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Output: Topic Pages
NIOSH topic pages provide access to a broad range of web-based information on occupational safety and health topics. Typically, topic pages contain introductory material and links to NIOSH publications and other resources related to the subject matter. Topics that reflect the outputs of Global Collaborations include:
- Healthcare Workers
- Chest Radiography
- Avian Influenza
- Control Banding
- Young Worker Safety and Health
- Green Jobs
EU/NIOSH Global Web Site
Joint European Union - NIOSH Global Web Site
NIOSH and the Bilbao-based European Agency for Safety and Health at Work have launched a new joint Web site. The site follows the structure and presentation of the European Agency's Web site network and represents a significant contribution to the creation of a global portal to occupational safety and health information.
The common Web site provides the occupational safety and health community with improved access and sharing of the vast pool of European and American occupational safety and health expertise and research. The EU/NIOSH Web site also includes links to Australia, Canada and Japan.
NIOSH en Español Web site
NIOSH has developed an active NIOSH en Español Web site. Launched in 2001, the NIOSH en Español Web site consists mainly of Spanish-language versions of NIOSH documents and NIOSH-sponsored databases. The site also includes links to external sites with occupational safety information from other government agencies, universities, and international organizations that would be useful to Spanish-speaking workers and their employers. In 2006, the NIOSH Spanish-language pages had an average of 33,400 visitors per month.
- Page last reviewed: December 12, 2011
- Page last updated: December 12, 2011
- Content source:
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Office of the Director
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B. Insects that feed on pods
- Potato leafhopper - Spindle-shaped and up to 3 mm long, potato leafhoppers
are green with yellowish to dark green spots (Fig. 46). They usually jump
instead of fly when disturbed. Potato leafhoppers extract sap from the undersides of leaves
causing them to crinkle and curl downward. Infested plants become yellow or bronzed and
- Thrips - Spindle-shaped and 1.2 mm or less in length, thrips are yellow,
amber, brown, or black. Adults have two pairs of wings which are fringed and have brown
crossbands (Fig. 47 A to C). Immature thrips are white or yellow with red eyes.
Thrips are pests during hot, dry weather. They cause whitish flecks or streaks on leaves and
blossoms, and they deposit black specks of excrement.
- Twospotted spider mite - Tiny (almost microscopic) pale to dark green,
twospotted spider mites have two or four darkly colored spots. Adults and nymphs have eight
legs (Fig. 48). Larvae have six legs. Females are oval and 0.3 to 0.5 mm long.
Males are somewhat diamond shaped. Infested foliage becomes silvery because of pale yellow
stipples. Leaves eventually become pale and die. Silken webs are spun on the underside of leaves
as the mites feed.
- Corn earworm - Early instars of corn earworms are cream colored or yellowish green
with few markings. Later instars are green, reddish or brown with pale longitudinal stripes and
scattered black spots (Fig. 49). Corn earworms are moderately hairy and grow
to 44 mm long. They have three pairs of legs and five pairs of prolegs. They attack beans in fall
and eat holes in pods.
- European corn borer - These caterpillars are grayish pink with a dark head and rows
of small brown doughnut-shaped spots on the back (Fig. 50). European corn
borers grow to about 26 mm long and bore into the pods.
- Cowpea curculio adult and larva (Fig. 51 A,B) - Adults are black
humpbacked weevils 6 to 7 mm long. Larvae are pale yellow and have brown heads. Larvae are
legless and grow 6 to 7 mm long. Curculios leave feeding scars - small holes in pods and peas;
larvae feed inside green seeds.
- Stink bugs - Adults are green or brown shield-shaped insects up to 19 mm long;
nymphs are pale green or green with orange and black markings (Fig. 52 A,B ). Stink
bugs pierce buds, pods, and seeds and cause buds to be malformed and plants weakened.
C. Insects which damage seeds and roots and bore in stems
- Bean leaf beetle larva - The whitish larva (up to 10 mm long) are dark at both ends
and have three pairs of prolegs near the head (Fig. 53). They are minor pests of
- Lesser cornstalk borer - These slender, bluish-green caterpillars are up to 19 mm
long and have brown rings around the body, three pairs of legs near the head, and five pairs of
prolegs on the abdomen (Fig. 54). Young larva bore into stems and sometimes
disrupt the growing point.
- Limabean vine borer - Gray when young, these caterpillars later become bluish-green
and sparsely covered with long yellowish hairs. Linnaean vine borer caterpillars grow up to 25
mm long and have three pairs of legs near the head and five pairs of prolegs on the abdomen (Fig. 55). They move from the leaves into stems, usually near nodes where they
cause galls up to 70 mm long and 20 mm around to develop. Short, loose, silky frass tubes are
connected to entrance holes.
- Seedcorn maggot - White to yellow-white maggots up to 7 mm long (Fig. 56) feed on seed contents causing poor germination and tall spindly seedlings.
Seedcorn maggots have no legs. The head is pointed.
Return to AG-295 Table of Contents
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The era where organs and tissues can be re-grown is a step closer after scientists found treating adult cells with acid takes them back to an embryonic state in under 30 minutes.
Experts in the field of stem cells have hailed the research as groundbreaking and say, if replicated in humans, it would herald a new ‘age of personalised medicine.’
Turning cells back to an embryonic – also known as pluripotent – state means they can then be turned into any other type of cell in the body.
Previously that could only be achieved through genetic manipulation which was time consuming and costly.
But scientists at the Riken Centre for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan, found that cells taken from newborn mice effectively ‘lose their identity’ within 30 minutes of being exposed to mildly acidic conditions.
Professor Austin Smith of Cambridge University, writing in the Journal Nature said the new cells could be seen as a ‘blank slate’ from which any cell could emerge depending on its environment.
“Remarkably, instead of triggering cell death or tumour growth as might be expected, a new cell state emerges that exhibits and unprecedented potential for differentiation into every possible cell type,” he said.
The discovery has been hailed as ‘incredible’ by scientists who believe it will speed up the advancement of personalised medicine.
Stem cells offer the possibility of a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues to treat diseases including Alzheimer's, spinal cord injury, stroke, heart disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
They could be used to regenerate organs, stimulate the growth of new blood vessels, or create skin grafts.
“(This) approach in the mouse is the most simple, lowest cost and quickest method to generate pluripotent cells from mature cells,” said Professor Chris Mason, Chair of Regenerative Medicine Bioprocessing, at University College London.
“If it works in man, this could be the game changer that ultimately makes a wide range of cell therapies available using the patient’s own cells as starting material – the age of personalised medicine would have finally arrived.
“Who would have thought that to reprogram adult cells to an embryonic stem cell-like (pluripotent) state just required a small amount of acid for less than half an hour – an incredible discovery.”
Professor Mason said the development was likely to speed up the development of technology in everyday clinical practice although warned that was still years away.
Dr Dusko Ilic, Reader in Stem Cell Science, Kings College London, said the findings were ‘revolutionary.’
“The papers describe a major scientific discovery and they will be opening a new era in stem cell biology,” said Dr llic.
“Whether human cells would respond in a similar way to comparable environmental clues, it stills remains to be shown. I am sure that the group is working on this and I would not be surprised if they succeed even within this calendar year.
“The approach is indeed revolutionary. It will make fundamental change in a way how scientists perceive the interplay of environment and genome.”
Prof Fiona Watt, Director of the Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Kings College London, also said it was a ‘remarkable finding.’
The studies were published in the Journal Nature.
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This social phenomenon typically manifests itself through some of the following characteristics:
There is a perceived correlation between tomboys and lesbianism. While some tomboys later reveal a lesbian identity in their adolescent or adult years, masculine behavior typical of boys but displayed by girls is not a true indicator of one's sexual orientation. "Throughout their history, tomboys have had to contend with the stigma of presumed lesbianism or the accusation of wanting to be male. Both assumptions were categorically refuted by twentieth-century psychology, which established the normality of the tomboy experience among girls of all identities. However, for many, the tomboy stage is the first manifestation of a gender-fluid life journey."
Historically, tomboys have been defined, as suggested in the examples mentioned above, by "boyish" behavior (like more physically active, technological, and scientific interests) and wearing boys' clothing. In recent times, as the ubiquity of traditionally female clothing such as dresses, blouses and skirts has declined among Western females, the distinction has become more and more one of behavior. A general increase in the popularity of women's sporting events (see Title IX) and other activities that were traditionally male-dominated, is today broadening tolerance and lessening the impact of "tomboy" as a pejorative.
Childhood gender roles are handled somewhat differently for tomboys and girlish boys. Gender scholar Judith Halberstam has claimed that while the defying of gender roles is often tolerated in young girls, older girls and adolescents who display masculine traits are often repressed and punished.
There has been little study of the causality of women's behavior and interests, when they do not conform to the female social gender role, since it has been considered, first and foremost, to be a phase one might go through in early years of life. It is unclear whether there is any correlation between these behaviors, and whether the causes are any different from what causes men to exhibit the same behaviors such as dress, or an interest in mathematics and science. One report from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children suggests that preschool girls engaging in "masculine-typical" gender-role behavior, such as playing with toys typically preferred by boys, is influenced by genetic and prenatal factors.
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Philosophy, Not Religion
By Swami Rama
The Upanishadic literature is not a religious scripture and is free from dogma and doctrines. It is not a part of any religion but is a philosophy for all times and for all. This philosophy does not oppose any school of thought, religion, or interpretation of the scriptures, but its methods for explaining its concepts are unique. The Upanishads should not be confused with the religious books of the East; there is a vast difference between the philosophy of the Upanishads and the preachings of any of the religious scriptures of the world. In religion and religious books, there is little practicality and much theory. One is not supposed to interpret religious sayings, for there is always the possibility of distortion. For this reason, their explanation is delegated to a few teachers and preachers who are considered to be the custodians and authorities on these scriptures. Common people do not have the opportunity to study the scriptures in depth, but instead must rely on the interpretations of such preachers who may show no signs of enlightenment and yet have influence over the conscience of the masses. Whether these clerics actually know and practice religious truths or not is never questioned, and those who do question are considered to be atheists and heretics. Intellectual bankruptcy such as this leads the masses to blind faith and causes many wars and divisions in the human race. For the younger generation today, however, empty religious preachings are not fulfilling, for the modern mind likes to use reason and logic before it accepts anything as truth.
With the development of science and technology, there has arisen a provocative mind that questions the existing religions and their role in society. The modern mind has started questioning, but the search for truth still remains obscured because scientific explorations are directed externally and not toward the inner levels of life. Science and technology are materially oriented, but a human being is not matter or energy alone. Most human resources are currently being directed to matter, mind, and energy, but little effort is being made toward the expansion and exploration of human consciousness. Modern psychologists are scratching the surface of mental life in order to eliminate superficial human problems in the external world, but the vital questions of life are not yet resolved, for they are beyond the grasp of materially-oriented thinking.
The Upanishads prepare, inspire, and lead the student to know and realize the Ultimate Truth. First of all, the philosophy of the Upanishads frees one to cast away his intellectual slavery to blind faith, superstitions, sectarian beliefs, and dogmas. Then it helps one to expand his individual consciousness to Universal Consciousness; thus one's personality is transformed, and one becomes a universal being. An individual is essentially Brahman, or identical to Universal Consciousness, and direct realization of that truth is called enlightenment. Current religious preachings, on the other hand, are enveloped in a thick layer of dust, and they need a complete shakeup. Religion needs modification to suit the needs of modern man. There seem to be two options for humanity: either it stops listening to the preachings, starts seeking the truth, and rejoices in the broader awareness of truthful living; or it continues to follow religious dogma, fails to attain the next step of civilization, and remains in ignorance and suffering. Upon careful analysis of the living and thinking structure of modern human society, anyone can see that the process of human evolution is in a state of stagnation. All current research is directed to the external world; thus the human goal has become materially oriented and superficial. Human beings today have nothing better to live for than acquiring many comforts. These may be necessities and means, but because attaining them lacks a goal or aim, they create a hollow and empty philosophy that brings only strain and stress.
The preachings of religion make a person dependent on priests, temples, idols, blind faith, and dogma, and dependence is a habit of the lower mind. Such crutches may be useful at a certain stage for some people, but they do not lead one to Ultimate Truth. A dependent mind is not free, and without freedom, enlightenment is impossible. Religious dogmas are full of beliefs and myths that do not satisfy the human intellect and that bind believers to a narrow view of life and human potential. Such preachings instill more fear than love in the hearts of the masses. Religion either promises salvation or threatens the tortures of hell, but it does not provide sound solutions to the hellish problems and situations that plague human beings here and now. Nor does it satisfactorily explain life before birth or after death. One of the main themes of Upanishadic philosophy, however, is to attain a state of fearlessness, cheerfulness, and self-confidence. In addition, the Upanishads lead the student to know life in its totality. Knowledge of life before birth, knowledge of now, and knowledge of life hereafter can be realized through the methods given in the Upanishads. The Upanishads provide systematic methods for self-training, self-transformation, and self-enlightenment. They lead aspirants “from the unreal to the Real, from darkness to Light, and from mortality to Immortality.”
The founders of religion were selfless and sincere—great seers, sages, and spiritual leaders. But as religions grew, the teachings of the founders were lost, and only the preachings of their selfish followers remained. Because of this, the great religion of the East was reduced to the narrow faith and beliefs of Hinduism, Brahmanism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Practical Christianity also disappeared forever, and there remained only churchianity. History shows that religionists do not actually encourage one to follow in the footsteps of the founder of their religion by practicing his teachings, but, rather, they instruct their followers to worship the image or the name of the founder of the religion through priests. Many religious leaders who claim to know God are more miserable than those they attempt to lead; they suffer from trite egoism, jealousy, and selfishness. The light of truth cannot shine through such barriers. Thus, the blind are leading the blind. The philosophy of the Upanishads is not bound by a single founder or religion, however, and it is as applicable today as it was thousands of years ago, and it will be so for as long as humanity exists.
Religious dogma sets forth rigid commandments presented in terms of good and bad, black and white, with no explanations to support them. In the long run, these create serious overreactions and overcompensations in the human mind. All the books from the different religions repeat set laws of conduct in the same way, yet each of these religions claims that it is superior to all the others. Religious beliefs may offer solace to lower, primitive, less educated, and uncultivated minds, but they have nothing to offer those who already know what to do and what not to do, and who are seeking logical solutions to life's questions and guidance in learning how to be. In today's so-called civilized I society, the moral laws preached by the leaders and preachers seem to be incomplete. Such teachings and preachings are, therefore, misleading and are a mere waste of time and energy. As long as the preachers, police, and army have to guard the morality of human beings, this cannot be considered to be a civilized society. The moral custodians of today's world are actually atomic weapons, not the laws given in the religious books of the world. Thus, material forces are guiding the destiny of human life. Human beings have lost their center of equilibrium and live without any sense of equality, love, and mutual understanding. Religions do not teach unity but create divisions in human society. The Upanishads do not impose commandments, but, rather, offer practical guidelines and methods for self-discipline and self-unfoldment. The steps for inner growth contained in the Upanishads can be incorporated into one's individual lifestyle and can help one examine the accomplishments of one's spiritual practice (sādhanā).
Religions can be divided into two groups. One group follows the prophets but does not believe in inner experience. These religions are actually cults and are full of rituals, fear, guilt, and fanaticism. The other group of religions has a vast spiritual literature, but the followers are exploited by priests who involve them in rituals without explaining their purpose or establishing their validity. Therefore, both types of religion have been exploiting humanity and, thus, crippling human efforts to evolve and attain the next step of civilization in which people will learn to live with others in mutual understanding and love. The vast majority of the human population practices religious rituals in some way or other, but no ritual exists that can eliminate the ignorance that causes pain and misery.
Religions have two great weapons to conquer the hearts of their followers: faith and grace. The way faith is described in religious scriptures is not actually faith at all, but is blind belief based on ignorance and rigidity of tradition. Tradition and truth are entirely different. One is mingled with customs, systems, cultures, habits, thoughts, feelings, and desires, and the latter is a search for the Ultimate Reality. For attaining truth, everything the aspirant has, including thoughts, deeds, and speech, becomes a means for attaining truth; while in tradition, all means are used for the sake of convenience, pleasure, and gratification. Religionists and their faithful followers are afraid to analyze the very nature of their faith. Thus, one is lost in a morass of religious fanaticism. Faith that does not recognize the faculty of reasoning and that has not been filtered by reasoning is based on blind beliefs that remain unexamined. They thus unnecessarily create doubts, and when doubts are not resolved, such faith disappears. Blind faith, being empty and devoid of any real reason or fact, is often found wanting when one has a problem and expects to find a strong basis that will support and carry him through difficult times. Then one finds, instead, nothing to hold on to or anchor oneself to. Because of this weakness in religious faith, religious dogma says that faith is a gift from God, and that if one questions it, then it might vanish and be lost. True faith is supported by pure reason, which is attained through thoughtful analysis of life. Following the extended practice of sādhanā and purification, a few fortunate seekers realize and know the nature of the world as it is and also experience the all-pervading truth that enlightens the' dark chamber of the aspirant's heart.
The Upanishads say that to rise above and reach a state beyond and to know the real nature of the transitory world, one must cultivate logic and pure reason and make sincere efforts with the help of deep contemplation. They declare, “Only that which is good and auspicious in Upanishadic literature should be revered and brought into practice, and the rest should be left behind for further introspection.”
In religions, grace is considered to be a gift bestowed on the seeker, either as a reward for following the commandments or by mere whim. Thus, the bestowing of blessings serves as a bribe to make one conform, and it implies that the seeker is helpless to succeed by his own effort. There is often little sense of individual mastery but rather a reliance on the favors of fate or the judgments of the preachers. Fear and insecurity are the logical results.
Today religion has degenerated so much that it has become totally materialistic. No matter how good a heart one has, if one is not on the list of followers and supporters of the church, then one's faith does not have any value in the eyes of religionists. Religious leaders and preachers who claim to be custodians of faith and grace sell faith to blind followers for wealth and favors, and, thus, religious materialism takes the place of spiritual sincerity.
Various schools of theology argue over the semantics and meaning of the verses and parables of religious scriptures and never reach any shared interpretation. In order to confront the question of life, one must remain unaffected by religious dogma, doctrines, and superstition, and one must make use of one's finest instrument, the intellect. The Upanishads do not encourage students to depend on the sayings of the scriptures; rather they inspire them to be self-reliant and discriminating. Religious dogma encourages people to follow the canons of a particular sectarian belief that is limited to a specific group. Thus, instead of expanding universal brotherhood, it further divides humanity and pollutes human feelings with biases and prejudice. Upanishadic philosophy is the expression of supreme knowledge directly experienced by great sages and is not confined to caste, color, society, or nation.
Today the world lives under the law of fear, trembling with doubts and uncertainty. No prophet of the law of love is to be found, and one finds no leaders who give object lessons, sympathy, and good will, and who identify with the true happiness of individuals and nations and the highest good of mankind. Many religious leaders exist, but it is amazing to note how tired and confused they are. “Rise, awake, and gain knowledge”—this Upanishad declares that one should not act like a gigantic inert person who is dumb and desolate, who knows not the meaning of life and the universe. All human beings have the essential potentialities to understand and direct their life streams toward the ocean of bliss. The message of Upanishadic philosophy extends good will to the whole of humanity, saying, “Let all of mankind be happy; let all of humanity attain physical, mental, and spiritual health; let all receive and enjoy auspiciousness; let no one experience pain and misery here and hereafter.”
This website is devoted to sharing the teachings
of Swami Rama of the Himalayas
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New clean-up project builds upon success gained in field
OAK RIDGE, Tenn., Dec. 14, 2006 – A new five-year project headed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory is expected to lead to a more in-depth understanding of natural and other approaches to clean up contaminated sites around the nation.The Department of Energy-funded $3 million per year task will build upon accomplishments since April 2000 at the Environmental Remediation Science Program Field Research Center, a 243-acre contaminated area in Bear Creek Valley next to the Oak Ridge Y-12 National Security Complex. This and many other sites in the United States are contaminated with legacy wastes that include radionuclides, organics and nitrate.
"Our goal is to more accurately determine the long-term fate of contaminants from waste sites around the country," said David Watson, manager of DOE's Field Research Center and a member of the Environmental Sciences Division. "Through this effort we will bring to bear experts from multiple universities and national laboratories to help solve a problem of great national significance."
Researchers from ORNL and elsewhere plan to develop numerical models that will allow them to predict the rate at which contaminant concentrations decrease through a combination of active remediation techniques and natural mechanisms such as dilution. Bioremediation, one of the remediation methods being tested, involves stimulating bacterial growth in the subsurface to clean up contaminants and may provide a more economical and effective approach than more conventional methods.
Researchers will make chemical additions and pH adjustments to help develop new methods to stabilize contaminants in the subsurface. New state-of-the-art analysis techniques are being developed to monitor changes in microbial populations and geochemical properties. Changes in the subsurface are being monitored using geophysical methods that send electric, acoustic and other signals into the ground.
Nationwide, this DOE effort is expected to have a huge impact as subsurface contamination exists at more than 7,000 sites and involves an estimated 1.7 trillion gallons of contaminated water, which is equal to about four times the daily water consumption in the United States. In all, there are about 40 million cubic meters of contaminated soil, or enough dirt to fill approximately 17 professional sports stadiums.
The Y-12 site contains uranium, technetium, nitrate and other contaminants from the weapons manufacturing era from 1951 to 1983. These liquid wastes were disposed of in four ponds during that era. The pond area, which is 400-by-400 feet and 17 feet deep, was neutralized in 1984 and capped by an asphalt parking lot in 1988. As a result of these waste disposal activities, a large plume of contaminated groundwater extends several miles away from the ponds.
The area is constantly monitored using a variety of state-of-the-art techniques, including hydraulic testing, tracer tests and sampling.
"At no other field research facility is the investigation of the subsurface fate and transport of contaminants performed on such a large scale using a real-world contaminated site," Watson said.
Key conclusions from research projects at the site include:
microorganisms found in subsurface environments can transform radionuclides such as uranium, technetium and other contaminants like nitrate into chemical forms that are less mobile in groundwater;
- the introduction of naturally occurring humic substances – organic matter found in soil – can accelerate the chemical reduction and immobilization of these contaminants; and,
- co-contaminants in the subsurface and elevated concentrations of other chemicals can inhibit the chemical reduction process and can reoxidize uranium, making it more mobile.
Watson and colleagues are confident that this new project will lead to new methods of site remediation and a fundamental scientific understanding of the long-term fate, transport and attenuation of contaminants in the environment as a function of space and time.
Other partners in this project, funded by DOE's Office of Science, are the University of Tennessee, Stanford University, Florida State University, the University of Oklahoma, Lawrence Berkeley and Argonne national laboratories. UT-Battelle manages Oak Ridge National Laboratory for DOE.
NOTE TO EDITORS: You may read other press releases from Oak Ridge National Laboratory or learn more about the lab at http://www.ornl.gov/news.
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 30 Apr 2016
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
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Step 1: Launch
SpaceX's unmanned Dragon capsule is due to deliver food, supplies and science experiments to the orbiting laboratory as a test mission for NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, aimed at spurring development of replacement cargo ferries for the retired space shuttles.
Here's how the robotic mission will play out:
The Dragon capsule is set to lift off aboard SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. SpaceX has use of the facility's Space Launch Complex 40. The initial ascent is powered by Falcon 9's first stage, consisting of nine SpaceX Merlin 1C rocket engines.
Step 2: Main Engine Cut Off/Stage Separation
Step 3: Payload Separation
Step 4: Orbital Checkouts
Teams on the ground will lead the vehicle through tests of its Absolute GPS (AGPS) system, which uses global positioning system satellites to determine its location in space. It will also demonstrate its performance in free drift phase, with thrusters inhibited. Finally, Dragon will test out its abort system to prove it can terminate its activities and move away from the space station if something goes wrong.
Step 5: Fly-Under
During the fly-under, Dragon will also test a secondary locator system called the relative GPS system, which uses the spacecraft's position relative to the space station to establish its coordinates.
While Dragon is flying under the station, the six-person crew inside the orbiting laboratory will be monitoring their new visitor. They will use a crew command panel onboard the station to communicate with the capsule and send it a command to turn on a strobe light.
After completing the fly-under, Dragon will loop out in front, above and then behind the space station to position itself for docking.
Step 6: Rendezvous
At this point, a series of final checkouts will be performed to make sure all of Dragon's location and navigation systems are accurate. If all looks good, Dragon's SpaceX control team on the ground will command the vehicle to approach the space station. When it reaches 720 feet (220 meters), the astronauts onboard the outpost will command the capsule to halt.
After another series of "go-no go" checks, Dragon will approach to 656 feet (200 meters), and then 98 feet (30 meters), and finally 32 feet (10 meters), the capture point.
Step 7: Docking
The next day, after more checkouts, the crew will open the hatch between Dragon and the station. Over the coming weeks, the astronauts will spend about 25 hours unpacking the 1,014 pounds (460 kilograms) of cargo that Dragon delivers. Though none of the cargo is critical (since this is a test flight), the capsule will arrive bearing food, water, clothing and supplies for the crew.
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IUCN. 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2010.3). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 2 September 2010).
Samways, M.J. 1999. Diversity and conservation status of South African dragonflies (Odonata). Odonatologica 28: 13-62.
Samways, M.J. 2002. A strategy for national red listing invertebrates based on experiences with Odonata in South Africa. African Entomology 10: 43-52.
Samways, M.J. 2004. Critical species of Odonata in southern Africa. International Journal of Odonatology 7: 255-262.
Samways, M.J. 2006. Honing Red List assessments of lesser known taxa in biodiversity hotspots. Biodiversity and Conservation 16(9): 2575-2586.
Samways, M.J. 2006. National Red List of South African Odonata. Odonatologica 35: 341-368.
Samways, M.J. and Taylor, S. 2004. Impacts of invasive alien plants on red-listed South African dragonflies (Odonata). South African Journal of Science 100: 78-80.
Tarboton, W. and Tarboton, M. 2005. A fieldguide to the damselflies of South Africa. Privately published by the authors, Nylstroom.
Wilmot, B.C. 1975. A new species of Chlorolestes from the Eastern Cape Province. Journal of the Entomological Society of south Africa 38: 13-17.
|Citation:||Samways, M.J. 2010. Chlorolestes apricans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T4731A11091140. . Downloaded on 24 June 2016.|
|Feedback:||If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided|
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|English:||Cup, Crow||Spanish:||Copa de Baco, Cuervo|
|German:||Becher, Rabe||French:||Coupe, Corbeau|
The faint constellation of Crater is shown on the right hand side and the somewhat brighter constellation Corvus on the left hand side (see lines). The trapeze of Corvus is with its about three mag bright main stars more or less distinctive whereas Crater is much fainter.
In mid of April the above field culminates at about 22:00 LT (10 pm). However, the two constellations are quite south and just reach about 20 degrees above the southern horizon for observers at 50 degrees latitude. The declination of these constellations ranges from -25 to -6 degrees. To find them at the sky you should have a look south of the more prominent constellations of Leo and Virgo.
The above field is far away from the equator of our milky way. No bright galactic deep sky objects are visible but a few galaxies are present. (See enlargements of deep sky objects.)
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The Equity and Reconciliation Commission (; FrenchInstance Equité et Réconciliation - IER) is a Moroccan human rights and truth commission created on January 7, 2004 by King Mohammed VI in order to reconcile victims of human rights abuses, such as torture and atrocities committed by Makhzen (the governing elite) during the Years of lead, with the State.
IER is composed of a president and 16 members of various institutions and establishments, half of them from CCDH. The proclaimed objectives of the commission are the protection and the promotion of the human rights in Morocco.
IER aim is to rehabilitate the victims, and pay compensation for state outrages against them. This has been hailed internationally as a big step forward, and an example to the Arab world.
However, the IER has also come under attack from parts of the human rights-community, since:
its mission is not to reveal the identities of or prosecute human rights offenders, which most of the victims were requesting.;
it is not allowed to mention Mohammed's predecessor, King Hassan II;
it is not allowed to report about human rights violations since 1999, when Mohammed VI was enthroned.
it cannot criticize the violation of freedom of speech, which according to human rights organisations still exists in Morocco.
The IER completed its mandate by delivering its final report to the King of Morocco in December 2005.Amnesty International has... Read More
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verb (reinterprets, reinterpreting, reinterpreted)[with object]
Interpret (something) in a new or different way.
- Old information is reinterpreted and integrated in light of startling new evidence.
- Throughout the day I have given him a series of ways in which he can reinterpret the experience differently to his initial assumptions.
- Every artist, in the process, reinterprets the same symbols for a new generation; this is what I do in my books.
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of reinterpret in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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- Rumor Has It An Algorithm Could Scope Out Gossip
- (Inside Science) – Remember those rumors in high school? Maybe you'll finally learn who was spreading them. Research over the last few years has explored ways to identify the origin of a rumor that has spread through a network, armed only with ...
- Algorithm allows a computer to create a vacation highlight video
- The new approach is an algorithm—developed by students Daniel Castro and Vinay Bettadapura under the guidance of Professor Irfan Essa—that analyzes video for images with ideal artistic properties. It first considers geolocation, then composition, ...
- Hours of Video Footage? Algorithm Does the Editing For You
- Through the geolocation data, the algorithm reduced the footage to 16 hours. Next, the algorithm used shot boundary detection to further reduce the video to 10.2 hours.
- Machine-Learning Algorithm Aims to Identify Terrorists Using the V Signs They Make
- They then used two-thirds of the images to train a machine-learning algorithm to recognize different V signs and used the remaining images to test its efficacy. The results make for interesting reading.
- Algorithm seeks to predict police misconduct
- To address growing concerns over police misconduct, new algorithms that claim to predict police misconduct might be of some use to police departments across the country. But the question is whether or not they will actually use them.
Algorithm is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Algorithm books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Related searchessurvivalism classic survival books
kerry thornley military life
arta prefecture transportation
michael coren firing by cfrb
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Prototype Bioreactor Evaluates Engineered Tissue While Creating It
Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have developed a prototype bioreactor — a device for culturing cells to create engineered tissues — that both stimulates and evaluates tissue as it grows, mimicking natural processes while eliminating the need to stop periodically to cut up samples for analysis. Tissue created this way might someday be used to replace, for example, damaged or diseased cartilage in the knee and hip.
Conventional methods for evaluating the development and properties of engineered tissue are time-consuming, destructive and need to be repeated many times. By using ultrasound to monitor tissue during processing without destroying it, the novel bioreactor could be a faster and less expensive alternative.
“Most bioreactors don’t do any type of nondestructive evaluation,” says NIST postdoctoral researcher Jenni Popp, first author of a new paper* about the instrument. “Having some sort of ongoing evaluation of the developing tissue is definitely novel.”
Cartilage is smooth connective tissue that supports joint motion. Natural cartilage is created by specialized cells that generate large amounts of structural proteins to weave a tough support material called extracellular matrix. Lacking blood vessels, cartilage has limited capability to heal from arthritis, sports injuries or other defects. Damage can be treated with drugs or joint replacement but results can be imperfect. Engineered tissue is used in some medical treatments but is not yet a routine alternative to metal or plastic joint replacements. The NIST bioreactor gives researchers a noninvasive way to monitor important structural changes in developing tissue.
The NIST/CU bioreactor can fit inside a standard incubator, which controls temperature and acidity in the growth environment. The bioreactor applies force to stimulate five small cubes of cartilage cells embedded in water-based gels. The mechanical force mimics the natural stimuli needed for the cells to create matrix proteins and develop the structure and properties of real cartilage. Ultrasound techniques monitor tissue changes over time, while a digital video microscope takes images.
Preliminary studies indicate the bioreactor both stimulates and monitors development of cells, matrix content and scaffolds to make three-dimensional engineered cartilage.
via Science Dailyᔥ
Bookmark this page for “bioreactor” and check back regularly as these articles update on a very frequent basis. The view is set to “news”. Try clicking on “video” and “2” for more articles.
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To get started, it's worth pointing out that disk encryption is hardly new with iOS 8. In fact, Apple's operating system has enabled some form of encryption since before iOS 7. What's happened in the latest update is that Apple has decided to protect much more of the interesting data on the device under the user's passcode. This includes photos and text messages -- things that were not previously passcode-protected, and which police very much want access to.*
|Excerpt from Apple iOS Security Guide, 9/2014.|
In the rest of this post I'm going to talk about how these protections may work and how Apple can realistically claim not to possess a back door.
One caveat: I should probably point out that Apple isn't known for showing up at parties and bragging about their technology -- so while a fair amount of this is based on published information provided by Apple, some of it is speculation. I'll try to be clear where one ends and the other begins.
Password-based encryption 101
Normal password-based file encryption systems take in a password from a user, then apply a key derivation function (KDF) that converts a password (and some salt) into an encryption key. This approach doesn't require any specialized hardware, so it can be securely implemented purely in software provided that (1) the software is honest and well-written, and (2) the chosen password is strong, i.e., hard to guess.
The problem here is that nobody ever chooses strong passwords. In fact, since most passwords are terrible, it's usually possible for an attacker to break the encryption by working through a 'dictionary' of likely passwords and testing to see if any decrypt the data. To make this really efficient, password crackers often use special-purpose hardware that takes advantage of parallelization (using FPGAs or GPUs) to massively speed up the process.
Thus a common defense against cracking is to use a 'slow' key derivation function like PBKDF2 or scrypt. Each of these algorithms is designed to be deliberately resource-intensive, which does slow down normal login attempts -- but hits crackers much harder. Unfortunately, modern cracking rigs can defeat these KDFs by simply throwing more hardware at the problem. There are some approaches to dealing with this -- this is the approach of memory-hard KDFs like scrypt -- but this is not the direction that Apple has gone.
How Apple's encryption works
Apple doesn't use scrypt. Their approach is to add a 256-bit device-unique secret key called a UID to the mix, and to store that key in hardware where it's hard to extract from the phone. Apple claims that it does not record these keys nor can it access them. On recent devices (with A7 chips), this key and the mixing process are protected within a cryptographic co-processor called the Secure Enclave.
The Apple Key Derivation function 'tangles' the password with the UID key by running both through PBKDF2-AES -- with an iteration count tuned to require about 80ms on the device itself.** The result is the 'passcode key'. That key is then used as an anchor to secure much of the data on the phone.
|Overview of Apple key derivation and encryption (iOS Security Guide, p.10).|
(Apple pegs such cracking attempts at 5 1/2 years for a random 6-character password consisting of lowercase letters and numbers. PINs will obviously take much less time, sometimes as little as half an hour. Choose a good passphrase!)
So one view of Apple's process is that it depends on the user picking a strong password. A different view is that it also depends on the attacker's inability to obtain the UID. Let's explore this a bit more.
Securing the Secure Enclave
The Secure Enclave is designed to prevent exfiltration of the UID key. On earlier Apple devices this key lived in the application processor itself. Secure Enclave provides an extra level of protection that holds even if the software on the application processor is compromised -- e.g., jailbroken.
One worrying thing about this approach is that, according to Apple's documentation, Apple controls the signing keys that sign the Secure Enclave firmware. So using these keys, they might be able to write a special "UID extracting" firmware update that would undo the protections described above, and potentially allow crackers to run their attacks on specialized hardware.
Which leads to the following question? How does Apple avoid holding a backdoor signing key that allows them to extract the UID from the Secure Enclave?
It seems to me that there are a few possible ways forward here.
- No software can extract the UID. Apple's documentation even claims that this is the case; that software can only see the output of encrypting something with UID, not the UID itself. The problem with this explanation is that it isn't really clear that this guarantee covers malicious Secure Enclave firmware written and signed by Apple.
Update 10/4: Comex and others (who have forgotten more about iPhone internals than I've ever known) confirm that #1 is the right answer. The UID appears to be connected to the AES circuitry by a dedicated path, so software can set it as a key, but never extract it. Moreover this appears to be the same for both the Secure Enclave and older pre-A7 chips. So ignore options 2-4 below.
- Apple does have the ability to extract UIDs. But they don't consider this a backdoor, even though access to the UID should dramatically decrease the time required to crack the password. In that case, your only defense is a strong password.
- Apple doesn't allow firmware updates to the Secure Enclave firmware period. This would be awkward and limiting, but it would let them keep their customer promise re: being unable to assist law enforcement in unlocking phones.
- Apple has built a nuclear option. In other words, the Secure Enclave allows firmware updates -- but before doing so, the Secure Enclave will first destroy intermediate keys. Firmware updates are still possible, but if/when a firmware update is requested, you lose access to all data currently on the device.
Addendum: how did Apple's "old" backdoor work?
One wrinkle in this story is that allegedly Apple has been helping law enforcement agencies unlock iPhones for a while. This is probably why so many folks are baffled by the new policy. If Apple could crack a phone last year, why can't they do it today?
But the most likely explanation for this policy is probably the simplest one: Apple was never really 'cracking' anything. Rather, they simply had a custom boot image that allowed them to bypass the 'passcode lock' screen on a phone. This would be purely a UI hack and it wouldn't grant Apple access to any of the passcode-encrypted data on the device. However, since earlier versions of iOS didn't encrypt all of the phone's interesting data using the passcode, the unencrypted data would be accessible upon boot.
No way to be sure this is the case, but it seems like the most likely explanation.
* Previous versions of iOS also encrypted these records, but the encryption key was not derived from the user's passcode. This meant that (provided one could bypass the actual passcode entry phase, something Apple probably does have the ability to do via a custom boot image), the device could decrypt this data without any need to crack a password.
** As David Schuetz notes in this excellent and detailed piece, on phones with Secure Enclave there is also a 5 second delay enforced by the co-processor. I didn't (and still don't) want to emphasize this, since I do think this delay is primarily enforced by Apple-controlled software and hence Apple can disable it if they want to. The PBKDF2 iteration count is much harder to override.
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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
September 16, 1998
Explanation: Why does Jupiter have rings? Jupiter's rings were discovered in 1979 by the passing Voyager 1 spacecraft, but their origin has always been a mystery. Recent data from the Galileo spacecraft currently orbiting Jupiter now confirms that these rings were created by meteoroid impacts on small nearby moons. As a small meteoroid strikes tiny Adrastea, for example, it will bore into the moon, vaporize, and explode dirt and dust off into a Jovian orbit. Pictured above is an eclipse of the Sun by Jupiter, as viewed from Galileo. Small dust particles high in Jupiter's atmosphere, as well as the dust particles that compose the rings, can be seen by reflected sunlight.
Authors & editors:
NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: LHEA at NASA/ GSFC
&: Michigan Tech. U.
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- HOME PAGE
- KAT STORE
- HOT PHOTOS
- KAT BIO
- CLASSICAL COMPOSERS
- REVIEW COPIES
- CONTACT KAT
- Antonio Vivaldi Biography
Antonio Vivaldi was born on March 4, 1678 in Venice, Italy. Vivaldi was a violinist and
composer who also became a priest in 1703. He was known as "The Red Priest"
because of his red hair. He wrote hundreds of concertos, chamber works and operas in the
Vivaldi was not really appreciated until the mid-20th century, when there was a revival in
Baroque music and Vivaldi became popular to Classical music listeners. He single-handedly
developed the concerto into a form which remained mostly unchanged. The most popular piece
Vivaldi wrote is the four concertos known as "I Quattro Stagioni" (The Four
Seasons), written in 1723. The Four Seasons was one of the earliest examples of
"Program Music" (music that evokes scenes). Vivaldi's music is different than
other Baroque composers by his use of melodic invention and originality, along with an
incredible amount of excitement.
Despite a prosperous life, Vivaldi became penniless in his later years. He died in Vienna,
Austria on July 28, 1741 from gastric infection. Antonio Vivaldi, genius Baroque composer,
was buried in a pauper's grave.
Vivaldi's Greatest Works:
"The Four Seasons"
12 Violin Concertos
"Ottone in villa" & "Rosmira" Operas
60 Concertos, Sinfonias, and Sonatas for strings and basso continuo
28 Sonatas for violin and basso continuo
"La Cetra" Concertos
7 Concertos for Viola d'amore
SUMMARY: Antonio Vivaldi (known as "The Red Priest" because of his red
hair), the famous Baroque composer, sees a vision of the 21st century
future while composing and teaching "The Four Seasons" in Italy 1723.
The Great Kat Guitar Shredder ("Top 10 Fastest Shredders Of All Time")
appears SHREDDING "THE FOUR SEASONS" at Hyperspeed on Guitar AND Violin!
Watch the shredding madness at
BACK to GREAT
The contents of all music, photos, graphics, text and
videos are protected by copyright
and may not be used or reproduced without prior express written authorization from the
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ERIC Identifier: ED475390
Publication Date: 2003-06-00
Author: Brew, Alan
Source: ERIC Clearinghouse on Rural
Education and Small Schools Charleston WV.
Writing Activities: A Primer for Outdoor Educators. ERIC
In "Experiential Learning," D. A. Kolb (1983) defines learning as "the
process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience"
(p. 38), and he identifies "reflective observation" as one of four important
steps in the transformative process. Writing activities are one means of
facilitating reflection and learning because, as Easley (1989) explains, the
process of writing "is active in the sense that it requires a re-creation of an
experience on paper and reflective in that it requires a conscious search for
meaning . . ." (p.11). This Digest summarizes a procedure for designing writing
activities, and it describes six activities appropriate for outdoor education
curricula: journals, freewriting, descriptions, literary responses, letters, and
DESIGNING WRITING ACTIVITIES
Composition specialists agree
that effective writing activities are planned in advance and integrated with
experiences (Lindemann, 2001). To facilitate the development of such activities,
instructors might begin by asking themselves a series of questions: * "Why am I
asking my students to write?" (to prepare for a discussion? to reinforce the
teaching of a skill? to encourage reflection?) * "What type of writing is
appropriate for my purpose?" (freewriting? journaling?) * "Given my purpose,
when should I ask students to complete the assignment?" (after a specific
experience? at intervals during the experience? at the end of the experience?) *
"How do I want the students to complete the assignment?" (on their own? in
groups? in a single sitting? in stages?) * "For whom will the students be
writing?" (themselves? members of the class? me?) * "How, if at all, will I
respond to what the students write?" (in a discussion? with written comments?
with a grade?)
Having answered these questions, the next step is to prepare a description of
the writing activity for the students. This description should communicate
concisely and in language familiar to the students the purpose, form, and
audience for their writing during the activity. Although it is tempting,
especially in the field, to present these assignments verbally, Lindemann (2001)
emphasizes the importance of providing written directions, which students can
review throughout the writing process.
Planning and communicating writing activities in this manner assures that
they will be integrated fully into an experience and that they will contribute
to the process of transforming experiences into knowledge.
Keeping a "journal," which shares linguistic roots
with "journey," is an activity that may be integrated into outdoor experiences
in multiple ways. As Murray (1995) explains in "The Sierra Club Nature Writing
Handbook," a journal can be a mechanism for recording and organizing experience,
a tool for processing events as they occur, and an "unflinching mirror" that
reminds individuals "of the importance of eliminating self-deception and
half-truths in thought and writing"(p.3).
Often, however, students have preconceived notions about journals. Some
associate them with private diaries; others are intimidated by the journal's
formality, feeling that they must write in an elevated style and record profound
thoughts. Broadening students' conceptions of a journal frees them to use their
journals as working notebooks, where they may collect thoughts, observations,
and even objects. Petersen (2001, pp. 39-50) offers a helpful description of
different journal types and approaches to keeping them in "Writing Naturally."
In general, journaling activities ask students to do the following: (1)
express their feelings at a given moment; (2) record what they see, hear, smell,
and touch; or (3) probe the emotional and intellectual significance of their
responses to readings, landscapes, people, and experiences. Specific suggestions
for journaling activities may be found in a number of recent books. Of
particular note are Hinchman's (1991, 1997) "A Life in Hand" and "A Trail
Through Leaves;" Leslie and Roth's (2000) "Keeping a Nature Journal;" and the
works by Murray and Petersen cited above. Raffan and Barrett's (1989) essay
"Sharing the Path: Reflections on Journals from an Expedition" offers an
analytical study of the role that journals might play in an outdoor experience.
