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(7 October 1859 - 10 February 1927) was a Norwegian painter. He was best known for interiors and domestic and rural scenes. His artistic style was associated with Naturalism and noted for accurate observations and attention to detail.
Gustav Wentzel was born in Christiania. He was a pupil of painter Knud Bergslien (1879-81) of and Frits Thaulow in 1883. He also studied for a time in Paris at the Academie Julian in 1884 and at Academie Colarossi with Leon Bonnat and Alfred Philippe Roll (1888-89). Wentzel first public painting was exhibited in Albert Cammermeyer bookstore during the autumn of 1879. His painting Snekkersvennen, which had been rejected by the Christiania Kunstforening, led to a lasting dispute and the establishment of an exhibition organized by the artists themselves, which eventually became an annual event called Autumn Exhibition (Høstutstillingen) in Oslo.
Among his paintings at the National Gallery of Norway are I fiskernaustet from 1881, Frokost from 1882, and Dans i Setesdal from 1887. Wentzel was decorated Knight, First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1908
Related Paintings of Gustav Wentzel :. | Festningsmur | Hostlandskap | Painting Frokost | Painting Skirenn i Fjelkenbakken | Sailor's Funeral in the Country |
Related Artists:Vladimir Tatlin
1885-1953,Ukrainian sculptor and painter. After a visit to Paris (1914), he became the leader of a group of Moscow artists who sought to apply engineering techniques to sculpture construction, a movement that developed into Constructivism. He pioneered the use of iron, glass, wood, and wire in nonrepresentational constructions. His Monument to the Third International, commissioned by the Soviet government, was one of the first buildings conceived entirely in abstract terms and was intended to be, at more than 1,300 ft (400 m), the world's tallest structure. A model was exhibited at the 1920 Soviet Congress, but the government disapproved of nonfigurative art and it was never built. After 1933 Tatlin worked largely as a stage designer. HALS, Frans
Dutch painter (b. 1580, Antwerpen, d. 1666, Haarlem). Saloman van Ruysdael
Saloman van Ruysdael Gallery
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Alkaligrass - a Lawn Choice for Salty Situations
With water levels in aquifers dropping in some parts of the state and salty water a problem in some wells, lawn grass choice is a critical concern. Bluegrass is relatively intolerant of salts, so consider alkaligrass, Puccinellia distans, a native of the prairies in the western U.S. and Canada is a cool season bunch grass. A good variety for lawns is 'Fults' and is available from seed dealers.
Alkaligrass has five times the salt tolerance of bluegrass, can provide good turf quality, has the appearance of fine fescue, and can tolerate a range of mowing heights. Although it will grow with as little as 15 inches of moisture, this grass performs well in wet situations. It is low maintenance and particularly useful near roadsides where road salts accumulate. In low salt soils, alkaligrass is not competitive with weeds and other grasses and has poor shade tolerance.
For more information, see the following Colorado State University Extension fact sheet(s).
Do you have a question? Try Ask an Expert!
Updated Monday, February 01, 2016
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This is company's accounting statement that shows its Income, Expenses, and Profit (or Loss) over a period of time. It is a picture of the financial performance of a company. It is sometimes referred to as a Profit & Loss (P&L) Statement. It allows a compay (or others) to compare its performance to that of other similar businesses. It tells shareholders how well their company is doing with respect to generating profits and earnings per share.
Similar financial termsEarned income
The compensation from participation in a business, including normal remuneration (wages, salary and commissions) and bonuses.
For an insurance company, the difference between the premiums earned and the costs of settling claims.
Gross income less a set of deductions such as allowances, deeds of covenants, and losses.
Also called margin income, the difference between income and cost. For a depository institution, the difference between the assets it invests in (loans and securities) and the cost of its funds (deposits and other sources).
The company's total earnings, reflecting revenues adjusted for costs of doing business, depreciation, interest, taxes and other expenses.
Monthly income preferred security (MIP)
Preferred stock issued by a subsidiary located in a tax haven. The subsidiary relends the money to the parent.
The income made by an insurance company resulting from premiums paid for insurance products.
Effective gross income
Normal annual income including overtime that is regular or guaranteed. The income may be from more than one source. Salary is generally the principal source, but other income may qualify if it is significant and stable.
The total level of income earned by all the households in the economy. This will be a significant part of the overall level of National Income.
The value of goods and services created by a country in one year.
Cash flow statement
Alternative name for the statement of cash flow.
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 52
This is the currency translation standard currently used by U.S. firms. It mandates the use of the current rate method.
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 8
This is a currency translation standard previously in use by U.S. accounting firms.
A method of cash budgeting that is organized along the lines of the cash flow statement.
Statement of cash flows
A financial statement showing a firm's cash receipts and cash payments during a specified period.
Billing method in which the sales for a period such as a month (for which a customer also receives invoices) are collected into a single statement and the customer must pay all of the invoices represented on the statement.
A legal document that is filed with the SEC to register securities for public offering.
Pro forma financial statements
Financial statements as adjusted to reflect a projected or planned transaction.
Pro forma statement
A financial statement showing the forecast or projected operating results and balance sheet, as in pro forma income statements, balance sheets, and statements of cash flows.
A statement published by an issuer of a new municipal security describing itself and the issue
Notes to the financial statements
A detailed set of notes immediately following the financial statements in an annual report that explain and expand on the information in the financial statements.
Common size statement
A statement in which all items are expressed as a percentage of a base figure, useful for purposes of analyzing trends and the changing relationship between financial statement items. For example, all items in each year's income statement could be presented as a percentage of net sales.
An annual statement filed by a life insurance company in each state where it does business in compliance with that state's regulations. The statement and supporting documents show, among other things, the assets, liabilities, and surplus of the reporting company.
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The ostium of the left marginal vein is typically at the distal end of the coronary sinus.
In most human hearts we have observed a valve associated with the ostium as this venous
drainage enters the coronary sinus.
This cardiac vein returns deoxygenated blood (metabolic waste products) from the lateral
wall of the left ventricle.
Importance in device delivery:
Left heart pacing can be achieved via placing leads into the left marginal vein; in the
diseased heart this region of the heart will often be the region of latest ventricular
The left marginal veins are also referred to as lateral veins. This set of veins can be
further subdivided to antero-lateral, left lateral, and postero-lateral veins depending
on their position on the heart.
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If you have a yard with any kind of wildlife in it, you'll see interesting behaviors between different species of birds and even between birds and reptiles, and between mammals (like squirrels) and birds and reptiles. Sometimes they compete for food, nesting sites, water, and even roosting places. But competition isn't the end of it. Cooperation, imitation and alarm vocalizations recognized by a whole wildlife community are part of any shared wildlife habitat.
Tom and Kay Wells have a wildlife friendly yard with food stations, water sources, fruit-bearing plants, trees and cavities. They've witnessed unique behaviors:
"Tom and I had a friend visiting this afternoon (Jan. 15) and we were standing ... where we could see the back yard. There is a hole in one of our oak trees about 10 feet off the ground, and a Carolina wren landed near the opening and started into it. All of a sudden a red-bellied woodpecker swoops down, summarily grabs the wren, pulling it away from the hole, then drops it. He did not try to attack the wren, just removed it from the site, and then flew off. We looked at one another to see if we all saw the same thing. It reminded me of a parent grabbing a misbehaving child by the collar to settle him elsewhere. We don't know how deep the hole is, but we don't think it houses a nest because we would have seen birds coming and going. The red-bellied, the wren and the tufted titmouse all share the feeder that holds the woodpecker bar -- frequently dining at the same time."
Even though woodpecker and wren share a food station, the red-bellied woodpecker is probably a male and Tom and Kay's yard is part of his territory. This territory and all the features in it are part of his appeal to a female red-bellied. In the spring when he invites females to look him over by drumming loudly, they'll insist on looking at the quality of tree cavities he can offer. I suspect he'll try to oust any creature (squirrel, starling, skink, screech owl, great crested flycatcher or Carolina wren) trying out one of "his" cavities, even if it's not breeding season.
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. Contact Us
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Polish women won the vote when Poland regained nationhood in 1918, but their real liberation began when they started dancing the Charleston. In Poland’s theater-saturated culture, the battle for women’s rights to social and sexual freedoms – the long-denied right to enjoy rather than sacrifice themselves – was waged most vividly not in the Sejm, but on the stage, where actresses broke social taboos with impunity, modeled fashionable new looks and behaviors, and swayed public opinion with wild success. During Poland’s Second Republic (1918-1939), the most dazzling poster-women for emancipation were popular female performers. Literary cabarets such as Qui pro Quo, Banda, and Cyrulik Warszawski as well as lavish revues such as Andrzej Wlast’s Morskie Oko cultivated attractive female artists who won ardent fans among upper middle class and professional audiences even as they were touted as all-class celebrities in the popular press. That these young women were shunned as immoral by their families or reduced to hunger and homelessness early in their careers no longer mattered once they had become famous. On the pages of the press they served as both product models and conspicuous consumers of luxury goods such as mink coats and foreign automobiles. They wowed the public as women who earned big money and indulged themselves as much as they pleased.
The three most influential female stars of the interwar period were two brunettes and a blonde – Zula Pogorzelska (1896-1936), Mira Zimińska (1901-1997), and Hanna Ordonówna (1902-1950). All three attained stardom in the cabaret and were sometimes featured in revues; both Zimińska and Ordonówna crossed an ever lower boundary between popular entertainment and high culture, performing comic or dramatic parts on the legitimate stage. In at least one case, the scope of their performances attested to exceptional talent, but, above all, they were courted by theater directors because of their drawing power as successful cabaret stars. On the cabaret stage, these women had established themselves as personalities, as distinctive performers who had formed an electric, intimate bond with their loyal fans. Their fans would follow them anywhere they were invited to play.
Zula Pogorzelska, the first to attain stardom, taught women in Warsaw and, by extension, all Poland how to do the latest sexy dances – the Charleston, the foxtrot, the black bottom. As tame as these steps seem today, they were said to channel sexual energy and release dancing couples, particularly long-corseted ladies, from their inhibitions. With her big eyes, bow mouth, bobbed hair, and gorgeous legs, Zula was Warsaw’s first bombshell and flapper. She did not play the vamp. She appealed to female fans as a gal pal who sang openly about her desires (a villa, a yacht, a comforting bedfellow) and good-naturedly spoofed herself and others. Her numbers also aroused empathy for the new service workers of the city – socially stigmatized taxi dancers and gigolos. An adorable comedienne, character singer, and vivacious dancer, Zula showed women how to have fun without guilt in the modern material world.
Zimińska, who bloomed a bit later, shared Zula’s exuberance and carefree exhibitionism onstage. She couldn’t match her friend’s sex appeal, but she bested almost every cabaret performer with her improvisational skill and natural wit. Her dangerously inclusive impersonations ranged from poor, lovelorn shop girls to wealthy society hostesses. Zimińska, whose parents had worked backstage in provincial theater, never went to university, but she thrived intellectually and artistically in the male company of the great lyricists and liberal critics who supported Warsaw’s literary cabaret – artists such as Julian Tuwim and Marian Hemar and cultural critics such as Antoni Słonimski and Tadeusz (Boy) Żeleński. Wanting to impress her “boys,” Zimińska researched and performed a highly acclaimed one-woman show in early 1933, impersonating popular female singers from the fin de siècle to the 1920s. Her intelligence and adaptability likewise equipped her to shine in legitimate theater roles. Zimińska proved that an attractive cabaret comedienne could muster considerable intellectual and artistic firepower, gleefully playing ball with the boys.
Arguably the most popular of Warsaw’s cabaret stars was Hanna Ordonówna, who toiled for several years as a dancer and a bit player before she hit on a winning stage persona. Her pursuit of a cabaret performer’s lifestyle, including extramarital affairs, cost her her parents’ approval and eventually won her the adoration of the crowd. Lithe, blonde, with willowy limbs and the face of a melancholy Greek goddess, Ordonówna (nicknamed Ordonka), was transformed into a star through her romance with Fryderyk Járosy, an Austrian/Hungarian conferencier who pitched his tent in Warsaw in the early 1920s. Járosy, a superb director, trained her as a diseuse, a blend of actress and singer who artfully shifted between singing and speech to confide, exhort, ruminate, and languish before her audience. In her solos and, later, one-woman concerts, Ordonka was almost invariably steeped in romantic ecstasy or despondency and made delectable by her costuming, physical grace, and an added touch of class. Onstage she epitomized the sophisticated modern woman who wore her heart on her sleeve. Practically all female Warsaw aspired to dress, move, live, and love like Ordonka.
Zula, Zimińska, and Ordonka ushered in a new era of actress-fan symbiosis in Poland, encouraging women offstage to go public with emancipated ways of talking, acting, consuming, and pursuing their dreams. Their life stories demonstrated how poor girls could work their way to the top through talent, looks, discipline, and luck. As established stars, they crossed class boundaries with relative ease and buried old notions of women’s sexual purity as passé. Of course, only a handful of women could retrace their success stories. Yet the alluring models that Zula, Zimińska, and Ordonka incarnated revolutionized what twentieth-century Polish women could want and be.
- Zula Pogorzelska: The bob and the kewpie doll mouth via Biblioteka Polskiej Piosenki
- Zula in fur and pearls
- Mira Ziminska in her glory, via Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, sygn. 1-K-9462
- Mira with cabaret writer and performer Konrad Tom, via Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, sygn. 1-P-2523-8
- Hanka Ordonówna
- Hanka Ordonówna
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In this tutorial, I’ll explain how to make custom spirals (apart from the default spiral tool), and use them creatively in making rolls of paper. So far, I came to know that the spiral tool does not allow a uniform decay (equal spacing) between each wind of a spiral. In this tutorial, I will expose some basic tricks to do so. Hope you find it interesting.
Final Image Preview
Below is the final image we will be working towards. Want access to the full Vector Source files and downloadable copies of every tutorial, including this one? Join Vector Plus for just 9$ a month.
Our editor Sean Hodge has created this video tutorial to compliment this text + image tutorial.
Create a new document and enable the Smart Guides (Command + U). With the Ellipse Tool (L), make a circle of 40px by 40px as shown.
Create five more copies of this circle with uniform increment of 10px on each circle (30px by 30px, 40px by 40px, 50px by 50px, and so on). Align them vertically and horizontally center, as shown.
With the Scissors Tool (C), click once on each of the anchor points shown in the red region to cut the joints. This will separate the semi-circles.
With the Selection Tool (V), select the upper bunch of semi-circles and group them (Command + G). Similarly, group the lower bunch of semi-circles, as shown in the figure below.
With the Selection Tool (V), hold the right-most anchor of "Group2" and drag it onto the second-last anchor of "Group1." This will make the rest of the anchors automatically overlap on the anchor points of "Group1." This needs to be done precisely as we will be joining these anchors in the next steps. Make sure the Smart Guides are enabled (Command + U). Smart guides will automatically snap the anchor on the correct position.
Select both groups and Ungroup them (Command + Shift + G).
Now we are left with two spirals that are winding into each other. You may delete any one spiral. Start from the left side, select the outermost arc and delete it. Follow its locus and delete all those arcs that are in its path, as shown in red below.
Now let's join the arcs. With the Direct Selection Tool (A), drag a selection over the junction of anchors (to select two anchors at once) and press (Command + J). Select Smooth and press OK. Follow this steps to join each of the anchors (shown in the red zones).
Now we are left with a clean spiral with uniform decay and spacing. You might be wondering why we did all this instead of using a default Spiral Tool. Apparently, I’ve noticed that the Spiral tool doesn’t allow us to create uniform spacing across each wind. There is lot more we can do with this custom technique.
Select the Spiral and change its stroke color to white with no fill.
With the spiral still selected, go to Effect > 3D > Extrude & Bevel and enter the values as shown in the image below. Try experimenting with different perspectives, light sources, and angles.
Let's work on the orange paper band next. Use the Ellipse tool (L) to draw a circle that is 70px by 70px, then give it a stroke color of orange with no fill.
Next, with the Scissors Tool (C) and Delete Anchor Point Tool (-), chop this circle into a semi-circle as shown.
Select the semi-circle and go to Effect > 3D > Extrude & Bevel. Next, enter the values shown in the image below.
Place the 3-D band on your sheet roll in such a way that its empty part gets covered by the body of roll.
Now we'll create the drop shadow. With the Pen tool (P), draw a trapezium (with fill color 20% K) and send it to the back (Command + Shift + Left Bracket key).
Select the trapezium, go to Effect > Blur > Gaussian Blur and enter 20 for the radius.
We can further play with the look and feel of this result, but the main objective of this tutorial is to show the construction of custom spirals. So I will step towards creating another interesting roll with easy yet tricky steps.
Take the copy of all concentric circles that we made in Step 2. Next, spread them apart from each other as shown. This is done to avoid confusion while we are working on any particular circle.
Now we'll work on chopping quadrants. Start from "Circle 1." With the Scissors Tool (C), click once on each of the anchors shown in red.
With Selection Tool (V), click on the chopped arc and delete it.
Repeat steps 18 and 19 for each circle. Make sure you chop the quadrants in counter-clockwise direction as shown below. The end result should be something like this.
Now we'll work on joining the arcs. With the Selection Tool (V), hold the red anchor of "arc2" and drag it exactly onto the red anchor of "arc1," as shown in the figure below.
With the Direct Selection Tool (A), drag a selection over the junction of these two anchors and press (Command + J). Select Smooth and press OK.
Now hold the red anchor of "arc3" and drag it exactly over the red anchor as shown.
With the Direct Selection Tool (A), drag a selection over the junction of these two anchors and press Command + J. Select Smooth and press OK.
Like we did in the above steps, hold the red anchor of "arc4" and drag it exactly over the red anchor of the resulting figure and join it (Command + J).
Similarly, hold the red anchor of "arc5" and drag it exactly over the red anchor of the result figure and join it (Command + J).
Finally, hold the red anchor of "arc6" and drag it exactly over the red anchor of the result figure and join. The final result will be a non-uniform Spiral, something like a hand-rolled strip.
With the Line Segment Tool (Back Slash), draw a Line of 60px width. Join it with the end point of the Spiral and give a stroke of white color to the resulting figure.
Go to Effect > 3D > Extrude & Bevel and enter the values shown below.
Try playing with different light sources and perspective to obtain the best result. Below are some results that I came up with after various experiments.
The figure below shows the concise steps needed to draw spirals manually, using the procedures shown in this tutorial.
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The Top Ten Percent policy is one of the key issues in the case filed by Abigail Fisher against the University of Texas now before the Supreme Court. Fisher alleges that her rejection from the University of Texas was based on discrimination due to her race (white). One of Fisher’s principal arguments is that the Top Ten Percent Rule has produced sufficient levels of diversity, i.e., that it already increases minority enrollment.
A number of states such as California, Texas, and Florida have created “Top Ten Percent” (TTP) rules that guarantee admission to public universities for students who graduate in the top ten percent of their classes. In Texas, House Bill 588 created this rule in 1997 as a way to avoid the stipulations of the Hopwood v. Texas case that barred the use of affirmative action in application decisions. Legislation in Texas passed in 2009 allowed the University of Texas to reduce the number of students admitted under the ten percent rule to 75 percent of the entering freshman class. This reduction was in response to concerns that the University had to turn down better-qualified applicants under the automatic admission policy. TTP policies still remain controversial since some believe that these laws give unfair advantage to individuals from less competitive high schools.
A recent working paper posted on the University of Michigan’s National Poverty website discusses the impact of the TTP plan on admissions at Texas public universities. The authors, Lindsay Daugherty, Francisco Martorell, and Isaac McFarlin, examine the effect of automatic college admissions for a potentially underserved population. These researchers found that effects on flagship university attendance of TTP policy are twice as large for white students than minority students, with no effects for low-income students. TTP students are more likely to be white and female, and less likely to be economically disadvantaged. Only 10 percent of TTP students enroll in a flagship, compared to 30 percent in higher-sending schools. As a result, the authors suggest that eligibility for automatic admissions “may not have much effect on the outcomes of students in the most disadvantaged schools”(p. 21).
Similar results are reported in studies by Princeton University sociology professors Angel Harris and Marta Tienda. For example, in a 2010 analysis of the “Minority Higher Education Pipeline” in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Harris and Tienda found that the shift from affirmative action to TTP policies in Texas resulted in lower admission rates for both Hispanics and blacks relative to whites and Asian Americans. They point out, however, that Asian Americans did not enjoy an admissions advantage under any of the policy regimes.
Harris and Tienda further explain that the admissions disadvantage of blacks and Hispanics to white applicants grew over time, with an annual loss in Hispanic applications that range from 240 at the University of Texas at Austin to nearly 700 at Texas A&M University and a loss of black applicants ranging from more than 60 to UT to more than 300 to TAMU. This loss reaches its lowest point under the Top Ten regime.
An insightful article by Nikole Hannah-Jones in the Atlantic Wire indicates that in 2008, the year Fisher applied, the Texas University system gave admission to 92 percent of its in-state spots through the Top Ten policy. Since Fisher was not in the top ten percent, she and other applicants were evaluated on grades, test scores, and a personal achievement index that included two required essays as well as consideration of socioeconomic status, race, and other factors. Fisher’s scores were 1180 out of 1600 on the SAT and her grade point average was 3.59, good, but not outstanding. The university indicates that even if Fisher had received points for her race and every other personal achievement factor, she would not have been accepted. The university did, however, offer provisional admission to some students who had lower test scores and grades than Fisher: five were black or Latino, and forty-two were white.
Given the substantial empirical findings on the impact of the Top Ten Percent policy on minority admissions as well as the University’s assessment that Ms. Fisher would not have been admitted even if she had received points for her race, it is difficult to ascertain the specific disadvantage that Ms. Fisher received as an applicant under Texas’ Top Ten Percent rule coupled with UT’s holistic review process.
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This year marks the 75th anniversary of an unprecedented yet almost entirely unknown event in the history of nonviolent resistance. In the main square of the city of Peshawar, in modern day Pakistan, several hundred nonviolent Pashtun resisters were shot and killed by British-led troops as they peacefully protested the arrest of their leader, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, known as Badshah Khan to his followers, and later known in India as “the Frontier Gandhi.”
That they were gathered peacefully in the first place, unarmed, is astonishing in itself since these were Muslim Pashtun from the Northwest Frontier Province of India, members of one of the most violent tribal societies in the world. Khan had persuaded them to lay down their guns and knives and become members of his nonviolent army, the Khudai Khidmatgars, “Servants of God,” and join Gandhi’s civil disobedience movement against British rule.
Badshah Khan was born in 1890, a member of a wealthy and aristocratic Muslim family. Educated and inspired by British missionaries, he began opening schools among the impoverished and mostly illiterate Pashtun villagers of the Frontier Province while still in his early twenties. In 1919, he led demonstrat ions against British rule and was imprisoned for sedition for three years in unusually harsh conditions that almost broke his health. Undeterred, he continued devoting himself to education and reform work among the Pashtun, and claimed to have visited all 1000 villages over a period of about ten years.
Khan was a devout Muslim who claimed to draw his nonviolence directly from Islam. “There is nothing surprising in a Muslim or a Pashtun like me subscribing to the creed of nonviolence,” he wrote. “It is not a new creed. It was followed fourteen hundred years ago by the Prophet all the time he was in Mecca, but we had so far forgotten it that when Gandhi placed it before us, we thought he was sponsoring a novel creed.”
In the late Twenties, after a long period of fasting and meditation, Khan came up with the idea of a “nonviolent army” of Pashtun tribesman who would renounce violence and the code of revenge deeply embedded in Pashtun society. They wore red military uniforms (and were called “Red Shirts”), took an oath foreswearing violence, retaliation and revenge, formed regiments, trained and drilled, and devoted themselves to village uplift, education and reform. When Gandhi declared Indian Independence in 1930, he ignited a massive civil disobedience movement across India in which thousands were jailed, beaten and some killed.
On the remote Northwest Frontier, the repression was far worse. The British regarded the Pashtun tribes as savages. They sealed the borders to the province and unleashed a campaign of violent repression unmatched during the civil disobedience movement. “Red Shirts” were publicly stripped and beaten (shades of Abu Ghraib), their property confiscated, their crops burnt. Through it all, they remained nonviolent. Some Khudai Khidmatgars chose suicide rather than allow themselves to be publicly humiliated. But repression only gathered more recruits to the cause. At its height, Khan’s Khudai Khidmatgars numbered more than 80,000.
On April 23rd, 1930, the British arrested Khan and a mass demonstration filled the main square of Peshawar to protest his arrest. In a moment of panic, British-led troops began firing into the crowd. In his study of nonviolence Gene Sharp, formerly of Harvard University’s Center for International Affairs, describes the scene: “When those in front fell down wounded by the shots, those behind came forward with their breasts bared and exposed themselves to the fire one after another, and when they fell wounded they were dragged back and others came forward to be shot at. This state of things continued from 11 till 5 o’clock in the evening.” An estimated two to three hundred Pashtun were killed. One regiment of soldiers refused to fire on the unarmed Pashtun and were court-martial and sentenced to long prison terms.
But Khan’s nonviolent Pashtun army remained nonviolent. Even Gandhi found it remarkable: “That such men who would have killed a human being with no more thought than they would kill a chicken or hen should at the bidding of one man (Khan) have laid down their arms and accepted nonviolence as the superior weapon sounds almost like a fairy tale.”
When a truce was signed two years later, Indians were given the right to elect their own provincial governments for the first time. Khan’s brother, Dr. Khan Saheb became the first prime minister of the Northwest Frontier Province. Badshah Khan himself remained apolitical, choosing to focus on village reform. He became a close confidante of Gandhi’s and can be seen in many photos, the 6 foot 4 Khan towering over the diminutive Mahatma.
In his biography of Badshah Khan, Nonviolent Soldier of Islam (Nilgiri Press, 1995), Eknath Easwaran writes: “Badshah Khan based his life and work on the profound principle of nonviolence, raising an army of courageous men and women who translated it into action. Were his example better known, the world might come to recognize that the highest religious values of Islam are deeply compatible with a nonviolence that has the power to resolve conflicts even against heavy odds.”
India received its independence in 1947, and Khan’s province became part of Pakistan. His close ties to Gandhi and the Indian Congress Party aroused suspicions and his movement was suppressed. Khan himself served another fifteen years in prison for protesting various military dictatorships. In 1962 he became Amnesty International’s first “Prisoner of the Year” and was the first non-Indian to receive the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honor. In 1985 he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize and died at home near Peshawar in 1988, at the age of 98, having served thirty years in prison.
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The application is designed to use technology to share this fascinating part of NYC’s past.
A new augmented reality mobile app has been released to combine the use of smartphones and tablets with the history of New York City in order to teach young people about the rich cultural history of Jewish immigration and other highly interesting topics from the start of the 20th century.
Other subjects covered by this application include the labor and women’s movements in New York City.
The purpose of this augmented reality game is to reveal the “secret history” that is held by many different buildings, neighborhoods, and other parts of NYC, at times when the device user is actually in the relevant location. The app is called Jewish Time Jump: New York. It works with AR technology and was created by ConverJent, which is a Jewish learning games nonprofit organization.
The augmented reality app was created with a grant provided by the Jewish education group, the Covenant Foundation.
This augmented reality app is a 2013 Games for Change Awards finalist in the category of being “Most Innovative”. The game is a new, high tech twist on the concept of a scavenger hunt. The players of the game must locate the required clues by heading to the various locations both inside and across from Washington Square Park. This is adjacent to the building that was once the home of the famous Triangle Shirtwaist Factory and that is today a part of New York University.
As the players of the augmented reality game move from one location to the next, they receive information about events, archival photos, and even characters on their mobile device screens. The content presented is triggered by the GPS signal of the device. Players are also able to use their mobile devices to view historical documents as they play. These can include flyers and old Yiddish newspaper pages (which have been translated).
The game is set around an important New York City labor history event. It provides an augmented reality experience surrounding the 1909 shirtwaist strike, which is also referred to as the Uprising of the 20,000.
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There are many
songs that teach the apostles, Bible stories, etc. You
can take a familiar song and add new verses with the students.
Lyrics to many are available
on this site.
|Make it Up
||Have students make up a tune
for the memory verse. Have them add hand motions to go with it.
||Use songs that match the
lesson of the story. Ask questions about the song's meaning and how it
relates to the lesson.
|Name that tune
||Hum or replace a song's words with "la-la"
notes. The first person to name that tune leads the class in singing it.
||Cut out pictures that match
elements of a song. Attach the pictures to cardboard or tongue depressors.
Hand out the pictures to the students and sing the song. When each child's
picture is mentioned, have them stand up for a moment.
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The Jaga DBE Radiator gives up to 300% higher heating output
Maximum Efficiency with Low Water Temperature Systems (i.e. Heat Pumps).
Heat pumps, solar energy systems and condensing boilers require much larger radiators because they operate best with a much lower water temperature.
Heat pumps, solar energy systems and condensing boilers require much larger radiators
because they operate best with a lower water temperature. Heat pumps reach their optimal
efficiency at a water temperature of only 35°C. This is not a problem for Jaga DBE (Dynamic
Boost Effect) radiators.
The unique combination of the copper-aluminium heat exchanger - standard in every Low-H20 radiator – and the powerful DBE technology that has been specially developed for these very low water temperatures, gives up to 3 times more heat output than a conventional radiator with the same dimensions.
DBE SAVES ENERGY
Due to their high mass, traditional radiators and underfloor heating need a Lot of energy just to warm themselves up. Only when they have heated up sufficiently themselves do they begin to emit heat. Jaga Low-H20 heat exchangers with DBE, limit this warm-up time to an absolute minimum. The heating time is much shorter making heat delivery fast and more efficient. This means that the night-time reduction periods can be extended, saving money and energy.
LESS EXCESS HEATING
Is the room approaching the desired temperature? Is the sun suddenly shining in? Traditional radiators stubbornly keep on heating the room, wasting energy. A DBE will react much more quickly, and automatically reduce the he output at the right time. This means that the comfort temperature is under better control
UP TO 30% MORE ECONOMICAL
The better temperature control and the shorter operating periods result in significant energy savings*, making your heating system much more economical. With DBE you can also easily switch to any new, environmentally friendly Iow water temperature system. It's a matter of preparing for the future!
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Allergy Vaccine: 6-Shot Cure?
Study Shows Just 6 Weekly Vaccinations Gave Relief From Ragweed Allergy
Oct. 4, 2006 -- Allergy sufferers got at least two ragweed seasons of relief after only six weekly shots of an experimental vaccine.
The finding comes from a small clinical trial conducted at Johns Hopkins University. The trial tested a new kind of allergy vaccine in 25 people with ragweed allergy -- also known as fall hay fever.
The proof-of-concept study was too small to prove anything. But the results so far have study leader Peter S. Creticos, MD, brimming with enthusiasm.
"For many of these people, we have wiped out the disease of ragweed allergy; it is a cure, but we don't know how long that cure will last," Creticos tells WebMD. "These people will throw away their allergy medicines during August, September, and October when hay fever is driven by ragweed. And if this works for ragweed, there is no reason why it can't work for other allergiesallergies."
Creticos is medical director of the Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center. He has in the past received consulting fees and grant support from Dynavax Technologies, the vaccine manufacturer. However, the current study was sponsored by the Immune Tolerance Network, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health.
The study appears in the Oct. 5 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine.
Vaccine Turns Allergy Off
When the body encounters a harmless foreign substance, it is supposed to get rid of it with appropriate, protective immune responses. Allergies happen when a substance -- an allergen -- sets off an allergic reaction instead of a protective immune response.
If that were the end of it, allergy wouldn't be such a big deal. But for many sufferers, the allergic process becomes a persistent, whole-body immune response that results in swelling, itching, sneezing, dripping, and/or wheezingwheezing.
The experimental allergy vaccine takes advantage of a trick scientists learned from bacteria. Bacteria carry a specific DNA segment that triggers a specific kind of immune response in humans. This immune response shuts down allergy-type immune responses and triggers protective immune responses.
The Dynavax vaccine links a ragweed particle to this bacterial DNA sequence. It's supposed to make the immune system of a person with ragweed allergy act just like the immune system of a person without ragweed allergy, says David Broide, MD, of the University of California, San Diego. Broide, one of the study investigators, is a senior advisor to the Immune Tolerance Network.
"When this vaccine is injected into a patient, the immune system sees the ragweed component not as ragweed allergen but as bacteria," Broide tells WebMD. "It calls up the protective immune response instead of the allergic response. So the immune response is being fooled into making the correct response."
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The Milesians and Xenophanes all assumed that there was only candidate available to take the place of divine authority and poetic inspiration: straight empirical observation. As we just saw, the reliance on straight empirical investigation lead Xenophanes to conclude that real human knowledge was impossible in most fields of inquiry; if all one has to go on is observation, then where direct observation is unavailable, knowledge is impossible. Probably in response to this pessimistic conclusion, Heraclitus was the first thinker to propose an alternative to straight observation. He presents an epistemological theory of tempered empiricism, arguably much like the method of inquiry we use in science and philosophy today. According to this picture, observation is still important in the search for knowledge, but reason allows the observer to go beyond the observational given. This epistemological theory is tightly connected to Heraclitus's interesting metaphysics, according to which the world is ordered, guided, and unified by a rational structure, a single divine law, which he calls the "logos". Matching the divine cosmic logos, happily, is a logos that resides in each of our souls. Our private logos (presumably something like our faculty of reason) allows us access to the divine logos, and thus reopens the possibility of human knowledge. Observation without an understanding of the logos is useless, but observation coupled with an understanding of the logos yields true knowledge.
Heraclitus was born in about 540 B.C. to one of the aristocratic families of Ephesus, near Colophon. His noble birth brought with it an important hereditary role in the life of the city, a position that involved responsibilities as both a political and religious leader (for instance, he would have been in charge of supervising the city's official sacrifices). Heraclitus, however, had no interest in the political life, nor in traditional religion, and he handed over his hereditary ruling position to his younger brother. Throughout his life, and well after his death, Heraclitus had a reputation as a misanthrope and as a deliberately obscure thinker. His reputation as a misanthrope was probably based reasonably on the unkind words he had for other philosophers and historians (he called everyone from Homer to Xenophanes an ignoramus, which they technically were according to this theory of knowledge). His reputation as an obscure thinker, on the other hand, is probably unjustified. Though his lists of paradoxes might seem obscure on their surface, it is only because they are only intelligible when seen in their connection to the logos.
The basic tenet of Heraclitus's system is the claim that there is a rational structure to the cosmos and that this rational structure orders and controls the universe. The logos is Heraclitus's physis but only in the sense of a unifier in nature: a fundamental part of understanding the logos involves seeing that all things are unified in it. The logos, however, is presumably not the material out of which everything else arose, though it is the origin of all things insofar as it is the arrangement of all matter.
Heraclitus often refers to the logos as the mind of God, though it is not clear what implications this has for his theory. Probably, Heraclitus simply identified the logos with the mind of God because it is the controlling, rational force within nature. Certainly he does not view the logos in any sort of anthropomorphic terms, and it is an entirely natural, rather than supernatural, force. In addition, the logos exists squarely within the physical world. Oddly, Heraclitus seems to view the logos as part of the world in the same sense that water or air is a part of the world. It is as if he is treating the recipe as one of the ingredients.
The logos is not only the basic concept of Heraclitus's metaphysics, it is also the basic principle of his epistemology. It is only though understanding the logos that we can make sense of our experience. Though the logos is an independently existing truth available to all (a fact which he underscores by speaking about a logos in each human soul), most people fail to recognize it. In two highly vivid metaphors, Heraclitus describes the folly of those multitudes who attempt to investigate nature without understanding the logos. He compares these people first to sleepers; like sleeping minds, the mind that does not understand the logos cannot receive information from the outside world. What goes on in a sleeping mind is purely subjective and is not connected to what is going on in the real world. Similarly, those who investigate nature without understanding the logos only gain access to their own subjective worlds, not to the real, objective one. (It is interesting to view this metaphor in relation to Xenophanes' claim about the inherent subjectivity of sensory perception).
Later, Heraclitus also compares these same people to barbarians—that is, to people who do not understand the Greek language. When you do not understand a language, Heraclitus is telling us, all that you hear in the words is noise; you cannot discern the underlying order, the meaning of these words. In our experience of the world we are confronted with something like a language, and most people fail to make sense of this language because they do not understand the logos (which is the language of nature). Therefore, to these people (among whom he counts all previous philosophers and poets) observation is nothing but meaningless noise. We cannot, in other words, simply gather facts as the Milesians and Xenophanes tried to do, but rather in order to obtain any knowledge from these facts we must understand how they relate to the logos.
The line "is this a dagger which I see before me" is from Macbeth, not Hamlet. C'mon, Sparknotes! I expect better from you.
Is it possible that Parmenides was referring to the object orientation of our thoughts with his famous saying that "what is is and what is not is not"? Consider that when separating an object from its background, we can conceive of the object as something but can not conceive the background as a thing. The object is "what is", while the background is "what is not". This interpretation fits well with several ideas of the time, for example that opposites had a special position in our thought, that the universe is one (Zeno's paradoxes
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Monday, October 07, 2013 Basic Resident Education Could Help Reduce Falls A fairly simple educational program may help family practice residents recognize and assess potential for falls among elderly patients, according to a recent article in Medscape. Scripps Mercy Chula Vista Family Medicine Residency Associate Program Director Michael Rosenblatt, DO, MPH, worked with a team to develop a short computer-based learning module that they administered to second- and third-year residents. Residents also watched a DVD from the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders (ACOVE) project before they conducted patient assessments and created care plans. The results? Fall assessment scores from second-year residents increased from 42% to 78%, and from 55% to 85% for the third-year residents. Designers of the program hope that better education on falls assessment will result in fewer incidents. One-third of elderly Americans experience a fall each year, with 20%-30 % resulting in serious injury. Physical therapists can help educate their patients on falls, and help them understand how to stay safe by using information provided on APTA's "Move Forward" site.
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TIP OF THE WEEK
There is one plant whose self-sustainability is legendary and on which you could rely, in hard times, whether you had no water, no money, or neither one. In fact, you could subsist quite well from consumption of its foliar pads and fruit.
The plant in question is prickly pear cactus and I have to thank Nick Kurek, who grows it in Granada Hills, for reminding me of its virtues. In addition to requiring zero water to grow, prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) is highly nutritious, whether you are dining on its diced pads, which taste like tart green beans, or enjoying its fruit, whose flavor is somewhere between that of a watermelon and a kiwi.
Pads — or nopales — have noticeable spines and less conspicuous, but equally prickly, surface glochids and all must be removed prior to cooking. The ripe fruit or tunas have a fleshy, wine red skin that must be pared away prior to consumption. While you can train prickly pear cactus into a tree that will reach 15 feet in height, you can also simply let it grow and it will develop into an impenetrable security barrier around your property.
Prickly pear cactus is easily propagated by detachment of its individual pads, which are then allowed to to callous over where they were cut (usually takes about a week) before sticking them into a sandy or other fast draining soil.
“How to Grow More Vegetables” (Ten Speed Press, $30) is a set of directives that, if followed to the letter, could radically change your life.
“How To Grow More Vegetables” by John Jeavons has been translated into six languages for gardeners around the globe. It demonstrates that an average-sized front yard of 800 to 1,000 square feet can provide enough vegetables and soft fruits (strawberries and melons) to meet the yearly produce requirements of a family of four or five.
The book, now in its eighth edition, is not speculative; It is based on more than 40 years of hands-on growing and research by the author.
Reached by phone in Willits, in Northern California, Jeavons informed me that his methods are now utilized in more than 143 countries. The technique he advocates is called biointensive gardening. It combines ancient agricultural systems, from Chinese to Mayan, with two more contemporary agricultural methods: the biodynamic and French intensive techniques.
Biodynamic farming, developed by Rudolf Steiner in Europe during the 1920s, substitutes organic or natural fertilizers for synthetic, chemical ones. It demands that crops be grown in fluffy, raised beds, where water can easily penetrate and gas exchange around plant roots is maximized.
The French intensive technique was begun outside Paris in the 1890s. On manure-enriched soil, “crops were grown so close to each other that when the plants were mature, their leaves would touch,” according to Jeavons’ book. “The close spacing provided a mini-climate and a living mulch which reduced weed growth and helped hold moisture in the soil. During the winter, glass jars were placed over the seedlings to give them an early start. The gardeners grew up to nine crops each year.” And that was in Paris, where winters are considerably colder than in Los Angeles.
It has been shown that the 322 pounds of vegetables that you consume, on average, per year, can be successfully harvested from an area as small as 100 square feet, which is about half the size of most kitchens. The secret is in the soil. Proper soil preparation will bring crops along faster and in better health than when you just dig and plant. Each year you garden in a biointensively improved bed, your yields will increase. But even if you start with only average garden soil, you should not need more than three years before you are producing 300 pounds of vegetables per 100 square feet of raised beds.
In biointensive gardening, crops are grown in raised beds 5 feet wide that are surrounded by footpaths. Narrow beds make it possible to garden without stepping on and compacting the soil; you never have to reach more than 21/2 feet to weed, hoe or harvest. Initial preparation of beds involves double digging, which entails loosening and amending the soil to a depth of two shovel blades — 20 to 24 inches below the surface.
Central to biointensive gardens is the concept of sustainability. Ultimately, little fertilizer or manure is brought in from outside to nourish crops because green manure — in the form of peas, beans, clover or vetch — is periodically grown in the beds. When turned under, green manure plants provide the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other minerals that vegetable, fruit and cereal crops require. Ideally, once sustainability is achieved, except for some occasional compost enrichment, water will be the only input brought to the garden from the outside. Everything else, from fertilizers to seeds, will be produced by the garden itself.
Jeavons emphasized that biointensive gardening is highly appropriate for the sort of drought that California experiences every few years. Growing vegetables in raised beds, as compared to conventional row planting, results in water savings of up to 75 percent, in addition to increased crop harvests.
Successful vegetable growing depends upon skillful crop rotation, with the addition of non-edible, soil-enriching cover crops such as pink clover. For example, in a four-year rotation for spring/summer crops, you could plant tomatoes in year one, corn in year two, beans in year three and zucchini in year four. You could grow all four crops every year as long as you divided your vegetable garden into four sections, making sure to rotate the crops appropriately in each section.
To enhance soil fertility, plant legumes such as red or pink clover after your squash and corn have established themselves in the garden. You can broadcast the clover seed in between the developing crops or even underneath them. After you have harvested your edibles, allow the clover to continue growing as your next crop. Three weeks before planting your fall or winter vegetable garden, cut the clover plants at ground level and work them into the earth. Clover provides nutrients, aerates the soil with its penetrating roots, and helps to keep pathogenic soil fungi at bay.
Often I hear gardeners complain that they cannot grow tomatoes anymore or that their pansies or impatiens simply will not flower like they once did. The reason for such failures is repetitive planting of the same species in the same spot, year after year. Where such monoculture exists, there is a proliferation of soil-borne fungi that are harmful to the repetitively planted species. In addition, monoculture robs the soil of plant nutrient reserves since each crop has a tendency to extract particular minerals from the earth.
For more information about area plants and gardens, go to Joshua Siskin’s website at www.thesmartergardener.com. Send questions and photos to Joshua@perfectplants.com.
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numismatics (nōˌmĭzmătˈĭks, –mĭs–) [key], collection and study of coins, medals, and related objects as works of art and as sources of information. The coin and the medal preserve old forms of writing, portraits of eminent persons, and reproductions of lost works of art; they also assist in the study of early customs, in ascertaining dates, in clarifying economic status and trade relations, and in tracing changes in political attitudes. In the past many valuable coin collections were assembled by individuals; in the 20th cent., however, public museums have been responsible for building the largest collections. The largest coin market in the world is in London.
See J. A. MacKay, Value in Coins and Medals (1968); J. Porteous, Coins in History (1969); B. Hobson and R. Obojski, Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Coins (1970); C. J. Andrews, Fell's International Coin Book (5th ed. 1973); C. French, American Guide to U.S. Coins (annual ed.).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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I dont have direct geometry related question but indirect one. My co-worker and I had a debate about 1 + 1 = 2. He says in geometry it is not always the case but I have always believed math is absolute subject and it cant be disputed, and only absolute subject so it was hard for me to digest. My co-worker mentioned that in geometry if we take pythagorean theorem it is actually 1 + 1 = 1.4.
So my question to you is, can 1 + 1 = anything but 2 ever? Is math an absolute subject or not? If it is absolute then how can one branch of math dispute another branch of math?
I very much apprecaite your help. I actually dont believe that saying 1 + 1 = 1.4 is a correct way of looking at pythagorean theorem but we couldn't come any conclusions. So I am really looking forward for correct answer I can change my belief but I need a satisfactory answer. Could you please help?
