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It’s time for a super simple craft for the kids… Marshmallow Straw Structures! Not only is this a great activity for all, it can help develop math skills, problem solving, and small motor skills. And if you use straws that are bendable, it makes for even more fabulous creations!
Supplies for Marshmallow Straw Structures:
- large marshmallows
- bendable straws
1. Cut your straws in half, thirds, or fourths with your scissors
2. Attach a marshmallow to one end of your straw. And keep adding straws and marshmallows to create your structure!
TIP: twist your straw into the marshmallow to help it go in and through at least half way.
We’ve had fun with these building blocks in our Building Block Birthday Party. Or they’re great for a crafty summer day. Enjoy!
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Pediatric airways: Nightmares on baby street
The anatomic differences between adult and pediatric airways are well described in EMT and paramedic courses
You've heard it time and time again: "Kids are not little adults." Their anatomy differs markedly from older patients. Children are normally healthy and rarely have medical emergencies. When they do, unfamiliarity and inexperience with their unique physiology can make healthcare providers very nervous.
Pediatric airway emergencies create extreme angst in experienced healthcare providers for several reasons.
In a child, airway is king. Adults have oxygen reserves they can draw upon in crises, kids do not; their oxygen supply and demand are closely matched even at rest.
Kids are vagal machines; even minor vagus nerve stimulation can trigger the parasympathetic nervous system to induce profound bradycardia. Finally, we all expect kids to grow up and live long and productive lives.
Mistakes that cut into those hopes can require expensive, lifelong care that our legal system will seek to recover from responsible parties. All of these considerations mandate a thorough understanding and no nonsense approach to management of the pediatric airway.
The anatomic differences between adult and pediatric airways are well described in EMT and paramedic courses. When supine, their proportionally larger heads lead to varying degrees of neck flexion that can lead to airway obstruction or difficulty seeing the glottic opening during intubation.
Placing a rolled towel under a child's shoulders will allow proper alignment1. Infants and small children also have proportionately larger tongues for the size of their oral cavities. Their tongue then, becomes a common source of anatomic airway obstruction.
Placement of an oropharyngeal (OPA) or nasopharyngeal (NPA) in pediatric patients with diminished level of consciousness is imperative. Gentle insertion and generous lubrication of the artificial airway are also important owing to larger tonsils and adenoids that bleed easily when traumatized.
The pediatric larynx is much more superiorly positioned than adults, with a considerably weaker hyoepiglottic ligament and larger, more floppy epiglottis. This makes endotracheal intubation more challenging: straight blades are preferred over curved blades that may not adequately lift or control the epiglottis.
Challenges for intubation
The shorter, more narrow and funnel shaped trachea pose challenges for intubation2. Tube misplacement leading to extubation or right mainstem intubation can occur easily from small movements, including head movement. Securing the tube, preventing head movement and continuous monitoring with waveform capnography is imperative. With the cricoid ring is the most narrow part of the pediatric airway (as opposed to the cords in adults); very small decreases in the airway lumen from swelling, secretions or external compression will dramatically increase resistance to airflow.
Choking is more common in children for this same reason. The pediatric anatomy also makes needle cricothyroidotomy virtually impossible. Simple observation of a child's chest wall will warn you when airway resistance increases: intercostal retractions quickly become evident with inspiration. Always make a point to look under clothing directly at a child's chest. Retractions are not evident through clothing.
It is no secret that most pediatric cardiac arrests begin with respiratory arrest. The differences between adult and pediatric physiology can explain this sequence and significantly impact airway management decisions.
Infants are commonly believed to be obligate nose breathers, although more recent studies suggest some infants can mouth breath when nasal airflow is obstructed. In most infants, the nose accounts for almost half the total airway resistance; obstruction from secretions, compression or a non-flowing nasal cannula can seriously increase the work of breathing, leading to exhaustion1.
Tidal volume in kids is relatively fixed at about 6 to 8 mL per kilogram. As a result, any need for increased minute volume will be met by increased respiratory rate (unlike adults who can increase respiratory depth). This leads children to tire more quickly. The fixed tidal volumes also make them much more susceptible to trauma (such as pneumothoraces) from positive pressure ventilation. Be extremely cautious never to over ventilate a child.
Metabolism is higher in younger patients. Infants consume oxygen at twice the rate of adults and have a much lower lung functional residual capacity (FRC). With considerably less lung and blood oxygen stores, children will desaturate very quickly when apneic or under breathing. Oxygenation and preoxygenation are imperative in kids1.
Monitoring oxygen saturation provides a wealth of information about the balance of oxygen supply and demand. Low saturations tell you that the child's oxygen supply is inadequate.
The skeletal structure in a child's chest is primarily made of cartilage, requiring more muscle tone to breath. Unfortunately, skeletal muscle efficiency is not as developed as adults. As a result, kids are much more likely to tire and progress to respiratory failure3.
Aside from assessment of chest wall movement and level of consciousness, the best monitoring device for adequacy of respirations is end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2).
Finally, the higher vagal tone found in children makes them very susceptible to bradycardia from stimulation of the airways (intubation, manipulation, suctioning) as well as hypoxia induced bradycardia1.
Monitor heart rate
Be very suspicious of bradycardia; immediately evaluate the adequacy of breathing and oxygenation in any bradycardic child. Always monitor heart rate when suctioning, intubating or placing an airway. Don't hesitate to ventilate in the face of bradycardia and begin chest compressions any time that ventilation alone fails to increase heart rate.
Basic pediatric airway management incorporates an understanding of anatomy and physiology. Children in respiratory arrest resuscitated by prehospital providers have survival rates between 43 percent and 82 percent while only 4 percent to 14 percent of those who progress to develop cardiac arrest survive4.
Aggressive airway management is key to good outcomes. Good management begins with positioning. If the head is not aligned, place a rolled towel under the child's shoulders. Eliminate any anatomic or mechanical obstruction by opening the airway using a chin lift (or jaw thrust if trauma is suspected).
Maintain this opening with an OPA or NPA, well lubricated and cautiously inserted. Assess breathing and pulse and do not hesitate to ventilate. Carry a reference of age related normal respiratory rates. Be very cautious about over distending the lungs; immediately stop positive pressure at the first sign of chest rise. If the heart rate is below 60, hypoxia is profound and chest compressions are needed5.
There are conflicting data on prehospital pediatric advanced airway management strategies. Given the potential for rapid decline leading to cardiopulmonary arrest, prehospital providers should advance to more invasive techniques only when a pediatric airway cannot be managed with less invasive maneuvers.
Definitive advanced airway management may well be at a local hospital where the environment is more controlled and more sophisticated equipment is available.
As with adults, any thoughts of advanced airway management require a contingency plan in case they fail. "Failure" is not well defined but three attempts using three different blade types or lengths once each or any drop in oxygen saturation below 90 percent during an intubation attempt meet most published definitions of a failed attempt.
These suggest an alternative provider or device be used6. Obviously, any field intubation of a child should be attempted by the most experienced provider using the best equipment available7 (i.e., video laryngoscope, bougie, etc.).
The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is a supraglottic airway (SGA) device that can be inserted blindly and is probably the most available and likely rescue device to be employed in a failed pediatric intubation attempt.
LMA devices come in sizes that will fit virtually any pediatric patient. LMA use, especially in pediatric patients, requires training and frequent practice. When providers are well trained, successful first attempt placement can be as high as 94 percemt6.
There are some special considerations with pediatric LMA use. Firstly, pediatric anatomy can sometimes cause the LMA to catch on the epiglottis or vallecula, effectively occluding the airway. In cases involving significant obstruction as seen in croup or refractory asthma, it will not be possible to obtain a seal owing to the very high airway pressures6.
The Combitube™, used by some EMS services as a rescue device, is only available in sizes down to patients taller than 48" and has been associated with more complications than the LMA including esophageal rupture, pyriform sinus perforation, tongue engorgement and mucosal ischemia8.
Several manufacturers make laryngotracheal airways (for example, the King LT-D™), which come in smaller sizes than the Combitube and are softer, making them less likely to injure the esophagus. While these will not fit the smallest pediatric patients, they are a reasonable rescue device for larger kids.
Advanced airway management for adults emphasizes risk assessment. Recognizing a problem airway might be more important in kids, given their lack of reserve and higher likelihood of progressing to cardiopulmonary arrest if they become hypoxic during a failed intubation attempt.
Some congenital conditions that spell trouble include misshapen head, facial abnormalities, abnormal neck mobility (frequently seen with Down syndrome), small mouth opening, small oral cavity (often associated with cleft palate), large tongue (also seen in Down syndrome), and neck masses7.
Evaluation tools used to identify difficult airways in adult patients have not been systematically evaluated in children. Nonetheless, pediatric anesthesiologists find some adult tools predictive and suggest a reasonable approach to assessing pediatric airways7.
The interincisor gap, or distance between upper and lower front teeth with the mouth open as widely as possible is considered adequate for laryngoscopy when it is at least the width of three of the patient's fingers.
The same seems true for kids. Likewise, the thyromental distance (between the chin tip and notch of the thyroid), considered normal when not longer or shorter than three of the patient's fingers, also seems a good predictor of ability to visualize the glottis in kids.
The Mallampati score, when used by itself, has limited utility in predicting a difficult airway in any aged patient. There are certainly a variety of congenital and acquired conditions that can create major difficulties for bag valve mask ventilation. If it is impossible to obtain a seal with a bag valve mask, advanced airway management may be the only viable alternative.
If kids were just little adults, then pediatricians would probably be little doctors. This article has provided a review of the anatomical and physiological differences between the adult and pediatric airway with an eye towards forming a step-wise strategy for successfully managing pediatric airway emergencies.
In many cases, the best management is calming the child and closely observing them for signs of increased airway resistance or exhaustion. Keep in mind that secretions or objects obstructing airflow through the nose can dramatically increase airflow resistance and lead to respiratory failure.
Always be concerned about oxygenation in children with respiratory distress. A step-wise approach to managing pediatric airways will help you to confidently improve outcomes in this uncommon but extremely stressful emergency.
1. Nagler, J. Emergency airway management in children: Unique pediatric considerations. In: UpToDate, Stack, AM (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA 2012.
2. Kleinman ME, Chameides L, Schexnayder SM, et al. Part 14: Pediatric advanced life support: 2010 Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010; 122:S876.
3. Keens TG, Btyan AC, Levison H, Ianuzzo CD. Developmental pattern of muscle fiber types in human ventilator muscles. J Appl Physiol. 1978; 44:909.
4. Lopez-Herce J, Garcia C, Dominguez P, et al. Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest in children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2005; 21:807.
5. Bailey P. Basic airway management in children. In: UpToDate, Torrey, SB (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA 2012.
6. King, BR. Emergency rescue devices for difficult pediatric airway management. In: UpToDate, Stack, AM (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA 2012.
7. Mick, NW. The difficult pediatric airway. In: UpToDate, Torrey, SB (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA 2012.
8. Oczenski W, Krenn H, Dahaba AA, et al. Complications following use of the Combitube, tracheal tube and laryngeal mask airway. Anesthesia. 1999; 54:1161.
Recommended Mike McEvoy
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Christ in the Passover
This article describes the history and background of the Jewish Passover Seder, or Order of Service, which is probably the oldest ceremony still being celebrated anywhere in the world today.
Christ Our Passover
A Sermon Delivered on Sabbath Evening, December 2, 1855, by the REV. C. H. Spurgeon
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Simple Definition of metamorphosis
: a major change in the appearance or character of someone or something
biology : a major change in the form or structure of some animals or insects that happens as the animal or insect becomes an adult
Full Definition of metamorphosisplural
1 a : change of physical form, structure, or substance especially by supernatural means b : a striking alteration in appearance, character, or circumstances
2 : a typically marked and more or less abrupt developmental change in the form or structure of an animal (as a butterfly or a frog) occurring subsequent to birth or hatching
Examples of metamorphosis in a sentence
We have watched her metamorphosis from a shy schoolgirl into a self-confident businesswoman.
a company that has gone through a series of metamorphoses
The government has undergone political metamorphosis since his election.
the metamorphosis of tadpoles into frogs
The class learned about how caterpillars undergo metamorphosis to become butterflies.
Origin and Etymology of metamorphosis
Latin, from Greek metamorphōsis, from metamorphoun to transform, from meta- + morphē form
First Known Use: 1533
METAMORPHOSIS Defined for Kids
Definition of metamorphosis for Students
1 : a great change in appearance or character
2 : the process of great and usually rather sudden change in the form and habits of some animals during transformation from an immature stage (as a caterpillar) to an adult stage (as a butterfly)
Medical Definition of metamorphosis
1: change of physical form, structure, or substance
2: a marked and more or less abrupt developmental change in the form or structure of an animal (as a butterfly or a frog) occurring subsequent to birth or hatching
Learn More about metamorphosis
Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for metamorphosis Medical Dictionary: Definition of metamorphosis Spanish Central: Translation of metamorphosis Nglish: Translation of metamorphosis for Spanish speakers Britannica English: Translation of metamorphosis for Arabic speakers Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about metamorphosis
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up metamorphosis? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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Samuel Bunch as an American politician that represented Tennessee's second district in the United States House of Representatives. He was born on December 4, 1786 in Grainger County, Tennessee. He attended the public schools and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He served in the Creek War as captain of a company of mounted riflemen under General Jackson and participated in the attack on Hillibeetown on November 18, 1813. He was sheriff of Grainger County for several years.
He was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-third Congress and re-elected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress. He served as a U.S. Representative from March 4, 1833 to March 3, 1837. He resumed agricultural pursuits and died on his farm near Rutledge, Tennessee on September 5, 1849. He was interred in a private cemetery on his farm.
This article incorporates facts obtained from the public domain Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
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New findings show that a beneficial soil fungus plays a large role in nitrogen uptake and utilization in most plants.
In the current issue of the journal Nature, Agricultural Research Service chemist Philip E. Pfeffer and cooperators report that beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi transfer substantial amounts of nitrogen to their plant hosts. A lack of soil nitrogen often limits plant growth.
The studies were conducted by Pfeffer and David Douds at the ARS Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pa.; Michigan State University scientists headed by Yair Shachar-Hill; and New Mexico State University scientists headed by Peter J. Lammers and including graduate student Manjula Govindarajulu.
AM is the most common type of symbiotic fungus that colonizes the roots of most crop plants. The fungi receive glucose and possibly other organic materials from the plant, while enhancing the plant's ability to take up mineral nutrients, primarily phosphorus.
The scientists previously identified enzymes and genes involved in nitrogen absorption and breakdown in AM fungi, but very little was known about how nitrogen is moved from fungus to plant or in which form nitrogen moves within the fungus.
The researchers discovered a novel metabolic pathway in which inorganic nitrogen is taken up by the fungi and incorporated into an amino acid called arginine. This amino acid remains in the fungus until it is broken down and transferred to the plant.
The results show that the symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plants may have a much more significant role in the worldwide nitrogen cycle than previously believed. With this in mind, farmers may benefit from promoting the proliferation of mycorrhizal fungi through diminished fertilizer input, thereby making more efficient use of the nitrogen stores in agricultural soils.
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Did this Saturn V Rocket Get to the Moon?
