle; initially cut 1953
34 acres on 15-yr. Cutting cycle; initially cut 1950
53 acres on 15-yr. Cutting cycle; initially cut 1953
12 acres on 20-yr. Cutting cycle; initially cut 1957
28 acres on 20-yr. Cutting cycle; initially cut 1952
Patch Cutting: Openings ~ 150' in diameter (0.4 acre) were created
under tree selection cutting (trees >5.0" d.b.h. were cut) to
maintain a minimum of 80 square feet of basal area in trees
>5.0" d.b.h. for indices of 80 and 70 while 65 square feet was
maintained for site index 60.
78 acres on 10-yr. Cutting cycle; initially cut 1957
25 acres on 10-yr. Cutting cycle; initially cut 1951
34 acres on 10-yr. Cutting cycle; initially cut 1951
20 acres on 10-yr. Cutting cycle; initially cut 1954
12 acres on 15-yr. Cutting cycle; initially cut 1957
11 acres on 15-yr. Cutting cycle; initially cut 1956
29 acres (4.5 acres of harvest at ea. cut) on 10-yr. Cutting
cycle; initially cut 1952; rotation age 65.
31 acres (4.8 acres of harvest at ea. cut) on 10-yr. Cutting
cycle; initially cut 1956; rotation age 65.
23 acres (3.1 acres of harvest at ea. cut) on 10-yr. Cutting
cycle; initially cut 1964; rotation age 75.
42 acres (5.6 acres of harvest at ea. cut) on 10-yr. Cutting
cycle; initially cut 1952; rotation age 75.
45 acres (7.9 acres of harvest at ea. cut) on 15-yr. Cutting
cycle; initially cut 1952; rotation age 85.
11 acres (1.9 acres of harvest at ea. cut) on 15-yr. Cutting
cycle; initially cut 1956; rotation age 85.
||3 types of field inventory: tree, sapling, and reproduction.
Tree-grade inventories are arranged by d.b.h. class. Volume
tables are constructed by species.
|Variables and Sampling Frequency:
||Independent: site quality, silvicultural programs/management
systems including stand structure, cutting cycle, residual stand,
size of trees cut, cultural treatment, road system standards,
Dependent: growth rates, timber quality, species composition,
reproduction characteristics, costs and returns.
||Data are visually compared to previously collected data. Accuracy
assessments are completed after each data-collection period.
Permanent employee continually supervises temporary employees.
Tree marking guide used to maintain consistency is attached
to Working Plan.
||Raw: stand structure (as defined by Meyer's quotient or Q:
the ratio of trees by successive diameter class) and grade,
species, d.b.h., and number of stems available on DG. Species,
d.b.h., And number of stems are in hardcopy. Data are downloaded
to PCs for analyses.
|Global Change Research Applications:
||Studies of Ecosystem Processes
|Publications and Reports:
||Work plan: 1950
Revision of Working plan: November 1966
Revision of Working plan: February 1969
Amendments to Working plan:
1 July 1970
The above are office reports of U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Parsons,
2 September 1970
3 July 1971
4 August 1972
5 November 1972
6 September 1973
Miller, G.W. And Smith, H.C. 1991. Comparing partial cutting
practices in central Appalachian hardwoods. In: McCorwick,
L.H.and Gottschalk, K.W., eds. Proceedings, 8th central hardwood
conference; 1991 March 4-6; University Park, PA. Gen. Tech.
rep. NE-148. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 105-119.
As of 1969: ~40 manuscripts were prepared after 20 years
of this large area research.
||Thomas Schuler, USDA Forest
Service, P.O. Box 404, Parsons WV 26287. (304) 478-2000
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The Nature of Osteomyelitis
The jaw is a structure at the entrance of the mouth whose main purpose is to grasp and manipulate food. The jaw also moves when we chew and speak. The upper jaw is known as the maxilla and the lower jaw is known as the mandible. Both are attached to the rest of the skull by the temporomandibular joint.
Most people understand that the jaw muscles, like other muscles in the body, can become infected. For example, when you get a cut on your finger, it is treated before infection can set in. However, bones (or more specifically the bone marrow) can also become infected. The bone marrow is a flexible tissue found in the interior of bones. A jawbone infection (or osteomyelitis) is typically caused by a particular strain of bacteria known as staphylococcus aureus.
Symptoms and Complications of Osteomyelitis
Some complications of an infection of the jaw are:
In some cases, only the fever and tiredness present themselves without the swelling or bone pain. In these cases the infection is hard to diagnose and certain complications arise. Some complications of an infection of the jaw include:
Causes and Treatment of Osteomyelitis
One of the common ways that osteomyelitis can be caused is by penetrating trauma. Such trauma penetrates the skin and muscle and creates an open wound thus exposing the jawbone to the outside environment. This is different than blunt trauma which may still break bones, but the skin remains unbroken. For example, a bullet would result in penetrating trauma and a bat would result in blunt force trauma. Some common causes of penetrating trauma include: violence against others, auto accidents, slip and falls against sharp objects, sports and work injuries, and product malfunction.
Another common ways in which bacteria can enter the jaw bone are medical malpractice cases where the jaw bone is exposed to the outside environment. In addition, the teeth and gums can become infected during oral surgery and spread to the jawbone. Some of these surgeries include: a tooth extraction, root canal, or wisdom teeth removal. Faulty installation of a prosthesis in the jaw area can also cause an infection. In some cases, individuals receiving intravenous or oral medications for cancer and osteoporosis treatment may develop an infection of the jaw as a side effect.
Initial diagnosis can be done by a doctor or dentist using x-rays. In addition, the dentist can do some blood tests to see whether an infection is present. An alternative to taking x-rays is a CT scan, or multiple x-rays which create a 3D image. An MRI can be used to diagnose any damage or infection of the surrounding jaw muscles. Finally, part of the bone can be removed and tested using a bone biopsy.
The goal in treating a jaw infection is to both get rid of the infection and reduce damage to the bone and surrounding jaw tissue. Traditionally, antibiotics are the first treatment step, typically given intravenously (through the vein) rather than orally. This treatment time is approximately 4 to 6 weeks long. If the patient is not responding to the antibiotics or if some of the tissue or bone has already decayed then surgery may be required. The space left by the damaged bone is often filled with packing material that promotes the growth of new bone or a bone graft.
No Recovery, No Fee
The Law Offices of Kevin J. Dolley takes injury cases on a contingency basis. This means you will only pay attorney's fees if we obtain compensation for you. For a free consultation with a lawyer, call us at (314) 645-4100 or contact us online.
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Echinacea, is an herb with attractive purple flowers that resembles a black-eyed Susan.
Echinacea is a popular garden plant that can grow in sun or partial shade. As well, it is often included on lists of herbal cures.
Home herbal : cook, brew & blend your own herbs
[editor, Susannah Steel]
New York : DK Publishing, 2011.
Recommending herbs for both well-being and minor ailments, this guide to cooking, brewing, and blending one's own herbs also features an A-to-Z directory of 100 key herbs and practical advice on the medicinal, cleaning, and consumptive uses of herbs.
Healing spices : how to use 50 everyday and exotic spices to boost health and beat disease
Bharat B. Aggarwal with Debora Yost.
New York : Sterling Pub., c2011
Breakthrough scientific research is finding that spices-even more than herbs, fruits, and vegetables-are loaded with antioxidants and other unique health-enhancing compounds. Studies of dietary patterns around the world confirm that spice-consuming populations have the lowest incidence of such life-threatening illnesses as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's. Bharat B. Aggarwal, the world's foremost expert on the therapeutic use of culinary spices, takes an in-depth look at 50 different spices and their curative qualities, and offers spice "prescriptions" -categorized by health condition-to match the right spice to a specific ailment.
Homegrown herbs : a complete guide to growing, using, and enjoying more than 100 herbs
Tammi Hartung ; photography by Saxon Holt.
North Adams, MA : Storey Pub., 2011.
As the enthusiasm for food gardening and self-reliance continues to grow, a new generation of foodies, gardeners, crafters, and DIYers is discovering the versatility of herbs as a source of flavor, fragrance, healing, and comfort. In Homegrown Herbs, Tammi Hartung provides the definitive guide to planting, growing, harvesting, and using more than 100 herbs. An internationally renowned herbalist, teacher, and certified organic grower, Hartung has filled this indispensable reference with a wide range of information gathered from her 30 years of studying and working hands-on with these amazing plants. Homegrown Herbs is a step-by-step primer for gardeners of every level. It includes in-depth profiles of 101 cultivars, including information on seed selection, planting, maintenance and care, harvesting, drying, and uses in the kitchen, home pharmacy, crafting, and body care. Hartung supports these profiles with an array of herb garden designs, illustrations, and at-a-glance charts. Sensational four-color photographs by Saxon Holt bring the information to life, and an introduction by renowned herbalist rosemary Gladstar highlights the importance of the book to both individuals and the planet as a whole. Packed with valuable information, Homegrown Herbs is much more than an encyclopedia of herbs -- Hartung shares her passionate and compelling vision for a world that is filled with greater abundance, pleasure, joy, and compassion. With Hartung as a guide, readers will find that growing herbs is more than simply a practical act; it is also an inspired one that brings beauty, flavor, and healing to the everyday...and to the world at large.
There are nine Echinacea species indigenous to the North American midwest from Saskatchewan to Texas, including here in Missouri. However, only three species are perennial and collected or cultivated as medicinal herbs. It is often sold as the expressed juice of the aerial parts of the plant, with alcohol added as a preservative.
Echinacea purpurea, the most common purple coneflower, can grow from 18 inches to 5 feet tall. The genus name may derive from the Greek "echinos" for sea urchin or hedgehog, after its bristly leaves and cone.
A word of caution
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. You should always read product labels.
If you have a medical condition or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, check with a health care professional before using this herb.
Traditional use of the Echinacea species includes native North American tribes using it to treat a variety of ailments. This includes mouth sores, toothaches, colds, sore throats, burns, and snakebites. Its use for snake bites gave rise to the common name of Missouri Snakeroot.
Current pharmacological and clinical studies are being conducted with this plant in an attempt to prove its effectiveness in lessening symptoms of respiratory infections. Some safety concerns are being investigated, especially related to dosage and use with children.
Article by: St. Louis Public Library staff
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Thrips are tiny insects, typically just a millimetre in length. Some are barely half that size. If that’s how big the adults are, imagine how small a thrips’ egg must be. Now, consider that there are insects that lay their eggs inside the egg of a thrips.
That’s one of them in the image above – the wasp, Megaphragma mymaripenne. It’s pictured next to a Paramecium and an amoeba at the same scale. Even though both these creatures are made up of a single cell, the wasp – complete with eyes, brain, wings, muscles, guts and genitals – is actually smaller. At just 200 micrometres (a fifth of a millimetre), this wasp is the third smallest insect alive* and a miracle of miniaturisation.
The wasp has several adaptations for life at such a small scale. But the most impressive one of all has just been discovered by Alexey Polilov from Lomonosov Moscow State University, who has spent many years studying the world’s tiniest insects.
Polilov found that M.mymaripenne has one of the smallest nervous systems of any insect, consisting of just 7,400 neurons. For comparison, the common housefly has 340,000 and the honeybee has 850,000. And yet, with a hundred times fewer neurons, the wasp can fly, search for food, and find the right places to lay its eggs.
On top of that Polilov found that over 95 per cent of the wasps’s neurons don’t have a nucleus. The nucleus is the command centre of a cell, the structure that sits in the middle and hoards a precious cache of DNA. Without it, the neurons shouldn’t be able to replenish their vital supply of proteins. They shouldn’t work. Until now, intact neurons without a nucleus have never been described in the wild.
And yet, M.mymaripenne has thousands of them. As it changes from a larva into an adult, it destroys the majority or its neural nuclei until just a few hundred are left. The rest burst apart, saving space inside the adult’s crowded head. But the wasp doesn’t seem to suffer for this loss. As an adult, it lives for around five days, which is actually longer than many other bigger wasps. As Zen Faulkes writes, “It’s possible that the adult life span is short enough that the nucleus can make all the proteins the neuron needs to function for five days during the pupal stage.”
As they get smaller, insects can do away with many of their organs. The feather-winged beetles – twice as big as the M.mymaripenne, but still impressively tiny – have drastically reduced the size of their genitals, guts and breathing tubes. They have totally lost their hearts: at their size, diffusion is enough to carry liquids around their body without the need for a pump. Their wings, like those of thrips and fairy wasps, are little more than wispy strands, rather than the flat oars of most other insects. That’s all they need to paddle through thick air currents.
But the nervous system is trickier to shrink. There’s a lower limit to how tiny neurons can be, and many of them have to be clustered in a chunky brain. This is one of the main things that prevent insects from becoming even smaller. Many insects have solved this problem by partitioning the brain into chest or abdomen, but wasps can’t do that. They only have a very thin connection between their heads and the rest of their bodies. No brain-shifting for them; they have to rely on more extreme adaptations, like paring down their number of neurons, and getting rid of their nuclei.
* The world’s second smallest insect is a close relative of M.mymaripenne called Megaphragma caribea, slightly smaller at 170 micrometres. The record holder is yet another wasp – Dicopomorpha echmepterygis. The males, blind and wingless, are just 130 micrometres long. The females are slightly bigger than M.caribea.
Update: It’s been pointed out to be that “fairy wasps” are members of the family Mymaridae, whereas Megaphragma belongs to the separate family Trichogrammatidae, members of which do not have a common name in English. Curses.
Reference: Polilov. 2011. The smallest insects evolve anucleate neurons. Arthropod Structure and Development http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2011.09.001
Hat tip to David Gregory, for pointing me to the paper
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Math Forum @ Drexel: Introduction to The Geometer's Sketchpad
Radnor High School Mathematics Department
Thursday, March 14, 2002
This series of activities is designed to serve as an introduction to GSP and how it might be used across the high school curriculum.
Constructing a Square
Adapted from the GSP Learning GuidePoints "Lining Up" in the Plane
From Teaching Mathematics with GSP
The Slope Intercept Form of a Line
From Exploring Algebra with GSP
Distances in an Equilateral Triangle
From Teaching Mathematics with GSPParabolas in Vertex Form
From Teaching Mathematics with GSPGoing Off on a Tangent
From Teaching Mathematics with GSPThe Geometer's Sketchpad Learning Guide, Teaching Mathematics with The Geometer's Sketchpad, and Exploring Algebra with The Geometer's Sketchpad are all copyright 2002 by Key Curriculum Press. The first two are available as part of the software package, The Geometer's Sketchpad, while the third is available separately from Key Curriculum Press.
Shelly Berman & Annie Fetter
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- About SEAS
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Novel 4D printing method blossoms from botanical inspiration
(CAMBRIDGE, Mass.) – A team of scientists at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University has extended their microscale 3D printing technology to the fourth dimension: time. Inspired by natural structures like plants, which change their form over time according to environmental stimuli, the team has unveiled 4D-printed hydrogel composite structures that change shape upon immersion in water.
“This work represents an elegant advance in programmable materials assembly, made possible by a multidisciplinary approach,” said Jennifer A. Lewis, senior author on the new study. “We have now gone beyond integrating form and function to create transformable architectures.”
Lewis is the Hansjörg Wyss Professor of Biologically Inspired Engineering at SEAS and a Core Faculty member at the Wyss Institute. L. Mahadevan, the Lola England de Valpine Professor of Applied Mathematics, Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and Professor of Physics at Harvard, as well as a Wyss Core Faculty member, is a co-author on the study. Their team also includes co-author, Ralph Nuzzo, the G.L. Clark Professor of Chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
In nature, flowers and plants have tissue composition and microstructures that result in dynamic morphologies that change according to their environments. Mimicking the variety of shape changes that plant organs such as tendrils, leaves, and flowers undergo in response to environmental stimuli such as humidity and/or temperature, the 4D-printed hydrogel composites developed by Lewis and her team are programmed to contain precise, localized swelling behaviors. The hydrogel composites contain cellulose fibrils that are derived from wood and are similar to the microstructures that enable shape changes in plants.
Reported today in Nature Materials, the 4D printing advance combines materials science and mathematics. The study’s co-lead authors are A. Sydney Gladman, a graduate research assistant advised by Lewis, specializing in the printing of polymers and composites; and Elisabetta Matsumoto, a postdoctoral fellow advised by Mahadevan, specializing in condensed matter and material physics.
By aligning cellulose fibrils during printing, the hydrogel composite ink is encoded with anisotropic swelling and stiffness, which can be patterned to produce intricate shape changes. The anisotropic nature of the cellulose fibrils gives rise to varied directional properties that can be predicted and controlled. Like wood, which can be split more easily along the grain than across it, the hydrogel-cellulose fibril ink undergoes differential swelling behavior along and orthogonal to the printing path when immersed in water. Combined with a proprietary mathematical model developed by the team that predicts how a 4D object must be printed to achieve prescribed transformable shapes, the method opens up potential applications for 4D printing including smart textiles, soft electronics, biomedical devices, and tissue engineering.
“Using one composite ink printed in a single step, we can achieve shape-changing hydrogel geometries containing more complexity than any other technique, and we can do so simply by modifying the print path,” said Gladman. “What’s more, we can interchange different materials to tune for properties such as conductivity or biocompatibility.”
The composite ink that the team uses flows like liquid through the printhead, yet rapidly solidifies once printed. A variety of hydrogel materials can be used interchangeably resulting in different stimuli-responsive behavior, while the cellulose fibrils can be replaced with other anisotropic fillers of choice, including conductive fillers.
“Our mathematical model prescribes the printing pathways required to achieve the desired shape-transforming response,” said Matsumoto. “We can control the curvature both discretely and continuously using our entirely tunable and programmable method.”
Specifically, the mathematical modeling solves the “inverse problem”, which is the challenge of being able to predict what the printing toolpath must be in order to encode swelling behaviors toward achieving a specific desired target shape.