Your question simply doesn't make sense until you are more precise. If you mean "arithmetic in base 10", then, yes, 1+ 1= 2. But if you are talking, say, about arithmetic in base 2, 1+ 1= 10. As for saying "1+ 1 is not equal to 2 in geometry", again, it doesn't make sense without your friend saying what he is talking about. "Geometry" typically deals with figures not numbers, except in terms of formulas for area, volume, etc. in which we typically use "arithmetic in base 10". But it is impossible to confirm or deny your your friend's statement without knowing what your friend is talking about.
in general, it depends on what you mean by "1", "+" and "2". these symbols can have different meanings in different contexts.
in the "usual context", where 1 and 2 are taken to be "natural numbers" and + represents the usual notion of addition, then in fact, 1+1 and 2 are "the same number", by DEFINITION.
a somewhat "less trivial fact", is that: 2+2 = 4:
2+2 = 2+s(1) where s(1) just means: "the next number after 1" so s(n) = n+1.
addition is DEFINED by the rule:
a+s(b) = s(a+b), and a+0 = a (because 0 isn't "s of" anything. hey, we have to start SOMEWHERE).
in this case, a = 2, and b = 1.
thus 2 + s(1) = s(2+1). now to "evaluate" this, we need to know what "2+1" is. so we have to go again:
2+1 = 2+s(0) = s(2+0) = s(2) = 3 (because 3 = s(2) = s(s(1)) = s(s(s(0)), see? this just means that 3 = 1+1+1, not that surprising).
so now we know what 2+1 is, so we have that:
2+2 = 2+s(1) = s(2+1) = s(3) = 4 (again, 4 is just "short-hand" for 1+1+1+1).
i'm glossing over some technicalities, like the fact that (1+1)+1 = 1+(1+1) (which is really just saying that s(1+1) = 1+s(1), which is just our "rule" with a = b = 1).
the point being: IF we adopt certain "RULES" as true, then certain other things become CONSEQUENCES of those rules. but "other rules" are possible: we could, for example, define:
1+1 = 0 (in which case we don't get "very many numbers" by adding 1's, we only get 0 and 1). does this "makes sense"?
suppose "1" means "flip a switch", "+" means "and then..." and "0" means "don't flip a switch (don't do anything)".
then 1+1 = 0 simply means:
"flipping a switch twice, does the same thing as doing nothing", something you can readily verify with any common on/off switch.
Emakorav - Thank you! Those links were helpful.
Devano Understood - pretty much as long as the values of 1, + and = are what they are in arithmatic the answer will remain 2. I diddnt understand the 1 + 1 = 0 part, If I understood correctly, I assume you are using binary here with boolean operators as per your description of the swtich but I think here there is no plus, your example uses binary with boolean operators, and, nand.... so we cant really use plus to describe this. Also, flipping the switch twice is not same as 1 + 1. When you flip a switch twice you are doing boolean and and that is 1 and 0(notice I diddnt use plus) = 0. In boolean and operator, only 1 + 1 = 1 every other combinataion gives the result of 0. Makes sense? I am OK with Binary but my overall question is whether 1 + 0 can equal to anything else or not.
MathCrusader, Thank you sir. That is how I understod it and that is what I was saying but my co-worker is pretty intelligent man and he said 1 + 1 = 1.4, could you please confirm this with example or reference. Because square of 1 is 1 and hence taking the A^2 + b^2 = C^2 the C will be equal to 1.4 correct? I mean I understood it exactly as you mentioned but this is the argument that can come up hence I wanted to clarify.
I had looked this up and I agree with what you said.
Square root of 2 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Halls of Ivy,
Understood your confusion. As I mentioned, my friend is saying as per geometry 1 + 1 = 1.4 and I disagree. That is what my friend is saying. As per taking binary, I am very good at binary, We cant really say that in binary 1 + 1 = 10, I mean we can but we cant talk different number system and use it in context of base 10. What I mean is in binary it is 0001 + 0001 = 0010 which taking it in binary it is two. We cant read that in base 10. If you convert that to base 10 then our answer is same 1 + 1 = 2. Basically my question is whether in any math, any math(geometry, calculus, algebra, arithmatic), can you or can you not say if 1 + 1 = 2. Can this statement be disputed in any of the branches of math? Example my co-worder used was for phythagorean theorem where he said 1 + 1 = 1.4. Do you agree?
On the other hand, it could be that he was arguing, geometrically, that a vector of length 1, added to a vector of length 1, which is perpendicular to the first vector, has length . That would be a correct calculation but it would still not be a case of " " because when you add vectors you are NOT adding their lengths.
but one doesn't need to refer to "binary" logical operations for a similar example:
consider ordinary integers, where all we are interested in is the PARITY (even-ness or odd-ness).
a little thought shows that:
even + even = even
even + odd = odd
odd + even = odd
odd + odd = even.
now let "0" stand for any even number, and let "1" stand for any odd number. the above rules then become:
0 + 0 = 0
1 + 0 = 1
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 1 = 0
so that 1 + 1 = 0, just says the the sum of any two odd integers is even.
this system is also called: the integers mod 2, and has a more precise definition which i won't bore you with.
as others have pointed out, your co-worker has a mis-understanding of what the pythagorean theorem says. it is NOT:
A + B = C, but rather:
A2 + B2 = C2, and indeed:
1 + 1 = 12 + 12 = (√2)2 = 2
(where A,B and C are the lengths of the sides of a right triangle, with C the longest side).
the Peano axioms of arithmetic (which are generally recognized as encoding our "usual notions" of what "natural numbers" mean), force upon us 1+1 = 2, every time, no exceptions. it is a remarkable fact that people had been using arithmetic for centuries, but that a logical basis for them was not fully realized until fairly recently (Peano devised his axioms in 1889, based on a similar set of rules published by Richard Dedekind in 1888. Peano seems to have been unaware of a similar attempt to formalize arithmetic by Gottlob Frege in 1879).
the basic idea of natural numbers in Peano's system is fairly intuitive:
1) we start with 0.
2) we have an equivalence defined on natural numbers by equality (a is equivalent to b if and only if a and b are the same natural number).
3) every natural number possesses "a next natural number", called it's successor. this successor is unique, and no two different numbers have the same successor. thus this encodes the intuitive idea of "counting".
4) 0 is not the successor of any other number.
5) if something is true of 0, and true of every successor of any natural number, it is true for all natural numbers (although this appears to say nothing more than: "the natural numbers are precisely the numbers we can count to from 0", it actually says far more...it allows us to use the principle of induction to prove statements about natural numbers).
under these assumptions one can PROVE that: 1 + 1 = the successor of the successor of 0, more commonly known as 2 (and where 1 is also "the successor of 0"), given the following definition:
a + 0 = a
a + s(b) = s(a + b)
1 = s(0)
2 = s(s(0)).
of course, the cavemen probably knew this:
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We can ensure that students with print disabilities are getting access to the same books their peers are reading, which helps them feel more confident.
Princeton, NJ (PRWEB) August 01, 2013
Learning Ally, a nonprofit providing accessible audiobooks and educational solutions to over 7,000 schools throughout the country, as well as to thousands of students and adult learners with print disabilities like dyslexia and visual impairment, has recently developed a web-based tool for educators called Teacher Ally.
The Teacher Ally tool facilitates the use of assistive technology in the classroom by allowing educators to easily access and assign audiobooks from the downloadable library of over 80,000 textbook and popular literature titles that Learning Ally provides. Teachers can manage the distribution of required reading content among their students, track students’ reading progress, share reports with parents and fellow educators, and make recommendations for additional interventions from any computer with internet access. Teacher Ally is expected to solve the problem of audiobooks being underutilized in some schools where teachers lack a system for distribution.
Launched this past year, Teacher Ally has been adopted into many schools that use Learning Ally audiobooks, receiving positive responses from educators who have employed it in their classrooms along with the Learning Ally Audio app, which plays audiobook content on iOS devices. "Using Teacher Ally with the Learning Ally Audio app, we can even share with the students: ‘Wow, you’ve read 800 pages this year!’ and that is a great thing to see and reinforce positively for the kids," says Dyslexia Therapist Melinda Walters of Frenship Independent School District in Lubbock, Texas. "It saves our teachers a tremendous amount of time with this easier process of adding student accounts and downloading books. We can ensure the students are getting access to the same books their peers are reading, which helps them feel more confident."
"When we learned about this easy way for students to access audiobooks, we worked really hard to market it to students and organized an early training program for them," says Jana Garnett, Director of Student Disability Services at Santa Barbara City College, which has 150 students approved to use audiobooks. One college student there commented, "I use Learning Ally on my iPhone and on the computer. I like how listening reinforces the information for me and when I follow along in the book, I get it from two senses – listening to and seeing each word."
"We’re consistently seeing improved performance among students who use audiobooks," says Paul Edelblut, Learning Ally VP of Educational Solutions. "Research studies demonstrating improved scores in reading and math on statewide exams have shown that audiobooks are an effective accommodation for students with print disabilities. The Teacher Ally tool provides an extra level of support by making it easier for teachers to get students the reading materials they need, and to make sure students are using their audiobook accommodations as effectively as possible. Being able to see quantifiable progress can motivate kids with learning differences to continue putting forth the extra effort."
Educators who are interested in Teacher Ally for their school can visit the Membership page on Learning Ally’s website or email Programs(at)LearningAlly(dot)org.
About Learning Ally
Founded in 1948 as Recording for the Blind, Learning Ally serves over 300,000 K-12, college and graduate students, as well as veterans and lifelong learners – all of whom cannot read standard print due to blindness, visual impairment, dyslexia, or other learning and physical disabilities. Learning Ally’s collection of more than 80,000 digitally recorded human-read textbooks and literature titles is delivered through internet downloads, assistive technology devices, and mainstream devices like iPhone and iPad, and is the largest of its kind in the world. Thousands of volunteers across the U.S. help to record and process the educational materials, which students rely on to achieve academic and professional success. As a 501(c)3 nonprofit, Learning Ally is partially funded by grants from state and local education programs, and the generous contributions of individuals, foundations and corporations. For more information, visit http://www.LearningAlly.org.
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The Battle of Gettysburg was fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the ...... Meade
would attack, but the cautious Union commander decided against the risk, a
decision for which he would later ...
General James Longstreet- The most trusted of Lee's corps commanders,
Longstreet's troops would bear the brunt of the fighting on July 2nd and July 3rd
LIST OF CONFEDERATE GENERALS AT THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
NAMES OF CIVIL WAR GENERALS IN THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG ORDER
The Battle of Gettysburg saw Confederate commanders attempt to defeat Union
troops in Pennsylvania. Attacking Union forces, General Robert E. Lee and the ...
The Generals of Gettysburg: The Leaders of America's Greatest Battle. by Larry
Tagg ... Union Army, Confederate Army. 1. Major General George Gordon Meade
Given the fact that a general engagement had already been flaring for 12 hours
at Gettysburg, Ewell's puzzlement, if not necessarily his paralysis, was ...
Find out more about the history of Battle of Gettysburg, including videos, ... That
night, in heavy rain, the Confederate general withdrew his decimated army ...
Sep 4, 2004 ... The following list provides the names of the Confederate general officers killed in
the ... Major-General William D. Pender Killed at Gettysburg.
Lee ordered Confederate General R.S. Ewell to seize the high ground from the
battle weary Federals "if practicable." Gen. Ewell hesitated to attack thereby ...
In this clip, from the film "Gettysburg," General Armistead (whose friends called
him "Lo") leads his Confederate brigade toward the center of the Union line ...
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The Skin – A Doorway to What’s Inside Us
Healthy skin does so much to help us survive and thrive in the world. It regulates body temperature, holds moisture and nutrients in, keeps bacteria out, and serves as a giant sensor, relaying information about everything around us.
Decades ago, scientists believed the skin acted primarily as a strong, impenetrable barrier. Today we know that though skin is tough, it’s also permeable, selectively allowing certain substances to enter and exit the body. Nicotine and hormone patches, for instance, have become an effective way to deliver medicine. Tanning lotions penetrate skin to create a desired color. And isn’t it interesting that doctors advise us to stop using certain skincare products during pregnancy? Potentially harmful chemicals in some of those products can penetrate skin and get inside the body, where they could harm a developing fetus.
Even perfectly healthy skin is vulnerable to assault from the outside world. In 2001, over 37 million visits were made to a dermatologist for skin conditions in the U.S., with over 12 million made for a skin rash1 and over 5 million made for contact dermatitis.2 In addition, up to 24 percent of people in the U.S. will experience hives or angioedema (allergic skin swelling) at some point in their lives. Clearly, skin conditions can affect all types of people with all types of skin.
- the outer, protective layer (epidermis),
- the middle layer (dermis), which contains small blood cells, hair follicles, nerve cells, sweat glands, collagen and elastin, and
- the lower layer (subcutaneous), which contains layers of lipids or fats and connective tissues, and attaches the skin to everything underneath.
In compromised skin, the outer layer (epidermis or “protective barrier”) has been damaged. This causes two problems:
- the skin can no longer hold onto moisture as well, causing dryness, flaking, itching, and redness; and
- the skin can’t protect itself as well, making it more vulnerable to environmental toxins, harmful UV rays, bacteria, allergens, and harsh chemical ingredients in personal care products.
What causes compromised skin?
The skin—particularly the protective barrier—is susceptible to injury caused both by malfunctions within the body and by damaging agents outside the body. Here are just a few examples of the conditions and agents that can interfere with optimal skin health:
- Chemotherapy and radiation can both break down the skin’s outer layer, causing dryness, itching, rashes, and wounds. These treatments also interfere with new cell growth, creating “thin” skin.
- Psoriasis may be the result of a malfunctioning immune system, which causes new cells to form too quickly and pile up as lesions on the skin. Other research points to malfunctioning genes that direct the formation of the skin’s outer layer.
- Rosacea may be hereditary, with some research showing that bacteria may be to blame. Topical steroids can also induce rosacea-like symptoms.
- Eczema includes several types of skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis and seborrheic eczema. The condition has been linked with allergies, irritating chemicals, harsh detergents, an overactive immune system, and more.
- Dryness causes compromised skin, opening up cracks in the outer layer that allow moisture out and irritants in.
- Medications like cholesterol-lowering drugs can contribute to barrier breakdown in skin. Diuretics may actually “steal” water from skin. Acne medications, some antidepressants, and even antihistamines can cause dry, compromised skin.
- Allergic reactions and skin rashes—including those from medications and medical treatments like chemotherapy—can create dry skin, rashes, hives, and fragile skin.
- Medical conditions like kidney disease, diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure, and even hypothyroidism can all lead to dry, inflamed, and compromised skin.
Protect Your Skin, Protect Your Health
No matter what type of compromised skin you may have, you’re more at risk from exposure to toxic chemicals, not only because they can further irritate and damage your skin, but because they can more easily penetrate skin’s malfunctioning outer layer and get inside your body. Unfortunately, most personal care products and cosmetics contain potentially harmful ingredients, some of which have shown in studies to disrupt hormones or encourage cancerous activity in cells. Considering skin’s vulnerability and the overwhelming presence of daily chemicals and irritants, it’s important to read labels; use only safe, nurturing formulas; and treat skin with a gentle touch. Certain daily habits can help to not only support and maintain skin’s healthy function and appearance, but encourage overall health and well-being.
Sources: (1) National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2001 Summary; (2) American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology. Allergy Statistics. http://www.aaaai.org/media/statistics/allergy-statistics.asp
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Revitalizing Communities with Parks
To download video, go to Vimeo and login.
Many U.S. cities don’t offer equal access to green space. For example, Los Angeles has 23,000 acres of parks, which puts the city in the top 15 in terms of total green space, but much of this parkland is near the mountains so most of the city’s low-income, inner-city communities don’t have any parks at all. Peter Harnik, director, Center for City Park Excellence at the Trust for Public Land, says in reality 3.8 million residents of L.A. are too far from “a park to use one easily, conveniently, or frequently.” Similarly, in New York City, high-quality parkland is found in greater abundance in wealthier districts, while low-income communities don’t enjoy the same access. More than half of the city’s 59 community board districts were found to have less than 1.5 acres of parkland per 1,000 residents. A University of Chicago study found that communities with lower incomes, higher poverty rates, and higher proportions of racial and ethnic minorities also had the “fewest opportunities for community-level physical activity.” Lack of green space is then not just about unfairness, it’s about health. Low-income communities may have higher rates of health problems like obesity and asthma in large part because they don’t have parks.
(Source: “Urban Green: Innovative Parks for Resurgent Cities,” Peter Harnik, Island Press, 2010 and “Healthy Parks, Healthy Communities: Addressing Health Disparities and Park Inequalities through Public Financing of Playgrounds, and Other Physical Activity Settings,”
Trust for Public Land, Policy Brief, November 2005)
New parks can sprout up in the unlikeliest places. Low-income, inner-city communities are characterized by hardscapes – asphalt surfaces. When a community organizes and creates a plan for a new park, local governments can respond and purchase asphalt-covered areas like parking lots and transform them into public community parks. The average neighborhood park can run into the millions, but including a park budget in the initial master plan helps ensure local governments will finance it, and even partner with developers, local foundations, or conservancies to get it built. These types of projects can also come about if they are part of broader public-private urban redevelopment schemes aimed at providing housing, improving access to transit, and investing in the local environment. Transportation infrastructure like boulevards, rail lines, and trails can be expanded, greened, and designed to become easily-accessible parks. In addition, even landfills, rooftops, reservoirs, and cemeteries can be turned into parks. (Source:“Urban Green: Innovative Parks for Resurgent Cities,” Peter Harnik, Island Press, 2010)
Park design needs to be compelling so people visit and forge community ties there. Parks that are designed for local residents and include them in the design process often do the best. New York City’s famed Central Park, designed by ASLA-Founder Frederick Law Olmsted, and Bryant Park, designed by Laurie Olin, FASLA, are two examples of great community parks designed for people. The 843-acre Central Park has many “functional areas,” including game fields, gardens, skating rinks, a boating lake, and winding paths that offer “dozens and dozens of different kinds and moments of experience “ says Sarah Goldhagen, architecture critic for The New Republic. Bryant Park’s movable café table and chairs set under a rich tree canopy and spread around a central lawn enable people to easily form groups or stay on their own. The park is now viewed as a model for how public places can facilitate human interaction. Human interaction isn’t just needed to make a popular and sustainable park, new research demonstrates that people with strong community ties also live longer healthier lives. Parks provide the space for communities to form.
(Source: “Goldhagen: ‘Democracies need physical spaces," The Dirt and “Bowling Alone,” Robert Putnam)
This animation is designed to be a basic introduction to sustainable design concepts, created for the general public and students of all ages. We look forward to receiving your comments.
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Date: 10/27/98 at 01:08:08 From: Heather Subject: Advanced pre-algebra What is negation? My math teacher gave me some problems on it: "4 + 3 * 5= 35" and "Violins are members of the string family." I've asked my parents about it and they don't know. Thanks.
Date: 10/30/98 at 01:28:46 From: Doctor Teeple Subject: Re: Advanced pre-algebra Hi Heather, To negate a statement, you write the opposite of what the statement says. But before we talk about the opposite of a statement, let's talk about the statements themselves. A statement is pretty much what it sounds like it should be. It's an equation or sentence or a declaration of some sort. It doesn't matter whether the statement is true or false; we still consider it to be a statement. For example, I could say, "The sky is purple" or "The earth is flat." Both of those are statements. I could say, "The U.S. is in North America" or "Giraffes are not short." Those are also statements. We can negate each of these statements by writing the opposite of what it says. So for example, the negation of "The sky is purple" is "The sky is not purple." The negation of "Giraffes are not short" is "Giraffes are short." We make statements and negate them without judging whether they are true or false. That is another issue. But once we are given that a statement is true or false, we can note what happens to the statement when we negate it. For example, suppose we know the following: "The sky is purple." False "Giraffes are not short." True We negated these and got the following: "The sky is not purple." True "Giraffes are short." False Notice what happened. Negation turns a true statement into a false statement and a false statement into a true statement. Now, all of the statements we have been working with are sentences. We can also do this with math equations. Here are some statements: 6 * 3 = 18 4 + 3*2 > 15 15/7 = 12 12 + 1 <= 13 (where <= means less than or equal to) Some of them are true and some are false, but that is a side issue; we can negate them either way. So here are the negations of the above statements: 6 * 3 =/ 18 (where =/ means not equal to) 4 + 3*2 <= 15 15/7 =/ 12 12 + 1 > 13 That's all there is to negating statements. I want to warn you to be on the watch for statements that contain words like "for every," "for all," or "there exists." Negations of these types of statements can be tricky. Here's an entry in the Dr. Math archives that might help: http://mathforum.org/dr.math/problems/thomas.8.3.96.html Please write back if you need more help on those tricky negations or more explanation on anything I've said above. - Doctor Teeple, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Search the Dr. Math Library:
Ask Dr. MathTM
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The limitations of conventional lead-acid batteries lie in the electrodes, and a fundamental breakthrough replacing lead with carbon-graphite foam allows the true potential of this mature battery chemistry to be more fully harnessed while maintaining conventional form factors for military equipment.
From the time that the vast and far-ranging Union and Confederate armies of the American Civil War exploited the advantages of instantaneous, long-distance communication by electric telegraph, batteries have played a key role in military technology. Civil War telegraph engineers had to rely on the Grove cell, which wasn't rechargeable and emitted hazardous nitric oxide gas. Despite the drawbacks of that early technology, the military has relied on storage batteries ever since.
When the Civil War began in 1861, the rechargeable lead-acid battery was in its infancy; having been invented just two years earlier by Gaston Planté of France. Remarkably, the basic chemistry and functionality of lead-acid technology have remained essentially unchanged.
In the intervening 148 years, batteries have come to play a variety of key roles in all branches of the world's military forces. Communications remain an important application, as they were in the 1860s. It was, however, with the advent of mechanized warfare in the first half of the 20th century that batteries acquired a new significance as an essential part of the modern military inventory.
The logistical need for standardization has made the 6T lead-acid battery the workhorse for some 95% of U.S. military vehicle applications. In addition to vehicles, the 6T is used in generators and a variety of other support equipment requiring a large-capacity, stable power supply. The U.S Army currently spends approximately $75 million annually on 6T batteries alone.
Battery reliability in military applications is critical. Lives depend on it. At the same time, these applications place demands that push the nearly 150-year-old lead-acid technology to the limits of performance and beyond. Punishing conditions of severe vibration, temperature extremes, and prolonged idle states place extraordinary demands on these batteries. Furthermore, the logistics costs stemming from the weight as well as the need for frequent battery replacement are formidable. According to a recent National Research Council report, it required an estimated $500 million to ship (not purchase) the batteries used in Iraq during Operation Desert Storm, waged from 1990 to 1991. Today, it costs $35,000 per ton to air-ship supplies to a combat theater. The need for a better battery technology is obvious. (Shown in Figure 1 is a battery stockpile in Iraq from the most recent conflict).
A breakthrough technology patented by Firefly Energy is being developed to provide the U.S. military with a cost-effective alternative to conventional lead-acid technology. Without altering the basic lead-acid chemistry, the technology developed by Firefly has shown such promise that the U.S. military has so far contracted for more than $5 million to enable Firefly to adapt the battery technology for stringent military vehicle applications.
The key to Firefly's technology lies in the replacement of the solid lead grids in lead-acid batteries with something new. In place of the conventional grids, Firefly's Microcell technology uses a carbon-graphite material having an extremely porous “foam” structure with hundreds or thousands (depending upon the chosen pore diameters) of spherical cells (shown in Figure 2). The new grid material is impregnated with a slurry of lead oxides. This composite material is then formed up to the sponge lead and lead dioxide in the normal fashion. This creates a unique new cell architecture in which the electrolyte is redistributed from the smaller separator reservoir of a conventional battery to the pores of the foam plates themselves.
The primary advantage of this new structure is that it yields greatly enhanced utilization levels of the lead-acid chemistry, because each microcell has its full complement of sponge lead or lead dioxide and sulphuric acid electrolyte. Liquid diffusion in conventional lead-acid batteries occurs in a single direction along direct pathways on the order of millimeters. Within the discrete microcells that collectively make up a new type of electrode structure (what Firefly calls a 3D electrode), liquid diffusion occurs in all directions along direct pathways on the order of microns. Such a structure results in much higher power, greater energy delivery, and faster recharge capabilities relative to conventional lead-acid batteries.
The use of porous, three-dimensional carbon graphite composite material to replace the lead metal grids in either flooded or valve-regulated (sealed) lead-acid battery designs will release the full power potential of the lead-acid chemistry for energy storage. This delivers a formidable jump in specific power, energy and cycle life. Firefly's advanced battery technology yields performance comparable to advanced materials batteries (lithium and nickel), but can be built for a cost similar to conventional lead-acid batteries, which is one-fifth the cost of advanced materials technology.
Firefly is concurrently developing two versions of its advanced technology. The first of these, “3D,” uses Microcell Technology for the negative plate while maintaining a conventional lead-metal positive plate. The more advanced technology, dubbed 3D2, uses the carbon-graphite foam composite material for the positive and negative plates within the battery. For the purposes of this article, the term “3D” is used to generically describe the carbon-graphite composite cell structure.
Microcell power density attributes
Although lead-acid batteries are the least costly rechargeable energy storage products in the world to manufacture, the extensive use of lead gives them an exceptionally large footprint and weight. This limits their form factors and overall usability in new product designs and advanced applications. In addition, most lead battery plates (more than 100 in a typical large lead-acid battery) only use 20% to 40% of their surface area during each discharge over the life of the battery. This creates even more inefficiencies in power-to-weight ratios. Microcell technology directly addresses this issue in two ways. First, by eliminating most of the lead within the plates themselves, substantial weight reductions are achieved. Second, the greater efficiency and material-utilization characteristics of the carbon-graphite foam cells allow the plates to be much smaller than conventional lead-acid battery cells with comparable output.
In 3D2 technology, volume and weight reductions of as much as 50% relative to comparably performing conventional lead-acid batteries are projected (Figure 3). This approaches the power density levels of much more expensive advanced materials batteries such as NiMH or Li-ion.
Microcell cold temperature attributes
Lead-acid batteries are severely affected by cold temperatures. This is due to an increase in internal resistance caused by a “slowing down” of the battery's chemical reaction and ion diffusion rates. As a rule of thumb, reaction rates are cut in half for each 10 °C drop in temperature. “Cold cranking” is a discharge that needs a high current, meaning a lot of active material conversion in a short time. This is directly related to the amount of electrode surface area covered with active material that is available for conversion.
Sizing a lead-acid battery for starting applications at -18 °C, for example, requires an approximate 200% size increase over a battery with the same capacity at room-temperature operation. A battery designer might contemplate making the lead metal grids thinner, thereby increasing the amount of chemistry that could be placed in a given-size battery box. However, because of an acknowledged corrosion rate for the positive lead grids in lead-acid batteries, trying to increase cold temperature starting power by increasing electrode surface area, without “sizing up” the overall battery, results in severely compromised warm-temperature longevity.
Firefly's 3D and 3D2 products have outstanding discharge performance at low ambient temperatures relative to commercial flooded lead-acid and valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries. This is due to the extremely high available surface area of the carbon-graphite foam material. At high discharge rates or low temperatures, the discharge performance of a typical lead-metal-based negative plate limits a cell's output, due in large part to the relatively low surface areas of conventional planar negative plates. The Firefly Microcell electrode is ideal for discharge (and charge) conditions where electrolyte diffusion is limited by surface area, diffusion distances or temperature. Diffusion rates at low temperatures are reduced in a 3D cell just as they are in conventional lead-acid batteries. As previously discussed, however, the distances traveled to react with the sponge lead are much smaller for the new cell architecture. This enhanced electrolyte supply also results in higher, flatter voltage-time curves on discharge, which means higher energy outputs when combined with the lower current densities that accrue from the large available surface area of the foam. This is reflected in Table 1.
As the temperature is lowered, the power required to start an internal combustion engine increases (due to increased oil viscosity), while at the same time the power available from the battery drops, specifically to 40% of what can be provided at ambient temperature for the case when the car is started at -18 °C. By comparison, Firefly 3D battery technology can provide 69% of its ambient-temperature power at -18 °C. This means that an engine-start battery based on Firefly's 3D technology could be sized smaller to have the same cold-crank amps, or it would be more powerful and last longer if its size were comparable to a conventional lead-acid battery.
Microcell hot temperature attributes
The optimum operating temperature for a lead-acid battery is 25 °C (77 °F). As a rule of thumb, every 8 °C to 10 °C rise in temperature will accelerate the corrosion rate of the lead metal grids by a factor of two and result in premature failure for the battery. This is a simple calculation based on field observations and on the increased chemical activity at higher temperatures. Lead grids corrode in the acidic electrolyte in the presence of lead dioxide, the positive-plate active material. High ambient and operating temperatures accelerate this process.
Firefly's 3D battery technology has superior performance in terms of thermal management. The heat-transfer characteristics of the carbon-graphite foam are better than metals such as aluminum and copper, and approach that of a diamond. Figure 4 shows thermal images taken of a Firefly 3D cell and a comparable commercial VRLA lead-acid cell to illustrate further the heat-transfer superiority of carbon-graphite foam. Both cells were subjected to a 5-C-rate (12 minute) discharge, with thermal images taken every 15 seconds. The colors correspond to temperatures above ambient, with the green near or at ambient and the white some 10 °C above ambient.
From Figure 4 it can be seen that the Firefly cell runs cooler overall and the temperature gradient down the negative foam plate is more uniform than for the conventional VRLA cell. This is true even though the Firefly cell's discharge lasted about 2.5 minutes longer. More interesting, this temperature scan shows that the conventional positive plate used in the Firefly 3D cell has a cooler, more uniform heat signature throughout the discharge relative to the other VRLA cell's positive plate, again illustrating the outstanding heat-transfer performance of the negative foam electrode. It not only dissipates the heat generated on itself, but also absorbs heat away from the positive plate and out of the cell. While not shown, the same will be true during recharge and on float, thus suggesting that where positive grid corrosion is the failure mode, lifetimes will be longer in Firefly's 3D technology. It will also make ultrafast recharging more feasible for 3D batteries.
The thermal response patterns for these materials mean that graphite's heat-transfer performance is outstanding. Thus, batteries made with graphite-foam electrodes will transfer heat out of the battery rapidly, as it is generated by the electrochemical reactions taking place, thus making thermal runaway less likely and enabling overall “cool” operation compared to conventional lead-acid batteries. The fact that heat is generated more uniformly and dissipated rapidly translates to longer life in many applications. In the military context, this reduced heat signature reduces the likelihood of infrared detection and makes the battery highly suitable for stealth applications.
Microcell cycle-life improvements
The full discharge of a conventional lead-acid battery causes extra strain, and each cycle robs the battery of a small amount of capacity. In lead-acid batteries, deeper discharges convert larger amounts of charged active-material into lead sulfate. Lead sulfate has a significantly larger volume (about 37% more) than the charged material, and this volume change stresses the electrode structures. This expansion induces mechanical forces that deform the grid, and ultimately result in the lead grid “disappearing” into the paste.
The resulting expansion and deformation of the plates also causes active material to separate from the electrodes with a commensurate loss of performance. Additionally, over time, sulfate crystals can grow together, resulting in larger crystals that are difficult or impossible to convert back into the charged state. This wear-down characteristic also applies to other battery chemistries in varying degrees. To prevent the battery from being stressed through repetitive deep discharge, a larger lead-acid battery and shallower discharge are typically recommended. Depending on the depth of discharge and operating temperature, the sealed lead-acid battery provides 200 to 300 discharge/charge cycles. Short cycle life also results from grid corrosion of the positive electrode, which undergoes extensive oxidative stress during extended recharge conditions. These changes are exacerbated at higher operating temperatures.
In contrast, Firefly's composite plate technology provides a design that fully accommodates the volume changes of the active material during charge and recharge. Within each Firefly plate is contained a full complement of active materials, electrolyte, and volume that will allow complete discharge without causing physical stress on the plate itself. This results in an electrode plate that does not undergo volume change during deep discharges. Firefly's electrode material is not reactive in the lead-acid chemistry and so does not corrode. This is in part due to a natural stability of the base material, but is also due to the formation process used that maximizes exposure to the most chemically resistive surfaces and minimizes exposure to the most chemically reactive surfaces.
The growth of large sulfate crystals is also restricted, resulting in a low incidence of crystals that are too large to dissipate upon recharge. The strong resistance of Firefly's electrode material to corrosion also severely reduces the deleterious effects of long recharges. Because of the significant reduction in these life-limiting factors, the Firefly approach offers significant improvements over conventional lead-acid technologies in float and deep-cycle applications.
Microcell sulfation resistance
Storing lead-acid batteries for extended periods of time, in a fully or partially discharged state, results in a condition known as sulfation. Sulfation is caused by the growth of large sulfate crystals on the battery's negative plates during periods of disuse or dormancy. In a conventional battery, these crystals prevent the battery from being recharged. In the Firefly 3D cell, sulfation reversal is achieved because the nature of the lead sulfate deposits in 3D cells is fundamentally different from those in traditional lead-acid cells. In the latter, lead sulfate is deposited on the surfaces of the plates in dense layers of relatively large crystals, somewhat remote from the lead-grid members. Because the sponge-lead active material in a 3D cell is deposited on the walls of the many small carbon/graphite pores in thin layers, and the high surface area in the collective foam structure results in relatively low current densities, the lead sulfate deposits are comprised of small, porous crystal structures (on the order of three microns to 10 microns) that are easily dissolved on the subsequent recharge. Moreover, these very small crystal sizes grow only slowly over time. This resistance to the effects of sulfation makes Firefly 3D battery technology ideal for military applications where devices and their associated batteries may go unused for months on end, often in a partially or fully discharged state. Conventional batteries are difficult or impossible to recover from these conditions, and are often replaced far short of their potential life span. With 3D technology this problem is greatly reduced.
The low self-discharge rate and easy recovery from sulfation also mean that 3D battery technology is not subject to the shelf-life time constraints of conventional lead-acid batteries. Firefly's 3D battery technology can be subjected to much longer periods of inactivity without damaging effects. Conventional lead-acid batteries are limited to storage times of three to six months at most before requiring a recharge, often with great logistical difficulty and expense.
Microcell vibration resistance
A final life characteristic of the 3D cells is that, because of its use of lightweight carbon-graphite foam, their low mass makes them highly resistant to vibration. Vibration-induced failure is generally sudden and catastrophic, as it often results in a plate breaking loose and short-circuiting a cell. 3D cells subjected to vibration testing at Caterpillar's Technology Center have exceeded Caterpillar's stringent specifications by a wide margin, at which point they still had not failed. Clearly, foam robustness under the abusive conditions found in military applications will not be an issue for Microcell technology.
Microcell safety attributes
While Firefly's technology can bring performance levels close to those of advanced materials batteries such as lithium and nickel, it also has safety advantages over these battery chemistries. This is because the lead-acid chemistry used in Microcell technology is much better understood and, therefore, is more predictable in operation, because it has been in use for 148 years. For example, a concern regarding lithium batteries is that they are subject to violent thermal runaway in the event of a container breach. Once that happens, they do not need a spark for thermal runaway to commence. All that is required is contact with moisture in the air to set up a reaction. Once the reaction begins and the materials within the battery ignite, neither water nor conventional extinguishers will put it out. The materials will burn at 700 8F until they are consumed. This is a frightening scenario in any context, but more so when the inherent hazards of military use are considered.
Preliminary and future military applications
The U.S. Army's high level of interest in Firefly's technology is currently centered upon the Silent Watch program, which involves powering mobile electronic eavesdropping equipment for extended periods without the benefit of the vehicle's charging system (since the engine must be switched off to avoid detection). While this is an ideal application, the overall benefits of this new technology could lead to its use in a variety of other military roles within a few years.
|Available power from battery (%)||Temperature (°C)||Power required to crank engine (%)|
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dan Jurchenko is director, defense markets for Firefly Energy. Prior to joining Firefly Energy, Jurchenko spent 12 years with Lockheed Martin, in the business development organizations of three technology centers where he delivered new orders in the electronics area.
Kurtis Kelley is chief technology officer at Firefly Energy. As co-founder, Kelley had previously been a senior research scientist in the Advanced Materials Technology division of Caterpillar's center for research and was responsible for developing and applying materials and design solutions to corporate challenges. He holds more than 25 patents in electronics and material sciences discoveries.
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Published: Jan 1986
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|PDF (460K)||34||$25|| ADD TO CART|
|Complete Source PDF (4.7M)||321||$59|| ADD TO CART|
Tire wear is the result of frictional work in the tire-pavement interface that is generated when tread surface elements go through a frictional force-slip cycle during each passage through the footprint. This review focuses on the nature of the two contacting materials in the treadwear process: the tread rubber and the pavement aggregate. To place the unique performance characteristics of rubber in their proper perspective, some text material is devoted to a brief review of the wear of materials in general and to the key role that visco-elastic behavior plays in the rubber-pavement contact.
Laboratory abrasion testers of various sorts have proven to be valuable in investigating rubber wear mechanisms, and they are reviewed, citing both the technological and the theoretical approaches. A general background on tire wear is presented by the use of a simple wear equation. Next the role of the two contacting surfaces is examined: the pavement aggregate and the tread rubber. The key pavement element of in the tread-wear process is the microtexture, that roughness of surface in the 10−2 mm range. Several characteristics of the tread rubber are important: the glass transition temperature, the reinforcement system (carbon black), and the general resistance of the rubber to friction induced (chemical) degradation. The influence of two of the three known external (to the tire) treadwear factors, frictional or tractive tire force intensity and “ambient-tire” temperature, are next examined. (The third external factor is the pavement microtexture.) Finally some brief information is presented on the actual loss mechanism of tread rubber principally by way of microscopic examination of worn tread surfaces and the morphology of abraded rubber particles.
wear, abrasion, friction, frictional work, mechanochemical degradation, laboratory abrasion, pavement macrotexture, microtexture
Research and development fellow, BFGoodrich Co., Tire Group, Research and Development Center, Brecksville, OH
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THE KING OF GERMANY
AS SEEN IN:
"The Pied Piper"
AS PLAYED BY:
Although not named in the production, the king had to be Rudolph I because the story took place in 1284......
Rudolph I (also known as Rudolph of Habsburg) (German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin: Rudolphus) (1 May 1218(1218-05-01) – 15 July 1291(1291-07-15)) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death. He played a vital role in raising the Habsburg dynasty to a leading position among the Imperial feudal dynasties. Originally a Swabian count, he was the first Habsburg to acquire the duchies of Austria and Styria, territories that would remain under Habsburg rule for more than 600 years and would form the core of the Habsburg Monarchy and the present-day country of Austria.
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The World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition was conceived to promote New Orleans and mark the 100th anniversary of the nation's cotton industry. The city's first world's fair opened in what is now Audubon Park on Dec. 16, 1884.
In late 1882, the National Cotton Planters Association proposed a centennial exposition commemorating the 100th anniversary of the nation's cotton industry. Local papers quickly proposed New Orleans as the ideal site for the event.
It wasn't until September 1884 that bids were put out for vendors for the event, which opened two weeks late. Some exhibits weren't completed until long after the exposition had opened.
The city was "decorated as she never was before" on Dec. 16, 1884, opening day at the exposition, the newspaper noted.
The Cotton Centennial Exposition's largest building was also the largest building in the country in 1884. It covered 33 acres and was constructed in about six months.
The Horticultural Hall, the largest greenhouse in the world, was among many notable buildings constructed for the World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition. It was the only one
to remain in use on the site after the fair, but it was destroyed in a 1915 hurricane.
By the time it concluded in May 1885, the expo had attracted more than 1 million visitors, including an estimated 36,000 the week of Mardi Gras. Still, it closed deeply in debt, and today none of the buildings remain at the park.
The fair ended deep in the red in May 1885; Edward Burke, the former director general of the expo, was later indicted for forgery and fraud allegedly committed while he was the state treasurer. He fled the country.
Tomorrow, 1885: New Orleans, the beer capital of the South.
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DESCRIPTION AND DAMAGE
Fairy rings are circles or arcs of dark green grass surrounding areas of light colored or dead grass. During
spring and fall, mushrooms develop in a circle outlining the ring. These mushrooms are signs of the fungus
causing the problem. Unless the fungus is controlled, the ring enlarges each year.
The fungus usually lies several inches below the ground and forms a dense layer of mycelium (white hair-like
threads) that breaks down organic matter at the outer edge of the ring. The dense mycelium traps the movement
of air and prevents the penetration of water. This lack of water, air and nutrients causes the grass to yellow or
brown in the ring where the mycelium is the thickest.
As the fungus grows outward and breaks down organic matter, it releases nitrogen. Rapid, dark green growth
of the ring is a result of the additional nitrogen.
1. Mushrooms do not injure the lawn. Simply rake them up and discard them.
2. Aerate the soil. Either remove cores of soil 1-2 inches in diameter or punch holes with a spading fork
the depth of the tines. Aerate at least 6 inches outside and inside the ring, including the ring itself.
Punch as many holes as possible.
3. Apply a wetting agent (surfactant) over the entire ring. Wetting agents allow water to penetrate soil
more easily and deeply.
4. Drench the soil with water from a hose. Sprinklers do not apply enough water at one time. Let water
run out of the hose until there is standing water.
Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 every three days. Do not skip a step! You should begin seeing improvement in two weeks. Continue the process for at least one month.
You can also remove the sod, mix soil in affected areas in the upper 6 to 8 inches of soil with a rototiller, and reseed or put new sod in the area.
Keep your lawn in healthy condition. Fertilize at least three times during the growing season. Mow at proper height. Water deeply and infrequently.
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Carr was a young Civil War veteran who was hopelessly in love with Louisa Fox, a pretty young girl from Belmont County. But their story ended tragically – Louisa with a slit throat and Tom Carr at the end of a hangman’s rope.
Tom Carr was born March 6, 1846, at Sugar Hill, W.Va., about three miles east of Wheeling. In 1861, at the age of 15, he enlisted in the 16th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. His enlistment records said he was 19. He was captured at Cheat Run, W.Va., that same year, and spent some time in a Confederate prison camp. After his release, he served in a couple of other Union regiments, including a West Virginia cavalry regiment.
After the war, Carr spent some time working in Tuscarawas County, according to a booklet by local historian Ralph Hinds. He worked for Rev. Elisha P. Jacobs, who lived near Midvale, and then for John Edmonds in Old Town Valley. Later, he worked for Henry Fisher at Stone Creek. While living in the county, Hinds wrote, Carr got religion and joined the Uhrichsville Methodist Episcopal Church.
Carr then spent time in Harrison County before he went to work digging coal for Alex Hunter at a coal mine in the vicinity of Sewellsville in western Belmont County. Sewellsville is about nine miles southeast of Freeport.
There he met Louisa Fox, 13, who worked as a domestic servant for the Hunters. Carr fell in love with Louisa and was determined to marry her. But her parents, John and Mary Fox, and her employer, Mrs. Alex Hunter, told her to stay away from Carr because of her age and his character. Carr was a heavy drinker with a reputation for violent behavior. So Louisa broke off their engagement.
Tom Carr decided that if he couldn’t have Louisa as his wife, then no one would.
On Jan. 21, 1869, Louisa was on her way home from work with her younger brother, Willie. Tom Carr was waiting for them, hidden in a fence corner along the road that led from the Hunter home to the cabin where the Fox family lived.
As the two children walked past, Carr approached them. He sent Willie on home, while he talked to Louisa. After kissing her farewell, Carr took out a razor and slit her throat from ear to ear. He then stabbed her 14 more times before dumping her body in a ditch.
Carr later testified that Louisa’s last words were: "Farewell, Tom, I did not think you would serve me so."
Willie, who witnessed the murder, ran home and told his parents what happened. John Fox alerted his neighbors, who began searching for the killer.
Carr spent the night hiding in a coal bank. The next morning, he attempted suicide. First he tried to shoot himself. When that failed, he slashed his own throat. The posse found him badly injured.
Carr survived his injuries and was taken to the Belmont County Jail at St. Clairsville. After a short trial in June 1869, a jury found Carr guilty of first-degree murder. On June 29, Judge John Way sentenced Carr to death by hanging.
In sentencing Carr, the judge said that the testimony in the case proved that Carr was "petulant, ill-natured, irritable, of a nervous temperament and possessed of a heart fatally bent on mischief."
The judge scheduled the hanging for Aug. 20, but because of a legal technicality, Carr was granted a stay of execution. The court issued a new death warrant in January 1870, and the execution was set for March 24.
According to the Wheeling Register, Carr took great interest in the construction of the scaffold inside the jail. "On Wednesday evening, after the work of erecting the scaffold was completed, Carr asked permission to go out into the hall and see it," the paper reported on March 25, 1870. "He drew himself up on it, and indulged in a number of skillful gymnastic feats. He pronounced the structure a success and complimented the Sheriff for his taste and style."
On the day of his execution, Carr was visited by several ministers, as well as two teenage girls who idolize him. He presented each girl with his photograph and a ring, and told them they would meet again in heaven.
Carr calmly went to the gallows, delivering a speech on the evils of alcohol before the rope was put around his neck. Carr dropped to his death at 1:11 p.m., the only person ever hanged in Belmont County.
After his death, "The Confession of Tom Carr" was published, in which Carr claimed to have murdered 14 men in addition to Louisa Carr. Those who knew Carr doubted his claims were true, because he was prone to exaggeration.
Louisa Fox was buried in Salem Cemetery, across the road from the church she attended. Louisa’s tombstone can still be seen in the cemetery, which is located in the middle of the Egypt Valley Wildlife Area in western Belmont County.