By Alexander Popov PhD and Andrei Bulatov
An investigation that suggests that the Apollo 11 rocket travelled many times slower than scheduled
"With such a start to the flight, the Apollo 11 craft had no chance of catching up with
the required ascent schedule." N. V. Lebedev, Veteran of Baikonur Cosmodrome
All space enthusiasts are very accustomed to watching Apollo 11 launch footage provided by both NASA and the media. But many people seem to forget that on that day in July 1969 there were numerous amateurs with their film cameras at the vicinity of Kennedy Space Center, all capturing that historic moment.
Are any of those old Super 8 films available today, perhaps on the Internet? Have they survived over the forty or so years since then? Well, it turns out that some films have survived, but the most surprising fact is that they do not show the launch of Apollo 11 as we are used to seeing it.
The following is a translation of Chapter 2 from the book Is This Rocket Going to the Moon? by Alexander Popov, PhD and is a detailed study of one of those amateur films.
Some information about clouds
It turns out that clouds can tell a lot about trajectory of this Saturn V "moon" rocket. But to obtain this information we need first to ascertain certain facts. Many of us travel on passenger jets which usually fly at 30-33,000 feet (9-10 kms) altitude and passengers generally see the same scenes out of the windows: clouds below and the clear blue sky all around.
But higher than 40-43,000 feet (12-13 kms) the sky is almost always clear (Fig.1a), as higher clouds are somewhat different. Ascending through thin layers of clouds, rockets can leave their "signatures" in the form of rather neat holes (Fig.1b).
Fig.1. a) NASA aircraft at 33,000 feet (10 kms) altitude watches the shuttle Columbia (STS-2) launch;
b) A hole in the thin layer of clouds, made by the rocket engines.
The sun was shining on the day of the Apollo 11 launch (Fig.2), there were a few pockets of low clouds, but the rest of the sky wasn't completely clear either. According to NASA , the sky was 90% covered with a whitish translucent haze of fine and high cirrostratus clouds. Although their height is not given in , it is known from reference [1, 3-5] that these types of clouds are rarely higher than 26,000 feet (8 kms). This is confirmed by the data on Apollo 13: on the day of Apollo 13 launch the similar cirrostratus clouds were at an altitude of 26,000 feet (8 kms).
Fig.2. Apollo 11 Saturn V launch from the control room at the Kennedy Space Center
after rising about ten times its own length.
The Super 8 film sequence
In a film shot by Phil Pollacia, the Apollo 11 launch was filmed continuously during the first 170 seconds of the launch. The vast majority of both amateur films and NASA’s recordings available on the Internet show the ascent of the Saturn V compiled and edited from separate clips, assembled from individual sequences.
Andrey Kudryavets pointed out a very interesting video [7, 8] of the launch of Apollo 11. He writes, "The video is extraordinary because the launch is shown in one [continuous] shot – taking off from the launch pad to first stage separation. There are no cuts and no editing, so it is possible to watch the initial phase of the flight in full."
One of the authors of this article managed to contact the owner of the film on the telephone. It was Philip Frank Pollacia (Phil) read more here – see page 7. Here's what was said (in brief):
Phil has a Bachelor’s degree from Louisiana Tech University and a Master’s degree from Auburn University, both in mathematics. He worked at IBM for NASA. He had the opportunity to become a controller during Gemini 7/5 – the first rendezvous, Gemini 8 – the first emergency re-entry and Apollo 13. After Gemini, he became the IBM lead manager for Apollo, Skylab and Apollo/Soyuz. Phil himself shot the film on a Super 8 film camera. The shooting and playback speed has not been changed. The Apollo launch footage is one continuous shot without cuts and with no editing. Phil is now 71 years old.
According to the Phil’s account, the company sent him on a special trip to observe the launch of Apollo 11. He shot the film on a Super 8 camera. His commentaries of the launch are the words of admiration and his sincere belief in this historic event – the mission to the Moon. Associated with long-term work for NASA and honestly convinced in the reality of missions to the Moon, Phil obviously had neither incentive nor motivation to shoot revelatory material. He simply filmed what he saw. This fact makes his material even more unprejudiced and more valuable in exposing NASA’s account which has come to light following analysis of his film.
Fig.3. The Super 8 camera similar to the one used,video playback speed information, and one of the frames.
Fig.4 shows key frames of the second part of the sequence, illustrating the rocket launch and ascent. Each frame has its time stamp indicating hours, minutes, and seconds. We do not know which reference time Phil used, but for our study it doesn’t actually matter. At the time mark of 1:01.02 fire and smoke beneath the rocket become visible. Hence, ignition has occurred.
The rocket does not immediately start to ascend, because for a few seconds it is held in place with the engines running . After the engines reach the required thrust, the rocket is released and it starts to rise. Visually, this occurs at 1:01.05. This timer mark is used as the reference 0 second of the flight time. The clip ends at approximately the 175th second of the flight.
Fig.4. The most interesting frames from the film.
Even though Phil has confirmed that the film was shot in real-time, and that it corresponds to the true rocket speed, an extra check on such an key issue was very important.
At the first check point of the sequence Andrey Kudryavets writes [11,13], "Why rely on the film, [perhaps] it was slowed down? Well, its speed can be easily estimated from the time the Saturn V clears the service tower! So for the purpose of comparison we selected seven other available recordings of the Apollo 11 launch."
According to NASA’s documentation , the tower clearance time is about 9.5 secs. And this timing, in my opinion, can be trusted. The fact is that thousands of professional and (most importantly) tens of thousands of uncontrolled amateur cameras were shooting this very entertaining moment. The rocket did actually clear the tower strictly on schedule. And indeed, in Phil’s film (Fig.4) we see that the rocket rises to the height of the tower on the 9th second. Other consulted recordings provide the same result.
Now to the second check point of the film. According to NASA’s record the separation time of the first stage was 162 seconds into the mission. And as we see in the Phil’s film, it is on this very second that a tremendous cloud of hot gas surrounds the rocket. The impression is that the rocket is covered by a blast. After a few seconds, a glowing fragment leaves this cloud (173rd second). The shooting angle and remote distance does not allow determining what it is exactly – separation of the first stage and falling back, with the leading segment of the rocket keeping on going, or maybe something else. However in any event, a casual observer will assume this event to be the separation. And no doubt, that’s what NASA wanted.
The film-maker has confirmed that these events play back in real time. This is verified twice: at the beginning of the film on the 9th second, and at the end on the 162th second. Consequently, the film rate is confirmed as being correct, and the recording of all these events is accurate throughout the entire film.
Over the course of the film one can see other evidence, not as obvious, but nevertheless straightforward and clear. When viewing people walking around all movements are absolutely natural and occur at normal speed. Therefore, the timer on Phil’s film can be relied upon. Having established this timing with confidence we can see at what moment the rocket passes through the third and the highest layer of clouds (Fig. 5).
Rocket passes through clouds, lagging behind ascent schedule
Fig.5. The rocket goes through the upper layer of clouds at the 105th second.
We now take a look at the four frames from the 104th to the 107th second, inclusive. The first and the last frames in the series are shown in full, and two frames in the middle are shown partially in order to save space. On the 104-105th seconds the rocket is approaching the upper layer of clouds, but it is hard to understand where it is: already in the cloud, or yet to enter it?
The next two frames make it clear. On the 106th second, a shadow appears to the left of the brightly-glowing plume area. At the 107th second it is quite distinct. This is a rocket which has already made it through the clouds, punched the hole, and cast its shadow on the clouds. And all this is shown as if being projected on a screen and it can be clearly seen from the ground because the top layer of clouds, are quite smooth and transparent.
Having understood this picture, we can more accurately determine the moment the rocket passes through the clouds. At 106th second the shadow has already started to form. Hence, the rocket’s nose is already above the cloud layer. But on the 105th second mark the shadow has not yet appeared. Therefore, it is the last second, when the rocket has not yet pierced the clouds.
So we can accept the 105th second as the time of passage through the clouds.
The upper layer of clouds, as we know, is located at an altitude of ~26,000 feet (8 kms). At the time of ~105 sec the rocket is flying at an altitude of ~26,000 feet (8 kms) whereas according to the Apollo 11 timing (and in Table B-1 below) at this moment it should be far, far above the clouds, at a height of 79,000 feet (24 kms).
This means that the craft was lagging three times behind NASA's actual ascent record.
(See green underline – 105.0 secs, 23,999 metres.)
"With such a start to the flight, the Apollo 11 craft had no chance of catching up with the required ascent schedule", states the veteran of Baikonur Cosmodrome N. V. Lebedev. Indeed, according to NASA's records, the burn of the first stage of the Saturn V is about 60% of 162 seconds. Respectively, by 106th second the first stage has burnt about 60% of its fuel, and it has made less than 1/8th of its required journey.
And so one can reasonably ask: where will this rocket finish its flight, if not in waters of the Atlantic Ocean?
And hence a very obvious question now follows: who wants to end his days with a flight during which there’ll be a disastrous crash into the water, and (quite possibly) never surfacing? Therefore, the most likely scenario is that the rocket was unmanned.
Measuring the speed of the Apollo 11 Saturn V at the 108th second into the flight
(immediately after passing through the upper cloud layer).
In addition to the foregoing analysis, this appendix provides some extra material. A reader who may need reminding of the basics of school physics and mathematics can skip this section without affecting understanding of the topic. All the major findings have been covered above. This appendix supplements the main text.
There is no way that a train can travel at a scheduled speed, with the mileposts passing with any serious delay. Therefore, if the Apollo 11 Saturn V was three times behind its scheduled climb rate, then it has to have been climbing at a much slower rate than required for the mission to succeed.
Determining the velocity of the Saturn V from the NASA report [12, Table B-1] is not straightforward. The fact is that Table B-1 (Fig.6) does not give the speed of the rocket, but only its components on axes X, Y, Z (in which X is the vertical axis). Based on these components one can calculate the velocity:
Fig.6. Excerpt from the Table B-1 in APOLLO/SATURN V POSTFLIGHT TRAJECTORY - AS-506 .
Phil’s footage allows us to check this number. In order to do that we have to find out how fast the shadow was moving away from the centre of the hole in the clouds created by the rocket.
Fig.7 below shows the positions of the rocket shadow relative to the hole in the clouds for the 107th and 109th seconds into the flight. Here we introduce the notation: l - length of the rocket shadow, and L - distance from the tail of the shadow to the centre of the hole. Moving away from the hole as the rocket rises the shadow preserves its shape rather well. Therefore, the cloudy translucent screen is pretty smooth. It is important to accurately measure the speed of the rocket. The key idea of the method is that when the shadow has gone its one length "l", it also corresponds to the rocket having travelled one length of itself.
Fig.7. As the rocket rises above clouds the shadow of the rocket is moving away from the centre of the hole.
This idea is illustrated in Fig.8 below. The only clarification required is why this picture specifies the rocket length of 100m. The rocket height from the engine nozzles to the tip of the Launch Escape System (LES) on the top is 110m. This is true, but it is doubtful that the shadow of the thin (1m) and long (10m) LES is visible on the layer of clouds. It is indeed not visible, even if one looks really carefully. After all, the screen is not that high quality. Therefore, it is believed that the part of the body, which makes the shadow, has a length of 100m (i.e. without LES).
Fig.8. Explanation to the method of measuring the rocket velocity based on the moving shadow.
To measure the velocity of the rocket, first for six different frames as on Fig.7, the rocket shadow l was measured in mm on the computer screen. An average value of l = (39 ± 1.5) mm was calculated.
Then for ten pairs of frames (one is considered first and the other last) the shadow shift was measured:
After averaging the results of ten measurements the shift of the shadow for 1 sec is 40.5mm, that is the value of 1.04 of its length (39mm). Consequently, for 1 sec the rocket moved by 1.04 of its length (not counting LES), that is 104m. As a result, the following value for the real velocity of the rocket is:
V = (104 ± 4) m/s at 108th second into the flight (2)
A very small error of (2) ± 4% shows that the result of our measurements is not an assessment of speed of the rocket, but it is a highly accurate measurement. This result is NINE times slower than that which NASA claims (1).
Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is experimentally established that:
1) at the 105th second into the flight the rocket was three times behind the stated ascent rate;
2) at the same time (or more accurately, in the interval of 107-109 sec) the rocket travelled nine times slower than it should have done, according to the NASA record.
Did this Saturn V rocket get to the Moon? Based on these experimental results, it must be concluded that such a slow rocket most likely ended up in the waters of the Atlantic. Moreover, it carried no space craft, and had no astronauts aboard.
The authors wish to express their special thanks to the Russian researcher A.V.Kudryavets
who studied the film footage.
01. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/118577/cirrostratus about clouds
02. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-15_Launch_Weather.htm about clouds
03. http://meteoweb.ru/cl004-1-2.php about clouds
04. http://www.igras.ru/index.php?r=192&id=6926 about clouds
05. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cirrostratus about clouds
06. (A.Kudryavets Video exposing NASA’s Apollo missions)
07. Apollo 11 Launch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnF3O5ZOTnA Philip Pollacia’s video
08. Apollo 11 Launch http://video.yandex.ru/users/andrew-vk/view/15/ Philip Pollacia’s abbreviated video
09. Russian translation of Philip Pollacia’s video
12. Apollo/Saturn V Postflight Trajectory – AS-506 Table B
13. A. Kudryavets. Apollo 11 tower clearance time. The list of considered videos with results:
a. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vl-401aRFSE 10 sec;
b. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y70SgYPIBGY 10 sec;
c. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Z5t84Ktt_k 12 sec;
d. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGHAJNLcClk 10 sec;
e. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24v8zRaXLiY 09 sec;
f. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5QkqAmm2EY 09 sec;
g. http://video.yandex.ru/users/andrew-vk/view/14/ 10 sec.
About the Authors
Alexander Popov PhD
Alexander Popov was born in 1943 and graduated from the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) Department of Experimental and theoretical physics in 1966. He spent time in special design departments, but mostly he worked in MEPhI.
In 1973 he received his PhD in MEPhI with his thesis on "Investigation of the interaction of optical radiation with the active medium of gas lasers."
In 1984 he became a Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in MEPhI with his thesis on "Laser absorption analysis of molecular gases." He currently teaches physics at a private school.
Alexander Popov is author and co-author of 15 inventions and more than 100 publications in the field of laser technology, spectroscopy, absorption analysis, gas analysis, and laser optics. With his developments he has participated in the Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh). He is decorated with bronze (1978) and gold (1981) medals of the Exhibition, and a medal "850 years of Moscow."
Popov recently wrote Americans on the Moon – A Great Breakthrough or a Space Affair? in Russian, 2009.
Andrei Bulatov graduated from Technical University in the Soviet Union. He became seriously interested in the veracity of Apollo program after reading the book NASA Mooned America! by Ralph Rene.
Prior to that time, Andrei Bulatov had no doubts at all regarding the reality of the Moon landings accomplished by American astronauts many decades ago. Since then he has become deeply involved in studying this subject, and is now engaged in conducting his own investigations, based on various documents published on this topic.