“It is wonderful to be able to design and realize, in an engineered structure, some of nature’s solutions,” said Mahadevan, who has studied phenomena such as how botanical tendrils coil, how flowers bloom, and how pine cones open and close. “By solving the inverse problem, we are now able to reverse-engineer the problem and determine how to vary local inhomogeneity, i.e. the spacing between the printed ink filaments, and the anisotropy, i.e. the direction of these filaments, to control the spatiotemporal response of these shapeshifting sheets. ”
This work was supported by funding from the Army Research Office (ARO) and the National Science Foundation’s Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC).
IMAGES AND VIDEO AVAILABLE
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The International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage (HIST), under the auspices of UNESCO, is organizing the 1st International Workshop on Technologies for World Heritage, which is sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in Bejing from the 9th to the 28th of October 2012. The theme of the workshop is “From Space to Place: Application of Space Technologies in Management and Conservation of World Heritage”.
The objective of the Workshop is to help build capacity of the policy-makers, site managers or researchers of cultural natural heritage in some of the UNESCO member states in Asia on how to apply space technologies to the conservation and management of UNESCO properties in their countries. This event also contributes to celebrating the 40th anniversary of the World Heritage Convention.
The policy-makers, managers and researchers of World Heritage sites of the developing member states of UNESCO in Asia lacking the capacity to use and interpret satellite data in monitoring the state of conservation of their sites may apply to participate in the Workshop. As the number is limited to 20 people from 10 different member states, only those who are qualified can be selected as formal participants. This 1st Workshop will provide courses on topics such as “Climate Change and World Heritage Conservation”, “Natural Disasters and World Heritage Conservation”, “Space Technologies and Their Applications”, and many more.
For more information and to register for the workshop, please consult Brochure.
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Over One Hundred and Still Progressing: A Library for the Twenty First Century
The contemporary glass-walled building on the busy corner of Hampton and Assembly Streets in Columbia, South Carolina appears to be an upscale hotel or office building. People from all walks of life scurry in and out the entry. Inside there is continuous movement of children and adults walking across the levels, going up and down the escalators, and stopping to talk. Alone and in groups, they cluster around computers and tables. Only then does one notice that they all seem to be carrying books-for this hub of activity is a Public Library.
This library, modern as it is, has a long heritage. Colonial South Carolina passed the first public library law in 1700. The Charleston Library Society formed 45 years later in the colonial capital was one of the first in the North American colonies. After the American Revolution, the new state of South Carolina moved the seat of government from Charleston in 1786 to the newly laid-out, more centrally located village of Columbia. By 1805, the Columbia Library Society flourished and petitioned the General Assembly for permission to make decisions without a quorum, as many members lived too far away to attend all the evening meetings. Twenty years later, the capital supported three libraries, all with reading rooms. These libraries, as well as their successors, charged nominal fees for the privilege of borrowing books, but anyone could enjoy reading selections from the collections in the public rooms.
Colonel William C. Preston, former college president and senator, sponsored the capital’s most prominent antebellum library, the Columbia Athenaeum. Donating his own collection of 1,600 books, Col. Preston also wanted the Columbia Athenaeum to be a meeting and discussion center for city leaders. Located on the Southeast corner of Richardson (now Main) and Washington Streets, the Athenaeum supported extensive collections of art and books and sponsored entertaining speakers in the adjacent lecture hall. Many a contemporary journal and letter mentioned delightful, stimulating evenings spent at the Athenaeum. One paid a $100 initiation fee and then $5 per year to be a member. Unfortunately, this lively library was undone by its own treasurer, a “slick duck” according to a contemporary account, who absconded with the funds in 1859. Six years later General Sherman and his troops completed its demise. On February 17, 1865, the fire that followed the Union Army’s plundering totally destroyed the Athenaeum.
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Scandal winding up in court is nothing new. This month the Harvard University Libraries launched a fascinating new digital collection of over 450 searchable full-text trial narratives, all involving divorce, domestic violence, abduction, adultery and related issues during the 19th and early 20th century. "Studies in Scarlet: Marriage and Sexuality in the U.S. and U.K., 1815-1914" features mostly privately reported and published trial narratives and transcripts. While these cases from the Harvard Law School Library's collections lack the precedential value of officially reported appellate opinions, they offer real-life insights and examples of how the law was applied in the context of public attitudes, gender roles and societal standards of an earlier era. Among the diverse subjects are Caroline, Queen Consort of George IV, Oscar Wilde, and wealthy but lesser known New Yorkers suing for divorce.
Ernster, the Virtual Library Cat
Above the Law - A Legal Tabloid - News, Gossip, and Colorful Commentary on Law Firms and the Legal Profession
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April 27, 2002
Psychological Trauma of the Civil War in Sri Lanka
This article appeared in The Lancet. All rights reserved.
by Kaz de Jong, Maureen Mulhern, Nathan Ford, Isabel Simpson, Alison Swan, and Saskia van der Kam
Sri Lanka's ceasefire brokered by the Norwegian government 3 months ago has essentially held, bringing hope for the end of the country's brutal 19-year civil war. The war between the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, who have been fighting for an independent state in the north and east of the island, and the Sri Lankan government has resulted in more than 64 000 deaths and shattered the economy.
The Northern Tamil-controlled region is home to hundreds of thousands of people displaced by the conflict. Many of the region's estimated 371,000 population are former residents of the Jaffna peninsula who have fled the fighting since this symbol of statehood was recaptured by the Sri Lankan army in 1996.
In Vavuniya, a town close to the front lines, thousands of displaced people have been settled in government-run camps known as welfare centres. These centres were established 10 years ago as temporary facilities for people displaced by conflict and wishing to resettle elsewhere in Sri Lanka. Conditions in the camps are poor. Families (average six members) occupy an area of 3 m2. Hygiene is very limited, and water shortages and non-functional pit latrines are common. As a security measure, these 23 000 Tamils were virtually confined to the centres by a strictly-enforced pass system. The desperate living conditions, and the general level of trauma within the population, is reflected by the alarming rate of suicide in the camps, which is almost three times higher (103·5 per 10 000) than in the community (37·5 per 10 000). Indeed, the prevalence of suicide in Sri Lanka is one of the highest in the world.1 Alcohol dependency is high among the camp population, and frequent episodes of domestic violence, child abuse, and violence between neighbours are evidence of a breakdown in the social fabric.
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) has been working in Sri Lanka in both government and Tamil-controlled areas since 1986, and in Vavuniya for the past 2 years. Between Nov 13 and Nov 17, 2000, we did a survey in 162 displaced people living in the welfare centres to assess exposure to traumatic stress.2
Most respondents (60) were within the 25-34-year age group, and over half (100) were women. More than half had been displaced between 1995 and 1999. On average, people had been displaced three times before arrival in the centres. Most escaped with their family.
A substantial number of participants had been directly exposed to war. Many had witnessed attacks on their village, aerial bombing, mortar fire, cross fire, and instances of torture, and had seen wounded people, and people being burnt in their houses. 20 (12%) had been attacked, 28 (18%) arrested or kidnapped, 27 (17%) taken hostage or detained, 28 (17%) maltreated by police or army personnel, and 17 (11%) tortured. Instances of rape were low (five of 162) but there were concerns about underreporting since 60% of respondents (97) claimed to have heard of rape cases. Almost all had lost their homes or property (157, 97%) and faced starvation (152, 94%). 88% (142) described a constant feeling of being unsafe.
Conflict and violence inevitably results in the loss of loved ones, and 12 (7%) of participants had lost their partner, 14 (9%) a child, 20 (12%) parents, 29 (18%) a sibling, and 16 (10%) a grandparent. More than a third had lost someone to whom they were close. Some had witnessed these deaths—16 (10%) had witnessed the death of their child or a child in their care. Around half (78, 48%) had been separated from family members. 39 people (24%) reported that someone in the family had attempted suicide.
The survey findings provide an indication of the general level of suffering of the population in a country where chronic conflict has taken a dramatic toll and the health system is unable to cope. Health units, health professionals, and medical supplies have all suffered as a consequence of the long-term conflict, resulting in lower access, availability, and quality of health care.3 Most medical professionals have fled the conflict: 21 of 27 vacancies for government doctors in the northern region remain vacant.
It would be difficult to imagine a group of people suffering more from the psychological trauma of war. They have been the direct victims and witnesses of war and human rights abuses, they have been cut off from employment and the hope of self-reliance, and remain confined to squalid conditions that amplify the psychological trauma of the past and exacerbate mental health problems.
The local health authorities admit psychological health has long been a concern in Vavuniya, but are helpless to do anything about it because of lack of resources, expertise, and support from central government.
MSF worker in Poonthoddam camp, Vavuniya (© Marco van Hal/MSF)
To help address the burden of mental illness and trauma, MSF is running a community-based programme with an emphasis on the psychosocial consequences of violence. Activities include increasing awareness, community strengthening, reinforcing coping-strategies for long-term war-affected communities, and counselling by trained national staff. A special emphasis is put on the prevention of suicide through community health workers who monitor the camp population for community disharmony and family problems, and provide counselling to help people find positive solutions to their difficulties. Since almost all suicide attempts involve poisons (allory seeds or agricultural poison), MSF and the local government have been working to impose stricter controls on these substances.
The ceasefire has allowed the movement of previously restricted medical supplies into the northern region in the past few months, and increased security should allow the establishment of long-term medical and psychosocial assistance programmes. There have been some improvements in freedom within the camps (mainly through the lifting of the pass system), but the poor living conditions in the welfare centres must be addressed.
The Sri Lankan authorities had recently begun relocating the displaced population, but with limited availability of land these areas were situated very close to the forward defence line and raised serious security concerns. Last month the relocation process was put on hold and a survey is now planned by the government to determine the wishes of the displaced population regarding relocation. We are concerned that any significant internal migration of people might be accompanied by compounding problems of epidemics, conflict with host communities, local or national shortages of basic needs, and a breakdown of social norms with resultant frustration and disillusion leading to violence.
In the long term, the acute psychosocial and practical needs of the population must be met by the relevant authorities. It will take much more than resettlement to heal the psychological wounds suffered during a generation of hostilities.
- WHO. Suicide rates. Geneva: WHO, 2000.
- de Jong K, Mulhern M, Swan A, van der Kam S. Assessing Trauma in Sri Lanka, Psycho-Social Questionnaire. Amsterdam: MSF, 2001. http://www.msf.org/countries/page.cfm?articleid=8AE97899-6551-46BD-80F870AF5C7670DA (accessed April 10, 2002).
- Reilley B, Simpson I, Ford N, DuBois M. Sri Lanka's health service is a casualty of 20 years of war. BMJ 2002; 324: 361.
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Legends of the Saints
MANY saints in old time used to come and take up their abode in the wild desolate Western Islands for the rest and sanctity of solitude, and innumerable evidences of their presence still remain in the ancient ruins of the so-called cells or churches built in the rudest form, but always placed in a picturesque locality beside a well, which ever since has been held sacred, and no woman is allowed to wash her feet in the water.
In one of these islands is a stone bed called "The Bed of the Holy Ghost," and many people go from the mainland to lie a night in this bed, though the sea is always rough and dangerous, believing that it heals all diseases, and it brings good luck to all, and to women the blessing of children.
If the lark sings on St. Bridget's Day it is a good omen, and a sign of fine weather. And whoever hears it the first. thing in the morning will have god luck in all he does for that whole day. St. Bridget was granted by the Lord to have every second Sunday fine so that. she might preach to the converts that came to her.
Then St. Patrick greatly desired that his day should also be fine so that the people might gather together in remembrance of him, and this also was granted. So from that time forth the Saints! Day, the 17th of March, is always fine, for so it was decreed from the ancient times when he was upon earth.
On St. Patrick's Day it is the usage in the islands to affix large crosses made of straw and flowers on the door-posts, and a black cock is sacrificed in honour of the saint, though no one can tell why it is considered necessary that blood should be spilt, except that the idea of sacrifice is found in all religions and rituals of worship. At first the object most loved or most prized was sacrificed--a child, or a costly jewel. Then the human sacrifice began to be replaced by the offering of an animal, who was made the medium of expiation. And the god was satisfied so that blood was spilled to purify from sin.
It is remarkable that relics of this ancient ritual of sacrifice can still be found even in the enlightened households of this advanced nineteenth century. An ox is still slaughtered at Christmas, though Baal is forgotten; and a lamb is sacrificed at Easter, as the Druids offered the firstlings of time flock to the Sun-god; while a goose is slain on St. Michael's Day as a burnt-offering to the saint.
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Photography is a wonderful and rewarding hobby for millions of people. However, for a photographer's work to really stand out, he or she needs two skills: creativity and technical know-how. The former is more difficult to learn and is largely based on talent and experience. The latter is less an art than a craft and can be learned to perfection.
The work that follows the capture of a photographic image - the workflow in the digital darkroom - has a significant effect on the quality of the final image. This workflow is often underestimated and neglected, leading to weak images and poorly managed image collections. The Digital Photography Workflow Handbook will help you avoid crucial mistakes as you master the craft of photographic post-processing.
This book provides a step-by-step guide through the photographic workflow, from image capture, editing, and asset management, all the way to the perfect photographic print. The workflow presented in this book focuses on RAW images, which will give you maximum quality and flexibility, and is based on two of the most popular and powerful software tools: Adobe Photoshop and Lightroom.
The Digital Photography Workflow Handbook can be used as a reference or textbook by both aspiring amateur and professional photographers, as well as by students.
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Webster's Dictionary, 1913
[ Latin nimietas
, from nimius
, adjective , nimis
, adverb , too much.] State of being in excess.
There is a nimiety , a too-muchess, in all Germans. Coleridge.
Nimious adjective [ Latin nimius .] Excessive; extravagant; inordinate. [ Obsolete]
[ From Nim
.] A thief.
Nin [ Fr. ne in .] Not in. [ Obsolete] Chaucer.
[ A corruption of non compos
.] A fool; a silly or stupid person.
An old ninnyhammer, a dotard, a nincompoop , is the best language she can afford me. Addison.
[ Middle English nine
, Anglo-Saxon nigon
; akin to D. & LG. negen
, Old Saxon & OFries. nigun
, Old High German niun
, German neun
, Icelandic nīu
, sw. nio
, Danish ni
, Goth. niun
, Ir. & Gael. naoi
, W. naw
, Latin novem
, Greek ..., Sanskrit navan
; of unknown origin. √307. Confer Novembeer
.] Eight and one more; one less than ten; as, nine miles. Nine men's morris
. See Morris .
- - Nine points circle (Geom.)
, a circle so related to any given triangle as to pass through the three points in which the perpendiculars from the angles of the triangle upon the opposite sides (or the sides produced) meet the sides. It also passes through the three middle points of the sides of the triangle and through the three middle points of those parts of the perpendiculars that are between their common point of meeting and the angles of the triangle. The circle is hence called the nine points or six points circle .
Nine noun The Nine , the nine Muses.
1. The number greater than eight by a unit; nine units or objects. 2. A symbol representing nine units, as 9 or ix.
Nine-bark noun (Botany) A white-flowered rosaceous shrub ( Neillia, or Spiræa, opulifolia ), common in the Northern United States. The bark separates into many thin layers, whence the name.
Nine-eyes noun (Zoology) The lamprey.
Nine-killer noun [ So called because it is believed to kill and impale on thorns nine birds, etc., in succession.] (Zoology) The northern butcher bird.
Ninefold adjective Nine times repeated.
Nineholes noun plural A game in which nine holes are made in the ground, into which a ball is bowled.
; plural Ninepences 1. An old English silver coin, worth nine pence. 2. A New England name for the Spanish real, a coin formerly current in the United States, as valued at twelve and a half cents.
Ninepins noun plural A game played with nine pins, or pieces of wood, set on end, at which a wooden ball is bowled to knock them down; bowling. » In the United States, ten pins are used for this game, which is therefore often called tenpins .
Ninescore adjective Nine times twenty, or one hundred and eighty. -- noun The product of nine times twenty; ninescore units or objects.
[ Anglo-Saxon nigont...ne
. See Nine
, and Ten
.] Nine and ten; eighteen and one more; one less than twenty; as, nineteen months.
1. The number greater than eighteen by a unit; the sum of ten and nine; nineteen units or objects. 2. A symbol for nineteen units, as 19 or xix.
Nineteenth adjective [ Confer Anglo-Saxon nigonteó...a .]
1. Following the eighteenth and preceding the twentieth; coming after eighteen others. 2. Constituting or being one of nineteen equal parts into which anything is divided.
1. The quotient of a unit divided by nineteen; one of nineteen equal parts of anything. 2. The next in order after the eighteenth. 3. (Mus.) An interval of two octaves and a fifth.
1. Next in order after the eighty-ninth. 2. Constituting or being one of ninety equal parts.
1. The quotient of a unit divided by ninety; one of ninety equal parts of anything. 2. The next in order after the eighty- ninth.
[ See Nine
, and confer Forty
.] Nine times ten; eighty-nine and one more; as, ninety men.
; plural Nineties 1. The sum of nine times ten; the number greater by a unit than eighty-nine; ninety units or objects. 2. A symbol representing ninety units, as 90 or xc.
; plural Ninnies
. [ Confer Italian ninno
, a baby, Spanish niño
, child, infant, Italian ninna
, ninna nanna
, lullably, probably from ni
, as used in singing a child to sleep.] A fool; a simpleton. Shak.
Ninnyhammer noun A simpleton; a silly person. [ Colloq.] Addison.
[ From Nine
; confer Anglo-Saxon nigoða
.] 1. Following the eight and preceding the tenth; coming after eight others. 2. Constituting or being one of nine equal parts into which anything is divided.
1. The quotient of one divided by nine; one of nine equal parts of a thing; the next after the eighth. 2. (Mus.) (a) An interval containing an octave and a second. (b) A chord of the dominant seventh with the ninth added.
Ninthly adverb In the ninth place.
Ninut noun (Zoology) The magpie. [ Prov. Eng.]
Niobe noun [ Latin Nioba , Niobe , Greek ....] (Class, Myth.) The daughter of Tantalus, and wife of Amphion, king of Thebes. Her pride in her children provoked Apollo and Diana, who slew them all. Niobe herself was changed by the gods into stone.