Freewriting, like journaling, often leads to
realizations about an individual's experiences. It is also a helpful activity
for insecure writers. Promoted by Elbow (1973) in "Writing Without Teachers,"
freewriting can undo "the ingrained habit of editing at the same time you are
trying to produce" (p. 6). As Elbow explains, most individuals edit what they
perceive to be unacceptable as they write. Freewriting allows these thoughts to
appear and be acknowledged.
The activity is a simple one: Students write for a designated period of time
about anything that comes into their minds. During this time, they should write
continuously; they should write in sentences, rather than lists or phrases; and
they should not correct or revise. After completing a freewriting session,
students can select a sentence or idea from what they produced and use it as a
prompt for a second session, thus focusing their unconscious exploration of an
idea. Or, students might share what they have written in a discussion. However
the writings are used, they should not be graded. Students must be confident
that what they write will not be judged.
Further suggestions for facilitating freewriting activities may be found in
Elbow (1973) and in Tallmadge's (1999) essay "Writing as a Window into Nature."
If freewriting helps students express
unconscious or repressed thoughts, then descriptions help them capture and
reflect on sensory experiences. As Hinchman (1997) observes of Henry David
Thoreau, "In finding words that marry experience and response, he knows the
deepest pleasure of the writer. Without the words, he's looking at the surface;
in finding the words he immerses himself"(p. 125).
Typically, these activities require students to describe their surroundings.
Hinchman (1997), for instance, asks her students to keep "cloud logs," updating
them hourly from dawn until nightfall (p. 130). Tallmadge (1999) encourages
students to refine their observations of color by asking them to describe the
sky, which requires them to consider not only hue but also texture, sheen, and
density. In longer courses, students might visit a specific geographic location
over time, describing what they experience at different times of day or seasons.
Description activities do not, however, need to be limited to observations of
nature. Students might describe the behaviors of other participants in the
course or, if skill development is a component of the course, how to start a
fire with flint and steel.
This activity introduces the perceptions
of others into the writing process by asking students to read what others have
written about experiences similar to theirs. These readings broaden the
students' understandings of an experience because they help students see the
experience through the eyes of another.
Written responses to the readings facilitate reflection by providing a
starting point. For instance, students may not know how to begin processing
their personal experiences of a wilderness canoe trip, but reading an essay by
Sigurd Olson gives them something to respond to. Thus, a student might write,
"The emotions that Olson describes are not the emotions I felt, but I did feel.
. . ." Another benefit of these activities is that the writing of others gives
students models, providing words or structures that help them capture their own
Like a journal, letters can serve as a
record of experience and as an impetus to reflection. A common letter-writing
activity requires a student to compose a letter to him or herself near the end
of an experience. These letters are collected by the instructor and mailed to
the participant six months after the course. As D. C. Kolb (1988) observes in "Letters from the Past," these letters serve as effective vehicles for follow-up
in a variety of situations.
Other letter-writing activities ask students to compose letters to future
participants in a course or to their parents. Foster, Biernat, and Wheeler
(1985) provide an overview of these and other activities in "Letter Writing for
Essays are more formal than the other activities
described in this Digest, but they also have a unique benefit. As Tallmadge
(1999) explains, "...the discipline, concentration, and attention required to
produce a finished story or essay carry perception and understanding deeper than
is possible through journal entries or freewritings alone" (p. 24).
These assignments are most effective when they are presented as an
opportunity for students to formulate their ideas for presentation to an
audience. Asking students to follow specific length and format guidelines
heightens the sense of formality, as does publishing the essays in some manner,
whether in a self-published course reader, institutional newsletter, or even a
In the field of outdoor education, instructors
understand that reflection is an important step in the process that transforms
experiences into knowledge. When writing activities are carefully planned and
integrated with outdoor experiences, they become an effective and efficient
means of facilitating reflection in a variety of circumstances and at various
stages during an experience.
Easley, A. (1989). Learning through writing.
Journal of Developmental Education, 13(1), 10-12.
Elbow, P. (1973). Writing without teachers. New York: Oxford University
Foster, H. L., Biernat, N. A., & Wheeler, J. V. (1985). Letter writing
for outdoor education. Outdoor Communicator, 16(1), 37-39.
Hinchman, H. (1991). A life in hand: Creating the illuminated journal. Salt
Lake City: Gibbs Smith.
Hinchman, H. (1997). A trail through leaves: The journal as a path to place.
New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Kolb, D. A. (1983). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of
learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Kolb, D. C. (1988). Letters from the past. The Journal of Experiential
Education, 11(1), 50-51.
Leslie, C. W., & Roth, C. E. (2000). Keeping a nature journal: Discover a
whole new way of seeing the world around you. Pownal, VT: Storey Books.
Lindemann, E., with Anderson, D. (2001). A rhetoric for writing teachers (4th
ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Murray, J. A. (1995). The Sierra Club nature writing handbook: A creative
guide. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
Petersen, D. (2001). Writing naturally: A down-to-earth guide to nature
writing. Boulder, CO: Johnson Books.
Raffan, J., & Barrett, M. J. (1989). Sharing the path: Reflections on
journals from an expedition. The Journal of Experiential Education, 12(2),
Tallmadge, J. (1999). Writing as a window into nature. In C. W. Leslie, J.
Tallmadge, and T. Wessels (Authors), Into the field: A guide to locally focused
teaching. Nature literacy series (Vol. 3, pp. 1-33). Great Barrington, MA: The
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Is Grilling Bad For Your Health?
We're all aware of the health risks associated with eating too much fried food, but you might be surprised to learn that grilled foods have their pitfalls too.
And no, we're not trying to scare you away from your beloved grill this holiday weekend. However, with some studies claiming that grilled food can be linked to cancer-causing agents, it's best to know the do's and don'ts of summer grilling before you fire up that barbecue.
"The primary concern is the formation of some well-known carcinogens," says Gregory Möller, PhD, a professor of toxicology at the University of Idaho and Washington State University's School of Food Science. These carcinogens, or potentially cancerous agents, can be introduced to (or formed within) your foods by way of combustion or chemical reactions, he says.
For starters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs, are produced through certain types of combustion, such as the burning of coal or wood. (However, Möller also adds that burning propane is "probably a very low source [for PAHs].") Another source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is produced when fats from the meat drips into the heat source, creating flare-ups. These PAHs can then affix themselves to the foods you're preparing, and may present an increased carcinogenic risk.
Others to be wary of are HCAs (heterocyclic amines), produced through a chemical reaction between heat and amino acids. "When cooking at high temps, [you] can produce heterocyclic amines in meat and fish that have been carcinogenic when tested on lab animals," explains Sharon Richter, a registered dietitian based in New York City. "[And those] could be potentially dangerous to humans."
The National Cancer Institute adds that while exposure to these agents has been seen to cause cancer in animals, it is not clear if the effect is the same when it comes to humans.
To be on the safe side, Möller and Richter claim there responsible grilling methods for avoiding two major carcinogenic culprits: smoke and char.
Start by cleaning your grill. In addition to the burning fuel source, burning those same stuck-on or blackened bits can add to the formation of PAHs. "All of the charred compounds down there are secondary sources," explains Möller.
Next, try using a marinade. "Marinating meats prior to grilling can reduce the chances of HCA formation," explains Richter. "Marinades made with an acid, such as lemon or vinegar, act as a shield," she says, but Richter advises grillers to steer clear of sugary marinades which may encourage charring.
To further reduce HCA formation, keep the heat under control. "Using rocket-high temperatures is more risky," says Richter, and Möller suggests arranging your grill so that food isn't directly above the heat source, which will reduce the likelihood of intense, direct heat as well as flare-ups.
And speaking of flare-ups, there won't be as many if there isn't as much fat dripping from the meat. "Use leaner cuts or meats that have been trimmed," advises Möller.
"Turn [the meat] often so you don’t char," Möller also adds. "It cooks through without over-exposing one side or the other, allowing that temperature to increase safely." And if you do spot some char, "it’s not a bad idea to cut it off, especially for children," Möller says.
But perhaps Möller's most important advice is to use a digital thermometer. Keeping an eye on the meats' internal temperatures will keep the chef aware of how quickly those temperatures are rising, and allow him to adjust accordingly. "Cook it right so it tastes well, and cook it safe," says Möller.
"The key words in all things associated with risk is moderation," Möller concludes. "Enjoy it, don’t get panicked about it, and be smart."
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Rotation, t = 3. Just after merger, a remnant is rotated about the vertical axis to illustrate the shells, plumes, and tails typical of very young merger remnants (Barnes 1992).MPEG movie
Rotation, t = 6. About 750 million years after the merger, the remnant has substantially relaxed and appears more smooth and regular. Note the faint loops and tails which still surround it.
Shown below are examples of orbits identified in the strongly triaxial merger remnant produced by encounter A1. These orbits were classified by the crossing-pattern algorithm (Fulton & Barnes, in preparation).
The orbit movies all follow the same format. In each one, the major axis is indicated by a blue line; the minor axis is vertical. The particle is a white point which leaves a green trail as it orbits in the potential. At the same time, the view point circles around to show the orbit in three dimensions. Note that the potential is not rotating; only the point of view changes!MPEG movie
Box orbit. Boxes are the main orbit family fully consistent with triaxial density distributions.MPEG movie
X-Tube orbit. X-tube orbits loop around the major axis; they are the only family present in strictly prolate potentials.MPEG movie
Z-Tube orbit. Z-tube orbits loop around the minor axis; they are the only family present in strictly oblate potentials.MPEG movie
Fish orbit. In triaxial potentials with sufficiently deep potential wells, 3:2 resonances become stable; the result is fish-shaped orbit.MPEG movie
Pretzel orbit. Likewise, 4:3 resonances may also become stable; the result is pretzel-shaped.
Last modified: February 1, 2000
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If you have read a book like "Into Thin Air," then you know that climbing Mt. Everest is an amazing challenge. The lack of oxygen at the summit can be deadly. To make filming possible, the team working on the Everest film built their own camera, as described on this page.
- The camera weighs only 42 pounds (19 kg) and uses plastics and synthetics both to reduce weight and improve the cold-weather performance. (The camera described in How IMAX Works is the 3-D camera, which is heavier. The Everest camera is 2-D.)
- The film reels hold only 90 seconds of film each.
- A special 6-pound (2.7-kg) lithium battery powers the camera.
Filming on the mountain is still a significant challenge, but at least it is possible for a single person to carry the camera up to the top.
In the case of the space shuttle, all of the films to date have been 2-D, but a 3-D film is being created to document life aboard the craft. Special cameras and film are used to keep the weight down, and then everything is transferred to 15/70 film stock for projection.
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Obese and overweight people are more likely to develop colon polyps, a possible precursor to cancer, than slimmer people, according to an international study.
Previous studies have made the connection between obesity and colon cancer, a link recognized by the US National Cancer Institute. But the current study, which appeared in the American Journal of Gastroenterology, is the first to point to a higher risk of colon polyps - also known as adenomas - in heavy people.
"Because there is a known association between obesity and cancer, there is a logical extension to expect a connection between obesity and the step before cancer, which is adenoma," said Hutan Ashrafian from Imperial College, London, who co-authored the study.
Ashrafian and his colleagues analyzed data from 23 studies involving more than 100,000 people across the United States, Asia and Europe, looking at the relationship between polyps and body mass index, or BMI, a measure of weight relative to height.
All the studies followed World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines that define people with a BMI over 25 as overweight and above 30 as obese.
In most studies, polyps were identified during colonoscopy procedures while two large studies used self-reported questionnaires.
Overall, researchers found that 22 percent of overweight and obese people had colon polyps, compared to 19 percent in people of normal weight. The polyp risk grew with increasing BMI.
"The findings suggest that obesity may be having an effect (on cancer development) much earlier than we thought," said Ashrafian, who with his fellow authors recommended timely colon cancer screening for overweight and obese people.
The findings couldn't say whether obesity causes polyps by itself, but if it does, that may be bad news for a world where obesity is on the rise.
According to the World Health Organization, about 500 million people worldwide are obese. Colon cancer killed more than half a million people worldwide in 2008, WHO figures show. SOURCE: http://bit.ly/QgLHRO
A trilateral pledge will see a jump from the current collective clean power levels of about 37% to 50% by 2025
Around 6.5 million deaths globally are attributed each year to poor air quality inside and outside, making it the world's fourth-largest threat to human health, behind high blood pressure, dietary risks and smoking
New World Drug Report research identifies heroin as deadliest drug
Zika has caused alarm throughout the Americas since cases of the birth defect microcephaly were reported in Brazil, the country hardest hit by the outbreak
Philadelphia has become the first big city in the US to place a tax on soda to tackle the obesity crisis
Average global temperatures startlingly higher than normal between March-May
Government study provides strongest evidence of cell phone health effects
The reason for the high-level threat in the area is the presence there of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which carry the Zika virus that health authorities say causes birth defects in newborns
Three-day African Utility Week conference begins in South African city of Cape Town
More than two thousand activists came together to close an opencast coal mine in Germany.
New federal rules unveiled on Thursday will tackle the release of the greenhouse gas methane from oil wells and equipment as part of an effort to fight climate change.
At least five reef islands in the remote Solomon Islands have been lost completely to sea level rise and coastal erosion
Heads of UN, Work Bank lay out vision to deal with climate change
Turkish environment minister signs historic agreement in New York against taking action against climate change
Human defense mechanisms could be disrupted by the presence of a class of organic pollutants in fish and other food, according to new research.
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Picture of Heart Detail
Heart Detail: The heart is composed of specialized cardiac muscle, and it is four-chambered, with a right atrium and ventricle, and an anatomically separate left atrium and ventricle. The blood flows from the systemic veins into the right atrium, thence to the right ventricle, from which it is pumped to the lungs, then returned into the left atrium, thence to the left ventricle, from which it is driven into the systemic arteries.
The heart is thus functionally composed of two hearts: the right heart and the left heart. The right heart consists of the right atrium, which receives deoxygenated blood from the body, and the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs under low pressure; and the left heart, consisting of the left atrium, which receives oxygenated blood from the lung, and the left ventricle, which pumps it out to the body under high pressure.
Image Source: MedicineNet, Inc.
Text: MedicineNet, Inc.
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(ARA) - Multiple myeloma (MM) is a relatively rare type of blood cancer that affects white blood cells. Approximately 20,000 patients are diagnosed with MM in the United States each year, including Geraldine Ferraro, the first female Vice Presidential candidate for a major US political party, and actor Roy Scheider, made famous for his role in Jaws.
MM accounts for 13% of all hematological, or blood, cancer cases. Below are five things you need to know about this disease.
1) The cause of MM is uncertain.
2) The most significant risk factor for MM is age. Ninety six percent of cases are diagnosed in people 45 years of age and older, and more than 63% are diagnosed in people older than 65 years.
3) MM occurs more frequently in men than women.
4) The incidence of MM in black populations is nearly twice as high compared to the white population. The lowest incidence of MM is found in people of Asian or Hispanic descent.
5) In its early stages, there are often no symptoms of MM.
While MM remains an incurable disease, the introduction of novel therapies in recent years including the introduction of VELCADE® (bortezomib), the first FDA approved proteasome inhibitor, have led to advances in treatment. VELCADE has been shown to significantly increase overall survival rates in MM patients when used in combination with other standard treatments. Recently published results from a large Phase 3 study that followed previously untreated patients for five years after initial treatment reported that VELCADE in combination with melphalan and prednisone, increased overall survival by 13 months compared to melphalan and prednisone alone (56.4 versus 43.1 months respectively).
VELCADE is approved for the treatment of MM, including previously untreated patients and those who have failed other therapies. With the recent approval of a new subcutaneous route of administration for VELCADE, patients and physicians now have additional treatment options.
In a clinical study in patients with relapsed MM, subcutaneous VELCADE demonstrated efficacy consistent with intravenous VELCADE in overall response rate, after four cycles (43 versus 42 percent). The overall safety profile was similar between the two arms, however, differences were observed in the incidence of peripheral neuropathy. In the subcutaneous arm 38 percent of patients experienced peripheral neuropathy of all grades, compared with 53 percent of patients in the intravenous arm.
To learn more about subcutaneous VELCADE, visit www.VELCADE.com.
Important Safety Information for VELCADE
What is VELCADE (bortezomib) used for?
VELCADE is approved for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (a cancer of the plasma cells). VELCADE is also approved for the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (a cancer of the lymph nodes) who have already received other treatments.
How is VELCADE administered?
VELCADE is prescribed by a physician experienced in the use of medications to treat cancer. It is administered by a healthcare professional as an injection into your vein (intravenously, or IV) or under your skin (subcutaneously). VELCADE must not be administered into your spinal fluid (intrathecally).
Who should not receive VELCADE?
Before you receive treatment with VELCADE, tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions. You should not receive VELCADE if you are allergic to bortezomib, boron, or mannitol.
What are the possible side effects of VELCADE?
VELCADE can cause serious side effects, including:
- Peripheral neuropathy. VELCADE can cause damage to the nerves, a condition called peripheral neuropathy. You may feel muscle weakness, tingling, burning, pain, and loss of feeling in your hands and feet, any of which can be severe. Tell your doctor if you notice any of these symptoms. Your doctor may change the dose and/or schedule of VELCADE, or stop it altogether. If you have peripheral neuropathy before starting VELCADE, your doctor could consider giving you VELCADE subcutaneously.
- Low blood pressure. VELCADE can cause a drop in blood pressure. Tell your doctor if you have low blood pressure, feel dizzy, or feel as though you might faint. If you are taking drugs that lower blood pressure, your medications might need to be adjusted. If you are not drinking enough liquids, your doctor may need to administer IV fluids.
- Heart problems. Treatment with VELCADE can cause or worsen heart rhythm problems and heart failure. Your doctor may closely monitor you if you have, or are at risk for, heart disease. Tell your doctor if you experience chest pressure or pain, palpitations, swelling of your ankles or feet, or shortness of breath.
- Lung disorders. There have been reports of lung disorders in patients receiving VELCADE. Some of these events have been fatal. Tell your doctor if you experience any cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, or difficulty breathing.
- Liver disease. If you have liver problems, it can be harder for your body to get rid of VELCADE. VELCADE has caused sudden liver failure in patients who were taking many medications or had other serious medical conditions. Symptoms of liver problems include a yellow discoloration of the eyes and skin (jaundice) and changes in liver enzymes measured in blood tests. Your doctor will closely monitor you if you have liver disease. In patients with moderate or severe liver disease, VELCADE should be started at a lower dose. Additional dose adjustments may be made based on your tolerance of the drug.
- Gastrointestinal problems. VELCADE treatment can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. If your symptoms are severe, your doctor may recommend IV fluids and/or medications.
- Neutropenia (low levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell) and thrombocytopenia (low levels of platelets). VELCADE can cause low levels of white blood cells (infection-fighting cells) and/or platelets (clot-forming cells). You will have regular blood tests to check your cell counts during your treatment with VELCADE. If the number of these cells is very low, your doctor may change the dose and/or schedule of VELCADE. If your white blood cells become low, you can be at higher risk for infections. Tell your doctor if you develop a fever or believe you have an infection. If platelets become very low, there is an increased risk of bleeding. Your doctor may recommend a platelet transfusion. There have been cases of bleeding in the stomach, bowels, and brain during treatment with VELCADE.
- Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). TLS can occur with cancer treatments, and your doctor will be monitoring your blood and urine for any signs of this syndrome. If you develop TLS, your doctor will take appropriate steps to treat it.
- Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS). There have been reports of a rare, reversible condition involving the brain, called RPLS, in patients treated with VELCADE. Patients with RPLS can have seizures, high blood pressure, headaches, tiredness, confusion, blindness, or other vision problems. Treatment with VELCADE should be stopped in cases of RPLS.
More than 30% of patients receiving VELCADE have experienced the following side effects: thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, nausea, peripheral neuropathy, neuralgia (nerve pain), pyrexia (fever), diarrhea, anemia, leukopenia (low levels of white blood cells), decreased appetite, fatigue, constipation, vomiting, dehydration, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), cough, asthenia (low energy), insomnia (trouble sleeping), peripheral edema (swelling of the limbs), and headache.
What other information should you discuss with your doctor?
Women should avoid becoming pregnant or breastfeeding while being treated with VELCADE. Discuss with your doctor when it is safe to restart breastfeeding after finishing your treatment.
You should also tell your doctor if you:
- Have kidney disease. If you are on dialysis, your doctor will administer VELCADE after the dialysis procedure.
- Are taking medication for diabetes. VELCADE can affect your blood glucose levels. Your doctor may require close monitoring of your blood glucose levels and change the dose of your diabetes medicine while you are being treated with VELCADE.
- Have liver disease.
- Are using medicines like ketoconazole (an antifungal), ritonavir (an antiviral), and rifampin (an antibiotic), which will require close monitoring during treatment with VELCADE.
- Are using any other medications (including over-the-counter drugs), herbal or dietary supplements, or holistic treatments. St. John's Wort should be avoided.
- Develop a rash of any type while receiving VELCADE.
The side effects of VELCADE may impair your ability to drive or operate machinery.
These are not all of the possible side effects with VELCADE. It is important to always contact your doctor if you experience any side effects while on VELCADE. If you have any questions about VELCADE, contact your doctor.
Please click here for the full Prescribing Information for VELCADE, including Warnings and Precautions.
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(Last Updated on : 30/10/2014)
The Indian Republican Army was a revolutionary group in Chittagong
included various Indian revolutionaries
and Indian freedom
fighters who conducted and participated in the well known Chittagong Armoury Raid Case
in the year 1930. The armoury raid in Chittagong was one of the most astounding and brave revolutionary endeavours in the history of the Indian freedom struggle that was devised by the youths of the region. The attack was conducted on 18th April 1930 to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces from the Chittagong in Bengal province during the rule of the British Empire in India
. The Indian Republican Army was led by Masterda Surya Sen
and other prominent members included Kalpana Dutta, Pritilata Waddedar, Anand Gupta, Jiban Ghoshal, Ananta Singh, Tarakeswar Dastidar, Harigopal Bal (Tegra), Ardhendu Dastidar, Sasanka Datta, Naresh Roy, Ambika Chakrobarty, Subodh Roy, Nirmal Sen, Lokenath Bal and Ganesh Ghosh.
The Indian Republican Army was an idyllic combination of planners, executors, thinkers and doers. Moreover, some of the members of the group achieved expertise in the usage of arms and weapons, where as some other members were skilled in political activities.
Some of the main members of the Indian Republican Army are mentioned as follow-
Surya Sen, who was also referred to as Master-Da Surya Sen, was one of the most well known Indian revolutionaries and freedom fighters. He was the chief architect and the leader of the revolutionary group that raided the Chittagong Armoury of Police and Auxiliary Forces. Surya Sen was born on 22 March 1894 in Chittagong. In his later life he became a school teacher of the National school in Nandankanan and later in the Umatara School, Chandanpura. Thus he was addressed as Master-Da, meaning teacher brother. As a revolutionary, Surya Sen led a countrywide non-cooperation movement.
He was arrested in February 1933 and was hanged by the British Government of India
on 12 January 1934. A commemorative stamp on Surya Sen was issued by the Indian Government in 1977.
Ganesh Ghosh was one of the Bengali Indian revolutionaries and freedom fighters. He was also a member of the Chittagong Jugantar party. Ganesh Ghosh, along with his friend Ananta Singh, participated in the Chittagong Armoury Raid Case in 1930, along with his friend Ananta Singh, under the leadership of Surya Sen. Ganesh Ghosh and Ananta Singh were the military intelligence behind the preparation of the Chittagong uprising. He guided the young recruits in the Indian Republican Army in the military drills. During the raid, Ganesh and Ananta opted to be in the same group, so that they could sacrifice their lives together.
Ganesh Ghosh was exiled to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair after the trial in the year 1932. He was later released in the year 1946 and joined the Communist Party of India
Lokenath Bal or Lokenath Baul, participated as a member of the armed revolution that was led by Master-Da Surya Sen. He was a part of the Indian Republican Army that carried out the Chittagong armoury raid case 18 April 1930. He was a tall, brawny individual with a rather fair skin tone and was mistaken as a British officer during the raid. He joined the revolutionary group after 1922. Lokenath Bal was arrested on September 1st 1930 after a clash with the British police. He was sentenced to transportation for life on 1 March 1932 and was deported to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair. Lokenath Bal was released in the year 1946 and later he joined the Radical Democratic Party.
Ambika Chakrabarty was one of the Bengali Indian revolutionaries and freedom fighters. He was a core member of the Chittagong Armoury Raid Case in the year 1930. He led a group of the revolutionaries to destroy the whole communication system in the region so that the armoury raid in Chittagong could be conducted on 18 April 1930. Chakrabarty was severely injured in the gunfight against the British army in Jalalabad on 22 April 1930, but he managed to escape. Later he was arrested from his hideaway and sentenced to death. But it was later altered to transportation for life to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair.
Ambika Chakrabarty was released in 1946 from the Cellular Jail and eventually joined the Communist Party of India.
Harigopal Bal, also known as Harigopal Baul, was an integral part of the planning and execution of the Chittagong Armoury Raid Case on 18th April 1930. He escaped after the unsuccessful raid in the armoury of police and auxiliary forces. After a few days, Harigopal Bal was severely injured as he was shot in a gunfight with the British forces at the Jalalabad Hill, near Chittagong. He was the brother of Lokenath Bal. Harigopal Baul died on 22 April 1930.
He was one of the prime members of the Indian Republican Army who carried out the raid in the armoury of the British Police and Auxiliary Forces in the year 1930. Although his parents migrated from Punjab, Ananta Singh was born in Chittagong. He became a follower of v after he met him while Singh was in the Chittagong Municipal School. After the failure of the Chittagong raid, he escaped to Chandernagore, which was still a French territory. But after knowing that his fellow revolutionaries were tortured in jail, he surrendered to the British police in Calcutta (now Kolkata
) on 28 June 1930. After the trial, Ananta Singh was sentenced to transportation for life and moved to the Cellular Jail, Port Blair
Nirmal Chandra Sen
Nirmal Chandra Sen was an influential member of the Indian Republican Army from the year 1918. He was also the person who provided the weapons, arms and ammunitions to the group for the execution of the Chittagong Armoury Raid on 18th April 1930. Nirmal Sen was a tall, well built and broad shouldered man. He was frequently mistaken for Surya Sen, when both of them took shelter underground. Nirmal Chandra had widespread contacts in Burma and far east. He often managed to smuggle and secure weapons and ammunitions to Chittagong from across the border. Nirmal Chandra Sen was arrested in July 1926 while he was on a journey to Chittagong. Nirmal Sen acted as the defence minister of the Chittagong revolutionary group.
Kalpana Datta, who later became Kalpana Joshi, was one of the central members of the armed revolution movement which was led by Master-Da Surya Sen and supported by Ananta Singh, Harigopal Bal. Ambika Chakrobarty, Subodh Roy, Nirmal Sen, Lokenath Bal, Ganesh Ghosh, Anand Gupta and others. They formed the Indian Republican Army who conducted the Chittagong armoury raid case. She, along with Pritilata Waddedar, was entrusted by Surya Sen to assault the European Club in Chittagong. But while carrying out a secret survey of the region, she was arrested in September, 1931. After her release, Kalpana Datta went underground. Later she was married to Puran Chand Joshi and joined the Communist Party of India.
He was one of the youngest members of the Indian Republican Army that was led by Surya Sen. He actively participated in the Chittagong armoury raid when he was merely 14 years old, along with the other Indian revolutionaries on 18th April 1930. After the failure of the mission, Subodh Roy was arrested by the British police. After his trial in 1934, Roy was exiled to the Cellular Jail in Port Blair.
Apart from the above mentioned members of the Indian Republican Army, there were several other revolutionaries who participated and supported Master-Da Surya Sen and his team in order to carry out the Chittagong Armoury Raid. The group also recruited several teenagers who were oppressed by the British Police and decided to join the Indian freedom struggle.
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Using Linux with Programmable Logic Controllers
When solving control system problems for the “real world”, a toolkit approach to problem-solving often leads to quicker and more robust solutions. This is one of the reasons we are using Linux on commercial Intel-based machines at the DuPont-Northwestern-Dow Collaborative Access Team (DND-CAT) at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The APS (see http://www.aps.anl.gov/) is one of three third generation synchrotron X-ray sources that will provide the world's most brilliant source of X-rays for scientific research. The DND-CAT (see http://tomato.dnd.aps.anl.gov/DND/) is a collaboration formed by the DuPont Company, Northwestern University, and the Dow Chemical Company to build and operate scientific equipment at the APS to study industrial and academically interesting problems in chemistry, biology, materials science and physics. Linux (like all Unix systems) is designed around the toolkit paradigm. The tools which run under Linux provide an excellent framework for building user interfaces (e.g., Netscape, Java, Tcl/Tk, expect, World Wide Web daemons), running calculations (e.g., C, C++, FORTRAN, Perl, pvm) and interacting with external devices (GREAT access to serial devices, cards in the backplane, and of course, TCP/IP).
However, while there are efforts to equip Linux with real-time capabilities, it is not a “real-time” operating system. In addition, using commercial personal computers for control applications is a mixed blessing at best. While the systems are powerful, readily available and inexpensive, they also come with a limited number of slots on the backplane and the machine usually must be physically close to the process being controlled or monitored. This can be problematic in situations where the process takes place in a harsh environment that might cause the hardware to fail (e.g., high radiation areas, high vibration, etc.). These are important factors in the design of an entire control system. However, they are only problems if we expect Linux to provide the entire solution to the control problem rather than one tool in a toolkit approach.
At the DND-CAT, we have been designing systems that use programmable logic controllers in conjunction with Linux PCs to provide low cost automation and control systems for scientific experimental equipment.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are the unsung heros of the modern industrial revolution. Long before IBM and Apple were churning out computers for the masses, factories were being automated with computerized controllers designed to interface with the “real world” (i.e., relays, motors, temperatures, DC and AC signals, etc.). These controllers are manufactured by many companies like Modicon, Allen-Bradley, Square D and others. In his booklet, History of the PLC, Dick Morley, the original inventor of the PLC, notes that the first PLC was developed at a consulting company, Bedford Associates, back in 1968. At this time, Bedford Associates was designing computer-controlled machine tools as well as peripherals for the computer industry. The PLC was originally designed to eliminate a problem in control. Before the digital computer, logic functions were implemented in relay racks where a single relay would correspond to a bit. However, relays tend to be unreliable in the long term and the “software” was hard programmed via wiring.
System reliability could be improved by replacing the relays with solid state devices. This had the advantage that the system was maintainable by electricians, technicians and control engineers. However, the “software” was still in the hard wiring of the system and difficult to change. The alternative at this time was using one of the minicomputers being developed, like the PDP-8 from Digital Equipment. While more complex control functions could be implemented, this also increased the system complexity and made it difficult to maintain for people on the factory floor.
Morley designed the first PLC to replace relay racks with a specialized real-time controller that would survive industrial environments. This meant that it had to survive tests, such as being dropped, zapped with a tesla coil and banged with a rubber mallet. Designed for continuous operation, it had no on/off switch. The real-time capabilities were—and for the most part still are—programmed into the unit using ladder logic.
Ladder logic is a rule-based language; an example is given in Figure 1. The line on the left side of the diagram shows a “power rail” with the “ground” for this rail on the right hand side (not shown). The rules for the language are coded by completing “circuits” in ladder rungs from left to right. In the diagrams, “||” corresponds to switch contacts, and “()” corresponds to relay coils. Slanted bars through the contacts and coils denote the complement. The “X” switch contacts are mapped to real binary input points, the “Y” relay coil contacts are mapped to output points, and the “C” contacts/coils are software points used for intermediate operations. In the example, closing X0 and C0 or opening X0 and C0 will energize the C10 coil thereby closing the C10 contact. The C10 contact activates Y0 and turns off Y1.
While this graphical style of programming may be strange for someone accustomed to programming in C or FORTRAN, ladder logic makes it easy for non-programmers to write useful applications. Most PLCs have a large set of functions, including timers, counters, math operations, bit shifters, etc. They have a wide variety of input and output devices, including binary and analog inputs and outputs, motor and temperature controllers, relay outputs, magnetic tachometer pickups, etc. The number of input and output points depends on the type and size of the PLC, but can range from less than 10 for a micro-PLC to over a thousand for one of the higher-end PLCs. The PLC market has grown over the years and has been affected by the computer revolution. Today, there are a number of high quality, inexpensive PLCs on the market. PLCs from the same vendor can often be networked together. In some cases, a lower-end PLC can be built for less than $500.00.
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- Download "Linux Management with Red Hat Satellite: Measuring Business Impact and ROI"
- Peppermint 7 Released
- Sony Settles in Linux Battle
- Libarchive Security Flaw Discovered
- Maru OS Brings Debian to Your Phone
- Profiles and RC Files
- Snappy Moves to New Platforms
- Git 2.9 Released
- The Giant Zero, Part 0.x
- Understanding Ceph and Its Place in the Market
With all the industry talk about the benefits of Linux on Power and all the performance advantages offered by its open architecture, you may be considering a move in that direction. If you are thinking about analytics, big data and cloud computing, you would be right to evaluate Power. The idea of using commodity x86 hardware and replacing it every three years is an outdated cost model. It doesn’t consider the total cost of ownership, and it doesn’t consider the advantage of real processing power, high-availability and multithreading like a demon.
This ebook takes a look at some of the practical applications of the Linux on Power platform and ways you might bring all the performance power of this open architecture to bear for your organization. There are no smoke and mirrors here—just hard, cold, empirical evidence provided by independent sources. I also consider some innovative ways Linux on Power will be used in the future.Get the Guide
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Watch your waistline
Published 07/01/2014 | 05:38
THIS time of year, 'fad' diets which promise quick-fixes for weight loss tend to do the rounds - but be sceptical - especially of those which encourage the elimination of entire food groups.
While a certain reduction in calorie intake is advised for weight loss, it is essential that the diet remains balanced and that nutrient requirements are still met.
Compliance with and sustaining fad diets can also prove difficult; therefore, a balanced approach is wiser for long-term goals and for overall health.
The Department of Health's Food Pyramid provides healthy eating guidance for adults and children over the age of five years, and is a helpful tool for achieving a balanced diet.
Foods are categorised into six different groups with guidelines on the number of servings to be eaten from each food group on a daily basis.
It is advised to choose a variety of foods from each of the bottom four shelves every day to get a good range of vitamins and minerals, limiting foods from the top shelf which are high in fat, sugar and salt.
Further details on the Food Pyramid are available at www.ndc.ie.
Dairy Myth-Buster: not a Gut-Buster!
The Food Pyramid recommends three servings per day from the 'milk, yogurt and cheese' food group, with five daily servings recommended for those aged 9-18 years.
Unfortunately, the relationship between dairy foods and body weight is often misunderstood, with many people mistakenly thinking they should avoid or limit their intake from this food group when 'watching their weight'. However, you may be surprised to hear that Irish whole milk typically contains just 3.5% fat, semi-skimmed milk contains no more than 1.8% fat and skimmed milk has no more than 0.5% fat. What's more, all are important sources of nutrients such as calcium, protein, iodine, vitamin B2 and vitamin B12. There are also a wide range of lower-fat yogurt and cheese varieties on our supermarket shelves to choose from, providing variety and choice to suit different tastes and lifestyles.
Controlling Calories: Some Tips to Try
•Be mindful of portion sizes
•Boil, grill, steam and bake foods instead frying them
•Healthier snacks include: fresh fruit; yogurt; small wholemeal scone; bite-sized vegetable sticks; handful of unsalted nuts
•When dining out, try to choose healthier options such as salad or vegetable side orders and ask for sauces and dressings to be served on the side.
•Before you go to the supermarket, make a list and try to stick to it. If possible, don't shop on an empty stomach as this may tempt you to the treat aisle!
Putting Fun into Fitness
The National Guidelines on Physical Activity for Ireland recommend that adults take part in at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise a day, five days a week (or 150 minutes a week). To maintain a healthy weight about 60 minutes of brisk walking / 30 minutes of jogging per day is recommended; to lose weight about one third more activity than the adult guidelines is advised e.g. brisk walking for at least 60 - 75 minutes per day. Reassuringly, if time to exercise is an issue, shorter ten minute bouts of activity can contribute towards the guidelines.
Joining a gym may not be feasible or enjoyable for everyone, and there are many other ways to incorporate exercise into your day -the top tip is to choose an activity you enjoy as you will be more likely to stick to it. Why not benefit from a brisk walk in the evening or a light morning jog? Sport or fitness/ dance classes can be a great way to meet new friends with a common interest. Putting extra effort into daily chores such as housework can also count -a gleaming home as a result, as well as gleaning the benefits of a housework workout!
Further information on the physical activity national guidelines can be found at www.getirelandactive.ie .Remember, if you are considering making significant changes to your lifestyle, your GP can provide advice which is specific to you.
With persistence, positive lifestyle choices will soon become part of your everyday routine. Give yourself time to instill changes gradually, and don't be discouraged if old habits creep in; simply treat as a temporary set-back and not a reason to give up altogether! As well as your own motivation, benefit from the support of family and friends - even better; encourage them to join you in making positive changes to their own lifestyles.
New Ross Standard
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The minimally invasive mitral valve repair procedure is a minimally invasive direct vision approach to treat the narrowing or leaking of the heart's mitral valve. The mitral valve is the inflow valve on the left side of the heart, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium into the heart's main pumping chamber. A correctly functioning mitral valve then closes to keep blood from regurgitating back into the left atrium of lungs when the heart contracts to pump blood through the body. The procedure is performed under direct vision by creating a 5-6 cm incision between the 4th or 5th ribs and using a wound retractor to improve visibility. This approach means patients experience a shorter hospital stay, which lowers the overall cost of care and allows a return to full activity in three to four weeks compared to three to four months for standard surgery.
What is Heart Valve Repair?
During a heart valve repair operation, your heart valve may need to be resized (an annuloplasty procedure). In addition, extra valve tissue may need to be removed, holes in the leaflet repaired, or support structures called chords replaced. Valve repair may include all of the following procedures:
- The heart valve is resized by removing excess tissue
- Support is added to the heart valve by adding tissue or a band or ring around the opening of the valve
- Damaged leaflet tissue is repaired
- Calcium deposits are removed
- The cords that control the leaflets of your valve are repaired or replaced
Valves are essential to your heart's pumping action. The four valves direct blood to move between your heart's four chambers.
If you and your surgeon agree that heart valve repair is the best option for you, he may perform an operation called an annuloplasty procedure.
Through disease or age, the tissue that supports the heart valve's leaflets (the annulus) can weaken and lose its shape. To repair this condition, a device called an annuloplasty ring or band is sewn around the base of the heart valve to reshape it and give it support.
An annuloplasty band or ring is made of durable plastic, metal, or fabric and may be flexible or rigid. These rings and bands are designed to hold the natural shape, motion, and flexibility of the annulus.
An annuloplasty ring or band may also have a marker that makes it possible to see it on an x-ray.
A flexible annuloplasty ring or band is used to help restore the shape of your heart valve.
Many patients feel physically better following heart valve repair surgery because they are no longer impacted by the symptoms of their valve disease.
Often a leaking mitral valve is associated with a broken chord. These chords hold the leaflet in the proper position. This can be repaired by replacing the broken chord with a Teflon suture. This procedure is called Artificial Chord Replacement (ACR).
Benefits and Risks - Heart Valve Repair
Depending on your condition, you should begin to feel the effects of your heart valve repair soon after surgery.
Most patients feel the results of valve repair surgery immediately. Others notice a gradual improvement over several weeks following their surgery. Your doctor will help you evaluate your progress and recommend programs and activities to help restore your strength and energy.
There are obviously risks associated with heart surgery. They can vary from patient to patient. Talk with your surgeon to learn more about the benefits and risks of heart valve repair surgery.
Questions and Answers - Heart Valve Repair
Is it safe to have an x-ray after heart valve repair?
All heart valve repair products are safe with x-ray examinations.
Is it safe to have a magnetic resonance imaging scan after heart valve repair?
Typically yes. Ask your surgeon for more details.
Is it safe to go through airport security after heart valve repair?
Airport security systems have no effect on our heart valve repair products. They are unlikely to set off airport security alarms, depending on the sensitivity of the security settings.
What about cell phones, electric toothbrushes, and magnets?
None of these items will cause problems with your heart valve repair product.
What is Heart Valve Replacement?
During a heart valve replacement procedure, the surgeon removes your diseased heart valve and replaces it with what's called a prosthetic or artificial heart valve. This artificial valve works much like a normal heart valve.
An artificial heart valve is either a mechanical or a tissue valve. Mechanical heart valves are made of a strong material such as titanium or carbon. Tissue heart valves are obtained either from human donors or from animal tissue.
After receiving your new heart valve, you will likely begin noticing an immediate improvement in how you feel. Complete recovery may take approximately 6 to 12 weeks. Most heart valve patients resume a normal, healthy lifestyle.
Benefits and Risks - Heart Valve Replacement
Heart valve replacement surgery is generally considered safe, and you should feel some benefits of your new heart valve almost immediately. However, risks and complications are possible. You need to know about them so you can alert your doctor if you notice symptoms.
Over time, you should be able to engage in your normal activities again. Each patient recovers at his or her own pace. Recovery depends on your overall strength. The effects of your old, damaged valve on your body will gradually fade as your new heart valve begins to help your heart function more efficiently.
There are obviously risks associated with heart surgery. They can vary from patient to patient. Talk with your surgeon to learn more about the benefits and risks of heart valve replacement surgery.
Questions and Answers - Heart Valve Replacement
Should I get a mechanical valve or a tissue valve?
There are advantages and disadvantages with either choice. Your doctor can provide more details. A mechanical valve lasts longer than a tissue valve, but you'll have to be on blood-thinning medication for the rest of your life to reduce the risk of clots. The main advantage of a tissue valve is that it does not typically require this.
You and your doctor together will decide which option is best for you.
How long will my heart valve last?
Mechanical valves in some patients have lasted as long as 25 years without problems. So, it is possible that your new artificial valve could last for the rest of your life. But in some cases, a valve has to be replaced within a matter of years or months, for a number of reasons.
Mechanical valves are more resistant to the constant demands on them, such as opening and closing each time your heart beats. The materials used in mechanical valves stand up well to this wear and tear.
Tissue valves don't tend to last as long as mechanical valves. They can tear and leak over time. Tissue valves usually have to be replaced after about 10 to 15 years, or more often in younger patients or children who may have outgrown their valves.
Fortunately, tissue valves wear out slowly so you and your doctor have time to plan for a new operation, if it is necessary.
Will my new valve need special care?
Let your other doctors and your dentist know that you've had heart valve surgery. Ask whether you should take antibiotics before surgical or dental procedures to help prevent valve infections.
Will a mechanical heart valve set off airport security?
No. Airport security systems have no effect on replacement valves. They are not likely to activate airport security alarms, depending on the sensitivity of the security settings. Learn More: Transportation Safety Administration Website.
Is it safe to have an x-ray after heart valve replacement?
All replacement heart valves are completely safe with x-ray examinations.
Is it safe to have a magnetic resonance imaging scan after heart valve replacement?
Our replacement heart valves have been tested and found to be safe during a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Contact Medtronic LifeLine CardioVascular Technical Support for more detailed information.
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Studies are coming in from around the world showing a troubling rise in the incidence of clinical depression among children – including among kids as young as five. So what has more -- and younger -- children down in the dump at ever rising rates?
A couple of the studies are pointing the finger at ubiquitous technology and its confidence-stealing side-effects, such as cyber-bullying, as one possible cause. Another cause is related to kids’ ever-increasing screen time, which results in a lack of mind-clearing, body-rejuvenating exercise among today’s children.
First from Britain: The UK’s National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence reports that around 80,000 children in the country suffer from severe depression, and that depression affects kids as young as five years of age.
Here in America, the Centers for Disease Control reports mental conditions of all types are on the rise among our children. These include depression, ADHD, anxiety and autism.