Jon Baker writes this column for The Times-Reporter. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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|
This interactive graphic requires Adobe Flash v.8 or higher.
Get the free Flash Player from Adobe.com.
If you are unable to update the Flash plug-in on your web browser, or are seeing this message instead of a chart graphic, we apologize. Please use the data view or download the data using the links above.
Air Quality Index for Minneapolis and the Surrounding Metro Area
|Year||Unhealthy days||Unhealthy for sensitive groups days||Moderately unhealthy days||Good days|
Why This Is Important
Poor air quality contributes to health problems, such as asthma, lung disease and heart disease. Most air pollution comes from the use of fossil fuels, especially by cars and trucks. Air pollution also causes damage to our environment, harming lake ecosystems, trees and plants, and our climate.
What's Being Done
Minneapolis has set targets to reduce moderately unhealthy days in the city to fewer than 35 per year by 2015, and to reduce all monitored air toxins to levels within state health guidelines by 2015.
The City is working to achieve these targets by "greening" its own government services and developing policies and best practices that encourage the community to do its own part. Key efforts to improve air quality include:
- Reducing the City's fleet of vehicles while adding 238 clean-burning E85, 50 hybrid-electric and two all-electric vehicles and retrofitting 10 heavy trucks with clean air technologies.
- Launching neighborhood-based inspections to reduce inspector vehicle trips.
- Encouraging City employees to walk, bike and take transit to work.
- Approving an anti-idling law that limits the time cars and trucks can sit idling.
- Removing "No Turn on Red" signs at numerous intersections to reduce idling times.
- Updating zoning standards to promote higher density and increased use of transit along light-rail lines.
About This Measure
Data for Minneapolis-only air quality do not exist; however there is an Air Quality Index for the metropolitan area. Air Quality Index information is from the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
Last updated Feb 23, 2012
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| 0.86401
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| 3
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Three Australian states have record-high summer rains over the past week, flooding rivers and forcing dams to overflow.
Over 13,000 people were evacuated from their homes, Tuesday, as regions of eastern Australia are submerged in water.
However, humans are not the only sufferers of flooding in Australia. Spiders have reportedly spun webs around trees, plants and bushes to escape flood waters.
Such phenomenon was also observed in Pakistan's Sindh province in 2010, following a devastating flood that occurred in July the same year. Millions of spiders had cocooned trees in Sindh province to escape the rising floodwaters.
Check out below the latest pictures of spiderwebs spread across eastern Australia.
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| 2.859375
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The ongoing debate concerning the possible Endangered Species Act listing of sage grouse brings to mind the issue of how do we, as a community, influence the decision so as to retain our property rights and the ability to continue in business?
We can argue that the drive to have an endangered species listing for the sage grouse has nothing to do with the bird but is only a method to place millions of western acres, both public and private, under nonresident control. This is not just an agricultural industry problem. If successful, this listing will completely change the way that those of us indigenous to the sagebrush desert will be able to conduct our lives. Make no mistake, to many in the opposition this is another battle in a war to once again remove the humans making their home in the open spaces of the western United States.
I believe that we should stick together, those creatures that actually live here. That means, all of us, including the sage grouse. We, indigenous humans, are the native environmentalists. Who better to know the land and the creatures? Who would have more affinity for the high desert landscape? Why have we allowed the debate to frame those of us who have lived here for generations, as people who pillage and plunder nature? Why would the opinion of someone who has chosen to live elsewhere carry more weight than the facts presented by those of us that the decision actually affects?
To this end, we must come to the rescue of one of our own, the sage grouse. A listing of this bird and the actions that are proposed will only serve to increase the major threats. We must continue to bring the debate back to what is actually best for the sage grouse and force the opposition to prove how their proposed actions will increase the number of birds by limiting the major threats. These threats are wildfire, predation and loss of habitat. We have, in the range cow, an ally that unknowingly fosters an environment conducive to sage grouse.
Cattle and sage grouse do not compete for the resources. Rather, the cow provides a positive benefit for the grouse each time she takes a bite of grass. She is (1) Reducing the threat of wildfire by removing the fine fuel that carries the fires; (2) Providing cow dung that fosters insects; (3) The primary herbivore removing the coarse grasses which allows the delicate regrowth; and (4) She continues to provide the economic base that keeps the rancher on the land, both private and public. If indeed the goal is to increase the number of sage grouse, the cow is the best tool available.
Wildfire is the number one threat to the condition of the range and specifically the sage grouse. Not only does fire kill the birds, it destroys the habitat by removing the sage brush and opens up thousands of acres to invasive plants. Well-managed grazing on these lands can go a long way toward controlling wildfire. There are thousands of acres in the West that have no cattle on them and many millions of acres that have a 50 percent or more reduction in the amount of grazing over the last 40 years. That being said, the sage grouse numbers have declined in conjunction with the reduction of cattle allowed on public land.
The production of manure, while sounding like what we often get from Washington, D.C., is important to provide a needed food source for the sage grouse. The cattle and the grouse end up using the same sources of water, which places the grouse in contact with what the cow has left behind. Actual entomology aside, a cow pie attracts insects which attract grouse. This is a plentiful food source during the dry times of the year.
All animals that eat grass prefer the young short grass in the spring or the regrowth later in the year. This includes cattle, deer, elk and sage grouse. In listening to the current debate, many people assume that grouse only eat sagebrush leaves. This is not the case. They also eat tiny forbs and regrowth. The cow is a primary grazer, meaning she can and will eat mature grass plants leaving them the regrow that season. This is a benefit to the rest of the system.
Perhaps the most important benefit the cow provides is an economic reason for a human to manage the land. This manager not only works to maintain and improve the land, he or she limits non-agricultural land development because the private ranch lands remain open working landscapes. With a rancher involved, Bureau of Land Management lands are managed by a businessman paying for the privilege to be on continuous fire watch, build and maintain water systems and control predators among the many other management duties that have a positive impact. The change to the land both private and public would be dramatic without an active, competent manager. What must also be understood is that the indigenous human is not an intruder to our high desert environment, but has been an intricate part of the environment for thousands of years.
An ESA listing of the sage grouse, while creating havoc in the rural West, will result in less sage grouse. Active management of the high desert by knowledgeable, competent, motivated, “native environmentalists” will provide an economic base for our rural communities and ensure that we can keep our beautiful, diverse, open West intact (and thriving?)
Kenny Bentz owns and operates ranches near Crane, Ore. He is passionate about increasing local control and preserving property rights.
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Prevent falls, burns, cave-ins and crane collapses on construction sites
Helping to fuel the concern for high fatalities, this high hazard industry is the second largest employer in the U.S. alone, needing to employ hundreds of thousands of workers in assorted trades to keep up with demand for demolition; excavations; maintenance; and new building services, such as roads, buildings, schools, airports, hospitals, power plants and housing; etc. These diverse construction activities present several hazards that can compromise the health and safety of the workers, making it imperative to understand and train on the top safety issues to keep workers safe on the job at all times.
Four lifesaving lessons
OSHA has recognized four construction hazards that are responsible for the majority of financial, physical and emotional losses in the construction industry. OSHA found that 85 percent of all citations, 90 percent of dollars applied as fines, and 79 percent of all fatalities are related to these four construction hazards. The Construction Focus Four Module (or Focus Four Hazards) was developed in support of the already existing [OSHA] Construction Outreach Program’s effort to help workers in the construction industry understand the hazards they face and know what their employer’s responsibilities are regarding protecting workers from workplace hazards. The Construction Focus Four Module is required to be included in both the 10-hour and 30-hour OSHA Construction Outreach Training Program classes, and with each focus four hazard, there is an objective for what each student should be able to do at the end of training.
OSHA’s Focus Four Hazards are:
Fall hazards that occur on a jobsite are a severe, chronic problem in the construction industry and are present at most worksites on a daily basis. A fall hazard is anything at a worksite that could cause a worker to lose their balance or lose bodily support and result in a fall; any walking or working surface can be a potential fall hazard. According to OSHA, falls from heights are the leading cause of fatalities in construction, while falls on the same level are one of the leading causes of injuries. In 2010, falls accounted for 35 percent of all construction fatalities, or about 260 deaths, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Given current OSHA and industry information regarding construction worksite illnesses, injuries and/or fatalities, workers must learn the following objectives to be able to recognize and avoid fall hazards in construction:
= Identify major fall hazards
= Describe types of fall hazards
= Protect him/herself from fall hazards
= Recognize employer requirements to protect workers from fall hazards
According to OSHA, caught-in or -between hazards are defined as injuries that result from a person being squeezed, caught, crushed, pinched or compressed between two or more objects, or between parts of an object. Some working conditions that especially contribute to caught-in or -between hazards include unguarded moving machinery; equipment that is not locked-out during maintenance; unprotected excavations and trenches; heavy equipment that causes walls to collapse during demolition; and working between moving materials and immovable structures, vehicles or equipment. For example, OSHA would classify accidents like trench cave-ins, being pulled into/caught in machinery, or being compressed/crushed between rolling, sliding or shifting objects as ‘caught’.
Given current OSHA and industry information, workers must learn the following objectives to be able to recognize and avoid caught-in or -between hazards in construction:
= Identify common caught-in or -between hazards
= Describe types of caught-in or -between hazards
= Protect themselves from caught-in or -between hazards through awareness and proper engineering controls, such as fall arrest systems
= Recognize employer requirements to protect workers from caught-in or -between hazards
Struck-by injuries are produced by forcible contact or impact between the injured person and an object or piece of equipment. It is important to point out that in construction, struck-by hazards can resemble caught-in or -between hazards. The difference is that for struck-by accidents, the impact alone caused the injury, versus a caught accident where injury resulted from crushing injuries between objects. To get a better idea, struck-by hazards are categorized as a flying object, falling object, swinging object or rolling object. For example, a possible hazard could be crane collapses, falling equipment loads, faulty overhead power lines, non-visible workers, or a blast of compressed air. To protect workers from struck-by hazards, workers should use best safety practices when working around or operating heavy equipment and motor vehicles, as well as wear proper personal protective equipment.
Given current OSHA and industry information, workers must learn the following objectives to be able to recognize and avoid struck-by hazards in construction:
= Identify common struck-by hazards
= Describe types of struck-by hazards
= Protect themselves from struck-by hazards
= Recognize employer requirements to protect workers from struck-by hazards
In the U.S., electrocutions are the fourth leading cause of death among construction workers. According to OSHA, electrocution results when a person is exposed to a lethal amount of electrical energy. The top three types of electrocution hazards in construction are contact with overhead power lines, contact with energized sources, and improper use of extension and flexible cords. An electrical hazard can be defined as a workplace occurrence that exposes workers to the following dangers, as outlined by the acronym BE SAFE:
= Burns — The most common shock-related injury. Can be one of 3 types: electrical, arc/flash or thermal contact
= Electrocution — This results when a human is exposed to a lethal amount of electrical energy
= Shock — Results when the body becomes part of the electrical circuit by entering the body at one point and leaving at another
= Arc Flash/Arc Blast — This is the sudden release of electrical energy through the air when a high-voltage gap exists and there is a breakdown between conductors, giving off thermal radiation (heat) and intense light that can cause burns. Temperatures have been recorded to reach 35,000 degrees Fahrenheit
= Fire — Result from problems with ‘fixed wiring’, such as faulty electrical outlets and old wiring. Fire can also be caused by cord problems, plugs, receptacles and switches.
= Explosions — Can occur when electricity ignites an explosive mixture of material in the air
Given current OSHA and industry information, workers must learn the following objectives to be able to recognize and avoid electrocution hazards in construction:
= Identify common electrocution hazards
= Describe types of electrocution hazards
= Protect themselves from electrocution hazards
= Recognize employer requirements to protect workers from electrocution hazards
Utilizing the Focus Four Hazard training at a construction site is a must to ensure that proper safety precautions are taken. The problem is not that the hazards and risks are unknown, it is that they are very difficult to control in a constantly changing work environment — especially in construction. By training on the top four hazards, your workers will understand the hazards they face and know what their employer’s responsibilities are regarding protecting workers from workplace hazards, keeping them prepared for a safer work environment.
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Do cats sweat? If not, how do they stay cool in this hot weather?
-- Curious of North Park
Ugh. Summer. Under our recent extreme conditions, Grandma and the elves have taken to stripping down to skin and spritzing each other with water. Grandma won't shed her apron, which at least keeps things a little more bearable. All in all, though, it's not a pretty sight. But it's a good example of what the science guys would call behavioral thermoregulation. When it gets hot, we seek shade, take a cold shower, sit in front of the AC-- do something to take the edge off. All animals take some sort of cooling action to regulate body heat.
As for kitty specifically, she sweats mainly through her paw pads and a little bit around her nose. Sweat glands in heavily furred skin would be more dangerous than useful, since skin-sweating like us human beans do depends on evaporation for its cooling effect. Soggy kitty would eventually expire. If things get really bad, you might see your cat pant to shed heat, though cats also pant from stress and fear, so it's hard to tell what's going on. Paw-pad sweat glands are common in the world of fur. Lack of skin sweat glands also conserves water, a real plus on a scorching day. This also explains why we carry around water bottles and cats don't.
Dogs also sweat through their feet. (You might even see a dog's or cat's sweaty footprints on a rugless floor on a hot day.) But their principal heat-shedding system goes straight to the heart of the matter. All thermoregulation is aimed at reducing animals' core body temperature. We feel the cooling on our skin, but the radiated heat has been pulled via a heat exchange system out of our internal organs. When dogs pant, they're exhaling heat more directly from their guts, a very efficient method.
One common behavioral technique for furry animals in hot weather is to flop belly-down on a cold surface. Belly fur is normally not as thick as back or limb fur, which increases the odds of radiating some body heat into the cool floor, dirt, whatever.
Only primates and horses have what we think of as skin sweat glands. So if you're fond of the old expression "sweating like a pig," in fact you're not sweating at all. In spite of the fact that they're nearly hairless, pigs depend entirely on behavioral thermoregulation. Pigs need shade, cool surfaces, air circulation, and mud or they'll end up as premature bacon.
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Hordeola also referred to as a Stye, are similar to chalazia in that they are also swellings that appear on the eyelid, often related to the meibomian glands, which lubricate the eyes. Hordeola are different, however, in that they are infectious. Often they are cause by a staphylococcal infection. They appear spontaneously, much like chalazia, and are very common, though they occur most frequently in patients with blepharitis or rosacea.
Most hordeola will self-resolve within 1 to 2 weeks, draining and receding naturally. This can be expedited by good ocular hygiene, warm compresses, or gently massaging the eyelid. If you are highly susceptible to these infections, good ocular hygiene is a good preventative practice.
If the hordeola persist past 2 weeks or are particularly bothersome, antibiotics will be effective in treating them as well. A doctor may also be able to drain them surgically if it is deemed necessary.
Your doctor may use the term external or internal hordeola to describe your condition, which is just a diagnosis specific to where the hordeolum has appeared on the eyelid. Internal ones have infected the meibomian glands underneath the eyelid, whereas an external hordeolum is related to the outer part of the eyelid. The treatment of the two is the same, though your eye care professional will make different choices depending on where the infection is located and its severity.
Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection of the skin. It is common and painless, though cosmetically unappealing to patients and also contagious. The lesions will appear as small, peal-like lumps on the skin. The virus is not limited to the eye area only, but can appear anywhere on the body. If a person has MC, it is likely to affect the eyelid. This can cause other conditions to arise, such as conjunctivitis or keratitis, and so it is important to be careful and practice good ocular hygiene, especially if you contract the virus.
The lesions are painless and will self-resolve, though each one may last 2 months, and the entire infection can last up 2 years. Although it will resolve on its own, treatment will help to keep the spread of more papules under control, as well as speed up the clearing of the existing ones. Most commonly treatment is a topical cream, one of a variety of possibilities that a patient can try until he or she finds one that works. There is also a new and effective laser treatment available, as well as surgery for certain situations. Your doctor will work with you to come up with an effective treatment plan.
A nevus is a freckle on the eye, meaning a spot on the iris that is a different color from what is around it. Usually they are harmless, just like skin freckles, and are something like a “birth mark” on your eye. There are times however when a nevus can become more than just a freckle, but be a sign of a more serious condition. If you have a pigmented nevus it is important to take note of it and be sure that it does not grow or change. If it is raised, growing, or extending out into the cornea, then it could be a conjunctival tumor. These tumors can be benign or malignant, and it is important to see an eye cancer specialist to get them biopsied to be sure. They will excise them either way, so that the tumor does not disrupt your vision. If the tumor is malignant, then further treatment will be necessary. If it is benign, you will still want to go in for check-ups and pay attention to any changes in your eyes and vision, to be sure another growth has not formed.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma is a type of slow-growing skin cancer, and it is caused by exposure to the sun’s UV rays without proper protection. It is not limited to the eye, but it could occur on the eyelid. It can have a varied appearance, from a slightly-raised, waxy growth to a red sore that bleeds or cracks. It will grow slowly, but if you notice a growth forming that is asymmetrical, irregularly shaped, varied in color, and becomes larger than a pencil eraser, then you should get checked for carcinoma. Treatment will always include excision of the tumors, and if it is caught early, then this may be the only treatment for a while, although continual skin exams will need to be maintained. If the cancer progresses beyond the skin then other action will be required. Skin cancer can be avoided by wearing hats, sunglasses, protective clothing, and appropriate use of sunscreen.
A chalazion is a small, painless, benign bump that forms under the eyelid. They can form from non-infectious styes or from a blocked gland. The eye has about 100 glands, which excrete a fatty fluid, providing continual lubrication. If one of those glands is blocked, this fluid flows into the blockage and becomes a chalazion. These bumps are quite common and are harmless, and generally will drain and disappear on their own given time. Some people seem to be more susceptible to getting them, especially people who suffer from rosacea. If you experience frequent chalazions, or chalazions that are not self-resolving, then there are treatments that are highly effective. Please seek advise from an optometrist to determine the best approach. Sometimes doctors prescribe antibiotics, and they also can teach methods of cleaning under the eyelid to prevent further blockages.
For any chalazion, a warm compress will help to clear up the blockage and reduce the size of the bump. It is important to remember that you should not self-diagnose but if it is a chalazion then they are not dangerous, painful, or indicative of any other more serious condition.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common types of skin cancer. It often appears and recurs on the face, meaning that the nose, ears, lips, and eyelids are high risk. It will appear in various forms depending on the progression of the disease, but often it presents with growths that will appear like moles or lumps, as well as dry and scaly red skin that can resemble eczema.
Skin cancer is caused by chronic sun exposure, and although it is treatable when caught early, it is even easier to prevent with simple measures of sun protection like hats and sunscreen. The difficult with skin cancer, especially this type, is that when it reaches a certain stage, it requires constant vigilence and surgical removal of lumps and tumors as they grow. This type of disease will have a negative impact on your lifestyle and freedoms, and is a taxing diagnosis to receive.
Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma
Sebaceous gland carcinoma is a very uncommon type of skin cancer. It is rare, but important that it be diagnosed correctly and as early as possible, so getting information is an important part of protecting yourself.
There is little known about how most cancers originate, but sebaceous gland carcinoma can either appear in connection with another type of cancer, or as the result of numerous and repeated exposures to radiation or (less commonly) X-ray therapy.
The sebaceous glands are in the skin, all over the body, and they produce the natural oils that coat the skin. About 3 of every 4 diagnoses of sebaceous gland carcinoma are in the eyelid, so although this cancer can occur in any part of the body, it is especially important to pay attention to the eyes. The cancer will first appear as painless hard nodules on or under the eyelid. Many other conditions can cause this symptom, and most often lumps like these will be a benign case of some other eyelid condition that will self-resolve. Getting examined by an opthalmologist, dermatologist, or specialist will help to ensure that sebaceous gland carcinoma is not misdiagnosed.
Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. It begins in the skin cells called melanocytes, which give the skin its color. Overexposure to the sun will damage the melanocytes, and cause malformations to begin. Most often, melanoma appears as a change or growth connected with a preexisting mole; irregularity in shape, size or color of a mole can be a sign of early melanoma. The growths may also originate on their own, and so new moles or lumps are also possible signs.
Melanoma is caused by damage to the skin cells due to chronic sun exposure and the harmful effects of the sun’s UV rays. People who spend a lot of time outside, go to tanning beds, and do not take the necessary precautions to protect themselves are at risk. People who already have many freckles or moles, are fair-skinned, have a history of melanoma in the family, or have experience severe sunburns also have a higher chance of developing this cancer. This does not mean, however, that people who do not fit into any of these categories are not also at risk. This disease can affect anybody, and so being vigilant as well as reporting problems or changes to your doctor is a crucial part of your health plan.
Melanoma connected with the eyes will appear on the eyelid. Often the eyes are very vulnerable anyways to the sun’s radiation, and wearing sunglasses is a very important part of cancer prevention. Melanoma near the eye is dangerous and can have implications for overall ocular health and vision, and so getting an exam if you are concerned about possible melanoma is important.
Contact us by phone or email… or visit our office today!
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Developers of a biological product that would enable corn to grow its own pesticide say they will seek permission from federal authorities to test the product in four states. The bioinsecticide was developed by Crop Genetics International Corp. of Hanover, Md., and is aimed at controlling the European corn borer, a pest estimated to cause more than $400 million damage to the nation's corn crop, said John Henry, the company's president and chief executive.
A first round of tests was conducted in Maryland this year and Crop Genetics plans to ask the federal Environmental Protection Agency next week for approval to conduct tests in 1989, he said.
To make the bioinsecticide, Crop Genetics scientists took a gene from a single-cell soil bacterium that produces a protein and spliced it into endophytes, microorganisms that live in plants, Henry said. When the borer eats the plant, the protein becomes toxic and destroys the insect's stomach.
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A strong earthquake hit Japan’s northern coast on Saturday near the nuclear power plant crippled in the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. The earthquake set off a minor, eight-inch tsunami and injured at least one person. The Meteorological Agency said the 6.8-magnitude quake struck six miles below the sea’s surface off the coast of Fukushima, about 120 miles northeast of Tokyo. There were no reports of damage, and all tsunami and evacuation advisories were lifted about two hours after the earthquake. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant and other nuclear facilities along the coast found no abnormalities, according to the Nuclear Regulation Authority.
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1 Answer | Add Yours
William Shakespeare's Macbeth proves to be a play which speaks to the quest for power. That said, Macbeth is not the only character who desires power. In act one, scene five, Lady Macbeth proves to be another character who desires the power a title will bring.
Perhaps the most prominent quote spoken by Lady Macbeth, which shows her desire for power, is found in lines 41-44:
Come, you spirits
That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here
And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full
Of direst cruelty!
While power is not directly spoken of, one can readily see that Lady Macbeth desires power. Here, she is asking "spirits" to make her male, figuratively. She recognizes the fact that men are the ones who possess power. She, therefore, asks to be "unsexed" in order to possess the power to do what needs to be done. In this sense, "direst cruelty" parallels power for Lady Macbeth.
Compounding this idea, Lady Macbeth constantly questions Macbeth's maleness, stating that he is far "too full o’ the milk of human kindness" to do what must be done to take the throne from Duncan.
We’ve answered 327,583 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
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Trading in their textbooks for power tools this summer, a group of nine Caltech students and recent graduates have had a unique opportunity to apply their classroom knowledge to real-world challenges. Along with students in architectural design from the Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), the Caltech students have spent their summer building the Dynamic Augmented Living Environment (DALE), a joint SCI-Arc/Caltech entry in the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition. DALE marks Caltech's second collaboration with SCI-Arc, following their Compact Hyper-Insulated Prototype (CHIP), the partnership's first Solar Decathlon entry, in 2011.
Sponsored by the Department of Energy, the biennial Solar Decathlon competition challenges collegiate teams to "design, build, and operate solar-powered houses that are cost-effective, energy-efficient, and attractive." Contest rules state that each entry must be a net-zero home, meaning that its solar panels must produce at least as much energy as the home uses.
Construction on the SCI-Arc/Caltech collaboration began in March, when DALE's cement foundation was poured. In April, the home's steel frames were dropped in, allowing the students (guided by a few construction professionals) to begin nailing the lumber into place.
As of August, the home is starting to take shape; the bathroom has been framed out, the kitchen cabinets are set for installation, and soon the house will be sporting a vinyl exterior and a set of moving canopies that will hold its solar panels.
Although construction work only began a few months ago, the Caltech students began planning for DALE last fall in an engineering project course called Introduction to Multidisciplinary Systems Engineering, taught by Melany Hunt, Dotty and Dick Hayman Professor of Mechanical Engineering and a vice provost.
"I really like this project because it's very hands-on," says DALE team member Zeke Millikan (BS '13, mechanical engineering). "A lot of classes at Caltech are very theoretical, and I'm more of a hands-on type of person. It's really satisfying to actually build something and see it come together."
"Prior to this summer," says DALE team member Sheila Lo ('16), "I didn't really have a lot of experience in construction, so I spent a lot of time learning the terminology and how to use which tools in certain situations. As one of the youngest members of the team, it's been a great privilege to work with upperclassmen and recent graduates because they've taught me a lot about dedication to a project and what it means to apply the skills you learn at Caltech."
And this dedication will be important in the coming weeks, as there is still plenty of work to be done for the early-October competition. Unlike the five previous Solar Decathlons, which were held in Washington, D.C., this year's event will take place in nearby Irvine, California. "Having the competition just right down the road from us inspired the design," says DALE team member Ella Seal (BS '13, mechanical engineering).
To capitalize on Southern California's mild climate, DALE is made up of two moving modules that can glide apart on warm sunny days, creating an open indoor courtyard that can triple the home's available living space. During inclement weather—and for enhanced safety and privacy—DALE's modules can also move together, creating an enclosed home of about 600 square feet.
The home's untraditional moving design—conceived by SCI-Arc team members—is more than just eye-catching. "It also will actually save energy and money over the course of the year," says Seal. By varying the configurations of DALE's modules and shade canopies—the same ones that will hold DALE's solar panels—the Caltech students were able to optimize energy efficiency during different times of the day without sacrificing comfort. "During the summer, the air-conditioning energy consumption drops by at least half when you are able to open up the house and adjust the shading depending on the weather outside," says Millikan.
But a moving house also presents several engineering challenges, says Seal. Wires for electricity and pipes for plumbing had to be specially designed for their moving platform. Seal and Millikan were also tasked with creating a foolproof safety mechanism for DALE's movement systems. Applying their backgrounds in mechanical engineering, they created a system of laser beams, light curtains, and pressure sensors that acts "basically like a garage door sensor on steroids," says Millikan. "We think we've addressed pretty much every scenario where someone could get seriously hurt."
In addition to the movement systems, students from Caltech are responsible for designing the home's heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system; hot water system; photovoltaic arrays; and other engineering aspects of the solar-powered home. As well as their technical contributions, the Caltech students will collaborate with their SCI-Arc teammates on publicity and fund-raising efforts and the compilation of a final written report.
"I appreciate the fact that it's not just engineering," says Seal. "I really like the fact that we have to write an engineering narrative, describing all of the really cool innovations that we've built into the house. It's not necessarily something that I would get to do if I took a different project class at Caltech."
This type of multidisciplinary and collaborative experience is important for Caltech students, notes Hunt. "Engineering students need experiences in which they design, create, build, and test," she says. "They also should have opportunities in which they work as part of a team. Most engineering projects require multiple perspectives with input coming from a range of individuals with different expertise and vision."
In addition to Millikan, Seal, and Lo, the DALE team includes current Caltech students Brynan Qui ('15), Do Hee Kim ('15), Sharon Wang ('16), as well as recent graduates Tony Wu (BS '13, mechanical engineering and business economics and management) and Christine Viveiros (BS '13, mechanical engineering), and project manager Andrew Gong (BS '12, chemical engineering [materials]). The SCI-Arc/Caltech project, along with other entries for this year's Solar Decathlon competition, will be open to the public October 3–6 and 10–13 at the Orange County Great Park in Irvine, California.
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Climate Change Affects Where We Find—and Catch—Fish
Recent analysis shows fish heading for cooler waters
Warm-water species, like cobia and ocean sunfish (pictured), have recently been spotted in northern latitudes.
Fishery managers too often develop fishing rules expecting that the same species will be found in roughly the same place every year. Setting catch limits for fishing requires some assumptions—and until recently, one of them has been that the vast ocean, while subject to cycles, is basically stable over time. But new information challenges that notion, as scientists and some policymakers have grown increasingly aware of long-term shifts in the ocean environment.
To make sound decisions, fishery managers need more than anecdotal reports of warm-water species, like ocean sunfish and cobia, appearing in normally chilly latitudes; they need robust scientific data. Thanks to a breakthrough in understanding decades of science, people now have a clearer picture of how fish populations have moved over the past 30 years.
Instead of new data, a new angle
For decades, fisheries scientists have been systematically conducting trawl surveys and using that information to estimate current and future fish abundance. The surveys focused on what was caught in the nets—and also recorded the latitudes, longitudes, and depths of each trawl.
“It occurred to us that there was another story in there,” said Rutgers University scientist Dr. Malin Pinsky. “By looking at data that already existed from a new and different angle, we could pinpoint where fish populations were found—and if those locations changed over time.”
Fish, even of the same species, can spread across a large geographic range, but scientists can calculate where most of the population is concentrated—the geographic centerpoint. By comparing the location and depth of the trawl to the centerpoint of the population, Pinsky’s analysis shows how different fish populations have shifted over time. OceanAdapt, a website developed by Pinsky in partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries), allows users to enter a query and see the results instantly, making it much easier for everyone—including fishery managers—to see just how the fish they are interested in have moved.
The online tool enables anyone to choose a region—the Gulf of Alaska, the Gulf of Mexico, and the U.S. Northeast, to name a few—and then a fish. Have lobster in New England been heading north? What about Atlantic stingray? And spot, that favorite summer fish for so many holding their first fishing rods?
Importantly, all of the data are public and available for download and closer inspection.
No one-size-fits-all answers
Species aren’t shifting in the same way everywhere; the data show that species have reacted differently to changes in their environments. Fish in the northern latitudes, for instance, have moved farther north and deeper than in the southern latitudes. The new analysis also highlights gaps in available data. While there is no one-size-fits-all conclusion for the way fish populations have moved, scientists and managers are asking new questions, such as whether and how the new analysis should change the way fishing is managed in the U.S.
Time to update the primary U.S. fishing law
Unfortunately, not all regional fishery councils are having these important conversations as they make decisions, because the law does not require them to practice this kind of modern management. When Congress next changes the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, lawmakers should call for each council to create fishery ecosystem plans—road maps that can help managers understand the environmental factors that influence their fisheries so they can account for them and make more informed decisions.
The Magnuson-Stevens Act is approaching its 40th anniversary and could use an update. It’s time for a new focus in fisheries management. Learn more at pewtrusts.org/healthyoceans.
Reasons major U.S. fishing law should shift to big picture management
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Snakes are well known for their abilities to survive long fasts – up to 2 years in some cases – without ill effect. Working with ball pythons, diamondback rattlesnakes and various rat snakes, researchers at the University of Arkansas have recently shown that fasting snakes slow their metabolisms by up to 80%, and yet continue to grow even when food is withheld for 6 months.
Ball Pythons, the Champion Fasters
The reduced rate of metabolism may explain why many snakes lose little weight when fasting. Keyed by circadian rhythms (“internal clocks”), ball pythons are notoriously worrisome to pet keepers in this regard. Most refuse food for long periods of time each year, yet remain in good condition…in fact, the longest-lived captive snake is believed to be a ball python that attained approximately 51 years of age at the Philadelphia Zoo.
Growing Without Eating
The fact that fasting snakes continue to grow suggests that large size confers important survival advantages. If it did not, precious fat reserves would not be allocated to growth during food emergencies.
Evidence from Zoo Animals – the Gharial
Other reptiles and amphibians seem possessed of similar abilities, although confirmation is lacking. Fish-eating crocodilians known as Indian gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) are one example. A group of 8 at the Bronx Zoo ceased feeding in tune with the cool season in their native Pakistan each year for the nearly 20 years that they were under my care. They fasted for 3 months, but continued to move about and bask, and lost little of their 400-600 pound bulk during that time.
Other Reptile Pets
Bearded dragons and temperate zone reptiles, such as box and Eastern painted turtles, often stop feeding during the winter, even if kept warm. Bearded dragons usually become largely inactive, but turtles often move about normally. Despite this apparent use of energy, they lose little if any weight.
Interestingly, at least for turtles, individuals born in captivity usually remain active during the winter if kept warm, while wild-caught specimens typically go off feed for 2-6 months.
Know Your Pets’ Needs
Providing your pet with proper care and a healthful diet is vital if it is to survive seasonal fasts. Be sure to research the species that you keep carefully. Please consult our reptile and amphibian care books, and don’t hesitate to write in with any questions you may have.
To learn more about hibernation and fasting periods, please see my article Hibernation in Bearded Dragons and other Reptiles and Amphibians.
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How to Cheat at Teaching
(These notes are based on the presentation on 28 March 09; see the bottom of the page for a link to the slides)
“Cheat” is used in the same sense as Delia Smith uses it in “How to Cheat at Cooking” (2008). Life is too short to peel a tomato (but if you must, plunge it into boiling water for a few seconds first) when you can buy excellent cans of peeled tomatoes. It’s not cheating, it’s just a sensible use of time.
That would seem to imply that the best way of cheating at teaching is to use resources which have already been developed for you by someone else (or ones which you prepared earlier). That is of course part of what you have already been looking at in this series of Study Days. But it works only up to a point. The resources have to suit you and your students; so they can rarely be used straight out of the box.
Another strategy is to target your teaching where it will do most good. There are many approaches to deciding how to do that.
One of them, familiar to those of you working in the health field, is “triage”. That is learner-focused; who are the students with whom can I stimulate the most progress or achievement, and who are those with whom am I wasting my time (or who don’t need me in the first place)?
Another is the “Pareto Principle” or the 80/20 rule. (Note that it does not apply in all circumstances, but it does seem to apply to teaching.) This is focused on the content of teaching rather than on the learners. The principle suggests that in many areas of practice we can achieve 80% of what we set out to get, with 20% of the total effort. But of course the remaining 20% of what we want soaks up the remaining 80% of our effort. Even so, doesn’t it make sense to put our effort into teaching those parts of the curriculum which will generate most change?
Much of the time we concentrate on just “getting through the syllabus” without prioritising the material. Over the years, in every discipline, we (in the broadest sense of the “educational community”) have developed what some commentators aptly call a “stuffed curriculum”. But what if there were some topics in your discipline which were not simply “important”, but transformative?
“Transformative” in the sense that they change for ever the way you see the subject. They open up new perspectives; they make sense of ideas; new material “falls into place” with their aid. But without them you will be forever going through the motions of understanding, without really “getting” it. You might even get qualified in the discipline and not get some of it until much later after years in practice.
What are these miraculous topics and why have we never heard of them before? You have of course heard of them. They are your stock in trade. There is nothing radically new here—just a call to focus on this good stuff, and a claim that the rest will follow.
Research in this area began formally about seven years ago, but of course experienced teachers have been playing with these ideas and using them to great effect since the ancient Greeks and earlier.
What is new is the recognition that these topics share certain characteristics and that we can set about looking for them, teaching and assessing them, in a systematic way.
First, these topics are not just “concepts” or intellectual ideas. They were first described as such, because the researchers were concentrating on higher education; but your predecessors last year drew our attention (and via an international conference and the web, that of colleagues across the world) to the fact that concrete practices—sheer skills—can have threshold qualities. And then that some overall perspectives, which may not even be provably “true” but focus thinking in particular directions, have the same qualities. Hence our current language of “threshold topics”.
Second, the topics are embedded in your own disciplines. It takes both an intimate knowledge of your subject or discipline, and an ability to stand back from it and to put yourself in the position of a newcomer, to detect the topics. Outsiders, such as teacher educators, can’t just make a snap judgement of what is or is not a threshold topic. So although we gave some examples in the plenary, you won’t find a list here.
Third, threshold topics are often precisely where learners get stuck. Sometimes they are simply hard to understand, like calculus (calculus is a technique, but the threshold topic is being able to think in terms of a variation in a rate of variation…) Sometimes they just run counter to “common sense”; “price has nothing to do with the cost of production? Rubbish!” “So you are saying that the fact that someone’s legs don’t work is not a disability? Come on!” Sometimes they have knock on effects. “OK, if a disabled person is the expert on her own problems, where does that leave me? Why am I training to be an occupational therapist?” They make learners think differently not only about their work or area of study, but also about themselves.
· Washing hands in a professional context is one powerful threshold topic, which shares elements of concept, skill and perspective. It’s a menial, trivial task; it is patronising to teach how is should be done, and yet? Semmelweiss (look him up); MRSA, C. difficile, and why doctors may be more part of the problem than the solution… Look at the issues trailing in its wake!
Fourth, once you have grasped a threshold topic, it’s hard to imagine what it is like not to know it or be able to perform it. Do you remember what it was like not to be able to read? But you have to step back to that state in order to empathise with an adult literacy student. Ditto how to hold a hammer… They rapidly become utterly taken-for-granted, to the extent that we sometimes forget even to mention some topics which are actually critical to a developing understanding. Why do colleges insist so explicitly that you cover “healthandsafety” first in every course. (Yes, partly because they are afraid of being sued, but also…) Because some of it is so obvious we might forget. (The status of “healthandsafety” as a threshold topic is problematic, incidentally. It isn’t; managing risk is.)
And finally for now, the “threshold” descriptor comes from the similarity to passing through a doorway, on the other side of which you can now see many new aspects of your discipline or area of practice. It’s not the only doorway. Every discipline includes many such doorways, but on the other side of each is a brave new world, which makes more sense because you have come to it through that doorway. And because it makes more sense, it is easier to learn about it.
And if students put their effort into these threshold topics, difficult though they sometimes are, they learn more effectively and confidently.
Smith D (2008) Delia’s How to Cheat at Cooking (revised edn.) London; Ebury Press
- An introductory paper from one angle
- An introductory paper coming from a different angle
- What we don't yet know about threshold concepts
- What is not a threshold concept
- Video material on threshold concepts
And one which relates the ideas to other aspects of learning and teaching
(read after the further reading above)
- Meyer and Land on Adam and Eve
- Is "Health and Safety" a threshold concept? (Discussion paper)
- (for more general further reading click here)
- Briefing paper for Second Study Day for Year 1
- The paper based on the Study Days presented at the international conference on Threshold Concepts held in Kingston Ontario 18-20 June 08. (Acrobat file)
- A March 2009 paper introducing the expanded idea of the threshold topics in the psycho-motor and affective domains as well, with links to slides.
- New! (April 2010)A further introductory session on video, including the plenary discussion of an exercise on identifying TCs.
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At the end of their product life cycle, nanomaterials can enter waste treat ment plants and landfills via diverse waste streams. Little, however, is known about how nanomaterials behave in the disposal phase and whether potential environmental or health risks arise. The current assumption is that stable nanoparticles are neither chemically nor physically altered in waste incineration plants and that they accumulate especially in the residues (e.g. slag). These residues are ultimately dumped. The disposal problem in the case of stable nanoparticles is therefore merely shifted to the subsequent steps in the waste treatment process.
Military organizations around the world, especially in the U.S., have been quicker than most to appreciate the potential of nanotechnology. More money is being spent on nanotechnology research for military applications than for any other area. Public releases about military nanotechnology research and development activities are full about sensors, batteries, wound care, filtration systems, smart fabrics, and lighter, stronger, heat-resistant nanocomposite materials etc. Naturally, nanomaterial safety has become an important issue for military organizations as well.
Researchers have successfully attempted to simultaneously co-generate hydrogen and solid carbon fuels from a mixed hydroxide/carbonate electrolyte in a 'single-pot' electrolytic synthesis at temperatures below 650 C. This is the first demonstration of the co-generation of hydrogen and carbon fuels at a single electrode and from a molten electrolyte. Here, fuel production can be driven entirely by solar energy using the STEP process in which solar thermal energy increases the system temperature to decrease electrolysis potentials.
Drawing attention to the possible implications of extreme weather does not answer the question what we can really do about the risks of climate change, and who will drive fresh solutions. Science - including nanotechnology - is an important part of the answer, and we need human ingenuity to step forward. To accelerate the process and help to push the boundaries of usable energy solutions, the Exergeia Project backs potentially groundbreaking inventions and innovations in all fields of alternative energy.
A new review article examines opportunities and practical challenges that nanotechnology applications pose in addressing the guiding principles for a green economy. There is a general perception that nanotechnologies will have a significant impact on developing 'green' and 'clean' technologies with considerable environmental benefits. The associated concept of green nanotechnology aims to exploit nanotech-enabled innovations in materials science and engineering to generate products and processes that are energy efficient as well as economically and environmentally sustainable.
The adoption of a newly developed, facile synthesis method in catalyst designs may permit the rapid screening of nanoalloys for water contaminants. Given the compositional dynamics of this technique, a series of nanoalloys with different surface compositions can be quickly synthesized using a single starting solution and the optimal metal ratio experimentally determined to find the best catalytic reactivity for degrading the pollutant.
One of the problems with activated carbon is the disposal of adsorbed contaminants along with the adsorbent. Another concern is that its pores are often blocked during adsorption. By contrast, carbon nanotubes' (CNTs) open structure offers easy, undisrupted access to reactive sites located on nanotubes' outer surface. That's why researchers see CNTs as an attractive potential substitute for activated carbon. Researchers now have demonstrated that individual CNTs can be integrated into micrometer-sized colloidal particles without using a heavy or bulky particulate support.
Concern about the depletion of global water resources has grown rapidly in the past decade due to our increasing global population and growing demand for other diverse applications. Since only 2.5% of the Earth's water is fresh, it has been reported that almost half of the world's population is at risk of a water crisis by the year 2025. Accordingly, significant research efforts have been focused on the desalination of brackish/seawater and the remediation and reuse of wastewater to meet the agricultural, industrial, and domestic water demands.
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Although tourism can be very beneficial, especially economically, to the host destination, there are many strings attached. Tourism inevitably brings with it environmental and cultural degradation. Though these impacts are closely enter twined, here they will be addressed separately.
Environmental Impacts of Tourism
Tourism has vastly different faces, as different people enjoy different types of vacations. An allocentric traveler would enjoy backpacking through a distant jungle with little more than the bare necessities while some people prefer a beach front luxury hotel with all the comforts andconveniences of home.
Figure 1.1. Clay Butler illustration of tourism replacing nature instead of protecting it. (McLaren, 1998).
The introduction of the "mega resort" has been
one of the most economically successful and environmentally destructive
additions to the tourism industry. Large corporate owned resorts,
which are usually based in countries other than those in which they exist,
rarely give back to the local communities on which they depend and thrive.
More often than not, lower level positions such as maids, cooks, waiters,
and bellhops are available to the local residents while upper level and
management positions arereserved for corporate immigrants.
These resorts take away from smaller scale, locally owned establishments and do not contribute to the local communities in a positive manner. Large resorts are very rarely environmentally friendly, and in turn do not normally attract an environmentally conscious clientele.
Not only does heavy construction aid erosion (especially in tropical climates) but essentially, construction and development equals pollution. Tourist generated pollution comes from things such as rental car exhaust and oil leaks, machinery used to build hotels, commercial airplanes, and airport construction just to name a few (McLaren, 1998).
To a greater extent, after the completion of construction, tourists as a group consume a tremendous amount of natural resources and produce an equally tremendous amount of waste. The influx of tourists into a community creates a transient but permanent population increase (McLaren, 1998). Two major problems arise from a sudden population increase: an over consumption of resources, and an over production of waste. Over consumption causes problems such as water shortages, frequent loss of electricity, and over fishing of local waters. The over production of waste is an ever-present threat to tourist communities. this shows itself in the form of water and air pollution, liter, and the frequent overflow of sewage systems. As a result of these types of waste many places experience loss of potable water, loss of local animal populations, and the spread of disease and infection.
The degradation of local infrastructure results from the heavy traffic of cars and tour buses. This is especially a problem in developing nations where cars are not a household item and roads and bridges were not designed to withstand heavy traffic. In situations involving tourist oriented corporations that return most of their profits to their own countries, the host communities are left to foot the bill for repairing the damages.
Cultural Impacts of Tourism
In addition to tourism's environmental impacts on host destinations, there are also many important cultural issues to consider. Some of these issues result from the environmental impacts that carry over into the community. For instance, the inability of local business owners to compete with large corporations. Development of land also causes land prices to rise so that local residents cannot afford to buy. Most tourists are oblivious as to the extent of the impact they have on their host community.
Even a very conscientious traveler can bring infection and disease to a host destination. An estimated 90% of indigenous peoples in the Americas died due to exposure to disease brought over by Europeans (McLaren, 1998). Although that was a very long time ago, many "exotic" travel destinations are not as medically advanced as the more developed countries still today.
The tourism industry has a tendency to view local people as either a pool of waiters, bellhops, laundresses, and gardeners; or performers and spectacles for the tourists to see. This is evident even in our own Native American reservations.
Figure 1.2. A sign in Bali advertises tour to a cremation ceremony. Tickets are sold, and van loads are of tourists are taken to the sight by a tour company without the consent of the ceremony participants. (McLaren,1998).