Niobic adjective (Chemistry) Same as Columbic .
[ New Latin , from Latin & English Niobe
.] (Chemistry) A later name of columbium. See Columbium .
Niopo noun A kind of snuff prepared by the natives of Venezuela from the roasted seeds of a leguminous tree ( Piptadenia peregrina ), thence called niopo tree .
Nip noun [ LG. & Dutch nippen to sip; akin to Danish nippe , German nippen .] A sip or small draught; esp., a draught of intoxicating liquor; a dram.
Nip transitive verb
[ imperfect & past participle Nipped
, less properly Nipt
; present participle & verbal noun Nipping
.] [ Middle English nipen
; confer Dutch niipen
to pinch, also knippen
to nip, clip, pinch, snap, knijpen
to pinch, LG. knipen
, German kneipen
, to pinch, cut off, nip, Lithuanian knebti
.] 1. To catch and inclose or compress tightly between two surfaces, or points which are brought together or closed; to pinch; to close in upon.
May this hard earth cleave to the Nadir hell, Tennyson. 2. To remove by pinching, biting, or cutting with two meeting edges of anything; to clip.
Down, down, and close again, and nip me flat,
If I be such a traitress.
The small shoots . . . must be nipped off. Mortimer. 3. Hence: To blast, as by frost; to check the growth or vigor of; to destroy. 4. To vex or pain, as by nipping; hence, to taunt.
And sharp remorse his heart did prick and nip . Spenser. To nip in the bud
, to cut off at the verycommencement of growth; to kill in the incipient stage.
Nip noun Nip and tuck , a phrase signifying equality in a contest. [ Low, U.S.]
1. A seizing or closing in upon; a pinching; as, in the northern seas, the nip of masses of ice. 2. A pinch with the nails or teeth. 3. A small cut, or a cutting off the end. 4. A blast; a killing of the ends of plants by frost. 5. A biting sarcasm; a taunt. Latimer. 6. (Nautical) A short turn in a rope.
1. One who, or that which, nips. 2. A fore tooth of a horse. The nippers are four in number. 3. A satirist. [ Obsolete] Ascham. 4. A pickpocket; a young or petty thief. [ Old Cant] 5. (Zoology) (a) The cunner. (b) A European crab ( Polybius Henslowii ).
[ See 1st Nip
.] A small cup.
Nippers noun plural
[ From 2d Nip
.] 1. Small pinchers for holding, breaking, or cutting. 2. (Machinery) A device with fingers or jaws for seizing an object and holding or conveying it; as, in a printing press, a clasp for catching a sheet and conveying it to the form. 3. (Nautical) A number of rope-yarns wound together, used to secure a cable to the messenger.
Nipping adjective Biting; pinching; painful; destructive; as, a nipping frost; a nipping wind.
Nippingly adverb In a nipping manner.
[ Confer 1st Nip
.] Peculiary strong and good; -- said of ale or liquor.
[ Old Cant]
'T will make a cup of wine taste nippitate . Chapman.
Nippitato noun Strong liquor. [ Old Cant] Beau. & Fl.
[ Formerly neble
, a dim. of neb
. See Neb
.] 1. (Anat.) The protuberance through which milk is drawn from the breast or mamma; the mammilla; a teat; a pap. 2. The orifice at which any animal liquid, as the oil from an oil bag, is discharged.
[ R.] Derham. 3. Any small projection or article in which there is an orifice for discharging a fluid, or for other purposes; as, the nipple of a nursing bottle; the nipple of a percussion lock, or that part on which the cap is put and through which the fire passes to the charge. 4. (Mech.) A pipe fitting, consisting of a short piece of pipe, usually provided with a screw thread at each end, for connecting two other fittings. Solder nipple
, a short pipe, usually of brass, one end of which is tapered and adapted for attachment to the end of a lead pipe by soldering.
Nipplewort noun (Botany) A yellow-flowered composite herb ( Lampsana communis ), formerly used as an external application to the nipples of women; -- called also dock-cress .
[ Sanskrit nirvāna
.] In the Buddhist system of religion, the final emancipation of the soul from transmigration, and consequently a beatific enfrachisement from the evils of worldly existence, as by annihilation or absorption into the divine. See Buddhism .
Nis [ From ne is .] Is not. [ Obsolete] Chaucer.
[ Hebrew nīsān
.] The first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, formerly answering nearly to the month of April, now to March, of the Christian calendar. See Abib .
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Design & Construct Your Own RF Probe
An RF probe, sometimes also called RF detector is a simple test device to detect radio frequency oscillation in an electronic circuit. This device will work as a RF rectifier and give a pulsed DC voltage.
An RF probe is used to directly measure the level of RF voltage present at a particular point and is one of the most useful test instrument in the hands of the home brewer. It is normally used with a digital multimeter(DMM) to indicate the voltage level as dc voltage which is equivalent to the RMS value of the RF voltage being measured.
However, the level of RF voltage being measured provides useful information only when the probe has been designed for use with a specific multimeter. The design of the RF probe is a function of the DC input resistance of the meter we intend to use with it. If a new meter with a different input resistance is used with the probe the reading will be inaccurate.
Look at the figure which shows the construction of the RF probe. The rectified DC voltage at the cathode of the diode is at about the peak level of the RF voltage at the tip. The value of the resistor R1 is so chosen that when this resistor is connected in parallel with the input resistance of the digital multi meter, the peak value is about 1.414 times the RMS voltage. R1 has to drop this excess voltage so the meter indication is accurate. If we know the input resistance of the meter, we can calculate the value of R1 as follows. Usually, digital multi meters have an input resistance of 11 meg ohms. In this example we shall take the input resistance of the meter as 10 meg ohms which will make calculation easier to understand.
10,000,000 X 1.414 = 14,140,000
R1 = 14,140,000 - 10,000,000 = 4,140,000 Ohms = 4.14 Meg Ohms
4.7 meg ohms is the value chosen in all circuits since digital multimeters have input resistance of 11 meg ohms.
Using only 3 electronic components, it may rank as one of the simplest and cheapest homebrew projects. When used with a high-impedance DC Voltmeter, it can be used to measure RF voltage (and power), trace RF signals in a new design, and troubleshoot malfunctioning RF circuits. It has its limits, of course, but once you understand how it's used, and how easy it is to build, you'll wonder why you never built one before!
References & More Construction Ideas & Circuits:
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This should be in the calculus section.
Remember that the position function is defined as , where D is distance. The derivative of the position funciton is velocity, . And the second derivative of the position function, and the derivative of velocity is simply acceleration, .
You are told that your vehicle is traveling at a constant deceleration of , which is the same as saying . Therefore, , where C is our initial velocity. From the problem, we want to know what our initial velocity was, which means at some time "t", our velocity will be equal to zero (the car is at rest). In mathematical terms that means: .
So, we need to know what "t". From the equation for velocity, we see that , and that the anti-derivative of this is . But, we already know that C is 10t, so: . From the problem, we know that at some time "t", the exact same "t" that our final velocity is zero, that the car will have traveled 500 meters. Therefore: . However, the cars initial position, relative to the problem, is 0, so we can say that D (which is initial position, in the same way that C is initial veloctiy) is equal to zero. Which leaves: .
Can you take it from here? If you have any questions about the reasoning used feel free to ask.
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Categories: International and Comparative Law
Instructor(s) Huneeus, Alexandra
The course provides an introduction to public international law. We begin with an introduction to the international legal system, which differs from our national legal system in intriguing ways. As we learn the primary rules and institutions that govern this unique legal system, we ask the fundamental questions: Where does international law come from? Whom does it govern? How is it enforced? How is it different from domestic law? Once we master the basics, we turn, in Unit II, to the question of how this international system interacts with our more familiar national legal system. While our main focus will be on foreign affairs law of the United States, we will also look at other countries’ foreign affairs law. In Unit III, we turn to specific substantive areas of international law, focusing on current topics, such as the international response to the crisis in Syria (humanitarian law and international criminal law).
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BIRMINGHAM, Alabama -- Tuesday marks the 150th anniversary of America's first observance of Thanksgiving as a national holiday.
That first observance came in 1863, during the Civil War, which pitted North against South and brother against brother, nearly ripping this nation apart for good.
To call the Civil War bloody is almost an understatement. It is estimated that about 625,000 men were killed during the war, the most of any U.S conflict, even the global struggle of World War II.
So why in the midst of this horrific conflict did the nation set aside a day to give thanks?
What reason did people have to feel gratitude?
Dr. Guy W. Hubbs, an archivist and associate professor of library science at Birmingham-Southern College with a passion for American history, will try to answer these questions in a lecture on campus tomorrow.
Hubbs will offer his Provost's Forum address, titled "Giving Thanks in 1863," at the Norton Theatre at 11 a.m. The campus community and general public are invited to attend.
Hubbs is the author of the forthcoming book, "Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag and Freedman."
In 2003, the University of Georgia Press published two of his books: "Voices from Company D, an Anthology of Eight Civil War Diaries" and "Guarding Greensboro: A Confederate Company in the Making of a Southern Community." The latter won the Jefferson Davis Award and the Robertson Literary Prize.
Birmingham-Southern College is located at 900 Arkadelphia Road. For more information, call (205) 226-4600 or go to www.bsc.edu.
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The Science and Math Investigative Learning Experience (SMILE) program celebrated its 20th birthday today. The SMILE Program is a partnership between Oregon State University and 14 Oregon school districts — mostly rural — to provide science and math enrichment for underrepresented and other educationally underserved students in grades 4-12. Part of OSU’s College of Education, the SMILE program has grown from serving 80 students in four middle schools in 1988 to serving over 700 students and 66 teachers in 35 schools.
A celebration was held in the Memorial Union and was attended by President Ed Ray, SMILE Program Director Eda Davis-Butts, and many other OSU Faculty and Staff. Congratulations to the SMILE crew! Check out this statement on the SMILE Program by President Ray:
We must, as an institution and a nation, make sure we provide the opportunities, education, and means to attain social and economic success for all people commensurate with their abilities.
The SMILE Program provides learning opportunities in the fields of science and math to underrepresented and educationally underserved students. Students from grades 4th to 12th participate in hands-on activities that inspire student success.
As teachers and administrators, we must provide our students with the critical skills they need in these areas. We are especially proud of SMILE’s achievements.
Dr. Edward J. Ray
President, Oregon State University
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One of our great American patriots and public servants has always been a staunch advocate of the need for immigrant communities to assimilate into traditional American culture, adopting the English language and the values of its national heritage. So, it is not a surprise that he has also been critical of immigrants coming to America who do not assimilate into our culture. In addition, this patriot has been fully invested in the American laissez faire capitalist system. He has been outspoken in his criticism of the fact that immigrants curtail the American economy by working the menial labor jobs for less than the average English speaker. Finally, he has argued that immigrants who come arrive in this country in a weakened physical state tax the health care system by providing services for them.
In 1751, Benjamin Franklin wrote his Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. In this essay, Franklin was responding to the increase in non-English immigrants to the North American colonies, primarily from Ireland and the German states. In fact, German immigrants outnumbered English-speaking immigrants by three to one during the 1750s.1 Philadelphia, Franklin's hometown, was one of the prominent destinations for German immigrants. Germans from the Palatinate (of what is now south-west Germany) landed in Philadelphia, traveled up Germantown Ave. and if they did not settle in Germantown, continued past what is now the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia, and out toward the further counties of the English colony of William Penn.
As the new settlers came through, Franklin was concerned that these "swarthy" Germans, as he called them, were not learning the common language of the colony, nor English culture. Instead, they seemed to keep to themselves and huddle together in their own settlements or farms out in the country. In addition, those that arrived at the docks sick after a long journey across the Atlantic had to be put under the care of local doctors and put a stress on the local economy.2 According to Carla Mulford, Franklin's words reflected the fear among English-speaking colonists of the "Germanization of Pennsylvania."3 As early as 1717 Pennsylvania Governor, William Keith worried that the influx of these foreigners was "dangerous."4
Of course, Franklin's fears were not only defined by the altruistic ideals of establishing a unified nation. He was directly affected by the economics of German immigration. Franklin's prominent and successful printing press was kept out of one prominent market: the publishing of Bibles. Permission to print King James Bibles was granted directly from the King, and Franklin failed to secure this grant. However, the King's prohibition did not extend to non-English Bibles, specifically German Bibles. Thus, while Franklin pined away at lost profits, Christopher Sauer on Germantown Ave. in Philadelphia held the corner on the market in selling German Bibles to the pietistic German settlers.5
For much of the history of North America, German Americans in the East and Midwest (as well the Finish, Swedish and Norwegian Lutherans) were considered fringe ethnic communities. German Dissenters, Reformed and Lutherans were not part of the centrist denominations that defined much of the WASP Christian piety of the new Republic, such as the Episcopalians, Methodists, and Presbyterians. This "swarthy" race of non-English speakers spent much of their existence attempting to live out their own identity in a predominantly English-speaking country. These German communities had different ideas about assimilation.
In fact, the heated debates about assimilating into English culture led to a split within the German Lutheran communities in New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland.6 This ultimately led in part to the development of two seminaries: Gettysburg, which followed Samuel Simon Schmucker in his move toward openness toward North American culture and American Evangelicalism; and Philadelphia, led by Charles Porterfield Krauth who articulated a German-Lutheran confessionalism. Further a field in the Midwest, the Missouri Synod Lutherans continued to maintain a German separateness throughout the nineteenth century. It was not until the middle of the twentieth century that they began to be seen as part of the mainstream of American culture.7
The catalyst for their movement toward the mainline was the modern barbaric slaughter of World War I. By the time the United States entered the war on the side of the Allies, public rancor toward Germans ran dangerously high, so that German Americans were on occasion lynched on the streets for their suspected loyalty toward the Kaiser. In some cases they were forced to fly American flags to prove that they were "100 percent" American. A "spy hysteria" overtook Americans who came to "fear their German neighbors not simply as potential spies [for the Kaiser] but as Germans per se." 8 German Americans were castigated in the press and often accused of being a fifth column.
It was such fear about the sympathies of German Americans and their public ethnic associations that prompted President Woodrow Wilson to establish the Espionage Act of 1917, allowing the government to undertake surveillance, question, imprison or deport German Americans. One of the primary targets of the government was the Philadelphia Tageblatt newspaper that was known for its pro-Germany sympathies. The newspaper was closed down and its owners and editors were found guilty of promoting the "success of the enemies of the United States." As Russel A. Kazal notes,
The pressure imposed on German Americans to forsake their ethnic identity was extreme in both nature and duration. No other ethnic group saw its "adoptive fatherland" twice enter a world war against its country of origin.9
By the end of World War I, most of German America had lost its public German-ness. German community associations had closed. Many German Reformed and Lutheran congregations ceased holding their services in German. Sauerkraut was considered unpatriotic and was re-named "liberty cabbage." In effect, German-Americans began to assimilate into the "Anglo-American establishment."10 It must be noted, however, that German fringe communities do still exist (among Mennonites, Brethren and Amish) and are happy to remain on the periphery of mainstream American social-political life.
This journey from the fringe to the center might be surprising for many American Lutherans who have come to expect that the current established denominations of Lutheranism in America are part of the mainline and dominant Protestant American culture. Yet, the journey has been a long one that has been fraught with charges of being anti-American, sectarian, violent, and a threat to the (Anglo) American way of life.
In the fall of 2010 the Park 51 controversy, better known as the "Ground Zero Mosque" erupted. The vitriolic response by the nation toward Imam Feisal Rauf in particular, and Muslims in general, reached heights not seen since 2001. Feisal Rauf and his wife Daisy, founders of the Cordoba Initiative, were castigated as al-Qaeda operatives who were intent upon demonstrating that Islam would plant its flag on the ashes of ground zero.11
While speaking to a Lutheran congregation on the topic of Muslims in America, I was shocked by the anger and fear about "those Muslims" who were intent upon destroying the United States. One participant lectured me that there were over 100 mosques in New York and "the Muslims" did not need one more. As I drove out of the parking lot of that particular Lutheran church after our meeting, I noticed another Lutheran church directly across the street. Of course, I knew that the history of Lutheranism in America prohibited the simple unification of German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and even English-speaking congregations. I wonder how many "swarthy" Lutheran congregations there were in this Pennsylvania town, and how threatened they once were because of their ethnic identity and religious beliefs? The fear of the Germanization of Pennsylvania has been replaced with the fear of the Islamization of America.
According to a recent Gallop Poll survey, 53% of Americans have a negative image of Islam, and 29% admit to feeling a strong degree of prejudice towards Muslims. And yet, 63% of Americans admit to having little or no knowledge of Islam.12 The emotional effects of September 11th are still with us. With the ongoing military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the attempted bombing in New York City in the fall of 2009, American society has little faith in a 100% American Muslim community. There certainly is a "terrorist hysteria" sweeping the nation.
While there are congregations (or individuals within congregations) willing to move out of such hysteria to engage in dialogue with local American Muslim communities, the national atmosphere has poisoned any fruitful opportunities for rational reflection and positive communal engagement. While Imam Feisal and others saw the Park 51 issue as an opening into dialogue about the role of Muslims in America, such initiatives were quickly blown apart by a concerted media campaign to create further hysteria. American Muslim communities that had been interested in participating in American civic life have withdrawn themselves back into their "settlements" out of fear of not being considered 100% American or have simply lost heart.
The American Muslim population is estimated at anywhere between 2.35 million and seven million, depending on who does the counting.13 Quite often the number is inflated either by Muslim groups in order to demonstrate the important place of a growing minority, or by fear mongers who wish to demonstrate the growing threat toward the American way of life. Most researchers have tended to categorize American Muslims into two large segments: African-American Muslim and Immigrant Muslim communities. By all accounts, African-American Muslims make up the largest single ethnic community among American Muslims. They represent anywhere from 30–42% of the total of the Muslim population.