Up until recently, depression was a rarity among kids, especially young children. Some believed small children didn’t get depressed, period. But now, depression is being diagnosed in elementary-age kids. And the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) says around 11 percent of adolescents are diagnosed with a depressive disorder by age 18.
So what has kids in kindergarten feeling blue?
With young minds being bonded to screens before they can walk, as electronic tablets like the i Pad become the new play toys, some experts are citing the simple lack of "kids being kids" as the cause. Children just aren’t out there running around and playing, like days of old.
Indeed, the studies cite the simple act of going outside and getting some exercise as two key components of mental health. Aside from the obvious benefits, children who are holed up inside on their smart screens can suffer a Vitamin D deficiency from not getting enough sun. This, too, can affect mood and lead to depression.
So what do you think?
Are the cases of increased childhood depression a cause to worry? Or is this yet another case of an over-diagnosed society?
You write the prescription in the comments.
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Brazil's economy is gradually improving. DB for example is projecting a 0.8% quarter over quarter GDP growth, which looks sustainable over the longer term.
However, there are risks to this recovery. One of those risks has to do with Brazil's reliance on hydroelectric power - which is generally a good thing.
The Globe and Mail: - Brazil has long boasted about having one of the world’s cleanest energy grids due to its heavy use of hydro power, but a recent threat to its water supply is sending the country to the brink of energy rationing, raising concerns that Brazil will turn to more carbon-intensive energy sources to fuel its growing thirst for energy.
But it also means dependence on rainfall to fill the water reservoirs. And water levels have been significantly below normal.
The Globe and Mail: - Below-normal rains since November have depleted reservoirs at hydroelectric facilities to critical levels while consumption hits its seasonal peak.Indeed, levels are below what they were during the 2001 energy crisis while power usage is 40% higher.
The current situation has brought back memories of Brazil’s 2001 energy crisis, when factories and residences were forced to slash consumption amid country-wide blackouts.
Here is a quote from the 2001 NY Times, when the power situation got ugly in Brazil:
A few months ago the Brazilian government imposed mandatory rationing of electricity. Violators, it said, would be punished. People scoffed, but more than a quarter of the country's 170 million residents are now having to adjust to a four-day work week, and they do not like it.Even though DB thinks that electricity rationing this time around is less likely, the uncertainty alone could dampen business confidence and slow economic growth. They view it as one of several structural issues (such as increased government interventions in the economy) Brazil may be facing going forward.
Much of the nation made the mandated cutback of 20 percent, or came close to it. But in nine states here in the northeast, the cutback was not even close to 20 percent, and the curtailed workweek went into effect on Oct. 22. It is expected to continue at least through November.
The region is home to 50 million people, including the largest concentrations of Brazil's poor. The cutback has forced schools and businesses to close; disrupted transportation, commerce and leisure; and intensified regional tensions.
DB: - Even if Brazil dodges energy rationing, the uncertainty could hurt growth by undermining business confidence in investment. The energy crisis once again highlights Brazil’s structural constraints on growth.
From our sponsor:
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Percy Bysshe Shelley was born in 1792, into a wealthy Sussex family which eventually attained minor noble rank—the poet’s grandfather, a wealthy businessman, received a baronetcy in 1806. Timothy Shelley, the poet’s father, was a member of Parliament and a country gentleman. The young Shelley entered Eton, a prestigious school for boys, at the age of twelve. While he was there, he discovered the works of a philosopher named William Godwin, which he consumed passionately and in which he became a fervent believer; the young man wholeheartedly embraced the ideals of liberty and equality espoused by the French Revolution, and devoted his considerable passion and persuasive power to convincing others of the rightness of his beliefs. Entering Oxford in 1810, Shelley was expelled the following spring for his part in authoring a pamphlet entitled The Necessity of Atheism—atheism being an outrageous idea in religiously conservative nineteenth-century England.
At the age of nineteen, Shelley eloped with Harriet Westbrook, the sixteen-year-old daughter of a tavern keeper, whom he married despite his inherent dislike for the tavern. Not long after, he made the personal acquaintance of William Godwin in London, and promptly fell in love with Godwin’s daughter Mary Wollstonecraft, whom he was eventually able to marry, and who is now remembered primarily as the author of Frankenstein. In 1816, the Shelleys traveled to Switzerland to meet Lord Byron, the most famous, celebrated, and controversial poet of the era; the two men became close friends. After a time, they formed a circle of English expatriates in Pisa, traveling throughout Italy; during this time Shelley wrote most of his finest lyric poetry, including the immortal “Ode to the West Wind” and “To a Skylark.” In 1822, Shelley drowned while sailing in a storm off the Italian coast. He was not yet thirty years old.
Shelley belongs to the younger generation of English Romantic poets, the generation that came to prominence while William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge were settling into middle age. Where the older generation was marked by simple ideals and a reverence for nature, the poets of the younger generation (which also included John Keats and the infamous Lord Byron) came to be known for their sensuous aestheticism, their explorations of intense passions, their political radicalism, and their tragically short lives.
Shelley died when he was twenty-nine, Byron when he was thirty-six, and Keats when he was only twenty-six years old. To an extent, the intensity of feeling emphasized by Romanticism meant that the movement was always associated with youth, and because Byron, Keats, and Shelley died young (and never had the opportunity to sink into conservatism and complacency as Wordsworth did), they have attained iconic status as the representative tragic Romantic artists. Shelley’s life and his poetry certainly support such an understanding, but it is important not to indulge in stereotypes to the extent that they obscure a poet’s individual character. Shelley’s joy, his magnanimity, his faith in humanity, and his optimism are unique among the Romantics; his expression of those feelings makes him one of the early nineteenth century’s most significant writers in English.
“Thunder is good; thunder is impressive. But it is lightening that does the work.”
The poem ‘’Ode to the West Wind’’ was written in the autumn of 1819, in the beautiful Cascine Gardens outside Florence and was published with ‘‘Prometheus Unbound’’ in 1820. The poet is himself in a mood of despondency and misery and says that he falls upon the thorns of life and is bleeding. He is seeking reawakening also through the poem and wants the wind to carry his dead thoughts and ideas like it has taken the le... Read more→
18 out of 22 people found this helpful
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© The Financial Times Ltd 2016
FT and 'Financial Times' are trademarks of The Financial Times Ltd.
The Financial Times and its journalists are subject to a self-regulation regime under the FT Editorial Code of Practice.
April 11, 2014 12:18 am
Food markets have been on a gravity-defying rollercoaster ride since 2008, hurtling up the inclines but descending more slowly. One after another, the prices of rice, wheat, maize and sugar have reached new highs – this year it has been the turn of US cattle and New Zealand milk.
Higher food prices have increased poverty, destabilised governments and helped trigger revolutions, leading to a revival of fears about our ability to feed the world.
Science shows that our planet has the biophysical resources to feed 10bn people. We already produce enough to feed that many, but much food is wasted or diverted towards the rich. Nonetheless, there are reasons to believe that food prices will stay high and volatile in the decades to come. This will maintain the chronic pressure on the world’s poor, but may also generate acute crises for the more privileged.
First, the price of food is now inextricably linked to energy, not just because so many fertilisers and other farming inputs are derived from fossil fuels, but also because the biofuels industry will hoover up any surplus crops. As long as oil costs more than $100 a barrel, food prices will stay high.
Food production in some of the most intensively farmed areas is coming up against ecological limits. California’s drought – which will wipe $5bn off the state’s agricultural economy this year – is the latest example. And although there is plenty of spare land in Africa and South America, bringing it into production will be expensive. The best and most accessible land is already in use.
‘The places where more food can be grown will not be where it is most needed’
Climate change is the greatest long-term threat. The last report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was relatively sanguine about the impact upon agriculture. But the 2014 update, which is being revised and leaked on a daily basis, comes to a much gloomier conclusion. Moreover, the immediate impact will be to increase the weather events that farmers worry about most – heatwaves, droughts and floods – making production more erratic.
The geography of food is also changing. If you plot population growth against land availability and climate change, it is clear that the places where more food can be grown will not be where it is most needed. For example, the population of India is set to grow to almost 1.7bn by 2050. By then there will be 400m more Indians than Chinese. And India will eventually have to cope with the limits of shrinking aquifers and land scarcity – there will be less than 0.1 hectare of arable land per person.
Avoiding a competitive scramble for food will require co-operation and good policy internationally – something in short supply
As a result, the global food system is expected to become more unbalanced. Of course, this would not be a problem if everyone were equally wealthy and there were free trade in food. But this is not the world we live in. The reactions to the price spikes of recent years indicate how food is becoming an important geopolitical issue.
Thirty-three countries imposed export bans or restrictions in 2008, determined to control domestic food prices even if this meant beggaring, or starving, their neighbours. Governments are encouraging companies to buy up trading infrastructure and acquire farmland abroad, in an attempt to control food supply chains. Many food-insecure countries, it seems, no longer trust the market to provide.
Avoiding a competitive scramble for food resources will require co-operation and good policy at an international level, something that is in short supply. But there are many steps that national governments can take to improve their food security.
In developing countries with large rural populations, investing in and supporting smallholder farmers will be crucial. For example, the country that made the most progress in reducing hunger between 1990 and 2013 was Vietnam. It did this by distributing land to small farmers, investing in rural infrastructure and controlling the interface with global markets. In 20 years it went from food deficit to one of the top three rice exporters in the world – all with an average farm size of half a hectare.
Governments remain alert to the threat of food price volatility as unpredictable weather patterns have led to an increase in droughts, floods and hurricanes
The changing global food system creates many opportunities for private enterprise and private capital. As demand ticks up each year, and the imbalances between regions widen, investment will be required all along the food supply chain, from farm to fork. But innovation is most urgently needed at the production end, on the farm.
Much attention has been given to closing the “yield gap” – helping less productive parts of the world attain the sorts of yields that are achieved in the US, Europe or Australia. Yet, just as important will be closing the “sustainability gap” that affects agriculture – and fishing – in countries rich and poor.
Farming can be a dirty business, polluting waterways, spewing out greenhouse gases and delivering food of doubtful nutritional value. Farming can also destroy the natural resources on which it depends, by eroding soil, depleting fertility and consuming water reserves.
The good news is that there are ways to produce food that can address both these issues. Agro-ecological systems seek to make the most of natural cycles, minimising the use of off-farm inputs. They emphasise soil health, in particular the extraordinary properties of soil organic matter. They are knowledge-intensive, exploiting the symbioses that come from diverse mix of plants and animals.
They not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase resilience to extreme weather, they can also help mitigate climate change by storing carbon in the soil.
These sorts of farming systems hold a special attraction for financial investors. Profitability in farming is driven not by high yields but good margins – lower input systems that are more resilient to a fluctuating climate (and stricter environmental regulations) offer a better risk/return profile. Systems that build soil fertility and reverse degradation will also increase the value of the primary asset, the land.
The 17th-century English philosopher Francis Bacon said that “the improvement of the ground is the most natural way of obtaining riches”. This will be as true in this century as it was in his.
Paul McMahon is the author of ‘Feeding Frenzy: The New Politics of Food’ (Profile Books, 2013) and managing partner at SLM Partners, which acquires and manages agricultural land for institutional investors
Copyright The Financial Times Limited 2016. You may share using our article tools.
Please don't cut articles from FT.com and redistribute by email or post to the web.
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Your body uses glucose for energy. Glucose metabolism requires insulin, a hormone produced by your pancreas.
Here's how normal glucose metabolism works, and what happens when you have diabetes — a disease where your body either can't produce enough insulin or it can't use insulin properly.
The food you eat consists of three basic nutrients: carbohydrates, protein and fat.
During digestion, chemicals in your stomach break down carbohydrates into glucose, which is absorbed into your bloodstream.
Your pancreas responds to the glucose by releasing insulin.
Insulin is responsible for allowing glucose into your body's cells.
When the glucose enters your cells, the amount of glucose in your bloodstream falls.
If you have type 1 diabetes, your pancreas doesn't secrete insulin — which causes a buildup of glucose in your bloodstream. Without insulin, the glucose can't get into your cells.
If you have type 2 diabetes, your pancreas secretes less insulin than your body requires because your body is resistant to its effect.
With both types of diabetes, glucose cannot be used for energy, and it builds up in your bloodstream — causing potentially serious health complications.
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A strategist at the Deutsche Bank had something interesting to say last week regarding the economic crisis in southern Europe.
“The problems currently faced by peripheral Europe could be a dress rehearsal for what the U.S. and U.K. may face further down the road,” Jim Reid, a strategist at Deutsche Bank in London, wrote in a research note today.
It seems impossible that what is going on in Greece has anything to do with America. After all, Greece has defaulted on its debts so often over the last two centuries that you could almost set your watch to it. It was always contained in the past because Greece's economy is so small, so why would this time be different this time?
And yet, it isn't contained this time. It is spreading and no one knows how far it might go.
Contagion: The likelihood of significant economic changes in one country spreading to other countries. This can refer to either economic booms or economic crises.
The first time the term "Tequila Effect" was used in reference to economics was after Mexico defaulted on its foreign debt in August 1982. In response, international banks stopped lending to all of Latin America. The result was a currency and fiscal crisis from the Rio Grande to Patagonia and everywhere in between.
What did Argentina have to do with Mexico other than both speak Spanish? Nothing. That's how contagion works. It doesn't have to make sense. There are only two emotions in the markets - fear and greed. Both of those emotions can overcome reason and logic in a split second. Both of these emotions are self-reinforcing.
Contagion tends to happen in periods of economic stress. When Austria's largest bank, Creditanstalt, went bankrupt in 1931 its effects swept around the world. Within a few weeks Britain was forced off the gold standard and credit dried up to Wall Street banks. The event turned an economic downturn into the Great Depression.
The best example of contagion is also the most recent - the 1997 Asian Currency Crisis. On July 2, 1997, Thailand was forced to devalue its currency.
It didn't get much news coverage because Thailand's economy was so small (GDP around $500 billion). But the financial markets noticed, and panicked in spite of the fact the global economic condition was relatively strong at the time. Within a few months hundreds of millions of working class people were suddenly thrust into poverty. The contagion kept spreading, like an organism seeking out a weak host. It eventually claimed the economies of Russia and Argentina, even though they had absolutely nothing to do with Thailand.
Which brings us back to Europe. Contagion usually takes the form of a flight of capital.
This is what happened in Asia in 1997, Russia in 1998, and what is happening today in Greece.
A staggering €8bn-€10bn (£7bn-£8.7bn) may have been taken out of Greece by private investors since it became engulfed by economic turmoil in November.
"In the last four to six weeks a lot of money has been moved abroad; I've heard extraordinary figures," analyst, Kostas Panagopoulos said.
"People are moving funds either because they don't trust our banking system, want to avoid what they fear will be taxes on deposits or are simply anxious about the future of our economy."
Like Thailand, Greece has a relatively small economy (GDP $350 billion). Compared to the economies in the rest of Europe, its troubles shouldn't be more than a nuisance. Yet Spain felt it necessary to point out the obvious last week.
“Spain’s situation is not like that of Greece, not in terms of public debt nor in terms of economic strength,” Ms. Salgado said in an interview with La Cope radio.
Spain's economy has melted down as fast as Greece's has, but it started from a far stronger position. Regardless, the markets are demanding far higher returns on loans to Spain than just a week ago.
Spain's problem is that it is next door to Portugal.
Portuguese government bonds weakened Wednesday after the country's debt agency sold fewer 12-month Treasury bills than planned at an auction as investors required sharply higher yields than at the previous auction two weeks ago in low volume demand.
What happened here was that Portugal suddenly yanked back on their bond sale, not because they didn't need the money, but because if they had offered the full amount there may not have been enough buyers. That's called a failed auction, and it usually happens right before a country defaults.
What all these countries have in common is that they are all PIGS. That's the unpleasant term that the financial markets are using for Portugal, Ireland, Greece, and Spain. Being a member of this exclusive club has its disadvantages.
Fears of sovereign debt contagion across the eurozone sent European markets sharply lower on Thursday as negative sentiment spread to Wall Street with US markets also hit by worse than expected jobless data
European and UK stock markets fell more than 2 per cent, with Portuguese and Spanish stock markets leading the declines with falls of 5 per cent or more. Investors also sold sovereign debt in these periphery eurozone countries and sought the safety of the dollar and US Treasuries.
Reflecting those concerns, the western Europe Markit SovX index, which measures the cost of insuring against the risk of default, widened beyond 100 basis points for the first time amid heavy buying in the sovereign credit default swap market. CDS spreads on Portugal hit record highs, up 28 basis points to 222 basis points, while Greek credit default swaps rose 21 basis points to 412 basis points, heading closer to records of 421 basis points reached in January.
The most immediate concerns for the markets is domestic resistance to austerity measures. In Portugal it was parliament that defeated extreme cutbacks in social programs. In Greece, it is the looming threat of massive, and violent, strikes.
It should be noted that technically, the troubles didn't start with Greece. They started when Dubai defaulted. It may or may not be a coincidence that the central bankers of the world are right now having a secret meeting in Sydney.
Representatives from 24 central banks and monetary authorities including the US Federal Reserve and European Central Bank landed in Sydney to meet tomorrow at a secret location, the Herald Sun reports.
"This does feel like '08 and '07 all over again whereby we had these sort of little fires pop up and they are supposedly contained but in reality they are not quite contained,'' said H3 Global Advisors chief executive Andrew Kaleel.
"Dubai should have been an isolated incident and now we are seeing issues with Greece, Portugal and Spain.''
Speaking of little fires, its a good idea to keep an eye on Latvia, a nation with the same population of Dubai. Since the global credit crisis started in 2007, Latvia's economy has shrunk by 25% and is expected to shrink another 4% this year. Meanwhile, the IMF is demanding that the Latvian government cut its spending another 6%. This cannot continue much longer without a popular backlash.
The scale of this building sovereign crisis cannot be understated. Unless it gets contained quickly we could be looking at the next leg down in a global margin call.
The EU's refusal to offer Greece anything beyond stern words and a one-month deadline for harsher austerity – while admirable in one sense – is to misjudge how fast confidence is ebbing. Greece's drama has already metastasised into a wider systemic crisis. The world risks a replay of the Lehman collapse if this runs unchecked, this time involving sovereign dominoes.
The scale matches America's sub-prime/Alt-A adventure and assorted CDOs and SIVS of the Greenspan fling. The parallels are closer than Europe cares to admit.
At the very same time that this crisis is hitting, the bailouts of the world are ending. Both the Federal Reserve and the Bank of England are about to cut off their quantitative easing. They aren't alone.
It may seem counter-intuitive for the bailouts and stimulus to be cut right when a global economic crisis is building, but it isn't. The sovereign debt crisis we are now witnessing is because of the bailouts. More deficit spending will just increase the financial pressure. What we are witnessing is a limit to the Keynesian solution.
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Photo: Mackenzie Stroh
Q: Is it true that a virus can cause weight gain? Can I get tested for it, and is there anything that can be done if I'm positive?
A: There may be several such viruses, and yes, you can be tested for antibodies to them. (That would indicate you had been infected at some point.) But since there's no way to reverse the viruses' effect, there's not much you can do with the knowledge other than having one less reason to blame yourself if you're struggling with weight. For the record, I don't think you should blame yourself regardless of what some test may indicate.
Researchers stumbled on this virus–weight gain link by observing that mice, chickens, monkeys, and other animals put on a lot of pounds following an infection with certain viruses, notably adenoviruses. When the researchers tested humans, they found that nearly a third of obese people have antibodies for a particular adenovirus strain, while only 11 percent of normal-weight people do. But the reason there's little hope for treatment is that this is not an ongoing infection: The viruses come and then are beaten back by your body's immune system, but not before, in theory, they've altered your fat cells in a way that increases vulnerability to weight gain—possibly by triggering the cells to grow faster. Some scientists would like to prevent infection with a vaccine. But we are years away from knowing whether such an approach will work. We can be sure that no shot will provide the array of benefits that come from eating well and being physically active. My view is that first we need to solve the aspect of obesity that can be explained by eating too much and doing too little. Then we can explore novel theories—if there is anything left to explain.
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From: Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
A configuration of stars.
Fr: t. 1,265 lbp. 164' b. 41' dph. 13'6" cpl. 340 a. 38 guns
The first Constellation , a frigate authorized by congressional enactment of 27 March 1794, was the design of naval constructors, J. Humphreys and J. Fox whose plans were altered in the execution by builder, D. Stodder, and supervisor of construction, Captain T. Truxtun. She was built at the Sterrett Shipyard, Baltimore, Md., and was launched on 7 September 1797, the second of the United States frigates to go down the ways.
Constellation 's first cruise, from June through August 1798, in which she convoyed merchant ships to sea showed admirable qualities, including a sailing speed which could win her the nickname "Yankee Race Horse," and ensure an outstanding career of service.
Constellation figured actively in five wars. Her actions which closely parallel the course of American national involvement began with glorious achievement in the undeclared naval war against France. Here, as a unit of the newly reborn U.S. Navy, Constellation helped establish traditions of discipline and organization&emdash;the firm basis upon which United States naval power has grown to preeminence. Under the command of Captain T. Truxtun, she departed for the Caribbean in December 1798 to join the West India Squadron in protection of American commerce. On 9 February 1799 she received her baptism of blood capturing the 40-gun frigate, L'lnsurgente in battle off Nevis, West Indies, in a hard fought victory, and bringing her prize into port. In succeeding months, she also encountered and seized two French privateers, Diligent and Union.
After a brief voyage without incident under Captain S. Barron, Constellation , commanded again by Truxtun, sailed in December 1799 for the West India patrol. On the evening of 1 February 1800 she sighted the 52-gun frigate Vengeance and engaged her in a lengthy, furious battle. Although Vengeance twice struck her colors and was close to sinking, she was able to utilize the cover of darkness to escape from Constellation who, disabled by the loss of her mainmast, was unable to pursue. More success came to her in May 1800 with the recapture of three American merchantmen from French possession.
At the end of the Franco-American dispute, Constellation sailed back to home waters. Anchoring in Delaware Bay on 10 April 1801, the ship was caught in winds and an ebb tide which laid her over on her beam ends to ground, thereby occasioning need for extensive repair and refitting.
National interest next called her to serve in the Mediterranean Squadron which sought to eliminate depredations being inflicted by the Barbary pirates. Sailing with the squadron of Commodore R. Morris, and later, with that of Commodores S. Barron and J. Rodgers, Constellation acted in the blockade of Tripoli in May 1802; cruised widely throughout the Mediterranean in 1804 in demonstration of United States seapower; evacuated in June 1805 a contingent of Marines, as well as diplomatic personages, from Derne at the conclusion of a remarkable fleet-shore operation against Tripoli; and took part in a squadron movement against Tunis which culminated in peace terms in August 1805. Constellation returned to the States in November 1805, mooring at Washington where she later was placed in ordinary until 1812.
Constellation underwent an extensive repair in the Washington Navy Yard in 1812-13 which added 14" to her beam.
With the advent of our second war with England, Constellation , now commanded by Captain C. Stewart, was dispatched to the Hampton Roads area. In January 1813 shortly after her arrival she was effectively blockaded by an imposing British fleet. Turning frustration into success, she took station between the enemy and the fortification at Craney Island and acted as a buffer thwarting every British attempt to destroy the fort or to capture the ship.
The Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812 was followed closely by the renewal of naval action against the Barbary powers who had enriched themselves considerably during our struggle with England. Constellation , attached to the Mediterranean Squadron under Commodore S. Decatur, sailed from New York on 20 May 1815 and joined in the capture of the Algerian frigate, Mashuda, on 17 June 1815. With this demonstration of United States naval prowess, Decatur was enabled to exact treaties of peace from Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli. Constellation was called upon to remain with the squadron under Commodores W. Bainbridge, I. Chauncey, and J. Shaw to enforce the agreements, returning to Hampton Roads only in December 1817.
With but brief periods of repair in 1828-29, 1832, 1834-35, and 1838-39, Constellation 's career in the interval between this action against the pirates and the outbreak of the Civil War proved varied and colorful. From 12 November 1819 to 24 April 1820 she served as flagship of Commodore C. Morris on the Brazil Station patrolling to protect American commerce against privateers and to negotiate favorable trade agreements with the South American nations.
On 25 July 1820, she sailed for the first time to Pacific waters where she was attached to the Squadron of Commodore C. Stewart and remained for 2 years patrolling in defense of our trading ships off the coast of Peru, an area whose disquiet erupted into revolt against Spain.
In 1827 Constellation acted briefly as flagship for the West India Squadron on a twofold mission involving the eradication of the last of the pirates and the interception of slavers operating in the area. In August 1829 she cruised to the Mediterranean to exercise vigilant watch over American trade and to collect indemnities owing from previous losses suffered by United States merchantmen. While en route to her station, she carried the American ministers to France and England to their posts of duty. Returning to the United States in November 1831, she underwent minor repair and departed again for her Mediterranean station in April 1832 where she remained until an outbreak of cholera forced her home in November 1834.
In October 1835 the frigate sailed for the Gulf of Mexico to assist in crushing the Seminole uprising. She landed shore parties to relieve the Army garrisons and sent her boats on amphibious expeditions. Mission accomplished, she then cruised with the West India Squadron until 1838 serving part of this period in the capacity of flagship for Commodore A. Dallas.
The decade of the 1840's saw Constellation circumnavigate the globe. As flagship of Captain Kearny and the East India Squadron, her mission, as assigned in March 1841, was to safeguard American lives and property against loss in the Opium War, and further, to enable negotiation of commercial treaties. En route to home in May 1843 she entered the Hawaiian Islands in time to express American disapproval of the impending British annexation of the islands, and thereafter she sailed homeward making calls at South American ports.
Laid up in ordinary at Norfolk from 1845 through 1853, she was found to be greatly in need of extensive repair. Thus, in 1854 she was brought into the yard and, in keeping with the needs of the time, modified into a 22-gun sloop-of-war.
Constellation was recommissioned on 28 July 1855 and departed under the flag of Captain C. Bell for a 3-year cruise with the Mediterranean Squadron to protect American interests. This was followed in June 1858 by a brief tour in Cuban waters where she safeguarded United States ships against unlawful search on the high seas.
Decommissioned for a short time, she was placed back into service in June 1859 and named flagship of the African Squadron. Her mission was to obliterate the slave trade; and here she performed well, capturing the brig Delicia in 1859, the bark Cora in 1860; and the brig Triton in 1861.
The Civil War brought Constellation home in Septemher 1861 whereupon she was ordered to serve in the Mediterranean guarding Union merchant ships against attack by Confederate cruisers and privateers. She was thus occupied from April 1862 through May 1864 when she returned to Hampton Roads via the Gulf Coast.
It was fitting indeed that this fine ship, resplendent in her own accomplishments and imbued with the spirit of the United States Navy, should be selected to serve as receiving and training ship. She carried out one or the other of these duties at Norfolk, Philadelphia, Annapolis, and Newport in various periods of commission between January 1865 and June 1933 with the exception of time devoted to six special missions.
The first of these special assignments was a cruise to France in March 1878, wherein she transported displays for the Paris Exposition and was an ambassador of good will. On 10 November 1879 she was placed in commission for a special voyage to Gibraltar, carrying crew and stores for the flagship of the Mediterranean Squadron and thereafter returning to New York.
In March 1880 she sailed on a mission of charity occasioned by the famine in Ireland. Under Commander E. Potter, Constellation brought most welcome relief to the suffering with stores donated by generous Americans.
Again active in September 1892 she continued to arouse interest and win praise for her country when she sailed for Gibraltar in order to assemble works of art for the Columbian Exposition, stopping en route at Naples and Le Havre, and arriving home in New York in February 1893.
Following repairs at Norfolk in 1893, Constellation was towed to Newport, there resuming her duties as a receiving and training ship which she continued until 1914 when she was again overhauled at Norfolk. In September 1914 she sailed to Baltimore via Annapolis and participated in the centennial celebration of the "Star Spangled Banner."
It is an interesting fact that this venerable lady of the seas on 1 December 1917 was renamed "Old Constellation " in order to permit use of the original name for a projected new battle cruiser which, however, was scrapped before completion in accordance with the naval limitations agreement of 1922. Her original name was restored on 24 July 1925.
In the grave days of World War II President F. D. Roosevelt looked for a symbol of American glory to inspire American citizens to the task which lay ahead. One symbol was Constellation , recommissioned in August 1940, and classified IX-20 on 8 January 1941. From 1941-43 she was assigned as the shore-based relief flagship of Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, and later of Commander, Battleship Division Five, Atlantic Fleet. Thus she rendered her final service to the Fleet.
Plans to memorialize Constellation brought her to Boston in October 1946 but lack of funds delayed the project. Decommissioned for the last time on 4 February 1955, this, the then-oldest ship in the United States Navy, arrived at Baltimore on 9 August 1955, was stricken from the Navy List on 15 August 1955, and transferred to a patriotic group of citizens who are restoring her as a visible evidence of the United States' enduring need of the sea.
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Published: Jan 1990
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The fungi are heterogenous organisms grouped together on the basis of structure, biochemistry, and physiology. They are classified primarily by mode of sexual reproduction, and are aerobic decay organisms. They cause human hypersensitivity, infectious, and toxic diseases. Environmental assessment can involve looking for obvious growth, or sampling either reservoirs or air. Interpretation of sampling data requires correlation with the nature and distribution of complaints.
fungi, spores, hypersensitivity, opportunistic pathogens, air sampling, reservoir sampling
associate research scientist, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
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Finding and Keeping Rural Teachers
Schools in isolated rural areas and inner cities are the hardest to staff, particularly those
serving minority or low-income students, according to recent data. Teachers in special education, math, science and foreign languages are especially needed. Shortages are greatest in the Southeast, Southwest and the West. With No Child Left Behind putting greater emphasis on having "highly qualified" teachers in every classroom, the competition among districts for teachers is likely to intensify the problem and present a challenge for rural districts.
NCLB's requirement poses a problem for rural schools with small enrollments, which rely on teachers who can teach more than one grade or subject. Under the law, these teachers will have to be certified in every subject they teach, even if they are only teaching that class once a week. Middle school teachers who hold only a K-8 certificate may need to acquire additional certifications. The same is true for secondary school teachers of multiple core subjects.
The decision to teach in a rural district can require teachers to maintain multiple certifications while living far from the nearest university and preparing for and teaching several different classes each day, all at a salary that may be thousands of dollars less than one's suburban or urban counterparts. (Compared to teachers in non-rural districts, beginning rural teachers earn 13.3 percent less; teachers with a master's degrees and 20 years of experience earn 17.2 percent less.) Unless teachers are rooted to a rural school by a spouse's employment or some other factor, teachers may seek relief by taking positions elsewhere.
State strategies include scholarship programs, loan and loan-forgiveness programs, salary increases, bonuses, tax credit/mortgage assistance, relocation assistance, and stipends. What can rural district leaders do? The following suggestions are based on recent research as well as reports from national education organizations.
Offer targeted incentives Target limited financial resources where the need is greatest: high-poverty schools, remote areas and hard-to-fill subject areas.
Upgrade recruitment and hiring practices Use marketing techniques that emphasize the advantages of living and teaching in rural communities. Encourage adoption of a common statewide application form (three states have already done this). Include teachers in the hiring process, and encourage a two-way exchange of information.
Establish a comprehensive induction program Studies show this decreases the likelihood that teachers will quit in the first year. Include a school-community orientation.
Nurture local talent Use outreach efforts, tuition assistance and other incentives to nurture teaching talent among high school students, out-of field teachers, school paraprofessionals, and second-career adults.
Collaborate with post-secondary institutions A Virginia school district teamed with a community college and a university to create a structured curriculum path for high school students interested in teaching. These students return to student teach in the county school system.
Create avenues for greater community involvement "One isolated district in North Dakota managed to lure a teacher by promising him bird-hunting rights on private farmland," reports the Education Commission of the States.
For citation of the references used in this article, go to www.districtadministration.com
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CAMBRIDGE, Mass., May 16 (UPI) -- Researchers at Harvard have discovered an effective new way to fight brain tumors: trap oncolytic virus-loaded stem cells in a gel and then apply it directly to the malignancy. When the technique was used on mice with glioblastoma multiforme, survival rates went up.
Previously, the cancer-killing properties of herpes simplex viruses showed promising results in the lab. But the therapy didn't translate as well for human patients. Scientists couldn't get the herpes virus to hang out long enough on the targeted cells.
However -- as this latest mice study demonstrates -- mixing the virus-infected stem cells into a gel helps the virus stay put long enough to do its dirty work.
The therapy is used after surgeons excise what they can of the glioblastoma multiforme -- the most common, and difficult to treat, brain tumor found in humans. The virus is meant to kill any cancer cells left behind by the surgeons, thereby preventing the tumor from regenerating.
Applying the virus in the form of gel -- instead of injecting the naked virus into the cavity where the tumor once was -- improved the survival rate among lab mice.
"They survived because the virus doesn't get washed out by the cerebrospinal fluid that fills the cavity," explained Khalid Shah, lead author of the new study.
"Our approach can overcome problems associated with current clinical procedures," Shah added. "The work will have direct implications for designing clinical trials using oncolytic viruses, not only for brain tumors, but for other solid tumors."
The study was published this week in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
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A new study shows that contrary to reassurances from industry and regulators, complete genes – including GM genes – can pass from food into human blood.
Source: GM Watch
For many years, the public and scientists have been concerned that GM genes might be incorporated into animal products like meat and milk and consumed by humans.
Find Full Study Here: gmoevidence.com/dr-spisak-complete-genes-may-pass-from-food-to-human-blood/
In 2007 the European Food Safety Authority issued a reassuring statement to the effect that “a large number of experimental studies with livestock have shown that recombinant DNA fragments or proteins derived from GM plants have not been detected in tissues, fluids or edible products of farm animals like broilers, cattle, pigs or quails”.
Even in 2007, EFSA’s statement had already been proven false by some scientific studies: earthopensource.org/files/pdfs/GMO_Myths_and_Truths/GMO_Myths_and_Truths_1.3b.pdf
When reviewing the issue in the same year, EFSA seemed to be preparing the ground to change its advice, noting that “the recombinant [DNA] sequence is present in the GM plant only as a single or low copy number, which makes the potential absorption a rare event and therefore difficult to detect”, and that “when more studies are carried out with more sensitive detection methods, such recombinant DNA fragments may be more frequently found in the future”.
Thus EFSA could blame its change of mind on better detection methods rather than its own poor knowledge of the science.
This year, in the face of a sizeable and growing number of scientific studies showing that DNA from food, be it GM or non-GM, can and does end up in animal tissues and milk products that people eat, the UK Food Standards Agency updated its advice. The FSA admitted, “It is … possible that DNA fragments derived from GM plant materials may occasionally be detected in animal tissues, in the same way that DNA fragments derived from non-GM plant materials can be detected in these same tissues.”
Now the FSA and EFSA will have to revise their advice once again, as a new study by Hungarian researchers on human blood serum samples shows that meal-derived DNA fragments which are large enough to carry complete genes can avoid degradation in the digestive tract and through an unknown mechanism enter the human circulation system.
These were not “fragments” of DNA, but stretches of plant DNA that are complete enough to enable the researchers to identify the exact plants that the human subjects ate, such as soy, maize, and oilseed rape. The researchers even found that in one of the blood serum samples the relative concentration of plant DNA was higher than the human DNA.
Interestingly, the highest concentrations of plant DNA were found in people with inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and Kawasaki disease, an autoimmune disease in which the blood vessels become inflamed.
In light of this study, the FSA might especially like to update its earlier, quite inaccurate advice that “Biologically active genes and proteins are common constituents of food and feed, but digestion in both animals and humans is known to rapidly degrade their DNA, and the subsequent uptake of DNA fragments from the intestinal tract into the body is a normal physiological process.”
The FSA might more accurately say something like:
“Biologically active genes and proteins are common constituents of food and feed. Digestion in both animals and humans degrades the DNA to varying degrees, depending partly on disease status of the consumer. Degradation can be incomplete and fragments large enough to carry complete genes can avoid degradation and enter the human circulatory system.
“A high level of uptake of DNA fragments from the intestinal tract into the circulatory system appears to be correlated with the presence of inflammatory diseases.”
We’ve always said that science would eventually prove the truth of the dictum, “You are what you eat”. Now it is time for regulatory authorities admit it.
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AREA: 3,124 km2
DYNASTY: Rathore (Mertia clan, Raghunathsinghot subclan)
PREDECESSORS AND SHORT HISTORY: Maroth is one of the ancient-most towns of Rajasthan and due to its strategic location as a Frontier town it has been the headquarter of the Johiyas, Chandels, Bhatis, and Gaurs, before the Mertia dynasty rule (1659/1708 AD). In sortha (Rajasthani poetry), the gadh or fort of Marot is compared to that of Jodhpur, Jaipur and Bundi. The state was founded by Maharaja Raghunath Singh, second son of Rao Sanwaldas of Punlota, son of Rao Govinddas, one of the 14 sons of Rao Jaimal. He captured Maroth pargana (Gaurawati) from the Gaur Rajputs with the help of his relatives, the Ladkhani Shekhawat rulers of Rewasa and the Chatrabhujot Rajawats of Bagru, one of the 12 Chambers of Jaipur Royal Family, and established an independent state having 11,56,000 bigha land. Maroth State was divided into two states of 949 sq. km. each by Maharaja Bijay Singh I of Abhaypura (Jiliya) and Maharaja Sabal Singh of Minda, while jagirs of Lunwa, Panchota and Panchwa were granted as appanages. In 1708 Raja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur annexed the Maroth territory and established his own administrator Mayaram there, but had to surrender it back in 1722 AD to Badshah who re-confirmed the ownership of territories of the pargana but the title of Maharaja was not recognised officially. Rulers were...
- Rao JODHA, Rao of Jodhpur, married Sonigri Rani Chauhanji, daughter of Raja Kheema Santawat of Jalore, and had issue.
- Rao DUDA, Rao of Merta (1495-1515), born 15 June 1440 at Mandaur, captured Merta from Mahmood Khilji, Sultan of Malwa, married Rani Raghav Kanwar Sahiba, daughter of Maharao Shekha of Amarsar, and had issue. He died 1515.
- Rao VIRAMDEV, Rao of Merta (1515/1544), born 1477, married (a), Chalukya (Solanki) Rani Kalyan Kunwari, daughter of Rana Keshavdas of Nibarwada, married (b) Rani Shantide, daughter of Chalukya Rao Fateh Singh of Nibarwada (Bisalpur), married (c), Rani Sisodani Gorajiya Kunwari [Rani Har Kanwar of Merta], daughter of Maharana Raimal of Chittor (Mewar), married (d), Kachwahi Man Kunwari, daughter of Maharaj Kisandasji of Kalwar (Kakhwad?) in Jaipur, and had issue, 10 sons.
- Rao JAIMAL VIRAMDEVOT, 5th Rao of Merta (1544/1568), head of the Mertia Dynasty of Suryavanshi Rathore Rajputs, Commander-in-Chief of the Kingdom of Mewar when Emperor Akbar of Delhi attacked Chittorgarh, married (a), Rani Solanki Kewal Kanwar, daughter of Rana Randhir Singh of Lunawas, married (b), Rani Nirwan Vinay Kanwari, daughter of Raja Kesavdas of Khandela and his wife Lad Kanwar, married (c), Rani Sloanki Padam Kanwar, daughter of Rai Kesri Singh of Desuri, and had issue, fourteen sons. He died in battle in 1568 AD.
- Rao GOVINDDAS JAIMALOT, Rao of Bhawanta, founder of the Goyanddasot subclan, he established a principality of 31 villages in Maroth, Parbatsar, Nagaur and Merta parganas, he also received 14 villages jagir of Liliya from his maternal Solanki relatives, married and had issue, the rulers of Merta, Bhanwata, Geri, Jaswantpura. He died in battle of Beed alongwith his brother Raja Keshavdas.
- Rao Jagannath of Sarnavada in Nagaur Dist., 3.75 villages, Kurab Banh, Single Tazim, Revenue Rs 10600.
- Rao SANWALDAS GOYANDDASOT, Rao of Punlota, received Punlota estate of 3000 acres; married, (a) Rani (name unknown), married, (b) Rajawatji Rani Kesar Kanwar of Bagru Royal Family in Jaipur, daughter of Adhiraj Sanwat Singh I, and sister of Padam Singh Chatrabhujot, an officer of distinction in army of Mughal Emperor Shahjahan of Delhi; and had issue, two sons.
- Kunwar Shyamji of Punlota
- Maharaja Raghunath Singh (continued below)
- Rao Nahar Khan
- Rao Sundardas
- Rao Bhagwandas
- Rao Natha (Nathu), founder of Nathusinghot subclan.
- Rao Balram
- Rajkumari Guman Kanwar, married Rao Bakhtawar Singh Chauhan of Gangrar.
- Rajkumari Gulab Kanwar, married Sisodia Rawat Panchayanji.
- Rajkumari Shyam Kunwari, married Rawat Sangaji of Deogarh Madaria.
- Rajkumari Phool Kunwari, married heroic martyr Rawat Pataji Sisodia of Kelwa.
- Rajkumari Abhay Kunwari, married Raghav Dev Chauhan of Gangrar.
- Rao Ratan Singh, married Rani Veer Kanwar, and had issue, one daughter.
- Rajkumari Mira Bai [Yuvarani Sahiba Mertaniji of Mewar], married Yuvraj Kumar Bhojraj, son of Maharana Sangram Singh (Rana Sanga) of Mewar.
- Rao Bar, ancestor of the Chiefs of Jhabua and Kushalgarh.
- Sidh Shri Maharajadhiraja Maharaja Shri RAGHUNATH SINGHJI, Raja of Maroth, 1660-1683 A.D. (1717-1740 B.S.), born 1610 (1667 B.S.), he initially served as a commander in the Army of Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur. Thereafter, he joined the Imperial Service alongwith his uncle Adhiraj Padam Singh Rajawat, and was granted a mansab of 1500 zat (Infantry), 900 sawar (Cavalry), 500 do-aspa se-aspa, and the title of Raja by Padshah Shah Jehan, Mogul emperor of Delhi for valour shown in battles under him and his son Prince Aurangzeb in Deccan. He participated in the Mughal war of succession in battles including Ujjain (Dharmat) i 1657 A.D. and Dholpur (Samugarh) against emperor Shah Jehan, and the new emperor Aurangzeb granted him the title of Maharaja and watan jagir of Maroth (B.S. 1717) as patrimonial or hereditary principality, but the Gaud Rajas refused to handover Maroth and after series of fierce battles fought for around 2 years, in Maroth, Manglana, Kuchaman, Mithari, Sargoth, etc. he captured 140 villages of Maroth territory comprising of seven parganas or mahals (districts) with the help of Ladkhani Shekhawats of Rewasa and Chatrabhujot Rajawats of Bagru, which was followed by large scale migration of the members of the erstwhile ruling families, so he requested them to retain 17 villages.(#1) He married five Princesses, including Maharani Keshar Kanwar Ladkhaniji Baisa (qv), daughter of Uday Singh of Bharija, granddaughter of Thakur Madho Singh Shekhawat of Rewasa, and built Five Magnificent Forts at Maroth better known as 'Panch Mahal Maroth'- the Five Royal Houses of Maroth, and had issue, eight sons (three died in their Kunwarpadi, i.e., in the lifetime of father, Raghunathsingh). His army largely consisted of Muslims, and his Commander-in-Chief was a Muslim friend named Bhakar Shah, and, as per his last wish, he was cremated next to his burial, and now a temple and a mosque have been built near their cenotaphs showing Hindu-Muslim unity. He died 1740 BS (1683 AD).
- Raj Kunwar Roop Singh (by 1st Rani) of Rewasa and Sibsagar-Assam, granted by Padshah Aurangzeb of Delhi. He died sp.
- Maharaja Sabal Singh (by 2nd Rani) of Minda (Mahal), 40 villages (949 km2)
- Raja Inder Singh Mertia of Minda (indersinghot clan)
- Thakur Chhatrasal Singh, Thakur of Maroth.
- Thakur Bairisal Singh, ancestor of Thakurs of Bhanwata and Ghatwa.
- Thakur Hari Singh, Thakur of Narayanpura.