Things as simple and thoughtless as a tourist walking through a local market in little more than a bathing suit, not only offend, but contribute to the undermining of social standards. This type of tourist behavior demonstrates a lack of respect for the local culture. As local residents witness this lack of respect, they also witness the fact that many of the tourists are enjoying luxuries (i.e. heated water for bathing) that are not available to them. The combination of these things can cause tension between the local residents and the tourist population. And often to a further extent there is an increase in crime, mostly in the way of petty theft and pick pocketing, but sometimes sexual assault.
Figure 1.3. McDonald's is a good representation of "monoculture." Yet another goes up here in Guam (McLaren, 1998).
Yet another cultural impact of international tourism is the substitution of a "monoculture" as westernized goods, services, and ideas are imported into the host destination. According to NGO Third World Network president, Martin Khor, globalization is the leading threat to local communities especially in the global, (McLaren, 1998).
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On February 18, a three-judge panel of the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals in Atlanta ruled that the Forest Service failed to conduct the necessary population survey of rare and sensitive species before approving logging projects on the Chattahoochee National Forest. The ruling reverses a lower court ruling in the Northern District of Georgia.
The case, Sierra Club v. Martin, centers on clearcutting and associated road-building in the wild mountainous terrain of northern Georgia. Appellants include the Sierra Club, The Wilderness Society, Georgia Forest Watch, Friends of Georgia, Armuchee Alliance, and the Rabun County Coalition to Save the Forest.
"This decision stops the Forest Service from continued logging in the 800,000-acre Chattahoochee National Forest without first ascertaining the effect on imperiled fish and wildlife throughout the forest," said Eric Huber, attorney with Earthjustice Legal Defense Fund, who represented the plaintiffs. "It also sends the message that the Forest Service better obtain sound data throughout the twelve-state southern region before allowing any further logging there, since the same violations of law found in the Chattahoochee occur throughout the region."
"Declining species such as brook trout, and migratory songbirds such as the corulean warbler, along with 30 other species are being harmed by the clearcut logging and the tons of sediment that erode from logging roads," said Rene Voss, spokesman for the Sierra Club. "The highest court in the region finally agreed with us that the Forest Service's logging program is illegal because it can't ensure that many of our rarest species will not become endangered."
"We applaud the decision," said Brent Martin, Executive Director of Georgia Forest Watch. "It allows the Forest Service the historic opportunity to look at the forest from an ecosystem perspective and to weigh fully the results of actions which in the past have not been adequately evaluated. For far too long the Forest Service has downplayed the environmental impacts of its timber program on rare, threatened, and endangered species, and it is finally going to have to do its homework. This decision sends a message to the Forest Service that our national forests are no longer a playground for a budget-driven timber program; they are instead our last great opportunity to protect watersheds, rare species, and our truly last great places."
"What is significant about this ruling," says Voss, "is that the Forest Service is in violation of its own management plan by not conducting the necessary surveys before approving the timber sales." The requirement to do these surveys is written into every forest plan in the southern region, which ranges from Texas to Virginia and includes public forests in Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
"The Forest Service should immediately halt all logging in the southern region forests until it can demonstrate no harm is coming to rare and sensitive species," said Shirl Parsons, grassroots coordinator for the Southeast Office of The Wilderness Society. "This is what the public wants. This was apparent from the hundreds of comments to the Forest Service in response to the upcoming plan revision. They want more protection and less logging in the Chattahoochee National Forest."
More specifically, the court ruled that the Forest Service's decision to allow logging was arbitrary and in violation of the National Forest Management Act and its implementing regulations. The law and its regulations require the Forest Service to maintain viable populations of vertebrate species and maintain species diversity by keeping population inventories and measuring their trends. In addition, the court said that the forest Service did not follow its own forest plan requirements to keep or collect population inventory data of proposed, endangered, threatened, or sensitive species.
Eric Huber, Earthjustice 504-522-1394
Rene Voss, Sierra Club, 202-547-9124
Shirl Parsons, Wilderness Society, 404-872-9453
Brent Martin, Georgia Forest Watch, 706-635-8733
Earthjustice is the premier nonprofit environmental law organization. We wield the power of law and the strength of partnership to protect people’s health, to preserve magnificent places and wildlife, to advance clean energy, and to combat climate change. We are here because the earth needs a good lawyer.
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“The lesson for public policy here is the importance of structuring incentives and managing expectations to shape business models and channel corporate resources in a positive rather than counterproductive way. In the face of global policy uncertainty, a key task is to maintain momentum by creating a predictable business and regulatory environment.”
By David L. Levy
Originally published in Transparency International’s Global Corruption Report 2010: Climate Change, and reprinted by permission. This report explores risks related to tackling climate change, from international policy-making to national level mitigation and adaptation strategies, with a special focus on the forestry sector.
A global transition to a low-carbon economy requires the large scale mobilisation of financial, technological and organisational resources, many of which are concentrated in the hands of large multinational corporations. Of the US$500 billion in annual global investment needed over coming decades to keep warming within a 20 C limit, more than 80% will have to come from private sources.
Climate change presents a profound strategic challenge to business, however. Measures to control the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) most directly threaten sectors that produce and depend on fossil fuels, such as oil, power and transportation. Managers in energy-intensive industries, including cement, chemicals, paper and metals, have also been concerned with the regulatory risk of higher costs for fuels and lower demand for energy-intensive products.
After years of hostility to any carbon regulation, government incentives, competitive pressures and non-governmental organisation (NGO) campaigns have led many firms in the last decade to craft business models that exploit potential market opportunities in low-carbon products and services. This shift in corporate political and market strategy has created a virtuous cycle, in which strengthened business coalitions have grown supportive of more stringent climate policy and widened the political space for action.
This cycle is fragile, however, and the momentum of this corporate conversion is already in danger of stalling. Climate change creates considerable competitive risk, as changes in prices, technologies and demand patterns disrupt traditional business models. Investing in new technologies can be a treacherous business. Automobile manufacturers, for example, find that they are dependent on existing infrastructure, creating barriers for electric vehicles, which require a network of charging stations. Multiple clean energy technologies are in competition, such as solar thermal versus photovoltaics, and ‘thin film’ versus ‘crystalline silicon’ solar cells, making it hard to pick winners.
Moreover, companies successful in one area of business cannot easily transition to new products and markets. Corporate managers know that the key lesson of business strategy is to stick to your ‘core competences’. Exxon lost money when it tried to diversify in the 1970s energy crisis, and now understands that its expertise lies in geology, hydrocarbon chemistry, extraction and distribution. Rather than embrace radical change, it has enhanced its capacity in related low-carbon technologies. In 2009 Exxon announced a US$600 million algae biofuels project with a biotech company, and a US$41 billion acquisition of a major player in the shale gas sector. These investments represent a better strategic fit than solar or wind, though they entail cross-industry partnerships to acquire external capabilities.
Similarly, oil and gas companies have befriended the coal industry as proponents of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology, as the expertise to extract fluid fuels is closely related to that required to re-inject CO2 underground. Although many of these emerging technologies will have to be proved to be environmentally safe and financially feasible, the model for cross-industry collaboration is strong, allowing companies to share risks, gain capabilities and shoulder the fixed costs of research and development.
Climate change presents a host of strategic uncertainties regarding the unfolding science, regulation, technological developments and competitor reactions. Thus, when British oil company BP committed itself to investing in solar and wind energy in 2000, it was competing in the same global oil market as Exxon, but perceived the risks very differently. BP plotted a strategy for a world in which mandatory emission controls appeared inevitable, carbon would carry a price tag, and consumers would demand low-emission products. A decade later, though, with growing regulatory uncertainty and its solar business far from profitable, BP has pulled back from its renewable energy investments, instead increasing its investments in Canadian oil sands.
National and regional authorities have a vital role to play by implementing policies that provide incentives for positive corporate action. Bolstered by tax policies in Denmark and Israel, the company Better Place is developing a national replaceable battery infrastructure for pure electric vehicles that allows consumers to pay according to driving distance. The Vélib bike rental system in Paris and the US-based Zipcar car rental firm similarly engage business and government in partnerships that transform markets and overcome systemic obstacles in infrastructure, scale and incentives.
These initiatives move towards a service- rather than product-based business model. Moreover, they trigger competitive dynamics with far-reaching effects. Better Place has signed a deal with Renault–Nissan to supply the electric cars, and other car companies, fearful of falling behind, are accelerating their own plans for plug-in hybrids and pure electric vehicles.
Major companies in the US power sector have adopted a more proactive position on climate change in recent years. Duke Energy, Exelon and PG&E have joined initiatives led by the US Climate Action Partnership and the Pew Center on Global Climate Change that aim at emissions reductions by deploying renewables, boosting generation efficiency and implementing demand-side management (DSM) policies. These companies might anticipate a future national cap-and-trade regime and carbon price, but they face more immediate and local pressures, notably escalating renewable or alternative energy portfolio standards in more than 30 US states.
US states are also attempting to restructure power markets to provide incentives for energy efficiency. Most frequently, this takes the form of small ‘benefit charges’ being added to bills, which are used to subsidise consumer efficiency upgrades. Several states are also examining California’s experience with rate decoupling, which rewards utilities with higher power prices for implementing energy efficiency and DSM measures.
The lesson for public policy here is the importance of structuring incentives and managing expectations to shape business models and channel corporate resources in a positive rather than counterproductive way. In the face of global policy uncertainty, a key task is to maintain momentum by creating a predictable business and regulatory environment.
Business realises the dangers of the proliferation of multiple regulations, standards and carbon trading schemes, and large firms are joining groups that press for clear, predictable and coherent climate policy. In 2007 more than 60 of the world’s largest companies, including BP, Siemens, GE and Unilever, launched Combat Climate Change (3C), with the goal of developing ‘a worldwide policy framework to replace the Kyoto Protocol from 2013 and onwards’. In the absence of an international treaty, the onus falls on the private sector, along with local and national governments, to seek novel business models that stimulate the transition to a low-carbon future.
International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2009: Executive Summary (Paris: IEA, 2009), p. 14.
Wall Street Journal (US) ‘Exxon chief makes a cold calculation on global warming’, 15 June 2005.
MarketWatch.com, ‘Exxon Mobil lays $600 million on the line for algae fuels’, 14 July 2009; CNNMoney.com, ‘Exxon to buy XTO in $41 billion deal’, 14 December 2009.
See, for example, www.globalccsinstitute.com.
BusinessGreen.com (UK), ‘BP shrugs off anti-tar sands shareholder resolution’, 16 April 2010.
See Betterplace.com.
NPR.org (US), ‘Paris’ popular bike program may inspire others’, 15 September, 2009; Government-fleet.com (US), ‘City of Baltimore launches car sharing program’, 1 July 2010.
See www.us-cap.org/about-us/about-our-members and www.pewclimate.org/companies_leading_the_way_belc/company_profiles.
Pew Center on Global Climate Change, ‘Climate Change 101: State Action’ (Arlington, VA: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 2009).
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Save the date! The ALR 2017 annual conference will be held February 26 - March 1, 2017 in Clearwater Beach, Florida....
We have three types of tools to help:
- observational tools to assess the environment;
- observational tools to assess physical activity;
- surveys to assess perceptions of the environment.
Before using any of the tools and measures, please read the Proper use Disclaimer for directions.
Several audit tools exist to measure features of the built environment that may be linked to physical activity. This Audit Tool Comparison Table compares several different audit tools, in terms of which features they measure.
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Nathanael West is a tragic figure of American letters. He published four novels before his death in an automobile accident in 1940, and these novels did not meet with much acclaim during his lifetime. Subsequently, however, they were hailed as works of genius. West’s vision of America is one of darkly comic absurdity. His early death robbed American letters of a great talent.
West’s accidental death by modern, mechanical means has eerie echoes of his fiction. In his books, the modern world wrecks its inhabitants with a chilling indifference. Traditional orders of society have broken down, norms have vanished. West was criticized by his contemporaries; it was said that his books suffered for want of some “normal” characters to round out the absurd world West’s fictions present. In West’s fiction, a Murphy’s law of human fate rules the roost.
West had a cartoonists’ eye that exaggerated human tics, flaws, and failings. His writing is brilliantly focused and his vision intense. West appears to have been a prophet of post-World War II anomie and terror. No doubt this is why he was not appreciated until the 1950’s.
West depicts a world made absurd by the disappearance of traditional orders. The paradox of reading West is that one has so much fun while dealing with insoluble miseries and repulsive sufferings. The letters that Miss Lonelyhearts receives are, amazingly, funny. They are also repulsive, depressing, and profound. West thus creates great complexity of feeling in a simple, almost cartoonlike, narrative. His characters, for example, have been termed two-dimensional by detractors. His characters are sketches of human beings, distorted by simplification, and his technique highlights exactly those qualities...
(The entire section is 719 words.)
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A very diverse and attractive group of plants with highly ornamental flowers, fitting into a variety of habitats and growth forms, hermannias are the little porcelain bells of the South African veld. These plants have high horticultural potential yet are sadly undervalued as a garden plant. In this issue, a few striking species of this genus will be discussed.
Hermannia is a genus of small shrubs, ranging from upright to sprawling prostrate shrublets. They are charachterized by the presence of minute glandular or star-like hairs on the leaves and stems. The stems often have a dark grey bark. Leaves are alternate and entire, lobed or incised. Flowers consist of 5 petals which are slightly or very strongly spirally twisted into an upended rose. Most Hermannia species posess a thick woody stem and root, forming an underground stem, which enables the plants to survive dry periods and fires. In the veld, hermannias appear woody, some species being very palatable to stock and browsed down to the main branches.
Derivation of name and historical aspects
The genus was named after Prof. Paul Herman (1640-1695), a German professor of botany at Leyden and one of the first travellers and collectors at the Cape.
A taxonomic study of the genus has shown that a surprising number of species have a very limited distribution. This indicates that these distinct species are very restricted, giving rise to their diversity, but also making them more vulnerable in the case of over-utilization and disturbance.
Hermannias are generally common and not threatened. They have no specific value for collection, neither for the horticultural, nor medicinal trade.
The genus consists of 154 species, which have a distribution mainly across the Flora of southern Africa area. There are 141 South African species alone, of which 81 are endemic to South Africa (occuring in South Africa only). The genus is also found in Madagascar, and extends through tropical East Africa (14 species, some shared with southern Africa) to North East Africa (four species, possibly more) and Arabia (one species, also found in Egypt and Sudan ). A single species ( Hermannia tigrensis ) is found in western Africa as well as southern Africa and North East Africa. There are three species in northern Mexico and adjacent parts of the United States, a single species in southern Mexico, and a single species in Australia. The greatest diversity is within the Western and Northern Cape and Namibia.
Hermannias possess strong, thick, rootstocks and underground stems, which enable them to withstand fires in the highveld and overcome times of severe drought in arid areas. They are mostly very palatable to stock and small game, and are generally heavily grazed. Some species are an indication of good veld.
Economic and cultural value
Many members of the genus are used medicinally, for anything ranging from respiratory diseases, coughs and internal aches, as stimulants or purgatives, to soothing wounds and cuts. The common name pleisterbos ( Hermannia cuneifolia ) refers to the use of the leaves as plasters. In some plants the leaves are infused in a tea, and used to clean the blood. A root infusion was used by the early European colonial settlers against epilepsy. A lotion of the leaf was used for eczema and shingles. Certain species have magical significance and are used to drive out spirits and to wash the divining bones. H. depressa is used as a protective charm by the Zulus. H. hysopifolia is used in making an aromatic tea. Only one species has been found to be toxic to stock ( H. tomentosa ), but it is doubtful whether animals will browse this plant in the veld.
||H. althaeifolia L.
Wolhaar-poproos, pokkiesblom, klokkiesbos, lanternbos (Afr.)
Softly hairy herb, annual to perennial, up to 500 mm tall, leaves are soft and hairy and coarsely toothed, flowers are bright yellow with a thick, softly hairy calyx. Flowering time: August to March. Distribution: Fynbos and Succulent Karoo Biomes.
||H. cristata Bolus
Small perennial shrub, with strong underground rhizome, to protect against fire. Stems are herby and half lying down, never taller than 200 mm. Flowers are single or in two's carried at the tip of the branchelts, dark red-orange (flame colour). Calyx reddish purple. Distribution: widespread in the grasslands of the eastern Highveld.
||H. concinnifolia I.Verd.
Medium to tall shrub up to 900 mm high, branching at the base, ascending branches with narrow leaves neatly arranged on the branches. Petiole absent. The upper margins of the leaves sometimes with a narrow red-brown rim. Flowers arranged in two or three at the tip of the leafy branchlets. Lemon yellow flowers exserted from a red calyx, strongly twisted. Distribution: coastal fynbos in the Bredasdorp-Riversdale District.
||H. cuneifolia Jacq. var. cuneifolia.
Agtdaegeneesbossie, broodbos, geneesbossie, pleisterbos, geelpleisterbos, vet-en-broodbos (Afr.)
A sturdy, much-branched shrublet, up to 500 mm high. Leaves in tufts and coarsely toothed, both surfaces covered with star-like hairs. Flowers yellow, becoming red-brown with age, sweetly scented. Very palatable and drought resistant. This plant is used medicinally to heal wounds, therefore the name, geneesbos. Distribution: widespread in fynbos, karoo and grassland, from the Western Cape, Free State, to Lesotho.
||H. depressa N.E.Br.
Herb with stems and leaves flat on the ground and spreading from a woody perennial taproot. They often grow clumped in patches. The leaves are carried on short stalks, are generally large and show a purplish to reddish brown tinge. The flowers are drooping, from short erect stalks, and vary in colour between orange, pinkish, mauve and yellow-cream. Distribution: common in grassland in the Highveld.
||H. disermifolia Jacq.
An erect, branched shrub, up to 1 m high. The long-stalked, yellow-green leaves are covered in minute, star-like hairs. Yellow flowers are borne in clusters towards the end of the branches. Plant is unpalatable to stock, and not eaten. Distribution: This plant is restricted to the arid parts of Namaqualand and Namibia.
||H. filifolia L.f. var. grandicalyx I.Verd.
Occuring in stony soils, shrublet with grey bark, leaves strap-shaped in clusters, hairless. Flowers in loose, spike-like groups at tips of branches. Corolla deep red to maroon. Very palatable to stock, higly resistant to droughts, responding very well after rain. Distribution: central and Little Karoo.
||H. grandiflora Aiton.
Heuningbossie, ouma-se-kappie (Afr.)
Low, sprawling shrub, beautiful when in flower, covered with large red flowers, forming a solid round shrub. Leaves alternate with coarsely toothed margins. This plant is very palatable and its presence indicates good veld. A very good species for the arid, winter rainfall garden. Distribution: throughout the Northern, Western and Eastern Cape.
||H. linearifolia Harv.
Bushy shrub, usually heavily browsed and appearing woody. The leaves are strap-shaped and are carried in tufts. Flowers small, 5-7 mm long, brick-red, and the petals are not as strongly twisted as the other Hermannia species. Very drought resistant. Distribution: arid parts of the country from the Little Karoo to the Free State and Northern Cape.
||Hermannia saccifera (Turcz.) K. Schum.
A low, sprawling, strangling shrublet up to 400 mm high. The leaves are smooth, hairless, shiny, regularly toothed and bright green. The flowers, usually 2 per peduncle, are bright yellow, pendulous and bell-shaped. Distribution: along the southern coast, from the Riviersonderend Mountains and Bredasdorp in the Western Cape to Uitenhage in the Eastern Cape.
H. prismatocarpa E.Mey. ex Harv.
A lax, low-growing shrub, with long branches sprawling on the ground, and the flowering tips bending upwards. Leaves are ovoid, with minute, star-like hairs. Flowers are lemon-yellow, and sparsely arranged on the branchlets. Distribution: from the Cape Peninsula northwards to Vanrhynsdorp and eastwards to the coast.
H. stricta (E.Mey. ex Turcz.) Harv.
Desert rose (Eng); rooi-opslag, woestynroos (Afr.)
Perennial shrub up to 800 mm high. When not in flower it appears woody with a grey bark. Flowers are drooping, dark pink with the petals spirally overlapping and flaring out in an open trumpet. Very attractive when in full bloom. Distribution: Northern and Western Cape and Namibia.
In the Garden
Hermannias have great horticultural potential, but since they are generally associated with arid areas, the perception is that they only succeed in dry areas. However, it is well known that certain xerophytes thrive if given water with good drainage, so the group of plants is worth cultivating and testing. In the current times of climate change and water scarceness, it is important to cultivate these plants which are naturally adapted to less water. With the higher emphasis on water-wise gardening, plants with a wider ecological tolerance will assume increased importance in horticulture.
Many species of Hermannia are cultivated in some indigenous nurseries, as they have such excellent horticultural potential. However, they are still unknown to many gardeners, and need more publicity to increase their popularity.
Any garden can benefit from Hermannia plants. They can be planted for a dash of colour, as groundcovers, trailing from hanging baskets or as container plants. Their main requirements are good drainage and direct sun. The Cape species are frost-sensitive, and should not be planted in areas with severe, frosty winters.
Hermannias are best cultivated by taking hardwood or softwood cuttings during spring and early summer. Keep in a cool place and ensure good drainage. They are generally very easy to grow. Hermannias prefer full sun and will flower abundantly if watered well. Be careful though of over-watering the arid-loving species. Good drainage is essential.
Prune the plants during the winter by cutting away the old growth points. Since these plants respond excellently to grazing, pruning simulates grazing and stimulates prolific flowering.
References and further reading
- Dyer, R.A. 1954. Hermannia cristata. The Flowering Plants of Africa 30: t. 1169.
- Germishuizen,G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds). 2003. Plants of southern Africa : an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
- Le Roux, A. 2005. Namaqualand. South African Wild Flower Guide 1. Botanical Society of South Africa, Cape Town.
- Le Roux, P.M., Kotze, C.D., Nel, G.P. & Glen, H.F. 1994. Bossieveld. Grazing plants of the Karoo and karoo-like areas. Bulletin No. 428. Department of Agriculture, Pretoria.
- Manning, J. & Goldblatt, P. 1996. Weskus. South African Wild Flower Guide 7. Botanical Society of South Africa, Cape Town.
- Rood, B. 1994. Uit die veldapteek. Tafelberg, Cape Town.
- Smith, C.A. 1966. Common names of South African plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 35.
- Van Rooyen, G. & Steyn, H. 1999. Cederberg. South African Wild Flower Guide 10. Botanical Society of South Africa, Cape Town.
- Van Wyk, B. & Malan, S. 1988. Field guide to the wild flowers of the Highveld. Struik, Cape Town.
- Verdoorn, I.C. 1971. Hermannia prismatocarpa. The Flowering Plants of Africa 41: t. 1628.
- Verdoorn, I.C. 1974. Hermannia concinnifolia. The Flowering Plants of Africa 43: t. 1691.
- Verdoorn, I.C. 1980. Revision of Hermannia subgenus Hermannia in southern Africa. Bothalia 13: 1-63.
- Verdoorn, I.C. 1986. Hermannia grandiflora. The Flowering Plants of Africa 49: t. 1922.
- Watt, J.M. & Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa, edn 2. Livingstone, London.
National Herbarium, Pretoria
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Here is a brief outline of Sardinia's history, starting from Prehistoric Ages up to modern days.
Click here if you are interested in more details on the varied and different cultures which alternated on the Island.
- The first men on the Island (500.000 B.C. - 10.000 B.C.): stone tools.
- The Ozieri Culture (3500-2700 B.C.):
graves dug in the rock, menhir, dolmen, obsidian.
- Nuragic Culture (XVII Cent. B.C. - IX Cent. B.C.):
7000 nuraghi, "bronzetti", Tombs of the Giants, well temples, warriors.
- The Phoenician Period (X Cent. B.C. - VI Cent. B.C.):
merchants and sailors, Semite origin, many towns founded.
- The Carthaginian Period (VI Cent. B.C. - III Cent. B.C.):
Carthage, Punic gods and traditions, Tofet.
- The Roman Period (III Cent. B. C. - V Cent. A.D.):
Roman province in 227 B.C., Nuragic resistance, roads, theatres, towns.
- The Vandalic and Byzanthine Period (V Cent. A.D. - VIII cent A.D.):
persistence of Paganism, first churches and pirate raids.
- I Giudicati (IX Cent. A.D. - XV Cent. A.D.):
4 independent "kingdoms", Sardinian language, law codes.
- Pisa and Genoa (XI Cent. A.D. - XIV Cent. A.D.):
domination of the Maritime Republics.
- The Aragonese and Spanish Period (XIII Cent. A.D. - XVIII Cent. A.D.):
oppression, poverty, influence on Sardinian culture.
- The Savoy (XVIII Cent. A.D. - XX Cent. A.D.):
rebellions, brief independence.
- Kingdom of Italy and Italian Republic (XX Cent. A.D.):
difficult development, bombing during WWII, Autonomous Region.
> More details on Sardinia's history
B&B Mario e Giovanna
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Skip to comments.Dog genome sequence and analysis published in "Nature"
Posted on 12/08/2005 4:23:38 AM PST by PatrickHenry
Analysis unlocks genetic variation among dog breeds; evolutionary conservation with human reveals regulatory controls of key genes.
An international research team led by scientists at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard announced today the completion of a high-quality genome sequence of the domestic dog, together with a catalog of 2.5 million specific genetic differences across several dog breeds. Published in the December 8 issue of Nature, the dog research sheds light on both the genetic similarities between dogs and humans and the genetic differences between dog breeds. Comparison of the dog and human DNA reveals key secrets about the regulation of the master genes that control embryonic development. Comparison among dogs also reveals the structure of genetic variation among breeds, which can now be used to unlock the basis of physical and behavioral differences, as well the genetic underpinnings of diseases common to domestic dogs and their human companions.
"Of the more than 5,500 mammals living today, dogs are arguably the most remarkable," said senior author Eric Lander, director of the Broad Institute, professor of biology at MIT and systems biology at Harvard Medical School, and a member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. "The incredible physical and behavioral diversity of dogs -- from Chihuahuas to Great Danes is encoded in their genomes. It can uniquely help us understand embryonic development, neurobiology, human disease and the basis of evolution."
Similarities to humans
Dogs not only occupy a special place in human hearts, they also sit at a key branch point in the evolutionary tree relative to humans. By tracking evolution's genetic footprints through the dog, human and mouse genomes, the scientists found that humans share more of their ancestral DNA with dogs than with mice, confirming the utility of dog genetics for understanding human disease.
Most importantly, the comparison revealed the regions of the human genome that are most highly preserved across mammals. Roughly 5% of the human genome has been well preserved by evolution over the past 100 million years and must encode important biological functions. The researchers discovered that the most highly conserved of these sequences are not randomly distributed throughout the genome. Instead, they are crowded around just a tiny fraction (about 1%) of the genes that encode crucial regulatory proteins involved in development (such as transcription factors or axon guidance receptors). "The clustering of regulatory sequences is incredibly interesting," said Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, first author of the Nature paper and co-director of the genome sequencing and analysis program at Broad. "It means that a small subset of crucial human genes is under much more elaborate control than we had ever imagined."
Differences between dog breeds
Dogs were domesticated from gray wolves as long as 100,000 years ago, but selective breeding over the past few centuries has made modern dog breeds a testament to biological diversity. Obvious examples include the contrasting body sizes of 6-pound Chihuahuas and 120-pound Great Danes, the hyperactivity of Jack Russell terriers relative to mild-mannered basset hounds, and the herding instincts of Shetland sheepdogs compared with the protective proclivity of dalmatians.
Efforts to create the genetic tools needed to map important genes in dogs have gained momentum over the last 15 years, and already include a partial survey of the poodle genome. More than two years ago, Lindblad-Toh, Lander, and their colleagues embarked on a two-part project to assemble a complete map of the dog genome. First, they acquired high-quality DNA sequence from a female boxer named "Tasha," covering nearly 99% of the dog's genome. Using this information as a genetic 'compass,' they then sampled the genomes of 10 different dog breeds and other related canine species, including the gray wolf and coyote. By comparing these dogs, they pinpointed ~2.5 million individual genetic differences among breeds, called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which serve as recognizable signposts that can be used to locate the genetic contributions to physical and behavioral traits, as well as disease.
Finally, the scientists used the SNP map to reconstruct how intense dog breeding has shaped the genome. They discovered that selective breeding carried large genomic regions of several million bases of DNA into breeds, creating 'haplotype blocks' that are ~100 times larger than seen in the human population. "The huge genomic regions should make it much easier to find the genes responsible for differences in body size, behavior and disease," said Lander. "Such studies will need many fewer markers than for human studies. It should be like hitting the side of a barn."
Mapping human disease-related genes in dogs
Breeding programs not only selected for desired traits, they also had the unintended consequence of predisposing many dog breeds to genetic diseases, including heart disease, cancer, blindness, cataracts, epilepsy, hip dysplasia and deafness. With the dog genome sequence and the SNP map, scientists around the world now have the tools to identify these disease genes.
Humans suffer from many of the same illnesses as their four-legged friends and even show similar symptoms, but the genetic underpinnings have proved difficult to trace. "The genetic contributions to many common diseases appear to be easier to uncover in dogs," said Lindblad-Toh. "If so, it is a significant step forward in understanding the roots of genetic disease in both dogs and humans."
For this work, the dog-owner community is an essential collaborator. "We deeply appreciate the generous cooperation of individual dog owners and breeders, breed clubs and veterinary schools in providing blood samples for genetic analysis and disease gene mapping," said Lindblad-Toh. "Without their interest and help we could not be doing this work."
Funding and data access
Sequencing of the dog genome began in June 2003, funded in large part by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). The Broad Institute is part of NHGRI's Large-Scale Sequencing Research Network. NHGRI is one of 27 institutes and centers at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), an agency of the Department of Health and Human Services. The NHGRI Division of Extramural Research supports grants for research and for training and career development at sites nationwide. Information about NHGRI, including the dog genome initiative, can be found at: www.genome.gov.
[The original article has contact info that I've omitted.]
Well, I won't clutter up this thread with pics of my wonderful dogs, but as the article states, dogs are remarkable. Yes, indeed.
They find there is a direct DNA link to the French poodle and the French people - Threaten them and they run around peeing on the carpet and find the safest place to hide.
The problem with that is the poodle breed was imported from Russia to France in the early 18th century.
Thanks for the ping!
This could be potentially interesting for the crevo debate in regards to the ability of mutation.
The unique case here is that most anti-evos accept that different dog breeds share a common ancestor. I think we are near to finding out the exact nature of the genetic changes which were necessary to produce such different breeds of dogs. It will be interesting to see the differences due to mutation. I expect that a lot of the variation in physical structure between breeds will be due to mutation of some key genes.
Dog breeds might end up being a good demonstration of the ability of mutation, just as the peppered moth is a good demonstration of the ability of natural selection.
The toy poodle is really a hyper lap dog, but my experience with actual poodles (80 lb. dogs) is that they are fine guard and livestock dogs.
Thanks for posting.
Barking up the canine Tree Of Life?
Chihuahuas are descended from rats not wolves... Right?
As a Dobe owner, I've lost FIVE dogs to DCM. The Dobermans are poster child for this genetic heart disease whose first symptom is often death. Sixty per cent of males and forty per cent of the bitches have DCM.
How wonderful it will be when they finally find the marker for this horrible affliction.
Veni, vidi, voidi. (I came, I saw, I soiled my trousers.)
" "The clustering of regulatory sequences is incredibly interesting," said Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, first author of the Nature paper and co-director of the genome sequencing and analysis program at Broad."
I have been saying for awhile that this a key component in evolution. I think the more critters that get sequenced, the more profound these "non-coding" differences will be. I am looking forward, eagerly.
We had a thread a while back on very conserved areas of the genome. One idea tossed around is that the more vital a particular sequence is, the more likely it is to remain conserved, simply because if it varies (which it may) the consequences are catastrophic, so only the conserved versions survive to participate in the biosphere.
I've often used dogs as an example of a ring species, since, say, chihuahuas and great Danes cannot (AFAIK) mate, but there is a continuum of other breeds of intermediate size.
Remember that Darwin used pigeon breeding as one of his main examples.
You should be ashamed of yourself!! Posting such a cute little dog together with that bitch (it's okay to say that when talking about dogs, right?) ;P
|GGG managers are SunkenCiv, StayAt HomeMother & Ernest_at_the_Beach|
Note: this topic is dated 7 December 2005.
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____ was born on July 4, 1872, in Plymouth, Vermont, the son of John ____ and Victoria Moor ____. He was named John ____ for his father but dropped the John when he graduated from college. His boyhood was saddened by the illness of his mother and her death when he was 12 years old. In 1905, ____ married Grace Anna Goodhue of Burlington, Vermont. ____ served as the governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1920. At the Republican Convention the next year he was nominated for the vice-presidency on the first ballot. Vice President ____ was visiting his family in Vermont when President Harding died unexpectedly, and thus, became the thirtieth president of the United States. ____ was sworn in as president at 2:47 a.m. by his father while in the family farmhouse.
This president had an electronic horse installed in the White House that he rode almost every day.
During this president's term, Walt Disney created the first Mickey Mouse cartoon, "Steamboat Willie."
This president once said, "If you don't say anything, you won't be called on to repeat it."
While governor of Massachusetts, this president was once punched in the eye by the mayor of Boston.
This president once said "I've noticed that nothing I've never said has hurt me."
Who is this president?
Woodrow Wilson Theodore Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt William Clinton Warren Harding Calvin Coolidge
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by Irving Sandler
An Artist of the Earth.1
Arshile Gorky is a “Geiger counter of art.”2 So said Willem de Kooning, his closest friend in the 1930s. From the start of his life’s work in the mid-’20s, he sought to assimilate the history of modern painting. Beginning with Monet he worked his way through Cézanne, Picasso, Braque, Léger, Miró, Masson, and Matta, and finally in 1942, Gorky arrived at Gorky. Along the way, he was a “fervent scrutinizer” of the pictures of Piero, Uccello, Poussin, and Ingres, studying how they painted and emulating their artistry in his own pictures.3
Matching the quality of old and new masterworks was the first of four challenges that Gorky set for himself early in his career. The second was to do so in a modernist style. The third was to hold on to some form of figuration. The fourth, overriding the other three, was to arrive at an original style that expressed the artist’s own vision.
In the 1930s, Gorky painted in the manner of Picasso, closely enough for fellow artists to have teased him as the Picasso of Washington Square. Or, as Harold Rosenberg recalled, when in 1937 some of Picasso’s canvases with drips were exhibited in New York, an acquaintance of Gorky said to him in mock sympathy, “‘Just when you’ve gotten Picasso’s clean edge—he starts to run over.’ ‘If he drips, I drip,’ replied Gorky proudly.’”4 However, as Meyer Schapiro wrote of Gorky, “To be a disciple of Picasso in New York in the 1920s and early ’30s was an act of originality [and] an enormous risk.”5 And an act of self-assertion. But it was also humble, since Gorky considered painting a language to be learned. How better to grasp it than by imitation, just as the Renaissance masters had copied the ancients.6 Innovation and self-expression were secondary. Gorky’s growing proficiency would lead his friend, the sculptor Reuben Nakian, to call him “the Poussin of America [who] knew what art was, how it was put together. He knew like Poussin where all the blocks fit.”7
In actuality, Gorky was not as imitative as the recurring anecdotes would have it, not on the evidence of major paintings such as, “The Artist and His Mother” (1926 – 36) a photo-based double portrait he had been working on for a decade, or the abstract “Organization” (1933 – 36). Though derived from Picasso’s “Studio” (1927 – 28) and “Painter and Model” (1928), “Organization” also referred to works of Miró and Mondrian, and the mix turned out looking like Gorky. As Robert Goldwater pointed out, these ’30s pictures are simultaneously derivative and original.8
Gorky was not alone in his adulation of Picasso. His friends Stuart Davis, John Graham, and de Kooning were with him. (Davis, Graham, and Gorky were so close that in modernist circles they were dubbed the Three Musketeers.) Graham so venerated Picasso that in his book, System and Dialectics of Art (1937), he proclaimed that Picasso was “the greatest painter of the past, present, and future.”9
Why did Gorky and the other Musketeers choose Picasso? Why not a non-objective artist, such as Mondrian, who was considered more cutting edge at the time? To answer this question, it is important to consider Gorky in New York’s avant-garde of the ’30s, since attitudes he formed then decisively shaped his later career. Artists were continually engaged in polemical battles, which are often neglected by Gorky scholars. In 1936, non-objective artists invited Gorky to join them in forming the American Abstract Artists (AAA), most of whose members worked in geometric, abstract styles. Dramatically, Gorky walked out of an early meeting, a gesture symbolic of his aesthetic stance at the time.10 He and the other Musketeers refused to accept the rules imposed by the AAA, notably their dictates about what and how not to paint. As de Kooning said, “Art should not have to be a certain way […] It was a horrible idea of van Doesburg and Mondrian to try to force a style.”11 The Musketeers would not curb artistic possibilities. Above all, they refused to purge figurative subject matter. They found the non-objective geometry decreed by the AAA deficient in the human quality that they saw in Picasso’s painting.
Moreover, the non-objective artists believed that art should be rational and constructive. Consequently they rejected irrational art, above all Surrealism, because its source was in irrational “dreams, in automatism, and in the subconscious,” as Alice Mason, a spokesperson for the AAA, wrote in 1938. Moreover, she spurned the Surrealists’ intention “to record such things as nostalgia, dreamlike fantasies and incongruous shapes,” saying that these “have no place at all [in] abstract art.”12 Gorky did not share the AAA’s antagonism to Surrealism. As early as 1931, he had experimented with the biomorphic imagery and cryptic atmosphere identified with Surrealist painting, as in his “Nighttime, Enigma and Nostalgia pictures” (c.1931 – 32). And, he cultivated biomorphism even more in subsequent canvases such as “Image in Khorkom” (c.1934 – 36) and “Enigmatic Combat” (c. 1936 – 37).
In the mid-1930s, Gorky adopted Miró as his master, not surprisingly, since Miró was a Surrealist who had invented fantastic images, symbols, and signs while at the same time employing Cubist composition as a kind of formal stabilizer. To Gorky, Miró was the most masterly of the Surrealists and thus worthy of imitation. Soon after, Gorky met Roberto Matta Echaurren, another Surrealist artist who became his close friend. Matta was a fervent advocate of spontaneous drawing and painting, or “automatism,” as the Surrealists termed it. The purpose of automatism was to plumb the unconscious for images that would reveal the true nature of the mind. Matta urged Gorky to paint and draw instinctively. To assist in the process, he advised Gorky to eliminate the thick facture of his work at the time and to paint thinly, this expediting an unrestrained flow of the painting medium.
Gorky’s experimentation with Surrealist imagery in the 1930s had prepared him for still freer improvisation in the following decade. He sensed that unpremeditated picture-making was relatively unexplored and thus could provide an innovative working method that would give rise to new imagery. Indeed, it was improvisation that led the way to a radical change in avant-garde art that took place during World War II. Cubist-influenced geometric abstraction began to seem academic and dated. With its rhetoric of optimistic rationality, it seemed out of touch with contemporary experience gripped as the world was by a nightmare of disaster that seemed completely irrational.
Matta and Gorky visited each other’s studios often and were related in their exploration of improvisation. In most other ways, however, the two artists were different. Gorky had achieved far greater technical proficiency than Matta. Matta was younger than Gorky, as Meyer Schapiro, who knew both artists, recalled, and was to Gorky “a brother rather than a father, and a younger brother.”13 For Gorky, Matta was an artist whose ideas were valuable, but he was not a master to be replicated. Gorky continued to imitate Miró’s style, even painting pictures, such as versions of The “Garden in Sochi” series (c.1940 – 41) that could have passed for those of his mentor. Around 1942, Gorky loosened up his drawing and painting. In a late adaptation of the “Garden in Sochi” image, he detached the free-wheeling drawing from the thinly painted color. The lines meander as if doodled and the fluid areas, more like plumes, are suggested rather than defined. Gorky’s apprenticeship was at an end. He had arrived at his unique style.
The central image of the “Garden in Sochi” series is a shoe reminiscent of the shoe in Miró’s “Still Life with Old Shoe” (1937), but may also refer to the slippers he and his father wore in Armenia. These would continue to appear in later pictures. So would the abstract composites of biomorphic forms at the right and lower left of the canvas that anticipate a critical development in Gorky’s imagery.
In the summer of 1943, Gorky began to spend lengthy periods of time in the Virginia and Connecticut countryside. During these stays, he went into the fields and began to “look into the grass,” as he said to James Johnson Sweeney.14 There he discovered fresh subjects in weeds, foliage, the petals, stamens, and pistils of flowers, seeds, leaves, thorns, insects parts, and much else that caught his eye. He drew and painted these subjects close-up, sectioning, enlarging, and combining them inventively. Gorky had become, as Matta dubbed him, “an artist of the earth.”15 Matta understood that Gorky’s subjects were markedly different from his. Matta’s images were volcanic and explosive, suggestive of star wars, Gorky’s, intimate and earth-bound, evoking nature and its processes.
During the winter of 1943 – 44, Gorky met André Breton, the “Pope” of Surrealism. In the following year, Breton hailed Gorky’s painting as “an art entirely new […] a leap beyond the ordinary.”16 Breton pointed out that Gorky drew and painted directly from nature but did not illustrate it. Instead, his creative method was analogy. The result was “hybrid” imagery.17 What Gorky did was to transform a natural form, for instance: two petals, so that they suggested breasts, or buttocks, or testicles, or lungs, or cherries. Nature, or more accurately, the earth, as Gorky eye-balled it, was in perpetual and visually surprising metamorphosis.
As Gorky drew natural phenomena, he both replicated what he saw and doodled, giving rein to the unexpected and unordered. However, he favored certain motifs and repeated them in successive works. In fact, as Jim M. Jordan pointed out, “Gorky creates highly consistent families of forms which almost seem to regenerate themselves.”18 These recurring images were shaped by the most personal of boyhood memories that came to dominate his adult imagination. He was haunted by images of his mother, who had died tragically of starvation during the massacre of Armenians by the Turks during World War I. At the same time, while working in the fields of Virginia and Connecticut, Gorky recalled fondly the fertile gardens and wheatfields of Armenia.
Even at its most spontaneous, Gorky’s drawing is too considered to be entirely “automatist”; “improvisation” is a better term, since it connotes both intuition and consciousness. Gorky’s usual working method was to make a variety of sketches, chose one and use it as the basis for a series of drawings in which he developed the theme in preparation for painting, as in the Pastoral series. At times, he was so taken with a drawing that he squared it off and transferred it onto to canvas, as in “The Plough and the Song” and “Betrothal” (both 1947), just as Renaissance painters had in their pictures.
Carefully developing a theme in a sequence of drawings enabled Gorky to refine an image, testing every edge and color for its felt value and formal function while retaining the freshness of the sketch and conveying the impression that the painting issued directly from unconscious sources. Gorky’s drawing from drawing also enabled him to focus on formal problems. His primary objective was to emulate the virtuosity of the masters, just as it had been early in his career. In this, he was following Cézanne, who wanted to make Poussin over from nature—not as Cézanne had, but as Gorky.
The specifics of an artist’s biography and psychological makeup are generally too meager to be related meaningfully to his or her art. But in Gorky’s case, certain traumatic episodes in the last two years of his life are telling. On January 16, 1946, his studio in Sherman, Connecticut burned down, and with it 27 paintings. On March 5, Gorky underwent an operation for rectal cancer resulting in a colostomy. The surgery was successful but the physical disability left him seriously depressed.19 Nonetheless, in the summer of 1946, Gorky completed 192 drawings. The following year, the last of his life, was equally productive. Working at the height of his creative powers, Gorky painted a number of his greatest paintings, among them “The Plough and the Song,” “Pastoral,” “The Calendars” (destroyed by fire in 1961), “The Betrothal I and II,” “The Opaque,” and “Agony.”
Gorky’s paintings of 1946, such as “Charred Beloved I” and “Nude,” tend to be based primarily on free-wheeling thin black lines, which are interspersed with areas of fluid color. In contrast, major pictures of 1947, such as “The Plough and the Song,” “The Betrothal I and II,” and “Agony,” are composed of more or less clearly outlined planes of color, recalling Gorky’s earlier Cubist design, and are solidly painted, scraped, and repainted, to create resonant and sensuous surfaces. There is, however, a marked variety in the formal means of the paintings of 1947, ranging from precisely edged forms and dense Cézanne-esque brushwork to loosely painted, disconnected areas that spill over the surface.
The crushing events in Gorky’s life led him to paint sad, indeed tragic, pictures, such as “Agony.” Nonetheless, he continued to create some of his most buoyant canvases, among them “The Plough and the Song” and “Pastoral.” It was as if on the one hand Gorky sought to give voice pictorially to the pain in his life after 1946, and on the other hand, to recapture the joyful memories of nature in Virginia and Connecticut.