English translation from the Russian by BigPhil
Aulis Online, February 2013
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اسلام عليكم و رحمة الله وبركات
"The religion (Islam) is to act with sincerity" or " Religion is advice"
الدين – Mubtada
النصيحة – Khabar
Mubtada and khabar makes a Jumlah Ismiyyah Khabariyah (Nominal sentence)
The Arabic word Al-Nasihah is difficult to translate into English.
Allama Ibn Daqeeq al Eid رحمة الله عليه states that “In Arabic there is no similar for the word Al-Nasihah also”
Other meanings could be – giving good advice, directing towards good, acting with sincerity or honesty, or being compassionate and desiring good.
The hadith makes clear that one of the core aspects of true faith is to give good counsel, to wish well, and to act towards everything with honesty and sincerity.
[Provisions For The seekers - Abdur Rahman Ibn Yusuf Mangera]
Imam Nawawi رحمة الله عليه states that:
“This hadith is an explanation for the entire religion as nasihah means sincerity, and sincerity is the root of all actions. Without it (sincerity) all actions are rejected”
[Sharah Muslim – Fathul Bari]
In the rest of the hadith, the sahabah asked Muhammad صلي الله عليه وسلم, in regards to what must this naseehah (sincerity) be?
Muhammad صلي الله عليه وسلم answered;
In regards to Allah;
In regards to the Book of Allah (Quran);
In regards to the Imam’s of the Muslimeen; and
In regards to the Muslim’s as a whole.
To have sincerity in regards to Allah means to believe in Allah with all his sifaat (attributes), and believe firmly in His oneness.
Not to associate anything or anyone else with the attributes of Allah. To do all worship with utmost sincerity. To act upon all that Allah has commanded and be thankful for all the blessings Allah has blessed us with. To love all those who love Allah.
To have sincerity in regards to the Quran means to believe firmly that the Quran has been revealed from Allah. To act upon whatever it says in all states. To recite it with tajweed and to contemplate in what the ayah’s say. To respect it at all times.
Inclusive in regards to Allah and His book are the sincere belief we must have in regards to Muhammad صلي الله عليه وسلم, To believe firmly that Muhammad صلي الله عليه وسلم is the messenger of Allah, to bring Imaan in his Prophet hood, to believe in all the commands He صلي الله عليه وسلم has given and to follow what He صلي الله عليه وسلم has taught. To love Him صلي الله عليه وسلم more than one’s own family and children, and to have love for His صلي الله عليه وسلم sahabah (companions).
In regards to Muslim Imam’s, it constitutes to those who are running the country as well the ulema (people of knowledge). To be sincere in dealing with these people means to stay loyal to them, not to go against them in order to cause them difficulty in their rule.
To follow them in good matters and to refrain from following in bad.
If it is felt that they are doing some wrong then they must be advised in a good way and the people should not plot against them.
To respect the people of knowledge, to accept all they say about the deen and to follow them in all the good they say about the deen, and in their actions.
In terms of the general muslmeen it means to always want good for them in terms of both worlds, and to call them to good so that they may benefit in all walks of life. To never harm them, to reply to their salaam, to visit them if they are ill, not betray anybody’s trust, to respect the elders and have mercy on the young, not to backbite etc.
In this manner all things in regards to this world and the hereafter are included.
This hadith shows how Muhammad صلي الله عليه وسلم was blessed as being Jawaamiul Qalam, meaning He صلي الله عليه وسلم could say so less and it would have a very deep and profound meaning, this was indeed a miracle of the Prophet صلي الله عليه وسلم that he could convey so much with such a short sentence.
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Regularity: Regularly occurring
National NatureServe Conservation Status
Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked
Helianthus californicus is a species of sunflower known by the common name California sunflower. It is native to California and Baja California, where it grows in many types of habitat. This wild sunflower is an erect perennial growing from a network of tough, woody roots with small rhizomes. It is a sprawling, gangly plant, sending a thin stem to heights between one and three meters or more. The lance-shaped leaves may be 20 centimeters long and are smooth or slightly toothed along the edges. The inflorescence holds several flower heads. Each head is supported by a base covered in long, pointed phyllaries that bend back as the head ages and develops fruit. The flower head has a fringe of golden yellow ray florets, each two or three centimeters long, and a center filled with curly yellow and brown disc florets. The achene is about half a centimeter long.
To request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. Thank you!
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Leonard and Gwendolyn Johnston's venerable black-culture bookstore.
“All through my life the schools avoided me,” explained Leonard Johnston, proprietor of Third World Books and Crafts, to a newspaper reporter who visited his shop in the summer of 1969. “They ignored my history, my culture, my music. Now I’m trying to educate. Politically, culturally, every way I can think of. In fact, I’d rather convince you than sell you a book.” The bookstore, which the militant radical and railway porter had opened with his wife Gwendolyn less than a year earlier, specialized in books on the history and culture of Africa and its diaspora, black literature, and volumes on radical politics. The store’s purpose was to enable the local black community to learn about themselves.
Decades later it had succeeded, becoming recognized, in the words of journalist Philip Marchand, as the “nerve centre for black intellectuals in Toronto.” Third World Books thrived for more than 30 years, at numerous addresses but most notably in the heart of Seaton Village—a strip of businesses along Bathurst Street catering to the city’s black and Caribbean communities—until it closed in early 2000, not long after Lenny Johnston’s death.
Toronto-born Leonard Johnston was a member of one of the city’s earliest black singing groups, the Onyx Boys. In the 1930s, the trio sang numbers like Jimmie Lunceford’s “Linger Awhile,” and they were regular guests on local radio—although, as Johnston complained bitterly decades, later, “We never got a dime.”
During the day he worked as a porter for the Canadian Pacific Railway for well over 30 years, becoming an active member of the union led by Stanley Grizzle. Politically minded, he joined the Communist Party, and became an activist for racial equality. He got married in 1937 to Gwendolyn, also born in Toronto, and they would have three children.
A voracious reader, Lenny Johnston learned everything he could about African-Canadian history and world politics, and long dreamed of opening a bookstore where members of the black community could congregate, learn about their culture and history, and debate politics. Setting aside $16 per month from his pay for years, the Johnstons eventually saved enough to open the bookstore in November 1968. Lenny kept his job on the railroad, but on off days he traded his porter’s uniform for a dashiki to man his shop’s counter. They named it Third World Books and Crafts, he once explained, for the two thirds of the world’s population that is non-white.
“It’s worth it because we feel that we have been instrumental in our people learning about themselves,” Gwen later recalled of their intentions for the store. “When we were children and sat in school, there was nothing taught about the wonderful history of Africa, nothing about what black people had contributed to the world. Can you imagine that? They just tried to cut us out of history and so we feel that in a small way, we’ve been able to open these doors.”
In this, Third World Books was part of a late 1960s black cultural renaissance in Toronto, during which numerous university student groups, cultural organizations, community newspapers, shops, and restaurants were established. Historian Funké Aladejebi has suggested that one of this movement’s dominant motives was to educate and raise the consciousness of Toronto’s 40,000 black residents.
Faced with discrimination in the workplace, on public transit, and in the rental housing market in Toronto, blacks came together to vent about feeling like second-class citizens “in circles where there was trust, support and camaraderie,” writes Althea Prince, who was a student and activist in the 1960s and 1970s. Third World Books provided one such venue.
However, not everyone was happy about the bookstore’s existence. In its early years, the storefront window became the target of graffitied swastikas and messages of hate. But the Johnstons persevered.
The small store’s interior was decorated with posters of Malcolm X and Chairman Mao, authentic African masks, and a one-dollar bill sent to Johnston by a white supremacist threatening him to get out of town. A small sign, handwritten by Johnston and posted on the wall, read: “For 400 years the man had us working for nothing. Now he sells us books telling us how he did it. He wins again.”
(Right: Cover of the first edition of Eldridge Cleaver’s Soul on Ice [Ramparts Press Inc., 1968], a book available at Third World Books. From Wikimedia Commons.)
By the early 1970s, it was rumoured that Third World was home to more than 10,000 books. They were an eclectic literary mix, but Lenny was extremely knowledgeable about everything he sold. “You got an introduction to everything on the shelves,” one regular visitor recalled in the Star decades later. “He read every damn thing in the place.”
There were politically charged volumes by Eldridge Cleaver, Frantz Fanon, Kwame Nkrumah, and Stokely Carmichael; novels by the likes of Richard Wright and Austin Clarke; and books of verse. The most incendiary material was kept in a back room until requested by name. And there was lighter fare like periodicals, Caribbean and soul food cookbooks, and a selection of children’s books. Many of the books were specially imported and unavailable anywhere else in Toronto.
“Even the library didn’t have some of the books Third World was able to bring in,” Rosemary Sadlier, author and president of the Ontario Black History Society, once told a reporter. In addition to books, the shelves were filled with African crafts, items carved from ebony, and Muslim prayer shawls. Johnston also sold dashikis, in African prints and bright colours, navy blue Mao suits, and LPs of African music.
From his perch behind the counter at Third World Books, Johnston became something of an unofficial spokesman for the local black community, being quoted in the newspaper regularly in the store’s early years. He never pulled punches, letting his philosophical mix of Marxism and Malcolm X—as one reporter described it—shine through. Asked for his opinion on how life for blacks in Canada compared to the United States for a Star article in November 1970, Johnston didn’t see much difference. “The only difference is in degree and percentage,” he expounded. “If there were more blacks here it would be the same. America’s racism is raw, it’s out front. Here, it’s covered up.”
On at least one occasion, apparently tired of being asked the same questions again and again, Johnston threw one reporter’s line of inquiry back at him. “Look, let me ask you this,” he told Barrie Hale in the Globe and Mail in May 1971. “You’re white. What does it feel like to be a white man in Toronto, a white man in Canada?”
(Left: Article from the Globe Magazine [May 8, 1971] featuring an interview with Leonard Johnston.)
The Johnstons’ desire to educate went beyond the bookstore. In a collection of essays, Althea Prince, a university friend of the Johnstons’ daughter, recalled attending Sunday brunches at the Johnston household. “At those brunches, the Johnstons talked to us about life in Canada, about Pan-Africanism, and a new vision of world history,” wrote Prince, who is today a professor and author. “This vision located us as part of an African Diaspora which had a mission at hand.” Prince regarded the Johnstons—affectionately known by many as “Lennie and Gwennie“—as being her “surrogate parents.”
The success of Third World Books had much to do with Lenny Johnston’s dynamic personality and sharp wit. He intently and intensely debated ideas with anyone, black or white, who came into the shop. “He liked to talk on any subject and most of his ideas where his and only his,” his daughter Carol McGrath later reminisced for Elaine Carey in a May 1998 edition of the Star. “You may not have agreed with him but everyone always listened to him.”
Historian Sheldon Taylor first visited Third World Books in the early 1970s as a student, looking for a copy of Robin Winks’s newly published The Blacks in Canada (1971). He couldn’t afford the cover price, so Johnston gave him a copy as a gift. While Taylor completed his PhD, the bookshop became a second home for him, although Taylor—a “right of centre radical” by his own admission—and the militant leftist bookseller didn’t always see eye to eye. “He used to tell me that the only radical thing about me was the size of my afro,” Taylor remembered in the Star on February 3, 2000. The two remained longtime friends.
(Right: Advertisement from the Black Trade and Business Directory .)
David Austin, a radio documentarian who shopped there regularly in the 1980s, had similar experiences. “In these formative years,” Austin recalled of his weekly visits in the Star on October 22, 2006, “I, like so many other young men and women who frequented the store, was exposed to writers and thinkers—Audre Lourde, Claude McKay, bell hooks, Malcolm X, Angela Davis, Cheikh Anta Diop, C.L.R. James—and a range of ideas such as Pan-Africanism, socialism, Third Worldism, and anti-imperialism. Third World Books was the site of lively, and, at times, heated debate. We were imagining and crafting the world anew, and our tools were the books that graced the store’s shelves.”
Located first at 70 Walton Street—at Gerrard and Bay streets—Third World Books moved to 689 Bay Street, then 748 Bay Street. It survived longer than competing stores that opened in the 1970s and 1980s catering to local black readers and political activists. In the early 1980s, the Johnstons relocated to larger premises at 942 Bathurst Street, between Bloor and Dupont, in the heart of Seaton Village, a neighbourhood that emerged as “the axis of immigrant Caribbean-Canadian life,” in Royson James’s words. Within blocks of the new location were the headquarters of the Home Service Association, supermarkets specializing in Caribbean food, Musicland Records, Tropic Furniture Mart, the Carib Foto Studio, beauty salons, barber shops, and restaurants. Al Hamilton’s Contrast, one of the city’s first black newspapers, wasn’t far away.
In a review of Toni Morrison’s Jazz for Canadian Woman Studies, an academic recalled how she’d come across the book by happenstance, revealing something of what it was like to shop at Third World Books:
Books are not fastidiously catalogued as they are in the new high-tech bookstores; rather they are scattered here and there on shelves, tabletops, wherever open space may be found. I remember I was looking for a book … and I moved aside a stack of books to reach some others piled on the floor. And there at the bottom of the pile was a [newly published] book entitled Jazz by none other than Toni Morrison.
Third World Books grew to be one of the largest black bookstores in North America and, Norman Richmond assessed in an obituary for Lenny Johnston, “an important intellectual and cultural centre.” Renowned across the continent, Third World Books attracted famous visitors over the years including Angela Davis, Paul Robeson, the Mills Brothers, Quincy Jones, and Michael Jackson and his brothers (who heard about it from Jones).
(Right: Obituary of Leonard Johnston from the Globe and Mail [June 22, 1998].)
Third World Books, over the years, served as a venue for innumerable book launches, author lectures, seminars, community meetings, and even karate classes. The Johnstons’ support for local artists and authors was heartfelt and enthusiastic. Third World Books provided local authors with self-published or small press books an outlet to sell their publications, speak at events, and otherwise find an audience.
Third World Books became one of the first venues to sell a local, fledgling black women’s art journal, At the Crossroads. Of the Johnstons, the periodical’s publisher, Karen Miranda Augustine, recalled: “They were encouraging, hoping you did well, and valuing all that you tried to do. And, unlike many adults, they took you seriously.” She continued:
I still remember with much affection Gwen and Lenny’s concern when I came in after a nine-month publishing drought: “Are you bringing in your magazine? Are you still publishing? You haven’t stopped?” Almost in unison, looking at me intently—their encouragement heartened me, as I pulled fresh copies out of my bag. They didn’t want me, or any other youth, to give up. They understood what was necessary. And they knew that you could do it.
Another local black enterprise the Johnstons helped foster was the Too Black Guys apparel line in the early 1990s. Before being picked up by Spike Lee’s shop in New York City, and before the hip-hop clothing company opened its own boutique in Seaton Village, Too Black Guys got its start selling its line of shirts emblazoned with black pride slogans and lessons from black history from the basement of Third World Books.
The Johnstons proved to be community leaders beyond the bookstore as well. Lenny was an active member of a number of community organizations. He and Gwendolyn jointly received a Harry Jerome Award from the Black Business and Professional Association in 1997, and she was honoured by the Ontario Black History Society for her community service.