- Thakur Bakhat Singh, Thakur of Manglana.
- Rani Mertaniji, married Rao Shiv Singh, 2nd Rao of Sikar (1721/1748), and had issue, one son.
- Rani Siris Kanwar Mertaniji, married (as his first wife) Raja Kesri Singh of Khandela. She committed Sati.
- Maharaja Bijay Singh I [Vijay Singh] (by 2nd Rani) of Abhaypura (Jiliya) (Mahal), Bijaysinghot clan, 2 towns and 40 villages (961 km2)
- Thakur Sher Singh [Ser Singh, Keshar Singh] (by 3rd Rani), received jagir of Loonwa (Mahal), 20 villages (481 km2)
- Kunwar Durjan Singh Sher Singhot Mertia, ancestor of Sampat Singh Bakhtawar Singhot
- Thakur Hattee Singh [Hutti Singh] (by 4th Rani), received jagir of Panchota (Mahal), 17 villages (405 km2)
- Thakur Devi Singh
- Bisan Singh Baghsinghot
- Thakur Anand Singh (by 5th Rani), received jagir of Panchwa (Mahal), 14 villages (341 km2)
- Kunwar Kishore Singh (by 4th Rani), received no appanage, married Thakurani Hadiji, and had issue.
- Thakur Jalam Singh [Zalim Singh], granted one village of 15 km2 in Kuchaman by Hati Singh of Panchota, he died in the battle of Bilara.
- Kunwar Amar Singh (by 3rd Rani), received jagir of Deoli.
- Thakur Ram Singh
- Thakur Rai Singh
- Thakur Soor Singh
- Thakur Dalel Singh
- Thakur Duleh Singh
- Thakur Lunkaran
- Thakur Ridhmal Singh
- Thakur Pratap Singh of Deori (Badi) Half.
- Maharani Kesar Kanwar Ladkhani Shekhawat Baisa, (1683 AD), 2nd Queen of Maharaja Raghunath Singh, she took 80 villages of Marot, estate of 150 Horses (7,50,000 bigha land), Sibsagar in Assam, which were divided equally by her two sons, who established separate Kingdoms, while her step-sons established three jagirs. The Shekhawats were granted ijara rights (permanent lease) over land in Bharija, Goriyan, Hoodil, Khorindi, Lalas, Bhilal and Depar, while the Rajawats were granted Chitawa.
- Maharaja SABAL SINGH, Maharaja of Minda, received half of Maroth State, jagir of 75 Horses (3,75,000 bigha land), 40 villages of Maroth, share in Sambhar lake, half of Sibsagar district in Assam.
- Maharaja BIJAY SINGH I, Maharaja of Abahypura, received half of Maroth State, jagir of 75 Horses (3,75,000 bigha land), 40 villages of Maroth, share in Sambhar lake, half of Sibsagar district in Assam.
Raja SABAL SINGHJI (Minda Mahal):
- Head Seat: MINDA, Meenda, Meendha or Marot, Marothe, Mahrot, Maharot, Maharashtra Nagar. Junior Thikanas:
- Bhanwata or Bhawta
- Narayanpura or Narainpura of 15 villages.
- Ghatwa of 8 villages.
- Wasa (Bansa or Bansya?)
Raja BIJAY SINGHJI (Abhaypura Mahal):
- Head Seat: JILIYA, Jhiliya (Senior) or Abhaypura.
- Padampura or Sargoth.
- Nagar (Jawdi Nagar)
- Devla or Devta.
- Kunkanwali, Kukanwali or Kukadwali.
- Anandpura, Anatpura or Anadpura.
- Jiliya (Junior)
- Deoli (Senior) (Half)
- Noowa (Nawa or Nawan?)
Thakur SHER SINGHJI (Loonwa Mahal):
- Head Seat: LUNWA or Loonwa.
- Lunwa (Line 1)
- Lunwa (Line 2)
- Lunwa (Line 3)
- Bauri or Bawdi
Thakur HATTI SINGHJI (Panchota Mahal):
- Head Seat: PANCHOTA.
- Kuchaman or Kuchawan
- Mithari, Mithadi or Meethdi
- Chuniya or Choonya
- Phogdi, Fogdi or Fogri
- Palada or Palara
Thakur ANAND SINGHJI (Panchwa Mahal)
- Head Seat: PANCHWA.
- Pempara, Pempura, Pempata or Prempura
- Khares or Khariya
- Kotda or Kotra
- Sardars of Rewasa, Simod, Nimbi, Sarnawada, Itawa, Lakhon.
Page 75, Meenda, Rajput (Kshatriya) Sakhaom ka itihas, Vol 1, Ranabankura Prakashan, 1990, Rajput (Indic people).
- Page 109, Para 127, Narayanpuro, Parampara, 110-113, Rajasthani Shodh Sansthan, Rajasthani Sodha Sansthana, 1997.
- Page 105, Para 125 (B), Bhanwato, Parampara.
- Page 104, Para 125, Bhanwato (Maroth), Parampara.
- Raja Raghunath Singhji gave fiefs of Khorindi, Hudil, Bhilal, Ghatwa etc. to Ladkhani Shekhawats, and various villages to Chatrabhujot Kachhawas as well, who now retain only one-fourth share in Chitawa, having lost other territories to invaders.
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Faculty Peer Reviewed
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and its prevalence increases with age. In fact, the lifetime incidence of AF is approximately 25% in individuals by age 80, with the incidence nearly doubling with each decade of life after age 50. (1) Multiple randomized controlled trials have shown that oral antithrombotic therapy with warfarin or aspirin decreases the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with AF. (2-6) Meta-analyses reveal a relative risk reduction of approximately 60% with warfarin and 20% with aspirin as compared to placebo. (7) Pooled analyses from these studies show a less than 0.3% increase in the absolute risk of intracranial hemorrhage with antithrombotic therapy. (7) This risk is much lower than the annual risk of ischemic stroke which is increased by greater than five-fold in patients with atrial fibrillation who are not receiving anticoagulation. (8)
Given these results, the current American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of AF recommend the use of anticoagulation based on a patient’s risk of ischemic stroke. This risk is determined using known risk factors such as those identified by the CHA2DS2-VASc scoring system. (9) These guidelines thus give a Class IA recommendation to the statement: “the selection of the antithrombotic agent should be based upon the absolute risk of stroke and bleeding and the relative risk and benefit for a given patient.” (9)
It also evident in clinical practice that the elderly are at increased risk for falls. Studies demonstrate that in the community, approximately one-third of individuals over the age of 65 fall every year. (10) In addition, those who fall once are at increased risk of additional falls, and approximately 10% of these falls result in serious injury. Following this, studies have shown that physicians are hesitant to prescribe antithrombotic therapy in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation who are perceived to have an increased fall risk to prevent inducing an intracranial hemorrhage. One review of a hospital’s electronic medical records revealed that the most common reason cited for not prescribing warfarin to a patient with AF was bleeding risk from falls.(11) A survey of residents, fellows, and attending physicians also highlighted fall risk as the most common reason for not anticoagulating a case patient in a nursing home with atrial fibrillation.(12)
Is this fear justified?
Review of Literature:
A prospective study of over 500 patients who were discharged on oral anticoagulation for AF showed that there was no significant increase in risk of major bleeds between those deemed high risk for falls versus low risk (8.0 events versus 6.8 events per 100 patient-years, respectively, p = 0.64, respectively). (13) In a retrospective study comparing 1,245 patients at high risk of falls compared to 18,261 other patients with AF, there was a significant difference in rates of intracranial hemorrhage between the high risk for falls and low risk for falls groups (2.8 events versus 1.1 events per 100 patient-years, respectively, p < 0.005). However, when looking at a composite outcome of out-of-hospital death or hospitalization for stroke, myocardial infarction, or hemorrhage, the hazard ratio was 0.75 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.91, p 0.004) for warfarin therapy. This led the authors to conclude that in patients at high risk for stroke – those with a CHADS2 score of 2 or greater, the overall benefit of warfarin therapy outweighed the risks in their study. (14)
Given the potential discrepancy in the interpretation of the results from these studies, a meta-analysis was conducted to help guide antithrombotic therapy for AF in elderly patients at risk for falls. The authors used a Markov decision model to calculate that an individual taking warfarin would need to fall about 295 times in one year before the risks of warfarin outweighed the benefits. (15) Of course, a major concern to the validity of these results is the potential imprecision in the values of the input variables to calculate this “number needed to fall” – i.e. incidence of fall per year, risk of ICH per fall, etc. The authors concluded that a patient’s tendency to fall should not play a significant role in the decision to prescribe anticoagulant therapy in this patient population.
The same authors followed up their original study with a subsequent appraisal of the literature to determine if the presence of additional clinical risk factors for bleeding impacted the risk of hemorrhage in elderly patients on anticoagulation for AF. (16) They identified three such risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage based on their literature search – hypertension, participation in activities that increase risk of head trauma, and increased rates of intracranial bleed in patients with prior stroke who were placed on anticoagulation. They concluded that these too should not change one’s decision to anticoagulate those with AF and high risk of stroke. (16)
A subsequent case-controlled study analyzed the level of anticoagulation, age, and stroke risk in AF patients on warfarin. The authors showed that the risk of ICH is increased in patients over the age of 85 as compared to those aged 70-74 (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.3 to 4.7). (17) They thus advocated strict monitoring of INR values and avoiding an INR > 3.5 which they found to be associated with increased risk for ICH.
A more recent review on the subject analyzed the above studies among others, and concluded that physicians are still guided by their own concerns regarding a patient’s risk of hemorrhage as opposed to their risk of ischemic/embolic stroke, and that that warfarin is underused in the treatment of AF in the elderly as a result of these concerns. (18)
Summary and Conclusions:
The decision to anticoagulate an elderly person with AF at high risk for stroke is a common problem faced by physicians. The benefit of warfarin in reducing the risk of stroke in patients with AF is indisputable, as is its superior efficacy in comparison to aspirin. Some studies have shown that the rates of ICH may be comparable between patients treated with aspirin and those with well-managed warfarin regimens. (19, 20).Importantly, this review has focused on the use of Warfarin in patient with AF. As data on the newer anticoagulants continues to accrue, future risk/benefit analyses with the use of these agents should be conducted as well.
Because stroke risk increases with age, the elderly stand to benefit the most from warfarin therapy. Therefore, most experts would recommend an individual risk-benefit analysis per patient with careful attention to risk of ischemic stroke in this vulnerable population, and in general, advocate the use of warfarin therapy in those at high risk of stroke – i.e. CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc score of 2 or greater – despite their fall risk. This would especially be advocated for patients who remain adherent to their regimen and have well-controlled INRs. Importantly, the patient should be included in a conversation regarding the risks, benefits, and lifestyle changes that go along with chronic anticoagulation therapy
To help ameliorate physician concern and potentially decrease the risk of ICH in an elderly patient, more frequent INR checks should be obtained to ensure that the INR remains at the goal of between 2 and 3. In addition, minimization of a patient’s fall risk via environmental changes, medication management, and treatment of any underlying diseases that contribute to risk of fall should be emphasized. (21) ,
Dr. Sunny N. Shah is a 3rd year Resident at NYU Langone Medical Center
Peer reviewed by Rob Donnino, MD, Cardiology Section Editor, Clinical Correlations
Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
1. Magnani JW, Rienstra M, Lin H, Sinner MF, Lubitz SA, McManus DD, et al. Atrial fibrillation: current knowledge and future directions in epidemiology and genomics. Circulation. 2011;124(18):1982-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22042927
2. Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study. Lancet. 1994;343(8899):687-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7907677
3. The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. The Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(22):1505-11.
4. Petersen P, Boysen G, Godtfredsen J, Andersen ED, Andersen B. Placebo-controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen AFASAK study. Lancet. 1989;1(8631):175-9.
5. Connolly SJ, Laupacis A, Gent M, Roberts RS, Cairns JA, Joyner C. Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation (CAFA) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18(2):349-55.
6. Ezekowitz MD, Bridgers SL, James KE, Carliner NH, Colling CL, Gornick CC, et al. Warfarin in the prevention of stroke associated with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(20):1406-12.
7. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(12):857-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17577005
8. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1991;22(8):983-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1866765
9. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation–executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):854-906.
10. Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(26):1701-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3205267
11. Rosenman MB, Baker L, Jing Y, Makenbaeva D, Meissner B, Simon TA, et al. Why is warfarin underused for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation? A detailed review of electronic medical records. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(9):1407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22746356
12. Dharmarajan TS, Varma S, Akkaladevi S, Lebelt AS, Norkus EP. To anticoagulate or not to anticoagulate? A common dilemma for the provider: physicians’ opinion poll based on a case study of an older long-term care facility resident with dementia and atrial fibrillation. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006;7(1):23-8.
13. Donze J, Clair C, Hug B, Rodondi N, Waeber G, Cornuz J, et al. Risk of falls and major bleeds in patients on oral anticoagulation therapy. Am J Med. 2012;125(8):773-8.
14. Gage BF, Birman-Deych E, Kerzner R, Radford MJ, Nilasena DS, Rich MW. Incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation who are prone to fall. Am J Med. 2005;118(6):612-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15922692
15. Man-Son-Hing M, Nichol G, Lau A, Laupacis A. Choosing antithrombotic therapy for elderly patients with atrial fibrillation who are at risk for falls. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(7):677-85.
16. Man-Son-Hing M, Laupacis A. Anticoagulant-related bleeding in older persons with atrial fibrillation: physicians’ fears often unfounded. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(13):1580-6.
17. Fang MC, Chang Y, Hylek EM, Rosand J, Greenberg SM, Go AS, et al. Advanced age, anticoagulation intensity, and risk for intracranial hemorrhage among patients taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(10):745-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15545674
18. Sellers MB, Newby LK. Atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation, fall risk, and outcomes in elderly patients. Am Heart J. 2011;161(2):241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21315204
19. Mant J, Hobbs FD, Fletcher K, Roalfe A, Fitzmaurice D, Lip GY, et al. Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370(9586):493-503.
20. Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group. Lancet. 1993;342(8882):1255-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7901582
21. Garwood CL, Corbett TL. Use of anticoagulation in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation who are at risk for falls. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(4):523-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18334606
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copyright, Kellscraft Studio
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17. How the Balloon Was Launched
For three days Dorothy heard nothing from Oz.
These were sad days for the little girl, although her friends were all
quite happy and contented. The
Scarecrow told them there were wonderful thoughts in his head; but he would not
say what they were because he knew no one could understand them but himself.
When the Tin Woodman walked about he felt his heart rattling around in
his breast; and he told Dorothy he had discovered it to be a kinder and more
tender heart than the one he had owned when he was made of flesh.
The Lion declared he was afraid of nothing on earth, and would gladly
face an army or a dozen of the fierce Kalidahs.
Thus each of the little party was satisfied except Dorothy, who longed
more than ever to get back to Kansas.
On the fourth day, to her great joy, Oz sent for her, and when she
entered the Throne Room he greeted her pleasantly:
"Sit down, my dear; I think I have found the way to get you out of
"And back to Kansas?" she asked eagerly.
"Well, I'm not sure about Kansas," said Oz, "for I haven't
the faintest notion which way it lies. But
the first thing to do is to cross the desert, and then it should be easy to find
your way home."
"How can I cross the desert?" she inquired.
"Well, I'll tell you what I think," said the little man.
"You see, when I came to this country it was in a balloon.
You also came through the air, being carried by a cyclone.
So I believe the best way to get across the desert will be through the
air. Now, it is quite beyond my powers to make a cyclone; but I've been thinking
the matter over, and I believe I can make a balloon."
"How?" asked Dorothy.
"A balloon," said Oz, "is made of silk, which is coated
with glue to keep the gas in it. I
have plenty of silk in the Palace, so it will be no trouble to make the balloon.
But in all this country there is no gas to fill the balloon with, to make
"If it won't float," remarked Dorothy, "it will be of no
use to us."
"True," answered Oz. "But
there is another way to make it float, which is to fill it with hot air.
Hot air isn't as good as gas, for if the air should get cold the balloon
would come down in the desert, and we should be lost."
"We!" exclaimed the girl.
"Are you going with me?"
"Yes, of course," replied Oz.
"I am tired of being such a humbug. If I should go out of this
Palace my people would soon discover I am not a Wizard, and then they would be
vexed with me for having deceived them. So I have to stay shut up in these rooms
all day, and it gets tiresome. I'd much rather go back to Kansas with you and be
in a circus again."
"I shall be glad to have your company," said Dorothy.
"Thank you," he answered.
"Now, if you will help me sew the silk together, we will begin to
work on our balloon."
So Dorothy took a needle and thread, and as fast as Oz cut the strips of
silk into proper shape the girl sewed them neatly together. First there was a
strip of light green silk, then a strip of dark green and then a strip of
emerald green; for Oz had a fancy to make the balloon in different shades of the
color about them. It took three days to sew all the strips together, but when
it was finished they had a big bag of green silk more than twenty feet long.
Then Oz painted it on the inside with a coat of thin glue, to make it
airtight, after which he announced that the balloon was ready.
"But we must have a basket to ride in," he said.
So he sent the soldier with the green whiskers for a big clothes basket,
which he fastened with many ropes to the bottom of the balloon.
When it was all ready, Oz sent word to his people that he was going to
make a visit to a great brother Wizard who lived in the clouds. The news spread
rapidly throughout the city and everyone came to see the wonderful sight.
Oz ordered the balloon carried out in front of the Palace, and the people
gazed upon it with much curiosity. The
Tin Woodman had chopped a big pile of wood, and now he made a fire of it, and Oz
held the bottom of the balloon over the fire so that the hot air that arose from
it would be caught in the silken bag. Gradually the balloon swelled out and rose
into the air, until finally the basket just touched the ground.
Then Oz got into the basket and said to all the people in a
"I am now going away to make a visit.
While I am gone the Scarecrow will rule over you.
I command you to obey him as you would me."
The balloon was by this time tugging hard at the rope that held it to the
ground, for the air within it was hot, and this made it so much lighter in
weight than the air without that it pulled hard to rise into the sky.
"Come, Dorothy!" cried the Wizard.
"Hurry up, or the balloon will fly away."
"I can't find Toto anywhere," replied Dorothy, who did not wish
to leave her little dog behind. Toto
had run into the crowd to bark at a kitten, and Dorothy at last found him.
She picked him up and ran towards the balloon.
She was within a few steps of it, and Oz was holding out his hands to
help her into the basket, when, crack! went the ropes, and the balloon rose into
the air without her.
"Come back!" she screamed.
"I want to go, too!"
"I can't come back, my dear," called Oz from the basket.
"Good-bye!" shouted everyone, and all eyes were turned upward
to where the Wizard was riding in the basket, rising every moment farther and
farther into the sky.
And that was the last any of them ever saw of Oz, the Wonderful Wizard,
though he may have reached Omaha safely, and be there now, for all we know.
But the people remembered him lovingly, and said to one another:
"Oz was always our friend. When
he was here he built for us this beautiful Emerald City, and now he is gone he
has left the Wise Scarecrow to rule over us."
Still, for many days they grieved over the loss of the Wonderful Wizard,
and would not be comforted.
Click here to continue to the next chapter of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
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Quantification forms a significant aspect of cross-linguistic research into both sentence structure and meaning. This book surveys research in quantification starting with the foundational work in the 1970s. It paints a vivid picture of generalized quantifiers and Boolean semantics. It explains how the discovery of diverse scope behaviour in the 1990s transformed the view of quantification, and how the study of the internal composition of quantifiers has become central in recent years. It presents different approaches to the same problems, and links modern logic and formal semantics to advances in generative syntax. A unique feature of the book is that it systematically brings cross-linguistic data to bear on the theoretical issues, covering French, German, Dutch, Hungarian, Russian, Japanese, Telugu (Dravidian), and Shupamem (Grassfield Bantu) and points to formal semantic literature involving quantification in around thirty languages.
1. What this book is about and how to use it; 2. Generalized quantifiers and their elements: operators and their scopes; 3. Generalized quantifiers in non-nominal domains; 4. Some empirically significant properties of quantifiers and determiners; 5. Potential challenges for generalized quantifiers; 6. Scope is not uniform and not a primitive; 7. Existential scope versus distributive scope; 8. Distributivity and scope; 9. Bare numeral indefinites; 10. Modified numerals; 11. Clause-internal scopal diversity; 12. Towards a compositional semantics of quantifier words.
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To gain basic knowledge on a new topic do not necessarily demand you to read tons of books or sign up for a course. In some cases, you can actually replace the dusty classroom with a tiny App and gain knowledge while sitting at home and having fun. Right now there are a lot of science iPad Apps you can work with to make it easier and more fun to pick up scientific knowledge.
In this article, I am are sharing with you a handpicked collection of Apps divided into different disciplines of science. Whether you are a student, a science professional, or just a plain science enthusiast you can take advantage of a wide range of iPad Apps for chemistry, biology, astronomy, earth and environment, and some helpful productivity Apps. You will find that a number of these Apps are free while others cost only a few dollars. Either way, these iPad Apps are all intellectually rewarding, engaging and even entertaining. If we have missed any App worth including in the list, please write us a comment below. We will appreciate if you will share this article to your friends. Enjoy!
Chemistry Apps for iPad
Molecules – Free
Molecules is an application for viewing three-dimensional renderings of molecules and manipulating them using your fingers. You can rotate the molecules by moving your finger across the display, zoom in or out by using two-finger pinch gestures, or pan the molecule by moving two fingers across the screen at once. These structures can be viewed in both ball-and-stick and space-filling visualization modes.
Buffers – $1.99
Buffers is a scientific tool for designing buffer solutions for pH control. Buffers is useful both as a handy reference of available buffering agents and as an accurate, portable buffer calculator for chemical, biochemical and biological research.
Atoms In Motion – $2.99
Discover the fundamental nature of matter; everything is made of atoms. The atomic theory is brought to life in “Atoms in Motion” — a fully interactive atomistic simulation that uses sophisticated Molecular Dynamics (MD) algorithms to perform computational chemistry calculations right on your iPad. Such computations reveal the motions of atoms as they attract, repel, and collide with one another.
Particle Zoo – Free
Would you like to get to know the particles that make up our universe a little better? Then carry this convenient list of subatomic particles in your pocket! Based on The Particle Zoo plushies.
This is a standard periodic table of the elements – a necessity for anyone interested in or even exposed chemistry. However, the version differs in that instead of cramming all the information for an element into one little square, you can select a chemical attribute and have the entire chart color coded to plainly show how the different elements vary with regard to the selected trait.
The Elements: A Visual Exploration – $13.99
Of all the periodic table apps, there is only one which Stephen Fry described as “Alone worth the price of an iPad!”. The Elements: A Visual Exploration is not a reference app, it is a rich and engaging love story of the periodic table, told in words and pictures, and allowing you to experience the beauty and fascination of the building blocks of our universe in a way you’ve never seen before.
iCelsius – Free
iCelsius, a temperature probe, turns the iPhone, iPad or iPod touch into a digital thermometer. IMPORTANT – Requires separate hardware available from http://www.icelsius.com to operate. The App can work in demo mode however if no probe is connected. The current App downloaded from the App store will read temperature, create graphs and set up alerts.
iLab: Timer – $0.99
Harnessing the simplicity found in physical laboratory timers, iLab: Timer brings accurate, simple, and easy timing to the iPad. Up to 10 independent timers can be set, timing simultaneously, and customizable depending upon your timing needs.
Biology Apps for iPad
3D Cell – Free
Learn about the cell and all its structures using our new 3D Cell iPhone application tool. Enjoy the ability to rotate the cell 360 degrees and zoom in on any cell structure. Visit the cell structure screen and learn more about how each structure functions. In this application you can also watch videos from our live cell video library as well.
Pocket Heart – $6.99
Whether you’re a human biology student needing to learn, understand and memorize all of the anatomical features and functions of the heart, or a health care professional looking for a novel way of communicating a diagnosis or procedure to a patient, colleague or trainee, Pocket Heart’s unique 3D interface can facilitate this. – Students: You can use this App as a study tool to help you brush up on your knowledge of the heart in preparing for your human biology exams. – Doctors/Health Care Professionals: This App offers you a unique communication resource on which to demonstrate your diagnoses and surgical procedures to patients. – Parents: Use Pocket Heart as an educational aid in showing your children how the human heart works in a fun and game-like 3D environment.
Mitosis – Free
How do cells divide to grow new hair, repair your skin, or strengthen your bones? Mitosis walks you through the process of cell division, and explains everything that happens along the way. You’ll usher cells through mitosis with your fingers, learning about what happens in each phase of the process. You can also look at images of actual cells dividing under a microscope and see the actual structures you’ve studied.
Monster Anatomy HD – Lower Limb – $18.99
Monster Anatomy HD – Lower Limb is an interactive lower limb radiology atlas presented at the 2009 Radiological Society of North America annual meeting. The application was developed in the Medical Imaging Department of the University Hospital Center of Nancy, France, under the supervision of Professor Alain Blum. This application is designed for health-care professionals (Radiologists, General Practitioners, Orthopedists, Surgeons, Physiotherapists among others) as well for students, as a reference and learning tool. It contains 384 contiguous MR slices (4-5 mm thickness) in the three anatomical planes.
Muscle System Pro III – $19.99
Muscle System Pro III is used by most universities and is now the standard learning/reference tool for students and medical professionals. Muscle System Pro III’s primary use is as a learning tool but it can also be used as a fast and innovative reference tool by utilizing the index function that allows the user to select a muscle and the App will automatically zoom in and identify it. Additionally, this App is ideal for physicians, educators or professionals, in helping to locate a muscle and / or explain its relevance for certain conditions, ailments and injuries.
Creatures of Light – Free
Nature’s Bioluminescence offers a close look at some of the extraordinary organisms that produce light. Enjoy interactive animations, photo galleries, and videos that reveal the beauty of this amazing natural phenomenon, how it works, and how scientists study it. Each chapter of the App, which is adapted from the iPad content featured throughout the exhibition gallery, is set to a symphonic soundtrack composed exclusively for Creatures of Light.
Frog Dissection – $3.99
Frog Dissection from Punflay, is a greener alternative for teaching dissection in the classroom. This iPad App is suitable for middle-school students who are learning about organs and organ systems as part of their life science curriculum. Students can try dissecting a virtual specimen with all the trappings that come with the real procedure-minus the mess of course! Besides a virtual chloroformed specimen, the App comes with all the dissection tools and detailed instructions to complete the procedure. Once dissection is complete, the frog’s organs are exposed for further study. Vivid 3D images will help students visualize the internal organs very effectively. For enhanced learning experience, the App also has information on the different types of frogs, frogs’ life cycle, anatomical comparison of frogs with humans, an interactive quiz and detailed descriptions of the organs.
Wild Dolphins – Free
If you know about the movie “Dolphin Tale” or are interested in Dolphins, Marine Mammals, or Ocean Science, you will love this FREE App! Wild Dolphins tells the story behind the movie “Dolphin Tale”. Interviews, videos, graphics, sounds and interactive elements provide a factual and scientific background to Winter’s miraculous rescue and recovery.
Ultimate Dinopedia – $4.99
The National Geographic Kids Ultimate Dinopedia is the most complete, most beautiful, and most up-to-date look at the dinosaur world. It bursts with astonishing artwork. It amazes with fantastic facts. It captures the newest, coolest paleontology. Meet the smallest, largest, fastest, and slowest dinosaurs known. Find out the most famous dinosaur mistakes. Judge winners in the greatest dinosaur battles of all time, and discover much more!
Kids Can Match – Free
An interactive, adaptive and fun memory game for children of all ages. This App contains an amazing, one of a kind, collection of over 70 authentic animal images and sounds. The perfect way to engage children in a fun game while they learn about a broad range of animals from all over the world. Tailor made and carefully designed by experienced educators to fit the needs of small children this educational game is a wonderful asset in any animal loving family.
NatureTap – Free
Tap into the great outdoors with NatureTap, the only nature App that lets you swipe, flip and tap your way through hundreds of birds, bugs, frogs and flowers. And challenge yourself with fun and exciting games. You will love the fun visual interface and the intuitive tap-to-search functionality for exploring plants and animals by shape and color. NatureTap includes brilliant images, detailed maps, crystal clear audio, and detailed descriptions.
Physics Apps for iPad
Touch Physics HD – $2.99
Touch Physics HD is a collection of 89 new and beautifully hand drawn levels devised by the professor in his lab. They are as progressively challenging as the original Touch Physics and Touch Physics 2. Are you up to this new challenge? Can you defy the laws of physics and control the wheel’s destiny in order to complete all 89 levels? You can even change the laws of physics to suit your gameplay! Draw shapes that interact with the wheel, causing it to move according to physical laws. When it reaches the star, the level is complete.
Vernier Video Physics – $2.99
Vernier Video Physics for iOS brings physics video analysis to iPhone, iPod touch and iPad. Take a video of an object in motion, mark its position frame by frame, and set up the scale using a known distance. Video Physics then draws trajectory, position, and velocity graphs for the object. Share video, graphs and data to Facebook, your Photo Library and to your computer running Vernier’s Logger Pro software. Video Physics is perfect for physics students and instructors. Perform on-the-go analysis of interesting motions.
Environmental Science Apps for iPad
Wonders of Geology – $12.99
Wonders of Geology has all the features of a cool science App: animated diagrams, pinch and zoom, thumbnail navigation, maps, etc. But like a great book it also has an author, a man with a passion for his subject and a desire to share it with others. It’s as if we’re with Michael Collier in the cockpit of his Cessna. As we look out at the spectacular landscape, he speaks to us. Mystery becomes understanding; the wonders of the earth shine.
Weather Radar HD Lite – Free
The best selling weather radar App in the App store, expanded and updated for the iPad! Simple, fast, easy to use, gorgeous animated graphics. Includes full animated coverage of the entire U.S., as well as the latest radar imagery across the globe overlaid on three styles of scrollable, zoomable maps. In addition to weather radar and cloud cover, Weather Radar HD is a real-time weather map of the entire world with current conditions and local forecasts. Zoom and scroll and the weather conditions are updated in real time, with current condition icons and temperatures displayed right on the map. Just like the weather maps on TV!
EarthObserver – $0.99
Explore your planet as never before with the mobility of EarthObserver. Use your fingertips to travel through terrestrial landscapes and across the ocean floor. Visit frozen icecaps, study geological maps, scout mountains to climb and trips on coastal waters and exploit a rich atlas of other earth and environmental imagery. EarthObserver brings to you the latest compilation of detailed ocean floor relief gathered by oceanographic research ships using modern swath mapping technologies, combined with land elevations from satellite stereo imagery.
Ocean Encounters – $1.99
Travel the Oceans of the World with Award-Winning Wildlife Photographer and Author Brandon Cole, exploring the beauty and diversity of earth’s marine life. Featuring 250 stunning images in 25 Galleries, iTunes integration and a Built-in Music Player, Facebook sharing, Map-based Navigation, Slide-show player and a save-as Wallpaper feature.
iFeltThat Earthquake – $0.99
Did you just experience an earthquake? Find out how close and how big it was with iFeltThat, the most detailed and customizable worldwide earthquake App for the iPhone and iPod touch. iFeltThat retrieves information directly from multiple official sources to show you microquake activity as low as magnitude 1.0 in most U.S. regions. Earthquake lists for U.S. regions show you more precisely where an event occurred (not just “Northern California,” but “5 mi SE of Santa Rosa, CA”). Compare the screenshots of other Apps to see the difference! Rotate any list view to see the region-wide map. In addition to 20 region-specific event listings around the world, iFeltThat features a Nearby region, which uses your current location as a center point.
Skeptical Science – Free
Ever heard someone claim Global Warming isn’t happening? Did their explanation seem wrong but you didn’t know why? Skeptical Science helps you find out what the peer reviewed science has to say about global warming. The easy navigation by skeptical argument allows you to take a statement and find out for yourself whether it is based on credible science or not.
Astronomy Apps for iPad
Have you ever built a Solar system model? Cups, bowls, and papier-mache balls are in the past, because Solar Walk is a time-sensitive accurate information-packed interactive model of the Solar system and the Milky Way galaxy. This 3D Solar System model lets you navigate through space and time, see all the planets in close-up, learn their trajectories, inner structures, history of their exploration, points of interest and more. It even has detailed 3D models of the most interesting man-made satellites. Use 3D mode to get a more realistic experience and zoom out to view and spin the entire Galaxy!
Where will the Sun rise and set today? Is there a Full Moon tonight? Where is the Big Dipper? What is the name of that bright star? What are some fun facts about these objects? SkyView Free is powerful, easy-to-use, and answers these questions and more. Simply point the camera to the sky, tap on what you see and discover neat things about these sky objects. SkyView Free is unique as it blends the camera view with incredible 3D graphics of the sky objects to provide an Augmented Reality (AR) view of your sky. This App runs on your retina iPad at full HD resolution in addition to your iPhone and iPod.
Do you like stars? Star Walk is a stellar augmented reality App that labels all the stars, constellations, and satellites you point your iPad at. You can track the ISS, find out what constellation you’ve been looking at from your bedroom window and get a lot of exciting and educative information. Combine that with the amazing Apple Design Award winning graphics and highest quality content, you get the magic so highly praised by those who have tried it.
NASA App HD – Free
Come explore with NASA. Now on your iPad. It features thousands of images from NASA IOTD, APOD and NASAImages.org as well as on demand NASA Videos from around the agency. You can also enjoy live streaming of NASA TV; gain access to current NASA Mission Information, launch information and countdown clocks and many more.
Mars Globe HD – $0.99
Take a tour of the mysterious Red Planet. This virtual globe combines a high-resolution satellite map with laser altimeter data and advanced topographic lighting to present the planet Mars as it appears from above. An Introduction and Guided Tour present some of Mars’ most intriguing features. You can leave the guided tour and explore Mars as you like; over 1500 surface features have been annotated with information and links. Mars Globe HD is a must-have App for anyone interested in our solar system.
3D Sun – Free
A major solar flare erupts on the sun. Before long, your phone chirps in your pocket to let you know! Pulling out your phone, you see a 3D view of the sun — a digital reconstruction of satellite images freshly downloaded from NASA’s “STEREO” satellites, orbiting millions of miles away. You rotate the sun with your finger to view it from any angle. You pinch in and out to zoom in for a closer look at the sun’s ever-changing surface.
Moon Globe HD – $0.99
Hold the Moon in your hands. Moon Globe HD turns your iPhone, iPod Touch or iPad into a precision instrument for viewing Earth’s Moon. Satellite imagery and topographic laser altimeter data are combined to render the Moon with realistic lighting in realtime 3D. Use the multi-touch screen to manipulate the view. Spin above the surface, or switch to Telescope mode to see the Moon as it appears from your location on Earth. Adjust the display time and watch the sunlight shift over the lunar landscape. A “tag cloud” floats just above the surface, labeling terrain features and spacecraft; touch any label to find out more about that feature. Moon Globe also shows you where the Moon and Sun are in the sky with its dynamic sky compass.
G – $2.99
G allows you to quickly experiment the effects of the Universal Gravitation by adding bodies into the simulation, seeing how they react to each other in real time. G offers a vast universe to add your bodies into, potentially allowing you to create stable planetary systems, binary star systems, and other multiple-body complex systems. G is very simple to use. When you first start it, you are presented with the solar system. The Sun and all planets from Mercury to Uranus are added to the simulation, including the Earth’s Moon.
Science Reference Apps for iPad
Science Glossary – Free
A glossary of scientific terms and short biographies that support the science education website, http://www.visionlearning.com. All definitions link to related terms and to free, detailed science learning modules. Though geared for high school and undergraduate students using our website, the glossary and modules are appropriate for anyone generally interested in science.
Science360 for iPad – Free
The National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Science360 for iPad provides easy access to engaging science and engineering images and video from around the globe and a news feed featuring breaking news from NSF-funded institutions. Content is either produced by NSF or gathered from scientists, colleges and universities, and NSF science and engineering centers.
VideoScience – Free
A growing library of over 80 hands-on Science lessons that are great for home and the classroom. These short videos demonstrate inexpensive and easy to recreate experiments that are designed to inspire and excite kids of all ages. VideoScience is hosted by Dan Menelly, a Science Teacher at the UN International School and a 2010 Einstein Fellow with the National Science Foundation in the Office of Cyberinfrastructure. VideoScience is proudly brought to you by Science House and the Science House Foundation.
The Magic of Reality – $13.99
Throughout history people all over the world have invented stories to answer profound questions such as these. Have you heard the tale of how the sun hatched out of an emu’s egg? Or the great catfish that carries the world on its back? These fantastical myths are fun – but what is the real answer to such questions? The Magic of Reality for iPad is a new and groundbreaking approach to interactive books, taking us on an enthralling journey through scientific reality, and showing that it has an awe-inspiring beauty and thrilling magic which far exceeds those of the ancient myths.
Science Productivity Apps for iPad
PLoS Reader – Free
Read the most recent articles from the seven journals published by the Public Library of Science. PLoS Reader is designed just for the iPad and features a full-screen, page-turning interface.
WolframAlpha – $2.99
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Three’s a charm as the Oklahoma City Zoo celebrates the birth of three Red Panda cubs! Born on June 25 to mom “Celeste” and dad “Yoda,” the cubs, two males and one female, are now discovering their outdoor habitat by Zoo Lake. This was the third set of cubs for both parents and a rare occurrence of a triple birth – usually Red Pandas only give birth to two cubs at a time. The cubs mark the eighth, ninth and tenth red panda births to occur at the zoo, with the most recent cub births in June of 2010. The 2010 cubs, a male a female, moved to other zoos in 2010 as part of the Species Survival Plan (SSP). The male went to the Central Park Zoo in New York and the female to the Indianapolis Zoo. These photos are courtesy of the Oklahoman newspaper.
Photo credits: Bryan Terry, Copyright 2011, The Oklahoman
The birth of the cubs is a great success for the red panda Species Survival Plan, or SSP. The program was developed by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and is a cooperative effort among AZA accredited zoos throughout North America created to help promote genetic diversity through this species management program.
“Panda” is the Nepalese word for “small, cat-like animal.” The red panda is named for the blazing red color of its coat, which along with the white and black markings on its face helps the animal to blend in with the reddish-brown moss and white lichens that decorate the fir trees of its habitat. Adult red pandas weigh between 12 and 20 pounds and have a long, bushy tail that accounts for two-thirds of their body length. They have thick fur padding on their feet which is ideal for walking on snow and ice, and semi-retractable claws help these excellent climbers to keep their grip in the trees. Red pandas are primarily nocturnal and spend much of the daylight hours curled up in trees.
The cubs weighed about 100 grams (less than one pound) at birth, entering the world fully-furred and a grayish color, blind and totally dependant on their mother. They attain their famous fiery coat at about 90 days, will wean from their mother at about five months and will stay with their mother until they are around a year old. They weighed approximately 1-2 pounds each at their most recent health check.
The species is listed as endangered as their habitats shrink from deforestation. The red panda’s home is in remote areas of the Himalayan Mountains in southern Tibet and southern China is being threatened by agriculture and cattle grazing, and competition from local livestock for resources.
Although the word “panda” brings to mind the much-loved black and white versions of the species, the Giant Panda, red pandas are in a family all their own. While giant pandas are in the bear family, red pandas have not yet been formally classified into a mammal group, although theories suggest such relatives as raccoons or skunks.
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The state of education in the 1830s
Decay of Village Community and the Decline of Village Schools of Vernacular Education in Bihar and Bengal in the Colonial Era: A Sociological Review
Revised version of the paper entitled “Decline of Civil Society in India in the Colonial Era: The Case of Indigenous Village Schools of Vernacular Education”, presented at the conference on “Social Consciousness and culture in Modern India” sponsored by Centre for Studies in Civilizations, India International Centre, New Delhi, 27-28 February, 2006
Since the beginning of colonial rule steps and measures began to be taken for establishing new mechanisms and institutions for facilitating the existence and prosperity of colonial power in India Following the promulgation of zamindari system (in 1793) old agrarian structure gradually began to be radically changed. The status of raiyat (peasant proprietor of pre-colonial days) was reduced to that of mere tenant. Intermediaries (zamindars) became permanent controllers of land whose conduct and policies led to the emergence of money-lending class as the richest group in the society1. Gradually the old structure of village was almost completely transformed. Village as a community eventually became too weak to overcome the divisive forces and the growing power of casteism and communalism in the twentieth century2. Along with all this, the education policy pursued by the colonial government was also directed against village institutions of vernacular education, which had been vigorously flourishing since probably Mughal days. However, the relationship of interdependence between village community and village school which facilitated the working of the peasant economy before, has, perhaps, received very little attention of the scholars of Indian history and sociology so far3. In the present paper, an attempt is made to describe the system of vernacular education which existed as a part of village structure and, then, discuss the way such an educational system was forced by socio-political circumstances to decline as village community gradually came to lose its force and become disintegrated in the nineteenth century due to the policies and measures taken by the colonial authorities.
Indigenous elementary or vernacular schools were found to be flourishing until the first few decades of the nineteenth century. William Adam conducted a survey of such schools in Bengal during 1830s. According to his estimate, about one lakh vernacular schools existed at that time in the villages of Bengal and Bihar4. In this context, Rev. F. E. Keay wrote on the basis of evidence furnished by British Indian records and British officials that “there was---, before the British Government took over the control of education in India, a widespread, popular, indigenous system. It was not confined to one or two provinces, but was found in various parts of India, though some districts were more advanced than others. In the inquiry made for the Madras Presidency in 1822-26, it was calculated that rather less than one-sixth of the boys of school-going age received education... In the similar inquiry made for the Bombay Presidency (1823-28), the number of boys under instruction was put down to about one in eight5...” A.P. Howell writing about education in India before 1854 on the basis of First Education Dispatch of the Court of Directors of the East India Company (1814) and other relevant documents mentioned that “There is no doubt that from time immemorial indigenous schools have existed... In Bengal alone, in 1835, Mr. Adam estimated their number to be 100,000; in Madras, upon an inquiry instituted by Sir Thomas Munro in 1822, the number of schools was reported to be 12,498, containing 188,650 scholars; and in Bombay, about the same period, schools of a similar order were found to be scattered all over the Presidency.6”
It is thus clear that indigenous elementary schools existed in most of the regions of India until about 1830s. There must have been variations in their structures due to regional and cultural differences. But, the prevalence of some common elements among them cannot be ruled out since all these institutions were recognized in different regions by different British officers and observers as indigenous schools of elementary education for village children. So, one can derive at least some ideas regarding their common structural aspects from different historical accounts available today. In this context, according to an anthropologist, Edward Hall, it is necessary to have data or information regarding the following : content of learning, the way learning is organized, the institutional setting, language used etc7.
So far as the content of learning is concerned, generally agricultural accounts, commercial accounts and some vernacular works were taught in local / regional languages. For example, in the Magadh belt of Bihar some Hindi books such as Dan Lila, Sudama Charita, Ram Janam based on the Ramayana of Tulshi Das were used8. In Bengal, the contents of instruction were the same as mentioned above. But, the vernacular works and the medium of instruction were Bengali. Similarly, in the north-eastern part of Tirhut, the contents of vernacular works and the medium of instruction were “Tirhutia” (Maithili)9. It is significant to note that neither Sanskrit nor Persian / Arabic books were used for teaching in these schools. Only the books available in vernaculars were included in the syllabus. The prevalence of vernacular education in all the Presidencies in the early nineteenth century indicates that it was a well institutionalized system. Its institutionalization at such a massive scale must have been backed and facilitated by the socio-economic conditions prevailing in the rural areas for a long time before colonial period.
Regarding the clientele of this education, William Adam observed that “Commercial accounts... are chiefly acquired by the class of money-lenders and retail traders, agricultural accounts... by the children of those families whose subsistence is exclusively drawn from the land, and both accounts by those... who expect to gain their livelihood as writers, accountants, etc10. Village schools, thus, used to impart such training to the children of peasants, artisans, craftsmen and traders that prepared them for carrying on the activities of their respective occupations, in future.