The African-American Muslim population owes its identity to the forced migration and slavery from the Muslim kingdoms of West Africa to the colonies in North America and the West Indies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.14 While African-American Islam truly came of age in the early part of the twentieth century as a Black Nationalist movement under the aegis of Elijah Muhammad, it has journeyed to become varied and representative of many different denominations and pieties. The largest current expression of African-American Islam are members of the Muslim American Society, established under the leadership of the late Warith Deen Muhammad, who worked hard at gaining recognition around the world as an orthodox Sunni Muslim community.
African-American Islam is a truly homegrown religion and phenomenon. Perhaps our reticence to accept Islam as truly American has more to do with issues of racism than Islamophobia?15 Outside of the major metropolitan areas of Chicago, Detroit, Newark, New York City, and Philadelphia, where African-American Islam has deep roots, most Americans do not associate a black face with Islam, but an olive one — dare we say a "swarthy" one?
The Immigrant American Muslim population has been defined as those American Muslims whose ancestry voluntarily migrated to the United States. According to the recent 2007 Pew Research Project Muslims in America, the immigrant Muslim population comes from 68 different countries around the world.16 Most of these immigrant Muslims originally came from the Indian Sub-continent, which includes the current countries of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. They entered the country as a result of the 1965 Immigration Act that opened up immigration to non-European countries.17
As a result, thousands of Muslims from South Asia and Southeast Asia came to the United States for the purpose of higher education. They trained to be doctors, lawyers and engineers. Thus, the second and third generation immigrant American Muslim population of today tends to place a high value on education and professional training. It was not until the late 1980s and early 90s when the most recent migration of Arabic-speaking Muslims from North Africa and the Middle East began arriving in search of better economic opportunities, often fleeing turmoil in their home countries. While Arabs make up only 15–18% of all Muslims worldwide, immigrants from the 22 nations that make up the Arab World have been a large segment of the recent immigrant Muslim population. The majority of these Arab Muslims came from Lebanon, Somalia, and Yemen during their civil wars.
Lutherans have traditionally been at the forefront of immigration concerns and refugee resettlement issues. This has been primarily because of the traumatic German, Latvian and Lithuanian experiences following World War II. Lutheran World Relief, which was organized to respond to the world crisis of the refugee problem after World War II, has continued to advocate on behalf of refugees, displaced persons and forced migrants. Even throughout the recession, American Lutherans from the ELCA and Missouri Synod have continued to provide generous support for Lutheran World Relief and Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service.
However, when it comes to the Muslim immigrant, have we forgotten our heritage? Have we as Americans Lutherans lost our empathy as we have become ourselves part of the mainstream? It seems to me that within the American context, we American Lutherans have a wonderful opportunity to engage with Muslim Americans as fellow citizens on the journey toward civic engagement.18 We ourselves have gone through an agonizing journey, and we might have a great deal to share with African-American and Immigrant-American Muslims. Of course, we would need to work through our own North American cultural "terrorist hysteria."
An important part of working through the hysteria is actively listening to how Muslim Americans define themselves and their own piety, rather than defining it for them. Muslim Americans are often charged with being members of a violent religion. I often hear from concerned Christians who have read the Qur'an and are deeply disturbed by its claims about Muhammad, women, and "the Sword." My usual response is — "Find a Muslim in your community and ask them about these things." Of course, it is easier to continue to believe in the bogeyman that is created on some Islamophobic blog, than to deal with a flesh and blood individual and their own self-definitions of their faith.19 This is not to say that there will not be theological, social and even political differences of opinion, but a real life encounter and conversation is much more faithful and ultimately fruitful than our own perception of the Other.
Muslim Americans would very much like to participate in the civic and religious mainstream conversations that have now become standard among Protestant, Catholic and Jewish congregations in the United States.20 However, like the Lutheran communities of the early nineteenth century, Muslim Americans are not a homogenous community. They reflect a wide variety of ethnicities, backgrounds, and histories. They do not represent similar interests, nor do they speak as a whole. Their theological piety of individual responsibility before God generally prohibits their promoting public leaders to speak on behalf of other believers, which will frustrate media sources, and people of good will who wish to seek them out. Their journey toward the center of American life will be difficult. Assimilating into "English" culture is difficult. Reflecting back on our own experience, we as American Lutherans, especially German American Lutherans, have more in common with our Muslim neighbors than we might care to admit. Perhaps that is what is so unsettling for us.
David D. Grafton is Associate Professor of Islamic Studies and Christian-Muslim Relations, and the Director of Graduate Studies of The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. He is the author of numerous articles, as well as The Christians of Lebanon: Political Rights in Islamic Law (I.B. Tauris, 2004), and Piety, Politics and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East (Wipf and Stock, 2009).
1. Carla Mulford, "Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania Germans, and the Ethnic Origins of Nations," in Halle Pietism, Colonial North America, and the Young United States, ed. Hans-Jürgen Grabbe (Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2008) 151.
2. Benjamin Franklin, "Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.," in Observations On the late and present Conduct of the French, with Regard to their Encroachments upon the British Colonies in North America, William Clarke (Boston: S. Kneeland, 1755) 13.
3. Mulford, 154.
4. E. Clifford Nelson, The Lutherans in North America rev. ed (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980), 28.
5. Here I am fully indebted to my colleague the Rev. Dr. Karl Krueger for his knowledge and information on this subject.
6. Nelson, 95–101.
7. For a very helpful perspective on the rise and fall of "Mainline" Protestantism, see Joseph Bottum, "The death of Protestant America: a political theory of the Protestant mainline," First Things No 185 (Aug–Sept 2008): 23–33.
8. Russel A. Kazal, Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004) 173.
9. Kazal, 188 and 274, respectively.
10. Kazal, 2.
11. For information on the Cordoba Imitative see www.cordobainitiative.org.
12. Abu Dhabi Gallup Center, Religious Perceptions in America: With an In-Depth Analysis of U.S. Attitudes Towards Muslims and Islam (Dubai, United Arab Emirates: Gallup, Inc., 2009) 8.
13. See the 2007 Pew Research Center Study, the 2001 CUNY Religious Identification Survey, the 2000 Mosque Study Project, and the 2007 CIA Fact Book.
14. See Sylvanie Diouf, Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas (New York: New York University Press, 1998).
15. "The 'asabiya of African-American Muslims and an American Christian Response," Missiology: An International Review, vol. XXXI, no. 4 (October 2003) 449–458.
16. Pew Research Center, Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream," (Washington D.C.: Pew Research Center, 2007) 15.
17. Diana Eck, A New Religious America (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2001) 6–7. See also M.A. Muqtedar Khan, "Constructing the American Muslim Community," in Religion and Immigration: Christians, Jewish and Muslim Expressions in the U.S., Eds. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Jane I. Smith and John L. Esposito (New York: Rowan & Littlefield, 2003) 175–198.
18. See Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Muslims on the Americanization Path (Atlanta, Ga.: Scholars Press, 1998).
19. "Reading Their Book of Faith: North American Muslims and their Interpretations of the Qur'an In the Post 9/11 Era," Dialog: A Journal of Theology 48/3 (Fall 2009) 257–266.
20. Here I am referring to the oft-repeated phrase "Judeo-Christian Nation" that only came in vogue with Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew: an essay in American Religious Sociology (New York: Doubleday, 1955). Prior to this, Judaism and Catholicism were rarely if at all considered part of Anglo-American culture.
Bottum,Joseph. "The death of Protestant America: a political theory of the Protestant mainline." First Things. No 185 (Aug–Sept 2008): 23–33.
Diouf, Sylvanie. Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas. New York: New York University Press, 1998.
Eck, Diana. A New Religious America. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2001.
Franklin, Benjamin. "Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc." In Observations On the late and present Conduct of the French, with Regard to their Encroachments upon the British Colonies in North America, William Clarke. Boston: S. Kneeland, 1755.
Abu Dhabi Gallup Center. Religious Perceptions in America: With an In-Depth Analysis of U.S. Attitudes Towards Muslims and Islam. Dubai, United Arab Emirates: Gallup, Inc., 2009.
Grafton, David D. "The 'asabiya of African-American Muslims and an American Christian Response." Missiology: An International Review, vol. XXXI, no. 4 (October 2003) 449–458.
_____. "Reading Their Book of Faith: North American Muslims and their Interpretations of the Qur'an In the Post 9/11 Era." Dialog: A Journal of Theology 48/3 (Fall 2009) 257–266.
Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck. Muslims on the Americanization Path. Atlanta, Ga.: Scholars Press, 1998.
Herberg, Will. Protestant, Catholic, Jew: an essay in American Religious Sociology. New York: Doubleday, 1955.
Kazal, Russel A. Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Khan, M.A. Muqtedar. "Constructing the American Muslim Community." In Religion and Immigration: Christians, Jewish and Muslim Expressions in the U.S., eds. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Jane I. Smith and John L. Esposito, 175–198. New York: Rowan & Littlefield, 2003.
Mulford, Carla. "Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania Germans, and the Ethnic Origins of Nations." In Halle Pietism, Colonial North America, and the Young United States, ed. Hans-Jürgen Grabbe, 117–160. Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2008.
Nelson, E. Clifford. The Lutherans in North America, rev. ed. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980.
Pew Research Center. Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, 2007.
© May / June 2011
Journal of Lutheran Ethics
Volume 11, Issue 3
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Today's generation of young people is the largest in history. Over 3 billion people – nearly half of the world's population – are under the age of 25. Almost 90% of all young people live in developing countries. Young people are a valuable asset to their countries and investing in them brings tremendous social and economic benefits. They also face challenges – including violence and crime, unemployment and HIV/AIDS – that undermine their rights and create significant social and economic costs to society.
There is growing momentum on youth participation within the development community. Governments around the world are increasingly supporting youth ministries, youth policies and youth programmes, and there is now greater recognition that young people are the future of their countries’ development. But there is still a long way to go to realise this potential.
The Youth Participation Guide aims to help build and harness young people as assets. It has been developed through an innovative process led by young people, which itself has reinforced their capacity to participate and lead. The Guide challenges negative stereotypes of youth and demonstrates how young people can positively contribute to development in four operational areas: organisational development, policy and planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. It also draws together case studies, resources and practical ‘how to’ guidance from around the world and draws on Sharing and Learning Networks established in two focus countries - Nepal and Uganda. The case studies that illustrate this focus on three thematic areas that are important to young people:
- governance, voice and accountability
- post-conflict transitions and livelihoods
- sexual and reproductive health and rights.
The process of developing the Guide has stimulated considerable interest in Nepal and Uganda and we hope that the Sharing and Learning Networks will continue there. Meanwhile, the resources and lessons will grow through the on-line guide and website http://www.ygproject.org.
Nemat (Minouche) Shafik
Department for International Development
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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 16/7/2012 (1446 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
The contaminants sound nasty -- bunker fuel, solvents and heavy metals -- but the cleanup might not be so bad.
After 130 years of leaks and spills, the Canadian Pacific rail yards that segregate the North End from the rest of city could be a petri dish of chemicals requiring serious cleanup before the vast parcel could be redeveloped. Many suspect the cost and hassle involved in remediating the site could be deal-breakers.
But among the many technical, financial, and political problems that plague rail relocation, soil contamination might be the easiest problem to solve, several experts say.
It's already been done in cities across Canada, from Moncton, N.B., to Victoria, and the cost, while a factor, is a few million, not hundreds of millions. And, in many cases, the rail companies paid.
Every remediation is different, depending on what the yards were used for and how many spills occurred. Without borehole testing it's difficult to know how polluted the soil around the CP rail yards is and what has seeped into the groundwater.
"It would depend very much on how bad the contamination is and what's going to be put on there afterwards," said Angus Ross, spokesman for the Canadian Brownfields Network.
But, said Ross, it could be as simple as locating the contaminated spots and digging them out.
Generally, experts expect to find chlorinated solvents, old batteries, metals such as cadmium and chromium, and oils and fuels such as bunker fuel, a molasses-like substance used to power old steam locomotives.
Normally, no PCBs are found, said David Tiplady, a vice-president and the principal hydrologist with Vancouver's Piteau Associates.
And while remediation standards are tougher now, so are the environmental protection rules that govern how rail companies prevent spills and clean them as they happen. Rail workers familiar with the yards say in recent decades there have been few spills, and the province's conservation staff agrees, saying any spills must be immediately remediated.
The issue is what happened generations ago and what effect big incidents such as a 1980 methanol spill had on the soil and groundwater.
Marshalling yards, such as the ones below the Arlington and Slaw Rebchuk bridges, where cars are added and removed from trains, tend to be easier to remediate than mechanical shops such as the Weston shops behind the McPhillips Station Casino.
And the cleanup is usually fairly simple and not prohibitively expensive.
A decade ago, the Canada Lands Co., a federal land development agency, cleaned up 10 hectares of old CN Rail yards in Kelowna, B.C., to turn the parcel into a high-end residential neighbourhood. Among the glitches was worse-than-expected soil contamination. Copper, heavy metals and hydrocarbons polluted the site, and a two-year remediation project cost $1.5 million using a basic "dig and dump" process.
Adjusted for inflation and considering the size of Canadian Pacific's marshalling yards, that would put remediation costs in the neighbourhood of $18 million to $20 million, not including the Weston shops.
Other examples: Tiplady is working on a rail-yard remediation project in British Columbia in which the bill is $10 million so far. And, in Edmonton, where CN Rail's old yards are now one of the downtown's hippest neighbourhoods, cleanup wasn't much more complicated than digging one nine-metre-deep hole near a fuelling station and removing the dirty soil.
"I've cleaned up lots of rail yards," said Don Hussey, now the principal of Urban Revision Consulting, who worked for CN Rail's real estate division when the Edmonton yards were transformed.
"There were spots where there were issues that had to be dealt with, but it was no different from a lot of rail yards, and not really that bad in the end."
Other experts suggest Winnipeg's clay soil could be a big help. Sandy soil allows contaminants to trickle down into the groundwater, a far more expensive cleanup problem. Clay soil tends to hold contaminants in place, protecting the groundwater and avoiding large-scale disbursement.
Proponents of relocating Winnipeg's rail yards, including the Social Planning Council of Winnipeg, argue remediation presents an opportunity more than a challenge. If several metres of soil need to be removed, that makes it easier to install water and sewer lines or a massive geothermal field that could heat all the new buildings in the area and make the development a model of green innovation.
They argue doing it now will be cheaper than doing it in 20 years.
Cleanup case studies
Moncton's massive rail yard once covered 113 hectares, employed 4,000 people, and was the freight, passenger and repair hub for most of the Maritimes. But when Canadian National left in 1989, rail-car remnants and foundations remained.
After a couple of years of testing, planning and public consultation, remediation started in the summer of 1998 and by 2000, the property was ready to be sold.
The cleanup was green-minded: Concrete slabs and foundations were ground up and used for paving, contaminated soil was treated and reused, and buried metal was baled and shipped to a recycling plant.
Now, the massive site next to downtown Moncton has been turned into a business park, a residential section and a huge recreation area with hockey rinks, soccer fields and 10 baseball diamonds.
The cleanup cost was $12 million to $14 million.
-- source: OCL Group
Canadian Pacific's Angus shops not far from downtown were the train and locomotive maintenance and manufacturing shops for the region, even producing armed vehicles during the Second World War.
But in the late 1990s, CP began selling or redeveloping the 50 hectares of underused rail yards to turn them into what are now hundreds of townhomes, condos, apartments and seniors housing, parks small and large, a grocery store and a business park.
First, though, the heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons needed to be removed from the soil. That work was done by 1996 and cost about $10 million. The project, along with the Moncton shops, became a model for other brownfield development.
-- source: CMHC case study
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In the first few decades after World War II, comparative constitutional law rose to a prominent position in American law schools, only to disappear in many ways in the years after the Warren Court in part because of the Court’s decisions. During the years after World War II, Justices of the Supreme Court (from William Douglas to Felix Frankfurter to Earl Warren) and deans of major American law schools (like Harvard Law School Dean and later Nixon Solicitor General Erwin Griswold) traveled the country and the world encouraging everyone to examine the constitutional law of other countries. Law reviews featured many articles about comparative constitutional law, sometimes nearly as many as about decisions of the United States Supreme Court. With time, though, the attention devoted to the Warren Court and the Court’s decisions led to a substantial disappearance of comparative constitutional law from the American legal world. This Article discusses this previously undiscovered history of comparative constitutional law and the reasons for the substantial disappearance of this field for long periods of the history of American law schools. This lost history can also teach us much about constitutional law scholarship in the United States, because many of the major developments in constitutional scholarship had actually been tried elsewhere - yet these developments went mostly unnoticed in the United States. In order to prevent this situation from recurring, this Article suggests new reforms to American legal education.
Wednesday, February 2, 2011
Fontana on The Rise and Fall of Comparative Constitutional Law after World War II
The Rise and Fall of Comparative Constitutional Law in the Postwar Era has just been posted by David Fontana, George Washington University Law School. It appears in the Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 36, p. 1, 2011. Here's the abstract:
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The largest and most-populated of the Canary Islands is Tenerife, found off the coast of Africa.
Sunshine data obtained from Santa Cruz de Tenerife weather station
Tenerife alone is home to approximately two-fifths of the entire Canary population, and takes its name from an old native name for Mount Teide - White Mountain, from the snowy peaks of its dormant volcano whose emissions created the island itself millions of years ago.
The island was conquered in the late 15th century by Spanish forces and served as a major stopping point for ships on their way to the Americas. A mass emigration by Tenerife's residents to Latin America is what sealed its bond to the then-New World, as the island's grape production was by far the strongest facet of its economy.
British forces would try to take the island during the Revolutionary Wars; Nelson famously lost an arm while he battled in vain to capture Tenerife, while Sir Walter Raleigh was involved in another failed attempt.
Tenerife view of beach and hills with buildings Tenerife is served by two airports; one each on the north and south of the island. The northern airport is only a few miles away from Santa Cruz de Tenerife; the joint capital along with Las Palmas de Gran Canaria of the whole island group. Known as the Island of Eternal Spring, temperatures on the island are mild enough for agreeable weather all year round - however it is not unusual to see snow-covered hills off in the distance during t-shirt weather!