Lenny Johnston died in late April 1998, at the age of 79, after a long fight with heart disease. Gwendolyn, who had long worked alongside Lenny but was by then in her 80s, kept the shop going for a spell. There were suggestions within the local black community that someone would buy the store and continue its legacy, but no offer ever materialized. Eventually, on January 15, 2000, Third World Books quietly ceased operations after more than 30 years.
The Star‘s Royson James remembered Third World Books, on the occasion of Gwendolyn Johnston’s own death in early May 2009, as “the Bathurst St. landmark that for decades served as propagator and preserver of black literature on love and protest, triumph and disaster.”
Fortunately, in the decade and a half since Third World Books closed, new bookstores catering to the black community, such as A Different Booklist, located just south of Bloor Street on Bathurst, and Knowledge Bookstore in Brampton, have opened to fill the void. They carry on Third World Books’ legacy of carefully curated and culturally attuned reading material.
Sources include: Yaa Amoaba Gooden, “‘Betta Must Come’ African Caribbean Migrants in Canada: Migration, Community Building and Cultural Legacies,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Temple University (2005); Keith S. Henry, Black Politics in Toronto Since World War I (Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1981); Andrea O’Reilly, review of Toni Morrison’s Jazz in Canadian Woman Studies (Fall 1993); Althea Prince, Being Black: Essays by Althea Prince (Insomniac Press, 2001); and articles from the Toronto Globe and Mail (May 25, 1959; May 8, 1971; October 18, 1980; November 12, 1983; May 16, 1991; August 20, 1994; and June 22, 1998); Toronto Life (July 1994); and Toronto Star (August 23, 1969; November 7, 1970; January 18, 1972; April 30, 1973; April 14, 1979; October 12, 1980; June 9, 1986; February 5, 1990; January 15, 1994; July 5, 1997; May 4, 1998; February 3, 2000; October 22, 2006; May 5, 2009; and February 27, 2012).
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What is in this article?:
- West Texas meeting targets deer concerns
- Chronic Wasting Disease
All mule deer and elk harvested within the CWD Containment Zone, which covers portions of Hudspeth, Culberson, and El Paso counties, are required to be submitted for testing at mandatory hunter check stations within 24 hours of harvest.
Chronic Wasting Disease
Chronic Wasting Disease is a transmissible neurological disease of deer and elk that produces small lesions in brains of infected animals. It is characterized by loss of body condition, behavioral abnormalities and death. CWD is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), and is similar to mad cow disease in cattle and scrapie in sheep.
Although CWD is a contagious fatal disease among deer and elk, research suggests that humans, cattle and other domestic livestock are resistant to natural transmission. While the possibility of human infection remains a concern, it is important to note there have been no verified cases of humans contracting CWD.
Texas Parks & Wildlife biologists say the TB surveillance program has offered hunters an opportunity to provide valuable tissue test samples that could lead to the continued protection of the state's deer and elk population. They say the testing requirements are in direct response to a bill passed by the 83rd Texas Legislature, a law targeting animal diseases that threaten deer populations in Texas.
All mule deer and elk harvested within the CWD Containment Zone, which covers portions of Hudspeth, Culberson, and El Paso counties, are required to be submitted for testing at mandatory hunter check stations within 24 hours of harvest. Hunters who harvest deer in the Containment Zone outside the general season under the authority of MLDP (Managed Lands Deer Permits) will need to call TPWD at (512) 221-8491 the day the deer is harvested to make arrangements to have the deer sampled for CWD and TB.
Outside the containment zone, voluntary sampling of harvested deer is being encouraged. For information about the participation in voluntary testing programs, hunters and the general public are encouraged to contact TPWD officers or wildlife biologists in their county.
The special meeting in Hudspeth County will be held Thursday, December 19 at 7 p.m. Mountain Time at the courthouse in Sierra Blanca to discuss this expanded surveillance effort with landowners and other interested parties.
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In many parts of the country, snow and ice still have a deathgrip on the local climate. In my neck of the woods, we still have massive piles of ice and snow on every street corner and at the end of every driveway. So it’s only natural that many of us are looking for a way to bust through the winter blues.
One thing that often works is to enjoy more tropical fruits, such as mangoes, bananas, coconuts, or papayas. These fruits are usually available all winter long, and are like an early preview of summer’s warmth. But beyond these warm feelings, many tropical fruits have far more powerful abilities.
Did you know that one tropical fruit can be used as a substitute for IV fluid in an emergency? Or that another tropical treat has been shown in studies to kill cancer cells? Aside from their health benefits, there are plenty of other reasons to love the following tropical fruits…and some of these benefits will definitely surprise you.
You might think of coconut as the sweet topping on German chocolate cake, but this fruit has plenty of health benefits as well. Coconut water has a ton of health benefits. It’s a sterile source of clean water, useful for survival hydration. On top of this, coconut water has the same level of electrolytic balance human blood. In the Pacific Theatre during World War II, coconut water was frequently used in the field as an emergency plasma transfusion for wounded combatants.
Coconut water makes a better sports drink than commercial products, as it is lower in salts and sugars and higher in potassium. And, of course, the flesh and oil of the coconut is also edible and good for you!
The mangosteen is a small fruit with white flesh, popular throughout Asia. One group of scientists has proposed that alpha-mangostin, an antioxidant found only in mangosteen, can cause cell death in leukemia cells, effectively treating the disease. While more research needs to be done, mangosteen is also said to have powerful anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiseptic properties.
You might think of it as a vegetable, but this is actually a fruit. And not just any fruit, but a fruit that has been shown to lower cholesterol. They are also rich in folic acid, which can prevent some kinds of common birth defects. Even more interesting is that avocados are the ultimate life hack fruit: when you eat an avocado with other vegetables, you absorb more nutrients from the meal than you would have from eating the vegetables alone. Top your salad with a few slices of avocado, and you’ll be increasing your intake of vitamins and minerals from the meal.
A single mango will contain half of your recommended daily allowance of both Vitamin A and Vitamin C, as well as some B-Vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, beta-carotene, and…well, maybe it would have been quicker for me to list the few nutrients that this little fruit DOESN’T contain…
I picked up an interesting tip about quickly ripening mangoes from the book “Urawaza”, which I reviewed here recently. If you pick up a mango at the supermarket that is still hard, soak it in simmering water for just 10 minutes to speed up the ripening process. The sooner you can eat one, the sooner you can start to enjoy its beneficial qualities.
Longan berries, native to China, have long been said by Asian herbalists to have relaxing properties, making them the perfect snack to enjoy to lower your stress levels. It is also said to have anti-cancer, antioxidant, and liver-protective properties. The longan contains high levels of iron, potassium, and large amounts of vitamins A and C. Finding them in a form other than fresh at your local market may be tough, but dried and canned longan are also available.
In general, eating more fruits is good for your health. Overall, tropical fruits have been known to reduce your risk of cancer and heart disease. On top of these benefits, a diet rich in tropical fruits ensures that you will have improved digestion and GI function. Best of all, these fruits can neutralize free radicals, protecting you from asthma, joint pain, and the above-mentioned heart and cancer risks.
You are what you eat. If you want to be smart, eat smart, and reach for these tropical fruits the next time you are craving a snack.Read full content
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For the latest symbols information, visit the NETSTATE CHRONICLE.
|Designation||Symbol / Emblem||Adopted|
State of Ohio Ohio Revised Code <http://codes.ohio.gov/orc> Accessed February 10, 2011.
|Animal||White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)||1988|
|Amphibian||Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum)||2010|
|Beverage||Tomato Juice (Lycopersicon esculentum)||1965|
|Bicentennial bridge||The Blaine Hill bridge in Belmont county, constructed in 1828 as part of the national road.||2002|
|Bird||Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)||1933|
|Flag||Find our more...||1902|
|Flower||Scarlet Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)||1904|
|Frog||Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)||2010|
|Fruit||Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentus)||2009|
|Great Seal||Find our more...||1967|
|Herb capital of Ohio||Gahanna||1972|
|Invertebrate Fossil||Isotelus (Trilobite)||1985|
|Native fruit||Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)||2009|
|Prehistoric monument||Newark earthworks, Licking county||2006|
|Reptile||Black Racer Snake (Coluber constrictor constrictor)||1995|
|Rock song||"Hang on Sloopy"||1985|
|Tree||Ohio Buckeye (Aesculus glabra)||1953|
|Wildflower||Large White Trillium (Trillium grandiflorum)||1987|
The Ohio General Assembly offers The Legislative Process to help us understand how laws are made in the state. For a more detailed rundown, the Ohio Legislative Service Commisssion publishes A Guidebook for Ohio Legislators.
State Symbols: The Ohio Historical Society's Ohio History Central.
Ohio's State Symbols: Ohio Governor's Residence and Heritage Garden.
Ohio Facts and Symbols, by Emily McAuliffe. 24 pages. Publisher: Capstone Press; Rev Upd edition (August 2003) Reading level: Grades 3-4. Interest level: Grades 3-9. Perfect for report writing! Easy-to-read text covers major Ohio symbols such as the state flag, seal, bird, tree, flower, animal, and more. A "Fast Facts" section highlights the state's capital city, largest city, physical size, population, natural resources, farm products, and primary manufactured goods. Also included are full-page maps that introduce the concept of the map key, which is great for teaching map-reading skills.
State Names, Seals, Flags and Symbols, by Benjamin F. Shearer, Barbara S. Shearer. 544 pages. Greenwood Press; 3 Sub edition (October 30, 2001) This is one of the best, and most comprehensive, books we could find about the official state names and nicknames, mottoes, seals, flags, capitols, flowers, trees, birds, songs, and miscellaneous designations of each state. This, coupled with the 1938 Shankle book, formed the basis of our symbol library. If you're serious about your states symbols, you'll want to have this book and the one below. This book also contains information about state holidays, license plates, sports teams, universities and other trivia.
State Names, Flags, Seals, Songs, Birds, Flowers, and Other Symbols, by George Earlie Shankle. 522 pages. Reprint Services Corp; Revised edition (June 1971) Reprint of the 1938 revised edition. The first comprehensive book about our state symbols! From the preface: "This book grew out of the desire of its author to know, about his native state, a great many facts which he found exceedingly difficult to obtain. After three years of research in the Library of Congress, he is able to give to the public this storehouse of information, which could have been gathered from not library less fertile in source material..."
Visit the NETSTATE Ohio State Book Store for additional Ohio related books, including Ohio Reference Books, History, Biographies and Cookbooks.
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Mumps is a disease, usually of children, caused by a virus. With mumps, your salivary glands swell. Specifically, these are the parotid glands, and they are located below and in front of each ear.
The virus is spread by direct contact with an infected person's sneeze or cough. Humans are the only known natural hosts. The disease is more severe if you get it as an adult.
With nearly universal immunization in childhood, there are fewer than 1,000 cases of mumps per year. Most of the reported cases are in children 5-14 years of age. The infection is more common during late winter and spring.
Mumps is mainly caused by a virus. The incubation period (from initial infection to symptoms) is from 16-18 days, ranging from 12-25 days after exposure. The period when someone is most infectious to others is from one to two days before and five days after the onset of swelling in the glands.
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 3/12/2015
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- Myths and Facts About Baby Eczema
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- How to Spot Deadly Allergy Triggers
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Geometry Out of Africa
Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help
|Ivars Peterson (MathTrek)|
|Two recent books that introduce African geometry. Geometry from Africa, by Paulus Gerdes, shows how one can discover or derive the Pythagorean theorem from African designs, explores the role of symmetry (with suggestions for home and classroom crafts projects), and focuses on the geometry of the sona sand drawings among the Chokwe in south-central Africa. African Fractals, by Ron Eglash, investigates links between fractal geometry and traditional African designs, emphasizing their self-similar nature.|
|Levels:||High School (9-12), College|
|Resource Types:||Articles, Books|
|Math Topics:||Patterns/Relationships, Fractals, Symmetry/Tessellations, Art|
© 1994- The Math Forum at NCTM. All rights reserved.
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The height and motion of the ash and gas plume from the April 22, 2003, eruption of the Chikurachki volcano is portrayed in these views from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR). Situated within the northern portion of the volcanically active Kuril Island group, the Chikurachki volcano is an active stratovolcano on Russia's Paramushir Island (just south of the Kamchatka Peninsula).
In the upper panel of the still image pair, this scene is displayed as a natural-color view from MISR's vertical-viewing (nadir) camera. The white and brownish-grey plume streaks several hundred kilometers from the eastern edge of Paramushir Island toward the southeast. The darker areas of the plume typically indicate volcanic ash, while the white portions of the plume indicate entrained water droplets and ice. According to the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruptions Response Team (KVERT), the temperature of the plume near the volcano on April 22 was -12° C.
The lower panel shows heights derived from automated stereoscopic processing of MISR's multi-angle imagery, in which the plume is determined to reach heights of about 2.5 kilometers above sea level. Heights for clouds above and below the eruption plume were also retrieved, including the high-altitude cirrus clouds in the lower left (orange pixels). The distinctive patterns of these features provide sufficient spatial contrast for MISR's stereo height retrieval to perform automated feature matching between the images acquired at different view angles. Places where clouds or other factors precluded a height retrieval are shown in dark gray.
The multi-angle "fly-over" animation (below) allows the motion of the plume and of the surrounding clouds to be directly observed. The frames of the animation consist of data acquired by the 70-degree, 60-degree, 46-degree and 26-degree forward-viewing cameras in sequence, followed by the images from the nadir camera and each of the four backward-viewing cameras, ending with the view from the 70-degree backward camera.
The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer observes the daylit Earth continuously from pole to pole, and every 9 days views the entire globe between 82 degrees north and 82 degrees south latitude. These data products were generated from a portion of the imagery acquired during Terra orbit 17776. The panels cover an area of approximately 296 kilometers x 216 kilometers (still images) and 185 kilometers x 154 kilometers (animation), and utilize data from blocks 50 to 51 within World Reference System-2 path 100.
MISR was built and is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, for NASA's Office of Earth Science, Washington, DC. The Terra satellite is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology.
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History of Logging and Lumber Railways in Ontario
Not a lot has been recorded about Ontarios Logging Railways, these were non common-carrier roads owned by lumber companies, and their sole purpose was to transport logs or lumber. Unlike British Columbia and our neighbours to the south, Ontario had little more than 2 dozen bona fide logging railroads.
The North American introduction of the logging railroad in 1852 is credited to A.J. Fox, Abijah Weston and William C. Bronson, who built a logging railway to the Tioga River, near the town of Lindley, Steuben County, New York. It was constructed of wooden rails, with platform cars and a steam locomotive named Bull of the Woods. This railroad was not used as a substitute for log driving, but for hauling logs to the bank of the Tioga River, whence they were driven to the large gang mills, at Painted Post.
In Ontario, during the mid 1860s Henry F. Bronson, along with the same Abijah Weston, were logging along the York River near Bancroft, to supply logs to their mills at Ottawa. Such a logging railway would have been a practical way for their timber to avoid the tempestuous waters of the lower Madawaska River, between the York River and Ottawa. This feat was accomplished 30 years later by Ottawa lumberman J. R. Booth. The construction of the Ottawa, Arnprior & Parry Sound Railway, gave Booth rail access to his timber along the upper Madawaska River. While it did carry logs, as did many other common-carrier railways in Ontario, at one time or another, the Ottawa, Arnprior & Parry Sound Railway handled grain, mixed freight, passengers and mail, as well as timber, so it could hardly qualify as a logging railway.