In this context, it is, pertinent to discuss the nature of village that afforded space for the existence of an educational institution for the mass of its members before the beginning of colonial rule. According to R.S. Sharma, “corporate unity” of “Village Community” became visible since early medieval era. He writes : “At least for four centuries or so from the sixth century onwards, this sense of ‘belongingness’ was strengthened by the blending of agriculture and handicrafts11” Village as a community gradually grew to be quite strong. The harmonious combination of agriculture and handicrafts gave rise to the emergence of “self-possessing, self-working and self-sufficient peasants within the village community system”12. Such a class of peasantry, according to Ramkrishna Mukherjee, also included “traders and the more or less self-sufficient and self-working artisans who owned their means of production and whose dominant role in society was to produce by employing their own labour’13. The structure of village community was chiefly constituted by this class in pre-British era14. The community had its own strong internal arrangement. Mukherjee contends in this context that “Indeed, so much was the ... strength of the village community system that although new forces had begun to emerge in society from about the fifteenth century in order to break through the institution, they could not...do away with it even by the middle of the eighteenth century.”15 Due to the predominance of the (said) one class, perhaps, the village community was quite consolidated in spite of having caste heterogeneity. A number of bhakti movements and other anti-Varna / jati forces had been working in the society since medieval age16. Consequently, perhaps, Nicholas Dirks writes that “the units of social identity had been multiple ... Caste was just one category among many others... Regional, village... kinship groups, factional parties, chiefly contingents...could supersede caste as a ruberic for identity”17 (emphasis added). So, it seems that caste divisions were there but the force of village community was so strong that it contained or undermined effectively any divisive or antagonistic relationship based on caste consideration.
According to Irfan Habib, village used to have a panchayat with considerable authority, its own fund of money (collective fund) for expenditure at the time of damming water channels in the village and its own land (waste land and pasture, etc. which were most probably used as common property resources by the villagers)18. The strength of such a sociological reality of village was, it seems, taken to be quite striking by the British observers and authorities as well in the beginning decades of colonial rule.
Thomas Munro reported in 1806 that every village was a kind of “little republic” and the Fifth Report of 1812 quoted him “liberally in an endorsement of the view that village government had been in place from time immemorial19”. Mark Wilks wrote in 1810 about the continuity and vigour of the autonomy of internal management of village by villagers in spite of the changes of imperial dynasties and rulers from time to time20. Considering different historical records and reports of the British authorities of early nineteenth century in this context, James Ray Hagen contends that village “operated off itself, that is, physical and moral control was enforced from within rather than dependent on higher level of imperial authority21”. The observations of Jonathan Ducan, Colonel Sleeman and others also endorse this view of the nature of village in pre-British India22.
Considering the aforementioned accounts, one may contend that village structure before British rule was chiefly constituted by the peasants (who were owners of their lands and who themselves cultivated their lands), traders and artisans. This class had devised an autonomous system of management of its affairs as village panchayat. Village identity was, perhaps, most important for them in living their every day life. Agriculture was the chief occupation in the village. Besides, there were also traders and artisans. How did peasants and others continue to carry on their respective occupational activities from generation to generation? What was the source of the knowledge required for performing such activities? Which institution existed in village to impart any training for supporting the system of agriculture, trade and manufacturing that prevailed in the rural areas before the nineteenth century?
It is difficult to find out any categorical answer to these questions since field-view history of rural societies is still largely unexplored. However, according to Eugen Weber, a fruitful source of understanding the minds and feelings of rural people may be found in their songs, dances, proverbs, tales, etc.23 Of all these, proverbs define the rules and structure that society sets for individuals, fashion their mentalities, help them in constructing their identities and regulate their relationships with their fellow men / women, their lands, occupations, etc.24 Considering these functions of proverbs, one may assume that those (proverbs) which relate to agricultural operations served the need of guiding and educating the peasants for conducting efficiently the activities of agricultural production. Such proverbs existed in the rural areas of almost all the regions in large number. For example, John Christian who collected more than five hundred proverbs from the rural areas of Bihar in the last decade of the nineteenth century found not less than seventy of them constituting a stock of knowledge used by peasants in different seasons and contexts of agricultural operations25. Similarly, there are not less than seventy Dak proverbs which have been in circulation in north India since at least medieval period26. However, proverbs were not enough to serve their need for keeping and maintaining the agricultural and trade accounts, which formed a necessary part of agrarian life. Probably, village schools were gradually evolved by the efforts of village communities themselves for serving the said need of the class of self sufficient peasant proprietors, artisans, and others who were the chief constituents of the village structure. It is difficult to say when and how exactly these schools emerged. This issue should be seriously taken up for historical exploration and inquiry by the scholars interested in the history and sociology of rural societies. However, an attempt is made here to have at least a glimpse into the changing conditions of agricultural education since ancient period.
Agricultural science as a discipline of education was ignored by the elites (who favoured chiefly the philosophical, literary and religious disciplines) since, perhaps, late ancient or early medieval period. In the ancient period, the subjects relating to agriculture, cattle-rearing and trade were included in the discipline known as Varta which was one of the four Vidyas, viz. Anvikshiki (Sankhya, Yoga and Lokayata), Trayi (three Vedas), Varta and Dandaniti27. Upper class people including those of ruling families used to be educated in these disciplines under the guidance of experts28. The gahapatis of different varnas who were constituents of the upper or elite class not only controlled the land but directly participated in different agricultural operations29. But, it seems that as the value of Dharmashastras began to grow, Lokayata and Varta were ignored. The number of Vidyas that was four earlier increased to fourteen by the time of Yajnavalkya's smriti. But, Varta and Lokayata were excluded from the list of fourteen Vidyas30. Buddhist centres of learning also ignored Varta31. So far as Lokayata is concerned, Buddha himself is said to have been against learning it which, according to Pali texts, flourished well in the ancient period32. According to K.P. Jayaswal, by the eleventh century A.D. the influence of Dharmashastra became so strong that even Dandaniti fell from the favour of elites33. By the fifteenth century A.D., it seems that Vidyas were ordinally grouped in two, upper and lower, categories34. The important point to note in this context is that Varta does not find a place either in the category of upper or in that of lower Vidyas. Agricultural education, one may thus say, flourished in ancient period when elites used to directly involve themselves in the cultivation of land (discussed before). Later, elites withdrew themselves completely from agricultural occupations. For the upper Varnas, particularly brahmanas, even holding a plough was (and is) considered sinful. And, simultaneously, one finds agricultural education almost completely ignored. Thus, the upper (varna) section of society though depending chiefly on agricultural economy neither considered it desirable to directly participate in agricultural operations, nor did it grant even a little space to agriculture education in the group of Vidyas. This attitude of the elites towards the very foundation of their society might have been, perhaps, weakening the society from within.
It is difficult to say how this kind of change occurred in Indian society. However, it may be noted that the tradition of Lokayata, concerned with Lok. (folk) that is, praja (the masses) who remained subjected to rule from above35, has been existing since ancient days according to Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya36.In Lokayata, agricultural science (Varta) was considered very important37. According to Har Prasad Shastri, Lokayata also includes different tantrik cults prevailing among Lok, the chief constituent of the peasant sector of society38. R.S. Sharma contends in this context that shudras and women (of all caste groups) were prohibited from participating in any activity based on the Vedic tradition since the days preceding the Mauryan rule39. As they were denied any access to the Vedic tradition, they perhaps, increasingly became vulnerable to the non-Vedic appeals of tantrik cults. Sharma writes while discussing the crisis of Kaliyug depicted in different puranas and other Sanskrit texts that the period after third or fourth century A.D. is marked with intense hostility between brahmanas and shudras40. Vaishyas and shudras were "engaged in production and payment of taxes and in supply of surplus labour "and kshatriyas and brahmanas "lived on taxes, tributes and gifts"41. The clash of the interests of the brahmanas and kshatriyas constituting the upper class and those constituting lok or the lower class became quite visible since third or fourth century A.D42. This hostility, perhaps, increased a great deal due to their conflicting ideological traditions. The upper or elite class adhered to the Vedic tradition and, therefore, believed in upholding and maintaining Varna ashram order. But others had practically no option other than following non-Vedic cults and sects. Sharma categorically says that Tantrism originally belonging to Shakta sect became very well pronounced in the Shaiva, Vaishnava, Buddhist and Jain sects and "generally provided for the initiation of women and shudras and did not discriminate between the Varnas... Shudra teachers could initiate sudras and chandalas and could perform sacrifices43". Tantric tradition further gained ground following the emergence and spread of Nath cult44. So, broadly speaking, two antagonistic traditions, one of Vedic orthodoxy or Sanatanis comprising the elite category of brahmanas and kshatriyas, and the other of Tantrism upheld by lok comprising chiefly shudras, and also Vaishyas and women (of all caste groups), continued to flourish parallel to each other since early medieval period. These two broad traditions in spite of being conflicting with each other might also have had the relationship of give and take in the course of their coexistence in society. However, the important point to note is the continuity of hostility between these two main traditions, particularly the hostility between brahmanas and shudras (discussed before) across centuries. Probably, it was because of this prolonged hostility that elite group ignored agriculture (the occupation of lok) to the extent that agricultural education was removed from the recognized list of Vidyas (mentioned before) and a religious sanction was instituted against participation of elite castes in the processes of land cultivation. So, perhaps, the accounts of socio-cultural life and institutions of lok remained mostly unrecorded in the past centuries because the production of shastras and other writings almost always remained in the hands of those who were hostile to the world-views and traditions of lok. Absence of any account of village school in any dharmashastra or purana or literary or philosophical work may be due to this reason. However, it should not be inferred from above that village schools did not exist at that time simply because of the nonavailability of any written account about such rural institutions. Weber asserts that "the illiterate are not in fact inarticulate; they can and do express their feelings and their minds in several ways"45, and can create and maintain their institutions and traditions.
In the Moghul period, particularly during the regime of the emperor Akbar, it seems that the value of agriculture and the role of peasant proprietors was duly emphasized. An important duty of a king came to be viewed as protecting peasants holding lands for generations46. Further, in Moghul India, according to Irfan Habib, "...circumstances dictated that a system of individual Peasant production... should coexist with the organization of the village as a "community47". Under Moghul rule, it, thus, seems that village community gradually became quite strong having bulk of more or less self-sufficient peasant-proprietors. Beside, the emperor Akbar also gave due attention to agricultural education and that relating to household matters. The Ain-i-Akbari records the order of the emperor that "every boy ought to read books on morals, arithmatic, the notation peculiar to arithmatic, agriculture, mensuration, geometry, astronomy, physiognomy, household matters, the rules of government, medicine, logic, the tabisi, riyazi and ilahi sciences, and history..."48 Moreland writes in this context that "some writers have inferred a large educational development" following this regulation, which, according to him, cannot be accepted by "serious students of the period"49. Moreland may be right in holding such a view. But it seems that the impetus given by the emperor to agricultural education and the protection and patronage received by the peasantry along with the strengthening of village community might have worked together for the gradual emergence of a wide network of village schools. The discovery of the schools in early nineteenth century in almost all corners of the country indicates that it must have taken centuries for the spread and institutionalization of the system of this education. However, no written account of this system was, perhaps, prepared before the British authorities and observers came to record its existence and value. It seems that the elites, particularly pandits, of the medieval period also continued to carry on the legacy of their predecessors, ignored the folk world and did not consider it worthwhile to write and think about folkways and folk institutitons.
It may be mentioned here that initially, in the eighteenth century, according to Nicholas Dirks, most of the British authors directed their attention to the issues of military affairs, warfare, negotiation, etc.50 However, as British interest became increasingly concerned with the matters of land revenue, village appeared to them as very important and its significance along with that of its institutions was duly considered and highlighted by Thomas Munro, Mark Wilks, Charles Metcalf, etc51. Simultaneously, the accounts of the indigenous system of vernacular education existing in the villages which, according to Ludlow and Leitner, was "bound up with village"52, were also brought to light.
William Adam's survey of 1835-38 seems to confirm this correlation of village community and vernacular education. He found in all the districts (such as Midnapore, Burdwan, Beerbhum, Tirhut, etc.) which he intensively surveyed, that teachers of village schools were paid remuneration in both cash and kind by the villagers themselves. The space for the school was also arranged by the village people53. He categorically wrote that "indigeneous elementary schools... are those ... in which instruction in the element of knowledge is communicated, and which have been originated and are supported by the natives themselves, in contradistinction from those that are supported by religious or philanthropic societies" (emphasis added)54. This system of education was, thus, owned and maintained by the village community. It is in this context that this was an important institution and part of the civil society in the rural areas55.
Another important feature of this education was that among its consumers all kinds of castes and communities were represented. Children of Hindus and Muslims together attended school. The students belonging to upper, intermediate and lower caste clusters used to sit together for about seven or eight years to receive instruction from gurujee. Adam recorded the names of caste and religion of each and every teacher and student of the schools he surveyed. For example, in the district of South Bihar in Bihar, there were Muslim as well as Hindu teachers of Kayastha, Magadha, Gandhabanik, Teli, Koiri and Sonar castes. There were two thousand nine hundred and eighteen Hindu students and one hundred and seventy two Muslim students. The Hindu students were found to be belonging to forty eight caste groups including Dosadh, Pasi, Musahar, Dhobi, Tanti, Kalawar, Beldar, Goala, Napit, Kahar, Koiri, Kurmi, Brahman, Kayasth, etc. Similarly, in the district of Beerbhoom (in Bengal) Adam found Muslim, Hindu as well as Christian teachers. Hindu teachers were more than four hundred in number belonging to about twenty four castes including Chandal, Dhobi, Tanti, Kaivarta, Goala, etc. Among students, there were Muslims, Christians, Santhals, Dhangars, Doms, Chandals, Telis, Byadhas, Yugis, Tantis, Haris, Kurmis, Malis, Brahmanas, Kayasthas, etc56. Adam categorically reported in this context that "Parents of good caste do not hesitate to send their children to schools conducted by teachers of an inferior caste and even of different religion. For instance, the Musalman teacher... has Hinuds of good caste among his scholars and this is equally true of the Chandal and other low caste teachers enumerated57." He further recorded the following in this connection: "the Musalman tecahers have Hindu as well as Musalman scholars and the different castes of the former assemble in the same school-house, receive the same insturctions from the same teacher, and join in the same plays and pastimes58" (emphasis added). Considering all this, James Ray Hagen in his study of Patna district from 1811-1951 asserts that this indigenous elementary education was "most secularized59".
However, this system of education was virtually forced to gradually become almost extinct during the colonial regime. In 1835, William Bentinck decided the education policy of the East India Company government in favour of English education. Macaulay's minute of the 2nd February, 1835, which influenced Bentinck's decision, contained sharp remarks against classical (Sanskrit and Persian / Arabic) education along with a plea that "it is impossible for us with our limited means to attempt to educate the body of the people...60" Before Macaulay, Holt Mackenzie, a member of the General Committee of Public Instruction, had expressed the same view in 1823 that "To provide for the education of the great body of the people seems to be impossible.61" It is difficult to understand why did Macaulay or Mackenzie hold such a view regarding Vernacular elementary education? This education did not at all depend for its survival and maintenance on the support of any external agency or state authority, described before. And, yet, they, and especially Macaulay whose opinion was decisive, asserted that it was not possible for the Company Government to afford to think in favour of this education which had been people's own system of education. It seems that the colonial authorities were prepossessed in favour of only elitist, urban based, English education in accordance with their filtration theory of education62.
However, the question arises here as to how this education decayed even when it did not have to depend upon state patronage or aid? In this context, it may be said that British authorities not only decided their education policy against it but took measures to corrode the base of this education, that is, village. As a result of the Permanent Settlement of 1793, a class of intermediaries (zamindars) was created as the owners of lands. Raiyats (peasants) who had been so far enjoying the rights of permanent occupancy were declared to be mere "tenants" dependent on temporary lease of land to be granted by zamindars63. The latter got the power and authority of using ways and means of ejecting the raiyats as well as enhancing the land rents in their own interest. In fact, they "were ready to stick at nothing to extract the last anna from the peasantry to... fill their own pockets64". In order to meet the demands of landlords and maintain their existence, peasants had to borrow money from money-lenders. Their indebtedness increased enormously as it was not possible for them to pay back the amount of debt and usurious interests65. So, eventually they lost their lands to the landlords / money-lenders and ultimately became sharecroppers or landless labourers. According to Binay Bhushan Chaudhury, it was a process of depeasantization that occurred due to "...continuous alienations (mostly in the form of distress sates).66" He further contends that "the loss of land gradually degraded the peasant owners to the status of landless agricultural labourers"67. Ramkrishna Mukherjee writes in this context that "...With the disintegration of rural industries as a part of the concerted plan to reduce India into a supplier of raw materials to the British industrialists and a consumer of British manufacturers, the pressure on agriculture went on increasing. Eventually, agriculture became virtually the only source of livelihood to all the people in rural... India...Loss of land, the primary means of production in the agrarian economy, naturally precluded the possibility to the rural people to remain as self-possessing, self-working and self-sufficient peasants. But, on the other hand, there was hardly any other source of income... Therefore, the landless or the semi-landless peasants were obliged to depend on agriculture...either as wage-labourers or as sharecroppers. And...the land from these devitalised peasants concentrated in the hands of the few at the top of society.68" Thus, most of the lands of the village passed to the hands of a few rich money-lenders / landlords / rich tenants and the rest of the population came to constitute the class of sharecroppers and landless agricultural labourers. The village that used to be dominated by the class of peasant - proprietors before, now, began to be dominated chiefly by two classes, one of the few rich men at the top and the other of the vast number of landless agricultural labourers and sharecroppers. It thus underwent structural change. Besides, the two classes constituting it now displayed antagonistic relationship between them. Peter Robb writes in this context that "By the early 1900s...population...without land or with too little of it...were exploited by few rich tenants69". Under the circumstances of the emergence of antagonistic relationship between these two sections, the village underwent sharp division of the community and consequently the collective orientation of the villagers was, perhaps, considerably weakened.
Another source of the decay of village community is the Western legal system established in the beginning of the colonial rule. By the last decade of the eighteenth century, "Civil and criminal jurisdictions came increasingly under the purview of a graduated court system, conceived on English lines and reaching from the district to the provincial high court. In such courts.... the elements of Western legal structure and procedure were increasingly asserted.70" The British legal system thus began to operate since the beginning of colonial rule and is still operating after independence. This system is entirely bureaucratic, formal, removed from rural areas and based in urban centres. The procedure applied for doing justice is impersonal based on evidence. In this system, justice is done by declaring that one party has won and the other has lost the suit. So, it does not resolve the conflict between the two parties; it simply decides who is the winner and who has lost the case. Conflict is, thus, allowed to continue between the parties. Besides, this legal system is very costly and only those who can afford to pay lawyers and other expenses of the court approach if for getting justice. As this system of the administration of justice began, it was observed that English courts had encouraged litigousness. These courts began to be used as a "way of circumventing the traditional administration of justice" for promotion of undue self-interests and also "as a weapon of harassment against factional opponents'71. For the upper, rich section of the rural areas, however, this legal system proved to be quite beneficial. But, the mass of peasantry suffered a great deal as the British legal system failed to secure justice to the poor raiyats. For example, one may cite the case of Maksudpur estate (of the old Gaya district in Bihar) where tenants revolted against their zamindar's oppressive conduct in 1898-99. The report on the survey and settlement operations conducted in this estate during 1900-1904 describes in detail the oppressive management and the plight of landless agricultural labourers and other poor tenants72. In this context, the then Director of Land Records, Bengal, wrote in 1906 that "... the very name of "Maksudpur" became a synonym for tyranny and oppression throughout the district... (however) Civil and Criminal Courts failed to secure protection to the rights and property of the tenants" (emphasis added)73. It is, thus, obvious that even the British authorities were left in no doubt that the Western legal system had proved to be thoroughly ineffective in the adminstration of justice for the poor villagers. It rather helped in the promotion of the interest of the class of rich land owners-cum-money-lenders who had antagonistic relationship with the class of sharecroppers and agricultural labourers, discussed before. The gap between the two sections, thus further widened.
Besides, this legal system proved instrumental in perpetuating the conflict since it has no mechanism for resolving the conflict. Conflict in the village is always personalized which, if not resolved, continues for generations. As a result, the village that used to hold sway over people within its boundary, earlier, became divided in course of time in factions, engaged in intrigues against one another74. It may also be pointed out here that this legal system has contributed significantly to the process of impoverishment of the rural areas. The courts of justice are situated in urban centres. The resources of villagers involved in litigation are thus drained to pay for the expenses thereof in urban centres. In the whole process, villages continue to lose their resources on the one hand and increasingly become conflict-ridden on the other.
Further, the growth of caste consciousness also seems to have affected the village solidarity adversely. After 1857, following the assumption of power by the British Government to rule the colony, the British interest became focused on how to govern India effectively and smoothly75. In this context, obtaining knowledge of the people of India and their cultures was considered necessary76. It was at this time that among Evangelicals, Utilitarians and the British authorities as well, caste, which in pre-colonial era existed simply as one of the several units of social identity without having any recognition of being a dominant institution affecting day-to-day life in the Hindu socio-religious order77, came to be regarded as the "foundational fact of Indian society, fundamental... to Hinduism (as Hinduism was to it)... and ... emerged stronger than ever"78. It (caste) was, therefore, taken up as "the primary object of social classification and understanding"79 for purpose of obtaining knowledge about people and their cultures. From 1871-72 decennial census operations were started in this context. The objective of such operations was, as people began to perceive, to fix "the relative status of different castes and to deal with questions of social superiority.80" S. Bandyopadhyaya in his study of the consequences of census operations took note of the tremendous rise of caste consciousness since the last quarter of the nineteenth century81. As a result of this, perhaps, caste sabhas (associations) began to be formed by a number of caste groups from 1887 in north India for promoting their respective caste interests (including securing resources for the promotion of English education among their respective caste members because English education had begun to be considered as a sure means of entry to middle class occupations)82. This gave rise to competition and rivalry between different caste groups. Caste leaders gradually gained legitimacy through the activities of their respective caste sabhas and began to enjoy the authority of leading / mobilizing the members of their respective caste groups. By the third decade of the twentieth century, they secured space in the political arena and, consequently, casteism emerged as a major socio-political force to reckon with in the democratic era after independence83. With the rising value of caste, the significance of village identity was further undermined.Village solidarity is secular in nature. The rise of caste and/or religious consciousness, it seems, corroded the secular base of social order in the rural areas. In 1957, Dumont and Pocock made it clear by declaring caste and kinship most important for understanding Indian social reality and simultaneously considered village to be of mere secondary value in this context84.
With the virtual breakdown of village community the prospect of the emergence and existence of village school was also probably sealed. In early 1840s, S. MacIntosh, who was the headmaster of Patna High School, established eleven schools of vernacular education for the children of rural areas. But, soon all of them were closed85. Similarly, Darbhanga raj (a big zamindari of Bihar) also established schools of vernacular education in 26 villages in 1860s. For the maintenance of these schools an adequate fund was provided. But the raj authorities soon decided to close them because of many reasons, chief of which was their conflict with tenants86. In 1870s, the British authorities began "annexation of the indigenous system and .... cultural transformation" of the primary schools87. O'Malley mentions the following in this context : "In 1872, Sir George Campbell's scheme of educational reform was introduced, under which grants were given in aid of schools hitherto unaided and many of the indigenous rural schools called pathshalas were absorbed into the departmental system88." Obviously, by this measure the nature of village school as a civil society institution was to a great extent undermined. However, this policy of annexation pursued by the Government also could not prove to be quite effective in maintaining village schools. For example, in Patna district during 1880s, the then Assistant Inspector of Schools reported that "...in many villages, the people could not have a school because the malik had a teacher for his son and nephew and ...would not admit any others... Another difficulty is the...way in which villagers will quarrel about a school and thus bring about its ruin. Some very promising aided schools have closed owing to this89..." It is obvious from these accounts that due to the disintegration of village community, it became very difficult for village schools (of the old type) to exist and work. The number of such schools decreased considerably and became insignificant by the beginning of the twentieth century. For example, in the district of Patna, there were only about sixty five such schools during 1910-17, all having teachers paid by government90. Considering the number of villages which existed at that time in the district of Patna, there was only one school for every cluster of about thirty six villages. Almost a century ago, there were about one lakh schools in about one lakh fifty thousand seven hundred and forty eight villages of Bihar and Bengal91. Thus, there was one school for every group of about two villages. It may be noted here that the number of the villages of Bengal and Bihar in 1830s, cannot be supposed to be quite accurate. Besides, the situation in respect of vernacular education existing in the villages of Patna district in the beginning of the twentieth century can hardly be assumed to be representative of that of all the villages of Bihar and Bengal of the said period. However, one gets a definite idea of the trend of extinction of village schools by the beginning of the twentieth century.
The British policy of education that was decided in 1835 by William Bentinck was inclined in favour of the group of urban elites. According to B.B. Misra, "...the benefits of the Anglo-Vernacular schools and colleges were circumstantially restricted to urban centres. In his dispatch of 19 July 1854 Wood was concerned that although the country's rural population contributed the bulk of the public revenues, the efforts of the Government were directed towards "providing the means of acquiring a very high degree of education for a small number of natives of India drawn, for the most part, from what we should here call the higher classes"92. Wood advised that the "education of the lower classes should constitute the direct responsibility of the Government.93" But, it seems that he simply paid a lip-service to the cause of education of lower class of people of rural areas. Misra writes in this context that Wood, in fact, directed the establishment of universities to "do as much as a Government can do to place the benefits of education plainly and practically before the higher classes in India94" (emphasis added). This was the thrust of the resolution of 1835 regarding the course of English education implemented in the country (described before). Wood reiterated it categorically after about fifteen years. Consequently, perhaps, this policy was pursued so effectively that "the higher classes", that is, the upper sector of urban areas virtually continued to hold monopoly of English education until about the end of colonial rule. For example, in Bihar, more than ninetyone percent of the total number of post graduate students of Patna University from 1929 to 1942 belonged to the cluster of upper caste groups95. Only about one percent of students were drawn from the scheduled caste groups. The occupations of the guardians of the students of the said period were the following: advocate, principal, peshkar, deputy collector, zamindari, and service, judicial services, headmaster, cultivation and service, professor, colliery owner, district magistrate, district engineer, police inspector, registrar, barrister, medical doctor, accountant, money-lending, etc96. Most of these occupations were middle class occupations, according to B.B. Misra97. Since more than ninety percent students were drawn from upper caste cluster, it may be safely assumed that the constituent group of middle class was chiefly drawn from the traditional elite sector of upper caste groups. It may also be pointed out in this context that only about nine percent students of Patna University from 1929 to 1942 were drawn from the families which depended exclusively on agriculture98. So, the sector of the vast mass of peasant population depending purely on agricultural occupation had practically negligible representation among the consumers of English education. English education facilitated one's mobility to the category of newly created occupations constituting middle class (mentioned before). However, mobility to the middle class from peasant world was hardly noticeable. Thus, the strategy adopted for the promotion of English education in India became effective for the emergence of middle class from above. The colonial authorities not only ignored the lower classes living in the villages as the elites of medieval and pre-medieval eras had done earlier (described before), but took measures which caused the decline of village community system quite significantly (discussed before) and thus sealed the prospect of creation of middle class from below for a long time to come.
1. For example, in Bihar, by 1870s and 1880s, almost all big zamindaris were running into debt. The money-lending kothis of Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga, Patna, etc. were earning highest income in the entire region. See Jha, Hetukar, ed., Mithila in the Nineteenth Century: Aina-i-Tirhut of Bihari Lal 'Fitrat', Kameshwar Singh Kalyani Foundation, Darbhanga (Bihar), 2000, pp.167-281
2. See Mukherjee, Ramakrishna, The Dynamics of a Rural Society, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1957, p.14
3. K.N. Panikkar writes in this context that "...almost all discussions on educational progress in India do not take into account the indigenous system of educatin..." see Culture, Ideology and Hegemony, Tulika, New Delhi, 1995, p.47; A History of India, Vol. Two, Penguine Books, London, 1978, by Percival Spear, is one of the most widely used text books. But, it does not contain any account of village schools. Tara Chand describes the existence of these schools on the basis of William Adam's reports and observes that education imparted through such institutions was "narrow", see History of the Freedom Movement in India, Vol. 1, Publications Division, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1992, pp. 302-304
4. Basu, Anathnath, ed., Reports on the State of Education in Bengal (1835 & 1838) by William Adam, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, 1941, p.7
5. Keay, Rev. F.E., Ancient Indian Education, Oxford University Press, 1918, p.107, quoted in Lajpat Rai, Unhappy India, Banna Pubhlishing Company, Calcutta, 1928, p.26
6. Howell, A.P., Education in British India Prior to 1854, and in 1870-71, quoted in Lajpat Rai, op.cit., p.32
7. See Hall, Edward, "Beyond Culture, Anchor Press / Double day & Co., New York, 1970, p.206, quoted in James Ray Hagen, Indigenous Society, The Political Economy and Colonial Education in Patna District : A History of Social Change From 1811 to 1951 in Gangetic North India, University of Virginia, University Microfilm International, 1981, p.384
8. See Basu, Anathnath, ed., op.cit., p.245
9. Ibid, pp.221-248, p.252
10. Ibid, pp.251-252
11. Sharma, R.S., Early Medieval Indian Society, Orient Longman, Kolkata, 2001, p.229
12. Mukherjee, Ramkrishna, The Dynamics of A Rural Society, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1957, p.27
13. Ibid, p.14
14. Ibid, p.26
15. Ibid, p.21
16. For details in this context see Jha, Hetukar, "Who Created Casteism and Communalism? Hinduism under the Raj", Surendra Gopal ed. Colonial India : A Centenary Tribute to Prof. K.K.Datta, V.K.S.University, Arrah (Bihar), 2006, pp. 265-277.
17. Dirks, Nicholas B., Castes of Mind, Permanent Black, Delhi, 2002, p.13
18. See Habib, Irfan, The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556-1707, Oxford University Press (Second, Revised Edition), New Delhi, 2003, pp 149-155
19. See Dirks, Nicholas, B., op.cit, pp 28-29
20. See Kessinger, Tom G., Vilayatpur 1848-1968, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1974, p.26
21. Hagen, James, Ray, op.cit, p.202
22. Jonathan Duncan's report is quoted by Bernard Cohn in "From Indian Status to British Contract", Journal of Economic History, 1961, pp.617-618; Colonel Sleeman's observations have been included by Max Muller in India : What Can It Teach Us, Longmans Green and Co. London, 1883, pp. 45-57; also see Charlesworth, N., Peasants and Imperial Rule : Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency 1850-1935, Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp.23-25; Regarding the settlement of disputes by village elders or panchayat, Mountsturat Elphinstone wrote : "the intimate acquaintance of the members with the subject in dispute, and in many cases with the characters of the parties, must have made their decisions frequently correct; and it was an advantage of incalculable value in that mode of trial that the judges, being drawn from the body of the people, could act on no principles that were not generally understood, a circumstance which, by preventing uncertainty and obscurity in law, struck at the very root of litigation". See Forrest, G.W., Selections from the Minutes and Other official Writings of the Hon. Mountstuart Elphinstone, London, 1884, p.355, quoted in Tara Chand, History of Freedom Movement in India, Vol. 1, op cit, pp. 271-272.
23. See Weber, Eugen, Peasants into Frenchmen, The Modernization of Rural France 1870-1914, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1976, p XII
24. Ibid, p.420
25. See Christian, John, Bihar Proverbs, Kegan Paul, Trubner & Co.Ltd., London, 1891
26. See Thakur, Pt. Jeevanand, "Maithil Dak" (in Maithili), Jijnasa (a Maithili Journal), 1(2), July-December, 1995, pp.38-39
27. See Mookerji, Radha Kumud, Ancient Indian Education, Motilal Banarasi Dass, Delhi, (first edn., 1947), 2003, pp. 246-247.
28. Ibid, p.247
29. See Chakravarti, Uma, The Social Dimensions of Early Buddhism, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1987, pp.65-93
30. See Yajnavalkya Smriti, Shloka - 3
31. Mookerji, Radha Kumud, op.cit., p.528
32. See Chattopadhyaya, K.C., "The Lokayata System of Thought in Ancient India", Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Vol. XXXI, parts 1-4, 1975, pp. 143-146
33. See Jayaswal, K.P., "Introduction", The Rajaniti-Ratnakara by Chandesvar, ed., K.P. Jayaswal, Bihar and Orissa Research Society, Patna, 1936, pp. 26-28
34. Vidyapati, the famous scholar and Maithili poet of late fourteenth and early fifteenth century, described these categories in detail. See Jha, Ramanath, ed., Purush Pariksha of Vidyapati Thakur, Darbhanga Series - 1, Patna University, 1960, p.89
35. Apte, V.S., Sanskrit-Hindi Kosh, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi, 1966, p.884
36. See Chattopadhyaya, Debi Prasad Lokayata, A Study of Ancient Indian Materialism, People’s Publishing House, New Delhi, 1959, pp 1-11
37. Ibid, p.72
38. Ibid, p.16
39. See Sharma, R.S., 'Some Joint Notices of Women and Shudra in Early Indian Literature", Light on Early Indian Society and Economy, Manaktala, Bombay, 1966, p.31
40. Sharma, R.S., "The Kali Age : A Period of Social Crisis", Early Medieval Indian Society, Orient Longman Limited, Kolkata, 2001, p.52
41. Ibid, p.51
42. Ibid, p.52
43. See Sharma, R.S., "Economic and Social Basis of Tantrism", Early Medieval Indian Society, op cit, p.235
44. See Dwivedi, Hajari Prasad, Nath Sampradaya (in Hindi), Hindustani Academy, Allahabad, 1950, pp 38-163
45. Weber, Eugen, op cit, p XII
46. See Habib, Irfan, The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556-1707, revised edn., op cit, p. 128
47. Ibid, pp 144-145
48. The Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. 1, by Abul-Fazl Allami, translated into English by H.Blochmann, edited by D.C. Phillott, Bibliotheca Indica - 61, New Taj Office, Delhi, reprinted 1989, pp 288-289
49. See Moreland, W.H., India At The Death of Akbar, Sunita Publications, Delhi, 1989, p.72, note 1
50. Dirks, Nicholas B., op cit, p.20
51. Ibid, p.28
52. See Rai, Lalpat, op cit, pp 29-32
53. See Basu, Anathnath, ed., op.cit., pp.227-246
54. Ibid, p.6
55. According to Antonio Gramsci, Civil Society includes "...the entire complex of social, cultural...organizations and institutions...every thing ... that is not part of the state". See Lawner, Lynne, "Introduction", Letters from Prison by Antonio Gramsci, Jonathan Cape, London, 1975, p.42
56. See Basu, Anathnath, ed., op.cit., pp.227-246
57. Ibid, p.XI
58. Ibid, p. 251
59. Hagen, James Ray, op.cit., p.259
60. See "Extracts from the Minute of the Hon'ble T.B. Macaulay, dated the 2nd February, 1835", Appendix-4, included in Jha, Hetukar, Colonial Context of Higher Education in India, Usha, New Delhi, 1985, p.145
61. See Sharp, H., ed., Selections from Educational Records, Part 1, Government Printing, Calcutta, 1919, pp.57-60
62. For details in this context see Jha, Hetukar, Colonial Context of Higher Education in India, op.cit., pp. 19-36
63. See James, J.F.W., Final Report on the Survey and Settlement Operations in the District of Patna, 1907-1912, Bihar and Orissa Government Press, Patna, 1914, p.33
64. Ibid, p.33
65. See Baden-Powell, The Origin and Growth of Village Communities in India, 1st edn., 1899, reprinted, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, 1985, pp 146-148
66. Chaudhury, Binary Bhushan, "The Process of Depeasantization in Bengal and Bihar, "The Indian Historical Review, Vol.II, No.1, July 1975, pp. 105-106
68. Mukherjee, Ramkrishna, op cit, pp 37-40
69. Robb, Peter, "Law and Agrarian Society in India : The Case of Bihar and the Nineteenth Century Tenancy Debate", Modern Asian Studies, 22,2,1988, pp.348-351
70. Rudolph, Lloyd I. and Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber, The Modernity of Tradition, Orient Longmans Ltd., New Delhi, 1969, p.255
71. Ibid, pp.261-262
72. See The Final Report on the Survey and Settlement Operations in the Maksudpur Estate in the District of Gaya 1900-1904, The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta, 1907
73. See Resolution No.251, Revenue Department, Land Revenue, Calcutta, the 12th January, 1907, Letter No. 20528, 11August, 1906, from the Director of Land Records, Bengal
74. See Jha, Hetukar, Social Structures of Indian Villages, A Study of Rural Bihar, Sage Publicatons, New Delhi, 1991, pp. 184-185
75. See Dirks, Nicholas B., op cit, p.43
77. Ibid, p.13
78. Ibid, p.41
79. Ibid, p.43
80. O'Malley, L.S.S., Census of India 1911, Vol.5, Part-1, Report, Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta, 1913, p.440
81. See Bandhopadhyaya, S., "Construction of Social Categories: The Role of the Colonial Census" in K.S. Singh ed. Ethnicity, Caste and People, Anthropolgical Survey of India, Manohar, New Delhi, 1992, p.31
82. See Jha, J.S., Early Revolutionary Movement in Bihar, K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute, Patna, 1977, pp.14-17
83. See in this context Jha, Hetukar, "Caste Conflict in Bihar", The Times of India, New Delhi, 5 May, 1978; Jha, Hetukar, "A Glimpse of the Rise of Casteism in Bihar", Pankaj Pravas, ed. Bijay Kumar, Pankaj Memorial Trust, Patna, 2000.
84. See Dumont, Louis and Pocock, D., "Village Studies", Contributions to Indian Sociology, No. 1, 1957, p.26; "For A Sociology of India", Contributions to Indian Sociology, No.1, p.18
85. See Jha, Hetukar, Colonial Context of Higher Education in India, op.cit, p.45
86. See Jha, J.S., Beginnings of Modern Education in Mithila : Selections from the Educational Records of the Darbhanga Raj, K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute Patna, 1972, ppXIV-XV
87. See Hagen, James Ray, op.cit., p.379
88. O'Malley, L.S.S., Bengal District Gazetteers, Patna, Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta, 1907, p.173
89. Quoted in Hagen, James Ray. op.cit., p.434
90. The district of Patna had two thousand and five hundred villages during the cadastral survey of Bihar which began to be conducted from the last decade of the nineteenth century and was completed by the end of the second decade of the twentieth century. In the course of conductijng this survey, the Survey and Settlement Officers also prepared a detailed note of each village, called "village note", which also includes information regarding educational institution if any one existed in any village at that time. At the time of perusal of "village notes" of Patna district, kept in the records room of the collectorate, the "village notes" of two hundred villages were found to be almost completely destroyed by dust and white ants. So, only two thousand and three hundred "village notes" could be consulted. Of these, only sixty five "vilage notes" contained information regarding the existence of village primary school or pathshala. In each of these sixty five "village notes", It is mentioned that the school / pathshala was receiving aid from Government.
91. See Basu, Anathnath, op.cit., p.7
92. Misra, B.B., The Indian Middle Classes, Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1961, p.160
93. Ibid, p.161
95. See Jha, Hetukar, Colonial Context of Higher Education in India, op cit, p.80
96. Ibid, p.74
97. See Misra, B.B., op cit, p.147
98. See Jha, Hetukar, Colonial Context of Higher Education in India, op cit, tables 9-16, pp. 95-102.
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The United States Department of Energy’s Clean Cities model, in which
municipalities aim to become “fuel-neutral,” could be an ideal way for Israeli
cities and towns to decrease their reliance on foreign oil, an expert has told
The Jerusalem Post.
The Clean Cities initiative was established in 1993
by the United States Department of Energy and now has nearly 100 coalitions
across the country.
Together they have saved 3 billion gallons of
petroleum since the project’s inception, according to Meital Stavinsky, an
attorney for the Miami-based firm Greenberg Traurig, where she primarily works
with Israeli cleantech firms and represents them in the US.
ultimate goal of advancing US economic and environmental security, Clean Cities
works to promote alternative fuels as well as deploy electric vehicles on the
“Their main mission is really to advance
environmentally friendly and efficient highway transportation to allow the US to
use less petroleum,” Stavinsky, who is co-chair of the legislative committee of
the South East Florida Clean Cities Coalition and a board member of the Greater
Washington Clean Cities Coalition, told the Post
earlier this month.
the moment, transportation accounts for about 71 percent of oil use in US, and
there is consequently a strong connection between “security and independence
from foreign oil,” she explained. Therefore, establishing partnerships between
private companies and municipalities to deploy the necessary infrastructure for
alternative fueling and electric vehicles has become crucial.
to have the public infrastructure for refueling, especially in those phases of
the market development,” she said.
While the Clean Cities program does
not lean toward any one type of alternative fueling – be it compressed natural
gas, methanol, ethanol or electricity – Stavinsky said she was impressed to see
that approximately 60,000 electric vehicles had been sold in the US since
January 2011, already ahead of the growth rate hybrid cars achieved during their
“I think electrification of vehicles is a very important
method of alternative fuels,” she continued. “With that, I think that in the
phase we are at there should be different solutions encouraged at the same
Although the Clean Cities program overall tends to be quite thinly
budgeted, in November 2011 the federal government awarded a total of $11 million
to 20 chapters throughout the country in order to help states and local
governments cut red tape and develop an infrastructure for alternative fuels,
she said. In June of that year, the Department of Energy also decided to provide
$1.1m. for alternative fuel infrastructure in five national parks.
need to address this growing infrastructure and be ready for it,” she
Stavinsky, a native of Israel, said she thinks this country should
be employing a similar program. She recommended focusing, as has been done in
the US, on a few strong communities, making them completely fuel-neutral and
turning them into demonstration projects and test cases.
“The place to do
it is not necessarily in the big cities,” she said. “You want to start small and
see that it’s small enough so it has enough of an impact.”
Stavinsky acknowledged that cities like Tel Aviv and Netanya, as well as several
others, have already taken many individual steps toward becoming cleaner cities,
choosing one as a complete working model for the rest of the country would be
most beneficial for weaning society off traditional fuels. Creating a model
would also bring together many of the key stakeholders who all too often do not
work together on these issues, she added.
“It brings to the table people
from all ends – the government, the utilities, the companies and the public,”
Stavinsky said. “It’s really a place to join together work and make a
difference, and overcome the market barriers.”
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For the first time, the great depth and diversity of Taoist spirituality is introduced in a single, accessible manual.
Taoism, known widely today through the teachings of the classic Tao Te Ching and the practices of t'ai chi and feng-shui, is less known for its unique traditions of meditation, physical training, magical practice and internal alchemy. Covering all of the most important texts, figures, and events, this essential guide illuminates Taoism's extraordinarily rich history and remarkable variety of practice. A comprehensive bibliography for further study completes this valuable reference work.
News & Reviews
"This book enables the reader to examine the seemingly disparate elements of Taoism as well as the thread that unifies this living tradition, through the eyes and heart of a scholar-practitioner. "—Gary D. DeAngelis, PhD, editor of Teaching the Daode Jing
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Z94.2 - Anthropometry & Biomechanics: Biomechanics Section
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
GAIT ANALYSIS. Study of human locomotion. Analyses can be kinematic, kinetic, electromyographic, or some combination of these techniques. Used in the design of ramps and lower limb prostheses, evaluation of load-carrying situations, and in defining neurological or structural abnormalities of gait. Factors examined include muscular activity and coordination, ground reaction forces, joint and limb segment positions, forces and accelerations, and postural changes.
GANGRENE. A condition in which a localized area of body tissue dies and decays. Gangrene occurs in many forms, but primarily refers to death or necrosis of tissue, as caused by loss of blood flow to a specific area (e.g. arterial injury or occlusion, frostbite, etc.), infection by bacteria (e.g., gas gangrene associated with traumatic wounds), or both. Diabetic workers are more susceptible to gangrene than others due to circulatory insufficiency associated with the disease. Also, paraplegic workers are subject to decubitus ulcers over the buttocks which are associated with a lack of sensation which predisposes the workers to unrelieved sitting pressures which in turn occludes capillary circulation long enough to cause tissue death.