Santa Cruz is the administrative capital of the Canary Islands, and has a wide range of attractions, events and nightlife which bring tourists from all over the world; principally Germany and Britain are two of the biggest countries whose residents visit the island for holidaymaking. Each year the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife takes place on the capital's streets; such is its cultural importance as a seat of identity that it is currently seeking to be named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Parades, performances and shows take place in and around the city streets attracting many visitors.
While all this much-vaunted culture takes place up north, the south of the island is given over to resorts such as Playa de las Americas which are famous for their high-quality beaches and accommodation, though the island does afford travel between both areas enabling visitors to get the best of both worlds. The Tenerife Auditorium is a beautiful venue still used today for concerts of both classic and popular music, while the architecture and sculptures can be enjoyed all over the island.
Last updated: 14 April 2015
The seven islands that form the Canary Islands experience a Mediterranean climate typified by extremely dry summer months with warm temperatures and mild winters with more rainfall, particularly to the north of the region.
Spain has three main climate zones with the south and east coasts characterised by a Mediterranean climate, the vast inland areas of the central plateau experience a continental climate while the north and northwest regions are classified as an oceanic climate.
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IF ever a church building made a statement, it was The First Church of Christ, Scientist, dedicated 100 years ago today at the corner of Falmouth and Norway Streets in what was then Boston's newly filled-in Back Bay. The granite Romanesque church, hastened to completion on the last day of 1894 at the insistence of Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of Christian Science, proclaimed that the young denomination was in town - indeed, in the world - to stay.
Even then, over 100 affiliated Christian Science churches were holding services in the United States - a number that would increase sharply over the next half century and then ebb somewhat. Hundreds of ``branches'' of The Mother Church - as the church in Boston is known to its members - have been established overseas as well.
Other events in the church's expansion would include the founding of this newspaper in 1908 and the enlargement of church headquarters into a multiblock complex in the early 1970s. The guiding motive in such steps, according to Ruth Elizabeth Jenks, current president of the church, was ``to reach out to the entire world.''
The 1895 dedication of the church culminated years of searching by Mrs. Eddy for an organizational structure that would strongly root her religious movement. Church historian Robert Warneck says she first gathered Christian Scientists into a church in 1879, with a governance that mirrored the majority-rule democracy of Congregationalism.
By the time the church in Boston was built, Mr. Warneck says, that form of organization had given way to the governmental structure that remains today. Primary authority resides in a set of rules called the ``Manual of The Mother Church,'' written by Mrs. Eddy, with administrative power vested in a self-perpetuating five-member Board of Directors. Concurrently, the preaching of sermons in Christian Science churches gave way to readings from the Bible and ``Science and Health With Key to the Scriptures,'' Mrs. Eddy's chief work.
The completion of the church in 1895, as well as the building of a large extension early in the 20th century, were also notable steps in the evolution of Boston's Back Bay. Sam Bass Warner, an urban historian who lives in the Fens neighborhood close to the church, says this part of Boston was becoming part of a ``cultural axis'' running through the Back Bay at the turn of the century. Symphony Hall, Horticultural Hall, the Museum of Fine Arts, and the New England Conservatory of Music were all part of the new cultural district. Centers of learning such as Northeastern University and Simmons College also sprang up.
Such institutions coexisted, however, with a sprawling rail yard, warehouses, and sheds, located on the present site of Boston's Prudential Center. Blocks of working-class, brownstone apartment buildings filled in the area. It was ``not exactly a well-to-do neighborhood, though the buildings were new,'' says Philip Bergen, librarian with the Bostonian Society, a local historical and cultural organization.
After World War II, the area started to decline and threatened to become a slum.That was gradually reversed by developments like the Prudential Center in the late '50s and the Christian Science Center, with its large plazas and reflecting pond bordering the original Mother Church. The latter development, Mr. Warner says, had a lot to do with creating a safer, more hospitable environment for pedestrians. ``We've grown together,'' says Mrs. Jenks, regarding the relationship between Mrs. Eddy's church and the city.
The construction of the church faced many hurdles ranging from bad weather to strikes to deliveries of faulty materials. On Dec. 20, 1894, just 10 days ahead of the scheduled completion date, the church had no pews or platform, and the unfinished walls were bare. Nonetheless, the church was done by midnight of Dec. 29, 12 hours ahead of the first service to be held there.``It was a microcosm of all the macrocosms of lack and limitation,'' says Jenks. Those roadblocks were surmounted less by the building in stone, she says, than by the ``real building'' of ``lives healed and dedicated to the fulfillment of Jesus's two great commandments'' - to love God and to love one's fellow man.
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JERUSALEM (Dec. 19)
American intervention was said here today to have been the cause for delay by the French in starting to build the projected 30-inch pipeline from the head of the Gulf of Akaba to the Mediterranean. Israeli circles charged that the American intervention came 48 hours before the scheduled departure from France of a large survey team which should have arrived here at the beginning of the month.
The pipeline was to have been financed by a pool of French investment companies jointly with a certain American oil company. The French Government had agreed to give guarantees to the investors against damages from force majored. It was the American company which decided at the last moment on the postponement, and consequently, the entire proposed structure of guarantees was reportedly suspended.
It is estimated here that the trans-Negev pipeline would save six cents per ton in oil transportation charges as compared to Suez Canal charges. The pipeline would have had an annual capacity of 25 million tons. In 1955, a total of 69 million tons of oil was shipped through the Suez Canal.
Israel would not have had access to this oil which would have been exclusively for Western Europe, but would have received a fixed transit royalty per ton. Thus, the smaller pipeline which Israel is now building independently, from Elath to Beersheba, is not an alternative to the French pipeline but is supplementary and is for Israel’s own requirements. Israel may build its own pipeline larger than the planned eight inches, possibly making it 12 inches.
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Enjoy these adventures on your ebook reader and help support the Thread of Awareness network of websites by downloading the Log of The Moira ebooks in epub and mobi formats for €5 per ebook or €10 for all three ebooks.
It's easy to think of ocean water as alive.
A cubic meter of surface water has an estimated 100,000 phytoplankton plus a mix of about a billion bacteria, nannoplankton, zooplankton and protozoa, all busy focusing sunlight to the task of rearranging the atoms of sea into themselves and then passing it on again.
Little whirlpools of life, keeping their essence while letting Sea flow right through them.
Not much more of a task to realize a coral, or a whale, is a modified flow of sea water.
Life originated in Sea, learned all its tricks of becoming there, and only then began the even more complex task of learning how to venture out of the sea onto the land.
This wasn't easy. Life is essentially reorganized sea water. To leave the sea, watery life had to devise complex control systems to preserve its essence while allowing water to continue its steady flow through it, never getting out of perfect fluid and ionic balance. Never drying out or flooding. Life needed to think up waterproof skins, kidneys, valves, sphincters, pumps of various kinds, and circulatory systems.
Even fresh water creatures had to come up with special techniques to maintain their salt content in their evolutionary migration upstream from the oceans.
Living beings on land are like self-organizing tide pools. Small containers of sea growing, moving, becoming more complex each day. Each egg and sperm still meet in a fluid nearly identical in composition to seawater.
All 300 million cubic miles of water on Earth, making up her oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers and water vapor, circulate through the water cycle of the planet about once every three thousand years.
Some 300 cubic miles of water evaporate every day from the sea, rising up over the land as clouds, then raining down to flow through the rivers, and through the watersheds of plants and animals and bacteria, eventually returning to the ocean again.
About every two million years, every drop of water passes through all the animal and vegetable life on Earth.
Today, the land is flooded with life in a million different styles. About 40,000 visible animals live in a cubic foot of soil.
The air is filled with microscopic life, aerial plankton of viruses, bacteria, pollen, insects, birds and bats rising up into the stratosphere.
Even the clouds and the rain are alive with creatures.
Wherever life exists, it is an image at the focus of awareness as sun and sea flow through the lens of mind.
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Olympic Arithmetic: Luge Time Averages
Challenge your child to help the judges determine the big winner of the Winter Olympics in the luge category! Complete the table of time averages by adding up each participant's times, and then dividing the sum by the total number of participants. She'll boost her addition, division, and critical thinking skills with this one!
Looking for more math-boosting Olympics fun? Check out the rest of the Olympic Arithmetic series!
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Year after year the worriers and fretters would come to me with awful predictions of the outbreak of war. I denied it each time. I was only wrong twice.
— Senior British intelligence official, retiring in 1950 after 47 years of service
This weekend’s question is: What are the “Unknown Unknown” climate impacts?
In 2002, Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld infamously popularized the term “unknown unknowns” – “the ones we don’t know we don’t know.” See video below.
As my illustrated review of 50 recent studies on climate impacts made clear, what we know with confidence is coming on our current emissions path is more than enough reason to act.
If we go to 7°F — let alone 9°F or higher — we are far outside the bounds of simple linear projection. Some of the worst impacts may not be obvious — and there may be unexpected negative synergies. The best evidence that will happen with the staggering warming we face if we keep doing nothing is that it already happened with even the 1°F or so warming we have seen to date.
As quantified in the journal Nature, “Mountain pine beetle and forest carbon feedback to climate change,” (subs. req’d), which just looks at the current and future impact from the beetle’s warming-driven devastation in British Columbia: “The cumulative impact of the beetle … converted the forest from a small net carbon sink to a large net carbon source.
No wonder the carbon sinks are saturating faster than we thought (see here) — unmodeled impacts of climate change are destroying them:
Insect outbreaks such as this represent an important mechanism by which climate change may undermine the ability of northern forests to take up and store atmospheric carbon, and such impacts should be accounted for in large-scale modelling analyses.
And the bark beetle is slamming the Western U.S. and Alaska, too.
The key point is this catastrophic climate change impact and its carbon-cycle feedback were not foreseen even a decade ago — which suggests future climate impacts will bring other equally unpleasant surprises, especially as we continue on our path of no resistance.
Note I am not talking about the many “known unknowns” — the stuff we know could happen but we have no idea how fast and fierce:
- Accelerated release of the methane hydrates
- Rapid collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet
- Dramatic shift in ocean circulation patterns
- Runaway greenhouse effect
- The drying of the Northern peatlands (bogs, moors, and mires).
- The Amazon becoming a carbon source — see Science: Second ’100-year’ Amazon drought in 5 years caused huge CO2 emissions. If this pattern continues, the forest would become a warming source.
I’m talking about stuff that is not really explored in the scientific literature.
I’m talking the real black swans — an “extreme event” that is “an outlier, as it lies outside the realm of regular expectations, because nothing in the past can convincingly point to its possibility” (see “Is global warming a black swan“).
What are the “Unknown Unknown” climate impacts?
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Nighttime Coyote Hunting Proposed
Hunting coyotes at night could soon be legal in some parts of the state. A proposed rule change by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission would allow the use of artificial lights to blind coyotes after dark. The move is prompted by concerns for livestock and pet safety as the animals' population increases. But David Rabon from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Red Wolf Recovery Program says the change could threaten the fragile Red Wolf population.
David Rabon: Coyotes and Red Wolves are very similar looking, especially through untrained eye or when there's no scale involved. And when you lose the visible light, then you're going to have a harder time.
Rabon says sterilizing coyotes might be a more effective and safer way to reduce the population. He says there are only 90-to-110 red wolves living in North Carolina.
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Given that s=ut+at^2 and that the rate of change of distance with time = speed, show that,
OK so it is quite simple it's a matter of differentiating the first term. But why exactly?
Follow Math Help Forum on Facebook and Google+
simply because velocity is defined as the rate of change of position with respect to time.
If you were to differentiate you would not get you would get
Because given that the object starts at position 0.
my bad, it was a typo.
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Lesson 1 (from Chapters 1 through 6)
Chapters 1 through 6
"Tales of the City" is set in San Francisco during the 1970's. The setting is crucial to establishing realistic characters and interesting story lines. In this chapter, students will analyze the significance of the setting to the book.
1) Pair Research: Using newspapers, books, magazines, and other media from the classroom and school library, students will research the social atmosphere of San Francisco during the 1970's.
2) Writing Assignment: After conducting research and having some knowledge about life in San Francisco during the 1970's, students will analyze the conversation between Mary Ann and Connie in "Connie's Place." In what ways does their conversation reveal important information about the setting?
3) Class discussion: In "Connie's Place," when Connie says to Mary Ann, "This city loosens people up," what does she mean? How is San Francisco portrayed as being different from the rest of the country? Could this...
This section contains 5,859 words
(approx. 20 pages at 300 words per page)
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The characteristic Eastern influence began with Constantine I, who also introduced Christianity. Orthodoxy triumphed over Arianism under Arcadius' predecessor, Theodosius I, but violent religious controversy was chronic. The reigns (395–527) of Arcadius, Theodosius II, Marcian, Leo I, Leo II, Zeno, Anastasius I, and Justin I were marked by the invasions of the Visigoths under Alaric I, of the Huns of Attila, and of the Avars, the Slavs, the Bulgars (see Bulgaria), and the Persians. After the Western Empire fell (476) to Odoacer, Italy, Gaul, and Spain were theoretically united under Zeno but were actually dominated by, respectively, the Ostrogoths, the Franks, and the Visigoths, while Africa was under the Vandals. During this period arose the heresies of Nestorianism and Monophysitism and the political parties of Blues and Greens to divide the Byzantines.
Sections in this article:
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Ancient History, Late Roman and Byzantine
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Drooling (also known as ptyalism) is when saliva flows outside the mouth. Drooling is generally caused by excess production of saliva, inability to retain saliva within the mouth, or problems with swallowing.
Some people with drooling problems are at increased risk of inhaling saliva, food, or fluids into the lungs. However, this is unlikely to cause harm, unless the body's normal reflex mechanisms (such as gagging and coughing) are also impaired.
Isolated drooling in infants and toddlers is normal and is unlikely to be a sign of either disease or complications. It may be associated with teething. Drooling in infants and young children may be exacerbated by upper respiratory infections and nasal allergies.
Drooling associated with fever or trouble swallowing may be a sign of a more serious disease including:
- Strep throat
- Parkinson's disease
A sudden onset of drooling may indicate poisoning (especially by pesticides) or reaction to snake or insect venom. Some medications can cause drooling as well. Some neurological problems also cause drooling. Excess Capsaicin can cause drooling as well, an example being the ingestion of particularly high Scoville Unit chili peppers.
Another form of Ptyalism is associated with pregnancy, most common in women with a condition known as Hyperemesis Gravidarium, or uncontrollable and frequent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy which is far worse than typical "morning sickness". With Hyperemesis, ptyalism is a side-effect, which is a natural response to uncontrollable vomiting. With normal vomiting, salivary glands are stimulated to lubricate the esophagus and mouth to aid in expelling of stomach contents. During a hyperemetic pregnancy, many woman complain of excessive saliva and an inability to swallow this saliva. Some women note having to carry around a "spitoon" or using a cup to spit. Swallowing their own saliva has been noted to gag and further nauseate the women making the hyperemeis that much worse.
There are several theories as to the causes of hyperemeis and related symptoms such as Ptyalism. A minority of physicians were reluctant to treat hyperemesis since they didn't see it as a true physiological illness but rather "in the patient's mind". However, now more is known about the illness numerous treatment options are available, see hyperemesis.org for more information. A very small minority of pregnant women who suffer and don't respond to treatment, or have adequate support from those around them, may end up terminating the pregnancy. Others refuse to carry another child. The most frequent act is preparing for the onset of hyperemesis if a subsequent pregnancy is expected.
Care for drooling due to teething includes good oral hygiene. Ice pops or other cold objects (e.g., frozen bagels) may be helpful. Care must be taken to avoid choking when a child uses any of these objects.
Drooling also is common in children with neurological disorders and those with undiagnosed developmental delay. The reason for excessive drooling seems to be related to (1) lack of awareness of the build-up of saliva in the mouth, (2) infrequent swallowing, and (3) inefficient swallowing. Treatment of excessive drooling is related to these causes: (1) increase awareness of the mouth and its functions, (2) increase frequency of swallowing, (3) increase swallowing skill.
Sialorrhea is a condition characterized by the secretion of drool in the resting state. It is often the result of open-mouth posture from CNS depressants or sleeping on one's side. In the resting state, saliva may not build at the back of the throat, triggering the normal swallow reflex, thus allowing for the condition.
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Gross Margin Percentage Calculator
Gross margin percentage measures the relationship between net sales and cost of goods sold.
Working with your gross margin percentage
Your gross margin is a measure of sales profitability and represents what portion of sales revenue is available to cover the other costs of running your business and provide net profits. You can compare your gross margin percentage with industry data to measure how your company compares to competitors. Margins lower than competitors may be the result of lower volume or higher costs.
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The Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all recount the legend of the Garden of Eden, found in the Hebrew Bible, in which Adam and Eve are unaware of their nakedness until they eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. After this, they feel ashamed and try to cover themselves with fig leaves.Genesis 3:74 Judaism does not share the Christian association of nakedness with original sin, an aspect integral to the doctrine of redemption and salvation. In Islam the garden is in Paradise, not on Earth [a] This is to show that women and men should be covered in clothing, for nudity has the stigma of shame attached to it.[b] Each of these religions has its own unique understanding of what is meant to be taught with the recounting of the story of Adam and Eve.
In Judaism, nudity is an aspect of body modesty which is regarded as very important in most social and familial situations. Attitudes to modesty vary between the different movements within Judaism as well as between communities within each movement. In more strict (orthodox) communities, modesty is an aspect of Tzniut which generally has detailed rules of what is appropriate behaviour. Conservative and Reform Judaism generally promote modesty values but do not regard the strict Tzniut rules as binding, with each person being permitted (at least in principle) to set their own standards. With the exception of the Haredi community, Jewish communities generally tend to dress according to the standards of the society in which they find themselves.
A person who enters a ritual bath (a mikveh) does so without clothing, including no jewelry and even bandages.
Care needs to be taken when reading the Bible, where some references to nakedness serve a euphemism for intimate behaviour. For example, in the legend of Noah we experience the hesitancy of two of Noah's sons when they have to cover their father's nakedness, averting their eyes, after Noah's youngest son "saw his father's nakedness and told his two brothers outside" what he had done to his father.[c][d] Nakedness may also be a metaphor for empty-handedness, specifically in situations where a sacrifice or offering to God is expected.