Gorky’s images, based as they are on analogy, are generally difficult, more often, impossible to identify with any exactness. However, in the case of “The Plough and the Song,” the central image is clearly an amalgam of a plough and a fallopian tube. The other forms are ambiguous. A jumble of vaguely figural shapes to the right of the plough seems to be guiding it as it unearths or gives birth to an embryonic hybrid organism whose only definable form is a four-petaled flower. In the lead of the plough, or perhaps pulling it, is a vertical abstract personage whose upper third is bird-like and who stands in an Armenian pointed slipper turned backwards.
The plough form is a nostalgic reference to Gorky’s boyhood love of old-fashioned horse-drawn ploughs, which as he said mournfully, tractors had made obsolete.20 The composite of plow and fallopian tube may also symbolize his hope for his own physical renewal. It can also be viewed as a life-giving metaphor for the link between humankind and the earth and a hymn to procreation in all living organisms, which, in this respect, are related or analogous. There is an erotic aspect to “The Plough and the Song”—plough as phallic, the fallopian tube as vaginal. Sexuality is pervasive in Gorky’s painting as a whole, but it tends to be sublimated and veiled. Unlike “The Plough and the Song” pictures, the “Agony” series most movingly expresses Gorky’s pathos. The dominant colors of the version in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) are fiery reds and smoldering reddish browns. It is evocative of its title. As if generated by the brooding atmosphere, a grotesque hybrid figure strides across the surface, followed by smaller biomorphs. They are executed in black lines, a number of which are stretched so thin that the drawing in itself evokes suffering. The activity of these subjects is ambiguous, but the tragic mood they give rise to is unbearably affecting. “The Betrothal I and II” are among Gorky’s most detailed and “finished” paintings. Their central image is a rider astride a horse. But such is its inscrutability that Gorky’s biographers, historians and friends have offered conflicting interpretations of what the image signifies. According to William Seitz, Gorky was inspired by heraldic figures and horses in combat or parade dress.21 In an early biography of Gorky, his student and friend Ethel Schwabacher wrote that his image was based on an equestrian in Uccello’s “Battle of San Romano” (1438 – 40), which Gorky had once sketched.22 In a recent biography, Hayden Herrera claimed that the “Betrothals” were inspired by medieval marriages, commenting that “the figure on the left [is] an equestrian bride wearing a wreath or a crown and, following her to the right, a helmeted male.” Herrera also suggests that the painting may be based on “memories of traditional Armenian weddings in which the groom would ride to fetch his bride in a procession, accompanied by the music of a drum and a horn.”23 The diversity of interpretations is a sign of the poetic potency of Gorky’s hybrid images.
In a series of late paintings, among them “Ante-Medusa” (1947), the painstaking calligraphy of earlier versions is replaced by lines drawn with a brush. The painterly drawing is freer and more abstract. It is embedded in loosely painted color fields. Why did Gorky eliminate well-defined hybrids in these canvases? We can only conjecture. I would guess that the detailed motifs of pictures like the “Betrothals” had become too familiar through repetition and that Gorky wanted to present himself with new challenges. One was to explore expression through abstract brushwork and color and perhaps to make painterly drawing and field color more compatible. Most likely, Gorky desired more directness and immediacy. In “Ante-Medusa,” he veers toward Abstract Expressionism, which seems to indicate a new direction in Gorky’s body of work.
Indeed, “Ante-Medusa” and related pictures introduce new questions about Gorky’s position within the avant-garde of the 1940s. Leading historians have considered him either the last great master of European Surrealism or the great precursor of American Abstract Expressionism, or even as one of its innovators. These either/ors have given rise to an ongoing controversy, which, six decades after Gorky’s death, still remains unsettled.
André Breton, Gorky’s friend and champion, claimed him for Surrealism. He had Gorky admitted into the coterie of the Surrealist émigrés (one of the few Americans let in). Beginning in 1945, Gorky was exhibited annually in the Julian Levy Gallery, a major Surrealist showplace, and was included in important Surrealist shows.
Breton said that Gorky was “of all the Surrealist artists, the only one who maintains a direct contact with nature—sits down to paint before her.”24 Breton quite rightly differentiated Gorky from the others in the movement, because his biomorphic “hybrids,” though fanciful, were the result of encounters with visual reality. In 1942, Breton was calling on his disciples in New York to investigate myths and the idea that humankind was surrounded by invisible beings, themes more in keeping with the Surrealist mentality. In this context, Gorky’s painting was out of place.
There are fundamental differences between Breton’s conception of Surrealism and Gorky’s painting. Breton had defined Surrealism as “Pure psychic automatism, by which it is intended to express […] the real functioning of thought […] in the absence of all control exercised by reason, and outside all aesthetic or moral preoccupation.”25 The very term “psychic automatism” naturally calls to mind the psychoanalytic practice of free association. Not surprisingly, critics and historians have used Surrealist rhetoric, notably the penchant for psychological analysis, to interpret Gorky’s paintings. Julien Levy, for example, wrote that Gorky uncovered “a new space, a psychological Space.”26 William Seitz claimed that Gorky’s drawings of botanical and biological organisms were shaped by “his own psychic pressures and processes.”27 Or, as Michael Taylor put it, his images “welled up from Gorky’s subconscious fantasies and daydreams.”28 Gorky had read Freud, but in his statements he talked about nature, that is, the external world, and his responses to it.29 Indeed, he was far more interested in nature than in his unconscious. When Gorky described his own work, he spoke of things in his life that moved him. “I like the heat the tenderness the edible the lusciousness […] I like the wheatfields the plough the apricots the shape of apricots, those flirts of the sun. And bread above all.”30
Most significantly, Gorky’s working method did not fit Breton’s conception of automatism. Breton did not recognize that by working in series, Gorky was not an automatist. Moreover, Breton ignored, or more likely misunderstood, the artist’s reason for working in this way, namely that it abetted his efforts to achieve masterliness. Thus, Gorky was able to continue the “classical” tradition of European art. This was his ambition from the beginning of his career in the New York art world of the 1930s.
Gorky’s strive for artistic quality was poles apart from Breton’s primary aim, which was to revolutionize humankind’s psychology and society. Breton believed that art could be of use in this undertaking but that it was “a lamentable expedient.”31 The Surrealists often put down artists who prized virtuosity and scoured art history for models of painterly facility as “producers” or “men with a profession.” Matisse was denigrated by Breton as “an old lion, discouraged and discouraging.”32 Breton claimed that automatism was beyond the realm of aesthetics. As the Surrealist critic, Nicolas Calas summed it up, “What is there worth saying that is worth saying for art’s sake? The Surrealist answer is: NOTHING.”33
Masson, evidently with Breton in mind, claimed that “the spiritual directors of Surrealist painting” were men of letters who were “very liberal in matters of [artistic] structure.”34 Matta himself recognized the difference in attitude between himself and Gorky. Matta suggested that Gorky and his other American artist friends, “were very professional. They knew a great deal […] even more than we Surrealists knew about art history. Their studios were covered with reproductions of pictures pasted to the walls, while in our case there was not so much reference to these things.”35
In The Triumph of American Painting: A History of Abstract Expressionism, published in 1970, I considered Gorky an abstract Surrealist. I had in mind the calligraphic hybrid biomorphs of “The Plough and the Song,” “The Betrothals,” and “Agony,” and their references to sex. I concluded then that Gorky did “not extend known ideas to the point where they seem radical and new.”36 But in my view today, neither did Pollock’s mythic paintings of the time, nor de Kooning’s Gorky-inspired improvisations of 1946 – 47. They too were transitional.
However, the question remains: What is the relation of Gorky’s work to “mature” Abstract Expressionist painting, which can be thought to have begun around 1947, the year of the “breakthroughs” of de Kooning, Pollock, Clyfford Still, and Hans Hofmann, soon to be followed by Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Estaban Vicente, Franz Kline, Philip Guston, and others? It seems to me that the painterly and abstract “Ante-Medusa,” in which calligraphic hybrids have been expunged relate more to, say the gesture or painterly pictures of Hofmann or Guston (of the 1950s and 1960s), on the one hand, and on the other, the color fields of Clyfford Still, than to those of any Surrealist.
If Gorky is considered within American Abstract Expressionism, where would he fit? To begin with, it is important to understand that Abstract Expressionism is not a unified movement. It encompasses artists who sought to continue the “classical” tradition of European art (de Kooning, Hofmann, Guston), on the one hand, and on the other, those who rejected that history and forged what Clement Greenberg termed a modernist American-type painting (Still, Newman, Pollock).37 I believe that if Gorky had lived beyond 1948 to become a “mature” Abstract Expressionist, he would have stood with the “classicists,” acknowledging his roots in European art and desiring to extend its traditions in fresh directions. In this sense, he would have been more European than the European Surrealists. But Gorky was an American artist, if only because he was American. Of course, we’ll never know how Gorky’s painting would have evolved, but it would be expected that an artist of his gifts, intelligence, and spirit would have continued to surprise us.
In the end, it is time to put to rest the argument over Gorky’s relation to Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism. Gorky is Gorky. In the 1940s, he synthesized diverse styles, was both innovative and traditional—and created an extraordinary body of work.
This essay was given the permission to be published in the Rail by the author and Gagosian Gallery.
1. Roberto Matta Echaurren, “Conversation with Maro Gorky,” May 29, 1997, at Maro Gorky’s house in Paris, Matthew Spender, Arshile Gorky, Goats on the Roof: A Life in Letter and Documents (London: Ridinghouse, 2009), p. 197.
2. Harold Rosenberg, Arshile Gorky: The Man, The Time, The Idea (New York: Horizon Press, 1962), p. 25.
3. Meyer Schapiro, “Introduction,” Arshile Gorky by Ethel K. Schwabacher (New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1957), p. 11.
4. Rosenberg, Arshile Gorky, p. 66.
5. Schapiro, Introduction, p. 11.
7. Reuben Nakian, “My Fellow Countryman,” Arshile Gorky: Drawings to Paintings (Austin: University of Texas Art Museum, 1975), p. 94.
8. Robert Goldwater, “The Genius of the Moujik,” Saturday Review, May 19, 1962, p. 38.
9. John D. Graham, System and Dialectics of Art (New York: Delphic Studios, 1937), p. 94.
10. Kim S. Theriault, in Rethinking Arshile Gorky (University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009, p. 96, devotes only part of a paragraph to the American Abstract Artists. The group is not mentioned in Michael R. Taylor, ed., Arshile Gorky A Retrospective (Philadelpia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2009). Mondrian does not appear in Taylor’s essays, “Rethinking Arshile Gorky” and “Gorky and Surrealism.” Hayden Herrera, in Arshile Gorky His Life and Works (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003), pp. 260-263, does deal with the American Abstract Artists.
11. Willem de Kooning, “A Desperate View,” talk delivered at the Subjects of the Artist School, February 18, 1949. First published in Thomas B. Hess, Willem de Kooning (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1969), p. 15.
12. Alice Mason, “Concerning Plastic Significance,” American Abstract Artists (New York, 1938), sec. 6, n.p.
13. Schapiro, Introduction, p. 12.
14. James Johnson Sweeney, “Five American Painters,” Harper’s Bazaar, April 1944, pp. 12 – 24.
15. Matta Echaurren, Conversation with Maro, p. 197.
16. André Breton, “The Eye-Spring: Arshile Gorky” (New York: Julien Levy Gallery, 1945), n.p.
17. Ibid. Gorky’s hybrid images appear in his Nighttime, Enigma and Nostalgia series as early as 1931-34.
18. Jim M. Jordan and Robert Goldwater, The Paintings of Arshile Gorky: A Critical Catalogue (New York and London: New York University Press, 1982), p. 65.
19. On June 17, 1948, Gorky’s wife Agnes had an affair with Matta. On June 26, Gorky was in an automobile accident in which his neck was broken and his painting arm paralyzed. On July 15, Agnes left Gorky. On July 21, Gorky committed suicide.
20. While he was painting The Plough and the Song, Gorky made a small wood replica of an Armenian plough for his daughter Maro.
21. William C. Seitz, Arshile Gorky: Paintings Drawings Studies (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1962), p. 43.
22. Schwabacher, Gorky, p. 131.
23. Herrera, Arshile Gorky: His Life and Work, p. 573.
24. Breton, “The Eye-Spring: Arshile Gorky,” n.p.
25. André Breton, “What Is Surrealism?” David Gascoyne, trans. (London: Faber & Faber, 1936), p. 59.
26. Julien Levy, Foreword, in Seitz, Arshile Gorky, p. 10.
27. Seitz, Gorky, p. 29.
28. Michael R. Taylor, “Gorky and Surrealism,” Arshile Gorky: A Retospective (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2009), p. 110.
29. Herrera in Arshile Gorky mentions Freud only once in the text. On p. 485, Mougouch Gorky, in a letter to Jeanne Reynal wrote of her husband that “He read Freud.” Matthew Spender, in From a High Place: A Life of Arshile Gorky (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991, p. 326, in one of two references to Freud, both negative, quotes Jeanne Reynal as saying, “Attacking Freud . . . was one of Gorky’s favorite set pieces.”
30. Arshile Gorky, statement, June 1942, Collections Archives, the Musuem of Modern Art.
31. William Rubin, “Toward a Critical Framework,” Artforum, vol. V, no. 1 September 1966, p. 36.
32. William Rubin, “Arshile Gorky: Surrealism and the New American Painting,” Art International, February 1963, p. Andre Breton, Surrealism and Painting, trans. Simon Watson Taylor (New York: Icon Editions, Harper & Row, 1965), p. 6.
33. Nicolas Calas, “Surrealism Hits Back,” Arts Magazine, May 1968, p. 24.
34. André Masson, “Painting is a Wager,” Yale French Studies, No. 31 (1964), p. 124.
35. Matta and Peter Busa, “Concerning the Beginnings of the New York School: 1939 – ’43,” Art International, Summer 1967, p. 17.
36. Irving Sandler, The Triumph of American Painting: A History of Abstract Expressionism (New York: Praeger, 1970), p. 60.
37. This conception of Abstract Expressionism was refined during a conversation with Alex Katz on May 9, 2011.
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From Our 2007 Archives
Study Sheds Light on Genetics of Colorectal Cancer
Latest MedicineNet News
WEDNESDAY, Feb. 14 (HealthDay News) -- Events both inside and outside a gene can affect the risk of developing a kind of colorectal cancer, Australian researchers are suggesting in a new report.
Mutations of the gene, designated MLH1, which is involved with cellular repair, are known to increase the risk of developing a tumor called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, which accounts for about one case in 50 of colorectal cancers. But the risk can also be increased by addition of a methyl group -- consisting of one carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms -- to the gene.
Researchers at several centers in Sydney reported that the "methylation" of the gene was transmitted from several mothers to their children. In one case, it was then erased from the son's sperm, but it persisted in three other children.
"These findings demonstrate a novel pattern of inheritance of cancer susceptibility," the researchers wrote in the Feb. 15 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
"The idea is that there is some plasticity to the genetics" of cancer, said Dr. Andrew Feinberg, professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, who wrote an accompanying editorial in the journal. "There could be genetic sequences that could predispose to cancer, and the methylation on top of it could also have an effect. A genetic sequence could increase the chance of becoming methylated."
Heather Hampel, a genetics counselor at Ohio State University, who has long experience with the subject, said the study showed that methylation of a gene could be passed from generation to generation. That has not been clearly established, however, she said, so children of mothers with the methylated gene would have to be screened for it.
"We have assumed that methylation is acquired with age and can't be passed on to children," Hampel said. "But these sons clearly had the gene methylated in their whole bodies when they were born."
The methylation did disappear from one of the sons. But the fact that it could be inherited "is telling us that there may be more hereditary cases (of cancer) we don't know about," Hampel said.
The study shows that women can pass on the methylated version of the gene, but it isn't clear whether men can, too, she said, making for a "complicated inheritance pattern."
"The exciting part of it is that it shows this may be more common than we have appreciated in the past," Hampel said.
And the genetic picture might be more complicated than the study indicates, Feinberg said. "There are data showing that there might be incomplete activation of the gene and that the erasure might not be entirely complete," he said.
SOURCES: Andrew Feinberg, M.D., professor of medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Heather Hampel, genetics counselor, Ohio State University, Columbus; Feb. 15, 2007, New England Journal of Medicine
Copyright © 2007 ScoutNews, LLC. All rights reserved.
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Garden flower and pant: Canna
Common: Canna or Canna lily. Kingdom: Plantae. (unranked): Angiosperms. (unranked): Monocots. (unranked): Commelinids. Order: Zingiberales. Family: Cannaceae. Genus: Canna L.
Canna cultivars are grown in most countries, The flowers are typically red, orange, or yellow or any combination of those colours. Internationally, canna are one of the most popular garden plants and a large horticultural industry depends on the plant. The canna rhizome is rich in starch, and it has many uses in agriculture.
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A Google Goggles snapshot
It’s not hard to imagine a slew of commercial applications for this technology. You could compare prices of a product online, learn how to operate that old water heater whose manual you have lost or find out about the environmental record of a certain brand of tuna. But Goggles and similar products could also tell the history of a building, help travelers get around in a foreign country or even help blind people navigate their surroundings.
It is also easy to think of scarier possibilities down the line. Google’s goal to recognize every image, of course, includes identifying people. Computer scientists say that it is much harder to identify faces than objects, but with the technology and computing power improving rapidly, improved facial recognition may not be far off.
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Three Takes on These Troubling Times
by Sylvain Comeau
Headlines have been supplying no shortage of economic gloom recently, with financial markets whipsawing wildly in response. Some nations teeter on the brink, while others debate the costs of throwing them a lifeline.
We recently spoke to three professors with different perspectives on economic matters, and ask them to explain what’s going on. From the alleged decline of the U.S. to the havoc in Europe, from the fallout of the financial crisis to the environmental impact of economic growth, they offer frank, insightful and sometimes unorthodox views.
Chistopher Ragan is an associate professor of macroeconomics and economic policy. He has served as an advisor to both the Canadian finance minister and to the governor of the Bank of Canada.
Why is the world in such a precarious state?
We had a global financial crisis, which began in 2008 with the collapse of (Wall Street investment bank) Lehman Brothers. It started in the U.S. housing market, but spread to financial markets across the developed world. It led, as financial crises often do, to a massive recession, starting in 2009. Today, many economies are into solid recoveries — certainly Canada, with the U.S. a little behind. But in many areas, Europe in particular, the recession led to a great deal of government spending, on top of already high levels of government debt. So now the global financial crisis has morphed into a European sovereign debt crisis. This could lead to another widespread financial crisis, if some of those governments default on their debt, causing problems for banks holding assets such as government bonds.
It seems that today, these kinds of crises cannot stay confined to just one region. They move like a contagion.
The term contagion basically means fear by financial investors. Today, financial capital can flow from one place to another at the press of a button — that was not the case 50 or 100 years ago. So fear can move more quickly than it did in the past.
What are the chief threats that can make things worse?
Right now, Europe’”s policies seem to be based solely on the need for fiscal austerity; as a result, they risk producing two, four, or six years of economic decline or stagnation. They need a policy that stimulates the economy in the short term, while still demonstrating austerity in the long term. One way to do that is to get the European central bank more involved in financing government debt, but the Germans are strongly opposed to that.
Will this situation have a lasting impact on how governments approach their economies in the future, or on how businesses and banks operate?
Particularly in the U.S., banks will not be allowed to do the same kinds of financial speculation that led to the financial crisis. As for governments, I think Europe reminds us of the danger of going increasingly into debt. You don’’t have to balance your books every year, but what you can’’t have is year after year of large deficits and mounting debt. Europe is the poster child for this kind of fiscal bad behaviour.
Don’‘t we have a big debt and deficit problem in Canada and the U.S.?
The U.S. is not in a crisis yet. It is approaching one, because of a 10 percent annual budget deficit. Canada is in better fiscal shape, and has a much smaller debt than the European countries that are currently in trouble. We went through our fiscal austerity measures in the late nineties. We were lucky because, at that time, the rest of the world wasn’’t doing the same thing, and the U.S. economy was booming. Canadian exports to the U.S. made it a lot easier for us. The European countries don’t have that advantage today.
Do you feel that Canada can remain relatively buffered from the international crisis?
No. The Canadian economy is in pretty good shape, but we trade a lot with the U.S., and our financial markets are connected with those of the rest of the world. If there is a slow recovery in the U.S., we will feel it here. If there is another financial crisis in Europe, we will certainly feel that, as well.
Who is emerging as the world‘’s new economic superpowers, in the wake of Europe and America’‘s decline?
Who says America is in decline?
It seems to be a trendy sentiment.
It certainly is. America is going through a very bad recession. But it still has the largest economy in the world, although it hasn’t been the fastest growing one for years. China is growing at 8 to 10 percent per year, and America will be growing at 2.5 to 3 percent over the next 20 years. So there’s no question that countries like China, India, Brazil and Russia are closing the gap. But they still have a long way to go, especially in terms of per capita GDP. China is likely to have an economy the same size as America’s in a few years, but they also have four times as many people. So it depends on your measure of economic success. For individuals in a country, what matters is per capita GDP. In that category, it might take them 40 years to catch up.
Thomas Naylor is a professor in the Department of Economics and the McGill School of Environment. He teaches a class on ecological economics and his most recent book, Crass Struggle: Greed, Glitz and Gluttony in a Wanna-Have World, was published last year.
Why is the world in such a precarious economic state?
The economy is too big for the biosphere to support. The evidence is everywhere: climate chaos, ozone depletion, soil erosion, the potential of peak oil, toxic chemicals dumped in the biosphere… The financial crisis and the overload of debt are symptoms of a bigger problem. Our capacity for economic growth comes from the natural world — energy, raw materials — and we’ve exploited and destroyed them. That’s what is going to bring the economy to its knees. Economists are obsessed with economic growth and the stability of the financial system. But growth is the problem, and they prescribe it as the cure. The problem is that regenerating economic growth exacerbates the real problems, which are limited sources of energy and raw material, and the ability of the biosphere to neutralize and eventually recycle all the garbage we create. The human economy, as I tell my students in Ecological Economics, is basically a system for turning nature into garbage; that’’s all we do. Basically, think of it as two beakers, one of them full of resources being depleted, and the other full of garbage being filled to overflowing. So the reaction to this debt and financial crisis is to try to accelerate the rate at which we are depleting the first beaker.
Do we have the same problem in Canada?
We are the worst offenders in this respect. Compared to most of the world, we have been bequeathed an enormous natural endowment, which we frittered away. Our economic growth and prosperity has been based on the unthinking plunder of nature, for about 400 years.
So you see issues of economic growth and financial stability as a microcosm, while the environment is the macrocosm?
That’s a fair statement. The economy is a small subset of a larger entity — the biosphere in which we live. Economists try to treat the biosphere as simply a source of so-called natural resources. They’’ve got it completely in reverse.
What are the chief threats that can make things worse?
Besides the ecological consequences, there are also the social ones. When you factor in inflation and the cost of living, real incomes for the bulk of the population have been flat or falling for 30 years. If growth is going to slow down because of bio-physical constraints — and it will, whether we like it or not — then what you have is an increasing scramble for a share of a shrinking pie. Obviously, the people who will come out on top are those with the existing power and wealth.
Would you say you have a left wing perspective?
No. Leftists believe that the path to economic growth lies in more government spending, whereas the right wing believes it is through austerity. Both believe that we have to grow the economy to solve our problems — they only disagree on the means to that end. So what’s the difference between them? To me, the entire argument is specious…it’s a fundamental consensus on an unattainable objective.
Professor Reuven Brenner is the REPAP Chair of Economics in the Desautels Faculty of Management. He regularly writes about economic and financial issues in a monthly column for Forbes.com
Why is the world in such a precarious economic state?
Not every economy is in a precarious state; some are doing pretty well. Europe is one of the “sick patients” at the moment, and the U.S. is having huge problems. China and India are going, in fits and starts, in the right direction. China is decentralizing, and India is trying to diminish its bureaucracy. Russia — who knows? There is so much corruption there; it is very hard to say whether it will become more corrupt or less. Germany is doing pretty well, in spite of everything.
The big difficulty is this: whereas communism fell after 70 years in Russia and 50 years in Eastern Europe, I would say it’s the turn of the welfare states to slowly collapse. They are already starting to decline.
Why do you say that?
Most countries can no longer afford to offer huge social benefits. The welfare system will eventually have to be dismantled. Today we have to compete with places like China, India or even Latin America, which are full of young people who work hard because they know that they don’’t have a social safety net to fall back on.
So it‘s going to be increasingly difficult for Western countries to maintain an elaborate social safety net while competing with the dynamism of a sink or swim culture?
Right. But I would say that Europe will have to dismantle it before we do. Despite the poor spending habits of our governments, we are still very rich. We have a population of 34 million living on almost four million square miles, and we are resource rich — water, forestry, oil, gold, you name it. Many countries cannot raise their taxes in order to pay for social benefits. Countries without many resources have to base their economies on brainpower. What happens when you tax the best and the brightest? They will leave. Today, they are much more mobile than in the past. Decades ago, there were only 12 prosperous countries, and everywhere else was a dictatorship. Latin America was constantly wracked by bloody revolutions. There was nowhere else to go besides Western Europe, the U.S. and Canada. Today if you are taxed too much, you can move to Singapore, Dubai, Australia – you name it.
The U.S. housing crash triggered the financial crisis, so why is Europe more profoundly affected by its impact today?
Banks play a much smaller role in the U.S. than in Europe. The banking system is nationalized in much of Europe, for political reasons. The moment you decentralize the banking system, the politicians lose power. Europe is also feeling the effects of more long-term issues; for the past 15 years, the birth rate has been declining in Europe. In the future, the populations of Greece, Italy and Spain will drop like a stone, and then who will pay all the debt that these countries have incurred? To save their economies, many countries will have to become more open to immigration.
Can Canada remain buffered and protected from all these problems?
We enjoy huge resources; dig a hole anywhere in this country, and you stumble on oil, gold or diamonds. Of course, this natural wealth covers up a lot of government mistakes. But we are also 30 minutes from the U.S. border. If things don’t go well in the U.S., we will have to scramble to find new markets in China, India or Europe.
Who is emerging as the world‘s new superpowers, in the wake of Europe and America‘’s decline?
I would not say that America is in decline. America has the world’s most diversified economy, and it does not have Europe’’s demographic problems. The U.S. still has the best universities and the best influx of talent — for example, about 70 percent of their PhDs are Indian and Chinese. Of course, if those people started going back to India and China, that would be a huge problem for the U.S.
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Jupiter at the Louvre
Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
Jupiter is the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, called dies pater, "shining father". He is a god of light and sky, and protector of the state and its laws. He is a son of Saturn and brother of Neptune and Juno (who is also his wife).
The Romans worshipped him especially as Jupiter Optimus Maximus (all-good, all-powerful). This name refers not only to his rulership over the universe, but also to his function as the god of the state who distributes laws, controls the realm and makes his will known through oracles. His English name is Jove.
The largest temple in Rome was that of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill. Here he was worshipped alongside Juno and Minerva, forming the Capitoline Triad. Temples to Jupiter Optimus Maximus or the Capitoline Triad as a whole were commonly built by the Romans at the center of new cities in their colonies.
His temple was not only the most important sanctuary in Rome; it was also the center of political life. Here official offerings were made, treaties were signed and wars were declared, and the triumphant generals of the Roman army came to give their thanks.
Other titles of Jupiter include: Caelestis (heavenly), Lucetius (of the light), Totans (thunderer), Fulgurator (of the lightning). As Jupiter Victor he led the Roman army to victory. Jupiter is also the protector of the ancient league of Latin cities. His attribute is the lightning bolt and the eagle is both his symbol and his messenger.
The Romans regarded Jupiter as the equivalent of Greek Zeus, and in Latin literature and Roman art, the myths and iconography of Zeus are adapted under the name Iuppiter. In the Greek-influenced tradition, Jupiter was the brother of Neptune and Pluto. Each presided over one of the three realms of the universe: sky, the waters, and the underworld. The Italic Diespiter was also a sky god who manifested himself in the daylight, usually but not always identified with Jupiter. Their Etruscan counterpart was Tinia.
It was once believed that the Roman god Jupiter (Zeus in Greece) was in charge of cosmic Justice, and in ancient Rome, people swore to Jove in their courts of law, which lead to the common expression "By Jove," that many people use today.
ANCIENT AND LOST CIVILIZATIONS
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ALL FILES
CRYSTALINKS HOME PAGE
PSYCHIC READING WITH ELLIE
2012 THE ALCHEMY OF TIME
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|Churchill in 1940|
On this day in 1940, Winston Churchill stepped to the Speaker’s Box in the House of Commons and–his premiership still only weeks old–began telling the House of Commons of the defeat and deliverance of Dunkirk. It was 3:40 pm in the afternoon.
In both 1914 and 1940, Germany’s assault into France and Belgium had met with enormous initial success, penetrating deep into France and sending the defenders back in disarray. In 1940, unlike 1914, there was no saving battle, no resilient resistance at the Marne to save the French capital and throw back the oncoming Germans. Instead, in 1940, the German scythe struck all the way to the English Channel, cutting the defensive lines in half. The commander of the British Expeditionary Force in 1940, Lord Gort, did what British army commanders had done since time immemorial when threatened with military disaster: he headed for a saltwater port. In this case, it was Dunkirk, but it might as well have been Corunna, or Yorktown. The British believed that they might take off 30-50,000 soldiers before the Germans closed in, but to their surprise and delight, by early June, they had managed to pull off more than 338,000. This was nearly the entirety of the BEF and thousands of French soldiers as well. Dunkirk has become a legend, for the small ships who carried men from the beaches to the larger vessels off shore, to the desperate fight of the rearguard, to the strange two-day German pause in attacks. On June 4th, Churchill rose in the House to explain what had happened. It was to be one more in a series of spectacular speeches that the PM would give that year, speeches which have bequeathed to the English-speaking world a set of resonant phrases.
This particular speech is remembered most particularly for its end, to which I will come. But I wanted to pay attention to earlier portions of the speech as well. Churchill was a master of both the narrative flow of a speech and the rousing conclusion, and the June 4th speech is a classic example. He was not a natural speaker, and it had taken him years of training, practice, and rehearsal to reach the level he did in 1940.* The House of Commons is a crowded place: small, with uncomfortable benches, and not enough room for everyone to sit. On June 4th, it was full, with people standing to watch the Prime Minister speak. Churchill rose, took out his notecards, numbered lest he should spill them on the ground.**
The main part of the speech was a narrative recount of the campaign in northern France over the last several weeks. Here, Churchill the historian is on display, his analysis sharp, if not always entirely accurate. The speech was literary, in the best of that sense:
The German eruption swept like a sharp scythe around the right and rear of the Armies of the north….Behind this armored and mechanized onslaught came a number of German divisions in lorries, and behind them again there plodded comparatively slowly the dull brute mass of the ordinary German Army and German people, always so ready to be led to the trampling down in other lands of liberties and comforts which they have never known in their own
And so he went, for twenty minutes, lauding the Royal Air Force for defending the beaches from the air, the Royal Navy for carrying the men “out of the jaws of death and shame, to their native land and to the tasks which lie immediately ahead.” He treated the French more gently than he might have. The French Army was still in the field and the ultimate disaster of Vichy France had yet to unfold. He emphasized early on that this was not a victory and returned to that theme later on: “We must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations.” Now, Churchill said, Britain must recover and rebuild. And they would, together: “Capital and labor have cast aside their interests, rights, and customs and put them into the common stock.”
And then, very near the end, came the moment when Churchill turned to rally the House and the British people. It was not just the final words but the way in which he made the transition to the conclusion. His language changed suddenly; sharpened and shortened. The month earlier, in his first speech to the House on May 13th, he had given a fairly technical speech laying out the new government. Long sentences dominated the early part of that speech and then Churchill turned and–in the middle of one of those long sentences–became Henry V on St. Crispin’s Day: “I say to the House as I said to ministers who have joined this government,” he started, and then “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat.” Long sentences and long syllables were replaced by short, chopping sentences and words, delivered in a bulldog growl. On June 4th, the transition was similar. The sentence comes late “Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail.”
“Flag or fail”: again, short, chopping words. And so the conclusion continued:
We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle
The very end, though, is fascinating, and much more ambivalent than anyone remembers. For it was not Britain that would save itself, or the British Empire that would come to the final salvation of the motherland. Instead, Churchill said, it would be America. Britain and the British Empire would have to hold on “until, in God’s good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the Old.” Within
the year eighteen months, Churchill would greet the news of Pearl Harbor with the “greatest joy.” No longer the world’s greatest Empire; now, the British needed help.
(audio link to speech is here.)
* There is the possibly apocryphal story of a family member encountering Churchill rehearsing a speech one day which started “I did not expect to speak in the House today, but…”
**When he was a young MP, Churchill would memorize his speeches and give them without notes of any kind. This lasted until one day he froze, unable to remember what came next in the speech. Flailing about, he decided to start from the beginning again, only to freeze at exactly the same point. Gamely, he started over again. By now, bored MPs had turned this into a sporting match, with people coming in from the rest of the House to watch and see if he could do it. He couldn’t, and fled from the Commons. Thereafter: notecards.
***Entertainingly enough, the remarks that came after Churchill’s speech seem almost to have ended in a fist fight. Two MPs, speaking immediately after Churchill sat down, went at each other:
Mr. Thorne: On a point of order. I want to know whether it is not advisable for men in uniform to be at their jobs as well as the people working in factory and workshop?
Captain Bellenger: They have been there.
Mr. Thorne: And so they should.
Captain Bellenger: You should go out.
Mr. Thorne: I would if I were younger.
Captain Bellenger: You have no right to make remarks of that kind.
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|SQL*Plus User's Guide and Reference
Part Number A88827-02
Database Administration, 3 of 5
An Oracle database may not always be available to all users. To open or close a database, or to start up or shut down an instance, you must have dba privileges or be connected as SYSOPER or SYSDBA. Other users cannot change the current status of an Oracle database.
You cannot use STARTUP or SHUTDOWN to start or stop Oracle instances on Oracle7 servers.
Starting a database involves three steps:
An instance controls the background processes and the allocation of memory area to access an Oracle database.
Mounting the database associates it with a previously started instance.
Opening the database makes it available for normal database operations.
To start an Oracle instance, without mounting the database, enter
To start an instance, mount the database, but leave the database closed, enter
To start an instance using the Oracle9i Server parameter file INITSALE.ORA, mount and open the database named SALES in exclusive mode, and restrict access to administrative personnel, enter
where SALES is the database name specified in the DB_NAME parameter in the INITSALE.ORA parameter file.
Shutting down a database involves three steps:
When a database is closed, all database and recovery data in the SGA are written to the datafiles and redo log files, and closes all online datafiles.
Dismounting the database disassociates the database from an instance and closes the control files of the database.
Shutting down an instance reclaims the SGA from memory and terminates the background Oracle processes that constitute an Oracle instance.
To shut down the database normally after it has been opened and mounted, enter
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Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations. 1989.
Louis Dembitz Brandeis (18561941)
The doctrine of the separation of powers was adopted by the Convention of 1787, not to promote efficiency but to preclude the exercise of arbitrary power. The purpose was, not to avoid friction, but, by means of the inevitable friction incident to the distribution of the governmental powers among three departments, to save the people from autocracy.
Justice LOUIS D. BRANDEIS, dissenting, Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 293 (1926).
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Ages & Stages: Boundaries
How children discover where they end and others begin
- Grades: Early Childhood, PreK–K
0 to 2 Figuring Out Spatial Relations
by Carla Poole
Squeals of delight fill the air as six-month-old Amanda and her teacher play a tickling game. They share smiles and eye contact until Amanda looks away from Karen, sending the signal: "I need a little quiet time now." Karen reads her cues and lowers her intensity, giving the baby time to regroup.
Babies enjoy physical contact, and holding them helps to promote development, but teachers need to link their actions to the signals an infant sends. This helps Baby organize herself and discover, "What kind of physical interactions are comfortable for me?"
Becoming Aware of Others
Babies are clearly fascinated by other babies, but they tend to treat each other like interesting inanimate objects! Crawling babies often become a bundle of bodies, climbing on top of and over each other James, a contented 12-month-old, for example, crawls up to another baby and leans toward his fellow baby's cheek, mouth wide open. James is eager to make physical contact, but his open-mouth kiss may quickly turn into an exploratory bite! The baby's intent is not to hurt but rather to investigate.
At around 12 months, toddlers begin to understand spatial relationships and develop an awareness of distances between people and things. It's fascinating to observe a novice walker begin to judge distances. Little Melissa, for example, spies a favorite teacher a few feet away The toddler pauses, evaluating the situation as she considers letting go-"Am I close enough? Will I make it to her?" Gathering up her courage and balance, the child teeter totters over just making it to her teacher!
A toddler's individual temperament influences how close or far she roams from her teachers. An active or fearless toddler may move away without a backward glance. This toddler needs a vigilant teacher-it helps if you are quick on your feet! because she will get herself into situations that she does not know how to handle, like climbing to the top of a steep slide or bookcase. Conversely, a shy or cautious toddler may need extra encouragement to investigate. There is no need ever to push a quiet child to move away from you or into an activity that is uncomfortable for her. Just be sure to offer gentle encouragement so that she senses your belief that the world is a safe place for her to explore.
After around 18 months, the toddler's physical coordination begins to really take off! Typical nonstop toddler movement helps to build muscles, coordination, and balance. At 24 months, for example, Jason is now able to gently squeeze between two children sitting on the rug. Taking deliberate, small steps he slowly edges past them by walking sideways. This is a remarkable development when just a few months ago he would have tried to toddle through the children instead of around them. This time, he had the necessary coordination and patience for his impressive maneuvering. Next time, he may be too tired or frustrated and return to pushing past his friends-common behavior for twos. However with lots of encouragement and affectionate guidance, he is well on his way to learning how to manage his physical boundaries within a group of his peers.
What You Can Do
- Be sure there is lots of open space for the toddlers to practice their walking skills. Since they are just learning, they need long runways for their takeoffs and landings!
- Encourage chasing games and simple hide-and-seek games to give toddlers a playful way to practice moving away and coming back together, an important toddler activity!
3 to 4 Developing a Sense of Others
by Susan A. Miller, EdD
Egocentric young preschoolers often see the world from the confines of their own narrow points of view For instance, at story time, when Franklin sits down in front of Laura jean and blocks her view of the pictures, she cries out, "Franklin won't let me see the book." By age four, however children have broadened their social horizons and are aware of where their physical presence stops and the bodies of others begin. They play with several other children in cooperative groups and can look at things from another's viewpoint: "Don't walk over there," Aisha tells Patrice. "You'll break Timmy's tower and he'll cry."
An Expanding World
As preschoolers develop larger vocabularies, they scale social and cognitive boundaries. Greater receptive language lets the outside world in. For instance, Mario asks, "What's that sound?" His teacher replies, "That is a katydid." Armed with this new word, Mario interprets for his friend Joe, "That's a katydid." They exchange ideas as Mario suggests, "Let's hop away like the grasshoppers."
Threes are ready to expand their boundaries beyond their families, as evidenced by Fidel telling about a past event: "I rode the horse at the mall." Most fours are full of energy. They need to take risks on their own terms (though teachers subtly need to provide appropriate supervision). Shelby volunteers: "I'll take the crayons across the hall to Mrs. Ford's room if Leanne comes too." Having a friend along makes the child feel safe as he goes beyond the boundaries of his classroom.
If preschoolers can't physically go to investigate new resources, they need to have experiences brought to them. Josh enthusiastically explains: "When the firefighter came to school, I wore his big boots!" Later when Josh fantasizes about being a firefighter his imagination will know no boundaries!
Now Self Confidence
As children's sense of social boundaries grows, so does their understanding of their own physical limitations. Using his visual perception as a guide, four-year-old Akmel wonders about a new piece of playground climbing equipment. "If I swing my legs over to the firefighter's pole, will I fall?" he asks himself. After practicing for a few days with his teacher nearby, Akmel holds on tightly and swings his legs over confidently. "Look how fast I'm going now. I'm sliding way down."
Certain environmental or genetic forces may influence whether or not a child is confined by imposed boundaries or is able to broaden her horizons. For instance, normally exuberant four-year-old Tara may seem less inclined to be a daredevil on the slide until the ear infection which has diminished her hearing clears up. Marc, however doesn't let his permanent hearing impairment stand in his way. With adaptive equipment, including a hearing aid and keyboard, he is able to communicate with others. The other children in the class have been learning sign language too-something that levels boundaries between Marc and his classmates right now and also helps the children understand that they can look for solutions to help them surmount boundaries.
What You Can Do
- Eliminate artificial boundaries by providing open-ended art materials such as big pieces of paper and paint.
- Help children recognize the concept of personal space. Before you begin circle time, invite preschoolers to sit with their legs like pretzels and their bottoms on the floor and to use their arms to create a "bubble space" around them.
- Break through language and cultural barriers by learning essential words in new languages and by sharing customs, holiday activities, and food experiences.
5 to 6 Learning to Operate in the World
by Ellen Booth Church
"He's sitting on me!" "I can't see. " "Why do you always knock over my building when you walk by?" "You are too close to me. Back off, will you?"
Sound familiar? These are the sounds of kindergarten children learning how to operate in a large (and often close) group. Their appreciation of personal boundaries is heightened at this age as they become more and more aware of what constitutes their own personal space and what belongs to others.
Defining Personal Boundaries
Fives and sixes are very vocal about their own space and place. They know when they are being "invaded," and they make it quite clear that they don't like it. (This is different from much younger children who can be more forgiving-or blissfully unaware-of intrusions on personal space.) Fives and sixes may not know how to fix the problem, but they do know it doesn't feel good.
Kindergartners are also becoming more independent than threes and fours, so they are not as "up close and personal." While they want to hug and cuddle, they do not demand adult touch and attention in the same way Whereas younger children love to run up to any adult who enters the room, lives and sixes are more cautious of new people. They might watch and wait before they request attention and then it may be from a more respectful distance.
The second step in the process of understanding personal boundaries is developing an awareness of other children's personal boundaries. Here is where some inconsistencies show up. While fives and sixes are very clear about their own boundaries, they are still egocentric enough to be less aware of others. This particularly happens in large groups when they may try to sit on top of each other in order to get as close as possible to the teaches book, or show-and-tell item. In addition, most kindergartners like to be first in everything. This can include wildly raising their hands at group time and being totally unaware of hitting someone in the process!
A child's growing knowledge of his own space and place is a self-awareness skill that assists children in developing a sense of kindness, compassion, and community-key elements we all use in living a good life.
What You Can Do
- Use movement games for developing children's awareness of their own and others' energy fields. While moving freely to music, invite children to feel their own personal space "bubble" around them. Have them -dance their container or bubble" around the room. Ask: "What do you feel when your bubble gets too close to someone else's? How can you keep from breaking your bubble or others'?"
- Demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships in personal boundaries. Help children see and feel what happens to others when they push or interrupt others. You might make statements such as: "When you step on others, they get hurt. Remember to put out your `antennas' when you are walking around other children's work, so you don't knock it over."
- Try focusing also on children's voice volume as a type of personal boundary. What happens when we get too loud? How does that feel? What can we do differently?
This article originally appeared in the March, 2000 issue of Early Childhood Today.
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Facts About Nerve Agents
A copy of the The Facts About Nerve Agents (Technical Information) is available in Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF, 63 KB, 4pg.)
Note to reader: This fact sheet is intended to provide general awareness and education on specific chemical agents. For information on preparedness and response (e.g., for first responders and emergency medical personnel), please refer to the following Department resources:
- Chemical Terrorism Preparedness and Response Card (PDF, 45KB, 7pg.)
- Chemical Terrorism Wall Chart (PDF, 97KB, 1pg.)
What are nerve agents?
The principal nerve agents are sarin (GB), soman (GD), tabun (GA), and VX. They are manmade compounds that have been manufactured for use in chemical warfare. These agents are known to be present in military stockpiles of several nations, including the United States. Nerve agents are organophosphorus compounds that are similar in mechanism of action to some pesticides (i.e., organophosphate and carbamate insecticides).
Some of the chemical/physical properties of nerve agents include:
- Nerve agents are liquids at room temperature; VX has an oily consistency.
- Nerve agents are very soluble or miscible in water, and soluble in most organic solvents.
- Sarin evaporates from surfaces nearly as fast as water, but the other nerve agents take longer to evaporate. VX evaporates most slowly, at a rate similar to that of motor oil.
- The vapor density of nerve agents is at least several-fold greater than air, with VX having the highest vapor density of these agents (about 9-fold greater than air). As a result, following evaporation agents will tend to stay close to the ground.
- The compounds are either odorless or have only a slight odor.
How can people be exposed to nerve agents?
Nerve agents do not occur naturally. The public could be exposed to nerve agents if there is a terrorist attack or an accidental release from a military storage facility.
What is the mechanism of action for nerve agents?
Nerve agents inhibit cholinesterase enzymes in plasma, erythrocytes and at cholinergic nerve endings in tissues. Once tissue cholinesterase is inhibited by the nerve agent, the enzyme cannot hydrolyze the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Consequently, acetylcholine accumulates and causes prolonged stimulation of the affected tissues. The bond between the nerve agent and the enzyme is permanent unless antidotes are administered. Enzyme activity will slowly return to normal without antidotes, but only as new cholinesterase is synthesized or with erythrocyte turnover.
What are the specific signs and symptoms of nerve agent poisoning?