GILBRETHIAN "SYSTEMS CONCEPT". The original notion calling for matching of the internal physiological and biomechanical environment of the worker with his external physiological and mechanical environment. First postulated by Frank B. and Lillian M. Giibreth in 1911 by their setting forth comprehensive list of interacting variables affecting the worker, his environment, and his motions requirements. (See GILBRETHIAM VARIABLES.)
GILBRETHIAM VARIABLES. System of three sets of variables intrinsic to every task. They are variables of the worker relating to anatomic and psychological factors: variables of the environment including physical and economic factors: and variables of motion including effort and movement patterns. The variables are used as a basic tool in work system analysis and design.
GLENOID CAVITY. Glenoid cavity is used commonly with reference to the socket of the shoulder joint formed by the scapula (q.v.) to receive the humerus (q.v.). Syn: joint socket.
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS. Large muscle of the rump which acts across the hip joint and extends the thigh, i.e., brings the thigh from the position occupied in sitting to the position in standing. It is an important muscle for walking, lifting and standing. Electromyogram of the gluteus maximus is a good index of the relative muscle activity during lifting.
GONIOMETER. An instrument by which angles of joint rotation are measured, either statically or during movement of the joint. Important in the evaluation of industrial workplace layouts and in the analysis of the body in motion (See REFLEX GONIOMETRY.)
GRASP REFLEX. A reflex which is both basic and conditioned. It is initiated by stimulation of the median nerve (q.v.) sensory feedback area in the hand. Surgeons need a well conditioned grasp reflex so that when surgical tools are being transferred, the surgeon can concentrate on the patient. However, in the machine shop people have lost fingers by reflexively grasping moving saw blades, etc. (See PREHENSILE.)
GROOVING. Designing a tool with grooves on the handle to accommodate the fingers of the user. Considered, a bad practice, because of the great variation in the size of workers hands. Grooving interferes with sensory feedback. Intense pain may be caused by grooving to the arthritic hand.
GROUND REACTION FORCE. A gravitational force produced by the weight of an object against the surface on which it lies.
< Previous | Next >
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To rate this resource, click a star:
This news brief, from January of 2006, traces the source of the SARS virus. Using phylogenetics, biologists have come up with a plausible path of transmission which may help us prevent future outbreaks of diseases such as HIV, SARS, and West Nile virus.
UC Museum of Paleontology
Use this resource to relate evolutionary concepts to the topic of viruses (or get more suggestions for incorporating evolution throughout your biology syllabus). This article includes a set of discussion and extension questions for use in class. It also includes hints about related lessons that might be used in conjunction with this one. Get more tips for using Evo in the News articles in your classroom.
Correspondence to the Next Generation Science Standards is indicated in parentheses after each relevant concept. See our conceptual framework for details.
- An organism's features reflect its evolutionary history.
- Evolution results from natural selection acting upon genetic variation within a population.
- Scientists can test ideas about events and processes long past, very distant, and not directly observable.
- As with other scientific disciplines, evolutionary biology has applications that factor into everyday life, for example in agriculture, biodiversity and conservation biology, and medicine and health.
- Scientists use multiple lines of evidence (including morphological, developmental, and molecular evidence) to infer the relatedness of taxa.
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Back to article
Linux at the BBC
October 29, 1999
I'm sure you have heard of the BBC and will be aware of its long history in technical innovation, as the corporation invented NICAM and was among the first to offer high quality PAL colour television.
The BBC is making pioneering moves in the world of digital media with its digital terrestrial TV system. We are encoding existing and new channels to about 5 megabits per second each in MPEG, and transmitting over normal broadcast frequencies. This means we can fit several channels onto the air where there used to be one, plus allow much more flexibility with new interactive services on the same bandwidth.
My team is responsible for the support of the BBC's Unix systems, used for serving web pages, realmedia and now this new digital text service. We all use Linux at home when on call at night (to some degree) to support this. I personally have FreeBSD, Solaris-x86 and Linux, but rarely leave Linux.
The BBC's General IT teams use Linux all over the internal network. A number of content producers are starting to use Linux rather than Windows/Mac, but this is mainly those producing interactive Website elements such as perl CGI scripts.
In this article I'll look at some of the BBC's practical applications of Linux and why we use Linux rather than alternatives.
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Definition of foolscap
1 : a cap or hood usually with bells worn by jesters
2 : a conical cap for slow or lazy students
3 usually foolscap [from the watermark of a foolscap formerly applied to such paper] : a size of paper formerly standard in Great Britain; broadly : a piece of writing paper
Did You Know?
These days, we are most likely to encounter foolscap as a reference to a sheet of paper or, more specifically, to a sheet of paper that is similar in size to a sheet of legal paper. In the mid-1600s, when the use of foolscap was first attested to in English, we would have encountered it as a reference to an actual fool's cap-the cap, often with bells on, worn as part of a jester's motley. How did we get from this colorful cap to a sheet of paper? The connection is attributable to the former use of a watermark depicting a fool's cap that was used on long sheets of writing or printing paper. There are various explanations for the introduction of this watermark-including the claim that a 1648 British parliamentary group substituted it for the royal arms during exceptionally turbulent times-but such explanations remain unsupported by historical facts.
First Known Use of foolscap
Variants of foolscap
fool's capplay \ˈfülz-ˌkap\
Rhymes with foolscap
ASCAP, backslap, backwrap, bitmap, blackcap, bootstrap, burlap, Carnap, catnap, cell sap, claptrap, death cap, death trap, dunce cap, dognap, earflap, entrap, enwrap, firetrap, gelcap, gift wrap, gun lap, heeltap, hubcap, ice cap, jockstrap, kidnap, kneecap, lagniappe, light trap, livetrap, love tap, madcap, mantrap, mayhap, mishap, mobcap, mousetrap, mud flap, nightcap, on tap, pace lap, pinesap, rattrap, recap, redcap, remap, riprap, road map, root cap, sand trap, shiplap, shrink-wrap, skullcap, skycap, snowcap, spark gap, speed trap, steel-trap, stopgap, toe cap, unsnap, unstrap, unwrap, watch cap, whitecap, wind gap, winesap, wiretap, word wrap
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up foolscap? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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Ocean Falls Memories
Ocean Falls is a small town located on the rugged Canadian west coast of British Columbia. During its' lifetime the town has experienced several major changes. The town started as a small sawmill town in the beginning of the 1900 but later developed into an important pulp and paper mill town. The pulp and paper mill was operated by various owners right into the beginning of the 'eighties.
Nowadays, the town is again a small town. However, the Ocean Falls of the past still exists in the memories of the thousands of people who once made this town their home.
Ocean Falls was quite a special town and it strongly influenced all who lived there. In spite of its' isolation and the exposure to one of North America's highest yearly rainfalls, Ocean Falls supported a large paper mill, a sizable town site and a thriving community.
Ocean Falls is located at the end of a long inlet and it is nestled amongst mountains as high as 4000 feet. A dam controls the water outfall of a large lake which is fed by rain and snow from the mountains. The natural waterfall which existed prior to the installation of the dam was one of the primary reasons for establishing a large pulp and paper mill at Ocean Falls. The relative inexpensive hydro power and the availability of clean water made the installation of the paper mill economically attractive.
The paper mill complex is now demolished. However, the hydro turbines which were an integral part of the original mill still produce electricity to adjacent communities.
The purpose of these web pages is not to record history but to reach out to people who once lived in Ocean Falls when the town was a busy paper mill town.
Table of Content
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http://www.shbproductdesign.com/
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Have you ever wondered what’s the magical substance inside macro extension tubes? Very often they seem like they are just a piece of thick tube.
Well, that’s because they are. Or, at least the cheaper ones are. Usually the more expensive one have the ability to have the electrical contacts maintain between the lens and the body, all the rest is just a fancy, hollow, empty, light-tight tunnel of air.
Being so simple it is really tempting to make a macro tube out of a, say a hollow light-tight-regular-tube.
Which is exactly what Instructables user snelpiller did.
Snelpiller used a lens cup and a body cup to place a light tight tube between camera and lens. The results are surprisingly good.
That is no surprise to, since the air in the tube has very little effect on the optical qualities of the lens. (Click the image below to see big size)
For the full tutorial, visit the instructable page here.
Have you played around with creating a macro extension? Share your contraption in the comments.
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http://www.diyphotography.net/build-a-very-cheap-macro-extension-tube/
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As NEAR Shoemaker has descended to lower orbits around Eros and returned higher spatial resolution pictures, knowledge of surface landforms has grown dramatically. The effect of changing spatial resolution can be illustrated by comparing these pictures of the large, 5.3-kilometer (3.3-mile) diameter crater taken at different distances above the surface. All of the views are shown with north to the top.
The upper left picture, taken February 12, 2000, from 1,682 kilometers(1,045 miles) above the crater, shows the feature's outline with several smaller craters superimposed on its southern section. There are only hints of bright materials on the north wall of the crater. The upper right view, taken April 2 from 193 kilometers (120 miles) above the crater, provides 8.7 times higher spatial resolution. The change in appearance is dramatic; details in the craters on the south rim are clearly visible and the patterns in brightness variation on the north wall are easily discerned. However, there are only the vaguest hints of boulders on the surface.
The picture at lower left was taken June 14 from 44 kilometers (27 miles) above the crater, and the picture at lower right was taken July 19 from 32 kilometers (20 miles) above the crater. These views provide 4.4 and 6times higher spatial resolution than in the view at upper right. Again, the increase in spatial resolution reveals a new level of detail. Boulders have become easily visible, as have fine, dark streaks pointed downslope within the bright material. Variations in brightness also appear at even smaller spatial scales than could be seen before.
When NEAR Shoemaker flies to within 5.3 kilometers (3 miles) of Eros' surface on October 26, spatial resolution will increase by another 4 to 6times compared to the two lower views shown here. A whole new level of detail in the shapes of rocks and patterns of brightness variation will be visible - and features not yet seen at all may be revealed.
Built and managed by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, NEAR was the first spacecraft launched in NASA's Discovery Program of low-cost, small-scale planetary missions. See the NEAR web page at http://near.jhuapl.edu/ for more details.
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Who knew? Texas leads in wind power
Updated 2:50 pm, Friday, August 9, 2013
Millions of people are asking how or if the country can transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy — and, ironically, Texas is leading the way in actually doing it.
The tale begins in the late 1970s when a father-and-son team began to build new turbines, and by 1981, the second wind farm in the nation went up in northwest Texas. Thirty years and various disasters, backroom deals and fits of inspiration later, Texas had eclipsed California to become by far the biggest wind energy producer.
“The Great Texas Wind Rush” is a thoughtful, valuable story for anyone who cares about renewable energy or climate change, because while many people protest the impact of nuclear power, coal power and natural gas fracking, in the end, that's not enough. Vast new sources of power actually have to be built, not just talked about.
That won't be cheap, easy or quick, but “The Great Texas Wind Rush” suggests that over the long haul, it's possible.
The Great Texas Wind Rush: How George Bush, Ann Richards, and a Bunch of Tinkerers Helped the Oil and Gas State Win the Race to Wind Power
By Kate Galbraith and Asher Price, University of Texas Press, $24.95
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Editor's Note: In responses to a questionnaire we sent out last Spring, "Low Impact Development" (also often referred to as low impact design) was at the top of the list of subjects that readers want to know more about. In this series, Lisa and Jim will explain the basics of LID: how it works; why your community may need it; how LID costs compare to conventional stormwater management; and the types of ordinances that have worked to implement LID in communities around the country.
Part I: What is LID?
Low Impact Design is the terminology used in the United States primarily to designate a land planning and engineering design approach to stormwater management which emphasizes conservation and the use of on-site natural features to protect water quality. (Later in this series, we’ll make the case for a broader definition of LID.)
This definition is important because conventional development treats stormwater as a waste product that is conveyed offsite and disposed of. Let’s look at the definition of stormwater and at our history of stormwater management to help establish the context for LID.
Stormwater: a term used to identify water that originates during precipitation events. Simply put, it is rainfall that contacts the earth’s surface. Stormwater is a natural part of the hydrologic cycle, which you may recall from your middle school earth science class. Water vapor collects in the atmosphere, which becomes clouds, which becomes rain, which recharges groundwater and surface water, which evaporates to become water vapor ... and this is a continuous dynamic cycle.
This simplistic explanation leaves out the details of how rainfall recharges both groundwater and surface water, a dynamic balance that depends on many variables at a given location, including the characteristics of the natural and built environments in the watershed.
Generally speaking, in an undeveloped watershed, about half of the rainwater infiltrates the land and becomes groundwater, while the other half travels via overland flow to join streams and rivers. However, the exact ratio of surface and groundwater recharge by rainfall varies according to climate, soils, slope, ground cover, and other specific conditions in the watershed.
When human settlements began significantly altering land cover patterns, the behavior of rainfall on the land surface was changed. As the built environment increasingly favored impermeable surfaces (rooftops, paved roads, and other urban "hardscapes"), the disposition of rainfall changed, causing more of the rain that fell to run off the land and less to infiltrate to recharge groundwater.
As we continued to develop the land surface, we caused greater volumes of rainfall to run off at the expense of groundwater infiltration. Over time, rainfall runoff volumes in urban areas became so significant that we began treating it like a waste product to be conveyed away from developed areas as quickly as possible.
Open concrete channels are a common part of our stormwater infrastructure. They move water efficiently away from urbanized areas, but prevent the normal interaction of rainfall and land.
Our continued pattern of urbanization has resulted in multiple problems:
(1) consumption of land has resulted in increasing amounts of our watersheds being converted to impervious surface;
(2) our current stormwater infrastructure is regularly overwhelmed by storm flows that exceed design capacity;
(3) the natural ratio of evaporation, infiltration, and runoff is completely out of balance;
(4) increased surface runoff frequently results in flooding;
(5) decreased infiltration is starving our groundwater resources.
Low Impact Development was developed to mimic natural systems, to reduce the need for costly hard infrastructure and centralized stormwater management systems, to help restore a beneficial relationship between water leaving and being retained on a site, and to capture (literally) the resource benefits of rainfall individual sites and throughout the watershed. Other benefits of LID are decreased energy consumption, decreased infrastructure costs, and reduced flood impacts.
Common elements of LID include green roofs, green streets, rainwater harvesting, bioswales and similar Best Management Practices (BMPs). In the next two installments of the series, we will review these BMPs and their applications.
Jim Segedy, FAICP, worked for many years in Ball State University's Community Based Planning program, providing assistance to more than one hundred communities and many plan commissions (as planning commissions are called in Indiana). He is currently an adjunct Professor of Urban Studies at the University of Pittsburgh; and a member of the Edgewood, Pennsylvania, Planning Commission.
Lisa Hollingsworth-Segedy, AICP, is the Associate Director for River Restoration for American Rivers' Pittsburgh field office. Before moving to Pennsylvania, she spent over a decade as a circuit-riding planner for a regional planning organization serving the western fringe of Metropolitan Atlanta.
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2014 Seasonal High Tunnel Initiative
Through the Seasonal High Tunnel Initiative, NRCS helps Maryland producers extend their growing season for high value crops in an environmentally safe manner. A seasonal high tunnel is a polyethylene-covered structure at least six feet high which modifies the climate to create more favorable growing conditions for vegetable and other specialty crops grown in the natural soil beneath it. The initiative has the potential to assist producers in addressing thier resource concerns by improving plant quality, improving soil quality, and reducing nutrient and pesticide transport.
Financial assistance is available for Seasonal High Tunnels covering up to five percent of one acre (2,178 square feet) per farm operation. The size is equal to a structure of approximately 30 feet by 72 feet. Multiple smaller tunnels, or tunnels larger than 2,178 square feet are permitted, but financial assistance is capped at 2,178 square feet. The Seasonal High Tunnel Initiative also offers conservation practices that support the seasonal high tunnel practice.
Eligible Conservation Practices
- 342 Critical Area Planting
- 362 Diversion
- 412 Grassed Waterway
- 436 Irrigation Reservoir
- 441 Irrigation, Micro-irrigation
- 606 Subsurface Drain
- 620 Underground Outlet
- 798 Seasonal High Tunnel
Visit the National Seasonal High Tunnel Initiative website for more information.
NRCS Field Offices, located in the USDA Service Centers in each Maryland county, can provide additional details and program assistance concerning Seasonal High Tunnel Initiative eligibility requirements, practices, and payments.
Mikel Williams Hawkins
Farm Bill Specialist
Assistant State Conservationist- Programs
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A few years ago, American electronics companies balked at the idea of entering the race to develop television technology for the 21st Century.
They feared being left in the dust by foreign competitors, especially the Japanese, who had a big head start. With government financial support, Japan had been working on a new television system for 20 years.
But this month, engineers from Chicago-based General Instrument demonstrated a prototype system that uses the digital language of computers to produce crisp, clear television pictures. A standards-setting group in Washington will test it this month and then begin examining other systems, including another digital scheme developed by Glenview-based Zenith Electronics and American Telephone & Telegraph.
Although the new technology still must be verified, many experts believe it has pushed American companies far in front of the pack in the competition to dominate television technology in the next century.
Japan had hoped to beat the rest of the world and control the market. And, in fact, Japanese networks began broadcasting on a high-definition system last month, but it uses the old analog method in which pictures are signaled by variations in radio waves instead of the on-off code used by computers.
Digital technology can deliver motion-picture-quality pictures and compact-disc sound free of the ghosts and interference that can distort analog transmissions. It also provides easier hookups to computers, telephones and other communications networks, which will encourage the eventual merging of advanced technologies in the home and office.
In 1993, the Federal Communications Commission will pick a U.S. standard for high-definition television from six proposed systems, including the Japanese analog one. If one of the American digital systems is selected, the United States would lead the world in the application of high-definition television.
How did the U.S. companies make up so much ground so fast? Bascially, they did it by working together in teams without government help. Initially, many of the companies asked for government aid. But when the Bush
administration refused, they accepted the challenge and began to pool resources and talent under relaxed antitrust guidelines. Then they went to work to see who could come up with the best system within the FCC`s guidelines and timetable.
The new development doesn`t mean the nation has solved its competitive problems. Nor does success in high-definition television mean America will recapture a sizable share of the global consumer electronics market, which it long ago relinquished to Japan.
But it will bring a healthy stream of royalties for the designers of the winning system and an edge for U.S. computer companies and semiconductor makers who will supply memory chips and sophisticated circuits for high-definition sets, even if they are made in Mexico or Japan.
Winning the race should be the goal, but taking the lead and leapfrogging the Japanese also can be a source of pride and learning. Americans still have the ability to innovate and compete when they set their minds to it.
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The Eiffel Tower, built for the century of the French Revolution, was the tallest building in the world when it was unveiled at the Paris World's Fair in 1889. The intent was just to demonstrate the capabilities of modern engineering. Although it has been surpassed in height by nearly a dozen skyscrapers since then, Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel's chocolate-brown, 984-foot open-lattice wrought-iron tower remains one of the world's premiere tourist attractions.
Before the Tower's construction, critics called Eiffel's design an eyesore and predicted that the Tower would cost too much to build. Eiffel knew better. His crew assembled the 18,000 pieces of iron in just 21 months. Eiffel was one of the first engineers to recognize the importance of wind forces on tall structures. He designed the surface of his Tower to be so minimal that the wind has virtually nothing to grab onto. All pieces of the Tower form an open lattice of light trusses through which the wind can blow.
The Eiffel Tower was one of the first tall structures in the world to contain passenger elevators, and tourists loved them. Elevator ticket sales in the Eiffel Tower regained almost the entire cost of the structure -- in just one year! On the ground: The machinery of the 1899 elevator. Every visitor with a ticket to visit the monument can watch the machinery of the corresponding elevator in operation in the East and West pillars. This voyage underground, in an atmosphere which evokes Jules Verne, lets you discover the imposing hydraulic machines designed by Gustave Eiffel.
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Facts about the Duck Unusual and interesting information and trivia about animals from our collection of interesting facts about the Duck. Perfect for fast homework help that is suitable for kids, children and adults.
Did you Know? List of Facts about the Duck Facts are statements which are held to be true and often contrasted with opinions and beliefs. Our unusual and interesting facts about the Duck, trivia and information, including some useful statistics about animals will fascinate everyone from kids and children to adults. Interesting Facts about the Duck are as follows:
Fact 1 - Definition: A duck is a small wild or domesticated web-footed broad-billed swimming bird usually having a depressed body and short legs. Duck is the common name for a number of species in the Anatidae family of Birds.
Fact 2 - Ducks are found in both fresh and salt water
Fact 3 - The genera and species are numerous and they are divided into river ducks and sea ducks
Fact 4 - They are divided into river ducks and sea ducks
Fact 5 - Among river are the common domestic duck (Anas boschas); the wood duck (Aix sponsa); the beautiful mandarin duck of China (Dendronessa galeriliculata); the Muscovy duck, originally of South America (Cairina moschata).
Fact 6 - Among the sea ducks are the eider, canvasback and scoter
Fact 7 - Ducks are related to geese and swans but have shorter necks and wings and a stout body
Fact 8 - Duck stats and facts
Weight: 8 lbs
Length: 16 - 20 inches
Habitat: Near fresh and sea water and grassland
Lifespan: 2-20 years
Diet: Ducks eat tree leaves, grass and ferns, fish, insects, small amphibians and worms
Fact 9 - The word duck comes from an Old English word meaning "diver"
Fact 10 - The wings of ducks are very strong and are generally short and pointed
Fact 11 - Diving ducks are heavier than dabbling ducks
Fact 12 - Most duck species breed once a year
Fact 13 - Ducks are generally monogamous
Fact 14 - It will come as some surprise but only the females of dabbling ducks "quack"!
Fact 15 - The collective name for a group is a Brace, raft or team
Fact 16 - Males are called Drake
Fact 17 - Females are called Duck
Fact 18 - The names given to babies are Duckling
Facts about the Duck - Scientific Names / Classification Scientific Names / Classification of the Duck - The scientists who study animals (zoology) are called zoologists. Each animal that is studied is classified, that is, split into descriptive groups starting with main groups (vertebrates and invertebrates) the Families of animals are also included and the families are then split into species. These various scientific facts about the Duck are as follows:
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae Subfamily: various
Facts about the Duck We have included a selection of trivia and interesting facts about the Duck which we hope will be of help with homework. Most of these interesting facts about the Duck are quite amazing and some are little known pieces of trivia and facts! Many of these interesting pieces of animal information and fun facts about the Duck and info will help you increase your knowledge on the subject of animals and the Duck.
Facts about the Duck
Interesting facts about Ducks
List of stats, trivia and facts about the Duck
Interesting Facts for kids and children
Fast Facts and Information about animals
Awesome, cool facts for Homework Help
Fun, random trivia and facts about the Duck
Suitable facts about animals for kids
Interesting facts about Ducks
Animal Information, Stats and Interesting Facts about the Duck
Animal Information and Interesting Facts about the Duck
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1116: The economy and agriculture
This paper is summarised from the August 2010 edition of Defra’s ‘Farming and Food Brief’ which brings together key latest information relating to agriculture and the wider economy. In particular it highlights the results of recently published economic and statistical evidence and research.
Year of Publication2010
The recession has prompted a realignment of exchange rates that has benefited UK farming. The sector has paid lower borrowing charges and there have been only a few cases where farm businesses have had difficulty accessing credit. Agriculture has still to fully embrace calculating costs of production making it difficult to adopt a more sophisticated approach to dealing with the volatility in farm prices. The recession has resulted in a general ‘trading down’ by consumers but this has had little effect at the farm level, with the exception of the organic market.
This item is categorised as follows
- Subject Collection > Business > Economics & Finance
- Subject Collection > Rural policy & development > Economic development
- Subject Collection > Business > Farm management
RuSource Briefings is a free rural information service for anyone working in the countrysideWebsite
This is a brief summary of an item in the OpenFields Library. This free online library contains items of interest to practitioners and researchers in the agricultural and landbased industries.
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1 Answer | Add Yours
A schema (plural schemata) is any pattern of thought, idea, or habit that exists in a structured form (Wikipedia). Constructive processing is the conscious examination and absorption of outside stimuli that results in either knowledge gained or action taken. To associate the two, it must be understood that schemata rely on both preconceived knowledge and the addition of new information to existing structured patterns.
Basically, when a person encounters an idea or situation, the new information is automatically compared to and filtered through existing schemata; a fire is considered hot and dangerous because past experience of fires is located in the "Dangerous, Hot" schema. The conscious decision to stay back from the fire comes from the constructive processing of the external stimuli: it looks hot, and feels hot, so it is dangerous. The schema also allows new action based on the new information: while it looks dangerous, it is also confined to a small area, and so it is safe to remain nearby for now. Many, if not most, of these decisions are made unconsciously, since the schema structure works too quickly to assess based on the existing knowledge.
Schemata can also work to alter memory or perception of situations; if there is an existing schema that associates clowns with bad memories, a phobia of clowns based entirely on the schema can result. This is an example of confirmation bias; the negative feelings exist because of the associations, and are reinforced by the unconscious memories or feelings as filtered through the schema.
We’ve answered 328,223 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
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The annual firework display in the sky known as the Perseids meteor shower – one of the most spectacular examples of “shooting stars” – could reach a peak this evening and Tuesday morning, astronomers said.
Each year between 17 July and 24 August, the meteor shower is active as the Earth’s orbit around the Sun passes through the cosmic material trailing from the tail of comet Swift-Tuttle, which last passed through our vicinity in 1992.
On Monday evening and Tuesday morning there is the possibility of seeing bright streaks of light flash through the sky at a rate of about one or two a minute, according to the Royal Astronomical Society.
“This year the prospects for the shower are relatively good, as the Moon is a waxing crescent and will have set from most of the UK by 11pm, meaning that its light will not interfere significantly with the view,” it said.
Meteors, also known as shooting stars, are small particles of material that collide with the Earth’s upper atmosphere at speeds of 36 miles per second, vaporising into flashes of light in the process.
Debris from the tail of Swift-Tuttle hits the atmosphere on the Earth’s annual migration around the Sun and appear to originate from a “radiant” in the constellation of Perseus, hence the name for the meteor shower.
“Unlike many celestial events, meteor showers are straightforward to watch and, for most people, the best equipment to use is simply your own eyes,” the society said. “Advice from meteor observers is to wrap up well and set up a reclining chair to allow you to look up at the sky in comfort. If possible it also helps to be in a dark site away from artificial light,” it said.
Professor Alan Fitzsimmons of Queen’s University Belfast said: “Comet Swift-Tuttle won’t be visiting our neck of the woods again until 2125, but every year we get this beautiful reminder as the Earth ploughs through the debris it leaves in its orbit.”
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We all got together this morning at Myfootshop.com for coffee and discussion regarding products and conditions. Since plantar fasciitis is such a common problem, we've been spending a few weeks on the topic. Part of the discussion this morning focused on the differences between acute and chronic plantar fasciitis, also known as plantar fasciitis and plantar fasciosis.
The language of medicine can be confusing to many folks, but like any other language, when you break the big words down into their component parts, the language starts to make sense. In the language of medicine, the root forms, prefixes and suffixes all take on significant meaning. For instance, the suffix 'itis' always refers to a condition that include inflammation. Think bronchitis or appendicitis. The suffix 'osis', on the other hand, refers to a non-inflamed state of being. Think tuberculosis or sarcoidosis.
In cases of plantar heel pain, the most common term used to describe the inflammation at the insertion of the plantar fascia is the term plantar fasciitis. Plantar fasciitis is used to described the acute, inflamed state. Studies have proven that after a period of time, typically months, the inflammation associated with plantar fasciitis fades. Tissue biopsies of the plantar fascia and surrounding soft tissue show no inflammation. In cases of long term plantar fasciitis, the more appropriate term used to describe the condition would be plantar fasciosis.
There are some clinicians who believe that if you can restart the inflammation of the soft tissue surrounding the plantar heel, there would be a strong likelihood that the body's own chemical and cellular properties of healing would get a second chance to correct the inflammation of the fascia. A number of techniques are used to create or stimulate inflammation. These techniques include needling, Topaz surgery and shock wave therapy.
One product we talked a lot about this morning is the Plantar Fasciitis Reliever. The Reliever is a firm gel heel pad that incorporates a set of firm bars that are used to 'stimulate' the plantar fascia. The bars can be varied and changed as needed. In consideration of the discussion above, I see The Plantar Fasciitis Reliever as an overlooked product that actually has a bit of science behind it. The bars are used to massage the fascia. That massage can restart the inflammation. And in theory, the bars act as an active, non-surgical way in which the plantar fasciosis can return to that active state of healing, plantar fasciitis.
Funny sometimes where you find the pearls in this business.
Jeffrey A. Oster, DPM
Google+ l LinkedIn l Facebook
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These opening lines from The Warden begin with a mention of Trollope's protagonist but immediately turn to the place in which the narrative is set — the fictional cathedral town of Barchester.
The Rev. Septimus Harding was, a few years since, a beneficed clergyman residing in the cathedral town of ------; let us call it Barchester. Were we to name Wells or Salisbury, Exeter, Hereford, or Gloucester, it might be presumed that something personal was intended; and as this tale will refer mainly to the cathedral dignitaries of the town in question, we are anxious that no personality may be suspected. Let us presume that Barchester is a quiet town in the West of England, more remarkable for the beauty of its cathedral and the antiquity of its monuments, the west end of Barchester is the cathedral close, and that the aristocracy of Barchester are the bishop, dean, and canons, with their respective wives and daughters.
Why does Trollope choose to invent a fictional town rather than one of those he names — Wells or Salisbury, Exeter, Hereford, or Gloucester — and why does he emphasize that the clergy form the "aristocracy of Barchester"?
As one might suspect from such an opening, Trollope's placement of The Warden within a cathedral town leads to a story involving Church of England clergy.
How do the narrative events of this novel, particularly its conflicts, differ from other Victorian novels in which Anglican clergy appear — for example, Gaskell's North and South and Brontë's Jane Eyre?
How does Trollope's treatment here differ from that in his later, non-Barchester novels and from that of Dickens's dissenting ministers?
Last modified 1998
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Today's session began outside with an engaging activity. Bob2 initiated the activity by coughing on his hand and tapping people on the shoulder (or patting them on the back). Next, he handed out cards with "infected" or "safe" written on them. The students that had the "infected" cards took more cards and handed them out to people. They did this several times until most of the people were sick. Bob2 ended the activity and brought the students inside, telling them that they would model what they had just done on the computer.
Bob2 first told everyone to open a program called STELLA. He told them how to set up three boxes; one for the susceptible population, another for the infected population, and a final one for the recovered population. Then the students set up objects that would move people from one group to the next. He then listed an infection rate and a recovery rate that would simulate the 48 hour flu. Once all the items were set up the explorers decided which objects would effect the others. Finally, the students applied equations to the model and ran the finished product.
Next the students moved on to Geometry. Maria started by discussing the concept of dimensions. She spoke about how mathematicians often use the concept of points, lines and planes. She asked how many dimensions each of these elements had, and how they came to that conclusion. The hardest thing for the students to figure out was the concept of a point, because it has no dimensions. Once they had a good understanding of these concepts, Maria took out some objects and asked people what shape things would make if they were cut by a plane at different places. She used the surface of a bowl of water to help demonstrate why different shapes were made.
This led into the next topic: conics. Anne led this exploration into how you can intersect a plane with two cones. She used styrofoam to illustrate the shapes made. She told the class that there were four general shapes; parabolas, hyperbolas, circles and elipses. She then handed out a piece of paper to each student and told them to put a dot somewhere along the center line. She then told everyone to fold the paper lots of times so that the bottom of the paper touched the dot. When everyone had finished, they noticed that the lines created a curved area. Anne explained that the shape was a parabola. She elaborated that the dot was called a focus, and the bottom of the paper was called a directrix. Anne then explained that every point on the line they had formed was the same distance from the directrix as the focus. Next she showed the class a hyperbola that she had made using a similar method, but using a circle instead of a line. Finally she turned the students loose on a java program that could draw conics by changing the focus and changing the width of a circle.
To finish off the day the students played with a mobius strip. They first tried to count the sides and edges to discover there was only one of each. The explorers decided that the object was not a paradox, because there was no contradiction. Maria comented that the word "paradox" can mean different things for different people. The class also tried cutting the mobius strip in half, and discovered that it just formed another, larger loop. They cut that in half and discovered that they did get two strips, but they were interlocked. The explorers contemplated this as they wrote their reports to Richard.
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|Title||America's Historical Opportunity |
|Abstract||This reprint article starts out recounting the efforts of Ezra Meeker in publicizing the Oregon Trail. He traveled the trail in its early years, and later he championed the cause of trail preservation. The author recalls other episodes concerning the trail and presents six objectives/ plans the Oregon Trail Memorial Association had in 1930 to help preserve the trails. Includes photographs of Driggs and Meeker as well as the dedication ceremony in 1930 at Independence Rock which designated it as an Oregon Trail landmark.|
Howard Driggs was president of the Oregon Trail Memorial Association which later became the American Pioneer Trails Association which he also led. He died in 1963. This article originally appeared in "Overland Monthly" and "Out West Magazine" in March 1930.
|Author||Howard R. Driggs|
|Date||Summer 2007 |
|Source||Overland Journal |
|Publisher||Oregon-California Trails Association |
Driggs, Howard R.
Oregon Trail Memorial Association
|Item Type||Magazine article|
|Access This Item||This document is not available online. You may come to the Missouri Valley Room to view it or request a photocopy from the Library's Document Delivery service. http://www.kclibrary.org/copy-requests |
|Item ID||217317 |
|CONTENTdm number||36831 |
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A shallow inclined container in which ore is washed.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- These are the only two circular buddles known in North America, and they represent the importation of state-of-the-art ore-processing technology from Cornwall, England, during the 1850s.
- The water is made turbid by this stirring, and carries the mud and sand and small particles of metal into the buddle below.
- Another significant development of the mid-19th century was the introduction of round buddles, which were used to wash the fine sands and slimes.
Mid 16th century: of unknown origin.
For editors and proofreaders
Saltos de línea: bud¦dle
Definición de buddle en:
¿Qué te llama la atención de esta palabra o frase?
Los comentarios que no respeten nuestras Normas comunitarias podrían ser moderados o eliminados.
Muy popular en Reino Unido
Muy popular en Australia
= de moda
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Ultra-wideband (Uwb) communications is seen by many as an enabling technology for many short-range applications. Low signal-to-noise transmissions enable it to avoid interference with co-located wireless signals. Specifically, UWB signals must have low spectral densities just above the thermal noise floor. To achieve this goal, the UWB transmitter power is restricted to low levels and spread over wide bandwidths. UWB signals also have redundancy built into them, for interference immunity to strong narrowband signals as well as impressive multipath capabilities. Tektronix delves into these details and explains their impact on performance and test in the 17-page application note, "Ultra- Wideband Technology and Test Solutions."
Several different approaches exist for generating UWB signals. Three of the more popular methods for modulating this signal include: Time Hop UWB (TH-UWB), Direct Sequence UWB (DS-UWB), and Multi-Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing UWB (MBOFDM). The WiMedia Alliance (www.wimedia.org) has chosen an MB-OFDM signal as its high-speed multimedia UWB data-link standard. That signal comprises an OFDM modulation with 128 carriers using either quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or dual-carrier modulation (DCM) on each carrier. With this format, at least eight data rates can range up to 480 Mb/s.
To generate and analyze ultra-broadband test signals for UWB, a direct digital synthesizer (DDS) or high-performance arbitrary waveform generator is required. In addition, verybroadband digital phosphor oscilloscopes are needed to support the UWB signal's bandwidth requirements. Most typical laboratory signal generators can only generate a few tens or hundreds of megahertz of bandwidth, which falls far short of the 1.5 GHz of bandwidth needed for most UWB signals. UWB pulses also can be distorted by the spectral amplitude and phase variations of both the test signal generator and signal-analysis instruments. Such pulse distortion effects will alter the spectral properties of UWB signals. The limited number of measurement bandwidth options that are available also pose a problemas do the time frequency codes (TFCs) that spread the UWB signal.
The note cautions that it can be problematic to use the UWB's own system software to generate test signals. It may not be functioning properly or be able to add impairments. Rather, engineers should use a known software tool that can reliably synthesize both general-purpose and standards-based signals with or without impairments. The note closes by explaining other major test concerns and ways of resolving them. The note helps define UWB in its various forms and how to test it.
Tektronix, inc., 14200 Sw Karl braun dr., p.o. box 500, beaverton, or 97077; (800) 835-9433, internet: www.tektronix.com.
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From Hylton, J.B. (1995)
THE BAROQUE PERIOD (1600-1750)
The transition from Renaissance to Baroque musical style began in the late sixteenth century. The polychoral motets of the Venetian school, with two or more independent choirs juxtaposed to exploit the resulting contrast in color, provided the seedbed for the Baroque notion of conflict. Composers of the Venetian school also employed large performing forces, including choirs of instrumentalists, in their music. This led to the development of concertato style, in which the playing of a soloist or small group of players was contrasted with that of the full ensemble. This style of composition led to the development of the concerto. The concerto, of course, is an instrumental form, and during the Baroque era, instrumental music assumed far greater prominence than previously.
An examination of the madrigals of Monteverdi, written over a fifty year period, reveals many of the stylistic changes that signaled the transition from Renaissance to Baroque. Monteverdi's early madrigals (written 1587-1603) were composed in the style of the high Renaissance. Similar in character to the works of Marenzio in their use of chromaticism, they nevertheless begin a departure from the ideal of equality of voices and moved toward the Baroque notion of soprano-bass polarity. In contrast, his last four books of madrigals (written 1605-1638) include independent instrumental sections contrasted with choral interludes (concertato style) and increasing use of figured bass.
Several pairs of contrasting terms have been applied to the "old style"of Renaissance music versus the "new style" of the Baroque. Stile antico andstile moderno is one such pair. Another, used by Monteverdi, was prima prattica and seconda prattica. In the first half of the seventeenth century the two styles coexisted, with the earlier style employed most frequently in sacred music, while the new style was evident in secular music, most notably in the operas of the early Baroque.
Text was of extreme importance to composers of both the Renaissance and Baroque eras. However, the manner in which it was approached differed markedly. The Renaissance ideal was of several independent vocal lines, each with its own inflections and accentuation. In the early to mid seventeenth century, the trend was away from this polyphonic ideal, toward soprano-bass polarity, in which a single melody was sung and a figured bass line was played by an accompanying instrument or instruments. By the late Baroque era, in the first half of the eighteenth century, polyphony had returned to popularity. The polyphony of the late Baroque differed from that of the Renaissance: It was rooted in tonal harmony and characterized by an energetic, metrically conceived, driving rhythm.
The tradition of requiring full participation by the performer in decisions concerning tempo, articulation, ornamentation, and other matters continued from the Renaissance into the Baroque era. Keyboard players presented with a figured bass line were expected to "realize" it, filling in chords, adding ornaments, and otherwise embellishing their playing. Singers, particularly soloists, were expected to improvise ornamentation and elaboration for a melody found in the score.
Although all of the stylistic changes mentioned here occurred over a period of decades, the year 1600 is widely accepted as a convenient if somewhat arbitrary date to mark the end of the Renaissance and the beginning of the Baroque. It should also be noted that many if not all of these changes ere interrelated. For example, the move away from polyphonic texture toward an accompanied melody was closely related to the shift from modality toward the major-minor key system and the use of figured bass. The increasing significance of new instrumental forms grew out of the employment of dependent instrumental parts, contrasted with choral sections. The total impact of all of these changes taken together propelled music forward into e new era.
In the Baroque period, some of the important choral forms, such as the ass and the motet, represented the continued development of Renaissance ideas. Others, such as the cantata and the oratorio, were newly created or assumed a new importance in terms of stylistic development. Some forms crossed the boundaries of sacred and secular. The cantatas of Bach, for example, inclucled both classifications. For the purposes of this discussion, opera is not considered. A brief definition of each of the important Baroque choral forms is presented here.
Anthem.The anthem tradition begun in Elizabethan England by Gibbons, Byrd, Tallis and others continued in the Baroque, reaching its highest state in the anthems of Purcell and Handel. The Baroque anthem was more elaborate than that of the Renaissance, utilizing recitatives, instrumental accompaniments with continuo, independent instrumental sections and interludes, and elaborate solo passages.
Cantata.Derived from the Italian word cantare meaning "to sing," the cantata developed in the seventeenth century as an extended piece of accompanied secular music with recitatives and arias. In Germany, the Lutheran chorale formed the basis for extended treatment in the "chorale cantata," a sacred work written for soloists, chorus, and orchestra, and brought to its highest development by J.S. Bach.
Madrigal.In the Baroque era, the madrigal continued to be popular and came to embody the "new style" in the form of the continuo madrigal developed by Monteverdi, using figured bass, and incorporating sections for solo, duet, or trio with continuo and contrasting sections for instruments with those for choir.
Magnificat.A musical setting of the canticle of the Virgin Mary found in the first chapter of the Gospel of Luke. Polyphonic settings were written as early as the fourteenth century. The Magnificat is a part of the Catholic service of Vespers and the Anglican service of Evensong. Monteverdi, Hassler, Purcell, and most importantly Bach, wrote significant settings of this text.
Mass.During the early Baroque, the mass tended to be a conservative musical form, similar in style to the Franco-Flemish mass of the sixteenth century. As the seventeenth century progressed, masses began to incorporate concertato style and to have instrumental accompaniments. These developments led to the five masses of J.S. Bach, whose B Minor Mass is one of the towering monuments of Western music. Unlike his other masses, the B Minor Mass is two hours in length and divides the ordinary into twenty-five separate movements characterized by a wide range of expressive and musical devices.
Motet.The motets of the Venetian school were written in concertato style, exploiting the colors of contrasting choral and instrumental forces. Schutz, Monteverdi, and Lully wrote motets that included a wide variety of forces, textures, and emotions. This led to the multimovement motet of the late Baroque, exemplified by the works of Bach and Buxtehude.
Oratorio.The setting of a sacred or heroic text for chorus, soloists, and orchestra. The details of the story are conveyed through recitative. Similar in character to opera, an oratorio is not staged, nor are the singers costumed. The first important composer of oratorio was Carissimi. The Baroque oratorio reached its highest point in the works of Handel.
Passion.The passion is a musical setting of the events at the end of Christ's life, from the Last Supper to the Crucifixion. The story is carried in recitatives sung by the Evangelist. Other soloists perform recitatives and arias, and the role of the chorus varies from the singing of chorales, more complex contemplative choral sections, and turba sections in which the chorus assumes the identity of the crowd.
Te Deum.The opening words of this text, "Te deum laudamus," mean "We Praise Thee, God." It is sung at the Roman Catholic office of Matins, at Anglican Morning Prayer, and for other festive sacred and secular occasions. Purcell and Handel each wrote significant musical settings of the Te Deum.
Vespers.Evening worship in the Roman Catholic rite. Vespers includes a series of psalms, a hymn, and the Magnificat. Monteverdi's Vespers of 1610 utilized choir, instrumentalists, and was written in concertato style. It is the most important Baroque example of the form.
Two composers predominated in the first half of the Baroque period. Their music embodies many of the elements of the transition from Renaissance to Baroque style. These two composers were Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) and Heinrich Schutz (1585-1672).
Born in Cremona, Italy, Monteverdi composed eight books of madrigals, three masses, vespers, magnificats, and motels. He wrote at least twelve operas, three of which have been preserved. As mentioned earlier, Monteverdi's music illustrates the transition from the prima prattica to the seconda prattica, from Renaissance polyphony to Baroque homophony.
Schutz was the greatest German composer of the seventeenth century. Born in Saxony, he studied with Gabrieli in Venice. Schutz's music is diverse, reflecting his long life and the varied conditions under which he worked. His first published compositions were Italian madrigals. He was Lutheran, and his sacred compositions were written for the Lutheran church. Schutz wrote several highly varied collections of motets as well as oratorios and passions.