The introduction of what we know as the logging railway, is credited to Michigan lumberman Winfield Scott Gerrish for his 1877 Lake George & Muskegon River RR, the first successful logging railroad in Michigan. Some references claim a logging road at Pinconning was first, however, it was only successful after its takeover by Gerrish. For his original idea, it is claimed that Gerrishs resourcefulness followed his visit to the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, where he saw a narrow gauge H.K. Porter locomotive on display. The locomotives of his Lake George line were standard gauge Porters. How much of this idea, was that of this native of Maine, I find questionable. His partner in this project was E. H. Hazleton, formerly of Philadelphia, where Gerrish had seen the locomotive display, in his partners home town. Following this partnership Hazleton had moved to Arizona for health reasons, but remained active in Michigan logging. Mr. Hazleton also acquired timber in the Georgian Bay region of Ontario, however, it is unknown if he was involved with a logging railroad on this side of the border.
Many of the names of Michigan lumbermen that pioneered the development of logging railways, can be traced back to the Tioga Valley of New York State. As the importance as a lumbering district shifted from there to the American mid-west, the forests of Ontario attracted lumbermen from that region as well. Henry Williams Sage, owner of an 1854 mill on the Ontario, Simcoe & Huron Rail Road, at Bell Ewart, had formerly been involved with the operation of a mill at Tioga, Pennsylvania.
In that era, it was not only logs that moved by water, the sawn lumber loaded mostly aboard ships and barges, was transported on the lakes and canals. The marine forwarding trade was the foundation of H. W. Sages enterprise, but not in Simcoe County, where the lakes were yet, land locked. Captain Charles Spaulding, a lumber retailer at Elmira, N. Y. in the 1860s, was a former pilot on the Chemung Canal, connecting the Tioga Valley to the Erie Canal. Capt. Spaulding most likely personally saw Fox, Weston & Bronsons logging railroad at Lindley. In 1868 Captain Spaulding and Tenyke DePuy acquired interest in a sawmill at Poda Mills, in Simcoe County, ten miles from the nearest railroad.
Tramways and pole roads usually preceded the introduction of logging railways in many places. Toronto lumberman John B. Smith, had mills at Angus, where the Northern Railway to Collingwood passed through the Pine Planes of Essa, the site of an ancient Boreal Forest. In the 1870s the J. B. Smith company put up a mill about four miles south of the railway, where a horse drawn tramway with wooden rails had previously been constructed to transport lumber to Angus. Further south, in Tossorontio, American lumbermen had put up a water powered sawmill on the Pine River, at Poda Mills, the original destination of this tramway. That portion of the tramway had lost its importance by 1879 when the Hamilton North-Western Railway was built through Tossorontio Township, north-west of Alliston, the name of Poda Mills was changed to Tioga, evidence of the American influence of this industry.
At other locations in Simcoe County, steel rail tramways were built, Flos Tramway near Elmvale, in 1879 and Medonte Tramway at Coldwater, in 1881, were considered to be freight only branches of the railways they were connected to. In South-Western Ontario, a 14 mile Pole Road constructed for a lumberman at Essex, in 1881, was outfitted with cars and a steam locomotive, manufactured by St. Thomas machinist, Mr. C. Noseworthy. Instead of rails this equipment ran on logs laid flat on the ground and strapped together at the ends. The wheels of the Pole Road were contoured to fit over and roll along on top of the logs, instead of rails.
Until the introduction of railways, most logging was done in winter, logs were delivered to frozen lakes, by horses hauling over ice roads, the timber was then driven to the mills on the spring freshet. While at first, the logging railways did not replace this practice, they did, however, enable the lumbermen to penetrate deeper into the forests in all seasons.
The vast timber lands of Northern Ontario are covered by numerous rivers and lakes. The requirements of the industry led to the development of a unique logging tug boat in 1889, built to a lumbermans specifications and manufactured at Simcoe, Ontario. Over two hundred of these amphibious flat bottom steam-powered craft called Alligators, were used for towing logs. They could winch themselves on and off rail cars and likewise portage from one lake to another, eliminating the need for improvements such as a logging railway. The invention of this boat is likely why Ontario had so few logging railways.
The railway equipment that was used in Ontario logging
included many of the various rail mounted apparatus known in any other North American
logging railroad regions. In this study I have included sawmill locomotives, steam
and combustion. Many of these operations had little or nothing published about
them and photographs are hard to come by. This is a rare look at a long-gone pioneer
era of Ontarios early logging railways and lumber operations before trucks
and changing markets.
March 1, 2006.
(Use your browser Back button)
Old Time Trains © 2009
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A TRS connector (tip, ring, sleeve) also called an audio jack, phone jack, phone plug, jack plug, stereo plug, mini-jack, mini-stereo, or headphone jack, is a common analog audio connector. It is cylindrical in shape, typically with three contacts, although sometimes with two (a TS connector) or four (a TRRS connector).
It was invented for use in telephone switchboards in the 20th century and is still widely used, both in its original ¼″ (exactly 6.35 mm) size and in miniaturized versions: 3.5 mm (approx. 1/8″) and 2.5 mm (approx. 3/32″). The connector's name is derived from the names of three conducting parts of the plug: Tip, Ring, and Sleeve.
TRS connector typical pinout for audio plug
|Name||Position||Number||Most common Colour|
|L (Left Signal)||Tip||1||Green|
|R (Right Signal)||Ring||2||Red|
|GND (Ground)||Sleeve||3||Bare Copper|
Some common uses of jack plugs and their matching sockets are:
- Headphone and earphone jacks on a wide range of equipment. 1/4″ plugs are common on home and professional component equipment, while 3.5 mm plugs are nearly universal for portable audio equipment. 2.5 mm plugs are not as common, but are used on communication equipment such as cordless phones, mobile phones, and two-way radios.
- Consumer electronics devices such as digital cameras, camcorders, and portable DVD players
- Microphone inputs on tape and cassette recorders.
- Personal computers, sometimes using a sound card plugged into the computer. Stereo 3.5 mm jacks are used for: Line in (stereo), Line out (stereo), Headphones/loudspeaker out (stereo),Microphone input
- Electric guitars. Almost all electric guitars use a 1/4″ mono jack (socket) as their output connector.
- Instrument amplifiers for guitars, basses and similar amplified musical instruments.
- Line outputs.
- Foot switches and effects pedals.
- Effects loops, which are normally wired as patch points.
- Electronic keyboards use jacks for a similar range of uses to guitars and amplifiers, and in addition
- Sustain pedals.
- Expression pedals.
- Electronic drums use jacks to connect sensor pads to the synthesizer module or MIDI encoder. In this usage, a change in voltage on the wire indicates a drum stroke.
- Modular synthesizers commonly use monophonic cables for creating patches.
- Some small electronic devices such as audio cassette players, especially in the cheaper price brackets, use a two-conductor 3.5 mm or 2.5 mm jack as a DC power connector.
- Some photographic studio strobe lights.
- Some cameras (for example, Canon, Sigma, and Pentax DSLRs) use the 2.5 mm stereo jack for the connector for the remote shutter release (and focus activation); examples are Canon's RS-60E3 remote switch and Sigma's CR-21 wired remote control.
- Some miniaturized electronic devices use 2.5 mm or 3.5 mm jack plugs as serial port connectors for data transfer and unit programming. The second-generation iPod Shuffle from Apple has a single TRS jack which serves as headphone, USB, or power supply, depending on the connected plug.
Color codes of computer soundcard audio jacks
These codes were standardized by Microsoft and Intel in 1999 for computers as part of the PC99 standard.
|green TRS 3.5 mm||stereo output, front channels or headphones|
|black TRS 3.5 mm||stereo output, rear channels|
|grey TRS 3.5 mm||stereo output, side channels|
|gold TRS 3.5 mm||dual output, center and subwoofer|
|blue TRS 3.5 mm||stereo input, line level|
|pink TRS 3.5 mm||mono or stereo microphone input|
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At home in the humidity of Florida, you yield more fruit than the Miami Gay Pride parade. Yes, you are quite an original; in fact, you are the original. Your family, Vitis Rotundifolia, were the first native Americans to yield wine. And the family name 'Rotunda-fullia' is so appropriate, with your plump clusters of fruit bearing greater resemblance to small apples than grape berries.
Appellations Growing Scuppernong Grapes
Appellations producing the most Scuppernong wines:
- North Carolina (State Appellation)
- Texas (State Appellation)
- America (Country Appellation)
- Georgia (State Appellation)
- Florida (State Appellation)
Scuppernong Grape Details
Scuppernong (MUSCADINE, V. ROTUNDIFOLIA)
Scuppernong is a historically important Native American Muscadine variety. This bronze-skinned grape is a member of the Vitis rotundifolia family, which includes the first native grapes to produce wine. Scuppernong, which has a typically grapey, musky flavor, has been cultivated since 1809. However, wine is said to have been made from wild vine fruit by French immigrants in the mid-16th century. Known by many aliases, including Hickman’s Grape and Bullace, it is mostly grown in the southeastern and Gulf states of the U.S., where it can reach 18% fruit sugar. Ripening near mid-season, it produces sweet-finished white wines. Reportedly, it is very resistant to Pierce’s disease.
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view a plan
In this growth and development lesson, Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head model physical similarities and differences
P.E. & Health
By – Monica Zamudio
Primary Subject – Health / Physical Education
Grade Level – K-1
Time Frame – 30 minutes
EL Level – Beginning
Materials and Technology:
- Mr. Potato Head and Mrs. Potato Head with various attachable parts
- colored pencils
- boxes of assorted arts and crafts
- glue and tape
- It’s Okay to Be Different by Todd Parr
- SMART board
- An understanding of the process of growth and development
Alignment with Standards:
- Expectation 7 – Students will understand and accept individual differences in growth and development.
- Growth and Development – Demonstrate an understanding of individual differences.
- Example of Work/Benchmark: Students will describe their own physical characteristic.
- Example of Work/Benchmark: Students will name ways in which people are similar and ways in which they are different.
- Students will understand and accept individual differences.
- They will understand how everyone can look different, but still be the same.
- Students will learn the meaning of physical characteristics.
- Students will learn the meaning of people’s differences and similarities and their acceptance.
- Students will follow directions.
- Students will listen and be respectful to their peer’s pictures and feelings.
- Identify Skills:
- Physical characteristics – a special quality or appearance that makes an individual or group different from others
- Similarities – having characteristics in common; having characteristics that are the same
- Differences – characteristics that are not the same
Direct Instruction Model:
- Focus/Motivation (Open):
- Teacher says, “
Today we will be learning about our personal characteristics using Mr. Potato Head and Mrs. Potato Head.
You will be creating your own Mr. or Mrs. Potato Head using different materials. You will be creating your picture according to how you think you look or feel.
We all have things that are different about us, but we also have some ways that we are similar. We all have something that is unique about us, something that is special. It is important that we learn that it is okay to be different and how we are all special in our own way.
- Development (Body):
- Present definition:
Who has ever heard of the word personal characteristics?
- Students answer:
Well personal characteristics basically mean a special quality or appearance that makes you different from other people
“For example, Lily has straight blond hair.”
“Who knows what differences mean?” “You know what different means, right?”
“Well our differences are ways that we are different from other people.”
“For example, Gustavo and Kevin have differences, because they do not have the same colored eyes.”
“Does anyone know what similarities are then?” “Do you know what similar means?”
“Similarities are characteristics that we have in common or the same.”
“For example, Anna and Vivian both have brown eyes, so they share a similarity.”
- Gives examples and non-examples: (Look above for example.)
“Your shoes would not be a personal characteristic, but your nose would be.”
- Teacher will bring out Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head.
- Teacher will use Mr. Potato head to demonstrate how everyone can look different, but still be the same in some ways.
- Teacher will show the variations of Mr. and Mrs. Potato head by using the different attachable parts.
- Check for understanding:
- Teacher will ask the students questions based on the information that was presented and allow the students to ask any questions that they may have.
- Closure (Close):
- Teacher will read
It’s Okay to Be Different
- , which is about personal similarities and differences.
- Independent Practice:
- Students will create their own version of Mr. or Mrs. Potato Head according to how they think they look or feel. Students will be able to use various arts and crafts materials. Students will then have the opportunity of sharing their picture with their neighbors and will be encouraged to discuss their differences and similarities.
- Teacher will check to see that students have a completed picture that represents who they are.
- Students will be asked to share their pictures with their classmates. Teacher will be observing as they discuss their differences and similarities.
E-Mail Monica Zamudio !
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California regulators released draft rules Tuesday that would govern hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking,'' involved in oil recovery.
The proposed rules were posted online by state oil regulators. California currently oversees oil well construction, but it had not previously required disclosure of fracking practices.
Under the draft regulations, operators would have to name the chemicals used in fracking and test wells to ensure the drilling process could be withstood. Fracking is a method of extracting hard-to-reach gas and oil by pummeling rocks deep underground with high-pressure water, sand and chemicals.
It has been quietly going on in several counties including Los Angeles, Kern, Monterey and Sacramento to extract hard-to-reach oil. Other states use the technique to recover natural gas.
Environmentalists worry that fracking can contaminate groundwater and pollute the air. However, the industry has said the practice has been safely used for decades. The release of the draft was just the first step in creating the regulations, which will undergo public comment starting in February.
"These regulations ... go well beyond disclosure requirements to require rigorous testing and evaluation before, during and after hydraulic fracturing operations to ensure that wells and geologic formations remain competent and that drinking water is not contaminated,'' California's Department of Conservation said in comments posted on its website.
"Some of the testing and evaluation requirements of the proposed regulations have not yet been implemented by any other state,'' it said.
While the chemical disclosure requirement was hailed by some fracking critics as an important step forward, California's draft rules also include a "trade secrets'' exemption.
The exemption would allow a company to bypass public reporting of the specific chemicals in "fracking fluid'' if that information would reveal information that competitors could use to gain an advantage. In lieu of specifics, companies would be required instead to post the "chemical family or similar descriptor'' for the agents it is using.
Also, doctors and nurses treating anyone harmed by a chemical spill or groundwater contamination would also be required to sign non-disclosure agreements before a trade-secret protected company would identify the chemicals it uses.
"These draft regulations would keep California's fracking shrouded in secrecy and do little to contain the many threats posed by fracking,'' Kassie Siegel of the Center for Biological Diversity said in a statement. An oil industry spokesman did not immediately return a call seeking comment on the new regulations.
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The Latest News
Every year scientists studying HIV come together at a national conference and look at the results of their experiments. Search For A Cure attended this conference last month. Below are some highlights.
New DrugsTwo kinds of drugs were talked about at the conference -- those coming soon and those in the very early stages of development.
Drugs Coming Soon
TMC114Tibotec is a company focusing on developing new versions of old drugs that work when the others have stopped.
Tibotec's protease inhibitor (PI) seems able to salvage regimens that are highly resistant to other PIs. So far, the data from studies using the drug in people who have resistant virus look pretty impressive.
If you need a new PI, join a study with this drug. Check with www.clinicaltrials.gov.