The early Christian Church reflected contemporary attitudes towards nudity, where it was considered acceptable in some contexts such as working outdoors. For example, in John 21:7 Simon Peter is naked while fishing from a boat, but then gets dressed before meeting Christ. Additionally, in the Old Testament both Isaiah in Isaiah 20:2-3 and King Saul in 1 Samuel 19:23-24 are described as preaching in the nude. But overall the Old Testament is not positive towards nudity.
The first recorded liturgy of baptism, written down by Saint Hippolytus of Rome in his Apostolic Tradition, required men, women and children to remove all clothing, including all foreign objects such as jewellery and hair fastenings. Later Christian attitudes to nudity became more restrictive, and baptisms were segregated by sex and then later were usually performed with clothed participants. Some of the Eastern Orthodox churches today maintain the early church's liturgical use of baptismal nudity, particularly for infants but also for adults.
Early Christian art included depictions of nudity in baptism. When artistic endeavours revived following the Renaissance, the Catholic Church was a major sponsor of art bearing a religious theme, many of which included subjects in various states of dress and including full nudity. Painters sponsored by the Church included Raphael, Caravaggio and Michelangelo, but there were many others. Many of these paintings and statues were and continue to be displayed in churches, some of which were painted as murals, the most famous of which are at the Sistine Chapel painted by Michelangelo.
In 1981, Pope John Paul II expressed the Catholic Church's attitude to the exposure of the human body in Love and Responsibility: "The human body can remain nude and uncovered and preserve intact its splendour and its beauty... Nakedness as such is not to be equated with physical shamelessness... Immodesty is present only when nakedness plays a negative role with regard to the value of the person... The human body is not in itself shameful... Shamelessness (just like shame and modesty) is a function of the interior of a person."
Sects have arisen within Christianity from time to time that have viewed nudity in a more positive light. For example, to the Adamites and the Doukhobor sect social nudity was an integral part of their practices.
Today, Christian naturists maintain that social nudity is a normal part of Christianity and is acceptable. De Clercq has argued that the significance of the human need for clothing by far exceeds its theological meaning.
In Islam the area of the body not meant to be exposed in public is called the awrah, and while referred to in the Qur'an, is addressed in more detail in hadith. In the Sunni tradition, the male awrah is from the navel to knees. Other denominations have differing interpretations. For women, there are different classifications of awrah. In public, many Muslim women wear the hijab and long dresses which covers most of their head and body, with only specific body parts such as hands and face exposed. But in front of direct family (parents, children, siblings), the awrah is relaxed further, allowing them to be uncovered, except between the chest and the thighs. Sharia law in some Islamic countries requires women to observe purdah, covering their entire bodies, including the face (see niqab and burqa), However, the degrees of covering vary according to local custom and/or interpretation of Sharia law.
- For men, the awrah is from the navel (not inclusive) to the knees (not inclusive according to the Shafi'is, Hanbalis and Malikis; inclusive according to the Hanafis). However, in most Islamic cultures, a man is frowned upon should he walk around in public without covering the upper half of his body.
- For women, in front of non-mahram men and non-Muslim women, the awrah is the whole body, apart from the hands and the face (and, solely according to the Hanafis, the feet). In front of Muslim women it is from the navel (not inclusive) to the knees (not inclusive according to the Shafi'is, Hanbalis and Malikis, inclusive according to the Hanafis), and with mahram men there are three opinions:
- It is from the shoulders (inclusive) down to the knees (inclusive). (Hanbali opinion)
- It is from the stomach (inclusive) down to the knees (inclusive according to the Hanafis, but not according to the Shafi'is and Malikis). (Hanafi, Shafi'i, and Maliki opinion)
- It is from the navel (not inclusive) to the knees (inclusive) when with either. (Alternate Hanafi opinion)
- For both genders, it is encouraged to wear loose clothing. Note that the awrah is not necessarily what is preferable to wear but what is the bare minimum. It is reported that Muhammad said, "Modesty is a part of faith."
South Asian religions
In ancient South Asian cultures, there was a tradition of extreme asceticism (obviously minoritarian) that included full nudity. This tradition continued from the gymnosophists (philosophers in antiquity) to certain holy men (who may however cover themselves with ashes) in present-day Hindu devotion and in Jainism.
Among the Hindu religious sects, only the sadhus (monks) of the Nāga sect can be seen nude. They usually wear a loin-cloth around their waist, but not always; and usually remain in their Akhara or deep forest or isolation and come out in public only once every four years during Kumbh Mela. They have very long history and are warrior monks, who usually also carry a talwar (sword), trishul (trident), bhala (javelin) or such weapons, and in medieval times have fought many wars to protect Hindu temples and shrines.
In the Digambara sect of Jainism, monks are "sky-clad" and the members of this sect also keep their holy statues naked. However, the Shwetambar sect is "white-clad" and their holy statues wear a loin cloth.
New religious movements
In Raëlism, nudity is not problematic. Raëlists in North America have formed GoTopless.org, which organizes demonstrations in support of topfreedom on the basis of the legal and public attitudes to the gender inequality. GoTopless sponsors an annual "Go Topless Day" protest (also known as "National GoTopless Day", "International Go-Topless Day", etc.) in advocacy for women's right to go topless on gender equality grounds.
- when they tasted of the tree, their shame became manifest to them, and they began to sew together the leaves of the garden over their bodies.[Quran 7:22]
- O children of Adam! We have indeed sent down to you clothing to cover your shame, and (clothing) for beauty and clothing that guards (against evil), that is the best.[Quran 7:26]
- [Noah] drank the wine [of his vineyard] and became drunk. He uncovered himself inside his tent. Ham saw his father's nakedness and told his two brothers outside. And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and laid [it] upon both their backs, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces [were] backward, and they saw not their father's nakedness. And when Noah awoke and learned what [Ham] had done to him, he said "Cursed be Canaan [Ham's son], the lowest of slaves shall he be to his brothers.Genesis 9:21-25
- it has been suggested that this episode involved Ham doing more than just viewing his father's nakedness.
- Telushkin 1977, p. 17-18.
- Edwards 1978, p. 113.
- Knights 1999.
- Hippolytus 2013, p. 33.
- Wojtyla 2013.
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- Wojtyla, Karol (2013). Love and Responsibility. Pauline Books & Media. ISBN 978-0-8198-4558-0.
- Knights, C. (1999). "Nudity, Clothing, and the Kingdom of God". The Expository Times 110 (6): 177–178. doi:10.1177/001452469911000604. ISSN 0014-5246.
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- Biaggi, Cristina (1986). "The Significance of the Nudity, Obesity and Sexuality of the Maltese Goddess Figures". In Anthony Bonanno. Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, University of Malta, 2-5 September 1985. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 90-6032-288-6.
- Le, Dan (2012). The Naked Christ: An Atonement Model for a Body-Obsessed Culture. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61097-788-3.
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- Moon, Warren G. (Winter 1992). "Nudity and Narrative: Observations on the Frescoes from the Dura Synagogue". Journal of the American Academy of Religion 60 (4): 587–658. doi:10.1093/jaarel/lx.4.587. JSTOR 1465587.
- Kyriakidis, Evangelos (1997). "NUDITY IN LATE MINOAN I SEAL ICONOGRAPHY". Kadmos 36 (2). doi:10.1515/kadm.19188.8.131.52. ISSN 0022-7498.
- *Keller, Sharon R. (Winter 1993). "Aspects of Nudity in the Old Testament". Source: Notes in the History of Art (Ars Brevis Foundation, Inc.) 12 (2): 32–36. JSTOR 23202933.
- Randolph, Vance (Oct–Dec 1953). "Nakedness in Ozark Folk Belief". The Journal of American Folklore (American Folklore Society) 66 (262): 333–339. JSTOR 536729.
- Crooke, W. (Jul–Dec 1919). "Nudity in India in Custom and Ritual". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland) 49: 237–251. JSTOR 2843441.
- *Smith, Jonathan Z. (Winter 1966). "The Garments of Shame". History of Religions (The University of Chicago Press) 5 (2): 217–238. doi:10.1086/462523. JSTOR 1062112.
- Mormando, Franco (2008). "Nudus Nudum Christum Sequi: The Franciscans and Differing Interpretations of Male Nakedness in Fifteenth-Century Italy". Fifteenth Century Studies 33: 171. Retrieved August 2014.
- Schafer, Edward H. (June 1951). "Ritual Exposure in Ancient China". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Harvard-Yenching Institute) 14 (1/2). JSTOR 2718298.
- Christian Nudist Convocation : Supporting and Gathering Christian Nudists
- Raëlism: Publicity as a Recruitment Technique
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Perfecting a circuit breaker for high-voltage DC linesa crucial step for widespread use of renewable energy.
Streaming local TV programs to mobile devices, filling a void left by broadcasters who have essentially ignored the Internet.
Advancing ultra-efficient solar. The military will use Alta's flexible sheets to provide portable power to drones and soldiers.
Cranking up the appeal of purchasing goods online by offering same-day delivery in some places.
Making a battery for storing energy on power grids. Its molten electrodes quickly absorb large amounts of electricity.
Improving displays by extending its Retina technology from small screens to MacBooks and iPads.
Beginning to sell a novel kind of battery that it can manufacture cheaply; utilities could use it for grid storage.
Becoming a bigger factor in computing as it expands from mobile chip designs into tablet, PC, and server processors.
Pushing autonomous cars closer to fruition with a laser-scanning road detector that fits in a vehicle's front grille.
Sequencing more genomes than anyone else and becoming a worldwide provider of genome services.
Opening the biggest solar plant where mirrors reflect light onto a tower to generate steam.
Producing a new kind of glass that is thin and flexible yet strong enough to be used in touch-screen devices.
Making college courses available free online and developing ways to adjust them to students' individual needs.
Introducing a new kind of antivirus software that's better at detecting attacks and identifying their sources.
Making inexpensive diagnostic tests on paper, which could greatly benefit poor countries.
Commercializing roof shingles that incorporate photovoltaic materials and thus double as cheaply installed solar panels.
Figuring out how to correlate online and offline activity, which should lead to novel advertising methods.
Collecting and analyzing big data sets to create stores of knowledge that can inform many kinds of software.
Offering a genetic test that helps doctors select the right drugs for cancer patients.
Helping utilities make use of wind and solar. A new GE gas turbine ramps up quickly when greener power isn't available.
Running the most widely used smartphone software, which has greatly expanded the competition for devices.
Pushing the physical boundaries of computing with technologies inclusing circuits that transmit data with light.
Driving down the cost of DNA sequencing and creating new diagnostics markets for genomics.
Challenging Google and Apple in the market for mobile ads. InMobi sells, distributes, and helps make the ads.
Surpassing rivals in the performance of mobile processors, even though it still trails badly in market share.
Developing relatively small antennas that replace satellite dishes so planes and trains can get better broadband service.
Bringing gesture control to any computer. Leap's $70 controller responds to pinches, grabs, and swipes in the air.
Pioneering stretchable electronics with applications in sports and medicine, like an impact-sensing skullcap.
Combining traditional computing with touch technology. Windows 8 could influence the PC and mobile markets.
Expanding the delivery of live baseball and other sports video to mobile devices.
Bringing the smartphone revolution to more poor countries with Firefox OS, which is based on Web technology.
Marketing a thermostat that learns users' temperature preferences and maximizes efficiency as it implements them.
Developing a continuous drug-manufacturing process that could combine compounds quickly and in novel ways.
Creating new applications for speech recognition technology, from cars to video games.
Demonstrating an alternative business model for social networking: selling users extra services.
Making efficient LED light bulbs affordable and more useful. One new bulb can be controlled by phones and tablets.
Creating a social network centered on collecting and finding images of desired products and experiences.
Broadening the use of robotics in manufacturing. Its robots are easily taught and can work safely alongside humans.
Extending the use of the mobile currency M-Pesa in Kenya. Its new mobile lending service challenges banks.
Leading the market for smartphones and making a tablet that is one of the few credible challengers to the iPad.
Using a novel method of concentrating sunlight through tiny lenses to boost the efficiency of solar power.
Developing batteries and wind technologies that will be crucial in Germany's plan to rely more heavily on renewable power.
Launching the private space-flight business. Its rockets are making new space-based businesses possible.
Streamlining transactions. A Square mobile app lets you pay for things just by speaking your anme to a store clerk.
Dominating Chinese social media. The company's version of Twitter is hugely influential in political affairs.
Expanding its dominance of the hybrid-car market with its new plug-in version of the Prius.
Restoring the promise of gene therapy. The Dutch company has approval to treat a rare metabolic disorder.
Threatening the likes of Cisco by using a compression technology to enable high-def video conferencing on smartphones.
Making cloud services more powerful with software-defined networking, a technology it gained by buying startup Nicira.
Automating urban services. A Xerox system in Los Angeles changes the price of parking spots as demand fluctuates.
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login:If you see only the prompt Password: you probably used rlogin. rlogin assumes that your username is the same on all computers and enters it for you. If your username is different, don't worry, just press <CR> until you see the login: prompt and start from scratch.
At the login: prompt, type in your username. Be careful to type only lowercase! The Unix operating system is ``case sensitive.'' If you type your username in mixed case ( Rarmour rather than rarmour, for example) the computer will not recognize it.
When you first login, you should change your password with the yppasswd command. Remember again-these are lower case commands and Unix insists that you type them that way.
Your password should be longer than six characters. It's a good idea to make it mixed case or to stick some numbers or symbols in it, like ``,'' or ``^''. One of few password restrictions is that the password cannot be all-numeric (like 5534553). Because of a bug on the Sun computers, do not put a ``:'' in your password.
In the interests of self-preservation, don't set your password to your username, to ``password'' or to any information which people are likely to know about you (your real name, your nickname, your pet dog's name).
If you mistype your username or password you will get a suspicious message from the computer and see the login: prompt again.
There are a couple of files read by this shell when your login session starts up. These are the .cshrc file and the .login file. These files are created when your account is created. As you learn more about how Unix and the C shell work, you may want to customize these files.
If your files get corrupted for some reason, copies of the system defaults are available in /usr/local/skel/.
pooh>just waiting for you to type something. Throughout the Unix Tutorial section we will use % to indicate the computer's ``ready'' prompt.
% ls -aDon't actually type the % symbol! Remember, that's the computer's prompt which indicates it is ready to accept input. The spacing should be exactly as shown. ls followed by a space, followed by a -a. The -a is a ``flag'' which tells the ls program to list all files.
For more about command flags see below.
For now, use cd to change your directory to the /bin directory. Type:
% cd /binand press <CR>. Now type ls again. You should see a long list of files-in fact, if you look carefully you will see files with the names of the commands we've been typing (like ls and cd). Note that the /bin in the command we typed above was not a flag to cd. It was a ``parameter.'' Flags tell commands how to act, parameters tell them what to act on.
Now return to your login directory with:
% cdEntering cd with no parameter returns you to your home directory. You can check to make sure that it worked by entering:
% pwdwhich prints your current (or ``working'') directory. The computer should return a line of words separated by ``/'' symbols which should look something like:
/home/usernameWhatever it returns, the list should end in your username.
What man is doing is sending everything it wants to display to the screen through a program known as a ``pager'' The pager program is called more. When you see --More-- (in inverse video) at the bottom of the screen, just press the space-bar to see the next screenful. Press <CR> to scroll a line at a time.
Have you found the flag yet? The -s flag should display the size in kilobytes. You don't need to continue paging once you have found the information you need. Press q and more will exit.
There is a program file which will tell you information about a file (such as whether it contains binary data) and make a good guess about what created the file and what kind of file it is.
Only certain large directory points are partitions and the choice of these points can vary among system managers. Partitions are like the larger branches of a tree. Partitions will contain many smaller branches (directories) and leaves (files).
% du -s
% du -s -k
% ls ~usernamesubstituting in their username. You can do the same with your own directory if you've cd'd elsewhere. Please note-many people would consider looking at their files an invasion of their privacy; even if the files are not protected! Just as some people leave their doors unlocked but do not expect random bypassers to walk in, other people leave their files unprotected.
% mkdir directory-nameOnce this directory has been created you can copy or move files to it (with the cp or mv programs) or you can cd to the directory and start creating files there.
Copy a file from the current directory into the new subdirectory by typing:
copies the file from the directory above giving it the same filename: ``.'' means ``the current directory''% cd directory-name % cp ../filename .
When Charlotte Lennox (username lennox) created her directory arabella, all of the following sets of commands could be used to display the same file:
% more lennox/arabella/chapter1 or % cd lennox % more arabella/chapter1 or % cd lennox/arabella % more chapter1The full file specification, beginning with a ``/'' is very system dependent. On oceanography machines, all user directories are in the /usra partition.
Only the root account can change the ownership of a file.
The display looks something like:
protection owner group filename -rw-r----- hamilton ug munster_village
The file has ``mode'' 640. The first bits, set to ``r + w'' (4+2) in our example, specify the protection for the user who owns the files (u). The user who owns the file can read or write (which includes delete) the file.u g o rw- r-- --- 6 4 0
The next trio of bits, set to 4, or ``r,'' in our example, specify access to the file for other users in the same group as the group of the file. In this case the group is ug-all members of the ug group can read the file (print it out, copy it, or display it using more).
Finally, all other users are given no access to the file.
The one form of access which no one is given, even the owner, is ``x'' (for execute). This is because the file is not a program to be executed-it is probably a text file which would have no meaning to the computer. The x would appear in the 3rd position and have a value of 1.
% chgrp groupname filenameYou can change the protection mode of a file with the chmod command. This can be done relatively or absolutely. The file in the example above had the mode 640. If you wanted to make the file readable to all other users, you could type:
% chmod 644 filename or % chmod +4 filename (since the current mode of the file was 640)For more information see the man page for chmod.