Nerve agents are highly toxic, and even small amounts can cause health effects if they are inhaled, ingested or if they contact skin or eyes (as little as 10 milligrams VX on skin can be fatal). Health effects occur more rapidly from inhalation and ingestion exposure (within seconds to minutes) than from dermal or ocular exposure. Effects from less severe dermal exposures can take a number of hours to manifest.
Regardless of the route of exposure, nerve agents can cause the following characteristic effects:
- miosis (may not occur unless exposure is from vapors, direct contact or severe in extent)
- excessive salivation, sweating and lacrimation
- nausea and vomiting
- abdominal pain
- chest tightness and dyspnea
- involuntary urination and defecation
- muscle twitching/fasciculations
How is nerve agent exposure treated?
Often the most important first step in treating nerve agent exposure is to decontaminate the patient. This is normally done by removing contaminated clothing, thoroughly washing body and hair with soap and water, and flushing eyes with large amounts of water or saline solution. Contaminated clothing should be double-bagged after removal to prevent further exposure. It is important that anyone treating a contaminated person should wear appropriate personal protective equipment to avoid exposure.
Nerve agent poisoning can be treated with the antidotes atropine and pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM chloride). Atropine has anticholinergic properties that are particularly effective at peripheral muscarinic sites, but are less effective at nicotinic sites. 2-PAM chloride cleaves the nerve agent from the cholinesterase enzyme and restores the enzyme’s activity. In contrast to atropine’s action, the effects of 2-PAM chloride are most noticeable at tissues with nicotinic receptors; muscarinic effects are not observably altered. The efficacy of 2-PAM chloride for treating patients decreases as time elapses due to the strengthening or "aging" of the nerve agent-enzyme bond. This so-called "aging" occurs most rapidly with soman, and 2-PAM chloride may be ineffective for exposures to soman unless administered within several minutes of exposure. Repeated administration of both atropine and 2-PAM chloride may be needed to reverse the effects of nerve agents on patients. Benzodiazepine administration may also be necessary to control seizures, and phentolamine may be needed to treat 2-PAM chloride-induced hypertension.
Both atropine and 2-PAM chloride are available to medical professionals as spring-loaded auto-injector syringes for intramuscular administration. Mark I kits consist of one syringe containing 2 mg atropine and another containing 600 mg 2-PAM chloride. The doses provided by the Mark I kits are designed for adults and these kits have not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use of children. Atropine alone in auto-injector form is available as the AtroPen in amounts of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg. 2-PAM chloride alone is available in auto-injector form as the 600 mg ComboPen. Although the spring-loaded design of the auto-injectors can cause tissue damage in children and smaller patients, these devices can be useful when intravenous administration of antidotes would be too time consuming or not practical. For specific information on using antidotes in the pediatric population, see the website: http://www.ncdp.mailman.columbia.edu/files/AtropineAutoInjectorV1N1.pdf under Study Results: Atropine Brief.
Nerve Agent Antidote Recommendations
|Patient||Mild/Moderate Effects1||Severe Effects2||Other Treatment|
0.05 mg/kg IM, IV
(minimum 0.1 mg,
maximum 5 mg);
0.1 mg/kg IM, IV
(minimum 0.1 mg,
maximum 5 mg);
|Assisted ventilation after antidotes for severe exposure.
Repeat atropine at 2-5 minute intervals until secretions have diminished and breathing is comfortable or airway resistance has returned to near normal.
Repeat 2-PAM chloride once at 30-60 minutes, then at one-hour intervals for 1-2 doses, as necessary.
Diazepam for seizures:
Other benzodiazepines (e.g. lorazepam, midazolam) may provide relief.
Phentolamine for 2-PAM chloride-induced hypertension: 1 mg IV for children; 5 mg IV for adults.
2 to 4 mg IM, IV;
6 mg IM;
- Mild/Moderate effects of nerve agents include localized sweating, muscle fasciculations, nausea, vomiting, weakness, dyspnea.
- Severe effects of nerve agents include unconsciousness, seizures, apnea, flaccid paralysis.
- Dose selection of 2-PAM chloride for elderly patients should be cautious (usually starting at 600 mg IM, or 25 mg/kg IV slowly) to account for the generally decreased organ functions in this population.
Is there a medical test to determine whether one has been exposed to nerve agents?
Medical tests are available, but any delay in administering antidotes to draw blood or collect urine could endanger patient welfare, and results are of limited clinical value. One test measures the acetylcholinesterase activity level of erythrocytes as a determinant of biological effect. However, knowledge of activity levels is not likely to alter the course of treatment, and without knowledge of an individual’s pre-exposure acetylcholinesterase activity level (as baselines vary among individuals due to a number of factors), interpretation of results may be difficult. Other tests can measure metabolites of nerve agents in urine, but their measurement is of little value in treating acute poisoning cases.
How can I get more information about nerve agents?
Call the following numbers, or visit the websites listed among the "Sources".
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Response Hotline: (1-888-246-2675)
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1-888-422-8737)
- Regional Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222)
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2002. ToxFAQs for Nerve Agents. Division of Toxicology, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service: Atlanta, GA. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 2003. Medical Management Guidelines for Nerve Agents. Division of Toxicology, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service; Atlanta, GA. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg166.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2003. Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Sheets. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service; Atlanta, GA. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/Agent/Agentlistchem.asp
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD). 2002. Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook, Third Edition. Chemical Casualty Care Division. Aberdeen Proving Grounds: Aberdeen, MD. https://ccc.apgea.army.mil/sarea/products/handbooks/MMCC/mmccthirdeditionjul2000.pdf
This fact sheet is based on the most current information. It may be updated as new information becomes available.
Updated: July 23, 2004
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Patient information: High cholesterol and lipids (hyperlipidemia) (Beyond the Basics)
- Robert S Rosenson, MD
Robert S Rosenson, MD
- Professor of Medicine
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine
- Director, Cardiometabolic Disorders
- Mount Sinai Heart
Hyperlipidemia refers to increased levels of lipids (fats) in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides. Although hyperlipidemia does not cause symptoms, it can significantly increase your risk of developing cardiovascular disease, including disease of blood vessels supplying the heart (coronary artery disease), brain (cerebrovascular disease), and limbs (peripheral vascular disease). These conditions can in turn lead to chest pain, heart attacks, strokes, and other problems. Because of these risks, treatment is often recommended for people with hyperlipidemia.
This topic reviews the risk factors for coronary artery disease (sometimes called just “coronary disease”), the types of lipids, and when cholesterol testing should begin. The treatment of high cholesterol is discussed separately. (See "Patient information: High cholesterol treatment options (Beyond the Basics)".)
OTHER RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
In addition to hyperlipidemia, there are a number of other factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and its complications:
●Diabetes mellitus, type 1 and 2 (See "Patient information: Diabetes mellitus type 1: Overview (Beyond the Basics)" and "Patient information: Diabetes mellitus type 2: Overview (Beyond the Basics)".)
●Hypertension (people with hypertension include those with a blood pressure at or above 140/90 and those who use blood pressure medication) (See "Patient information: High blood pressure in adults (Beyond the Basics)".)
●Kidney disease (See "Patient information: Chronic kidney disease (Beyond the Basics)".)
●Family history of coronary disease at a young age in a parents or sibling (young, in this case, means younger than 55 for men and younger than 65 for women)
●Gender: Men have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than women at every age
●Age: There is an increasing risk of cardiovascular disease with increasing age
The term lipids includes cholesterol and triglycerides. There are many different types of lipid (also called lipoproteins). Blood tests can measure the level of your lipoproteins. The standard lipid blood tests include a measurement of total cholesterol, LDL (low density lipoproteins) and HDL (high density lipoproteins), and triglycerides.
Total cholesterol — A high total cholesterol level can increase your risk of cardiovascular disease. However, decisions about when to treat high cholesterol are usually based upon the level of LDL or HDL cholesterol, rather than the level of total cholesterol.
●A total cholesterol level of less than 200 mg/dL (5.17 mmol/L) is normal.
●A total cholesterol level of 200 to 239 mg/dL (5.17 to 6.18 mmol/L) is borderline high.
●A total cholesterol level greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL (6.21 mmol/L) is high.
The total cholesterol level can be measured any time of day. It is not necessary to fast (avoid eating for 12 hours) before testing.
LDL cholesterol — The low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (sometimes called "bad cholesterol") is a more accurate predictor of cardiovascular disease than total cholesterol. Higher LDL cholesterol levels increase your risk of cardiovascular disease.
Most healthcare providers prefer to measure LDL cholesterol after you have not eaten (fasted) for 12 to 14 hours. A test to measure LDL in people who have not fasted is also available, although the results may differ slightly.
Some healthcare providers make decisions about how to treat lipids based on a goal LDL cholesterol. If your healthcare provider uses this strategy, your goal LDL cholesterol will depend on several factors, including any history of cardiovascular disease and your risk of developing cardiovascular disease in the future (see 'Calculating risk' below). People at higher risk are often assigned a lower LDL cholesterol goal.
10-year risk of developing coronary artery disease
The 10-year risk score is based on information from the Framingham Heart Study, a large study that has followed participants, as well as their children and grandchildren, for greater than 50 years. The 10-year risk can be calculated for women (calculator 1) and for men (calculator 2).
Triglycerides — High triglyceride levels are also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, although this association is not typically important once other risk factors are taken into account. Triglyceride levels are divided as follows:
●Normal - less than 150 mg/dL (1.69 mmol/L)
●Borderline high - 150 to 199 mg/dL (1.69 to 2.25 mmol/L)
●High - 200 to 499 mg/dL (2.25 to 5.63 mmol/L)
●Very high - greater than 500 mg/dL (5.65 mmol/L)
Triglycerides should be measured after fasting for 12 to 14 hours.
HDL cholesterol — Not all cholesterol is bad. Elevated levels of HDL cholesterol actually lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. A level greater than or equal to 60 mg/dL or 1.55 mmol/L is excellent, while levels of HDL cholesterol less than 40 mg/dL or 1.03 mmol/L are lower than desired. There are no treatments for raising HDL cholesterol that has been proven to reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
Similar to total cholesterol, the HDL-cholesterol can be measured on any blood specimen. It is not necessary to be fasting.
Non-HDL cholesterol — Non-HDL cholesterol is calculated by subtracting HDL cholesterol from total cholesterol. Since total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol can be measured without fasting, so can non-HDL cholesterol. Non-HDL cholesterol is a good predictor of cardiovascular risk and is a better predictor of risk than LDL cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and in women.
An appropriate non-HDL cholesterol goal can be calculated by adding 30 mg/dL (0.78 mmol/L) to your LDL cholesterol goal. As discussed, the LDL cholesterol goal depends on a number of factors. (See 'LDL cholesterol' above.)
Risk calculators are typically based on large studies of populations that are followed to see who develops cardiovascular disease. One such study, the Framingham Heart Study, has followed participants, as well as their children and grandchildren, for more than 50 years. Data from the Framingham Heart Study are used in the following calculators of 10-year risk for cardiovascular disease for women (calculator 1) and for men (calculator 2), and data from a broader population were used for the Pooled Cohort Equations calculator .
WHEN SHOULD I HAVE MY CHOLESTEROL LEVEL TESTED?
Many expert groups have guidelines for cholesterol screening. The guidelines differ in their recommendations about when to start screening, how frequently you should be screened, and when to stop.
One expert group, the United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends the following:
●Lipid screening should start at age 35 in men without other risk factors for coronary artery disease and at age 20 to 35 in men with risk factors. These include men with:
•A family history of heart disease in a close male relative younger than age 50 or a close female relative younger than age 60
•A family history of high cholesterol
•A personal history of multiple coronary disease risk factors (eg, smoking, high blood pressure).
●Lipid screening should definitely start at age 45 and perhaps at age 20 in women with risk factors for coronary disease. No recommendation for or against screening was made for women without risk factors for coronary disease. UpToDate authors believe that even low risk women should be screened starting at age 45.
●Those at risk for coronary disease should be treated based upon the results of their screening test.
●Screening should include total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels and can be measured anytime (with or without fasting).
●The optimal time interval between screenings is uncertain; reasonable options include every five years, with a shorter interval for those with high-normal lipid levels and longer intervals for low-risk individuals with low or normal levels.
●There is no recommendation to stop screening at a particular age.
●Screening may be appropriate in older people who have never been screened, although screening a second or third time is less important in older people because lipid levels are less likely to increase after age 65.
HIGH CHOLESTEROL TREATMENTS
The treatment options for people with high cholesterol and lipids are discussed separately. (See "Patient information: High cholesterol treatment options (Beyond the Basics)".)
WHERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION
Your healthcare provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your medical problem.
This article will be updated as needed on our web site (www.uptodate.com/patients). Related topics for patients, as well as selected articles written for healthcare professionals, are also available. Some of the most relevant are listed below.
Patient level information — UpToDate offers two types of patient education materials.
The Basics — The Basics patient education pieces answer the four or five key questions a patient might have about a given condition. These articles are best for patients who want a general overview and who prefer short, easy-to-read materials.
Patient information: Atherosclerosis (The Basics)
Patient information: Coronary heart disease (The Basics)
Patient information: Diabetes and diet (The Basics)
Patient information: The ABCs of diabetes (The Basics)
Patient information: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (The Basics)
Patient information: Medicines after an ischemic stroke (The Basics)
Patient information: Heart attack recovery (The Basics)
Patient information: Medicines after a heart attack (The Basics)
Patient information: Recovery after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) (The Basics)
Patient information: Lowering the risk of having another stroke (The Basics)
Patient information: Coronary heart disease in women (The Basics)
Patient information: Can foods or supplements lower cholesterol? (The Basics)
Beyond the Basics — Beyond the Basics patient education pieces are longer, more sophisticated, and more detailed. These articles are best for patients who want in-depth information and are comfortable with some medical jargon.
Patient information: High cholesterol treatment options (Beyond the Basics)
Patient information: Diabetes mellitus type 1: Overview (Beyond the Basics)
Patient information: Diabetes mellitus type 2: Overview (Beyond the Basics)
Patient information: Transient ischemic attack (Beyond the Basics)
Patient information: Stroke symptoms and diagnosis (Beyond the Basics)
Patient information: Peripheral artery disease and claudication (Beyond the Basics)
Patient information: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (Beyond the Basics)
Patient information: High blood pressure in adults (Beyond the Basics)
Professional level information — Professional level articles are designed to keep doctors and other health professionals up-to-date on the latest medical findings. These articles are thorough, long, and complex, and they contain multiple references to the research on which they are based. Professional level articles are best for people who are comfortable with a lot of medical terminology and who want to read the same materials their doctors are reading.
Approach to the patient with hypertriglyceridemia
HDL-cholesterol: Clinical aspects of abnormal values
Intensity of lipid lowering therapy in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Lipid lowering with diet or dietary supplements
Lipid lowering with drugs other than statins and fibrates
Lipid lowering with fibric acid derivatives
Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease
Inherited disorders of LDL-cholesterol metabolism
Screening for lipid disorders
Secondary causes of dyslipidemia
Statins: Actions, side effects, and administration
Treatment of drug-resistant hypercholesterolemia
Treatment of dyslipidemia in the older adult
Treatment of lipids (including hypercholesterolemia) in primary prevention
Treatment of lipids (including hypercholesterolemia) in secondary prevention
The following organizations also provide reliable health information.
●National Library of Medicine
●National Cholesterol Education Program of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the NIH
●American Heart Association
●The Hormone Foundation
(www.hormone.org/questions-and-answers/2012/hyperlipidemia, available in English, Spanish, and Portuguese)
●The Framingham Heart Study
- Navar-Boggan AM, Peterson ED, D'Agostino RB Sr, et al. Using age- and sex-specific risk thresholds to guide statin therapy: one size may not fit all. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:1633.
- National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002; 106:3143.
- Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004; 110:227.
All topics are updated as new information becomes available. Our peer review process typically takes one to six weeks depending on the issue.
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The prayer shawl is the tallit. Jewish people who use the East European Hebrew dialect usually pronounce the word "TAH-liss" (plural tallesim, "tah-LAY-sim"). The modern Israeli pronunciation, however, is "tah-LEET" (plural tallitot, "tahlee-TOHT"). The tasseled fringes on the tallit are the tzitzit (pronounced TSI-tsit).
Over the last 300 years, traditional Jews have been well known for wearing hats or some other type of head covering. In some European communities, the hat was transformed into the smaller yarmulke (Yiddish)/ kippah (Hebrew). Yarmulke might be an acronym for the Hebrew expression, "Yirey m'Elohim (Be in Fear of G-d)." That means it was worn in respect or reverence for HaShem. Kippah is the Hebrew name for the head covering and it means "covering". Whatever forms the head covering may take, the lesson is clear. The Jewish people are to always walk in submission and humility before G-d who is always watching over them...
According to Maimonides, it is likely that these "four species" as they are known, were chosen to symbolize Israel's emergence from the wilderness into the land of plenty. They were easy to obtain in ancient Israel, two of them have a pleasant smell, and they tend to retain their freshness over the week more than most other plants...
The Word Mezuzah
In Bible times, mezuzah was simply the word for the doorpost of a house. The mezuzah was where the blood was applied at the first Passover (Exodus 12:7; 22, 23). The mezuzah was where a servant who wanted to serve his master for life would have his ear pierced (Exodus 21:6). We read that Eli, the priest, sat by the mezuzah of the sanctuary (1 Samuel 1:9). In a figure of speech found in Proverbs 8:34, blessedness belongs to the one who waits at Wisdom's doorpost (mezuzah), eager for instruction.
Today the meaning of the mezuzah has been transferred from the doorpost to the box attached to the doorpost. Sometimes the word mezuzah refers even more specifically to the scroll of parchment inside the box, on which two Scripture passages are written. (Traditionally these verses are Deuteronomy 6:4-9 and Deuteronomy 11:13-21, but possible variations will be discussed later.)...
One of the best known customs of the Jewish people is that of Bar/Bat Mitzvah. Whether or not one is from a Jewish background, most people realize that the Bar/Bat Mitzvah is an important step in the life of a Jewish child. As the Hebrew/ Aramaic name implies (bar is Aramaic for "son"; bat is Hebrew for "daughter"; mitzvah is Hebrew for "commandment"), this is a milestone in the life of a Jewish child. It is a time when the child takes responsibility for his or her own religious life. It is considered the biblical age of accountability. The child crosses that precarious gap between childhood and adolescence, with its requisite duties.
The historical background of the Bar/Bat Mitzvah custom is somewhat more difficult to track than many other traditions. This is primarily because there is no specific reference to the ceremony in the Hebrew Scriptures. However, there are dozens of verses that support the idea that there is an age of accountability to the commandments of the L-rd. Some would find it ironic that the most detailed account of a Bar Mitzvah in the Bible is actually in the New Testament, at the "Bar Mitzvah" ceremony for Messiah Yeshua....
At the beginning of the family meal, this blessing is said as the bread is broken. The blessing is referred to as "the breaking of bread".
Sharing meals is a very important part of Jewish family and community life. So important, that special blessings are said at the start and end of the meal. The term "breaking bread" is mentioned several times in the New Testament writings. It is important that we take a look at what it means in Jewish life, to "break bread".....
One of the most misunderstood teachings in the Bible is immersion. The Bible has much to say about immersion/or the doctrine of washing/baptisms. The first century believers understood the teachings of the different immersions and their purpose. In this brief writing it will be impossible to explore all the different immersions, but I would like to discuss briefly some of them, and in the process bring a glimmer of light to this most misunderstood teaching in scripture.
It was on Mount Moriah that Solomon built the First Temple some 3000 years ago. It was there that Ezra built the Second Temple 2500 years ago. And there, this month, thousands of religious Jews mourn the Temple's destruction. According to tradition it was on Tisha B'Av (Hebrew for the ninth day of the month of Av) that both first and second Temples were destroyed.
Why does the memory of these ancient edifices still grip Jewish hearts? Why does their loss rend so many with sorrow? Why does the hope of rebuilding the Temple stir such passion and kindle such hopes and dreams? The answers take us all the way back to the days of Abraham and Isaac...
"And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, Send thou men, that they may search the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel... "And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan... "And they returned from searching of the land after forty days. "And they went and came to Moses, and to Aaron, and to all the congregation of the children of Israel, unto the wilderness of Paran, to Kadesh; and brought back word unto them, and unto all the congregation, and shewed them the fruit of the land. And they told him, and said, We came unto the land whither thou sentest us, and surely it floweth with milk and honey; and this is the fruit of it. Nevertheless the people be strong that dwell in the land, and the cities are walled, and very great: and moreover we saw the children of Anak there.
"And Caleb stilled the people before Moses, and said, Let us go up at once, and possess it; for we are well able to overcome it. But the men that went up with him said, We be not able to go up against the people; for they are stronger than we. And they brought up an evil report of the land which they had searched unto the children of Israel, saying, The land, through which we have gone to search it, is a land that eateth up the inhabitants thereof; and all the people that we saw in it are men of a great stature.
"And all the congregation lifted up their voice, and cried; and the people wept that night. And all the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron: and the whole congregation said unto them, Would God that we had died in the land of Egypt! or would God we had died in this wilderness!
"And they said one to another, Let us make a captain, and let us return into Egypt. (Num. 13:1-2, 17, 25-28, 30-32; Num. 14:1-2, 4.)
In the midst of all of this wailing and moaning by the children of Israel against God; "Then Moses and Aaron fell on their faces before all the assembly of the congregation of the children of Israel." (Num. 14:5)
"And Joshua (Heb. Yehoshua which is the same basic name as Yeshua. It was given to him by Moses and implies 'May God save you from the counsel of the spies'.) the son of Nun, and Caleb the son of Jephunneh, ... rent their clothes: And they spake unto all the company of the children of Israel, saying, The land, which we passed through to search it, is an exceeding good land. If the LORD delight in us, then he will bring us into this land, and give it us; Only rebel not ye against the LORD ... the LORD is with us: fear them not. But all the congregation bade stone them with stones...." (Num. 14: 6-10)
A righteous man knows the soul of his animal - Proverbs 12:10.
Tza'ar Ba'alei Chayim: Cruelty to Animals
Judaism places great stress on proper treatment of animals. Unnecessary cruelty to animals is strictly forbidden, and in many cases, animals are accorded the same sensitivity as human beings. This concern for the welfare of animals is unusual in Western civilization. Most civilized nations did not accept this principle until quite recently; cruelty to animals was not outlawed until the 1800s, and even now it is not taken very seriously.
In the Bible, those who care for animals are heroes, while those who hunt animals are villains.Jacob, Moses and King David were all shepherds, people who cared for animals (Gen. 30, Ex. 31, I Sam. 17). The Talmud specifically states that Moses was chosen for his mission because of his skill in caring for animals. "The Holy One, Blessed Be He, said 'Since you are merciful to the flock of a human being, you shall be the shepherd of My flock, Israel.'" Likewise Rebecca was chosen as a wife for Isaac because of her kindness to animals. When Abraham's servant asked for water for himself, she volunteered to water his camels as well, and thereby proved herself a worthy wife (Gen. 24).
On the other hand, the two hunters in the Bible, Nimrod and Esau, are both depicted as villains. The Talmud tells the story of a great rabbi, Judah Ha-Nasi, who was punished with years of pain because he was insensitive to the fear of a calf being led to slaughter....
All Jewish people today-whether religious or not-generally participate in Jewish religious life by engaging both biblical truth and the traditions passed along by our rabbis. It is impossible to practice normative Judaism without relating to Jewish tradition. But we should ask the question, "Does Jewish tradition carry the same weight and religious authority as the Bible?"
This might be something that many of our Jewish people take for granted, but have you ever considered the implications of this way of thinking about God and our relationship to Him as Jews?
What do you think about Jewish tradition and Scripture? This is the significant subject addressed by Dr. Michael Brown in the following article.
If you are an observant Jew, then the rabbinic traditions are very important to you. After all, without the traditions, there would be no such thing as traditional Judaism!
For you, these traditions are your direct connection to Sinai, and you believe that you stand at the end of an unbroken chain of tradition going back to Moses, who, you claim, received both an Oral and a Written Torah from HaShem. For you, these traditions are essential, telling you how to keep the commandments, how to understand the Scriptures, and how to live your life before the Lord. Without these traditions you would feel lost.
T housands of well-meaning Christians have poured millions of dollars into Rabbi Yechiel Eckstein's ministry Wings of Eagles, airlifting thousands of Jewish people out of Eastern Europe and Russia and on to Israel for relocation. This is a good work. But, I wonder how many know that Rabbi Eckstein is an outspoken opponent to Messianic Judaism and Messianic Jews. Here is an excerpt from his recent book entitled, What Christians Should Know About Jews and Judaism.
Hebrew Christians also insist that they constitute the only truly fulfilled Jews and that far from abandoning their Judaism, they are really completing it. In fact, by sprinkling the Christian lives of faith with Jewish customs and rituals taken out of their proper context, they pervert Jewish symbols and make a mockery of the Jewish faith. Many Hebrew Christians, furthermore, claim they are another Jewish denomination alongside Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox. From a Jewish standpoint however, one can be part of only one historic faith community either Christian or Jewish, and Hebrew Christian represents neither. A Jew who accepts Jesus as Lord or messiah effectively ceases to be a Jew. He is viewed almost treasonously as having abandoned his faith, given up his Jewish heritage and severed all links with the Jewish peoplehood. He is like a defector who walked out on God and people. (page 295, What Christians Should Know About Jews and Judaism)
We applaud Rabbi Eckstein's effort to help our Jewish people escape Eastern Europe. However, wouldn't it make more sense for Christians to support a ministry doing the same work as Rabbi Eckstein but one that brings glory to the Messiah Yeshua (Jesus)? The MJAA's Russian Aliyah Project does just that, uniting the financial resources of Messianic Jews and Christians in a public testimony of unity and love for our Jewish people....
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Better communication means better care.
Effective communication is important in any industry, but perhaps most important in health care. Making contact with others and obtaining information and advice can be vital when patient welfare is at stake.
Yet communication within the health care system remains out dated and inefficient in many circumstances. In the hospital environment for example, memos, switchboards and pagers remain the norm. Outside of hospitals, the devolution of decision-making powers to local health authorities has made communication between providers even harder, as different systems and practices have developed.
While communication can be an extremely frustrating issue for those working within health care, there is one group suffers most from inefficient communication: patients.
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The work could serve as a basis for development of vaccines and other countermeasures to Ebola, which causes hemorrhagic fever with case fatality rates as high as 80 percent in humans. The virus, which is infectious by aerosol, is of concern both as a global health threat and a potential agent of biological warfare or terrorism. Currently there are no available vaccines or therapies.
In a study published in this week's online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Sina Bavari and colleagues at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) describe creating VLPs from two Ebola virus proteins, glycoprotein (GP) and matrix protein (VP40). These VLPs resemble a shell of infectious viral particles but lack the genetic material necessary for reproduction.
When the VLPs were injected into mice, they activated both arms of the immune response. Specifically, they induced cell-mediated immunity via T cells and humoral immunity via B cells. Both are necessary for complete protection against the Ebola virus.
Having shown that the VLPs evoked a robust immune response, the team next examined whether this response could protect mice from lethal challenge with Ebola virus. Mice were vaccinated with VLPs three times at three-week intervals and challenged with the virus six weeks after the last vaccination. The result was 100 percent protection with no signs of illness in the immunized mice.
"This is astonishing work," said Colonel Erik A. Henchal, commander of USAMRIID. "The ability to produce self-assembling particles that resemble whole virus will give us a new tool to evaluate the combination of variables required to produce a protective immune response to Ebola virus."
According to Bavari, VLPs have already been tested and found efficacious as vaccines for several other viruses, including papillomavirus, HIV, parvovirus, and rotavirus. His team hopes to build upon its work by evaluating the efficacy of VLPs for both Ebola and Marburg, a related virus, in nonhuman primates.
"The beauty of this approach is that VLPs are not a traditional vaccine platform, so you don't have to worry about the recipient building up an immunity to that platform," Bavari explained. "It looks like a virus, so you have the protective immune response, but it's basically an empty shell."
VLPS also have potential application beyond vaccine development--for example, they could be used to develop diagnostic reagents for identifying Ebola-infected samples. In addition, generating VLPs containing additional structural proteins will be useful in determining the mechanisms of the immune responses to Ebola virus infection.
Study collaborators were Kelly L. Warfield, Catharine M. Bosio, Brent C. Welcher, Emily M. Deal, Alan Schmaljohn, and M. Javad Aman, all of USAMRIID, and Mansour Mohamadzadeh of the Department of Medicine at Tulane University.
USAMRIID, located at Fort Detrick, Maryland, is the lead laboratory for the Medical Biological Defense Research Program, and plays a key role in national defense and in infectious disease research. The Institute's mission is to conduct basic and applied research on biological threats resulting in medical solutions (such as vaccines, drugs and diagnostics) to protect the warfighter. USAMRIID is a subordinate laboratory of the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command.
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The green movement continues to gain momentum on multiple fronts and nowhere is this more evident than in cutting edge building and design. “Sustainability” and “green building” are buzzwords that suddenly hold legitimate leverage with clients who are more conscious than ever about the environmental impact of new construction.
A similar rise to power has been mirrored in the preservation movement. Historic buildings and homes are no longer being razed with the rationale that it is cheaper to rebuild than to restore. Now passions arise when there is talk of tearing down historic buildings and whole communities have risen up to protect the jewels of their past by using creative zoning and historic districts to mandate stewardship.
While the term sustainability is often championed as a relatively new and revolutionary idea, many of the principles have long been in practice by our predecessors. The design and construction of buildings now being preserved as historic, often utilized many of the same principles important to the sustainability movement.
This link between historic building preservation and sustainability can be looked at in two distinct ways. First, the impact of preserving historic buildings to meet sustainability goals, and secondly, the concept of applying what historic buildings teach us when designing new sustainable buildings.
The common goals of historic building preservation and sustainability are fairly obvious and easy to link. A formal framework in which to make these connections rests in the U.S. Green Building Council’s LEED certification program. This non-profit organization saw a need to promote responsible and sustainable building practices, and, as in the organic food movement, a real need to standardize and qualify “green” claims. A Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification ensures clients that specific standards have been met in the areas of sustainable site planning, the safeguarding of water and water efficiency, energy efficiency and renewable energy, conservation of materials and resources and indoor environmental quality.
Many of these elements of LEED certification can be met through historic preservation. For example, materials and resource categories within LEED can be addressed by the fact that historic buildings are usually built with high quality materials from local sources. Most historic buildings also meet requirements for sustainable sites, as they are often centrally located. This not only makes the building accessible for public transportation, but also saves infrastructure and ancillary businesses from having to be re-built around a new, more remote alternate site. Preventing the cycle of tearing down and rebuilding naturally impacts the next two categories of water efficiency and energy/atmosphere because less materials are manufactured and less waste is produced in recycling a historic building.
The less obvious but perhaps more powerful link between historic buildings and sustainability is found when looking at what we can learn from the preservation movement when designing new, sustainable buildings. Specific areas to examine include the concepts of stewardship and cultural sustainability.
For the purposes of this article, the term “stewardship” is intended to define the long-term care and advocacy for a building. Stewardship can carried out by a single owner, such as a private owner of an historic house; or be more general as in the example of a community making decisions about the local courthouse building.
When buildings we now consider historic were originally designed, “stewardship” was probably not a factor heavily considered. Once a building is slated for renovation and preservation, however, any successful project should have plans in place to ensure that work completed does not leave the building vulnerable to becoming obsolete again.
A great example of the marriage between preservation and sustainability occurred on the complete renovation of the Walter Library on the Campus of the University of Minnesota. Historic details including stained glass skylights, coffered plaster ceilings, decorative stencil work and ornate moldings were all preserved or restored. With the emphasis of libraries now concentrated on computer technology, the architects met the challenge to retain these historic details and still provide and plan for current digital needs.
More importantly, the plans anticipated future needs by including accessible wiring chases to allow new cables and technologies to be introduced as they are developed. One room even included an ingenious floating steel floor deck directly beneath the finished floor. It was made of a grid work of steel squares supported and leveled by threaded studs. This allowed for new cables to be run in any direction within the room and helped ensure that any technology upgrades could be provided cost-effectively in the future.
Without this type of planning, there is a risk that the building would become obsolete and the same issues and decisions faced before the preservation would, in time, have to be addressed again. Good stewardship of historic buildings hinges on anticipating these needs and ensuring that the building’s function continues to remain viable.
Like their historically preserved counterparts, new “green” buildings should also plan for stewardship. We can assume that a LEED project should result in a building capable of being physically sustainable. It is even possible that the new construction LEED projects of today may be the preservation projects of tomorrow. In order for these buildings to remain relevant it will be necessary for architects to design with an eye to the future.
It is a straightforward task to construct the physical elements of a building to be sustainable. The bigger challenge is to help ensure that the community at large will feel invested in the building through a connection to its aesthetic elements or a sentimentality to the history of a building. When this connection is made, a building is “culturally sustainable”.
The renovation at the Walter Library is also a great example of the concept of “cultural sustainability.” The building was not restored because an economic decision was made that it would be cheaper to do so. On the contrary, it was likely more expensive in an immediate dollars and cents calculation to retain the building and work with and around its historic architectural features. What the University recognized, however, was that the building contributed greatly to the aesthetic and cultural fabric that makes up the campus.
The stained glass skylights, coffered plaster ceilings, decorative stencil work and ornate moldings are elements that added to the initial construction cost. Without these elements, however, there would have been little sentimentality about razing the structure and beginning anew. The passion by which historic buildings are defended is typically rooted in a great appreciation for aesthetic elements rather than purely functional ones. The implication is that a new building that is merely efficient in materials used and in green building techniques utilized, only ensures the physical shell of the building remains sustainable. The challenge is to design the functional details of a building to contain aesthetic elements that not only make the space more beautiful to inhabit, but will also serve to create a passion for stewardship.
Public building projects have begun to address this phenomenon by including a “One Percent for the Arts” clause that ensures that at least one percent of the building project budget will be spent on aesthetic details. All too often, however, the money is spent on non-functional installations that add beauty, but contribute little to the actual fabric of the building.
Architectural glass provides a great opportunity to emphasize aesthetics while still providing function that remains integral to the structure of the building. Glass windows, partition walls, floors, work-surfaces and lights can all be created to be both artistic and completely functional. Including these details in new building design can help a space transcend pure utility and inspire those who occupy the space to make real connections that inspire long-term, dedicated stewardship. Recognizing this connection of why people become passionate about preservation of historic buildings can be one of the most important factors in making new buildings truly sustainable.
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The LINGUIST List is dedicated to providing information on language and language analysis, and to providing the discipline of linguistics with the infrastructure necessary to function in the digital world. LINGUIST is a free resource, run by linguistics students and faculty, and supported primarily by your donations. Please support LINGUIST List during the 2016 Fund Drive.
Ask-A-Linguist Message Details
|Subject:||the article A|
|Question:||Hello I found the following information about the indefinite article ''a'' in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: ''used before uncountable nouns when these have an adjective in front of them, or phrase following them. For example: * a good knowledge of French * a sadness that won't go away Well, here is my question: Honestly, I don't understand the information. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary says that the indefinite article ''a'' is used before uncountable nouns when these have an adjective in front of them. But, as far as I know, the indefinite article ''a'' cannot be used in front of uncountable nouns. Does the information mean that we can ALWAYS use the indefinite article ''a'' in front of uncountable nouns that have an adjective in front of them? Is it a rule? Please explain your reasons. Thank you|
|Reply:||The rules for article use are very complicated and one can often find counterexamples to a generalization. Having said that, I agree with Dr Fischer's comments. The semantics of an uncountable does imply that rules such as pluralization or specifying a single instance out should not make sense. In normal conversation, "knowledges" or "sadnesses" sounds odd. As Dr Fischer noted, when you modify an uncountable with an adjective or some sort of relative clause or phrase, the semantics then suggests you can classify different types of kinds of an uncountable. So, it then becomes countable and you can then add articles or sometimes use even pluralization ('e.g. "our different freedoms").|
|Reply From:||Elizabeth J Pyatt click here to access email|
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PBS KIDS Survey Finds Parents Consider Media and Technology Vital Resources for Elementary School Readiness
Parents rank social skills most important to master before entering school
ARLINGTON, VA, August 14, 2014 – As children prepare to begin elementary school this fall, parents look to media and technology as an essential part of the preparation process, according to a recently released study by PBS KIDS. The national survey of parents with young children age 2-6 found that families are struggling to prepare their children for kindergarten, and five out of 10 parents worry their child won’t have the skills they need when they start elementary school.
In addition to academic skills like math and reading, parents recognize that a broader skill set is needed for early learning success today. When asked to rank skills in order of importance for learning success, parents rank social and emotional skills first, with 88% saying it’s important that social skills be mastered before school. Among the resources used by parents to help develop kids’ social and emotional skills, TV shows are No. 1 for both categories (56% and 59%, respectively), followed by books (48% and 53%), electronic learning toys (25% and 21%), computer games (25% and 21%), websites (20% and 19%) and apps (18% and 14%).
“The results of this study overwhelmingly show that parents understand the educational benefits of exposing their children to media and technology, and that resources like PBS KIDS are critical for parents, especially those whose children are most at risk,” said Lesli Rotenberg, General Manager, Children’s Programming, PBS. “PBS KIDS reaches more kids ages two to eight and more moms with kids under age 12 than any other kids television network in the U.S. and we are committed to ensuring that every child has an opportunity to reach his or her full potential in and out of the classroom.”
Eighty-nine percent of parents surveyed are in agreement that media and technology resources can be partners in educating kids. Three-quarters (75%) have used new technology – computer games/activities, websites and apps – to prepare their child for kindergarten. Of those, 82% have used new technology to help their child develop math skills, 75% for reading skills and 67% for writing skills.
PBS KIDS Tops the Charts
According to the survey, PBS KIDS stands out as the most trusted and relied upon media brand for elementary school readiness, ranking first in delivering on every measured skill. When asked how well networks prepare children for school, 86% say PBS KIDS helps a lot/somewhat, topping the next closest network by 14%. Parents also rank PBS KIDS as the kids’ media brand most likely to offer activities and products that support basic math (86%), basic reading (83%), life skills (78%), social skills (77%), emotional skills (75%), personal hygiene (69%) and basic writing (67%).
School Readiness Tips for Parents
To help children prepare for the first first day of school, PBS KIDS recommends the following tips.
1. Talk with your child. Ask your child about their thoughts, feelings and expectations around starting school. Talk through what they should expect during the day. When children know ahead of time what’s going to happen, they can prepare themselves for what’s coming. PBS KIDS’ new Daniel Tiger’s Grr-ific Feelingsapp helps build school readiness skills by empowering kids to identify and express their wide and complex range of emotions through socio-emotional activities.
2. Practice your child’s new morning routine. A few days before school starts, walk through the morning routine, doing everything they would on a normal school day, from waking up to washing up on schedule. Routines help children feel comfortable, and establishing a solid school routine will make the first day of school go much more smoothly. Download Arthur’s “My First Week of School” worksheet to plan with your child the important things that are happening each day the first week of school.
3. Be involved and make learning fun. Help get your child excited about learning as he/she heads to school this fall through activities you can do together. The survey showed that parents are turning to tech tools to help get their kids ready for school, and PBS KIDS has a great new, free resource: the PBS KIDS Super Vision App, which provides parents with a unique view of the games and other media their kids are interacting with, allowing parents to easily track what their child is learning and playing on PBSKIDS.org.
4. Tour the new school. If your child is starting school for the very first time, see if the school hosts an open house you can go to. Familiarizing your child with her environment will help put him or her at ease. Together you can meet the teacher, explore the classroom and check out the playground.
5. Connect with friends. A familiar friend can make all the difference when heading to a new place. You might try calling parents from your child’s class or from other activities and finding out which children are in your child’s class this year. Refresh these relationships before school starts by scheduling a play date or a school carpool.
Additional tips and information for parents can be found in the child development section of PBS.org/parents. In addition, PBSKIDS.org offers free educational games and activities to help children build early math, reading and social and emotional skills.
These findings follow recent industry recognition for PBS KIDS. In February 2014, PBS KIDS was named Channel of the Year and Best Channel Website at the Kidscreen Awards, which celebrate the year’s best in children’s media and broadcasting. PBS KIDS was also honored at the iKids Awards, which recognize the best digital media products and platforms, where PBS KIDS won for Best Website (Preschool) and Best Streaming Video Platform (Preschool).
This survey was conducted January 11-25, 2014, by Smarty Pants. More than 1,000 parents with children age 2-6 completed the online survey. All respondents were aware of PBS KIDS and the survey base is representative of TV-viewing households with young children with regards to household income and ethnicity. Any statistical differences are at a 90% or higher confidence level.
About PBS KIDS
PBS KIDS, the number-one educational media brand for kids, offers all children the opportunity to explore new ideas and new worlds through television, online, mobile and community-based programs. Kidscreen- and Webby-award winning pbskids.org provides engaging interactive content, including the PBS KIDS video player, now offering free streaming video accessible on computer- and mobile-device-based browsers. For more information on specific PBS KIDS content supporting literacy, science, math and more, visit pbs.org/pressroom, or follow PBS KIDS on Twitter and Facebook.
Atiya N. Frederick, PBS KIDS; 703.739.5147; firstname.lastname@example.org
Meredith Gandy, 360PR; 646.568.3238; email@example.com
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ReadWriteThink couldn't publish all of this great content without literacy experts to write and review for us. If you've got lessons plans, videos, activities, or other ideas you'd like to contribute, we'd love to hear from you.
Find content from Thinkfinity Partners using a visual bookmarking and sharing tool.
Home › Videos
|Literacy in Action||Presentations||Using RWT||Just for Fun|
STEM Poetry: Poetry and Engineering | Length 12:05 |
In Part 3 of this three-part video series, Deborah Kozdras and James Welsh focus on the integration of technology and engineering to enhance literacy learning in K–12 classrooms.
STEM Poetry: Poetry and Math | Length 14:06 |
In Part 2 of this three-part video series, Jennifer Altieri shares how students can connect math and poetry in the classroom.
STEM Poetry: Poetry and Science | Length 17:07 |
In Part 1 of this three-part video series, Emily Manning highlights ways to connect science concepts and poetry in the classroom.
In Part 1 of this three-part video series, Kristin Townsend from the Verizon Foundation talks about the importance of literacy across the curriculum and how the Foundation is working to transform education and enable 21st-century learners.
In Part 2 of this three-part video series, Natalie Spangler from Killough (TX) High School, a Verizon Innovative Learning School, highlights mobile apps that she uses in the classroom and identifies ReadWriteThink lessons that you can use with each app.
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There are several mediums that create unique mosaic effects. You can use decorative pieces embedded in plaster, cement, or grout. Or you could use adhesives to glue colorful plastic pieces onto a glass object to make a stained-glass effect.
Plaster is inexpensive, easy to work with, and creates a clean, smooth background for mosaic pieces. Check out the hardware store for an economical bag of plaster to use in this project.
Pour the powder plaster into a mold to about 2/3 full. Add water according to the manufacturer's directions (approximately three parts plaster to one part water). Mix the water into the plaster with a putty knife. The plaster mix should be the consistency of thick pancake batter. Burst any bubbles with a toothpick and smooth the top with a trowel or Popsicle stick.
Add the decorative pieces and allow this to harden for about 15 minutes. Wipe the mosaic with a wet sponge to remove any excess plaster. Do not move the mold until it has hardened overnight. Spray the finished product with clear acrylic finish spray.
You can make many unique craft projects using mosaic techniques. You could make a stepping-stone for your garden, coasters for your coffee table, a trivet for your kitchen, or a stained glass votive light using a small glass fishbowl.
You can make cement mosaics using decorative pieces and/or add a pair of handprints or paw prints to the wet cement and give it as a gift to a grandparent.
Pour the cement powder into an old bucket. Mix this with water according to the manufacturer's directions on the bag or box. Pour the mixed cement into the mold.
Add the decorative pieces on top and allow this to dry about 15 minutes. Wipe the mosaic with a wet sponge to remove any excess cement. Do not move the mold until it has hardened overnight.
Paint the hardened mold with mosaic sealant and allow this to dry overnight before using it.
Light up their lives by making your friends a stained-glass votive holder. You can also make a stained glass votive by painting a design on it with stained-glass paints and simulated lead and eliminating the grout.
Buy bags of plastic stained-glass pieces at a craft store. Glue these onto a glass object (such as a vase) using mosaic adhesive. Allow this to set overnight.
Mix a bag of grout according to the manufacturer's directions. Apply the grout to the plastic pieces with a Popsicle stick, filling in the cracks. Allow this to set for about 10 minutes, then wipe it lightly with a damp sponge to remove excess grout from the top of the plastic pieces. Allow the grout to dry overnight. Spray the finished project with clear acrylic finish spray.
More on: Crafts for Kids
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Holiday Crafts © 2002 by Marilee LeBon. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit Amazon's web site or call 1-800-253-6476.