TMC125This second Tibotec drug is a second generation NNRTI that combines durability with power and works when older NNRTIs stop.
It is a very promising drug being tested in the U.S., Canada and Europe.
ReversetThis is a once-a-day antiviral produced by Pharmasset, Inc., in Tucker, GA.
Reverset was tested in 30 HIV-positive people who had never used an antiviral drug before. This resulted in significant drops in the amount of virus that they had.
Reverset is as powerful as abacavir, 3TC, FTC and tenofovir when used in people who have never used an HIV antiviral. New studies are looking at how the drug performs in people who have used lots of HIV medicines already.
SCH DThis is a new type of drug from Schering called an entry inhibitor because it stops HIV from getting inside a cell. HIV cannot reproduce unless it gets inside a T cell, hijacks the cell's operating machinery and uses it to make more virus.
To get into a cell, one type of HIV uses a part of the T cell called the CCR5 co-receptor. Another type of HIV uses another part of the T cell called the CXCR4 co-receptor. Since this new drug is a CCR5 inhibitor, it doesn't work against the type of virus that uses CXCR4.
The drug was tested in 48 volunteers and showed its power to reduce virus in people with CCR5-using virus by 90-95%.
In order to make sure this drug will work, a person would have to have their virus tested to see if there is any CXCR4-using virus present.
BMS488043This new drug is another type of entry inhibitor from Bristol-Myers Squibb.
It is like SCH D because it stops HIV from getting into a cell.
The trial showed 1,800 mg of this drug reduced the amount of virus in volunteers by 90%.
It did not matter if a volunteer had used ARVs before or not. This is very good news, as it shows this new class, as expected, is not cross resistant to any of the older classes.
Drugs Which Are in Early Development, But Which Look Promising
SPD 754In a study sponsored by Shire Pharmaceuticals, this new NRTI, called SPD 754 (deoxycitidine), looks promising.
In a study of 64 people, this drug caused a 97% drop in virus. This is excellent.
Unfortunately, this drug might not work against virus resistant to Viread. It seems, however, to work against all other resistant viruses.
PA-457This drug is part of the HIV drug-resistance project of the National Cancer Institute. It is partially publicly funded.
This is a new type of drug altogether, stopping HIV from completing its reproduction. It is a maturation inhibitor.
This means the drug will work against virus resistant to everything else we have today.
It is too early in development to comment more, but the drug needs to be watched.
KRH-2731This drug fights virus that uses the CXCR4 co-receptor. It is in early studies. It is important to watch because drugs like it are very important. Used together with drugs that stop virus that use the CCR5 co-receptor, like SCH-D, the combination might stop both types of virus.
TNX-355This entry inhibitor has been tested in 22 volunteers who have HIV for 14 days and has reduced viral load from 70 to 95%.
This drug can be administered once a week.
It is being developed by a small company called Tanox.
Other Drugs Being BuiltGlaxo is well down the road to the creation of a powerful NNRTI. Its temporary name is GW678248.
A small company, Regeneron, is trying out a new idea -- an immune based therapy that seems to help the body fight HIV and is showing some results.
Gilead is trying out a new concept that looks interesting. It has shown a special kind of drug kills cells which are infected with HIV. This might be a very successful way to fight the virus. It's a long way from getting into people, but it is on the way.
Other ApproachesFor years, people have looked for other ways to help fight HIV in addition to antiviral medicines. One study, funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb, has shown supplements might be able to help.
A well-known doctor, who specializes in how to use supplements to help people with HIV, tested a mixture of vitamins, antioxidants and minerals on volunteers with HIV.
The results show this mixture raises T cells and seems to reduce the amount of virus.
A lot more study is necessary before scientists can be sure this approach is of any use.
To find out more, you can check out Integrative Health Consulting, Inc., at www.integrativehealthconsulting.com.
AfricaThe good news is that many new, improved medicines are being developed, and some of them should be in the drugstores within two years.
The bad news is that most of the world does not have access to them.
United Nations Ambassador Stephen Lewis explained that rich countries needed to do something quickly. He said 26 million people have died from AIDS in countries that cannot afford the medicines that we have. These parents have left over 13 million orphans that the poor countries cannot afford to take care of. Columbia University economist Dr. Jeffrey Sachs estimates it would take the price of one movie ticket and one box of popcorn from each family in the rich countries to pay for all of the medicines and medical care needed for HIV, malaria and tuberculosis.
The good news is the federal government has committed 15 billion dollars towards this effort. The bad news is Bush has released virtually none of it.
This article was provided by Search for a Cure. It is a part of the publication Reasons for Hope.
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|WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION||
|Explanation of the criteria for classification and numbering of components||
|Explanation of the dates on the component's description|
THE BASIN STORAGE AND WATER BALANCE ANALYSIS PACKAGE (BSTOR)
1. Purpose and objectives
To provide a user-friendly interactive computer package to: 1) create
and maintain a station/basin hydrometeorological data base for the BSTOR package; 2) perform independent estimates of areal evapotranspiration for use as input to the water balance equation; 3) analyze the variations of
basin storage and water balance for the detection of possible trends and/or data deficiencies.
The BSTOR package allows the user to: create a station/basin data file system for analysis; modify data sets so as to add, delete or modify all
stored information; tabulate and plot data sets for preliminary analysis; and perform independent estimates of areal evapotranspiration based on
The basin data files are created from data files of stations using user specified station weights. The time period for computations is monthly. The water balance analysis may be performed on the basis of a calendar year or other user specified cycles (e.g. September to August).
The water balance and basin storage computations provide the user with
an interactive facility to: 1) compute the station's rain and snowmelt
using the total precipitation and the snow on the ground on the last day of
the month; 2) create basin data files of total precipitation, rain and snowmelt, and evapotranspiration; and 3) compute basin water balance and
storage content using previously created basin data files.
Station data files include monthly time series of mean air temperature, dew point temperature, sunshine duration, total precipitation, total snowfall, snow on ground on the last day of month, discharge, computed rain and snowmelt, and computed station evapotranspiration.
Basin data files are created from station data files. They include: discharge, evapotranspiration, rain and snowmelt, total precipitation, and computed basin storage content.
A tabulation of input and/or computed data series; the computed net radiation, potential and areal evapotranspiration, wet surface evaporation, and lake evaporation; the components of the water balance averaged over a user-specified time period; the mass curves of the water balance components; a time series of the water balance components including storage content; and a concurrent basin storage plot.
5. Operational requirements and restrictions
The current version of BSTOR software was written in Fortran 77 to run under DOS 3.1 on IBM-type microcomputers with a math coprocessor. However, it can also be used on computers running Windows 95 and 98.
BSTOR was designed to be user friendly and interactive, thus no knowledge of programming is required to operate the package. Interpretation of results should be performed by analysts having knowledge of the
assumptions and limitations of the approaches and mathematical treatment. User's knowledge of the drainage basin and the station characteristics are indispensable for the proper analysis and interpretation of the results.
6. Form of presentation
Diskettes with executable program and a sample data set. The program and user manual are in English.
7. Operational experience
BSTOR has been applied to many drainage basins in Canada and is currently used by various government agencies and research institutes.
8. Originator and technical support
Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada.
10. Conditions on use
The diskettes and user manual are available free of charge.
|(First entered: 24 AUG 90||
Last updated: 14 DEC 1999)
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This file is also available in Adobe Acrobat PDF format
WHY CARE WHAT THE CONSTITUTION SAYS?
The powers of the legislature are defined, and limited; and that those limits may not be mistaken, or forgotten, the constitution is written. To what purpose are powers limited, and to what purpose is that limitation committed to writing, if these limits may, at any time, be passed by those intended to be restrained? The distinction, between a government with limited and unlimited powers, is abolished, if those limits do not confine the persons on whom they are imposed.1 --JOHN MARSHALL (1803)
HAD JUDGES done their job, this book would not need to be written. Since the adoption of the Constitution, courts have eliminated clause after clause that interfered with the exercise of government power. This started early with the Necessary and Proper Clause, continued through Reconstruction with the destruction of the Privileges or Immunities Clause, and culminated in the post-New Deal Court that gutted the Commerce Clause and the scheme of enumerated powers affirmed in the Tenth Amendment, while greatly expanding the unwritten "police power" of the states. All along, with sporadic exceptions, judges have ignored the Ninth Amendment. As a result of judicial decisions, these provisions of the Constitution are now largely gone and, in their absence, the enacted Constitution has been lost and even forgotten.
Without these missing clauses, the general scheme of the Constitution has been radically altered, which is precisely why they all had to go. The Constitution that was actually enacted and formally amended creates islands of government powers in a sea of liberty. The judicially redacted constitution creates islands of liberty rights in a sea of governmental powers. Judicial redaction has created a substantially different constitution from the one written on parchment that resides under glass in Washington. Though that Constitution is now lost, it has not been repealed, so it could be found again.
All this has been done knowingly by judges and their academic enablers who think they can improve upon the original Constitution and substitute for it one that is superior. This begs the question: Why care what the Constitution actually says, as opposed to what we might prefer it to say (or not say)? Whatever may be in their hearts, many constitutional scholars write as though we are not bound by the actual words of the Constitution because those words are obstacles to noble objectives. One way to slip these bonds is to imply that the original Constitution is illegitimate by repeating the refrain that we cannot be bound by the "dead hand of the past" or by constantly invoking the various sins of the framers. By delegitimizing the original Constitution, such rhetoric seeks to free us from its constraints. Yet it is both curious and significant that few come out and admit this. Why this avoidance? Why not frank confession?
Perhaps because those who practice and advocate judicial amendment of the Constitution seek the obedience of the faithful and, were their delegitimation entirely successful, why would anyone obey the commands of a mere judge, much less a law professor, a philosopher, or a political scientist? Why obey the commands of the man or woman in a black robe, apart from the fact that disobedience is likely to land you behind bars in an extremely treacherous environment?
To openly challenge the legitimacy of the Constitution--held sacred and regarded as authoritative by so much of the public--would be to admit that there is no "man behind the curtain." Instead, by subtly undercutting the legitimacy of the Constitution while at the same time preserving its much-revered form, a judge or even a clever constitutional scholar can become the man behind the curtain. Pay no attention to that figure in the black robe or to that bookish professor; the great and powerful Constitution has spoken!
This is a fraud on the public. Imply but do not say aloud that the Constitution is illegitimate so we need not follow what it actually says. Remake it--or "interpret" it--as one wills and then, because it is The Constitution we are expounding, the loyal but unsophisticated citizenry will follow. This strategy also allows one to adopt a stance of moral superiority toward past generations without having to assume the responsibility of proclaiming that the document they wrote and by which the government rules is of no authority.
Because it is constantly under siege, the Constitution's legitimacy cannot be taken for granted. Unless we openly confront the question of its legitimacy, we cannot respond to those who would replace it with something they think is better. We will never know whether we should obey it, improve upon it, or ignore it altogether. In this book, I begin by asking and answering the question that others shy away from: Why should anyone obey the commands issued by persons who claim to be authorized by the Constitution?
I explain why the most commonly held view of constitutional legitimacy--the "consent of the governed"--is wrong because it is a standard that no constitution can meet. Holding the Constitution to this unattainable ideal both undermines its legitimacy and allows others to substitute their own meaning for that of the text. This result is paradoxical because, notwithstanding the great expansion of suffrage, any new and improved "interpretation" of the Constitution will also fail to be legitimated by the "consent of the governed." And this fiction turns dangerous when factions purporting to speak for "the People" claim the power to restrict the liberties of all.
Equally untenable is the principal alternative to the "consent of the governed": the argument that the benefits received by citizens from a constitutional order and a duty of fair play obligate them, in return, to obey laws regardless of whether they consent to them. By dispensing with any need for obtaining even the fictional consent of the governed, this alternative turns out to be even more dangerous to liberty. We can do much better.
I contend that lawmaking by real unanimous consent is both possible and pervasive, although not in the sort of polity governed by present-day constitutions. Even in the absence of such consent, however, laws can still bind in conscience if the constitution that governs their making, application, and enforcement contains adequate procedures to assure that restrictions imposed on nonconsenting persons are just (or not unjust). Such a constitutional order can be legitimate even if it was not consented to by everyone; and a constitution that lacks adequate procedures to ensure the justice of valid laws is illegitimate even if it was consented to by a majority. Indeed, only by realizing that the "consent of the governed" is a fiction can one appreciate the imperative that lawmakers respect whatever may be the requirements of justice.
Although my thesis concerning legitimacy does depend on the claim that "justice" is independent of whatever may happen to be commanded by positive law, it does not depend on acceptance of any particular conception of justice. Regardless of what conception of justice one holds, constitutional legitimacy can be seen as a product of procedural assurances that legal commands are not unjust. Even those who reject the view of justice held by the founders, and which I have defended elsewhere,2 can accept this conception of constitutional legitimacy provided they also accept the proposition that justice is independent of legality. That is, that laws are not just solely because they are validly enacted.
To assess the legitimacy of any given legal system, however--including the system governed by the Constitution of the United States--requires both this procedural conception of legitimacy and a theory of justice by which to assess the adequacy of lawmaking procedures it employs. In short, while readers need not agree with the founders' or my conception of justice based on "natural rights" to accept the procedural conception of constitutional legitimacy I shall advance, they must produce and defend a conception of justice before they can pass judgment on the legitimacy of the Constitution. So must I.
To that end I will explain the founders' view that "first come rights, and then comes the Constitution." The rights that precede the formation of government they called "natural rights." I contend that if a constitution contains adequate procedures to protect these natural rights, it can be legitimate even if it was not consented to by everyone; and one that lacks adequate procedures to protect natural rights is illegitimate even if it was consented to by a majority.
The natural rights to which they and I refer are the "liberty rights" that, given the nature of human beings and the world in which we live, make it possible for each person to pursue happiness while living in close proximity to others and for civil societies to achieve peace and prosperity. It is precisely because the consent of the governed is impossible on a national scale that a constitution must provide protection for the preexisting rights retained by the people if the laws it sanctions are to create a duty of obedience in a nonconsenting public.
With this analysis of constitutional legitimacy and natural rights, we will then be in a position to understand why the words of the Constitution should be interpreted according to their original meaning and, where this meaning is incomplete or vague, how the inevitable gaps in meaning ought to be filled. Although I do not believe we are bound by the dead hand of the past, I will explain how, by committing ourselves to a written constitution, we commit ourselves to adhere to the original meaning of the text and any later amendments. In addition, original meaning must be respected so that those who are to govern by laws have little or no hand in making the laws by which they govern. We will also see that, where the original meaning is incomplete or vague, the text must be "construed," as opposed to "interpreted," in a way that enhances its legitimacy without contradicting the meaning that does exist.
It will then be time to examine the original meaning of key provisions of the text that have been either distorted or excised entirely from the judges' Constitution and ignored: the Commerce and the Necessary and Proper Clauses in the original Constitution, the Ninth Amendment, and the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. We will also need to examine the nature and scope of the so-called police power of states--a power that appears nowhere in the text of the Constitution and results from construction rather than interpretation.