The path is just a list of directories, searched in order. Your default .cshrc will have a path defined for you. If you want other directories (such as a directory of your own programs) to be searched for commands, add them to your path by editing your .cshrc file. This list of directories is stored in the PATH environment variable. We will discuss how to manipulate enviroment variables later.
Some commands, such as cp and mv require file parameters. Not surprisingly, cp and mv (the copy and move commands) each require two! One for the original file and one for the new file or location.
It would seem logical that if ls by itself just lists the current directory then cp filename should copy a file to the current directory. This is logical-but wrong! Instead you must enter cp filename . where the ``.'' tells cp to place the file in the current directory. filename in this case would be a long filename with a complete directory specification.
Not surprisingly ls . and ls are almost the same.
% cat .cshrcdisplays your .cshrc file to the screen. Unix allows you to redirect output which would otherwise go to the screen by using a > and a filename. You could copy your .cshrc, for example, by typing:
% cat .cshrc > tempThis would have the same effect as:
% cp .cshrc tempMore usefully cat will append multiple files together.
% cat .cshrc .login > tempwill place copies of your .cshrc and .login into the same file. Warning! Be careful not to cat a file onto an existing file! The command:
% cat .cshrc > .cshrcwill destroy the file .cshrc if it succeeds.
If you fail to give cat a filename to operate on, cat expects you to type in a file from the keyboard. You must end this with a <Ctrl>-D on a line by itself. <Ctrl>-D is the end-of-file character.
By combining these two-leaving off the name of a file to input to cat and telling cat to direct its output to a file with > filename, you can create files.
This will create a new file temp, containing the lines of garbage shown above. Note that this creates a new file-if you want to add things on to the end of an existing file you must use cat slightly differently. Instead of > you'd use >> which tells the shell to append any output to an already existing file. If you wanted to add a line onto your .cshrc, you could type% cat > temp ;klajs;dfkjaskj alskdj;kjdfskjdf <Ctrl>-D %
This would append the line echo "blah blah blah" onto your .cshrc. Using > here would be a bad idea-it might obliterate your original .cshrc file.% cat >> .cshrc echo "blah blah blah" <Ctrl>-D %
Be careful! Not all Unix editors keep backup copies of files when you edit them.
To move around you must be in command mode. You can use the arrow keys or use j, k, h, l to move down, up, left and right.
For more information type man vi. There are two reference sheets containing lists of the many vi commands available from C&C (located at Brooklyn and Pacific).
To use emacs, type:
% setup emacs % emacs
% command >& filename
When you start up you should see a message saying script started, file is typescript and when you finish the script, you should see the message script done. You may want to edit the typescript file-visible ^M's get placed at the end of each line because linebreaks require two control sequences for a terminal screen but only one in a file.
or not containing a certain string:% grep string filename % grep -i string filename (case insensitive match)
% grep -v string filenameSee the man page for grep---it has many useful options.
more and the vi editor can also find strings in files. The command is the same in both-type a /string when at the --More-- prompt or in vi command mode. This will scroll through the file so that the line with ``string'' in it is placed at the top of the screen in more or move the cursor to the string desired in vi. Although vi is a text editor there is a version of vi, view, which lets you read through files but does not allow you to change them.
When you log in, you start an interactive ``job'' which lasts until you end it with the logout command. Using a shell like C shell which has ``job-control'' you can actually start jobs in addition to your login job. But for the purposes of the most information returning programs, job (as in the ``JCPU'' column) refers to your login session.
Processes, on the other hand, are much shorter-lived. Almost every time you type a command a new process is started. These processes stay ``attached'' to your terminal displaying output to the screen and, in some cases (interactive programs like text editors and mailers) accepting input from your keyboard.
Some processes last a very long time-for example the /bin/csh (C shell) process, which gets started when you login, lasts until you logout.
The processes executing above are the C shell process and the ps command. Note that both commands are attached to the same terminal (TT), have different process identification numbers (PID), and have different amounts of CPU-time (TIME), accumulated.PID TT STAT TIME COMMAND 9980 s9 S 0:06 -csh (csh) 12380 s9 R 0:01 ps
Be careful though! This file, utmp, can get out of date if someone's processes die unexpectedly on the system. Any program which uses utmp to report information may list users who are not really logged in!
w also uses the utmp file mentioned above. It takes longer than who because it then looks around and collects more information about the users it finds in the utmp file.
Since ps doesn't use utmp it is the program to use when you really want to find out what processes you might have accidentally left on the system or if another user is running any processes. Note that although ps might report processes for a user, it might be because that user has left a ``background job'' executing. In this case you should see a ``?'' in the TT field and the user won't really be logged in.
To get this fuller listing, give the flags -aux to ps. For more information on the uses of ps, type man ps.
For more information about using finger or ways to provide information about yourself to others, type man finger.
% Mail addressMail has been changed to mailx.
You should next see a Subject: prompt. If you don't see a prompt, don't worry, just type in your one line subject anyway and press return. You may start typing your message (but you will be unable to correct errors on lines after you have pressed <CR> to move to the next line) or you may may specify a file to include with r filename.
You may invoke a text editor like vi by typing v. If you wish regularly to use an editor other than vi you should see the information later in this section about enviroment variables.
There are many other commands you may enter at this point-see the Mail man page for all of them. When you are finished typing in your message (if you have used v to run a text editor, you should exit from it) press <Ctrl>-D on a line by itself. Most likely you will now see a CC: prompt. If you wish to send copies of your message to someone besides the recipient you would enter the address or addresses (separated by ``,'') and press return. Otherwise press return without entering an address.
% write usernameand you can start writing lines to the terminal of the person you want to send messages to. The person must be logged in, and, if they are logged in more than once, you must specify the terminal to write to-for example write melville ttyh1.
To talk to users on the same computer:
% talk usernameTo talk to users on another computer use the address format of username@nodename:
% talk firstname.lastname@example.org
% alias ls ls -FTo list the aliases which are set for your current process, type:
% aliaswithout any parameters.
u.dat, but not
mores the files
Readme, among others
% cd ..moves you out of a subdirectory into its parent directory.
Many programs mention environment variables you may want to set for them in their man pages. Look at the csh man page for some of the standard ones.% setenv TERM vt100 % setenv EDITOR emacs
If the last command you typed was:
% ls agreenThen you can repeat this command by typing:
% !!This will return a list of files. If you saw a directory leavenworth in the list returned and you wanted to list the files it contained, you could do so by typing:
% !!/leavenworthIf you mistype leavenworth as leaveworth you can correct it with the following command:
% ^leave^leavenThis substitutes leaven for leave in the most recently executed command. Beware! This substitutes for the first occurrence of leave only!
If you are using a Sun console and you have the default setup, any xterm windows which you start up will not execute the .login.
For example, you could set a program running in the background while you edit a file in the foreground.
You should not use bg on things which accept input such as text editors or on things which display copious output like more or ps.
By default fg will return you to the process you most recently suspended. If you wanted to switch processes you would have to identify it by its job number. This number can be displayed with the jobs command. For example:
The most recently suspended job is marked with a + symbol. If you wanted to return to job one instead, you would type:% jobs Stopped vi .login + Stopped rn Running cc -O -g test.c %
% fg %1You can type %1 as a shortcut.
You should always run background processes at a lower priority by using the nice command. Non-interactive jobs are usually very good at getting all the resources they need. Running them at a lower priority doesn't hurt them much-but it really helps the interactive users-people running programs that display to terminal screens or that require input from the keyboard.
If you need to run CPU-intensive background jobs, learn about how to control the priority of your jobs by reading the manual pages (man nice and man renice).
If you wish to suspend a telnet or rlogin session you must first get past the current login to get the attention of the telnet or rlogin program.
Use (immediately after pressing a return) to get rlogin's attention. <Ctrl>-Z will suspend an rlogin session.
Use <Ctrl>-] to get telnet's attention <Ctrl>-]z will suspend a telnet session. Watch out, though, if you are connected from a PC with through Kermit! <Ctrl>-] is Kermit's default escape sequence. You'll need to type <Ctrl>-] z or define Kermit's escape sequence to something else such as <Ctrl>-K.
% cp input-file-spec output-file-specwhere input-file-spec and output-file-spec are valid Unix file specifications. The file specifications indicate the file(s) to copy from and the file or directory to copy to (output). Any part of the filename may be replaced by a wildcard symbol (*) and you may specify either a filename or a directory for the output-file-spec. If you do not specify a directory, you should be careful that any wildcard used in the input-file-spec does not cause more than one file to get copied.
% cp new.c old.c % cp new.* OLD (where OLD is a directory)
% ls file-spec-listwhere file-spec-list is an optional parameter of zero or more Unix file specifications (separated by spaces). The file specification supplied (if any) indicates which directory is to be listed and the files within the directory to list.
BLOCKQUOTE> % lpr file-spec-list
where file-spec-list is one or more Unix files to be printed on the default printer. Any part of the filenames may be replaced by a wild card.
Here is more information about where the printers actually are and what kind of printers are available.
% man command % man -k topic
% more file-spec-listmore displays a page at a time, waiting for you to press the space-bar at the end of each screen. At any time you may type q to quit or h to get a list of other commands that more understands.
% mv input-file-spec output-file-specwhere input-file-spec is the file or files to be renamed or moved. As with cp, if you specify multiple input files, the output file should be a directory. Otherwise output-file-spec may specify the new name of the file. Any or all of the filename may be replaced by a wild card to abbreviate it or to allow more than one file to be moved. For example:
% mv data.dat ./research/datadat.oldwill change the name of the file data.dat to datadat.old and place it in the subdirectory research. Be very careful when copying or moving multiple files.
% rm file-spec-listwhere file-spec-list is one or more Unix file specifications, separated by spaces, listing which files are to be deleted. Beware of rm *! For example:
% rm *.dat able.txtwill delete the file able.txt and all files in your current working directory which end in .dat. Getting rid of unwanted subdirectories is a little more difficult. You can delete an empty directory with the command rmdir directory-name but you cannot use rmdir to delete a directory that still has files in it.
To delete a directory with files in it, use rm with the -r flag (for recursive).
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In December, one of NASA's missions to the Moon came to a spectacular (and planned) end. Ebb and Flow, the two spacecraft comprising NASA's Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission, were commanded to descend into a lower orbit that would resulted in an impact on a mountain near the moon's north pole. The site of the impact was named the Sally K. Ride Impact Site in honor of the late astronaut, Sally K. Ride, who was America's first woman in space and a member of the probes' mission team.
Launched in September 2011, Ebb and Flow had been orbiting the moon since Jan. 1, 2012. The probes intentionally were sent into the lunar surface because they did not have sufficient altitude or fuel to continue science operations. Their successful prime and extended science missions generated the highest resolution gravity field map of any celestial body. The map will provide a better understanding of how Earth and other rocky planets in the solar system formed and evolved.
In addition to an impact site on the Moon, Ms. Ride's legacy lives on in her non-fiction books for children...many of which are listed in the resource lists of Explore modules (for example, Mission: Save the Planet: Things YOU Can Do to Help Fight Global Warming!).
Modified from NASA press release 12-438.
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Slab of sunken ocean floor found deep within Earth
Discovery hints to mechanisms that give rise to volcanoes and earthquakesTEMPE, Ariz. – Deep within Earth, halfway to its center in an area where Earth's core meets its mantle, lies a massive folded slab of rock that once was the ocean floor, reports a team of researchers (including one from Arizona State University) in the current issue of Nature.
The slab, which sank beneath North America some 50 million years ago, holds important clues as to the behavior and composition of the deep interior of Earth and it could help explain how surface features such as volcanos and earthquakes form, the researchers say.
The research team, led by seismologists at the University of California, Santa Cruz, detected the slab by analyzing seismic waves reflected from the deepest layer of the mantle beneath an area off the west coast of Central America. The team includes Edward Garnero of Arizona State University, Alexander Hutko and Thorne Lay of UC-Santa Cruz, and Justin Revenaugh of the University of Minnesota. They describe their discovery in "Seismic detection of folded, subducted lithosphere at the core-mantle boundary," in the May 18 issue of Nature.
"In this one location we see quite strong evidence for whole mantle circulation," said Garnero, an ASU seismologist. "Slabs descending deep into the mantle are thought to drive the convective system found within Earth. They are dense and fall into the mantle. But they are connected to the outer shell that includes the oceanic crust."
"It's like a carpet sliding off the dining room table," Garnero added. "If it is more than half way off, it just goes taking everything with it."
The discovery sheds new light on the processes that drive the movement of Earth's tectonic plates. Earth's outermost layer, its lithosphere, is broken into large, rigid plates composed of the crust and the outer layer of the mantle. New plate material is created at mid-oceanic ridges, where the ocean floor spreads apart, and old plate material is consumed in subduction zones, where one plate dives beneath another. But the fate of subducted lithosphere has been uncertain, at least until this slab was detected.
Garnero said there is an on going debate over whether subducted slabs sink all the way down to the base of the mantle or get trapped in the upper mantle. The new evidence favors the presence of subducted slabs in the deep mantle and, if this is the case, then finding this slab could have significant ramifications for our understanding of the inner workings of Earth.
"It is becoming clear that Earth's interior is rich in complexity," Garnero said. "Earthquakes, volcanoes and large pieces of Earth's outermost layer or 'plates,' slowly move, grinding and shifting. All of these point to a dynamical system within the planet, so this discovery could shed light on large scale circulation of rock in Earth's interior, which in turn shifts the tectonic plates, and the nature of the chemistry of material deep in Earth's interior."
Within the mantle, which extends to a depth of about 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometers), cold rock sinks while hot plumes rise toward the surface, and this slow circulation of mantle rock is thought to drive the movement of Earth's tectonic plates. The base of the mantle absorbs heat from the core. The researchers were able to image the buckling and folding of the subducted oceanic slab at the base of the mantle because of the temperature difference between the relatively cool slab and the hotter mantle rock surrounding it.
The researchers used seismic data from earthquakes in South America that were recorded at seismographic stations in the western United States. The researchers analyzed the data with techniques adapted from oil exploration industry to study complex structures in Earth's crust.
"Alex Hutko employed a method that takes hundreds of recordings that all sample the same volume in the deep mantle, and reconstructs an image of reflective surfaces that give rise to the specific bumps and wiggles on the seismograms in a technique called 'migration,'" Garnero said. "This is the most accurate deep mantle imaging effort to date."
Using the method, the researchers found the subducted slab is composed of essentially the same minerals as the surrounding mantle, but its temperature is about 700 degrees Celsius cooler. This temperature difference affects the location of a "phase transition," where the crystal structure of the mantle rock compresses to a more compact form due to increasing pressure and temperature with depth. Seismic energy reflected by this phase transition revealed an abrupt step in the phase boundary about 60 miles (100 kilometers) high.
The researchers also saw evidence of hot plume-like structures at the edge of the slab, indicating possible upwelling of hot material from the base of the mantle as the spreading slab pushes into it.
"Since there is a conservation of mass in the mantle, something must return as the slab sinks into the Earth," Garnero said. "This return flow can include plumes of hot material that gives rise to volcanism."
"We are very excited about employing our migration approach to other regions in the mantle," Garnero added. "This study is just a starting point for bringing once blurry or obscured structures into sharper focus."
Ed Garnero, (831) 459-4553
Skip Derra, (480) 965-4823
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 30 Apr 2016
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
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Digital revolution is in full swing in Burlington classrooms
Photo by Christine Peterson
Pine Glen Elementary School in Burlington was built in the 1970s and looks its age. It’s a low-slung glass, steel and brick building set in a wooded part of town, and it resembles many grade schools elsewhere in the country.
But inside those walls, the digital revolution is in full swing. Pine Glen students in grades four and five and those in one first-grade class are all assigned their own iPads — and that has meant a sea change in how teachers teach and how students learn and express themselves.
Students in three other first-grade classes — at Francis Wyman, Fox Hill and Memorial Elementary — are also assigned their own iPads, as are all of Burlington’s middle and high school students. Eventually, the district hopes to make iPads or similar devices available to all students.
“We are using the resources students are going to use when they leave school,” explained Assistant Superintendent Patrick Larkin. “When they go into workplaces in the future, they aren’t going to be handed a three-ring binder.”
Given that Burlington is situated along the Route 128 high-tech corridor, it comes as no surprise that the town is an early adopter of 1:1 computing devices. Larkin, who introduced iPads to Burlington High School in 2011-2012 when he was the principal there, believes other districts should consider going the same route, given the prevalence of computer technology in higher education and work.
“We’re often playing catch-up in education,” Larkin said. “The longer you wait to use this technology, the harder it will be to catch up. If you are focused on the needs of kids, this is a no-brainer.”
Here are just a few ways that making tablets available to Burlington students has affected them and their teachers:
- Poster-board projects are often replaced by narrated slideshows or video productions.
- Worksheets are replaced by applications that use entertaining game formats and give teachers and students instant feedback on students’ progress. Some apps are programmed to recommend strategies.for helping students achieve skills not yet mastered.
- Instruction can be differentiated more easily because students move at their own pace on iPad applications.
- Many aging and expensive textbooks are being replaced by digital educational materials and primary sources accessed online.
- Teachers don’t have to lug home as many papers and projects as they did in the past and grade them by hand; they can view them and comment online.
- More students can be actively engaged in responding to instruction. For example, in the past, one student might be called on to answer a question while others lost focus. With tablets, all students can be asked to tweet their answers or respond in real time to something they are hearing or watching, such as a film.
- Student excuses about not having a homework assignment now fall flat in classes where the assignments are posted online. (An added bonus is that it’s harder for a student to get away with telling mom and dad he doesn’t have any homework that day.)
Students are ‘engaged’
First-grade teacher Erin Guanci summed up the way that many Burlington teachers feel.
“I love it,” she said when an MTA Today reporter visited the district in June. “The kids love it, too. They are engaged. There are so many different things they can do. It’s not the end-all and be-all in education, but it’s a really versatile tool.”
Deidre Dowling de Salvador, a reading specialist in Guanci’s classroom, agreed.
“We feel really fortunate to have these resources,” she said. “It’s helped the quality of what we do, and it prepares the children for the world they are living in now.”