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Misdiagnosis of Wilson's Disease
Misdiagnosis of Wilson's Disease
Prompt diagnosis and treatment of Wilson's diseases is vital to preventing serious, even life threatening complications, such as brain damage, kidney damage, and liver failure. However, a diagnosis of Wilson's disease may be overlooked or delayed because symptoms generally do not appear for years after the onset of the disease at birth.
Additionally, some symptoms of Wilson's disease are nonspecific and are common symptoms of other conditions, such as gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease or food poisoning. Because of the similarity to symptoms of these and other diseases, it is vital that people with symptoms of Wilson's disease seek prompt medical care....more about Wilson's Disease »
Alternative diagnoses list for Wilson's Disease:
For a diagnosis of Wilson's Disease,
the following list of conditions
have been mentioned in sources
as possible alternative diagnoses
to consider during the diagnostic process for Wilson's Disease:
Diseases for which Wilson's Disease may be an alternative diagnosis
The other diseases for which Wilson's Disease
is listed as a possible alternative
diagnosis in their lists include:
Wilson's Disease: Hidden Causes Misdiagnosed?
Causes of Wilson's Disease may include these medical conditions:
- Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive inherited condition caused by mutations or deletions of the ATP7B protein encoded by chromosome subbands 13q14.3-q 21.1
- more causes...»
Wilson's Disease: Medical Mistakes
Related medical mistakes may include:
Wilson's Disease: Undiagnosed Conditions
Commonly undiagnosed conditions in related areas may include:
Common Misdiagnoses and Wilson's Disease
Rare copper disease insidious and misdiagnosed: Wilson's disease (a form of copper overload) is a rare disorder that
has a slow and insidious onset that can often fail to be diagnosed.
Copper builds up in the liver and in the brain,
usually in the late childhood, teens, or 20's.
Brain changes can lead to a variety of neurological and psychological type symptoms,
such as speech symptoms, language difficulty, behavioral symptoms, and various others.
Possible misdiagnoses include depression, behavioral disorders, schizophrenia,
mental retardation, learning difficulty, anxiety disorders,
hysteria, and other psychological disorders.
Physical symptoms related to liver damage, such as jaundice, often appear later,
leading to the delayed diagnosis.
See overview of Wilson's disease.
Undiagnosed stroke leads to misdiagnosed aphasia: BBC News UK reported on a man who
had been institutionalized and treated for mental illness
because he suffered from sudden inability to speak.
This was initially misdiagnosed as a "nervous breakdown" and other mental conditions.
He was later diagnosed as having had a stroke, and suffering from aphasia (inability to speak),
a well-known complication of stroke (or other brain conditions).
Dementia may be a drug interaction: A common scenario in aged care is for
a patient to show mental decline to dementia.
Whereas this can, of course, occur due to various medical conditions,
such as a stroke or Alzheimer's disease,
it can also occur from a side effect or interaction between multiple drugs
that the elderly patient may be taking.
There are also various other possible causes of dementia.
Mild traumatic brain injury often remains undiagnosed: Although the symptoms
of severe brain injury are hard to miss,
it is less clear for milder injuries, or even those causing a mild concussion diagnosis.
The condition goes by the name of "mild traumatic brain injury" (MTBI).
MTBI symptoms can be mild, and can continue for days or weeks after the injury.
See the symptoms of MTBI or misdiagnosis of MTBI.
ADHD under-diagnosed in adults: Although the over-diagnoses of ADHD
in children is a well-known controversy, the reverse side related to adults.
Some adults can remain undiagnosed, and indeed the condition has usually been
overlooked throughout childhood.
There are as many as 8 million adults with ADHD in the USA (about 1 in 25 adults in the USA).
See misdiagnosis of ADHD or symptoms of ADHD.
MTBI misdiagnosed as balance problem: When a person has symptoms
such as vertigo or dizziness, a diagnosis of brain injury may go overlooked.
This is particularly true of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), for which the
symptoms are typically mild. The symptoms has also relate to a relatively
mild brain injury (e.g. fall), that could have occurred days or even weeks ago.
Vestibular dysfunction, causing vertigo-like symptoms, is a common complication
of mild brain injury.
See causes of dizziness, causes of vertigo, or misdiagnosis of MTBI.
Bipolar disorder misdiagosed as various conditions by primary physicians: Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder)
often fails to be diagnosed correctly by primary care physicians.
Many patients with bipolar seek help from their physician, rather than a psychiatrist
See misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder.
Eating disorders under-diagnosed in men: The typical patient with
an eating disorder is female.
The result is that men with eating disorders often fail to be diagnosed or
have a delayed diagnosis.
See misdiagnosis of eating disorders or symptoms of eating disorders.
Depression undiagnosed in teenagers: Serious bouts of depression can be
undiagnosed in teenagers.
The "normal" moodiness of teenagers can cause severe medical depression
to be overlooked.
See misdiagnosis of depression or symptoms of depression.
Brain pressure condition often misdiagnosed as dementia: A condition
that results from an excessive pressure of CSF within the brain is often misdiagnosed.
It may be misdiagnosed as Parkinson's disease or dementia (such as Alzheimer's disease).
The condition is called "Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus" (NPH) and is caused by having
too much CSF, i.e. too much "fluid on the brain".
One study suggested that 1 in 20 diagnoses of dementia or Parkinson's disease were actually NPH.
See misdiagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or misdiagnosis of Parkinson's disease.
Post-concussive brain injury often misdiagnosed: A study found that soldiers who had
suffered a concussive injury in battle often were misdiagnosed on their return.
A variety of symptoms can occur in post-concussion syndrome and these were not being correctly
attributed to their concussion injury.
See introduction to concussion.
Chronic liver disease often undiagnosed: One study reported that 50% of patients
with a chronic liver disease remain undiagnosed by their primary physician.
The reasons are multifactorial.
Possible conditions include chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, hemochromatosis,
or other types of liver condition.
See introduction to liver disease or misdiagnosis of liver disease.
Children with migraine often misdiagnosed: A migraine often fails to be
correctly diagnosed in pediatric patients.
These patients are not the typical migraine sufferers, but migraines can also occur in children.
See misdiagnosis of migraine or introduction to migraine.
Undiagnosed anxiety disorders related to depression: Patients with depression (see symptoms of depression)
may also have undiagnosed anxiety disorders (see symptoms of anxiety disorders).
Failure to diagnose these anxiety disorders may worsen the depression.
See misdiagnosis of depression or misdiagnosis of anxiety disorders.
Vitamin B12 deficiency under-diagnosed: The condition of Vitamin B12 deficiency
is a possible misdiagnosis of various conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (see symptoms of multiple sclerosis).
See symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency or misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
Wilson's Disease: Rare Types
Rare types of medical disorders and diseases in related medical areas:
- Brain & Neurological Disorders: Rare Types:
- Chronic Mental Health Disorders -- Rare Types:
- more rare diseases...»
Medical news summaries about misdiagnosis of Wilson's Disease:
The following medical news items
are relevant to misdiagnosis of Wilson's Disease:
Misdiagnosis and Wilson's Disease deaths
Wilson's Disease is a condition
that can possibly be deadly if misdiagnosed...more »
General Misdiagnosis Articles
Read these general articles with an overview of misdiagnosis issues.
When checking for a misdiagnosis of Wilson's Disease
or confirming a diagnosis of Wilson's Disease,
it is useful to consider what other
medical conditions might be possible misdiagnoses or other alternative
conditions relevant to diagnosis.
These alternate diagnoses of Wilson's Disease may already have
been considered by your doctor or may need to be considered as possible
alternative diagnoses or candidates for misdiagnosis of Wilson's Disease.
For a general overview of misdiagnosis issues for all diseases,
see Overview of Misdiagnosis.
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For family medicine specialists with OU Physicians, the days that follow family holidays can be quite busy.
The holidays bring families and friends together, and along with sharing holiday cheer, they often share the pesky bugs that cause illness.
"It's not at all unusual for families to have children or grandchildren who come down with an illness at this time of year," said Kathryn Reilly, M.D., of OU Physicians Family Medicine. "But a little focus on prevention can go a long way toward keeping your family healthy during the holidays."
Frequent hand washing, proper nutrition and adequate sleep remain some of the best defenses.
"Viruses are in the air and some illness is spread by droplets in the air, but primarily the major source of contact is by hand. So the more we wash our hands and the more our kids wash their hands, the fewer infections we are going to have."
Reilly said proper hand washing takes a little effort. Adults and children need to lather their hands with soap and really scrub well for 15 to 30 seconds. However, even a cursory hand washing, if done often, will help keep those pesky bugs at bay.
Teaching your child a new way to cough is helpful too.
"We no longer want to teach our children to cover their mouths when they cough because we do so much with our hands." Reilly said. "So instead of coughing into your hand, cover your face with your arm and cough into your elbow. This helps keep disease-spreading bugs from getting on your hands and being spread to others."
Also, teach your children not to touch their faces. Sometimes bacteria and viruses can be on surfaces we touch. If we then touch our eyes, nose or mouth, they have entry into our bodies and can cause infection.
A Shot at Prevention
The flu is miserable and being down with influenza is not way to spend the holidays. If you or your child has not yet had the flu shot, it is not too late to be immunized.
"We are starting to see outbreaks of influenza in states all around us. That means it is only a matter of time before we start seeing cases of influenza crop up here to. So it's really advisable to roll up your sleeve and get that flu shot," Reilly said.
It's also important to make sure that all of your child's vaccinations are up to date.
Eat Well, Sleep Well
Reilly said it is easy to put healthy nutrition on the back burner in the hustle and bustle of the holiday season, but good nutrition helps boost the body's own illness-fighting power. So do keep proper nutrition in mind in the midst of your holiday celebrations.
Family schedules often go out the window during the holiday season. Bedtimes slide to make room for parties and family gatherings, but sleep is really vital to staying healthy.
"I know it can be difficult, but sticking to regular mealtimes and bedtimes helps ensure better nutrition and adequate rest for our children and us," Reilly said.
Stay Home When Sick
If you aren't feeling well, doctors advise you should stay home from work or school to feel better sooner.
Interestingly, Reilly said staying home might not prevent the spread of illness because you're actually contagious days before you experience your first symptoms. But, she explained it will help you feel a lot better, a lot sooner.
"Any child or adult who has a fever or is just so lethargic and sick that they are not going to be able to pay attention, they should be home," Reilly said.
Medications can help reduce the fever as well as the aches and pains that go along with many wintertime illnesses; but as the medication wears off, you will start feeling badly again.
The bottom line is that rest is what your body needs most when battling illness. So stay home, rest and drink plenty of fluids. It's just what the doctor ordered to help you or your child get well.
No Magic Pill
Winter-time illness is common and you may want to check in with your pediatrician or family physician, but remember there is not magic pill that will make you suddenly feel better.
SICK THIS HOLIDAY SEASON?
Experts at OU Medicine offer this Rx for caring for common winter-time ailments at home. While these tips may not help you get better faster, they will likely help you feel a whole lot better while you do:
• Mix a teaspoon of salt in warm water and gargle with it
• Honey can help coat the throat and make it feel better, but do not use in children under one year of age
Fever & Muscle Aches
• Over-the-counter pain relievers help
• Be sure to follow dosing instructions carefully
• Decongestants can help, but be cautious of products that also contain pain relievers if you have already given your child a pain reliever.
• Avoid antihistamines. Though great for allergies, they won't do much for a cold or virus.
• Give child nothing to eat or drink for several hours to help settle the stomach. (Rinsing the mouth is okay.)
• Then introduce liquids gradually – clear liquids only and just an ounce at a time.
• Avoid carbonated beverages, unless you stir out the bubbles first
• Diluted sweet drinks like apple juice or sports drinks can be helpful.
BTW - Mom was probably right about that chicken soup. Because the soup is warm and a little salty, it is soothing on the throat. Warm liquids also help break up some of the congestion.
For more information about ensuring a healthy holiday for the entire family, visit a special web page with helpful topics ranging from eating healthy to keeping peace during the holidays at www.OUMedicine.com/HolidayHealth
No Related Content Found
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There have been many attempts to intepret the sacred geometry of Chartres. John James applies a series of geometrical figures to the plan. He explains that the Middle Ages gloried in multiplicity as part of the divine order, and "hence we should not be surprised when we find more than one geometric system inhabiting the one place, each flowing over the other, while being locked together at a few essential points like the labyrinth and the altar, which tehreby express the mosts acred and meaningful locations in the building."
Some interpreters go much further and relate the proportions and dimensions of the cathedral to what they regard as the "lost knowledge" of the Druids, the builders of the Temple of Solomon and the Order of the Knights Templar.
The basis of the design in the early Middle Ages was the application of a standard dimension or module, multiplying, sub-dividing and combining it. The unit of measurement, however, varied from place to place, from trade to trade and from one master builder to another. The basic dimensions was often the Roman foot (295 mm) but could be the Teuton foot or the French pied du roi, or the pes manualis, or foot-and-hand which was six-fifths of the Roman foot. Several of these modules were used by the various masters of Chartres. Added to this variety, there were several different systems of proportion in the Gothic period. John Harvey explains that "the two main systems were known as ad quadratum, based upon a square, and ad triangulum based on the equilateral triangle. Applied to the cross-section of a church, the system ad triangulum naturally resulted in a lower, more squat proportion of height and width."
Small wonder that the unravelling of the immensely complex geometry of a building like Chartres is the labour of a lifetime.
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A huge swath of Canada's boreal forest, one of the largest storehouses of carbon on the planet, is now spewing more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere than it soaks up, scientists say.
"The sink has become a source," says forest ecologist Tom Gower, at the University of Wisconsin, whose team has documented an ominous shift in the "carbon balance" of the forest blanketing northern Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
"These boreal forests not too long ago were helping offset rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations by taking up carbon dioxide and storing it," Gower said in an interview.
But with an increase in the frequency and size of fires in recent years, "that is no longer the case," he says.
"In fact, these wildfires are actually contributing to the rising CO2 concentration in the atmosphere," Gower says.
The findings, reported in the journal Nature today, add Canada's boreal forest to the list of eroding global carbon sinks.
Last week, an international team reported the oceans are not taking up as much carbon as they used to, and droughts in the mid-latitudes have led to "weakening" of terrestrial carbon sinks.
Meantime, man-made greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise.
The boreal forest, which encircles northern latitudes from Canada to Siberia, contains close to a third of all terrestrial carbon. There has been speculation that the forest will soak up more carbon as the world warms due to climate change and the growing season extends.
The new study points in the opposite direction, saying fire is the "dominant driver" more than offsetting increases in growth of trees.
The researchers have studied a series of forest plots near Thompson, Man., since 1991. They combined evidence collected on the ground with weather, fire and satellite data to assess a 1,000-kilometre-wide grid that encompasses forests in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
They then assessed the impact of changing climatic and growing conditions and fire on the forest's car-bon uptake and release since the 1950s.
The analysis indicates "the landscape was a small carbon sink until late in the 20th century."
Then, it shifted to become a net source of carbon.
While the amount of carbon released is measured in tens of grams per square metre per year, Gower says it "adds up" when averaged over the region encompassing 100 million hectares.
More than two million hectares of boreal forest burn in North America each year, most of it in Canada. In bad years as many as 10 million hectares can be consumed, as wildfires set by lightning race uncontrolled through remote northern forests.
"Days would go by and you could hardly see the sun," Gower recalls of the fires that darkened the skies in northern Manitoba in the mid-1990s.
Those fires were extraordinary, but Gower and other scientists say there is a trend toward more wildfires.
"The numbers keep getting larger, presumably because of hotter, drier summers, and lower winter snowpack," says Gower.
"It just makes the system more susceptible to wildfire."
Gower says he is "reluctant" to extrapolate the results to other parts of the boreal forest, since the age of trees and the rates and types of disturbance vary markedly from region to region.
"But I do think the principle of disturbance -- whether it is insects, wildfire or logging -- and its effect on decreasing the carbon sink is something that is probably applicable regardless where you are."
Mike Flannigan, who heads a research team studying fire and climate change at Natural Resources Canada, agrees.
"Fire activity more than doubled since the '70s across Canada," Flannigan says. And the mountain pine beetle, which has proliferated because of warmer winters, has killed vast track of boreal forest in British Columbia that is also becoming a source of CO2.
"I used to say this is what we'll expect with climate change," Flannigan says, pointing to the increasing rate of fires and insect infestation.
"Now I say climate change is here."
Flannigan says the new study builds on previous Canadian research, and provides a more detailed picture of how the forest's carbon budget is changing.
"It's a real concern," Flannigan says. "We were hoping our forests would be a carbon sink. But the more work we do the more we see they are a becoming a source because of things like disturbances."
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We are K-2 students in the Tonasket Outreach Program. There is dog waste on our schoolyard. We are upset! We researched and thought of reasons why this is not good.
• If your town has a lot of waste no one would want to be around.
• You could get dog waste on your feet!!
• Dog waste can get washed into street drains and go into our rivers or creeks. It can spread to fish and humans.
• Bacteria and worms can get humans sick!
• If a puppy eats other dogs’ waste and gets sick it can die.
• It may not decompose until 4 years. Then it will be bad.
We have some ideas for clean up. Maybe there could be a Clean Up Day for dog waste. In your own yard, you could use pooper scoopers—there are different kinds. On a walk, dog owners could carry plastic bags. You can stick your hand in a clean bag, then use it like a glove to pick up the waste. Turn it inside out to carry it and then throw it away or flush it down the toilet.
Mrs. Olson’s K-2 Students
Tonasket Outreach Program
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He was wounded again in Eritrea. He then joined the staff of General Archibald Wavell in the Middle East Command. Promoted to Major-General, he commanded British forces in the Middle East Campaign commanding the Indian 10th Infantry Division in the Syria-Lebanon campaign and the invasion of Persia.
In March 1942, Slim was given command of BurCorps (consisting of the Indian 17th and Burmese 1st Division) in Burma, which was being attacked by the Japanese. Heavily outnumbered, he was soon forced to withdraw to India.
Having successfully brought the majority of his shattered command out of Burma, he took over XV Corps, which covered the coastal approaches from Burma to India, east of Chittagong. During this time he planned for a revolutionary new style of warfare—to negate the advantages the Japanese had in mobility on the offense and depth in defence. He also took to the task of training the rapidly-growing Eastern Army and restoring their confidence and
However, XV Corps was taken from him by Noel Irwin, the incompetent commander of Eastern Army. Slim had been planning for XV Corps' advance into the Arakan Peninsula for nearly a year. His plan involved indirect approaches, resupply by the air, concentration in the attack and defence and integration at all levels between air and ground forces—Irwin threw all this out of the window and just went for a traditional, direct attack—which went disastrously wrong. Irwin then stepped back and ordered Slim to retake control of XV
Once again, Slim was thrown in at the deep end with considerable portions of his corps already destroyed by the Japanese. Once again, Slim managed to extricate the majority of his force from a desperate situation.
Irwin initially blamed Slim for the disastrous Arakan Campaign, but justice was done and Slim was elevated to command the new Fourteenth Army—formed from IV Corps (Imphal), XV Corps (Arakan) and XXXIII Corps (reserve)—later joined by XXXIV
Corps. He quickly got on with the task of training his new army to take the fight to the enemy. The basic premise was that off-road mobility was paramount: Much heavy equipment was exchanged for mule- or air-transported equipment and motor transport was kept to a minimum and restricted to those vehicles that could cope with some of the worst combat terrain on earth.
From now on there would be almost no non-combatants: All troops were trained to fight as infantrymen first and foremost. The new doctrine dictated that if the Japanese had cut the lines of communication, then they too were surrounded. All units were to form defensive 'boxes', to be
re-supplied by air and assisted by integrated close air support and armour. These boxes would then become the anvil, upon which the Japanese would be broken by the hammer coming down from the reserve formations.
This theory was put to the test in January 1944, when the Second Arakan Offensive was met by a Japanese counter-offensive, which quickly surrounded the Indian 7th Infantry Division and parts of the 5th Indian and West African 81st Divisions. The 7th Division's defence was based largely on the "Admin Box"—formed initially from drivers, cooks, suppliers, etc, who now fought as "Uncle Bill" had told them to do. They were supplied by air—negating the importance of their lost supply lines. The Japanese forces were then almost totally destroyed by the reserve divisions coming down from the
But the real test was now to commence—the Arakan had been a distraction. The main Japanese offensive was heading for Imphal—hundreds of miles to the north. Slim was initially caught off-balance, but rallied incredibly. He airlifted two entire veteran divisions (5th & 7th Indian) from battle in the Arakan, straight into another battle in the north. The Second Arakan Campaign was repeated on a much larger scale—desperate defensive actions were fought at places such as Imphal, Sangshak and Kohima, while the RAF and USAAF kept them
re-supplied from the air.
Once again, the Japanese were broken upon the anvil by the hammer that Slim brought against them from colossal distances. These were the first major land defeats ever suffered by the IJA.
In 1945, Slim launched his greatest gamble—a blitzkrieg-style offensive into Burma, with lines of supply stretching almost to breaking point across hundreds of miles of trackless jungle. The Irrawaddy was crossed (with the longest Bailey bridge in the world at the time—most of which had been transported by mule and air) and the city of Meiktila was taken, followed by Mandalay.
The Allies then switched to a mobile defence, sallying out and breaking Japanese attacking forces in isolation, maintaining the initiative at all times, backed up by possibly the best air-land co-operation seen in WWII—fully integrated air resupply and close air support, performed by both RAF and USAAF
units. With virtually all major Japanese formations in Burma crushed, Rangoon was taken by a textbook combined land/air/sea operation in May 1945.
Post World War II
After the war Slim became commander of Allied Land Forces in South-East Asia. In 1948 he returned to England where he became head of the Imperial Defence College and then Chief of the Imperial General Staff. In 1953 he was promoted to Field Marshal, and accepted the post of Governor-General of Australia, without retiring from the Army. His correct title while Governor-General was therefore Field Marshal Sir William Slim.
Although public opinion in Australia was not as keen on British Governors-General as it had been before the war, Slim was a popular choice since he was an authentic war hero who had fought alongside Australians at Gallipoli and in the Middle East. In 1954 he was able to welcome Queen Elizabeth II on the first visit by a reigning monarch to Australia.
Slim's duties as Governor-General were entirely ceremonial and there were no controversies during his term. The Liberal leader Robert Menzies held office throughout Slim's time in Australia. In 1959 he retired and returned to Britain, where he published his highly acclaimed memoirs, Unofficial History and Defeat Into Victory. In 1960 he was created 1st Viscount Slim, of Yarralumla and Bishopston. He died in London in December 1970.
"Defeat into Victory" by Field Marshall Sir William Slim; NY: Buccaneer Books ISBN 1568490771, Cooper Square Press ISBN 0815410220; London: Cassell ISBN 0304291145, Pan ISBN 033039066X.
Early in his career, the Viscount wrote short fiction under the alias of "Anthony Mills".
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As a future rabbi whose brother is a chemical biologist, I must write any review of a book on Christianity and Darwinism with care and respect for the authors, even as they approach these issues from a different vantage point than my own. Thankfully, this book does not force a stretch. Bold and notable are the ways in which Karl Giberson and Francis Collins — leading lights in both science and religion — delve into the fraught connection between faith and reason through their book The Language of Science and Faith; complemented with their smooth style and literary craftsmanship, it proves both an incisive and enjoyable read.
Even so, I come away from it surprised by the premises on which it is based. To note, as they do in their introduction that “evolution is a scientific theory that makes no direct statements about religion” is to skirt what I understand to be some of the fundamental implications of evolution on profoundly theological issues (22). Notions of scientific inquiry, most notably Darwinism, force us to engage with questions of how we know what truth is and how we reach it. When these questions are taken to their logical ends, we realize the profound theological challenge science poses: if we are uncertain about what we truly know, how can we presume to know God — and by extension that Scripture and prophecy also provide access to truth? Further, if there is a systematic means to access truth through science, why engage in the less tangible process of seeking truth through religion?
To their credit, Giberson and Collins engage with some of these challenges (or ostensible challenges) that science poses to religion in their chapters “How Do We Relate Science and Religion?” “Can Scientific and Scriptural Truth be Reconciled?” and “Science and the Existence of God.” These chapters are indeed rich and deeply meaningful. But their understanding of religion and its sacred books (at least within the Abrahamic context) appears uncertain and ostensibly contradictory. On the one hand, Giberson and Collins support the Documentary Hypothesis: “We must understand that the Bible is a substantial and wide-ranging collection of writings and transcribed oral traditions” — suggesting that humans, not God, composed the Bible (94; italics are present in the book itself). On the other, they presuppose that, when read within its cultural and historical context, inconsistencies between science and the Bible “disappear,” such that “We can therefore safely accept Scripture as God’s revealed Word, even though it does not address the specifics of many scientific questions and often refers to the natural world using the understandings of the time in which it was written” (107).
In addition to the potential contradiction between their two statements about Scripture, Giberson and Collins seem to posit that Scripture is “God’s revealed Word.” But the scientific system they seek to reconcile with faith would very well question why they would do so a priori? It is unclear if they are shying away from the issue or if they are trying to appeal to a readership that believes in the fundamental truth of Scripture and is seeking to find a theologically consistent way to understand science, rather than the other way around.
I find this an unfortunate limitation to the book. It would seem that the authors, in attempting to navigate the treacherous waters between science and Scripture avoided some of the most challenging questions of all, even for those of us who believe deeply in a single God: why should we (rationally) believe that Scripture persuasive as a guide to our lives and a source of truth? The resting assumption of the entire book is that Scripture is inherently meaningful and a guide to human life; the authors inadequately explore why they are so certain of that fact, especially given the challenge they note of garnering an authentic understanding of Scripture in its historical and cultural context.
Undergirding much of the question of Scripture’s inherent meaning (beyond being a mere form of literature) is the notion of prophecy and revelation. What do each of those terms mean and how can humans, existing in a world replete with Darwinian Selection, become endowed with the ability to commune with our Creator? Is it, as Rabbi Moses Maimonides suggests, a function of heroic virtue and knowledge? Is it, as Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel intuits, a function of “divine pathos” and a singular, sacred ability to empathize? Is it something else entirely?
While it is clear that Giberson and Collins take both science and religion seriously –and have a knowledge of both that far exceeds my own — I am concerned that they may not draw the notion of “science” and Darwinism to their logical conclusions. If, as I understand their book to suggest, knowledge and the search for it are intrinsic to both science and religion, and rational analysis and experimentation are a valued means to pursue the former, it is unclear to me why the premises of Scripture should not undergo the same sort rigorous scrutiny that science affords, even within the scope of this book itself.
Overall, however, I was most engrossed by The Language of Science and Faith and think that anyone engaging in serious religious reflection, study, or enrichment in the contemporary world would benefit from reading it. That I would take issue with such specific portions and premises of the book is evidence of the high esteem in which I hold so much of it.
Joshua Stanton is Founding co-Editor of the Journal of Inter-Religious Dialogue at Auburn Theological Seminary and co-Director of Religious Freedom USA, which works to ensure that freedom of religion is as protected in practice as it is in writ. He is also a Schusterman Rabbinical Fellow and Weiner Education Fellow at the Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion in New York City.
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Bradford, William, 1722–91, American Revolutionary printer and patriot; grandson of William Bradford (1663–1752). He learned printing from his uncle, Andrew Bradford, in Philadelphia, and in 1742 he set up his own shop. He established the successful anti-British Weekly Advertiser, which competed for many years with Benjamin Franklin's newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette. He also printed a number of books and published (1757–58) the American Magazine and Monthly Chronicle. In 1754 he established the London Coffee House in Philadelphia; this became the seat of the merchants' exchange. Bradford opposed the Stamp Act and took an active part in opposition to British measures, becoming a leader of the Sons of Liberty. He advocated and became official printer to the First Continental Congress. Sacrificing his business, he became a major in the Continental Army and took part in the campaign in New Jersey. At Princeton he was badly wounded and his health shattered. His son, Thomas Bradford (1745–1838), carried on the business and published the Merchants' Daily Advertiser.
See J. W. Wallace, An Old Philadelphian (1884).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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"Before we go to the stars, we've got to be masters of our own solar system."
This quote wouldn't sound out of place as the opening line of a science fiction television show, but one space expert believes that this mantra will not only save our own planet, but set us on course to explore the millions of planets in other solar systems across the universe.
Les Johnson may be a science fiction writer, but he also works for the Advanced Concepts Office at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and someone who believes that we only need look up if we are to save our own the planet:
"I think to save the planet we've got to go. We've got to go mine the asteroids, we have to start [beaming] power from space, we have to go get Helium-3 on the moon and figure out how to use that to make clean fusion power on the earth."
Orbiting solar power stations beaming clean energy back to earth and being maintained by people living in orbiting hotels. A flotilla of spacecraft mining rare earth minerals from near-earth asteroids used to build the electronics we use everyday.
This may all sound like science fiction, but given the chance, this is what Johnson believes we could achieve in just 25 years time.
In his book entitled Harvesting Space for a Greener Earth Johnson and hi co-authors Greg Matloff and C Bangs argue that all the resources we need to save the earth are within reach while the alternative is just not a viable option:
"Environmentalism is good, conservation is good, but it is not going to do much to elevate the status of the five billion people who live in absolute poverty around the planet. If you tell them you have to remain poor for the good of the planet, that's an immoral choice in my opinion."
As a first step towards achieve his goal, Johnson is working on a spacecraft which is the size of just three loaves of bread - called a CubeSat - which will contain an 80 square metre solar sail and travel to a near-earth asteroid "to do reconnaissance and learn all about it."
Plunder the planet
The rare earth minerals which Johnson believes we could mine from asteroids are the materials used everyday in the manufacturing of our smartphones, tablets and computers, and something we currently get from strip-mining the earth:
"Everything that's in the earth's crust that we mine and make into things is out there [in space], but the only place where there is life and we can grow food is down here, so why in the world do we continue to plunder the planet and destroy eco-systems."
Johnson was seven when he saw Neil Armstrong land on the moon, and a combination of this and programmes like Star Trek gave him a fascination with all things space. At the time he thought that by now humans would have a base on the moon and have landed on Mars long before now "but it's a lot harder than we thought."
However the next decade will see commercial spaceflight begin with the likes of Virgin Galactic Johnson believes that this is just the beginning:
"I think once we have tourists going into earth orbit, we have hotels going into earth orbit, the cost goes down. The biggest single obstacle to going anywhere in space is the cost of launch and if we can get the flight rate up, launch costs go down."
Reducing the cost of launch will not only mean more people will be able to go into space, it will mean people will be able to carry out more scientific research and exploration that may not be commercially driven:
"We can start thinking about using space resources to help improve life on earth. We can start thinking that maybe it is possible to build space solar power stations.
"The space solar power stations that might provide green energy to the planet could be used to power the lasers and power the systems that sends us to the stars. It all kind of builds."
And the technology on which this will be based is being developed right now, says Johnson. Really efficient solar power arrays needed for orbiting stations are being built today and the technology to beam power back to earth is currently being developed by the military for transmitting data.
But what about going to the stars?
The closest star with a viable exoplanet is Alpha Centauri B which is 4.4 light years away. Voyager 1, which was launched 36 years ago and is still travelling would take Voyager 73,000 years to reach this system, but Johnson, who is an "unrepentant optimist" says that unless we think big - really big - we will never get there.
He says that 150 years ago, the idea of building a Dreamliner airplane would have seemed impossible and would have cost more than the entire GDP of the planet at the time, yet there was no technical reason why it couldn't have been built, and that is the way he is now thinking about interstellar space flight.
Johnson says that the ideas he talks about are all possible within the known laws of physics. Engineers may not yet have figured out how to build the systems he is postulating, but "nothing I talk about is impossible according to laws of physics."
Building Noah's Ark
Fusion drives, nuclear pulse technology, antimatter drives and solar sails are four "physically possible" ways we could power spaceships to the stars.
In the near term Johnson says, the one which is most likely is the one which would almost never be sanctioned - nuclear pulse.
This system would power a rocket by setting off a series of nuclear explosions underneath a well-insulated spaceship every three seconds and riding the resulting waves into space.
The problem is, it would effectively destroy the earth.
The only scenario Johnson suggests where nuclear pulse would be seen as acceptable is if we were facing an Armageddon situation threatening the future of the earth, then it might be our only option:
"If you have that kind of scenario, you've got to go with nuclear pulse. It's the only thing we could imagine building in that time frame. If the earth's going to be destroyed anyway and [this technology] will save humanity then yeah we could build Noah's Ark out of it."
The most realistic option in terms of the technology available today is solar sails. By deploying a solar sail close enough to the sun, Johnson believes it would be possible to get enough acceleration to power a ship towards the stars - but even for an unmanned probe to reach our nearest star would require a solar sail the size of the state of Texas and one tenth the diameter of a human hair.
Work on solar sail technology is happening all over the world, with the University of Surrey in the UK the main centre for development in Europe and have a flight planned for 2015.
Johnson believes however that if we do want to send people to other solar systems, then the most likely solution will be a fusion propulsion system.
Johnson says the advancements needed to make any of this a reality will be achieved through a combination of private companies and government funding as it will benefit the whole planet.
"I think you'll see the necessary technologies that don't have an immediate commercial return coming from government-funded R&D somewhere" while private launches and the likes of space hotels will be driven by private companies.
While there is some cooperation internationally to share new developments and technologies relating to space flight, Johnson says it's not happening fast enough:
"I think everyone is doing there own thing and competition in some areas in this way is good - spurs innovation cost reduction - but some things are really hard and I think when things are in the research phase and things are really hard to do, I think that researchers should be working together and sharing data."
Masters of the Universe
It's clear that Johnson is passionate about space and the stars, but it is even clearer that he is passionate about earth and how we need to save this planet first before travelling to others:
"To be masters of our own solar system, we've really got to figure out how to ease the strain on the planet - and space can do that."
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In addition to the structures used for hearing, the inner ear contains the semicircular canals and the utriculus and sacculus, the chief organs of balance and orientation. There are three fluid-filled semicircular canals: two determine vertical body movement such as falling or jumping, while the third determines horizontal movements like rotation. Each canal contains an area at its base, called the ampulla, that houses sensory hair cells. The hair cells project into a thick, gelatinous mass. When the head is moved, the canals move also, but the thick fluid lags behind, and the hair cells are bent by being driven through the relatively stationary fluid. As in the cochlea, the sensory hair cells stimulate nerve impulses to the brain. The sensory hair cells of the saclike utriculus and sacculus project into a gelatinous material that contains lime crystals. When the head is tilted in various positions, the gelatin and crystals exert varying pressure on the sensory cells, which in turn send varying patterns of stimulation to the brain. The utriculus sends indications of the position of the head to the brain and detects stopping and starting. The utriculus and sacculus also help control blood flow to the brain.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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Mars may have had large sea near rover landing site
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO-BOULDER NEWS RELEASE
Posted: September 8, 2004
Spacecraft observations of the landing area for one of NASA's two Mars rovers now indicate there likely was an enormous sea or lake covering the region in the past, according to a new University of Colorado at Boulder study.
Research Associate Brian Hynek of the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics said data from the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey spacecraft now show that the region surrounding the Opportunity rover's landing site probably had a body of water at least 330,000 square kilometers, or 127,000 square miles. That would make the ancient sea larger in surface area than all the Great Lakes combined, or comparable to Europe's Baltic Sea.
In March, Opportunity instruments scanning the Meridiani Planum landing region confirmed that rock outcrops there, rich in the iron oxide mineral hematite, also contained the types of sulfate that only could have been created by interactions of water with Martian rock. Hynek used thermal emission data and camera images from the orbiting spacecraft to show such bedrock outcrops extend outward for many miles north, east and west.
"If the outcrops are a result of sea deposition, the amount of water once present must have been comparable to the Baltic Sea or all of the Great Lakes combined," he said. Hynek speculated that future studies may show that the ancient sea was even larger.
A paper on the subject by Hynek appears in the Sept. 9 issue of Nature.
The thermal emission imaging system, or THEMIS, aboard Mars Odyssey is used to infer the particle size of rocks near or on the surface of Mars, he said.
High thermal inertia measurements indicate a prevalence of larger chunks of rock, which heat up more slowly in daylight and cool more slowly in evenings. Low thermal inertia measurements are from fine-grained particles that heat and cool more quickly.
The thermal maps of Mars developed by Hynek indicate the rocky outcrops associated with ancient water extend far outside the boundaries of the landing area. "The thermal inertia for this area is relatively high, an indication the region contains substantial bedrock," he said.
Hynek speculated that if the outcrops at the landing site are the result of sea deposition, as believed, the body of water must have been deep enough and persisted long enough to build up sediments roughly one-third of a mile deep. "For this to occur, the ancient global climate of Mars must have been different from its present climate and have lasted for an extended period," Hynek wrote in the Nature paper.
"I believe new findings showing evidence of large amounts of water on Mars over long periods of time could increase the science potential for those seeking evidence of past or present life on Mars," said Hynek.
Hematite deposits on Earth come primarily from the presence of long-standing water or groundwater systems, Hynek said. Many scientists believe the requirement for primitive life forms, at least on Earth, include water or some other liquid, a source of energy and access to elements to construct complex molecules.
"It is important to understand how extensive these water-rich environments were and how long they persisted, because life required at least some degree of environmental stability in order to begin and to evolve," said NASA-Ames Research Center astrobiologist David Des Marais regarding Hynek's study.
"Orbital observations and future landed missions will provide crucial details about the long-term legacy of liquid water on Mars, and whether life ever became a part of that legacy," said Des Marais, a member of the Mars rover science team.
CU-Boulder doctoral student Nathaniel Putzig and LASP Research Associate Michael Mellon assisted in the data processing for the remote sensing images used in the Nature study.
The Mars rover, Spirit, landed in the Gusev Crater on Jan. 4. Opportunity, its twin, landed on the Meridiani Planum on the opposite side of the planet Jan. 25. Both rovers still are under operation by NASA and returning science data.
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© 2014 Spaceflight Now Inc.
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SAN DIEGO -- Scientists at the University at Buffalo have shown that the drug methylphenidate, the generic form of Ritalin, which physicians have considered to have only short-term effects, appears to initiate changes in brain function that remain after the therapeutic effects have dissipated.
Ritalin May Cause Long-Lasting Changes In Brain-Cell Function, University At Buffalo Researchers Find
The changes appear to be similar to those that occur with other stimulant drugs such as amphetamine and cocaine, said Joan Baizer, Ph.D., UB professor of physiology and biophysics and senior author of the study. Results of the research were presented here today (Nov. 11, 2001) at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience.
"Clinicians consider Ritalin to be short-acting," said Baizer. "When the active dose has worked its way through the system, they consider it 'all gone.' Our research with gene expression in an animal model suggests that it has the potential for causing long-lasting changes in brain cell structure and function." Ritalin is the drug of choice for the treatment of attention deficit disorder in children.
Baizer stated, however, that while the neuronal changes are similar to those seen with cocaine and other psychoactive drugs, it does not seem that methylphenidate in very low doses, as used therapeutically, produces much potential for drug abuse.
"Children have been given Ritalin daily for many years, and it is extremely effective and beneficial, but it's not quite as simple as a short-acting drug," Baizer said. "We need to look at it more closely." Baizer added: "Ritalin does appear to be safe when used properly, but it is still important to ask what it is doing in the brain."
Previous work in other laboratories has shown that high doses of amphetamine and cocaine switch on certain genes called "immediate early genes" in particular brain cells and that this action causes changes in some aspects of nerve cell function. One of those genes is called "c-fos." Amphetamine and cocaine both cause c-fos activity in the striatum, a brain structure important for both movement and motivation, and the presence of c-fos activity there has been implicated in the mechanism of addiction, Baizer said. The researchers wanted to see if methylphenidate caused c-fos activation in the same parts of the brain, and at the same levels, as the other drugs.
Using young rats as an animal model, they gave one group sweetened milk containing a relatively high dose of methylphenidate (20 mg/kg). Considering the differences in metabolism between rats and humans, this is comparable approximately to a dose on the high end of the range that is used therapeutically, Baizer said. They administered the drug at a time during the rat's 24-hour cycle that would simulate the timing of a child's dose. Another group received just sweetened milk. After 90 minutes, the optimal time for c-fos development in brain cells, the brains of both groups were analyzed for the presence of c-fos.
Results showed there were many more neurons with c-fos activity in the brains of rats given methylphenidate, particularly in the striatum, Baizer said, than in the brains of control rats. Rats receiving no treatment and sacrificed after a period of rest showed still less c-fos activity, suggesting that some of the c-fos activity is related to moving around in the home cage and not a pure drug effect.
"These data do suggest that there are effects of Ritalin on cell function that outlast the short term and we should sort that out," Baizer said. "There is no indication of tolerance, but we have no idea if there is adaptation to the effects."
One next step, she said, is to use microarray technology to see what other genes are turned on in response to short and long-term Ritalin use. Additional researchers on the study were Ashley Acheson, a graduate student in the UB Department of Psychology; Alexis Thompson, Ph.D., a research scientist at the UB Research Institute on Addictions, and Mark B. Kristal, Ph.D., UB professor of psychology.
``This is an important stepping stone but there is a long road to travel,'' Hyman said.
The Ritalin Kid
Just For Chemists
Depression and Antidepressants
Amphetamines and Psychostimulants
The Hedonistic Imperative
When Is It Best To Take Crack Cocaine?
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I am a passionate advocate of native plants. And I’m not the only one. Native plants are as popular now as ever, which may explain why there are so many misconceptions about natives. So I wanted to dedicate a few postings to busting some myths about native plants. Now to the first myth.
Here’s the problem: it’s simply not true. At least not as a categorical statement.
Myth #1: Native plants are more drought-tolerant than their exotic counterparts.
One of the top reasons people give for using native plants over exotics is that natives are more tolerant of drought than their exotic counterparts. You hear this claim spread even by knowledgeable gardeners and horticulturalists.
|Hibiscus in its native wetland habitat|
Why not? The claim is based in the assumption that plants in their native habitats do not require artificial watering; therefore, native plants are more drought-tolerant than exotic garden plants. The problem with this assumption is that native plants refer to any plant indigenous to a local area. This includes mesic (wet-loving) plants and xeric (dry) plants. So if you are to compare a wet-loving native Rose Mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos), for example, with your average Japanese azalea, the azalea would be more drought-tolerant. Native plants are too broad a term to categorically say that they are more drought tolerant than exotics. Some natives are tolerant of drought; others are not.
What people mean to say when they make this claim is that plants perfectly suited to their environments are more drought tolerant than plants that are not. The issue is not about native or exotic, but about pairing the right plant with the right environment. Just because a plant is native to your local region does not mean it’s better adapted to your yard than an exotic. It helps, of course, but gardeners need to match the plant’s ecosystem of origin with its new environment.
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The Grant's zebra (Equus burchelli boehmi) is the most common of the plains zebra subspecies. The Grant's zebra is the best studied of the plains zebras, and much of what we know of the behavior and biology of the species comes from work done with this subspecies in the wild and in zoos. With broad black stripes on a white background (Africans, reportedly, see white strips on a black background), this subspecies is the zebra most frequently seen in zoos and circuses around the world. In the wild its distribution extends from southern Sudan through East Africa south to the Zambesi River . There may be some 300,000 left in the wild; on the Serengeti-Mara Plains alone there are an estimated 150,000 plains zebras. During the rainy season in Serengeti, aggregate herds of up to 10,000 individuals may form, part of one of the last great wildlife spectacles in the world.
Grant's zebras have very wide and dark stripes on the rump. Their legs are striped to the hooves. A plains zebra.
Distribution in Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania.
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To help each child understand that we can overcome trials and challenges by coming to Jesus Christ.
Prayerfully study John 9. Then study the lesson and decide how you want to teach the children the scripture account. (See “Preparing Your Lessons,” p. vi, and “Teaching from the Scriptures,” p. vii.) Note: While preparing and teaching this lesson, be sensitive to any of the children in your class who are sight impaired.
Select the discussion questions and enrichment activities that will involve the children and best help them achieve the purpose of the lesson.
A Bible or a New Testament for each child.
A piece of cloth to serve as a blindfold.
Picture 7-14, Jesus Healing the Blind (Gospel Art Picture Kit 213; 62145).
Suggested Lesson Development
Invite a child to give the opening prayer.
Blindfold a child, and ask him or her to draw part of an object, such as part of an automobile, on the chalkboard. Have a second child come up, put on the blindfold, and draw another part of the same object. Continue until several of the children have drawn part of the object. Discuss with the children why this was a difficult task.
How did not being able to see make it hard to draw the picture?
How would you feel if you could never see again?
Tell the children you are going to talk about two kinds of blindness. Ask them to listen for the different kinds of blindness while you teach the scripture account.
Display the picture Jesus Healing the Blind. Teach the account in John 9 of Jesus healing a man who had been born blind. (For suggested ways to teach the scripture account, see “Teaching from the Scriptures,” p. vii.) As you teach the story, help the children understand that the Pharisees (the religious rulers of the Jews) were worried that they would lose their popularity if people believed in Jesus Christ. Therefore, they often tried to make people doubt Jesus and the things he did and taught. They did not recognize the gospel truths Jesus taught and were therefore spiritually blind. Explain that when we let our own selfish interests get in the way of following the Savior, we can become spiritually blind.