Finally, I shall show how, when the meaning of these missing provisions is correctly understood, we can choose properly between two opposing constructions of the powers the Constitution delegates to government officials: Are all restrictions on the liberties of the people to be presumed constitutional unless an individual can convince a hierarchy of judges that the liberty is somehow "fundamental"? Or should we presume that any restriction on the rightful exercise of liberty is unconstitutional unless and until the government convinces a hierarchy of judges that such restrictions are both necessary and proper? The first of these is called "the presumption of constitutionality." While this construction has never been accepted in its entirety, the exceptions that have been created to it are revealing in the way they run afoul of the text. The second of these constructions may be called the Presumption of Liberty, which can provide a practical way to restore the lost Constitution.
It is an open question whether the U.S. Constitution--either as written or as actually applied--is in fact legitimate. Intellectual honesty requires us to acknowledge the possibility that no constitution lacking unanimous consent is capable of producing laws that bind in conscience. Therefore, while the theory of constitutional legitimacy, the conception of natural rights, the method of constitutional interpretation, the interpretations of key clauses, and the Presumption of Liberty I advance here all raise serious questions--is there any constitutional theory that does not?--readers should think long and hard before rejecting them. For the alternative may be to admit that, when judges pronounce constitutional law, there really is no one behind the curtain and their commands are utterly devoid of binding authority.
We need not, I submit, reach this conclusion. The lost Constitution has not, after all, been repealed. It remains before our eyes and its restoration within our grasp. Once it is remembered in its entirety, the case for a constitutional Presumption of Liberty becomes compelling. But to restore, we must first remember.
Return to Book Description
File created: 8/7/2007
Questions and comments to: firstname.lastname@example.org
Princeton University Press
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HIBERFIL.SYS AND PAGEFILE.SYS are system-generated files. They are used by Windows for hibernation and virtual memory control.
HIBERFIL.SYS is a file the system creates when the computer goes into hibernation mode. Windows uses the file when it is turned back on. If you don’t need hibernation mode and want to delete the file you need to turn the hibernation option off before Windows will allow you to delete the file. The procedure for turning hibernation off differs markedly between Windows XP and Vista. The file size depends largely on the size of active RAM in the computer as the contents of the file are basically a RAM image.
- Procedure for Windows XP. This procedure makes use of the graphical user interface.
- Start | Control Panel | Power Options
- Go to the Hibernate Tab.
- Uncheck the Enable Hibernation box if you don’t need the hibernation function.
- The file should now be able to be deleted.
- How to Troubleshoot Hibernation and Standby Problems in Windows XP. See this Microsoft Knowledgebase article.
Windows Vista and Windows 7
- Procedure for Windows Vista and Windows 7. This procedure requires that you be an administrator and uses the command line.
- Start | All Programs | Accessories
- Right click on the Command Prompt entry and choose Run as Administrator from the context menu that pops up (OK any UAC queries about doing this).
- A Command Prompt window should open.
- At the command prompt (where the flashing cursor is) type powercfg.exe /hibernate off and press the Enter key.
- The box should flash and you’ll be back at the Command Prompt; type exit and press the Enter key to exit the Command Prompt mode.
- Hibernation should now be turned off and the file HIBERFILE.SYS deleted. If you want to turn it back on repeat the procedure and use /hibernate on instead.
- More Information: Microsoft Support document. A method of doing this using the graphical user interface is available using the Disk Cleanup Wizard. See the writeup here for that if you absolutely refuse to use the command prompt.
- How to Troubleshoot Hibernation and Standby Problems in Windows Vista. See this Microsoft Knowledgebase article.
PAGEFILE.SYS is the virtual memory file Windows uses. Typically, on install, Windows sets the size of the file at around 1.5 times your physical memory size however this size will vary depending on the amount of free space on the disk when the file is established and other factors. Most will find the default size works fine but it can be changed. Windows uses this file for its normal operation however if you really need the space you can delete it after turning the virtual memory option off but be aware that this can cause extreme instability in Windows to the point where it might stop so do this at your own risk…
- Procedure for Windows XP.
- Start | Right Click on My Computer | Select Properties from the menu
- Select the Advanced Tab
- Select Performance Settings
- Select the Advanced Tab
- Under virtual memory use the Change button to either set the size you want or turn it completely off. Note that if you turn it off or make the value too small you may notice a system slowdown or Windows may stop. Windows wants to use this file and if it’s set to zero then in addition to a slowdown while running, on system shutdown you may think Windows has hung due to the extra time involved. You may have to experiment a bit if you set it lower than some minimum. The best advice would be to leave the file alone. The Elder Geek has a tutorial on the paging file that describes how to change its size in more detail.
Windows Vista and Windows 7
- Procedure for Windows Vista and Windows 7. You must be an administrator to make these changes.
- Start | Right Click on Computer | Select Properties from the menu
- Select Advanced System Settings from the left menu.
- Under Performance click on Settings
- On the Advanced tab you’ll find the Virtual Memory area. Select the Change button to either set the size you want or turn it completely off. Note that if you turn it off or make the value too small you may notice a system slowdown or Windows may stop. Windows wants to use this file and if it’s set to zero then in addition to a slowdown while running, on system shutdown you may think Windows has hung due to the extra time involved. You may have to experiment a bit if you set it lower than some minimum. The best advice would be to leave the file alone. See the Elder Geek link above for a general discussion of virtual memory and its interaction with Windows.
Comments from the original 5/26/09 posting:
Said this on 2009-08-31 At 09:03 am
Thanks very much for a simple and easy to understand explanation and method…I was wondering about those massive files and now I know I can get rid of hiberfil and not pagefile!!!
Said this on 2009-10-06 At 07:33 am
The above was done on a Lenovo X61s laptop. Once completed, I tried enabling the hibernation feature when logged as admin.
Once clicking “apply” the tick is dlt of the checkbox.
Can this be a virus infection on the *.sys file?
Might be that a virus linked up with the HIBERFIL.SYS or the PAGEFILE.SYS
Hows about an answer for this.
Said this on 2009-10-06 At 11:04 am
In reply to #5
A virus sounds unlikely but I assume you’ve used anti-virus software to do a scan. Does your admin account require a password to log on? If not that could be the problem. Windows restricts ALL accounts with no password in what the user can do. Also, there is the possibility that you don’t have enough disk space to recreate the hibernate file.
Said this on 2009-10-06 At 11:17 pm
McAfee was run on machine, nothing was detected
There is enough storage space on the machine due to it having 160 GB Hrd drve.
Can i then delete the hiberfile?
When running on SAFE mode, windows doesnt enable hibernation feature. I thought it was the power manager driver that was at fault, highly unlikely.
In a task, logged with any profile: ticking the “enable hibernation” and then “apply”, this automatically unticks the box again.
This is a tricky one, as its the first of its kind for me.
Said this on 2009-10-06 At 11:27 pm
In reply to #7
As I recall, in SAFE mode Windows has no hibernate mode and so from SAFE mode you should not be able to do anything to it via the graphical interface. I’m not certain what else to suggest so I’ll take the easy way out and refer you to Microsoft. They have an article about troubleshooting hibernation here: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/907477/ (you’ll have to copy/paste as I don’t allow links in the comments). Good luck.
Said this on 2009-11-01 At 01:40 am
The problem with PAGEFILE.SYS on Vista is – even if paging is turned off at all Vista still locking that file and left it without changes. Quite stupid Vista functionality as for me.
And quite stupid that Vista still wants a HUGE pagefile on 4Gb memory.
Thus, seems the only solution is to boot computer from other OS (or from recovery CD) and delete that file manually. 🙁
Said this on 2009-11-01 At 01:28 pm
In reply to #11
If you insist on deleting the file (you really should let Windows have its paging capability) you can try Unlocker to unlock the file in order to delete it…
Said this on 2009-11-01 At 03:59 pm
Could anybody recommend article explaining – WHY(?!) Windows Vista wants pagefile having size equal or greater than size of RAM?! Othewise (if pagefile is smaller) it hanging for 30-40 sec every 2-3 min! :-(((
I can agree with it if RAM size is less than 1-2Gb but I have 4Gb RAM – I belive that must be enough for stable OS work without the huge pagefile!
Perhaps also can agree if there are “heavy” applications running. But it is not the case – there were only Windows Explorer + Outlook + Borland Delphi 7 – nothing also! That has very low memory consumption.
I have tested pagefile size = 200Mb, 512Mb, 1024Mb, 1536Mb – all variants works unstable, computer constantly hanging! :-\
Crazy stuff! I have 4Gb of RAM and that stupid OS cannot work with pagefiles smaller than 3.2Gb! What the ….? Does everybody knows the reason?
Note: question is not to the 3.2Gb size, but – why it wants SUCH BIG pagefile?
Said this on 2009-11-01 At 06:56 pm
In reply to #13
Assuming 32-bit Vista, the OS itself will only use and be capable of addressing about 3.5GB of the 4 you have. The rest may be used for drivers and the like but is not available for general use by the operating system (why most Windows 7 installs are recommended as 64-bit; although that creates a set of problems all its own). Creating a page file at least the same size as memory (if not more) is fairly standard with XP and Vista. Not having one is known to create memory holes as programs bring things into and out of memory for their operation and eventually these holes cause more general problems unless they are managed. The page file system is designed to help with this management.
Why your particular system with those things running slows so much I would consider a mystery as I’m not familiar with the needs of the programs. Perhaps the compiler uses quite a bit and Outlook has never been known to be nice. 🙂
One way to speed up operation with a page file is to put the page file on a different drive than the boot drive so the operating system and page file operation are not competing for the same drive controller and the drive itself therefore does not work as hard. (The Elder Geek article referenced above has details on that.)
Said this on 2010-01-28 At 02:47 pm
This was very informative, TY I looked and saw my HD was almost used up on my laptop. 15gb left of 69.6. This is not possible. i do not have any sw added and very small files. I clicked on c and saw pagefil and hiberfil were big. so i followed the hiberfil delete instructions..ty. But, it now says 17gb left of 69…what is taking up my harddrive. how can i fing out. i deleted programs …again minnute is size. windows vista home premium acer laptop 32 bit ram. ty for help
Said this on 2010-01-28 At 09:44 pm
In reply to #18
Hard to say without looking at the whole disk directory in sorted order but if you have lots and lots of small files keep in mind that each file will take up however many full sectors needed even if the last one of those is almost empty. If the sector size allocated by the FORMAT command is large then each small file will take up that large size even if it’s only a single byte in physical size.
If you have lots of files you don’t use very often consider zipping them together into a ZIP archive that Windows will handle like a folder. That way they are all in a single file with much less wasted space and when needed individual files can be pulled out of the archive, modified, and inserted back into it by dragging and dropping in Windows or by using a ZIP archive program of some sort.
[Added: For file size finding software see: http://lifehacker.com/5146605/free-disk-analyzer-finds-the-largest-space+wasting-files]
Said this on 2010-06-02 At 04:55 pm
In reply to #18
One hidden culprit that uses up disk space is system restore. While it is a useful program and can really help out, it needs to be cleaned up periodically. When doing a disk clean up, be sure to check the other options, one of which is deleting all but the most recent system restore points. If you’ve been running your computer for quite a while, these file stack up and can take an amazing amount of disck space. The total space allowed can also be set by clicking on “My Computer”, going to the sytem restore tab and set a limit from there.
Said this on 2010-10-20 At 01:59 pm
tell any software to delect hiberfil.sys and pagefile.sys
[Assume you mean delete and that would be a BAD idea because of the caveats noted in the article. –DaBoss]
Said this on 2011-10-05 At 06:14 am
Thanks , i was trying to delete’em in Linux and i was thinking that they some kind of virus. and i just got into many problems by this.
Said this on 2012-01-18 At 12:50 am
This is just lame. The file does’t get deleted…you get it right back as soon as you turn hibernate on…
How do we actually delete this dump file is the real question.
[If hibernation is ON then the file will be there because it contains all the information needed to hibernate the computer. If you want the file gone then turn hibernation OFF. You can’t have it both ways. –DaBoss]
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Nearly 1 million migrants and refugees arrived in Europe last year, fleeing inhospitable conditions in their home countries. That number roughly matches the number of immigrants who arrived at Ellis Island in 1907, the year the immigration center’s intake peaked. During that year, and the several that preceded and followed it, an immigration official named Augustus Frederick Sherman used the moments when he wasn’t on duty to document the faces of the men, women and children newly arrived on American shores.
Sherman, a self-taught photographer about whom little is known, took photographs of immigrants who were being detained for further interrogation, whether for medical or other reasons. Some would be permitted to stay while others would be forced to return to the homes they risked so much to leave. Sherman requested that his subjects open their trunks and wear the traditional dress of their homelands, resulting in more than 200 striking photographs of Guadeloupeans, Bavarians, Romanians and Laplanders—men and women whose chief similarity was their wish to become Americans.
To help bring out the vitality of these iconic images, TIME commissioned freelance photo editor Sanna Dullaway to colorize a selection of them.
Sanna Dullaway is a photo editor based in Sweden and the host of a new monthly column on TIME LightBox on colorized photography. See more of her work here.
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The House Of Stuart
The ill starred Arbella Stuart was born in 1575, the only child of Charles Stuart, Earl of Lennox and Elizabeth Cavendish the daughter of Sir William Cavendish and the formidable Elizabeth Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury, known as Bess of Hardwick. In common with King James I and VI she was a grandchild of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox and Lady Margaret Douglas, who was, in turn, the daughter of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus and Margaret Tudor. Arbella was therefore a great great granddaughter of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
Arbella's paternal grandparents, the 4th Earl of Lennox and Margaret Douglas, had two sons, Arbella's father Charles was the younger of the brothers, his older brother, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, became the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of King James I.
Arbella was baptized in the village church at Edensor on her grandmother's Chatsworth estate. Her father Charles Stuart, never in robust health, died in 1576 when she was still in infancy. She was then brought up by her mother Elizabeth Cavendish, who was forced to live with her own mother, Bess of Hardwick, for financial reasons. Her paternal grandmother, Lady Margaret Douglas, died in 1578, leaving her a casket of jewels, the countess' English estates were seized by the crown and Queen Elizabeth declared Arbella to be under her protection.
On the death of her mother in 1572, when Arbella was seven years old, she became the ward of her grandmother, Bess of Hardwick. During most of her childhood she lived in the protective isolation of Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire with her grandmother, who had married George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, her fourth husband, in 1568.
Arbella was considered as one of the candidates to succeed her first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I, the Queen herself had indicated that Arbella might be named her heir and Bess brought Arbella up under the belief that her granddaughter was destined to become the next Queen of England. Arbella was treated as royalty by Bess' servants who were instructed to address her as 'Your Highness'. Bess of Hardwick (pictured right) had engineered the marriage of her daughter Elizabeth Cavendish to Charles Stuart, since the consent of Elizabeth I was not solicited or obtained the marriage was considered potentially an act of treason. As a consequence, the Countess of Lennox was committed to the Tower of London by an outraged Elizabeth I and Bess was ordered to face an official inquiry, she astutely ignored the Queen's summons. She knew that any children of the marriage would have a strong claim to the English throne. Thus, Arbella Stuart was a pawn in her grandmother's ambitious plans even before she was born.