As Dowling de Salvador talked, the first-graders were engrossed in their iPads, working individually using headsets or studying together. As in many classrooms, chairs and tables were arranged in small groups, not in forward-facing rows. Guanci was circulating through the room, quietly conferring with individual students.
“Our students need to know 100 sight words,” Dowling de Salvador said. “We found sight word apps, and now just about every kid knows every word. That certainly wasn’t the case in the past.”
It’s too early to tell whether the iPad initiative will raise MCAS scores or other test results in Burlington, and Larkin isn’t concerned.
“We’re not MCAS-driven,” Larkin said. “We’re more interested in preparing students for the workplaces of the future.”
Dan Callahan, instructional technology specialist at Pine Glen, was recruited to Burlington for his creative thinking about integrating technology into instruction. He agreed with Larkin that MCAS-style tests only scratch the surface of assessing what students should know and be able to do.
Callahan said, “There’s no standardized assessment for, ‘Did kids work well together?’ There’s no standardized assessment for, ‘Did they create a really nice looking design?’ There’s no standardized assessment for, ‘Can they take what they know and present it in different ways?’ But these are all things that are very important for them to be able to do.”
New ways to present information
Students in Diana Marcus’ fifth-grade class at Pine Glen had a big day. They were assigned to make small-group presentations about colonies they had studied. They had to use their skills to persuade a panel of adult listeners — including the school principal, who played the part of a Colonial governor — to move to their colony.
The students were free to choose how they wanted their presentations to look. They could have used poster-board (think Mad Men-style storyboards). Or they were free to create digital presentations the way most professionals do today. Not surprisingly, the students gravitated to the latter, though one group made a printed brochure that was designed on the iPad. Paper materials do still exist in the real world, but virtually all are designed on a computer.
One group of fifth-graders made a video for the project while another created a narrated slideshow. Clearly, the students were increasingly familiar with how to produce content on their devices and were not intimidated by the technology.
Marcus is a big fan of having iPads for all of her students, rather than devices shared with other classes via a roving technology cart. “Before, the choices I could give my students about how they could express themselves were limited by my supplies, my time, my energy, the amount of space I had, the amount of mess it was going to make — those kinds of things,” she said. “Now kids can use this new tool, and that opens up so many possibilities for them.”
Freedom to choose iPads — or not — on a given assignment was central to Burlington’s rollout of the 1:1 initiative. “Let’s say I tell my students to show me how to reduce a fraction,” Marcus posited. “Some might put it on paper, but others will use the app Explain Everything, which is a slideshow that can be animated and narrated. It’s a wonderful way for me to assess a student’s understanding. When students are able to show their work as they do it, demonstrating their process, vocabulary and knowledge visually and verbally, I know the depth of their understanding and can identify where there is a problem.”
Similarly, first-graders in Guanci’s class can choose to read a “real” book or read one on the iPad. Sometimes, though, Guanci prefers that they use the iPad so they can track their own growing literacy skills by recording their voices on the device. “They can listen back to what they’ve read and hear their mistakes,” she said. “That helps them improve.”
Missy Skehan, an animated student with a purple bow in her hair, said there are “all kinds of really cool apps” for her iPad.
“There’s a game called Kid’s Journal,” she said. “You write on the iPad and say how you feel and where you are. You can also take a picture of what you’re writing about.”
Guanci said that for certain skills, such as learning basic math facts, the iPad is much better than a worksheet because feedback is instant and students can move at their own pace. For example, students who already know how to do subtraction can move ahead to a new challenge, while those who need more practice have a variety of engaging apps to use. The students don’t have to wait for Guanci to correct their worksheets at some future time, when they’ve moved on to a different subject.
Teachers in Burlington are given the choice about whether to use the iPads in their own work. They are encouraged to try to find at least one way the devices can make their lives easier.
Todd Whitten, head of the Social Studies Department at Burlington High School, said that most teachers at BHS have embraced the devices, though to varying degrees.
“There was a teacher in my department who initially viewed it as a toy and didn’t think it was worthwhile,” Whitten said. “Then one day I was talking to him about how I was using barcodes and just having kids scan their assignments and he said, ‘Wait a minute, you’re not photocopying assignments anymore?’ I told him that, yes, I save up to half an hour not fighting with the machine, clearing jams and trying to get the stapler to work. For him that was, like, ‘Oh, wow. That would be awesome.’ He started doing it and realizes how much it helps him out.”
Whitten is also enthusiastic about use of the iPads for teaching social studies.
“Last year, when the Arab Spring was happening, we were able to engage with the current events as they were unfolding,” he said. “Before, I’d have to bring everyone to the computer lab and fire up the computers. There would always be a couple that didn’t work, so I’d spend my time running around trying to be a tech guy. Now, I can walk in the classroom and say, ‘All right, I want this half of the room to follow this person on Twitter and this half to go onto CNN, and here’s the question I want you to answer in the next 15 minutes.’ They can get online instantaneously and use the time that was saved for a great conversation about real-life events.”
Matt Bolognese, a student in a world history class, ticked off a few other benefits of having the devices. “I find it a lot easier to take notes since I’m a faster typer than I am a writer,” he said. “It’s also a lot easier to download homework.” That day, he was working on a group PowerPoint presentation about religious intolerance. He was searching online for photographs that showed Buddhiston- Muslim violence in Myanmar and was planning to share his research with his partners using Google Docs.
Despite the enthusiasm many teachers share, all acknowledge that transitioning to a 1:1 program comes with challenges.
Student Distraction. Adults and students alike connected to the Internet can be distracted by e-mail, YouTube and social networking sites. Marcus said teachers should expect a “novelty period,” when students are tempted to surf the Web.
“During our novelty period, we had kids looking up, like, 200 pictures of cute kittens,” she said. “We talk a lot about the best use of your time, and most of the time they are doing what they are supposed to be doing. It’s up to us as teachers to engage them with good pedagogy. Good pedagogy is good pedagogy with or without devices.”
Benjamin Lally, head of the BHS English Department, agreed that distraction is the biggest concern, but added, “Kids have always been distracted. They’re teenagers. When I was in high school, we passed notes. Teachers need to manage their classrooms, like they always have.”
Whitten said the iPad also changes the dynamic of having the teacher up front, facing students. “You cannot teach in a classroom full of iPads from the front of the room,” he said. “I’ve always been fairly mobile. Now I’m even more mobile in my classroom than I was before.”
Inappropriate sites. Marcus said that installing filtering software is important but not foolproof. Students have to be taught what’s appropriate and what isn’t, and teachers and parents alike need to be vigilant. This issue is not unique to tablets, however, since it is relevant to any computer connected to the Internet. Few would argue that students should never have access to the Internet because of it.
Too much screen time. Some parents are concerned that the iPads will lead to their children spending too much time in front of a screen. The best counter to that is for schools to make sure students continue to participate in a variety of offline activities, including physical education, music, art and engaging in classroom-based discussions. Guanci said that if parents are concerned about their children spending too much time in front of a screen on non-educational activities at home, it’s up to them to set limits, as they would for television watching.
Learning curve for teachers. Learning how to use an iPad to consume content is easy; using it to produce content and learn new teaching strategies takes time and effort. Districts must figure out how to provide teachers with ongoing training and technical support.
Teachers who embrace technology in their own personal lives are more likely to enjoy spending time figuring out how to incorporate the devices into their classrooms. Those who aren’t comfortable with computers are likely to use them a lot less. Eventually, Burlington teachers found that the iPads helped them save time and effort, but there is no doubt that both are required to get the program going.
Managing the devices. Students need training in how to use and protect their iPads. Systems need to be established for making sure the devices are charged and the apps are updated.
In Burlington’s elementary and middle schools, the iPads are assigned to individual students but kept in school. In high school, the students take their iPads home, and parents pay a fee of $39 per year to insure them.
Inevitably, some students forget to charge their iPads. When that happens, finding enough outlets to charge them in an old building can be challenging.
Cost. Cost may be the single biggest barrier for districts that want to adopt a 1:1 initiative. Before Burlington invested in iPads, all of the district’s schools were wired for Wi-Fi. Callahan described this as a necessary expense. “Technology is a utility,” he said. “You can’t say we’re going to have a school with no plumbing. So why can you say we’re going to have a school without Internet access?”
The iPads cost Burlington $193,000 a year for the first three years and will cost the district $235,000 a year when the 1:1 program is fully implemented. Larkin said that some — but not all — of that expense is offset by reduced purchases of textbooks, paper and computers that were formerly used in computer and language labs. Some districts will find the initiative prohibitively expensive unless public or private funds are made available.
Writing on iPads. The iPad keypad is handy for taking notes and doing Internet searches, but is cumbersome for long-form writing. In Burlington, students who don’t like the built-in keypad have the option of getting a case with an external keyboard. Still, many prefer to write on a computer. In low-income districts, schools will still need to make computers available to students who don’t have them at home.
Penmanship. Guanci noted that two parents were concerned that their children would not be taught penmanship. “We still work on handwriting,” Guanci said. She pointed to a container of pencils and then to the iPads and said they are both just “tools.”
“Right now my students are writing stories by hand,” she said. “Next they will type them onto the iPad, then draw illustrations, which they upload. They will then publish their stories online with an app called Book Creator.”
Whitten and Lally agree that tablets are useful tools, but they aren’t magical.
“For each kid to have a tablet is a game changer for research capabilities,” said Lally. “I’m also seeing improvement in my students’ organizational skills. And they help teachers to be more efficient in our feedback and expectations. But I’m not noticing that students are writing any better. The quality of their thinking is still the quality of their thinking.”
As far as Assistant Superintendent Larkin is concerned, whatever challenges exist, districts have to figure out how to overcome them if they want to make sure their students are ready for college or a career when they graduate.
“Our mission is to prepare kids for the real world,” he said. “Kids will be going into jobs that don’t even exist yet. It only makes sense that our jobs are changing as well.”
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Sleep is defined as a state of unconsciousness from which a person can be aroused. In this state, the brain is relatively more responsive to internal stimuli than external stimuli. Sleep is essential for the normal, healthy functioning of the human body. It is a complicated physiological phenomenon that scientists do not fully understand.
Historically, sleep was thought to be a passive state. However, sleep is now known to be a dynamic process, and our brains are active during sleep. Sleep affects our physical and mental health, and is essential for the normal functioning of all the systems of our body, including the immune system. The effect of sleep on the immune system affects one’s ability to fight disease and endure sickness.
States of brain activity during sleep and wakefulness result from different activating and inhibiting forces that are generated within the brain. Neurotransmitters (chemicals involved in nerve signaling) control whether one is asleep or awake by acting on nerve cells (neurons) in different parts of the brain. Neurons located in the brainstem actively cause sleep by inhibiting other parts of the brain that keep a person awake.
Here are the basics tips of sleep brought to us by Tasty Placement and should give us the necessary building blocks to setup our sleep cycle just like it’s supposed to be. Take a brief look at the infographic:
Via : Daily Infographic
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The Picture of Dorian Gray Theme of Mortality
Death and age really get a bad rap in The Picture of Dorian Gray. To our protagonist, the most important things in life are youth and beauty – really, they're the only important things. Losing them is so unthinkable that he decides to sell his soul in exchange for eternal youth.
It might just be us, but this doesn't seem like the best of bargains. Still, it's the way the story goes, and in the end, it turns out – surprise, surprise! – that nobody can actually escape his own mortality.
Questions About Mortality
- Why is Dorian so afraid of aging?
- Does this novel offer us any hope for life after middle age?
- What are the various characters' thoughts on the natural process of age and death?
Chew on This
The absence of appealing aging characters might lead readers of The Picture of Dorian Gray to believe that life stops at forty.
Death is interestingly removed from any religious sense of the afterlife; in the novel, death is truly an ending without the possibility of future salvation.
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Shortly after sunrise on February 15, a rocky projectile entered the atmosphere over the Ural Mountains traveling at more than 18 km/sec. It was about 20 meters in diameter, or half the diameter of the famous Tunguska impact of 1908, which flattened a thousand square miles of Siberian forest. The bolide left a trail of smoky condensation across the sky as it vaporized in the atmosphere. Its terminal explosion, at an altitude of 23 km, released energy of about half a megaton, equivalent to a couple dozen Hiroshima-sized atom bombs. When it exploded, the bolide was for a few seconds brighter than the Sun. About two minutes later the shock wave reached the ground in Chelyabinsk, breaking windows and injuring about 1500 people from flying glass.
With a diameter of 20m, the Chelyabinsk impactor was smaller than most asteroids that have been detected by the telescopes of the NASA Spaceguard Survey, which focuses on finding asteroids of about 100m or larger. Furthermore, since it approached the Earth from very near the direction of the Sun, it could not have been seen by any ground-based optical telescope of any size. It therefore struck without warning, although the atmospheric explosion was measured by down-looking surveillance satellites. The Chelyabinsk bolide had about a tenth of the energy, and exploded more than twice as high, as Tunguska, and the blast energy was directed more sideways that downward. These factors resulted, thankfully, in much less damage on the ground.
The explosion also produced a shower of stony meteorites, of a type (ordinary chondrite) common among the asteroids. These meteorites were distributed over an impact region more than 100 km long.
Perhaps most surprising is what did not happen: There was no panic reaction that this was a nuclear attack. As long ago as 1981, Gene Shoemaker warned that an unexpected cosmic impact might be misinterpreted as an attack and trigger a nuclear exchange. This fear has hovered over all subsequent studies of the impact hazard. Perhaps it was a legitimate concern during the cold war, and maybe this is still a danger if a cosmic impact took place over the disputed territory of nuclear-armed antagonists such as India and Pakistan. Chelyabinsk Oblast includes many Russian defense facilities, some of which design and build nuclear weapons and rocket delivery systems. Those with long memories may remember that this area was the target of the 1960 U.S. U-2 flight of Gary Powers that was shot down by a Soviet missile. Yet apparently neither the Russian military nor the public associated the event of February 15 with a nuclear attack. For this we can all breathe easier.
Response from the scientific community was quick. Apparently Facebook provided the first information. Paul Chodas of the NASA/JPL NEO Program Office said that Feb 15 “was a most memorable day ever here in the NEO Program Office, and I doubt I’ll ever see another one like it.” Many residents of Chelyabinsk began posting YouTube videos within an hour after the event. In less than a day, the cause of the explosion was identified as the stratospheric disintegration of an incoming rocky object. The initial Russian news reports speculated that the asteroid was only a few meters in diameter and the energy was only a few tens of kilotons. However, analysis by Peter Brown (University of Western Ontario) of data from a worldwide network of atmospheric pressure sensors and seismic stations quickly established the energy of the explosion as between 300 and 500 kilotons. The response from the U.S orbital monitoring system was also remarkably fast. Three days after the event they released the exact time and location, with measurements of the bolide track and its altitude (about 23 km) and velocity (more than 18 km/s) at peak brightness.
A curious coincidence is that February 15 was also the date of the closest passage by Earth of a 30-40m asteroid 2012 DA14. It flew just 18,000 km above the Earth’s surface. Many press stories suggested that the two objects were traveling together in space or were somehow related. However, several lines of evidence indicate that the two events were not related. The orbits were very different, with DA14 in a highly evolved orbit near the orbit of the Earth, while the bolide came from the inner edge of the asteroid belt. Further, 2012 DA14 approached the Earth from an extremely southerly direction, while Chelyabinsk asteroid approached from the east.
A number of scientists as well as meteorite dealers are busy collecting recovered fragments. The proposed name is the Chebarkul meteorite, named for the lake near the center of the impact area. It will be interesting to see what these meteorites will tell us about the Chelyabinsk bolide.
A special session on the Chelyabinsk event and its implications for Planetary Defense will be held at 7:00 pm on Sunday April 14 at the High Country Conference Center in Flagstaff, the site of the 2013 IAA Planetary Defense Conference that begins the next day. David Morrison is the chief organizer of the special Chelyabinsk session, which is open to the public. Others on the Organizing Committee are Mark Boslough, Clark Chapman, and Alan Harris. Morrison invites individuals with short contributed papers and/or posters relevant to the topic to contact him at firstname.lastname@example.org.
A hearing on the subject of planetary defense is planned in the U.S. House of Representatives on March 19.
A complete file of previous NEO News posts can be found at http://impact.arc.nasa.gov
Other Internet resources:
NY Times article from Feb 16
Posted by: Soderman/NLSI Staff
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Call it the summer of CSS.
Twenty teen girls from underserved communities in New York City will spend eight weeks this summer taking intensive technology courses, on topics from robotics to app development, as part of a new initiative called Girls Who Code that aims to increase the number of women in technical fields.
Efforts to close the gender gap in tech often focus on revamping schools' curricula to emphasize STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) education. But former New York City deputy public advocate Reshma Saujani, founder of Girls Who Code, argues that schools are still falling short, graduating students who have little access to computers, lack basic technical skills, and see science and math as a pathway to a career in medicine and little else.
"When we talk about STEM, we talk about science, math and engineering, but we don't focus on the 'T' -- the technology part," Saujani said. "We fundamentally believe computer science should be mandatory in every high school, and this is the beginning of that movement."
During their two months with Girls Who Code, the 20 teens, who range from 13 to 17 years old, will learn how to build websites and mobile apps; tour tech companies such as Facebook, Paperless Post, Twitter and Google; and hear lectures from Twitter CEO Dick Cosotolo and Gilt Groupe founder Alexis Maybank, among others. Recruiters and engineers will also speak with the young women about skills needed to succeed in a male-dominated field, and the program participants will be able to pitch business plans to engineers on a dedicated "if girls ruled the Internet" day.
Saujani defended the decision to focus on females -- rather than opening up the program to their male counterparts -- arguing that increasing the number of women in tech should be a priority because it will help kickstart innovation by bringing fresh brainpower into technical fields.
"From the beginning, we wanted to create this sisterhood," Saujani said. "You have 56 percent of the labor force that you're not utilizing, and so you're missing out on innovation ... We need everyone operating at their top potential, which means we can't have an entire gender not opting into this field."
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