Discussion and Application Questions
Study the following questions and the scripture references as you prepare your lesson. Use the questions you feel will best help the children understand the scriptures and apply the principles in their lives. Reading the references with the children in class will help them gain insights into the scriptures.
What did the disciples ask Jesus about the man who had been born blind? (John 9:2.) Why might people sometimes think that sickness and adversity come because someone has sinned? What did Jesus say was the reason for the man’s blindness? (John 9:3.)
In what way were the Pharisees spiritually blind? (John 9:16.) What did they accuse Jesus of? Why do you think they didn’t recognize Jesus as the Son of God?
What was happening to the man’s spiritual as well as physical sight? What did the man say when he was asked a third time about Jesus? (John 9:30–33.)
What happened to the man because he testified of Jesus? (John 9:22, 34.) When Jesus heard that the man was cast out of the synagogue (a Jewish religious meetinghouse), what did he do? (John 9:35.) How do you think the man felt when Jesus came looking for him? What was the man’s final testimony of Jesus? (John 9:35–38.) What had happened to his spiritual sight?
Why do you think Heavenly Father and Jesus allow us to have trials and problems in our lives? How might these trials and problems help cure our spiritual blindness? How might Heavenly Father and Jesus help us with our trials and problems? (See enrichment activity 4.)
How have you and your family been blessed in trials? Encourage the children to discuss this question, but be careful that the children don’t talk about personal family matters that should be private.
You may use one or more of the following activities any time during the lesson or as a review, summary, or challenge.
Divide the class into groups. Give each group one of the following scriptures to read. Have them talk within their group and then report to the class how the person or people in the scripture dealt with their trials.
Help the children understand the importance of being aware of those with disabilities. You might ask an adult with a physical disability (or the parent of a child with a disability) to come to class and discuss ways to be kind to those who have disabilities. Emphasize that we do not make fun of people with disabilities; we do not tease them. We can help them if they need help; we can invite them to play with us; we can be their friend. We should include them and allow them to participate with us in our activities.
Sing or read the words to
“I’ll Walk with You” (Children’s Songbook, p. 140).
Read and discuss this statement from President Spencer W. Kimball:
“Should all prayers be immediately answered … there would be little or no suffering, sorrow, disappointment, or even death, and if these were not, there would also be no joy, success, resurrection, nor eternal life and godhood” (Faith Precedes the Miracle, p. 97).
Bear your testimony that the Lord will bless us and help us with our problems and trials if we obey his commandments, have faith in Jesus Christ, and try to be more like him.
Suggested Home Reading
Suggest that the children study John 9:1–38 at home as a review of this lesson.
Invite a child to give the closing prayer.
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|The divine comedy|
CreationWiki is a free, online, wiki-based encyclopaedia written from what it calls a "uniquely creationist perspective". Although it contains a mixture of half truths, outright lies and deliberate distortions, its authors, sadly, hope it will be taken seriously.
It is unclear how the site's editors reconcile their belief in the ultimate authority of the Bible with their deliberate promotion of falsehoods and disinformation. Perhaps they have an updated edition of the Bible in which the Ninth Commandment now reads "Thou shalt bear false witness against thy neighbor." or "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor, except to promote thy religious beliefs and political agenda."
Despite its wiki-based nature, editing the site is more difficult than it need be, as anonymous edits are prevented and new accounts must be "requested" of the site's administrators, who may decline. While the implied suggestion is that non-creationist requests will be denied, several non-creationists have been approved and contribute to the site.
Since CreationWiki's secrecy measures make its management and operation somewhat opaque, this article seeks to "pierce the veil" and explain CreationWiki to the curious masses.
Mission, size and scope
CreationWiki sees itself as a serious site dedicated to furthering the peer reviewed body of creationist knowledge. As this goal is an inherent contradiction, it is fated to fail, but they take it seriously nonetheless. Like other wiki-based encyclopaedias that were created as a reaction to the growing popularity of Wikipedia, it replaces Wikipedia's neutral point of view with its own "perspective". CreationWiki states quite clearly that "[a]rticles should be written from the creationist point of view (CPOV), which holds that the universe and life on Earth are the result of an act of creation by God."
As of May 13, 2012, CreationWiki had 5,288 content pages and "over 32 million hits", a fact they display proudly on the top of every page on the wiki. Due to the restrictive nature of the site's editing, there has only been one edit per 133 page views (for comparison at the same time RationalWiki had 15.50 page views per edit).
The site has hundreds of contributors, but the number of contributors who are "seriously active" is comparatively small, potentially limited to the founder, and one or two additional users.
As of 25 November 2010, there are only 100 active users (users that have made at least one edit in the past three months). By comparison, the CWCki, a wiki about one person, has 617 active users over 3 months. Make of that what you will.
CreationWiki actively discourages rational evolutionist minds from entering their site, by requiring account approval. However, account approval is an easy process, generally completed in under a day, and not apparently compassing any broad restriction.
Treatment of non-creationists
Non-creationists are not allowed to edit content on CreationWiki. Originally, the same editors were subject to being grouped into a secret classification, known as "limited." The class could not be discussed, and the user with "limited" rights couldn't inquire as to what the status actually is. Strictly speaking, someone without rights could not inquire as to what rights he lacked.
Non-creationists are additionally discouraged from editing "user talk" pages, and debate from them is similarly out of vogue. In a private e-mail with CreationWiki creator Chris Ashcraft, he explained,
“”Debate is only appropriate from those holding to a Creation POV.... Limit all posts to article talk pages. (Article talk pages only).... You may engage in peer review of articles, but do not use the UserTalk pages.
It appears that more recently CreationWikians have used functions of the MediaWiki software to split contributors up into three user groups: creationist, noncreationist, and undecided.
Ironic articles and argument examples
- CreationWiki has an article about Logical Fallacies as well as logic, Circular reasoning, Your theory does not work under my theory, so your theory must be wrong, and even Decline of Atheism. Most of them contain misconceptions of evolution, creationism, as well as atheism. Their examples include:
- (Argument): Creationism can't be right -- the fossil record shows that fossils were laid down over millions of years.
- (CW Explanation): Creationists challenge your assumptions about radiometric dating, the geologic column, and fossilization, and instead see the fossils as laid down in the Global flood. Thus your "evidence" against creationism is no evidence at all when stripped of your unfalsifiable assumptions.
- (Argument): Humans share a common ancestor with the apes.
- (CW Explanation): Actually, this fact cannot be tested without time machines. It is only assumed to be true because it comports with the theory of common descent. But the theory of common descent can only derive from facts indicating that all life is related. Unobservable, untestable speculations cannot be stated as facts simply because they derive from the theory. They can only be stated as facts if they can be observed.
- (CW Explanation): An argument from result attempts to argue against an idea based on what would happen if that theory were true.
- (CW Example): "If creationism were true then homosexuality would be wrong; therefore, creationism isn't true."
- (CW Explanation): Conflation is the logical fallacy of treating two distinct concepts as if they were one.
- (CW Example): equivocating goo-to-you evolution with the concept of natural selection. One can be observed, the other cannot.
Refutations of these "arguments" are welcome.
Goal of "peer review"
One of CreationWiki's goals is to facilitate "peer review" of creation science, but it is unclear what "peer review" means in the context of CreationWiki. While the site disparages traditional peer review - since it has, of course, always found creationist viewpoints wanting - it has its own method of peer review for CreationWiki articles, to which (apparently) no articles have yet been subjected. One must wonder of what use peer review is, when only creationists may participate in the process fully and freely.
The misunderstanding of the goal of peer review runs deep: the site's founder states that the goal of peer review is to "uphold the majority consensus," and that atheists and creationists are not "peers" for the purpose of peer review. Presumably, the conclusion is that this is the only reason that creationist claims fail scientific peer review.
Relationship with other wiki-based projects
- CreationWiki founder Chris Ashcraft uses his own name at Conservapedia, but has only one contribution as of 21 June, 2009.
- Conservapedia's Conservative is CreationWiki's Creationist, Wikipedia's KDbuffalo, and our Newton.
- Conservapedia's TerryH is CreationWiki's Temlakos.
- Karajou uses the same name on CreationWiki.
- Mostly retired Conservapedia user Ymmotrojam is Tmajor at CreationWiki.
- Former Conservapedia administrator Philip J. Rayment was active there once, but now has his own biblical based encyclopaedia.
It currently has an article about RationalWiki, stating that RW's one (and apparently only) goal is "spreading evolutionism across the internet" as well as a link from the article: Anticreationist forum debate tactics under the section Examples of anticreationist tactics , and another on its article about Redshift quantization. Despite these links administrators have stated that linking to RationalWiki is illegal, although the word "RationalWiki" may be mentioned, and so is not subject to the same damnatio memoriae as "RationalWiki" faces on Conservapedia.
See also
- ↑ And worth every penny!
- ↑ http://www.creationwiki.org/Main_Page
- ↑ http://www.creationwiki.org/CreationWiki:Policy
- ↑ http://creationwiki.org/Worldview#Biblical
- ↑ CreationWiki - about.
- ↑ Statistics Page.
- ↑ As of 21 June 2009, "Ashcraft," and "Tsommer" dominated the Recent Changes list. Former active editors such as "Temlakos" now comment much less frequently or, like "Tmajor", have stopped entirely. As of the same date, one week of prior inference and analysis suggests that, at any time, around 70 changes per day is the average for CreationWiki.
Five years later (1 July 2014) the wiki averages less than ten edits per day, mostly by Ashcraft.
- ↑ http://www.creationwiki.org/Special:ActiveUsers
- ↑ http://www.sonichu.com/cwcki/Special:Statisticsimg
- ↑ North Sound Christian Schools, for example.
- ↑ http://creationwiki.org/User:Human
- ↑ http://creationwiki.org/User:Roaring_Atheist
- ↑ CreationWiki administrator "Ashcraft" says as much, here.
- ↑ RationalWiki editors are almost immediately grouped into this section. AmesG, Wikinterpreter, and Alien have all suffered the same fate.
- ↑ CreationWiki administrator Tmajor blanks a discussion of the status, over the objections of another administrator.
- ↑ Private e-mail exchange with Chris Ashcraft.
- ↑ Creationist list, noncreationist list and undecided list.
- ↑ See CreationWiki's article on the subject
- ↑ CreationWiki's internal peer review site is currently blank, as of 20 October 2007.
- ↑ Private e-mail with Chris Ashcraft, "That is the goal of peer reviews in general - to uphold the consensus position. Peer reviews are just what the phrase describes - reviews by peers. Atheists and creationists are not peers regarding theories formed from these worldviews. Only creationists can provide peer reviews of creationist views."
- ↑ http://creationwiki.org/Conservapedia
- ↑ http://creationwiki.org/RationalWiki
- ↑ http://creationwiki.org/Anticreationist_forum_debate_tactics
- ↑ http://creationwiki.org/Redshift_quantization
- ↑ See the userpage of one RationalWiki admin on CreationWiki, here.
- ↑ http://creationwiki.org/Creation_%28EvoWiki%29
|Welcome to the Wikisphere. Please proceed with caution:|
|A Storehouse of Knowledge - Anarchopedia - Citizendium - Conservapedia - EvoWiki - Knowino - Metapedia - New World Encyclopedia - PESWiki - Palaeos - Psiram - RationalWikiWiki - RationalWikiWikiWiki - RationalWiki (français) - Rightpedia - SourceWatch - TV Tropes - Wiki - Wiki4CAM - wikiFactor - WikiIndex - WikiIslam - WikiLeaks - WikiSynergy - Wikipedia|
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Written by Julie Ajinkya, Center for American Progress
On Tuesday the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case, Fisher v. The University of Texas, which may challenge the future of race-conscious admissions at our country’s colleges and universities. If the Court bars the use of race in admissions decisions, it threatens years of hard work by civil rights activists in the higher education field who fought to make college campuses more integrated, diverse, and just.
The case being considered by the Court was filed by a young white woman named Abigail Fisher of Texas. Fisher failed to rank in the top 10 percent of her graduating high school class, which would have automatically earned her admission into the state’s public university system. As a result, she was placed in a separate pool of applicants who could be admitted through a complicated admissions process that allows race to be considered as a factor in admissions. When Fisher failed to be admitted to the University of Texas at Austin, the state’s flagship university, she concluded that she was rejected based on her race and sued the university in 2008.
Conservatives hope that this case will overturn the Court’s 2003 Grutter v. Bollinger ruling that allowed schools to use race as one of the factors in achieving racial diversity in their institutions. The Fisher case claims that the current admissions policy in Texas, which was explicitly formed after the 2003 ruling, is an unconstitutional form of “blatant racial balancing.” But such an interpretation of the role of race in admissions reveals a gross misunderstanding of the 2003 Supreme Court ruling and the role of diversity in higher education.
Grutter v. Bollinger
Grutter v. Bollinger was similarly filed by a white female Michigan resident who believed she had been rejected from the University of Michigan Law School based on her race. Ultimately, the Supreme Court’s decision ruled that the U.S. Constitution “does not prohibit the Law School’s narrowly tailored use of race in admissions decisions to further a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body.” The central question, then, is how the Court decided that diversity was a “compelling interest” in the context of higher education.
Justice Sandra O’Connor delivered the opinion of the Court and cited the substantial benefits that educational diversity is designed to produce. O’Connor specifically highlighted numerous studies that “show student body diversity promotes learning outcomes…better prepares students for an increasingly diverse workforce and society, and better prepares them as professionals.”
Various sectors came forward as amici to make this argument. Major American businesses argued that today’s global marketplace requires skills that can only be developed through exposure to widely diverse people. The U.S. military argued that a highly qualified and racially diverse officer corps is essential to the military’s ability to provide national security. And legislators came forward to argue that the path to leadership must be open to individuals of every race and ethnicity to cultivate a set of leaders with legitimacy in the eyes of our citizenry.
What the 2003 ruling did allow was the law school’s admissions program to continue considering race as one factor among many, a point that is sadly lost on Fisher and the conservatives pushing for the ruling to be overturned during the Supreme Court’s fall docket. What the ruling did not allow was for race to be the defining feature in a student’s application, or to operate under a quota system that would impose a fixed number of admission slots that are reserved exclusively for certain racial or ethnic groups. Moreover, the ruling did not require schools to consider race, but it allowed them to—an important distinction that means schools that implement such admissions policies clearly agree that diversity is enough of a compelling interest to pursue in their classrooms.
A political moment
So why do Fisher and the opponents of affirmative action think the Court would rule differently this time around?
Well, for one, the makeup of the Court has changed dramatically in the nine years since the Grutter ruling. Not only did O’Connor retire from the bench in 2006, but only two of the five justices in the majority on the Grutter decision—Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen G. Breyer—remain on the Court. Three of the four dissenters in 2003 are still serving—Justices Anthony M. Kennedy, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas. The new justices that have been appointed since then are Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr., and Justices Samuel A. Alito, Jr., Elena Kagan, and Sonia Sotomayor, though Kagan recently recused herself from hearing the Fisher case because she worked on the issue while at the Justice Department as solicitor general. That makes a 5-3 decision in favor of Fisher a more likely possibility, given that Roberts, Alito, Thomas, Scalia, and Kennedy have previously voted to restrict government programs that take account of race.
It is also likely that conservatives are trying to take advantage of an election year to make the tired argument that a black incumbent president proves we’ve accomplished some sort of postracial society that would do away with the need to consider race in admissions. The latest numbers on racial and ethnic disparities in college enrollment, however, quickly dispel that myth.
While students of color have made major strides in college enrollment rates since 2000, significant disparities still persist. As of 2011, 36 percent of whites ages 25 to 29 had obtained at least a bachelor’s degree, while only 18 percent of African Americans, 12 percent of Latinos, and 10 percent of American Indians had reached the same level of educational attainment.
We also know that as of 2010, students of color did not complete high school at disproportionately high rates. While 12.3 percent of whites have less than a high school diploma, the rate is 18.1 percent for African Americans, 37.8 percent for Latinos, and 22.7 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives. And though the rate is 14.6 percent for Asians overall, the rates spike when the data is disaggregated to measure Southeast Asian groups in particular: 33.3 percent of Cambodians, 35.4 percent of the Hmong, 32.5 percent of Laotian, and 30.2 percent of Vietnamese all have less than a high school diploma.
Even when income is taken into account, racial and ethnic disparities do not disappear. With disproportionate educational attainment numbers like these, it is clear we have not reached the ballyhooed postracial utopia in higher education
O’Connor argued in 2003 that affirmative action wouldn’t be necessary indefinitely as the country made progress toward a more just and inclusive educational system, but that it was likely to be needed for another 25 years. It should be incumbent on the plaintiffs in the Fisher case to prove why race should be ignored completely while we still see these glaring disparities—particularly in institutions that have chosen not to consider race a factor in admissions.
Why diversity matters
Ensuring diversity in our institutions of higher education is not only important to close these achievement gaps, but it is also, as the Grutter decision argued, a compelling interest for all those involved. While the long list of amici in 2003 made convincing arguments to retain the consideration of race in admissions, more recent social science evidence released since the ruling has only continued to make the argument for the benefits of educational diversity.
Specifically, research shows that the overall academic and social effects of increased racial diversity are likely to be positive, from enhanced impact on academic achievement to the improvement of near- and long-term intergroup relations.
What’s more, diversity has consistently been valued in higher education, particularly when it involves group characteristics that have nothing to do with an applicant’s race or ethnicity. Athletes, legacies, women, and veterans are only a few examples of groups that have benefited from a holistic consideration of identities and backgrounds, instead of formulaic indexes comprised of test scores and grade-point averages. When is the last time a student filed suit for being rejected from a university because he or she was raised in New York, as opposed to Nebraska?
Race and ethnic politics, however, never fails to incite ugly stereotypes about who is entitled to a first-rate education or who deserves the privilege of having their background considered as one of many admissions factors.
The Obama administration has been strong on the issue of diversity in education. At the end of 2011, the Education and Justice Departments issued a joint guidance that told college administrators and K-12 school officials they could use race to achieve diversity in our nation’s schools. The guidelines sought to reverse the guidance schools had received from the Bush administration, which warned them that they would risk losing federal funding if they promoted diversity on campus. Instead, the Obama administration’s guidelines refer to the Grutter decision and underline the benefits diversity generates for all involved.
While the Court is expected to hear Fisher v. The University of Texas, remarkably, right around the November presidential election, we cannot afford to let affirmative action become another casualty of race-baiting, dog-whistle politics. As our country becomes more diverse, it is absolutely crucial that our institutions of higher education reflect this diversity. Our growing communities of color are comprised of our future leaders, workers, taxpayers, homebuyers, and voters, but, more importantly, both our white and nonwhite youth need to be exposed to diversity in education to learn how to effectively compete in an increasingly global economy.
This post was originally published by the Center for American Progress.
Photo from afagen via flickr
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Finnish scientists report that hemicelluloses extracts from spruce could stimulate the growth of B. lactis Bb12, B. longum, and L. rhamnosus GG in lab tests.
“These bacteria, which are among the most common used probiotics, started to grow faster, reached higher concentrations and also stayed viable for longer periods,” they wrote in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry .
“Hemicellulose is an untapped natural resource, which can be produced economically in large quantities,” they added.
“Therefore, the study of probiotics and hemicellulose together could also have potential for synbiotic formulations.”
The study shows a bacteria-boosting effect in lab tests and the actual prebiotic activity of the ingredients is still to be shown.
Prebiotics are defined as “non-digestible (by the host) food ingredients that have a beneficial effect through their selective metabolism in the intestinal tract” (Gibson et al. 2004).
The Finnish researchers extracted specific hemicelluloses called galactoglucomannan from spurce – these are the second most common group of polysaccharides in nature, they noted.
The results showed that Bifidobacterium species were able to ferment the spruce-derived galactoglucomannan.
In addition, the amount of viable bacteria was almost 100 times higher in the samples exposed to galactoglucomannan than the control samples, said the researchers.
“This shows that bifidobacteria not only started to proliferate earlier and reached higher concentration, but they also remained viable for a longer period when there was galactoglucomannan added in medium.”
According to the researchers, the bifido-boosting potential of galactoglucomannan are comparable to those observed with established prebiotics like fructooligosaccharide.
“An assessment of the components as potential ingredients in foods needs to be completed,” they added.
Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Published online ahead of print, Article ASAP, doi: 10.1021/jf303741h
“Galactoglucomannan Extracted from Spruce (Picea abies) as a Carbohydrate Source for Probiotic Bacteria”
Authors: L. Polari, P. Ojansivu, S. Makela, C. Eckerman, B. Holmbom, S. Salminen
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Fires in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite detected dozens of fires burning in northern Cambodia on February 11, 2013. The fires are outlined in red. Grass or cropland is tan in color and thick forests are a deep green.
The agricultural fires seen in mid-January (a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/fires/main/world/20130114-cambodia.html">January 14 Cambodian fires) are continuing as evidenced in this latest image from the Aqua satellite. Farmers are using fire to return nutrients to the soil and to clear the ground of unwanted plants. While fire helps enhance crops and grasses for pasture, these fires also produce smoke that degrades air quality. In Southeast Asia, the agricultural burning season usually runs through April or May, when the next growing season begins. Credit: NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Lynn Jenner.
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by Michael Burling Game
Upon being inaugurated as President of the United States Abraham Lincoln found on his desk a letter from Major Robert Anderson, commander of the garrison at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Anderson explained that in six weeks the garrison’s supplies would be exhausted, and the fort would need to be either resupplied or surrendered. It was the first of many such decisions that Lincoln would ultimately face in his years in the White House.
Michael Burlingame, noted Lincoln biographer and historian, has written a volume in Southern Illinois University Press’ series The Concise Lincoln Library. In Lincoln and the Civil War, Mr. Burlingame presents a compact overview of Lincoln’s presidency during the Civil War.
Beginning with Lincoln’s election, Mr. Burlingame’s linear narrative moves quickly but thoroughly through the “Secession Winter” to his inauguration. All the while Lincoln tried to do nothing that would provoke the outbreak of open hostilities. Deciding to resupply and not re-enforce Fort Sumter was a masterful decision; placing the blame on the Confederacy for firing the first shot of the war.
In the next chapter, “The War Begins,” Mr. Burlingame covers the daunting challenges Lincoln faced in raising, training, and arming an army to put down the rebellion, and its first battle at Bull Run.
Mr. Burlingame follows Lincoln as he methodically searches for a commanding general who will lead the Union army to victory; hiring and firing, McClellan, Halleck, Burnside, Hooker and Meade. Finally with Ulysses S. Grant, Lincoln found a man who knew what needed to be done to end the war, and who was not afraid to do it.
One of the largest decisions that faced Lincoln was what to do about slavery. “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that,” Lincoln famously replied to Horace Greeley. Mr. Burlingame traces Lincoln’s evolving thoughts on slavery from the deportation and colonization of free blacks, to a gradual compensated emancipation, and finally through to his greatest achievement, the Emancipation Proclamation.
Among the last decisions of the war would be how to end it. Lincoln wanted a peaceful end to the war, and therefore encouraged Grant and Sherman to offer the Confederate armies generous terms under which to surrender. By not prosecuting the leaders of the Confederacy, and allowing the Confederate soldiers return to their homes and their lives unmolested Lincoln hoped to secure a peace, which had he lived would have made the reconstruction process easier.
Lincoln and the Civil War is a well researched, compact history, of Lincoln’s leadership through the United States greatest tragedy.
Michael Burlingame is the holder of the Chancellor Naomi B. Lynn Distinguished Chair in Lincoln Studies at the University of Illinois-Springfield, and the author of Abraham Lincoln: A Life and The Inner World of Abraham Lincoln.
ISBN 978-0809330539, Southern Illinois University Press, © 2011, Hardcover, 176 pages, End Notes & Index. $19.95
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Everyone in these precincts knows this story, or apocryphal strains of it: that the Battle of Bunker Hill really was fought on Breed’s Hill, that June 17 forevermore would be a red date on local calendars, that the heroic Joseph Warren died in battle as a nation was being born. Yet this is but the skeleton of the story Nathaniel Philbrick tells in “Bunker Hill,” a masterpiece of narrative and perspective by an author who has helped us look anew at the voyage of the Mayflower and the passage of George Armstrong Custer.
This time he has produced a Boston book, about a revolution that started in Boston and spread, about a battle that changed the city even as it changed the country, about men who came of age in Boston and in turn prompted Boston to come of age.
There are several unforgettable characters in this book — Warren, immortalized in portraits by John Singleton Copley and John Trumbull, along with Sam and John Adams, British generals Thomas Gage and William Howe, and many others. And seminal events: the fighting in Lexington and Concord, occupation of Boston, Battle of Bunker Hill, and British withdrawal. But the central focus is Boston itself: besieged, beleaguered, brave.
Philbrick portrays the city in vivid terms. “Boston had always been a town on tiptoe,” he writes in a beautiful and evocative sentence that has the little-cat-feet whiff of Sandburg. He says that “the town was just one in a huge amphitheater of humped and jagged islands,” and he explains that “[w]hether it was from a hill, a steeple, or a cupola, Bostonians could plainly see that they were surrounded by two deep and endless wildernesses: the ocean to the east and the country to the west.”
Then he establishes the truth on the ground, that America was growing and would soon outgrow Britain, and he sets forth the fundamental and fateful conviction of many in Massachusetts, where 300,000 people were dispersed in 250 towns:
“There were no unintended consequences in the eighteenth century. If something had happened, someone caused it to happen, and Boston was now the victim of a more-than-decade-old plot on the part of the British ministry to enslave America, to drain this bounteous land of all her resources so that England, an island lost to luxury and corruption, could sustain the fraudulent lifestyle to which it had become accustomed.”
No one really expected war in the period we now regard as the run-up to the conflict at Lexington and eventually Bunker Hill. But gradually much of Massachusetts rose up against the British. At the same time the British army presence in Boston was growing, and Boston was witnessing what Warren called “the power but not the justice, the vengeance but not the wisdom of Great Britain.”
And this, of real importance: The country people outside Boston were becoming radicalized.
What stirred so many wasn’t any specific grievance, but a general sense of diminishing freedom and possibility.
What followed at Lexington — really, a skirmish more than a battle — and then at Concord, and then elsewhere, threw much of New England into tumult.
Boston itself was occupied, a city under siege. “A city had been turned inside out: flushed of its inhabitants and artificially stuffed,” Philbrick writes, “as if by a taxidermist, with a British army that, as military transports continued to arrive in Boston Harbor, eventually approached 9,000 men.”
As the British prepared an offensive on Dorchester Heights the patriots prepared an assault on the high ground above Charlestown, unoccupied and thus impossibly alluring. They ascended Bunker Hill and traversed a ridge over to Breed’s Hill. Charlestown lay empty beneath them. The movement to Breed’s Hill was far more provocative, as it put the rebels in range of British shipping.
With axes and shovels they built a roofless fort that couldn’t stay undetected for long. Cannonballs began to rain in on the patriots, an amateur army without even a horse, with artillerymen not quite sure how to fire a cannon. Warren was killed, along with 114 other Americans. The British, whose dead and wounded numbered 1,054, were the victors, but, as Howe wrote, “The success is too dearly bought.”
At the heart of this volume are two abiding opposites that are not irreconcilable: how isolated, and how central, Boston was during this early period of the Revolutionary War.
For the enduring meaning of Bunker Hill was that it awakened both sides to the breadth and depth of the struggle unfolding in and around Boston. And it prompted one of the most remarkable stories of warfare on this continent or any other, the transport of 42 sledges carrying 59 cannons and other pieces of artillery from the mountain fastnesses of New York to Boston in the dead of winter.
Permit the reviewer to linger on this for a moment, as Philbrick does, for there is hardly any story of New England grit and grandeur to match this one. The hope was for snow (the easier to slide the sledges), but there was more than hope involved. There was Yankee ingenuity: piercing the surface of the Hudson River, for example, so small gushers of water leaked upward, resulting in much-thicker ice. There were great dangers, especially on downslopes of the Berkshire Hills (the cannons outran their escorts).
Many of these weapons ended up on Lechmere Point, with a growing patriot threat in and around Dorchester. Eventually the British determined their position was perilous and indicated they would refrain from razing Boston if the patriots let them escape, which they did. Off to Halifax they sailed, no goodbyes, many good-riddances.
So here the story comes full circle. “By purging itself of loyalists,’’ Philbrick argues, “Boston had, in a sense, reaffirmed its origins.’’ The original settlers were alone on these shores because they wanted to pray as they liked. The later Bostonians now also were alone, to govern themselves (or to tax themselves) as they liked.
“They were no longer fighting simply to preserve their ancient liberties,’’ Philbrick writes, but “were fighting to create a new nation.’’ Thus this is not only a story about Bunker Hill (which in truth occupies only about 15 percent of the book), nor is it only the greatest American story. It is also the American story.David M. Shribman, executive editor of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, can be reached at email@example.com.
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Annual growth rate for manufacturing value added based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2005 U.S. dollars. Manufacturing refers to industries belonging to ISIC divisions 15-37. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3.
World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.
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Cockatiels in Brief:Scientific Name: Nymphicus hollandicus
Adult Size: 13 to 14 inches (33 to 36 cm), including tail
Weight: 3 to 4 ounces (75 to 100 gm)
Life Span: 12 to 15 years on average, 30 years maximum
Talking Ability: a little
Cockatiels are one of the most popular pet birds, and it's no wonder why. They have a friendly and energetic temperament and beautiful appearance. Let's learn a little more about them to help you decide if a cockatiel is right for you. If you already have a cockatiel, I'm sure you will learn something new!
AppearanceAn adult cockatiel is 13 to 14 inches (33 to 36 cm) long from beak to tail. The tail, which makes up half of this length, helps the cockatiel steer himself in flight and is used as a prop and a balance when he is climbing. Cockatiels have a crest of feathers on top of their heads—it can be up to 3 inches (8 cm) high. They use the crest to signal their mood to other cockatiels (and their human companions). When the crest is standing up, the bird is alert and content. If the crest is flattened against the head, the bird is frightened or angry.
Cockatiel come in many colors, most of which do not exist in the wild. The wild cockatiel is mostly gray, with white patches on the wings and gray and yellow bars on the tail. The face and crest are yellowish, and there is an orange patch on each cheek. (These patches are much brighter in males than in females) Some of the other common color varieties include the pied (a bird with large patches of white), lutino (a bird lacking gray, so he is white with a yellow wash; they have red eyes), and cinnamon (areas that are normally gray are chocolate brown).
Family TreeCockatiels are a type of parrot. (Scientifically, all parrots are known as psittacines [pronounced SIT a seens].) Parrots are also called hookbills, for their strongly hooked bills that they use for climbing, digging, cracking open seeds, and preening their feathers. Specifically, they are members of the cockatoo family. They are the smallest members of their family, and their closest relatives are the large black palm cockatoos.
In the WildCockatiels are native to Australia, and they are found widely throughout most of the continent. They are almost always found near a source of water, even if the surrounding habitat is desert. They travel in large flocks, sometimes numbering in the hundreds. Cockatiels primarily eat seeds, but they also eat fruits, vegetables, grasses, leaves, roots, flowers, and the occasional insect or worm. In some areas, they are serious crop pests.
Cockatiel as PetsCockatiels are one of the best choices for a pet bird. They are small enough to not take up too much space but large enough to interact with and handle. Cockatiels are energetic and vocal, but they aren't prone to scream incessantly. They can talk—especially the males—although they are not one of the best talking parrots. They often learn to mimic household sounds. Cockatiels enjoy interacting with their human companions and can be trained to do tricks.
These birds need a varied diet that includes seeds, pellets, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and healthy human foods. Cockatiels should be fed fresh foods twice daily, and pellets and/or seed should be available all day. Like other parrots, cockatiels can be messy eaters, which means you will need to clean the water bowl, the cage, and the area surrounding the cage regularly.
A good size for a cockatiel cage is about 3 feet (91 cm) long by 18 inches (46 cm) wide by 3 feet (91 cm) tall. Make sure that the bars are properly spaced. A cockatiel should not be able to stick his head out between them—about 1/2 inch (1 cm) apart should be fine. The best cages are made of wrought iron or powder-coated steel. Housing your cockatiel in a wooden cage is not a good idea because he will chew up the wood, and wood harbors bacteria.
Like all parrots, cockatiels need daily attention and affection from their humans. Plan to spend at least an hour a day petting, training, and interacting with your bird. Of course, this is part of the fun of having one of these delightful companion birds.
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Fd Data Shredder v18.104.22.16800
Data Shredder literally destroys files, free space and your Recycle Bin contents instead of only deleting them. That means your data contents once overwritten and destroyed It can't be recovered.
The user therefore should be sure of the files, folders .etc. he/she wants to shred.There are many safeguards built into the Data Shredder program to warn the user.Windows allocates clusters for new files (and extending existing files) from one end of the disk and moving towards the other end. Accordingly, the user for example if deleting files near the end of the disk, it might be very long before those clusters get used again.Therefore, shredding a disk's free space ensures that any deleted data stored in unallocated clusters will be completely shredded, and all the bits and pieces of left over data from deleted files will be destroyed.Generally speaking Windows stores files using two steps:A directory entry and A series of one or more clusters on a disk.When the user deletes a file using windows the file's data doesn't actually get deleted from disk. Windows simply marks the file's clusters as available for reuse, then marks that file's directory entry as deleted (from the directories available) by replacing the first character of the file's name with a special character. Now if those clusters don't get reused for another file, they are vulnerable and can be retrieved by those who know where and how to look for it.Adding one byte to the directory that was deleted will allow the retrieve of the entire file that has been deleted. This is used in most of the "Unerase" utilities functions. Data Shredder makes it virtually impossible to retrieve data from a file because it literally overwrites the file's data clusters before deleting the file. A "quick" shred overwrites the file once, filling its data clusters with zeroes. A "Thorough" shred overwrites the file maximum 10 times, using varying bit patterns each time.
Destroys, free, space, deleting, overwritten, recovered, shred, disk, files, data, stored, unallocated, clusters, directory, entry, series, replacing, reused, retrieved, Unerase, utilities, overwrites, quick, prevent, recovery, references, caching, memory, subfolders, generated
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There's nothing scarier than the thought of a monster under your bed. However, if you spend time with your parents, check under the bed, have a nice snack, and maybe even watch a fun, soothing cartoon, then you'll see that there really is nothing under your bed except some dust bunnies. With a bit of effort, you'll be able to get a good night's sleep without worrying about any monsters. See Step 1 below to get started.
1Comfort your child with encouraging words.
2Obtain a general description of the monster. Ask your child why he/she thinks there is a monster in the room. What is the monster doing? What does this monster look like? Is it a boy monster or a girl monster? This will help ease the fear as your child is describing it as a story.
3Believe what your child tells you. Of course, there's no monster in the room, but its presence is very real to your child.
4Take your child out of the room with you; into the kitchen is probably best. The kitchen is the most comforting room in your home.(Taking your child into bed with you is not a good solution. This can get to be a habit hard to break.)
5Prepare a small snack for your child (such as an orange or banana). Instruct your child to enjoy the snack while you go into the bedroom and eliminate the "monster". (See "Warnings".)
6Take down the "Monster Spray" and explain that your mother/father always kept a bottle or can of "Monster Spray" in the house when you were little and had monsters in your room, too. Let your child know that "Monster Spray" always works. (See "Things you will need").
7Go into the "scary place" and squirt "Monster Spray" under the bed, in the floor area of the closet, and around the windows. The room will have a fresh, comforting fragrance. (And monsters hate it!)
8Bring your child back into the room where you can perform a final inspection together. Check all areas where monsters had been hiding.
9Encourage your child back into bed and remain with him/her for a few minutes. Maybe tell a quick story or sing the child's favorite song. If necessary, briefly lie down with your child until he/she is secure that all monsters, alligators and other scary things have vanished. (Or until he/she nods off to sleep.)
10If you are a busy Mom/Dad with other children or are unable to do the story, song, etc. Try putting on your child's favorite cartoon movie (as long as it's not a scary one, and it's age appropriate.) A happy cartoon will give them happy thoughts,(thus erasing the scary ones) helping them to relax and fall asleep. let them watch till they fall asleep.
11If all else fails then you can simply invest in a bed which doesn't have any space underneath, or cut the legs off the current bed. This essentially nips the problem in the bud.
The pillowcase hunt
Here's another fun way to dispense with those monsters.
1Grab an empty pillowcase.
2Tell the child(ren) to leave the room.
3Tell the child to not enter, and get ready to open the front door.
4Enter the room, and close the door.
5Pretend to "hunt" around the bedroom for the monster. Pretend to fight with the monster.
6After a few minutes of "struggling", you can add a little drama by messing up your hair and/or clothing.
7Stick one arm inside the pillowcase and make dramatic movements inside the pillowcase (your arm is a now the upset monster).
8Exit the room proudly from the bedroom in front your child's/children's astonished eyes as you carry the monster from their bedroom to be taken out the front door and kicked out of the house.
9Tell your child you warned the monster it will get it worse if it ever attempts to come back.
- Always have a can or a squirt bottle of "Monster Spray" on hand for surprise visits.
- Also explain to them, what your child is allowed to watch.
- Tell anyone who might babysit where the hiding place of "Monster Spray" is.
- An alternative might also be to use a vacuum cleaner to "suck up" all the monsters. Then dispose of the bag in the trash so the monsters are gone for good.
- Some examples of happy cartoons include: SpongeBob SquarePants, Pokémon, Looney Tunes, and Phineas and Ferb.
- Some "feel-good" cartoons have Halloween specials and scarier episodes, which may have caused the idea of monsters under the bed in the first place. So get DVDs and watch the episodes first to see if they are suitable.
- Make sure the cartoons are not the (scary, mystery solving, zombies chasing type.) More like "The Happy Little Elf" type.
- Keep your supply of "Monster Spray" in a safe place where inquisitive little fingers will not have access.
- Your child may want to accompany you as you perform this brave act of courage. That's okay. To your frightened child, seeing is believing. As you apply "Monster Spray", continue to ask your little one if you are getting all the proper places.
Things You'll Need
- There is now an iPhone app called Monster Meter that can prove to your child that there are no monsters in the room.
- An inexpensive spray can of air freshener does a very good job of eliminating monsters, ghosts and other scary things. Select a fragrance that is uncommon to your household. (If you frequently use a scented spray to refresh your living areas, your child will catch on very quickly if he/she recognizes the fragrance.) Conceal the can with a sheet of colorful construction paper bearing the name of the product "MONSTER SPRAY". Or,
- Mix up your own recipe using nothing more than plain water and enough vanilla (or any essential oil that has a soft, comforting scent). Mix the recipe and pour it into a household squirt bottle with a fine mist squirt nozzle. Apply your own label "MONSTER SPRAY", and store it out of the reach of children.
- A DVD of happy, age appropriate cartoons.
Categories: Childhood Fears and Phobias
In other languages:
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 43,415 times.
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Three of the most common methods pet owners use to cut costs include:
1. Skipping annual pet exams.
2. Purchasing low-cost vaccines or do-it-yourself vaccines.
3. Flea- and tick-control product purchases from online resources or copycat products.
Unfortunately, when not researched properly, small cost savings can lead to more expensive emergency care and even fatal results for pets.
Establishing regular exams with a veterinary clinic or hospital helps create a comparison of good health “normal findings” for pets.
I recommend a minimum of twice-a-year physical exams for healthy animals. During these exams, my associates and I weigh our patients, evaluate Body Condition Scoring (muscle and fat levels), dental and gum health, skin, coat, heart and lung sounds, stool samples, pulses, gait and joint health, in addition to behavior.
When we examine pets regularly, vets can detect subtle changes in any of the above findings. Unfortunately, I often see pets that have not been in for a checkup in years.
This past week, I examined a cat that was last in my office three years ago. She weighed 2 pounds less than she did at her last visit. Since I don’t know if that weight loss was gradual or more sudden, I recommended more extensive blood and urine testing to screen her for diabetes, thyroid disease, kidney and liver diseases.
If I had been examining Miss Kitty more often, my physical exam history would have answered many of my questions regarding her recent health, perhaps with fewer tests.
The bottom line is that regular exams with a vet you trust can save you money and keep your pet healthy for longer.
My next area of concern is the huge numbers of pet owners who are saving money by going to a fire hall, a mobile clinic set up in a parking lot, their neighbor who “buys shots from somewhere, where he gets them, but I’m not sure,” a catalog, breeder or feed store.
Many times I read the records of those patients and find they are being overvaccinated more often than underimmunized, vaccinated for diseases that don’t occur in our area, or vaccinated with ineffective products and still contracting diseases like Parvovirus.
I am frequently asked to perform vaccine clinics and certainly help local communities whenever possible, but the records I read at those functions reflect many unexamined pets, which are getting inappropriate types and numbers of shots, because no vet is regularly talking with the owners.
Here are some guidelines for getting vaccines:
1. Only buy them from trained, licensed professionals who have a reputation to stand behind them in a fixed business where you can find them in the event that your pet has a reaction or a problem with the vaccine.
2. Work with local vets to decide which vaccines your pet actually needs. Do not go out every year and get vaccines for everything possible, because it seems like a better value for your money. Excessive vaccines can be worse than some of the diseases.
3. Avoid going to places that pre-sell lots of vaccines at a discount or to parking lots with non-local vets who advocate “vaccinating for all diseases as the manufacturers’ labels state, because we will not change until they change the labels.” That is a quote from a website of a corporate practice that sends non-local vets to feed store parking lots to vaccinate pets.
Although that statement sounds reasonable, the reality is that the manufacturer is not going to change the label (the Food and Drug Administration would pull the product, and it would cost the companies millions to relabel), and the American Veterinary Medical Association has recommended reducing vaccines and working with local vets to establish vaccine programs that are specific for each pet and region.
The bottom line here is that a groomer, feed store or out-of-town vet will likely not be saving you money on vaccines by following the manufacturers’ label.
Finally, when it comes to using spot-on flea and tick products, ask your vet for recommendations. I treat several cases of toxicity each year, in which “safe products” purchased for lower prices, produce seizures and tremors.
Remember that “compare to Frontline,” “similar to veterinary products” and “contains the same ingredient as prescription flea control,” are misleading. Active ingredients may be the same, but the inert or inactive products make a huge difference in effectiveness and toxic properties.
Never apply dog products to cats and be sure not to split larger tubes to save money. Do not apply any products to sick, pregnant, old or young pets without your vet’s advice.
Allergic and adverse insecticide reactions accounted for 1,600 pet deaths from 2003-08. They continue to send many pets to emergency clinics. Always check with your vet; most will work hard to save clients’ money, while offering safer product solutions.
Dr. Cynthia Maro is a veterinarian at the Ellwood Animal Hospital in Ellwood City and the Chippewa Animal Hospital in Chippewa Township.
She writes a biweekly column on pet care and health issues. If you have a topic you’d like addressed, please email email@example.com.
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Washington: A simple walk in the park a day can help improve your memory and attentiveness, according to a new study.
The new study led by Marc G Berman, John Jonides, and Stephen Kaplan from the University of Michigan have found that spending time in nature may be more beneficial for mental processes than being in urban environments.
For the study, the researchers conducted two experiments to test how interactions with nature and urban environments would affect attention and memory processes.
First, a group of volunteers completed a task designed to challenge memory and attention. The volunteers then took a walk in either a park or in downtown Ann Arbor. After the walk, volunteers returned to the lab and were retested on the task.
In the second experiment, after volunteers completed the task, instead of going out for a walk, they simply viewed either nature photographs or photographs of urban environments and then repeated the task.
The results showed that performance on the memory and attention task greatly improved following the walk in the park, but did not improve for volunteers who walked downtown
Moreover, the group who viewed the nature photographs performed much better on the retest than the group who looked at city scenes.
The authors suggest that urban environments provide a relatively complex and often confusing pattern of stimulation, which requires effort to sort out and interpret.
Natural environments, by contrast, offer a more coherent (and often more aesthetic) pattern of stimulation that, far from requiring effort, are often experienced as restful.
The study appears in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.
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1 Answer | Add Yours
This is what Aristotle meant in Poetics regarding katharsis, the purgation of pity and fear:
Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions.
We certainly feel both pity and fear for Oedipus. We pity him because he is a good man, a good king, and a good husband and father. He is so good, in fact, that he suffers from hubris (excessive pride). He has become so good at solving the Sphinx's riddles that he cannot solve his most personal problems.
We pity Oedipus' childhood most of all. As a baby, his ankles were pinioned and the tendons tied together; he was left for dead by his own parents. Certainly, the shepherds and the king and queen of Corninth pity him; they save him from death and make him a prince.
We pity Oedipus's search for truth because it leads to suffering. Oedipus voraciously plays the role of prosecutor, defense, judge, and jury in his own trial to find his father's murderer. We pity that, like Oedipus, our search to uncover our identities will lead to tragedy.
We also fear that what happens to Oedipus can happen to us: we all have secrets in our families; we are all born with handicaps beyond our control; we all suffer, even when we do all our power to make good decisions. We all fear that our mythical search for our heavenly father is all in vain.
We fear that, as males, our fathers' expectations are impossible for us to live up to, to the point that we take for granted the females (mothers and wives) in our lives. We certainly fear that we will make the same mistakes as parents that our parents made with us. And, heaven forbid, we fear that we will marry someone just like our mother.
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