Other important composers of the early Baroque include Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687), Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck (1591-1652), Johann Hermann Schein (1586-1630), and Ciacomo Carissimi (1605-1674). Carissimi's fifteen oratorios are of particular importance. They contain recitatives, arias, choral sections, and instrumental interludes, utilizing a variety of textures.
In the late Baroque period, the works of Bach and Handel predominated and constitute an important part of the choral repertoire performed today. Other major composers of this period include Dietrich Buxtehude (1637-1701), Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1634-1704), Henry Purcell (1659-1695), Georg Philip Telemann (1681-1767), and Antonio Vivaldi (1675-1741).
The music of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) represents the culmination of the two centuries of musical development that preceded it. Bach's choral, orchestral, and keyboard music display an amazing variety of expressive quality, technique, and organization. His choral output includes six motets, a magnificat, five masses, three hundred cantatas, and two complete passions.
While all of Bach's choral works constitute an important part of the repertoire, two works are choral monuments: the B Minor Mass and the St. Matthew Passion. In addition, the hundreds of Bach cantatas include a wide variety of difficulty levels, and some are performable by choirs with limited experience and resources. The relatively modest resources required for the performance of many Bach cantatas is understandable, since he wrote the majority of them for performance by his church choir in Leipzig and was limited by the available finances and personnel. Although his singers were regularly under his instruction, the instrumentalists who constituted the orchestra were recruited on an ad hoc basis and in fact were probably sightreading the music in performance.
George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) was born in Halle, Germany. Handel was a cosmopolitan man, traveling to Italy for three years in 1707 and living in London from 1711 until his death. His choral output included twenty-one oratorios, three Te Deums, fourteen anthems, and two passions. His oratorios were designed for concert presentation rather than for use in the church. They were musical narratives of the lives of heroic figures from the Bible and mythology. Handel's best known oratorio, Messiah, is atypical of the rest in that it presents a series of meditations on the life of Christ and its significance rather than a dramatic narrative of a sequence of events.
The performance of Baroque choral music requires life and energy. It is music that is full of emotion. In Baroque music there tends to be unity of emotion within a given section of a composition. This stems from the Baroque idea that an individual is controlled by a single affect or emotion at any given time. But this does not mean the music should be emotionless. More overt emotion may be displayed in a Baroque choral piece than in music from the Renaissance. Contrast in emotion must be achieved as one section ends and another begins in a new tempo and with new dynamics.
Terraced dynamics, wherein dynamic changes occur between sections of music (as opposed to long crescendos and decrescendos within sections) is a typically Baroque musical characteristic. Similarly, the tempo of a Baroque composition should be steady within each section of a work. Sharp contrasts in tempo occur between sections.
The tone to be used in a Baroque mass is bigger and more dramatic than what would be appropriate for a sixteenth-century setting of the same text. A freer approach to vibrato along with a wider dynamic range help distinguish the two styles.
The use of an orchestra to accompany Baroque choral music adds to the variety of color available and accentuates the need for choir members 0 sing with warmth and projection. As was the case in the Renaissance, it was quite common and accepted to double the vocal lines in a composition with instruments. In the Baroque period, in addition to the instrumental doubling, compositions also typically contained an independent orchestral accompaniment, often calling for strings, trumpets, oboes, and a keyboard instrument (harpsichord or organ) providing the continuo.
Some Baroque choral music tends to be "instrumental" in conception. Such music is characterized by driving dotted rhythms, and it must be infused with life, energy, and a sense of propulsion. Slower sections should be distinctly contrasting.
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by Thomas Peterson and Bryony Bonning, Departments of Agronomy, Zoology and
Genetics, and Entomology
Iowa State University, Ames, IA
Seeds for many high yielding crop varieties are patented and farmers are legally obliged not to save and use seed from the crop that they grow, but rather to buy more seed from the company. A technique has been developed to prevent farmers from saving or re-using patented seed. This technology results in the F2 seed (offspring of the plants grown by farmers) being inviable. This technology is called the trait protection system and is covered under US patent No. 5,723,765 (Oliver et al., 1998).
The plant genome is engineered so that it produces a protein that is toxic to the plant. The promoter that controls expression of the gene and subsequent production of the toxin is only active late in embryo development. In order to produce the transgenic F1 seed, a spacer is put between the promoter and the toxin gene so that the toxin gene is inactive. On either side of the spacer are sequences that are recognized by a "recombinase" enzyme that cuts out the spacer. This event brings the gene and promoter together so that the toxin is produced late in embryo development. A promoter that is activated by the chemical treatment of the seed sold to farmers controls the production of the recombinase. Thus, until the seed is chemically treated, the toxin gene remains inactive. The result of chemically treating seed purchased by farmers is that the farmer can buy viable seed and harvest the crop, but any seed collected from the crop will not grow. Opponents of the new technology refer to it as the "Terminator Technology".
The mode of reproduction of a crop plays a significant role in the seed industry.
Hybrid crops like corn, sunflower, sorghum automatically require that farmers purchase new seed each year to maintain yield. If farmers kept their own seed of hybrids, 50% of the advantage of growing the hybrid would be lost in the next year. The incentive for farmers to buy new seed of a hybrid each year is quite large.
Self-pollinated crops, like wheat, soybean, and rice do not require that farmers purchase new seed each year. This is because the seed harvested from the crop is genetically identical to what was planted. It is common practice both in the US and the rest of the world for growers of self-pollinated crops to keep and plant their own seed.
Brown bagging: The practice of farmers saving their own seed or "brown bagging" as it is usually called causes significant economic problems for commercial companies. Farmers may only purchase seed of a new variety once and in future years produce their own seed of this variety. This limits investment by the commercial sector in self-pollinated crop breeding because there is limited potential return on investment. Much of the breeding of self-pollinated crops is done in the public sector, both in the US and the rest of the world. Brown bagging has also limited the use of biotechnology in self-pollinated crops, because it is difficult to control this practice. Hybrid crops do not have this problem and offer built in protection for intellectual property.
Patenting crop varieties and requiring farmers to sign grower agreements has been one way of circumventing the brown bagging issue in the US. Both the patents and the grower agreements prohibit farmers from saving seed to plant the following year. There are obvious enforcement issues, but US farmers have been prosecuted for brown bagging patented crop varieties.
Even though hybrids offer a tremendous yield advantage in corn, hybrids are not grown by farmers world wide. Hybrid seed production can be expensive and technically challenging to subsistence farmers. For example in corn, nearly 100% of the US acreage is planted with hybrids and farmers purchase new seed each year. In contrast, 62% of the corn acreage in developing countries is planted with local germplasm or open-pollinated varieties, whereas only 38% is planted with hybrids. The local germplasm or open-pollinated varieties are grown from seed saved the previous year by the farmer, purchased from other farmers, purchased from a public or government agency, or in some cases purchased from a commercial company. Forty percent of the hybrid seed planted in developing countries is of public origin. The developing countries represent a potentially huge market for corn hybrids. The primary hindrance has been that farmers in developing countries do not have the capital to purchase hybrids and intellectual property laws are weak in developing countries.
The situation with a self-pollinated crop like wheat is much different. Greater than 90% of the US hard red winter wheat acreage is planted with publicly (usually from land grant institutions) developed varieties. The situation is very similar in developing countries. Biotechnology has not been introduced into wheat because companies have no way to protect investment in their intellectual property. Few commercial companies breed improved wheat varieties, because the return on investment from breeding is very low.
The case for introduction of the new technology - the industry perspective
International dialogue is required to address the potential impacts of this new technology on global agriculture and food production.
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|Office of Biotechnology homepage||Search the Office of Biotechnology homepage|
Published by: Office of Biotechnology, Bioethics Outreach
Ames, Iowa 50011-3260, (515) 294-9818, email@example.com
Questions about the site? E-mail firstname.lastname@example.org
Copyright © 2003, Iowa State University. All rights reserved.
Last Update 06/06/03
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Experts say we should sleep for eight hours a night
Lack of sleep raises a woman's risk of heart disease more than it does for a man, research suggests.
Sleeping less than the recommended eight hours a night has been linked to a raised risk of heart problems.
Researchers found levels of inflammatory markers - indicators of heart disease - vary significantly with sleep duration in women, but not men.
The study, by University College London and the University of Warwick, appears in the journal Sleep.
Previous research has suggested people who sleep less than five hours a night have an increased risk of dying from cardiovascular disease, compared to those who get the full eight hours.
The latest study found levels of a molecule called interleukin-6 (IL-6), which is known to trigger inflammation, were much lower in women who reported sleeping eight hours, compared to those who slept for seven hours.
Levels of another molecule, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) - which is linked to heart problems - were significantly higher in women who reported sleeping for five hours or less.
Researcher Dr Michelle Miller said the findings added to the growing body of evidence suggesting that sleep duration played a key role in heart health.
She said: "The results also are consistent with the idea that sleeping seven or eight hours per night appears to be optimal for health."
Dr Miller said more work was required to pin down why lack of sleep potentially had a greater effect on women.
However, she said differences in hormone levels might be key. There is work to suggest that inflammatory marker levels are different in pre- and post-menopausal women.
The study was based on data from more than 4,600 London-based civil servants aged 35 to 55, of which 73% were men.
Dr Janet Mullington, of Harvard Medical School, said there were many questions still to be answered about the effect of sleep deprivation.
She said it was possible that the change to inflammatory markers produced in sleep deprivation experiments were merely short-term reflections of the battle against sleepiness.
They might also be influenced by the unusual conditions, such as the interaction between the participants and the researchers.
June Davison, a cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, said: "Previous research suggests that a good night's sleep may help to keep our heart and circulation healthy, and this study could point to an underlying reason behind that finding.
"We should all try to get enough sleep - as it's likely to be good for heart health as well as overall health."
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Strophiops processa Maynard and Clapp in Maynard, 1920
Maynard and Clapp in Maynard, 1920d:116, Plate 1, figs. 7, 8, Map 1, 5.
: In area just south of the 3d beach north of the south end of Great Guana Key [Exumas, Bahamas].
Maynard (1920d:116) reported that this taxon was rather common, but all 300 specimens collected were dead. Maynard (1924a:168) later contradicted this number, stating that 122 specimens were collected. Clench & Aguayo (1951:431) consider this taxon to be a subspecies of Cerion asperum.
Search for additional records in the collections of:
The National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
The Field Museum of Natural History
GenBank® (NIH genetic sequences database)
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Who gets Gout?
You can't help but wonder: why me?
As you toss and turn, unable to get comfortable as the pain of gout
seizes your toe or some other joint, you can't help but wonder: why me? Aside
from the existential whys and wherefores, medical science has developed a pretty
good profile of who is likely to contract the nasty form of arthritis known as
gout. Knowing what predisposes one to gout is probably the best defense against
future bouts of this painful joint disease.
First off, consider that gout is what happens when the blood contains
too much uric acid. Uric acid is formed when the body processes purines, which
occur naturally in the body and are also produced when one eats certain foods.
The uric acid that the body can't excrete through urination tends to form sharp, needle-like
crystals around the joints. That, in a nutshell, is gout.
Heavy drinkers are gout waiting to happen.
So, who gets gout? Heavy drinkers are gout waiting to happen. Excess
consumption of alcohol makes for excess uric acid in the body. If you're a guy,
don't drink more than 2 alcoholic drinks a day, or more than one if you're a
Sometimes gout is as simple as a roll of the dice. Certain chronic
medical conditions tend to cause excess uric acid to form in the body,
especially when left untreated. Under this category are such chronic diseases
as: hypertension, diabetes, high levels of fat and cholesterol; known as
hyperlipidemia, and narrowing of the arteries; known as arteriosclerosis.
The other side of the coin is that certain medications prescribed by
doctors for common medical conditions can, by themselves, cause gout. For
example, the family of medicines known as thiazides, a type of diuretic
commonly used for hypertension and low dose aspirin can both cause excess uric
acid to form in the blood. People who have undergone a transplant should be
aware that anti-rejection medications can also have the same effect.
Gout runs in the best of families. If someone in your family has or had
gout, you're more likely to contract the disease yourself.
Men get gout more than women, because women don't usually have as much
uric acid in their blood as do men. After menopause, this changes, as women
then have uric acid levels more closely approaching male levels. That means
that men see gout at an earlier age than do women; between the ages of 40 and
fifty, and in general, women tend to contract gout sometime in their fifties.
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: بر دبي , ) is a historic district in Dubai
, United Arab Emirates
, located on the western side of the Dubai Creek
. The name literally translates to Mainland Dubai
, a reference to the traditional separation of the Bur Dubai area from Deira
by the Dubai Creek
. This is because Bur Dubai historically consisted of all districts between the western bank of the Creek and Jumeirah
. The Ruler's Court is located in the district adjacent to the Grand Mosque.
The district is home to several mosques
including the Grand Mosque
with the city's tallest minaret
, and the blue tiled Iranian Mosque. The city's only Hindu Temple
is situated between the Grand Mosque and the Creek.
It is home to several popular places for tourists including renovated historic buildings and museums. The district is full of shopping streets and souqs
(or souk), including the textile souq near the abra
boat station, though most of the well known souqs are located in Deira.
The Al Bastakiya
historic area is located to the east of Al Fahidi Fort (now home to Dubai Museum
) and features old courtyard housing which are identifiable with their wind towers
to the north west, located between Bur Dubai, the creek and the sea is the historic location of the ruler's house on the peninsula facing the sea and the creek.
As of 2008, work was being undertaken to extend Dubai Creek back to the sea, turning Bur Dubai... Read More
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| 0.96837
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This site provides a vast amount of general information about various kinds of degradation processes and their impacts on earth systems and human health. It features modules on corrosion effects by natural waters, microbial processes, atmospheric processes, global warming, global dimming (due to particulate matter) and toxic elements. The site also features a recommended reading list, glossary, periodic table of toxic elements, self-administered quizzes, and a long list of related links.
Subject: Biology:Biogeochemistry, Geoscience:Geology:Geochemistry:Elements, Environmental Science:Ecosystems:Biogeochemical cycling, Environmental Science Resource Type: Scientific Resources:Collection, Overview/Reference Work Health Topics: Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Topics: Energy/Material cycles, Solid Earth:Geochemistry:Elements, Biosphere:Biogeochemistry
CMS authors: link to this resource in your page using [resource 19949]
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| 0.775668
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Okay, now discrete gets a little more fun. Conditional statements are “conditional” in the sense that they contain an element whose truth value depends on the truth value of something else. For example, “if Zach is happy, he cackles” is a conditional statement because the cackling depends on the happiness. Now, let’s get discrete:
p: Zach is happy
q: Zach cackles
The formal statement of the above conditional would go:
The book denotes a crapload of ways to say this verbally. I’m gonna go with “if p then q.”
You can readily see how this new symbol is going to mix with the old one. For example, let’s make this statement: If Zach is sad AND there’s no cookie dough THEN Zach cries alone in his room. So,
p: Zach is sad
q: There’s no cookie dough
r: Zach cries alone.
The formal statement goes:
You can think of lots of variations. For example, flip that AND sign to an OR, and you’ve got a situation where I cry if I’m sad OR if there’s no cookie dough OR both.
[table id=5 /]
Mull that one over a bit, as it’s less obvious than the previous stuff.
It may be throwing you off that p can be false and q can be true, and the statement p→q is true. If you’re confused, it’s purely a matter of understanding terms better.
Most importantly, in this framework, calling something “TRUE” is the same as calling it ”NOT FALSE.” In fact, sometimes when I get confused, I prefer to say “FALSE” or “NOT FALSE” as opposed to “FALSE” or “TRUE.”
So, now let’s go back to the table. We have 4 cases:
1) p and q are both true. In this case, p→q is a non-false statement because if I go outside, the sky will be blue. It doesn’t matter that YOU KNOW there’s not a real relation there. We’re only talking about the statement.
2) p is true and q is false. This is the lone case where p→q is false. If I go outside and the sky is not blue, we know (if nothing else) that the statement “If Zach goes outside, then the sky will be blue” is not true.
3) p is false and q is true. This is the one that might screw with you. Think of it like this: If Zach doesn’t go outside and the sky is still blue, it doesn’t render p→q false. How could it? You don’t have a relation for what to do if p is false. So, judging solely from the information available, p→q has not been shown false. Therefore it is not false, a.k.a. true.
I wanna linger on case 3 a little longer. The easy way to remember is that in any conditional, if the premise has a FALSE truth value, then the whole conditional is NOT FALSE. Think of it this way: You have a conditional statement that tells you that the second thing depends on the first thing. If the first thing is false, you don’t have any way to know if the conditional overall is true. For example, if I said “If you meet Zach you will be turned on,” but then you never met me, you don’t know if the overall statement is true or false. Therefore, based on the available information, you must call it not false.
4) p and q are both false. This is similar to case 3. Since the premise is false, and it’s a conditional, you know immediately that the statement overall is not false. But, let’s make sure you understand why. Start with “if Zach goes outside the sky will be blue.” Now, say I don’t go outside AND the sky is red (that is, both p and q are false). That gives you no information about whether the initial statement is true. I didn’t go outside, so it doesn’t matter what color the sky is – the statement only relates to times when I do go outside. So, based on the information available, you must say that p→q is not false.
Got it? I went into all the “WHY?!” stuff because it can be a bit confusing. But, the important thing to remember is that all statements are either true or false. There’s no room for “I dunno…” because “I dunno…” is considered part of “true.” It’s analogous to how in court we say that a defendant is either guilty or not guilty. If he’s guilty, he’s guilty. If he’s not guilty, he’s either actually innocent, or he’s at least not guilty. Those are two different ideas contained in one word, but they’re lumped together because they have the same meaning in regards to whether you go to jail or not.
I’m going to try to stick to the word “true” from now on. But, whenever it’s a little confusing, I’ll switch to “not false” or “non-false,” as I think it’s a little easier on your human brain.
Next section: Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive!
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April 1, 2014 | Issue Brief on Federal Budget
The federal fiscal year begins on October 1 and ends on September 30. The budget process calls for presidential, House, and Senate budgets, with the latter two to be resolved in a budget conference to arrive at the discretionary topline level from which the 12 appropriations bills are written. This process completely collapsed in 2013.
By September 2013, Congress was far from passing appropriations bills in large part because the Senate refused to live within the spending level agreed to in the 2011 Budget Control Act (BCA). Rather, the budget process was neglected in favor of delays, missed deadlines, and last-minute stopgap measures so that by the end of fiscal year (FY) 2013, Congress was debating a continuing resolution as the federal government prepared for its first shutdown in 17 years.
This Issue Brief examines the budgetary dysfunction that characterized FY 2013 in order to evaluate how lawmakers can avoid similar mistakes in the future.
FY 2013 (which began on October 1, 2012) started off wrong in the late summer of 2012. As Congress scrambled to avoid a budget impasse and thus a government shutdown, lawmakers voted to approve a continuing resolution (CR) on September 28 that would continue current levels of funding through March 2013. This measure was both poor budget procedure and bad policy. House Appropriations Committee chairman Hal Rogers (R–KY) noted:
[T]his bill essentially punts on the core duty of Congress to complete its annual Appropriations and budget work.… It is imperative to our nation’s future and to our finances that we return to a timely regular order of business on such important funding legislation.
Heritage visiting fellow Patrick Louis Knudsen called the bill “just another omnibus, spend-as-you-go measure that extends the federal government’s incoherent fiscal policy.”
Instead of debating federal spending, Congress was enmeshed in a debate over the expiring Bush tax cuts during the summer and fall of 2012. Congress passed the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA) early in the morning on January 1, 2013, and President Obama signed it into law the next day. ATRA primarily extended most of the Bush tax cuts for middle-class taxpayers while raising taxes on upper-income earners. ATRA also became a vehicle to delay the across-the-board budget cuts—called sequestration, set to go into effect in January—until March 2013.
By March, Congress was unable to agree on a viable set of alternative spending cuts, and sequestration kicked in despite doomsday predictions. President Obama called the cuts “severe,” while Representative Sheila Jackson Lee (D–TX) likened sequestration to a “tsunami”—a “tragic and reckless” event that would affect a “great percentage of Americans.” Yet most of these dire predictions never came to fruition.
Congress passed another CR in March that continued federal funding through September 30 with sequestration in place, much to the dismay of the cuts’ opponents.
In January 2013, the federal government ran up against the debt ceiling, and Congress adopted the No-Budget-No-Pay Act to suspend the debt limit through May 2013. The act’s only requirement was that both chambers of Congress pass their own budget resolutions by mid-April. In a step toward normalcy, the act resulted in the Senate passing its first budget in four years well before the deadline.
However, the topline numbers between the budget proposals—$967 billion for the House, which sought to meet the sequestration spending levels, and $1.058 trillion for the Senate, which sought to repeal sequestration—made the prospect of completing appropriations work on time slim. By September, neither chamber had passed all of its appropriations bills, and the process came to a complete stall.
The beginning of FY 2014 also marked the implementation of Obamacare. As lawmakers fought to protect Americans from the President’s unaffordable and unworkable health care law, the U.S. federal government entered its first shutdown in 17 years. As President Obama and Democrats refused to authorize funding for those programs and spending bills that had no impact on Obamacare, the partial government shutdown served as a leverage point to force Republicans into submission over funding Obamacare’s implementation.
On October 16, Congress ended the government shutdown by agreeing to fund Obamacare with another CR while also suspending the debt limit once more.
The October agreement that ended the government shutdown also established a budget conference between House Budget Committee chairman Paul Ryan (R–WI) and Senate Budget Committee chairman Patty Murray (D–WA). Despite high expectation for the conference, in the end it accomplished little other than raising spending in the interest of returning to regular budget order for FY 2015.
The Ryan–Murray budget deal increased FY 2014 discretionary spending from $967 billion to $1.012 trillion. The deal was sealed with a 1,582-page omnibus spending bill that included funding for pork projects, ineffective government programs, and giveaways for corporate cronies. The deal also set the discretionary spending level for FY 2015 at $1.014 trillion, giving congressional appropriators an agreed-upon topline spending level to complete 12 appropriations bills this year.
Without the modest sequestration cuts in place, base discretionary spending to finance government agencies and programs grew in both inflation-adjusted and nominal terms between 2013 and 2014. Total discretionary spending fell only after accounting for spending reductions that were exempted from the BCA budget caps, including reductions in spending dedicated to the war in Afghanistan and Hurricane Sandy relief (although many disaster funds were diverted for irrelevant purposes). Indeed, advocates of big spending—and the special interests they provide for—will always fight for the last penny.
Despite the House’s efforts to abide by sequestration and reduce spending, total discretionary funding increased by almost $10 billion in inflation-adjusted terms in 2014.
Accounting for inflation, the defense budget suffered the largest net decrease in funding from 2013 to 2014. As Heritage Vice President for Foreign and Defense Policy Studies James Carafano writes:
Hill indifference to a hollowing military became apparent after the Ryan-Murray budget deal.… [It]spared the armed forces an immediate crisis, [but] gave Congress no reason to quit worrying about the future of America’s defense.
Heritage will be tracking each appropriations bill this budget season to hold accountable those who dole out billions of taxpayer dollars to special-interest groups and wasteful programs while neglecting true national priorities.
—Romina Boccia is Grover M. Hermann Fellow in Federal Budgetary Affairs and Michael Sargent is a Research Assistant in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation.
News release, “Continuing Resolution Released; Legislation Prevents Government Shutdown, Maintains Bipartisan Funding Agreement,” Committee on Appropriations, U.S. House of Representatives, September 10, 2012, http://appropriations.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=307883 (accessed March 18, 2014).
Patrick Louis Knudsen, “FY 2013 Continuing Resolution: Spends Every Dollar and More,” Heritage Foundation Issue Brief No. 3726, September 12, 2012, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/09/fy-2013-continuing-resolution-spends-every-dollar-and-more#_ftn1.
Curtis S. Dubay, “Fiscal Cliff Deal: Tax Increase Spoils Permanent Victory for Most Taxpayers,” Heritage Foundation Issue Brief No. 3821, January 8, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/01/fiscal-cliff-deal-how-it-will-affect-taxpayers-and-the-economy.
Patrick Louis Knudsen, “Fiscal Cliff Deal Added $47 Billion in Spending,” Heritage Foundation Issue Brief No. 3822, January 10, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/01/fiscal-cliff-deal-added-47-billion-in-spending.
President Barack Obama, “Statement by the President on the Sequester,” White House Press Office, March 1, 2013, http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/2013/03/01/president-obama-makes-statement-sequester#transcript (accessed March 19, 2014).
Breanna Edwards, “Jackson Lee: Sequester Like Tsunami,” Politico, March 15, 2013, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/03/jackson-lee-sequester-like-tsunami-88921.html (accessed March 19, 2014).
David Fahrenthold and Lisa Rein, “They Said the Sequester Would Be Scary. Mostly, They Were Wrong,” The Washington Post, June 30, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/they-said-the-sequester-would-be-scary-mostly-they-were-wrong/2013/06/30/73bdbbfc-da7a-11e2-8ed8-7adf8eba6e9a_story.html (accessed March 20, 2014).
Patrick Louis Knudsen, “House and Senate Budgets: A First Step Toward Restoring Congressional Budgeting,” Heritage Foundation Issue Brief No. 3895, April 8, 2013, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/04/house-and-senate-budgets-a-first-step-toward-restoring-congressional-budgeting.
Amy Payne, “The Story Behind the Government Shutdown,” The Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, October 1, 2013, http://blog.heritage.org/2013/10/01/the-story-behind-the-government-shutdown/.
See Romina Boccia, “3 Things You Need to Know About the Congressional Budget Deal,” The Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, December 11, 2013, http://blog.heritage.org/2013/12/11/3-things-you-need-to-know-about-congressional-budget-deal/.
Katrina Trinko, “Heritage Experts Weigh In on Massive Omnibus Spending Bill,” The Heritage Foundation, The Foundry, January 13, 2014, http://blog.heritage.org/2014/01/13/heritage-experts-weigh-massive-omnibus-spending-bill/.
Taxpayers for Common Sense, “Analysis of Selected Provisions in Hurricane Sandy Emergency Spending Proposals,” January 10, 2013, http://www.taxpayer.net/library/article/brief-analysis-of-selected-provisions-in-proposed-senate-supplemental-appro (accessed March 20, 2014).
James Jay Carafano, “Obama’s Plan for a Declining Military,” Heritage Foundation Commentary, February 18, 2014, http://www.heritage.org/research/commentary/2014/2/obamas-plan-for-a-declining-military.
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Monday, November 9, 1998 Published at 00:00 GMT
Smoking parents-to-be 'should consider quitting together'
Pregnant women are more likely to quit smoking if their partner gives up
Pregnant women whose partners do not smoke are twice as likely to quit as those with a smoking partner, according to a psychological survey.
Psychologists surveyed 620 women and found that those whose partners stopped smoking with them were much more likely to reduce their tobacco intake or stop.
Dr Peter Appleton, of the University of Wales, and Professor Peter Pharoah of the University of Liverpool, questioned women who were smoking at the beginning of their pregnancy and after they had had their children.
They found that a third of the women's partners reduced or quite smoking and this had a big impact on the women.
Dr Appleton said: "Addiction is not the only reason women find it difficult to quit. Having other people around who also smoke - partners, family members, friends, workmates - is a known risk factor for continued smoking."
The survey, published in The British Journal of Health Psychology, found that partner smoking was independent of social class, emotional support given by the partner and joint planning of the pregnancy.
One in six
Dr Appleton advised that couples should consider trying to give up smoking together when the woman becomes pregnant.
This would help the father play a greater role in the pregnancy. "That way dad helps both his partner and the unborn baby," said Dr Appleton.
About a third of women of child-bearing age smoke. According to a recent study by the Health Education Authority (HEA), only one in six quit when they become pregnant and the numbers have not changed over the past five years.
Young women who were unemployed, working in manual jobs or single were more likely to smoke than others.
This is despite warnings about the danger to their children. The babies of women who smoke are more likely to be underweight and premature than those who do not smoke and studies have shown a link between childhood cancer and women who cannot quit during pregnancy.
The HEA wants more priority to be given to campaigns to encourage mothers-to-be not to smoke.
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Harvesting and processing your huckleberries
Harvesting and Storing Your Fruit
Huckleberries start fruiting three to six years after sowing or starting plants from cuttings. Full production may require 10 to 15 years. Pick berries when they are fully ripe but before they begin to shrivel. Refrigerate the fruit as quickly as possible after harvest. Unlike domestic blueberries, huckleberry skins tear when the berries are picked. The torn skins allow juices to leak and promote rotting. If the berries are dusty or contaminated with insects, leaves, or debris, rinse the fruit in potable water and drain before refrigerating. Use or freeze the fruit quickly to avoid loss of quality and rotting. Frozen huckleberries retain their flavor for several years.
Huckleberries are processed into many products. Among the most popular are syrups, jams, candies, pies, muffins, pancakes, salad dressings, and herbal teas. Nonfood products include soaps, lotions, shampoos, and candles. Huckleberries can be substituted into blueberry recipes. If the wild huckleberry flavor is too strong for a particular recipe, use half blueberries and half huckleberries. Extracting juice for syrups is quite easy as huckleberries have little pulp. Three cups of berries produce about two cups of juice.
This fact sheet is contributed by Dr. Danny L. Barney. Dr. Barney is a Professor of Horticulture and Extension Horticulturist specializing in small fruit and ornamental crops, and serves as Superintendent of the University of Idaho Sandpoint Research & Extension Center.
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What is Green Glue?
Glue is a water-based, viscoelelastic damping compound, with performance
that is higher than any product of its type. It dampens
air and structure borne sound and can be used in virtually any drywall
wall or ceiling assembly. Green Glue can also be used in plywood and
Sound travels as a wave through the air. The waves hit a wall or ceiling
and the energy becomes structure-borne. Unless the wall or ceiling
material is damped, the vibration will travel through the building
framing and exit somewhere else as sound again.
How does it work?
In a constrained layer damping system, sometimes referred to
as CLD, a damping material is sandwiched between two other (usually
stiff/center of the "sandwich" is sheared rigid) materials.
For example, Green Glue sandwiched between two layers of drywall.
Damping occurs when the viscoelastic center of the "sandwich"
is sheared (see left).
bent, shear forces pull and stretch on the damping material. Under
these conditions, the unique polymeric construction of Green Glue
very efficiently converts this mechanical energy to heat. The vibration
energy is not isolated, it's dissipated and gone.
Glue is extremely easy to use – No special trades
or training required. Ideal for DIY applications.
has never been so easy !
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Details about Culture and Psychological Development:
From infancy through to school age and beyond, most children are in constant contact with an array of social influences. Home life, education, community and the media all have some part to play in a child's development.
In this absorbing book, the authors discuss the ways such diverse cultural settings impact on behaviour and how children are shaped by the world around them. They examine development from both a cultural and cross-cultural perspective, drawing on case studies, to illuminate theoretical insights.
Students of both developmental and cultural psychology will find this to be the perfect starting point from which to investigate this fascinating topic further.
Back to top
Rent Culture and Psychological Development 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Janet M. Empson. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Palgrave Macmillan.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.
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Jargon Buster: Memory Cards
CF: CompactFlash. The most common cards found in SLR cameras, though slowly being replaced by SD. Widely regarded as more durable than smaller memory cards such as SD.
HC: High capacity. A higher capacity card than regular SD and microSD cards. Note that SDHC and microSDHC cards generally aren’t compatible with regular SD card slots.
M2: Memory Stick Micro. A smaller version of the Memory Stick used in Sony Ericsson mobile phones. It is a proprietary memory card format developed by Sony for use in its products.
Memory Stick: A proprietary memory card format developed by Sony for use in its products. Mainly used in Sony’s Cyber-shot cameras, Handycam video cameras and the PSP (PlayStation Portable) gaming device.
microSD: micro Secure Digital. A flash memory card about the size of a small fingernail. Primarily used in mobile phones.
miniSD: mini Secure Digital. A flash memory card with smaller dimensions than a regular SD card. miniSD cards were previously used in mobile phones, although they have now been replaced by microSD cards.
MMC: Multimedia Card. This is a flash memory card that is the same size as an SD card. They have been superseded by SD cards.
SD: Secure Digital is a flash memory card format approximately the size of a postage stamp. SD cards are commonly used in digital cameras.
SLR: Single Lens Reflex cameras are mainly used by professional photographers and offer an array of manual camera options. They use an automatic mirror system to direct light from the lens to the viewfinder.
xD: Extreme Digital Picture Card is a memory card format developed by Olympus and FujiFilm for use in their digital cameras.
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With the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics kicking off today, most people’s minds are turned to thoughts of curling, figure skating, bobsledding. But did you know that once upon a time, the Olympics included art competitions? Yup. From 1912 to 1948, awards were given out for works of art in roughly five different categories — architecture, literature, music, painting, and sculpture — for artworks inspired by sport.
Oils and reliefs of muscular men, symphonies devoted to the joys of athleticism — how grand! How inspirational! Except that the Olympic art competitions seem to have been something of a mess. Things got off to a bad start, when a last-minute location change forced organizers to cancel the intended first art competitions, in 1908. In 1912, the art games finally came to fruition, but only 35 people entered. They finally took off in 1928, with more than 1,000 artworks, but then dwindled considerably over the next two decades.
What’s more, every single time the Olympic art competitions actually took place, the rules changed. The event began with the five categories mentioned above. Then, gradually, all of the categories splintered into more categories, with hazy guidelines and much overlap. Architecture became architecture and town planning, while sculpture turned into statues and medals/reliefs, then further subdivided into statues, medals, and reliefs. Painting has the most absurd history, as it became drawings, graphic arts, and paintings, until it became paintings, prints, and watercolors/drawings, followed by prints changing back to graphic art, and then an entirely new overhaul to applied arts and crafts, engravings/etchings, and oils/watercolors. Got that?
As for the art, well, it doesn’t seem to have been very good (with exceptions) — a likely consequence of the need to focus on sports, as well as the rule that all submitting artists must be amateurs (which used to be the way for athletes, too). Notably, the judges had a regular habit of declining to actually give out medals. As critic Charles Isherwood wrote in the New York Times four years ago, discussing a book on the subject, Richard Stanton’s The Forgotten Olympic Art Competitions:
Few immortals swim through the book’s pages. Jack Butler Yeats — younger brother of the poet W.B. — won the silver medal at the Paris competition in 1924 for “Natation (Swimming).” … Josef Suk, the lone musical winner at the 1932 Los Angeles games, was a noted Czech composer and a student and son-in-law of Antonin Dvorak.
But does anyone still play the “Olympic Symphony” by Zbigniew Turski, a prize winner in the last competition, in London in 1948? Does anyone play anything by Zbigniew Turski? Somehow typical is this forlorn confession from Mr. Stanton, relating to the Finnish poet Aale Tynni, who won the top prize for literature in the last games: “As of this time, a copy of her gold medal poem ‘Hellaan Laakeri’ has not been located.” Sic transit gloria Tynni. [Thus passes the glory of Tynni.]
It is perhaps a sign of the Olympic art competitions’ shortcomings that the man generally considered the father of the Olympics, Pierre de Coubertin (who founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894) entered the first art contest under a pseudonym with a poem called “Ode to Sport,” and won the gold medal. Or that Jan Wils won the 1928 gold medal for architecture for the Olympic Stadium he designed for the 1928 games. The Nazis also succeeded in stacking the judging decks in 1936, when they hosted, and awarded five out of nine medals to their own. (Although the US did that, too, in 1932.)
The Olympic art competitions were meant “to reunite in the bonds of legitimate wedlock a long-divorced couple — Muscle and Mind,” in the words of Coubertin. A noble goal. Sadly, amateur art competitions devoted to athleticism seem not to be the way to do it.
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Rivers Bridge State Park – Ehrhardt, South Carolina
South Carolina | SC Picture Project | Bamberg County Photos | Rivers Bridge State Park
The Battle at Rivers Bridge began on February 2, 1865 and was the last substantial Confederate opposition that Union General William Sherman’s troops faced in South Carolina. This Civil War battleground is now a state park, located in Ehrhardt in Bamberg County.
When Confederate General Lafayette McLaws heard that Sherman and his army were on their way, he ordered that the bridges crossing the Salkehatchie Swamp be burned or blocked in order to stop them. The battle raged for two days, but eventually Union brigades encircled McLaws’ soldiers, forcing them to retreat. (The photo at the bottom of this page shows trenches left over from the fight.)
Today, visitors to the park can participate in guided tours and programs to learn more about battle and military life during the Civil War. Rivers Bridge State Park is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
Rivers Bridge State Park Info
Address: 325 State Park Road, Ehrhardt, SC 29081
GPS Coordinates: 33.062568,-81.091654
Rivers Bridge State Park Map
Rivers Bridge State Park Add Info and More Photos
The purpose of the South Carolina Picture Project is to celebrate the beauty of the Palmetto State and create a permanent digital repository for our cultural landmarks and natural landscapes. We invite you to add additional pictures (paintings, photos, etc) of Rivers Bridge State Park, and we also invite you to add info, history, stories, and travel tips. Together, we hope to build one of the best and most loved SC resources in the world!
You may not use them in any form without written consent.
SCIWAY does not provide contact information for photographers.
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And I have one word for you: worms. Just because you don't have yard space doesn't mean you can't join the growing number of Canadians who are composting!
Statistics Canada's research from 2006, albeit dated, showed 27 per cent of households nationwide composted.
You need to try vermicomposting! It's ideal for small spaces and can be done indoors, which makes it perfect for apartment dwellers. It means you discard organic matter generated in your kitchen—like carrot tops—by feeding it to worms.
But not just any worms: you're going to need some red wrigglers. The result is a very fertile mixture of decomposed food scraps and worm poop.
Sign up for Queen of Green tips by email
Vermiculture is a great way to reduce organic matter otherwise destined for the landfill. The process takes three to six months and depending on how much you feed your worms, you'll need to harvest the vermicompost two to four times a year.
It's excellent fertilizer for gardens, laws, potted plants on balconies, and even indoor plants. Fans of worm farms claim they're much easier to care for than a dog or a cat and they don't smell.
Search on-line for many great resources in your city to help you source and set up your very own worm bin.
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1 Answer | Add Yours
With T.S. Eliot's poem, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," it's important to identify the concept of "modern" during the early 20th Century. The modernist literary movement addressed the...
...idea of individualism, mistrust of institutions (government, religion), and the disbelief of any absolute truths.
Things which were considered traditional were now viewed as outdated. By some, T.S. Eliot's poem is considered the first of the modernist literary movement; it...
...explore[s] the peculiarly Modernist alienation of the individual in society to a point where internal emotional alienation occurs...
Georg Simmel, a sociologist, summarizes societal concerns during this time:
The deepest problems of modern life derive from the claim of the individual to preserve the autonomy and individuality of his existence in the face of overwhelming social forces, of historical heritage, of external culture, and of the technique of life.
Eliot's image of "a patient etherized" gives the reader a sense that as this man and his companion go out, they are like sheep, moving along passively as if they had been anesthetized. The two pass through a dingy part of town with "cheap one-night hotels," perhaps alluding to clandestine rendezvous—where things are done in secret, e.g., meetings, conversations, etc.
As the two continue, they enter a place where women are having discussions about sophisticated topics such as Michelangelo, and later we learn there is tea and talk of novels—modern women?
Prufrock compares how he sees himself to how others might see him. He is uncertain as to how he should proceed: "Do I dare?" Can he move forward in this unfamiliar territory or should he turn back?
The end of the poem reflects Prufrock's feelings as he prepares to meet a woman for tea; the images of coffee spoons may hint that Prufrock has been in many of these situations before: cups of coffee over extremely awkward, socially painful conversations. Without getting over this discomfiture, Prufrock may be destined forever to be alienated from society and the company of a woman—a wife and marriage...a "modern" life.
In this poem, I see in Prufrock a struggle between individualism and a sense of alienation. Some people are strong enough to be individuals and to fight against the tide of humanity to find their own unique place in the world. However, for the person that does not thrive being alone—who feels more comfortable with life in a "pre-modernist" society—the sense of loneliness must be overwhelming. I find that Prufrock is trying to walk the line between what society has become (where he is extremely uncomfortable) and the old world which was comfortable for him, but makes him feel like an outcast.
One source notes:
[Eliot's] early poetry, including "Prufrock," deals with spiritually exhausted people who exist in the impersonal modern city.
Prufrock seems spiritually exhausted. This "modern man" is only that because of the time in which he lives. He does not feel at ease in this "impersonal modern city" where people defy the norms of the past and look to isolation brought about by a new to be one's own person and a "mistrust of [government and religion]." Prufrock is uncomfortable in trying to be a "modern" man.
Prufrock is a representative character who cannot reconcile his thoughts and understanding with his feelings and will.
We’ve answered 327,568 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
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Cold-water Corals in the Gulf of Mexico
When most people think about corals, they usually imagine a sunny tropical reef speckled with fishes, crabs, snails, and other creatures on a colorful rocky outcrop. However, not all corals are found on island coasts in shallow seas. In fact, over half of all known coral species are found in deep, dark waters where temperatures range from 4-12° C. For this reason, we call these corals the “cold-water corals,” and they are found all over the world – including the Gulf of Mexico.
Corals come in many shapes, sizes, and colors. Biologists use these morphological characteristics and genetic information to group corals into different taxonomic categories. All corals have certain things in common, such as a soft body (called a polyp) with two true tissue layers and the ability to (generally) make some form of skeletal material. Since corals are cnidarians, they also have stinging cells called cnidocytes equipped with nematocysts that help them to defend themselves and to capture prey. Some corals are colonial, and the polyps are connected to each other by tissue called coenosarc. In the deep waters (> 450 meters) of the Gulf of Mexico, several taxonomic groups are represented by numerous species of cold-water corals.
One of the most widely recognized groups of corals is the hard corals – the Scleractinians. Scleractinian corals build a hard skeleton made out of calcium carbonate and can form massive reefs that host diverse assemblages of fishes and invertebrates. These corals are also noted for having tentacles in multiples of six.
Two species of scleractinian corals typically found in the Gulf of Mexico are Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata. Lophelia is the more common of the two in the Gulf, and is generally found between 300-600 meters water depth. One of our primary objectives on this cruise is to look for these species of corals growing on oil and gas platforms. We will use images to calculate the growth rates of these corals.
The black corals, or Antipatharians, are also common at several locations in the Gulf. These corals have polyps surrounding a black axis made out of chitin and proteins. These corals are flexible and can bend if a strong current passes over them. Antipatharians are very long-lived, and some species have been aged to over 2,000 years.
One species that we frequently encounter in the Gulf is Leiopathes glabberima. Leiopathes colonies can sometimes be as tall as three meters high, and consequently can serve as habitat for some species of fishes and invertebrates. In fact, some species of sharks and skates will use the colonies as anchors for egg pouches.
Perhaps the most complex group of corals in the deep Gulf is the Octocorals, which includes sea fans, sea pens, and sea whips. The octocorals are incredibly diverse, with at least 162 species in the Gulf of Mexico alone.
Octocorals are unique in that they produce sclerites – tiny structures made of calcium carbonate embedded within the animal’s tissue. These sclerites have various morphologies and provide protection and give shape to the coral. Biologists use the sclerites to classify the many species of octocorals.
One species of octocoral that our project focuses on is Callogorgia americana. We have spent a significant amount of time and effort collecting this species at various sites to determine gene flow and connectivity in the Gulf. Using this information, we can designate certain areas of the Gulf as “source” populations that will become a high priority for conservation and protection.
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PHYS ED CLASS MORE EFFECTIVE WHEN THERE'S MORE TALKING
COLUMBUS, Ohio – A new approach to traditional high school gym class dramatically increases how often teens exercise outside of school.
Researchers at Ohio State and Denison universities developed and tested the new program in which students at a rural Ohio high school learned how create a personalized exercise program. The students spent one gym class each week learning the skills necessary for planning a lifelong exercise program.
Nearly half of the students said that they spent no time exercising outside of school prior to beginning the program. That number dropped to less than one in 10 students once the program ended.
“Traditional gym classes don't work for many students,” said Rick Petosa, a study co-author and an associate professor of physical activity and educational services at Ohio State. “Sports-based physical education does not increase physical activity outside of school.”
“Most current physical education research focuses on increasing the number of minutes of physical activity in the classroom,” Hortz said. “Instead of exercising during class time, we had students spend their time thinking about, planning and analyzing their approach to exercise outside of the classroom.”
The results appear in a recent issue of the Journal of Adolescent Health.
The study included 143 students from the same high school – the intervention school – to participate in the new program. An additional 97 students from a neighboring high school served as a comparison group – Hortz did not present the new program to these students.
Students at both schools attended physical education classes five days a week, where the emphasis was on learning the skills necessary to participate in sports.
Each week for eight weeks, Hortz met with the students at the intervention school during one gym class period.
During these lessons the students learned how to develop their own personal exercise plan. For example, some students planned to exercise with family and friends, while other students chose to exercise alone.
“The program encouraged students to plan the way that they preferred to be active,” Hortz said.
The intervention group participated in sport-related activities during their other daily gym classes.
All students were asked to keep a seven-day record of how often they exercised outside of normal school hours (between 8 a.m. and 3 p.m.) They kept these written records at two different times – one week before the program started and the week after the program ended. A 30-minute exercise session counted as a workout for a day.
At the beginning of the study, nearly half of the students (46.9 percent) participating in the intervention program said they spent no time exercising outside of school.
By the end of the study, that shrank to less than one in 10 students (9.1 percent.) Walking, bicycling and small group games, such as three-on-three basketball, were among the top activities students participated in during their leisure time.
“These findings suggest that the program encouraged sedentary students to become active,” Petosa said. “Exercise doesn't have to be a strenuous, heart-pounding, sweat-inducing session that leads to exhaustion. In fact, research shows significant health benefits can be gained when a sedentary person becomes moderately active.”
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that teenagers get 30 minutes of moderately intense physical activity each day. Walking briskly, which many students in this study said that they did, qualifies as moderate exercise.
By the end of the study, the students from the intervention group increased the number of days they exercised to nearly three days (2.94 days), up from 0.89 days at the study's beginning. The comparison group only increased their work out frequency by half a day, from 1.34 days to 1.81 days.
The number of students who worked out at a moderate pace four or more days a week increased eight-fold (from 4.2 percent to 33.6 percent.)
“We conducted the study from January to March, when it was most convenient for the school systems in the study,” Hortz said. “The slight rise in activity among students in the comparison group may be due to the fact that the weather improved, making it more conducive to exercising outdoors.”
Hortz and Petosa are continuing their collaboration, and are currently evaluating the program in about a half-dozen high schools this school year.
“Physical activity starts to decline during adolescence and continues to do so throughout adulthood,” Hortz said. “We're trying to help change students' attitudes toward physical activity. This program lets them exercise whenever, however and wherever they want to.”
Contact: Rick Petosa, (614) 292-8345; Petosa.email@example.com
Brian Hortz, (740) 587-6441; Hortz.firstname.lastname@example.org
Written by Holly Wagner, (614) 292-8310; Wagner.email@example.com
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Discover your family's story.
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Battle Of Brice’s Cross Roads, Or Tishomingo Creek, June 2nd to 12th, 1864
By Stephen D. Lee
The campaign of Gen. Sherman, with his infantry command, from Vicksburg to Meridian, Miss. (February 3rd to March 5th, 1864), and his cavalry column, under Gen. William Sooy Smith, from Colliersville, Tenn., to West Point, Miss., (February nth to February 26th, 1864), left the two cavalry divisions of Generals S. D. Lee and N. B. Forrest much worn by excessive fatigue in marching and fighting continuously for over a month. The close of the campaign found Gen. Lee’s division in the vicinity of Canton, Miss., resting and recruiting, and Gen. Forrest’s command in the prairie region of Northeast Mississippi, near Okolona and Tupelo.
The great campaign in North Georgia between Gen. Sherman on the Union side and Gen. Joseph E. Johnston or. the Confederate side was about beginning, and troops were being sent to reinforce Gen. Johnston from Mississippi and other states of the Confederacy. As early as April 10th, Gen. Lee was ordered with part of his division from Canton, Miss., to Tuscaloosa, Ala., with the command of W. H. Jackson’s two brigades and of Ferguson’s brigade. On April 13th, Gen. Lee was put in command of all the cavalry in the Department of Mississippi, Alabama, East Louisiana, and West Tennessee, including Gen. Forrest’s command. On May 4, Gen. Lee’s own division was moved to Montevallo, Ala., to be nearer Gen. Johnston’s army. On the 9th day of May, Gen. Polk with two infantry divisions (Loring’s and French’s), which had been assigned to the defense of Mississippi, were sent to reinforce Gen. Johnston’s army.
Gen. S. D. Lee was relieved of the personal command of his cavalry division, which was also sent to report to Gen. Johnston, while he was ordered to relieve Gen. Polk of the command of his department: viz., Mississippi, Alabama, East Louisiana, and West Tennessee.
This disposition of troops took all the infantry out of the department except the small garrison left in Mobile for its defense.
Small garrisons (mainly for post duty), cavalry and artillery, were also left at Meridian, Miss., Selma, Ala., and a few paroled men at Enterprise, Miss., to protect public property at those places. The cavalry consisted of the recently organized command of Gen. Forrest in North Mississippi, only partially armed, of Adams’ brigade between Jackson and Vicksburg, Miss., of Roddey’s cavalry in North Alabama, and of Gholson’s brigade of state cavalry in Mississippi. The effective force was about 16,000 men, scattered along the river front from Louisiana to Memphis, and along the northern frontier of Mississippi and Alabama, from Memphis, Tenn., to Georgia. Opposed to this force of cavalry were large garrisons of infantry and cavalry at Baton Rogue, La., Vicksburg, Miss., Memphis, Tenn., and in North Alabama (mainly at Decatur) making constant raids into the interior from those localities.
As Gen. Sherman gradually pressed Gen. Johnston’s army back from Dalton, Ga., towards Atlanta, the railroads in Mississippi, connecting the prairie, or corn region, with Meridian ; the railroads from Meridian through Selma and Montgomery, Ala., to Atlanta, Ga., which mainly supplied Gen. Johnston’s army in North Georgia with provisions ; and the machinery and shops at Selma and Montgomery, Ala., for the manufacture of ordnance, harnesses, and ammunition, were a constant source of uneasiness to Gen. S. D. Lee and to the authorities at Richmond, Va., for fear of raids and large expeditions from North Alabama into the interior of the State to Selma or Montgomery.
Great pressure was brought to bear on Gen. Lee by Gen. Johnston and through Gen. Polk to have him move all his disposable cavalry force from Mississippi into Alabama to protect the flank of Johnston’s army and the immediate source of supplies for that army, or to virtually abandon the State of Mississippi to raids and move into Middle Tennessee to operate on and break up the railroads supplying Sherman’s army confronting Gen. Johnston.
In response to this constant pressure, Gen. Lee (May 22nd) moved one of Gen. Forrest’s cavalry divisions under Gen. Chalmers from Tupelo, Miss., to Montevallo, Ala., as the enemy had concentrated a force of 8,000 men at Decatur apparently to move into Middle Alabama. This Federal force was so threatening that on May 3ist, in response to most urgent appeals, Gen. Lee ordered Gen. Forrest to move with his other division of cavalry from Tupelo, Miss., into North Alabama to aid Generals Roddey and Chalmers in checking this force, as it was reported to be moving towards Montgomery. The column, however, turned eastward and reinforced Gen. Sherman in North Georgia.
Gen. Forrest had scarcely reached Russellville, Ala., when a large force of 8,000 men under Gen. Sturgis left the Memphis and Charleston railroad (just over the Mississippi border) near Saulsbury, Tenn. They were headed for the prairie region of Mississippi, and for Columbus, Miss., and Selma, Ala. This was a well organized force intended to defeat and crush Forrest as shown by the dispatches. Gen. Lee at once recalled Forrest from Alabama to meet this formidable invasion of Mississippi. That energetic officer returned with only one of his divisions and a part of Gen. Roddey ‘s force, leaving Gen. Chalmers still in Alabama to protect the interior of the State and the roads and the shops.
As previously stated, in consequence of the recent expeditions of Gen. Forrest into West Tennessee, a large Federal force was kept constantly at Memphis, Tenn., for the purpose of threatening Mississippi. Gen. Sturgis with a large force had followed Gen. Forrest out of Tennessee, and had pursued him as far south as Ripley, about May 10th, returning thence to Memphis. Gen. Lee was being pressed to send Gen. Forrest into Middle Tennessee, and had arranged to do so about the 17th of May. The column was about starting when definite information was acquired of a large force in Memphis, organizing to march against Forrest on the M. & O. Railroad. This caused Gen. Lee to suspend the movement upon the advice of Gen. Forrest. On May 22nd a large force at Decatur, Ala., threatened the shops and railroads at Montgomery and Selma and one of Gen. Forrest’s divisions under Gen. Chalmers was sent to Montevallo, Ala., to meet any emergency from that source.
The delay in starting the expedition from Memphis caused Gen. Forrest to believe it was not coming; and in his telegram of May 20th (p. 628, Serial Number No. 78 Rebellion Records) he said that, “The time has arrived, if I can be spared and allowed 2,000 picked men from Buford’s division, will attempt to cut enemies communication in Middle Tennessee.” But the movement of a column of 8,000 men from Decatur, Ala., southward, which proved to be a feint in favor of Gen. Sturgis, caused Gen. Lee (May 31st) to order Gen. Forrest to move with “his disposable force” to help Gen. Roddey in resisting this column. Gen. Forrest left Tupelo, Miss., June 1st with a picked command of 2,400 men and two batteries, leaving only a small force in Mississippi. He got as far as Russellville, Ala., where Gen. Lee stopped him with another order on June 3rd, to return immediately to Tupelo, Miss., to meet Gen. Sturgis’s expedition, which was marching into Mississippi. Gen. Lee at the same time ordered Gen. Roddey to reinforce Gen. Forrest in Mississippi, as the column that had started from Decatur had moved eastward to reinforce Gen. Sherman in Georgia. Gen. Chalmers’ division was still left in Alabama; but later, McCullough’s brigade was ordered back into Mississippi to reinforce Gen. Forrest.
The army of Gen. Sturgis was most carefully organized and equipped, and was intended to defeat and crush Gen. Forrest, to destroy the railroads south of Corinth, and to penetrate as far into Mississippi as Columbus and Macon, returning thence by way of Grenada, Miss., to Memphis. It was made up of a division of cavalry commanded by Gen. Grierson, composed of two brigades. one commanded by Col. Waring (1,500 men), the other by Col. Winslow (1,800 men). The infantry division under Col. McMillan’s command was composed of three brigades, which were commanded by Col. Wilkins (2,000 men), Col. Hoge (1,600 men), and Col. Bouton (negro brigade,1,200 men) in addition to 400 men, who had charge of 22 pieces of artillery. According to these figures the Federal force represented a total of 8.500 men, equipped and rationed for 20 davs, and accompanied by a train of 250 wagons. Gen. Sturgis left Lafayette, Tenn., June 2nd, and marched south of the railroad (M. & O.), via. Salem and Ruckersville, reaching Ruckersvillc on June 6th. One of his brigades, which was detached, struck the railroad at Rienza, 10 miles south of Corinth. This indicated that the column might be going by Corinth to reinforce Gen. Sherman in Georgia. Here Gen. Sturgis abandoned his plan of moving as far north as the M. & O. railroad, and moved south to Ripley, Miss., at which point he took the Ripley and Guntown road in a southeasterly direction, encamping at Ripley on June 7th. He had been delayed by excessive rains and muddy roads, and reached Stubb’s farm, 16 miles from Ripley, on the night of June 9th. This place was also 9 miles from Brice’s Cross Roads, where the battle was fought. At this point, the road from Baldwin, Miss., to Pontotoc crossed the Ripley and Guntown road almost at right angles and made the “Cross Roads.” From the “Cross Roads,” it was 6 miles to Guntown and 5 miles to Baldwin each on the M. & O railroad. The country was slightly undulating and thickly wooded, with little cleared ground.
Gen. Forrest, on receiving the order at Russelville, Ala., promptly retraced his steps, arriving at Tupelo on the evening of June 5th. He at once began to move his command into position, awaiting the development of the plans of the enemy. He learned that the enemy were at Ruckersville on June 6th, and that a brigade was also at Rienza. He moved Buford’s division first to Baldwin and then to Booneville and ordered Bell’s large brigade to Rienza. Rucker was at Booneville by Gen. Lee’s order. At Baldwin on the evening of June 9th, Gen. Forrest learned for the first time that the enemy had changed his plans, and had abandoned his northern route and was moving on the Ripley and Guntown road.
With the concurrence of Gen. Lee, he at once issued orders to move his troops rapidly to the southward, to get in front of Sturgis’s command, now that his plans were more fully developed. He hoped by a rapid movement to reach and pass Brice’s Cross Roads before the Federal army reached that point. Bell was at Rienza, 25 miles distant, and his artillery was at Booneville, 16 miles to the north. Rucker was also at Booneville, and Lyon’s and Johnson’s brigades were at Baldwin,Johnson’s brigade of Roddey’s command having just arrived. The enemy however was nearer the “Cross Roads” than was expected, having encamped, and concentrated at Stubbs’ farm on the Ripley and Guntown road on the night of the 9th, when Forrest first learned of the change of direction of the Federal column. But all that rapid marching and movement could accomplish was being done, and Forrest had his entire force in the vicinity of the “Cross Roads” by I p. m. next day, at which hour he had all his command up and in action. Forrest’s troops consisted of Bell’s brigade (2,787 men), Rucker’s brigade (700 men), Johnson’s brigade (500 men), Lyon’s brigade (800 men), a total of 4,787 men. He had two batteries of artillery. Gen. Lee and Gen. Forrest were together in consultation at Baldwin when a change of plans by the enemy was first known. It was decided that Forrest should throw his command rapidly in front of Gen. Sturgis, and if possible, draw him farther towards Okolona before fighting. This would enable Gen. Lee, the department commander, to get some additional reinforcements before delivering battle to a force known to be double the available force under Gen. Forrest. It was not certain that Gen. Forrest could get in front of Gen. Sturgis before reaching the “Cross Roads.” But he believed he could, and, to expedite matters, the wagon trains were moved southward on the east side of the M. & O. railroad, so as to leave the road clear for the rapid movement of the troops. In a letter of Jan. 3ist, 1902, Capt. Sam Donaldson (Gen. Forrest’s aide) says, “I remember full well that this consultation was of the most pleasant kind, and that the next day much to the surprise of Gen. Forrest, the commands of Grier son and Sturgis appeared in force, and the great battle of Tishomingo Creek was fought that afternoon.” Gen. Lee, early on the morning of June 10th, went by rail to Okolona, both he and Gen. Forrest believing the enemy sufficiently far off to enable all the troops to get by the “Cross Roads” before the enemy arrived at that point.
At 10 a. m., June 10th, Gen. Forrest telegraphed Gen. Lee at Okolona from Baldwin (p. 645, Serial No. 78 Rebellion Records) :
“Enemy are advancing directly on this place ; Johnson’s brigade is here ; Buford’s division and Rucker’s brigade with two batteries will be here by 12 o’clock; our pickets have already commenced firing. N. B. Forrest, Major General. I have signed this for the general who directed it sent down by the train. He has moved himself. Chas. W. Anderson, Aide-de-Camp.”
The three brigades of Lyon, Rucker, and Johnson were near at hand, while the largest brigade (Bell’s) and the artillery were at considerable distance; all moving on a road almost parallel with the railroad and nearer to it than the road by which the enemy were approaching it. Gen. Forrest with that decision, for which he was remarkable, as he found the enemy across his path, decided to give battle at once, with the troops he had. Lyon’s brigade was in front, followed by Rucker’s and Johnson’s, with the other troops moving rapidly up. He learned the enemy’s cavalry was near the “Cross Roads,” and would reach that place before he got there, but his scouts began skirmishing west of the “Cross Roads.” The enemy reached the roads and formed a line of battle, almost a mile from it on the Baldwin and Guntown roads, having more of a defensive than aggressive spirit.
Gen. Sturgis had sent back to Memphis about 400 disabled men before reaching Stubbs’ farm, which made his force about 8,100 men. Gen. Grierson, early on the morning of June loth, at 5.30 a. m., put his cavalry division in motion towards the “Cross Roads,” 9 miles distant. He soon struck Gen. Forrest’s scouts, driving them rapidly before him. On reaching the intersection of the roads, he sent strong scouting parties towards Baldwin and Guntown. He met the head of Forrest’s column on the Baldwin road, about a mile from the “Cross Roads” about 10 a. m. and at once formed Waring’s brigade in line of battle on both sides of the road and covering it. He also moved up Winslow’s brigade and put it on the right of Waring’s, extending to and covering the Guntown road. He reported meeting the enemy to Gen. Sturgis, who did not start his infantry division till after 7 o’clock. His trains were still further delayed by the bad roads. The infantry under urgent requests, was hurried up, but did not arrive on the field until about 2 o’clock. In the meantime Gen. Grierson became hotly engaged, and although he fought the Confederates from 10 a. m. until 2 p. m. with variable success, he was gradually driven back, and his ammunition was almost exhausted, so that before the head of the infantry arrived on the field, the cavalry was very nearly defeated. Gen. Grierson asked Gen. Sturgis to permit him to withdraw, and move his cavalry to the rear to reorganize and replenish his ammunition as soon as he could be relieved by the infantry. It was so ordered.
The infantry of the Federals arrived almost exhausted. The leading brigade (Hoge’s) was at once formed in the rear of Waring, who had already been pressed back about 400 yards on the Baldwin road. The second brigade (Wilkin’s) arrived immediately after the first had been put in line, and it was put immediately on the right of Hoge, relieving Winslow’s brigade and covering the Guntown road, while the 3rd brigade (Bouton’s) remained further to the rear to guard the numerous wagon trains, which had crossed Tishomingo creek. The fighting slackened a little as the infantry relieved the cavalry, which moved rapidly to the rear, after having been engaged in hard fighting from 10 a. m. till 2 p. m., during which time it had been gradually pressed back by the Confederates. The artillery, owing to the dense wood, could only be used at times. A battery had been put on the Baldwin road. The remainder of the artillery was generally massed near the “Cross Roads” and, as was usual with the Federal Army, the lines of battle were double. The infantry had scarcely got into position (about 2 p. m.) before the confederates made a most furious attack from right to left. Two batteries opened with telling effect on the Baldwin road, the shot falling thick and fast all about the “Cross Roads,” among the artillery and reserves, while the fire of the small arms of the confederates was most rapid and telling. This severe fighting continued for over two and a half hours. It was most desperate, and although the Confederates were several times driven back, they recovered themselves, and gradually pressed the infantry line back to the “Cross Roads,” until it gave way in utter confusion, pressing towards the bridge over Tishomingo creek, but a short distance in the rear of the battle field. To increase the panic, the Confederates appeared on both flanks about the time the infantry relieved the cavalry, creating great uneasiness as to the safety of the trains and the rear of the army, guarded by the negro brigade under Col. Bouton. Gen. Sturgis and Col. McMillan, who commanded the infantry division, behaved heroically as did their subordinates, but they could not stem the disaster in face of the most rapid and persistent fighting of the Confederates all along their front and flanks. The defeat soon became a rout. The negro brigade was soon disposed of, and the artillery and trains in inextricable confusion gradually fell into the hands of the Confederates. All organization was virtually lost after a vigorous pursuit of a few miles. Unsuccessful attempts were made to reform the line near the trains about dark, at Dr. Agnew’s plantation, but a disposition on the part of every one to move to the rear rendered these attempts fruitless. A partial reorganization was attempted at Ripley, the next morning (11th of June). The Confederates still pressed the rapid retreat towards the railroad, which stopped at LaFayette. From this place the expedition had started and at it Gen. Sturgis was met by reinforcements from Memphis. The expedition was ten days reaching the battle field, but it returned over the same distance in one day and two-nights. Many stragglers escaped from the Confederates and, after wandering through the country, reached the M. & C. railroad several days later.
Gen. Forrest, having decided to engage in battle, displayed great skill in handling his troops and in hurrying them up. The three brigades near Baldwin (Lyon’s, Rucker’s, and Johnson’s) numbered 2,000 men, and when dismounted could number little over i, 600 men. With this force he met the advance of Gen. Grierson on the Baldwin road about 10 a. m. Lyon’s brigade, which was in front, dismounted and formed into line of battle on both sides of the road. Lyon’s brigade was aggressive or defensive as circumstances indicated, but it was fighting all the time. Forrest himself led Rucker’s brigade as it came up. Dismounting a part of it, he removed the rest further to the left, and placed it on Lyon’s left, stretching it towards the Guntown road. Having ordered a regiment sent to the rear of the enemy, north of the road upon which he was moving early in the morning, he sent his escort company and another company around on the extreme left (the Federals’ extreme right). This disposition of the troops made the Federals believe he had a larger force than he really had. He then put Johnson’s brigade to the right of Lyon’s and on the west side of the Baldwin road. As has been stated, Bell, with his larger brigade, was hurrying by a forced march from Rienza (25 miles) and his artillery was rapidly coming up (16 miles) over the bad roads. They did not arrive, however, until after i o’clock. In the meantime, Gen. Forrest was savagely fighting with less than 2,000 men the 3,300 cavalry under Gen. Grierson.
The fighting was most severe, and was conducted with varying success for about three and a half or four hours, and when the infantry of the Federals and Bell and the artillery, the last of Forest’s command, arrived on the field, the cavalry of Gen. Grierson had been whipped and were clamoring to be relieved. Waring had already been pressed back by Lyon and Johnson to his second line of battle, about 400 yards. Gen. Sturgis, having arrived on the field, Winslow urged to be relieved, and Gen. Grierson earnestly requesting to be allowed to withdraw his cavalry to be reorganized and re-supplied with ammunition. The placing of the infantry of the Federals, when the cavalry had been fighting for nearly four hours, for a short time stemmed the current of disaster. But before they were entirely in line and the cavalry out of the way (almost in disorder) Gen. Bell arrived with his large brigade and Major Morton with his two batteries. It was the critical hour of the battle. Forrest placed two batteries of artillery on the Baldwin road, and opened a furious cannonade, the effect of which was soon visible. At the same time Gen. Forrest took Bell’s brigade and carried it to the extreme left of his line. This fresh arrival at once restored the fortunes of the day in favor of the Confederates, but not without a severe conflict of over two hours, at which time (4.30 p. m.) the entire Union line was being gradually pressed back. The enemy began to break badly. A stand was attempted on a short line near the “Cross Roads,” but Forrest gradually pressed around them, being encouraged by the evident discomfiture of the enemy. The artillery was pressed forward and fought at close range. At the same time the regiment to the north and near the rear of the enemy, and the companies to the rear and south, had created almost a panic. Soon the entire command of the enemy gave way. The trains and artillery blocked the bridge over Tishomingo creek, so that the enemy had to wade the stream. Confusion was soon evident everywhere, and disorder reigned. Forrest then had the bridge over Tishomingo creek cleared by throwing wagons and dead animals into the stream. He crossed his artillery and some of his cavalry, and pressed the enemy vigorously. The confusion was increased and the artillery and wagons of the enemy gradually fell into his hands ; some of his guns being captured at the “Cross Roads.” The others and the wagons were captured in Hatchie “bottom.” He pursued the enemy to Lafayette, Tenn., from which place they had started on June 1st. It was simply a matter of endurance of men and horses that saved the entire command from being captured. Forrest had just returned from Alabama and his horses were jaded by the rapid marching and countermarching before the battle, while the enemy were comparatively fresh from their slow progress and short marches daily. The Federals also, when they saw the inevitable, cut out the horses and mules from the artillery and wagon trains, mounted them and were enabled to get out of the way more expeditiously than they otherwise could have done. These animals, numbering near 2,000, added to Grierson’s cavalry made about 5,000 men mounted out of the 8,000 engaged in the battle. When we consider that over 2,000 were killed or captured and 3,000 stands of arms left on the field, it leaves only about one thousand who had to make their way back on foot. Many of those who were mounted were unencumbered by arms.
This battle and victory of Gen. Forrest deservedly gave him a great reputation and was one of the most complete victories of the war. The fruits of the battle as shown in Gen. Forrest’s address to his men under date of June 28th, 1864, were 17 guns, 250 wagons, 3,000 stands of arms, and 2,000 prisoners. It is likely however that the loss in men of the enemy did not exceed 2,168, all told. Forrest’s own loss was 493 men killed and wounded. It may be fairly stated that taking out the horse holders and guards for the trains, Forrest never had over 3,500 men available in the battle, against 8,100 men of the enemy.
Back to: Mississippi History
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From: Loyd <email@example.com> To: Teacher2Teacher Public Discussion Date: 2002053017:43:13 Subject: Re: Re: angle of elevation On 2002053012:45:15, peter wrote: > >How do you solve the angle of elevation and angles of the sun. for >example:the angle of elevation of the sun is 45 degrees. A tree has a >shadow of 12m long. Find the height of the tree? > The sun's rays will strike the top of the tree and make an angle of elevation of 45 degrees and assumming the tree is on level ground, the angle of depression will also be 45 degrees. Thus the 90 degree right triangle will be a 45-45-90 degree right triangle. The two legs will be equal and the tree will be 12 feet tall. If the angle of elevation is say, 60 degrees you can use the tangent function to find the height of the tree. /| / | / | / | / |H / | /A=60 | /-------- 12 ft Tan 60 = H/12 Multiply both sides by 12 12 x Tan 60 = H Tan 60 = square root of 3 So, the answer is H=12 times square root of three = 20.78 to the nearest 100th.
Math Forum Home || The Math Library || Quick Reference || Math Forum Search
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Aspects of Jnana Sadhana
A Sadhaka should reflect and meditate. Sravana is hearing of Srutis, Manana is thinking and reflecting, Nididhyasana is constant and profound meditation. Then comes Atma-Sakshatkara or direct realisation.
This is also known as Brahmanubhava or Aparokshanubhuti. Then all doubts and delusions melt away. The knot of ignorance (Hridaya Granthi) is cut asunder. All Karmas (Sanchita and Prarabdha) are destroyed. The Jnani attains Sat-Chit-Ananda state. He is freed from the wheel of Samsara, from births and deaths with its concomitant evils.
The student in the path of Jnana Yoga repeats Om or Soham or Sivoham or Aham Brahma Asmi or Om Tat Sat and associates the ideas of Purity, Perfection, Infinity, Eternity, Immortality, Sat-Chit-Ananda along with the repetition of the above formulae.
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- Bayer CropScience will soon be introducing a new class of chemistry that will be an alternative to imidacloprid, the company’s embattled systemic insecticide that has been implicated in honey bee deaths.
PCAs and growers take notes on the stops of the tour of the Bayer CropScience research farm recently.
Bayer CropScience will soon be introducing a new class of chemistry that will be an alternative to imidacloprid, the company’s embattled systemic insecticide that has been implicated in honey bee deaths.
The new active ingredient is flupyradifurone. It is a systemic from the butenolide chemical class and is active on sucking insect pests.
It will be marketed by Bayer under the trade name Sivanto, according to Phil McNally, a Bayer rep who talked about the new product at Bayer’s recent field day at its research farm just east of Fresno.
About 100 PCAs and growers heard McNally called it a “bee friendly product with no bloom (application) restrictions.” He says Bayer expects to have the reduced risk product federally registered in 2015.
Biological efficacy studies conducted within the U.S. since 2007 by internal and external scientists on an array of annual and perennial crops have shown high levels of efficacy against various species of aphids, leafhoppers, psyllids, scales, thrips and whiteflies.
A unique property of Sivanto is its strong and rapid feeding cessation effect from both soil and foliar applications. It is active via ingestion and contact. It is an adult knockdown product that controls nymph and egg stages.
It is both systemic for root uptake and translaminer from foliar applications. It has minimal impact on beneficials.
Submitted for global joint review in 2012, registration is being pursued on many annual and perennial crops.
The proposed label includes a four hour re-entry interval.
It is expected to be a major part of the Bayer CropScience insecticide package as an alternative to imidaclolprid.
Imidacloprid is currently the most widely used insecticide in the world. Although it is now off patent, the primary manufacturer is Bayer CropScience. It is sold under many names.
Recent research suggests that widespread agricultural use of imidacloprid and other pesticides may be a factor in honey bee deaths called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). The decline of honey bee colonies in Europe and North America have been observed since 2006. As a result, several countries have restricted use of imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids. Some European countries, including France, Germany and Italy, have even banned neonicotinoids, though pesticide companies vehemently defend their ecological safety and say concerns are based on inconclusive and premature science.
More from Western Farm Press
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|Is a positive test result for HEP A really negative?
Oct 24, 2001
A friend recently tested positive for Hepatitis A. The doctor told this friend that it means he does NOT have hepatitis A. Is this true that a positive test for Hep A means no infection?
Response from Dr. Rodriguez-Torres
The test that your friend had are antibodies.These are proteins that the body produces after infection.The IgM antibody suggests recent infection,and the IgG is old infection.This is the most frequent test done,and I assume this is the positive test of your friend.There is no chronic Hepatitis A ,all patients clear the virus and there is a vaccine to prevent the disease.
HEP B PANEL
This forum is designed for educational purposes only, and experts are not rendering medical, mental health, legal or other professional advice or services. If you have or suspect you may have a medical, mental health, legal or other problem that requires advice, consult your own caregiver, attorney or other qualified professional.
Experts appearing on this page are independent and are solely responsible for editing and fact-checking their material. Neither TheBody.com nor any advertiser is the publisher or speaker of posted visitors' questions or the experts' material.
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Today is Tuesday, Oct. 18, the 291st day of 2011. There are 74 days left in the year.
Today's Highlight in History:
On Oct. 18, 1961, the movie musical "West Side Story," starring Natalie Wood and Richard Beymer, premiered in New York, the film's setting.
On this date:
In 1685, King Louis XIV signed the Edict of Fontainebleau, revoking the Edict of Nantes that had established legal toleration of France's Protestant population, the Huguenots.
In 1867, the United States took formal possession of Alaska from Russia.
In 1892, the first long-distance telephone line between New York and Chicago was officially opened (it could only handle one call at a time).
In 1931, inventor Thomas Alva Edison died in West Orange, N.J., at age 84.
In 1944, Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia during World War II.
In 1962, James D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins were honored with the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology for determining the double-helix molecular structure of DNA.
In 1969, the federal government banned artificial sweeteners known as cyclamates (SY'-kluh-maytz) because of evidence they caused cancer in laboratory rats.
In 1971, the Knapp Commission began public hearings into allegations of corruption in the New York City police department (the witnesses included Frank Serpico).
In 1977, West German commandos stormed a hijacked Lufthansa jetliner on the ground in Mogadishu, Somalia, freeing all 86 hostages and killing three of the four hijackers.
In 1982, former first lady Bess Truman died at her home in Independence, Mo., at age 97.
Ten years ago: CBS News announced that an employee in anchorman Dan Rather's office had tested positive for skin anthrax. Four disciples of Osama bin Laden were sentenced in New York to life without parole for their roles in the deadly 1998 bombings of two U.S. embassies in Africa.
Five years ago: Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, visiting Tokyo, said the United States was willing to use its full military might to defend Japan in light of North Korea's nuclear test. The Dow Jones industrial average passed 12,000 for the first time before pulling back to close at 11,992.68.
One year ago: Four men snared in an FBI sting were convicted of plotting to blow up New York City synagogues and shoot down military planes with the help of a paid informant who'd convinced them he was a terror operative.
Today's Birthdays: Rock-and-roll performer Chuck Berry is 85. Sportscaster Keith Jackson is 83. Actress Dawn Wells is 73. College and Pro Football Hall-of-Famer Mike Ditka is 72. Actor Joe Morton is 64. Actress Pam Dawber is 61. Author Terry McMillan is 60. Writer-producer Chuck Lorre is 59. Gospel singer Vickie Winans is 58. International Tennis Hall of Famer Martina Navratilova is 55. Boxer Thomas Hearns is 53. Actor Jean-Claude Van Damme is 51. Actress Erin Moran is 51. Jazz musician Wynton Marsalis is 50. Actor Vincent Spano is 49. Rock musician Tim Cross is 45. Tennis player Michael Stich (shteek) is 43. Singer Nonchalant is 38. Actress Joy Bryant is 37. Rock musician Peter Svenson (The Cardigans) is 37. Actor Wesley Jonathan is 33. Rhythm-and-blues singer-actor Ne-Yo is 32. Country singer Josh Gracin is 31. Country musician Jesse Littleton (Marshall Dyllon) is 30. Jazz singer-musician Esperanza Spalding is 27. Actress-model Freida Pinto is 27. Actor Zac Efron is 24. Actress Joy Lauren is 22. Actor Tyler Posey is 20.
Thought for Today: "Only those ideas that are least truly ours can be adequately expressed in words." _ Henri Bergson, French philosopher (1859-1941).
(Above Advance for Use Tuesday, Oct. 18)
Copyright 2011, The Associated Press. All rights reserved.
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If you have a clot in a deep vein, you're at risk for damage to your veins and organs as well as other life-threatening problems. Not everyone who gets DVT will have trouble, but there's a decent chance you could be affected.
Stick to your DVT treatment plan to help your body break down your clot and keep your blood moving. Ask your doctor what else you can do about these complications.
The greatest danger from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is that the clot will break loose, travel through your blood, and damage an organ.
"The place it gets stuck most commonly is the lungs, and that's called a pulmonary embolism (PE)," says Molly Cooke, MD, of the University of California, San Francisco. Less often, another clot can form and travel to the brain and cause a stroke. If a clot travels to the heart, it could cause a heart attack. A clot in the kidneys can cause kidney failure.
DVT in the leg is the most common cause. If your blood clot comes loose from the vein and moves through your bloodstream so it ends up partly or completely blocking a lung artery, it's called a pulmonary embolism (PE). This can happen right after the clot forms, or it may happen later.
At least 1 in 10 people with deep vein thrombosis have a PE. That number may actually be much higher, though, because 3 out of 4 cause no symptoms and go undiagnosed.
If you have any of these symptoms, call 911 or go to the emergency room right away.
Sudden cough, which may be bloody
Rapid breathing or sudden shortness of breath, even while resting
Chest pain: sharp or stabbing, burning, aching, or dull (might get worse with deep breaths, coughing, eating, or bending)
Sudden rapid heart rate
PE can lead to even more serious problems, including:
You may need emergency care in the hospital. Doctors can give you medications that dissolve the clot (thrombolytics) and prevent new clots (anticoagulants, or blood thinners). Depending on your symptoms and what your tests show, you may need other treatment, too.
When a clot stays in your leg or arm for too long, it can damage the vein or its valves. Valves that don't work right let blood backflow and pool, instead of pushing it toward the heart.
Postthrombotic syndrome is usually mild, but some symptoms can be severe. They may not show up until years later. Maybe half of people with DVT end up with long-term effects where the clot was:
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Can We Finally Have a Serious Talk About Population?
Alan Weisman, bestselling author of The World Without Us, tackles the world’s exploding human population in his new book, Countdown.
Climate Desk has launched a new science podcast, Inquiring Minds, cohosted by contributing writer Chris Mooney and neuroscientist and musician Indre Viskontas. To subscribe via iTunes, click here. You can also follow the show on Twitter at @inquiringshow, and like us on Facebook.
Today, as the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change releases its latest mega-report, averring a 95 percent certainty that humans are heating up the planet, there’s an unavoidable subtext: The growing number of humans on the planet in the first place.
The figures, after all, are staggering: In 1900, there were just 1.65 billion of us; now, there are 7.2 billion. That’s more than two doublings, and the next billion-human increase is expected to occur over the short space of just 12 years. According to projections, meanwhile, by 2050 the Earth will be home to some 9.6 billion people, all living on the same rock, all at once.
So why not talk more about population, and treat it as a serious issue? It’s a topic that Mother Jones has tackled directly in the past, because taboos notwithstanding, it’s a topic that just won’t go away.
The bestselling environmental journalist Alan Weisman agrees. In this episode of Inquiring Minds (click above to stream audio), he explains why, following on his 2007 smash hit The World Without Us, he too decided to centrally take on the issue of human population in his just-published new book book Countdown: Our Last, Best Hope for a Future on Earth?
“Population is a loaded topic, and people who otherwise know better, great environmentalists, often times are very, very timid about going there,” Weisman explains on the podcast. “And I decided as a journalist, I should go there, and find out, is it really a problem, and if so, is there anything acceptable that we can do about it?”
The World Without Us imagined a planet rapidly returning to a natural state in the absence of humans. Where that book represented an ambitious thought experiment, Weisman’s new book is an experience. He traveled to 21 countries—from Israel to Mexico, and from Pakistan to Niger—to report on how different cultures are responding to booming populations and the strain this is putting on their governments and resources.
Strikingly, he found that countries are coping (or not coping) with this problem in vastly different ways. For instance:
* Pakistan: Current population: 193 million. “By the year 2030, they’re going to have about 395 million people,” Weisman says. “And they’re the size of Texas.” (Texas’s population? 26 million.)
* The Philippines: Current population: nearly 105 million. “As the rest of the planet’s population quadrupled in a century, the head count here quintupled in half that time,” Weisman writes in Countdown.
* Iran: Current population: nearly 80 million. Yet unlike Pakistan and the Philippines, Weisman says, Iran managed its population growth with “probably the most humane program ever in the history of the planet. They got down to replacement rate a year faster than China, and it was a totally voluntary program. No coercion at all.” (Note, though, that as Weisman explains in his book, there was one Iranian government “disincentive” to having a large number of children: “elimination of the individual subsidity for food, electricity, telephone, and appliances for any child after the first three.”)
Weisman is well aware of the controversy his book invites. In particular, political libertarians are very fond of refuting the concerns of population crusaders, from the Reverend Thomas Malthus to the ecologist and Population Bomb author Paul Ehrlich, with the claim that human ingenuity has a history of proving them wrong. The key episode: The Green Revolution of the late 1960s, led by plant geneticist Norman Borlaug, in which dramatic new agricultural technologies and crop strains were credited with averting what might otherwise have been mass famines.
But Weisman has his response ready (he chronicles Borlaug’s life and triumphs in the book). “Everybody says that Norman Borlaug, the great plant geneticist, he disproved Malthus and Ehrlich forever,” he explains. “It’s kind of cherry picked, because the part that they neglect to add, Norman Borlaug’s Nobel acceptance speech, he didn’t sit there congratulating himself—as he was congratulated by others—for saving more lives than any other human in history. He said, we have bought the world some time, but unless population control and increased food production go hand in hand, we are going to lose this.”
So what’s Weisman’s solution? Importantly, he is no supporter of coercive population control measures such as China’s infamous one-child policy. Rather, Weisman makes a powerful case that the best way to manage the global population is by empowering women, through both education and access to contraception—so that they can make more informed choices about family size and the kind of lives they want for themselves and their children.
“The libertarians are going to like the solution that ultimately comes up,” Weisman says. “And that is, letting everybody decide how many children they want, which means giving every woman on Earth—and then every man, because male contraceptives are coming—giving them universal access to contraception, and letting them decide for themselves.”
You can listen to the full show here:
This episode of Inquiring Minds also features a discussion of the latest myths circulating on global warming, and the brave new world of gene therapy that we’re entering—where being rich might be your key ticket to the finest health care.
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
"Treacle" is a British word used to describe the sweet syrup that is created when sugar is refined. The syrup is actually a by-product of the process and is created from what is left behind when the sugar crystals are removed. It comes in a range of colors and may be anything from quite light to extremely dark. Commonly used as an ingredient in desserts such as tarts, it may also be poured over foods as a topping.
Light treacle is produced during the first boiling of cane juice. The lightest variety of this syrup, this is almost clear, with a golden tint similar to honey and is often simply called "golden syrup." This form has the lightest taste, and is typically what is called for in many different kinds of treacle recipes.
When the sugar cane syrup goes through a second boiling, the resulting syrup is much darker and thicker. In some countries, such as the United States, this is called molasses; in England, however, it is referred to as either simply treacle, or as dark treacle. This is the variety most often used in baking such treats as gingerbread, and often added to hot cereal or eaten on bread.
The final step in refining sugar, when the last of the crystals are removed, results in a very dark syrup. This syrup has little or no sweetness to it.Typically, this product is no longer referred to as treacle, but is instead called blackstrap molasses. It may be used in human foods and is popular in some areas as a health food, but most often blackstrap molasses is added to animal feed as a nutritional supplement for livestock.
One reason that treacle is so popular as a sweetener is that it retains many of the nutrients that refined sugar no longer contains. Refined sugar does not contain any vitamins or minerals. The refining process itself is largely responsible for removing the nutrients from sugar, which is why many of these end up in the syrup instead.
Treacle also has about the same number of calories per teaspoon, 16, as refined sugar; unlike sugar, however, it is rich in iron, calcium, phosphorous and magnesium. The calcium it contains interferes with the absorption of the iron, but the calcium itself is beneficial, as are the other minerals it contains. Those who are concerned about sugar’s empty calories might find this a suitable alternative sweetener.
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The human rights treaties are one of the success stories of the UN’s efforts to protect and promote human rights around the world. Member states have shown increasing willingness to accept the obligations set out in the treaties with more than 1,500 ratifications since the first treaty was created in 1966.
Yet ratification alone is not enough. As Felice Gaer, member of the Committee against Torture, explained at a meeting of states in New York, April 2 – 3, to discuss the future of the treaty system, “It’s about the 3 Rs: Ratification, Reporting and Results”.
And results, concrete action to improve human rights, are the most important of the three.
The Committee against Torture is one of the ten United Nations human rights treaty bodies that meet for a combined 73 weeks every year to assess countries’ compliance with their human rights obligations under international law.
Comprising human rights experts who serve in their personal capacity, the treaty bodies examine reports submitted by countries, discuss with government representatives areas of concern, and recommend measures the country in question should take to meet its human rights obligations. Some of the treaty bodies also consider victims’ complaints of human rights violations.
The capacity of the treaty bodies to perform these vital functions has become increasingly stretched. Although, over the last decade, the number of treaty bodies has increased from 6 to 10, the number of their sessions from 11 to 24, and the number of their work weeks from 44 to 73, the amount of resources to support their work has hardly changed.
“Human rights are at the heart of the UN system, and treaty bodies are at the heart of the UN human rights machinery,” says Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. “We cannot afford to undermine these critical engines of the human rights protection system. We must strengthen them.”
At the New York meeting, Ban called for increased resources to support the work of treaty bodies, describing them as the indispensable link between universal standards and the individuals they are designed to protect.
In February, the General Assembly resolved to create an intergovernmental process for strengthening the human rights treaty body system.
“It is important that this process will complement the Geneva-based efforts by financially supporting the expansion of the treaty body system and, at the same time, preserving its independence,” Mr. Ban said in his remarks.
The treaty bodies are created in accordance with the provisions of the respective human rights treaty they monitor. The UN Human Rights Office which has its headquarters in Geneva provides them with secretariat support.
“A weakened treaty body system would have a far-reaching, detrimental effect not only for its immediate beneficiaries but also for the entire United Nations human rights machinery…as well as the global human rights movement,” warned Navi Pillay, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, who convened the meeting.
Pillay said that the treaty body recommendations, observations and general comments are useful implementation guidance tools for States and provide a constructive advocacy platform for national human rights institutions and civil society.
“We are all aware of the financial constraints currently facing the United Nations system, and indeed of the whole world. However, the fundamental principle of States’ accountability under international human rights law must not be compromised because of a lack of resources,” she said.
Commenting on the inter-governmental process on strengthening human rights treaty bodies that will take place in New York, the President of the General Assembly, Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser, said his main objective will be to build unity.
“This process will also work to improve the impact of the human rights treaty bodies on rights-holders and duty-bearers at the national level, by strengthening their work, while fully respecting their independence.” he said.
During the two day meeting, many ideas on how the system could be strengthened were discussed. There was general agreement that ratifying new treaties and reporting to Geneva were not ends in themselves. The treaty bodies exist to help states achieve results on the ground in terms of human rights protection, for the benefit of everyone.
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