Bess wished to discredit Arbella's aunt Mary, Queen of Scots, in captivity in England, to advance Arbella's claim to the throne. Queen Mary herself, separated from her son James while still in his infancy, spent a great deal of time with the child and became extremely fond of her. When she discovered Bess's plans for Arabella to inherit the throne, the relationship between the two women became embittered.
The ambitious Bess arranged the betrothal of Arbella to Robert, Lord Denbigh, the two year old son of the Earl of Leicester and Lettice Knollys. The Queen was furious at this secret alliance but Lord Denbigh died the following year and the plan came to nothing.
During the summer of 1587, Arabella stayed in London with Mary Talbot at Shrewsbury House. In the August of that year, at the age of twelve, she was invited to court and dined with the Queen, she returned to court in 1588. Bess of Hardwick was to became one of the richest women in England, second only to the Queen herself. She was at first kind to her granddaughter but their relationship eventually deteriorated as Arbella felt so restricted by Bess that she felt like a prisoner.
Between the end of 1592 and the spring of 1593, the influential Cecils - Elizabeth's Lord Treasurer, Lord Burghley, and his son, Secretary of State Sir Robert Cecil, turned their attention toward Arbella's cousin James VI of Scotland, whom they regarded as a preferable successor. Continuing her education into her twenties, Arbella studied several languages and could play the lute, viol and virginals. In 1588, it was proposed by James VI that Ludovic Stuart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, should marry Arbella, but nothing came of this suggestion.
In the closing months of Elizabeth's reign, Arbella incurred the Queen's displeasure through reports that she intended to marry Edward Seymour, a member of the prominent Seymour family. This was reported to the Queen by the supposed groom's grandfather, Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford. Arbella, however, interviewed about her plans in the Long Gallery of Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire, in 1603, denied having any intention of marrying without the Queen's permission.
Bess asked the Queen for her grand-daughter be placed elsewhere to learn to be more considerate or to bestow her in marriage. The Queen, however, wished her to remain at Hardwick where her actions could be watched. Bess retorted that she could not guarantee Arbella's behaviour. The situation between the two women became so fraught that Arbella refused to eat until she was removed from Hardwick.
The unhappy Arbella wrote many incoherent letters to the Queen's agent and it was concluded that she was insane. It has been theorised that she was suffering from an attack of porphyria, the genetic disease of George III, which causes episodes of madness, verbal incontinence and wine-coloured urine, both Mary Queen of Scots and her son James are also suspected to have suffered from bouts of the disease.
Bess was asked to prevent the letters, resulting in angry scenes as the relationship between the two women continued to deteriorate. The Queen eventually sent Arabella to West Park in Bedfordshire, the house of the Earl of Kent.
In 1603, after James's succeeded Queen Elizabeth to England's throne, he initially treated Arbella with kindness. Arbella was invited to court and experienced genuine affection for the first time from her cousin James' family. Arbella and the new Queen, Anne of Denmark, became good friends and Arbella was to grow very fond of James and Anne's young son, Prince Henry. A plot known as the Main Plot, devised by Arbella's cousin, Lord Cobham, and Sir Walter Raleigh, conspired to overthrow James and place Arbella on the throne. When she was invited to participate by agreeing in writing to Philip III of Spain, however, she immediately reported it to the authorities.
Due to her place in the line of succession, James was not in a hurry to make arrangements for Arbella's marriage. She was still a single woman at thirty-five when, in 1610, then fourth in line to the throne, she planned to marry William Seymour, (pictured below left) then Lord Beauchamp, who later succeeded as 2nd Duke of Somerset, an action which resulted in Bess cutting Arbella from her will.
William Seymour himself had a claim to throne, being the grandson of Lady Catherine Grey, a younger sister of Lady Jane Grey and a granddaughter of Mary Tudor, younger sister of King Henry VIII and Arbella's ancestor, Margaret Tudor. James, disliked this "combination of titles", the couple at first denied that any arrangement existed between them, they were summoned before the Privy Council, where Seymour declared that he would never marry Arbella without the king's consent. Bess died at the age of eighty at Hardwick Hall in 1608.
The couple later married in secret on 22 June 1610 at Greenwich Palace without her cousin the king's permission, King James, who saw the marriage, which combined their claims, as a threat, reacted by imprisoning them both, Arbella in Sir Thomas Perry's house in Lambeth and Seymour in the Tower of London.
The couple retained some liberty during their imprisonment and some of Arbella's letters to her husband and to the King during this period survive. When James learned of her letters to Seymour, however, he ordered Arbella's transfer to the custody of William James, Bishop of Durham. Arbella claimed to be ill, so her departure for Durham was delayed. The couple used that delay to plan their escape. Arbella dressed as a man and escaped to Lee in Kent, but Seymour did not meet her there before their getaway ship was to sail for France. Seymour escaped from the Tower, but by the time he arrived at Lee, Arbella had left, so he followed on the next ship to Flanders. Arbella's ship was overtaken by King James's men just before it reached Calais in France.
She was returned to England and imprisoned in the Queen's House in the Tower of London. When Arbella fell ill in the tower in 1614, it was suspected she was faking illness either in order to escape or to evoke sympathy. However, she refused both food and medical attention and was said by some to be delusional towards the end, believing William was coming to rescue her. She never saw her husband again and died in the Tower on 25 September 1615 from illnesses exacerbated by her refusal to eat. A post-mortem was carried out to rule out poisoning. It found that she had died slowly of starvation.
Arbella was buried in Westminster Abbey on 29 September 1615. In the nineteenth century, during a search for the tomb of James I, Arbella's lead coffin was found in the vault of Mary, Queen of Scots, placed directly on top of that of the Scots queen.
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nounNorth American informal
A person, especially a politician, who exerts control or influence from behind the scenes.
- These same wirepullers then used the government to push the interstate highway system on the country.
- ‘True enough,’ sighed the wirepuller, recalling his adventures with sock-puppet political appointees.
- Among American Presidents he is the supreme example of the political wirepuller, the leader who gets things done without ever seeming to lead.
- Example sentences
- But the legacy in the locality has been one of unsuccessful wirepulling and failed stage-management.
- These were the days of the most flagrant wirepulling and sinister hatching of plots.… In Nova Scotia the patronage system went hand in hand with nepotism.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: wire|pull¦er
Definition of wirepuller in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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Average Reading Time: 7 minutes, 14 seconds
Did you know that a recent US geological survey found methyl mercury in every fish sampled from 300 small streams? Two-thirds of these fish exceeded safe consumption levels established by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Fish sampled from lakes and reservoirs had an even more appalling turnout: more than half exceeded acceptable methyl mercury levels.
Methyl mercury is the form that mercury takes after it has been released into the atmosphere through burning – such as the mercury burned off in coal mines – and settles onto organic materials, binding to the organic molecules. This form of mercury is much more dangerous than the “quicksilver” mercury found in thermometers that we used to play with as kids. While technically methyl mercury is the form of mercury we are discussing in this article, for ease, I’ll be referring to it simply as mercury.
The mercury levels have gotten so high that 15% of all newborns in the US have dangerous levels of mercury in their blood, putting them at risk for neurological defects, according to the EPA in February of 2004. In that same year the FDA put out a Public Health Advisory stating that women of reproductive age should not consume swordfish, shark, mackerel, or tilefish due to levels of mercury deemed unsafe for human consumption.
Despite conflicting information around radiation levels in the Pacific Ocean from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, most reports indicate levels here in the states and Hawaii are much less than expected. That said, we must be careful regarding the quantity, source, and type of fish we consume.
So, what are your options if you love eating fish and want to keep getting the health benefits of this nutrient-rich protein source? Read on to find out my 5 Safety Rules for Eating Fish, as well as the symptoms of mercury toxicity and what to do if you have it.
5 Safety Rules for Eating Fish
- Limit fish consumption to once a week
- Choose the right kind of fish
- Eat more chlorella, cilantro, and garlic to chelate mercury from your system
- Become a good digester (our digestive pathways are our detox pathways)
- Cleanse regularly
Underestimated Dangers of Mercury
The term “Mad Hatter” was used to describe the behavior of hat-makers contaminated with mercury in the 19th century. At the time, a mercury solution was used in the curing of animal pelts. Poor ventilation meant the hatters were breathing in the fumes, and residues of this highly toxic metal accumulated in their bodies.
Mercury accumulates in the fat, liver, kidneys, brain, and blood. Even very low levels can affect the development of a fetus or infant, as methyl mercury has been shown to cross the placenta and affect the developing brain before birth. (1) High levels may cause kidney, brain, mood, heart and genetic concerns. (1)
To boot, research conducted in the past year has shown that harmful effects occur at lower levels of mercury exposure than was previously recognized. In response, authorities that have been involved in these studies posit that a revised definition of tolerable mercury intake is needed. And while there is no clear line between safe and unsafe levels of mercury exposure (risk generally rises as exposure rises), many of the safety standards for mercury content floating around today are based on research done more than a decade ago. We may see the government recommendation for safe quantities of exposure getting lower and lower as more research comes in. (2)
Where is it coming from?
Nowadays, coal mine clouds blanket most of the United States. Seeping from coal and oil-fired electric plants, their smoke infiltrates the air, as well as our streams, lakes and rivers. Thus, humans and other living beings are exposed to mercury through the air we breathe and the water we drink—it even laces the best organic foods. We really cannot avoid this exposure. Amalgams and vaccinations are also sources of mercury exposure that need to be evaluated. The major source of contamination for humans, however, is the consumption of mercury-laden fish and seafood.
Are you a sushi lover? In 2010 the New York Times tested 44 pieces of sushi: they found 8 pieces that exceeded the legal action limit set by the FDA of 1.0 parts per million (ppm)—meaning they were not safe for consumption. That same year, gotmercury.org did an undercover survey of fish being sold in sushi bars, supermarkets and farmers’ markets. The results were unsettling:
- 1 in 3 fish purchased in supermarkets exceeded the legal action limit set by the FDA. (1)
- Almost 20% of tuna sold in sushi bars were over the legal action limit. (1)
- Almost 20% of all sushi sold was over the legal action limit. (1)
- Out of 184 samples of fish taken, all had detectable levels of mercury averaging 0.5 ppm. (1)
Mercury Toxicity in Humans
Symptoms of low-level mercury can include:
- Hair loss
- Memory loss
- Mental instability
- Compromised immunity
- Numbness in arms and legs
- Learning disabilities
- Central Nervous System Damage
- Reduced motor skills
- Depression, anxiety, and other psychological effects
How do you determine your mercury levels?
If you are an avid fish eater and have any of the symptoms mentioned above, get a blood test to confirm your mercury levels. Also, gotmercury.org has a mercury finder that can help determine your potential risk according to your fish consumption (note that this is not an accurate alternative to a blood test). It is also a great website to learn about the impact of mercury on wildlife and the environment.
Can mercury be removed?
If you have mercury poisoning, stop eating fish! Studies show that once we stop eating fish the mercury levels in the blood come down on their own. But mercury has a proclivity to store in the fat cells and in the brain, liver, and kidneys. So while the blood might show reducing levels, it may still be hiding out in the fat cells. Thus, it is important to help chelate this stored mercury out of the fat cells and out of the body.
Chelation: the process of removing heavy metals from the bloodstream by means of a chelate: a food or nutritional agent that attaches and removes heavy metals from the body.
The best food-based chelators for mercury and other toxic metals are garlic, cilantro, and chlorella. If you insist on eating fish or are concerned about mercury toxicity, include these foods regularly in your diet.
- Garlic has been shown to be beneficial in the management of heavy metal toxicity—especially lead, cadmium, and mercury.
- Cilantro may suppress the deposition of lead and appears to aid in removing mercury from aqueous solutions.
- Chlorella is a green algae that may uptake toxic metals and thereby decrease their re-absorption from the gut.
Sometimes it is difficult to eat these foods consistently enough to reduce your heavy metal load. Oral chelators such as EDTA & DMSA, Alpha Lipoic Acid, and N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) are considered natural chelators of heavy metals.
Become a Good Digestor
The digestive system is the body’s primary means of getting nutrients in and waste out. One of my favorite measures of whether we are good digestors is the status of the elimination and tolerance of foods. If you have chronically loose or dry (constipated) stools, or can’t digest hard-to-digest foods such as wheat, dairy, soy, nuts, or fatty foods, you may not have the digestive strength you need to be a good digestor.
Ayurvedic cleansing has been shown to support the natural detox process of heavy metals. Of course, Ayurvedic cleansing always makes great effort to reset digestive strength first, before pulling toxins back in to the blood stream for removal. Essential fatty acids (EPA and DHA) from fish oil can be a safer option for reaping the benefits of fish without eating fish of unknown quality, if you can verify the source of the supplement.
Protect Yourself and Your Family: A Consumer Guide to Mercury Levels in Fish
The list below details the amount of various types of fish that a woman who is pregnant or planning to become pregnant can safely eat, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. People with small children who want to use the list as a guide should reduce portion sizes. Adult men and women who are not planning to become pregnant are less at risk for mercury exposure but may wish to refer to the list for low-mercury options.
Protect Yourself… and the Fish!
Certain fish, even some that are low in mercury, are poor choices for other reasons, most often because they have been fished so extensively that their numbers are perilously low. These fish are marked with an asterisk.
This list applies to fish caught and sold commercially. For more information about fish you catch yourself, check for advisories in your state.
LEAST MERCURY — Enjoy these fish:
Mackerel (N. Atlantic, Chub)
MODERATE MERCURY — Eat six servings or less per month:
Bass (Striped, Black)
Croaker (White Pacific)
Tuna (canned chunk light)
Weakfish (Sea Trout)
HIGH MERCURY — Eat three servings or less per month:
Mackerel (Spanish, Gulf)
Sea Bass (Chilean)
Tuna (canned Albacore)
HIGHEST MERCURY — Avoid Eating:
Fish in Trouble!
These fish are perilously low in numbers or are caught using environmentally destructive methods. To learn more, see the Monterey Bay Aquarium and the Blue Ocean Institute, both of which provide guides of fish to enjoy or avoid based on environmental factors.
Farmed fish such as farmed salmon may contain PCB’s, chemicals with serious long-term health effects.
The data for this consumer guide comes from two federal agencies: the Food and Drug Administration, which tests fish for mercury—and the Environmental Protection Agency, which determines safety of mercury levels for women of childbearing age.
The consumer guide is categorized according to the following mercury levels in the flesh of tested fish:
LEAST MERCURY = Less than 0.09 parts per million.
MODERATE MERCURY = From 0.09 to 0.29 parts per million.
HIGH MERCURY = From 0.3 to 0.49 parts per million.
HIGHEST MERCURY = More than .5 parts per million.
4. Sea Turtle Restoration Project: seaturtles.org
5. Natural Resources Defense Council: NRDC.org
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The rikchiks speak in what would be called
sign language by humans. The rikchiks use 7 of their tentacles
to speak with, putting each tentacle into a given shape and position to
form a word. A sequence of words is assembled
within the rikchik mind into a tree-like sentence structure.
There is now an incomplete but hopefully much clearer
language reference available.
Each word consists of 4 parts:
A central, 4-tentacle symbol representing the basic concept of the word.
See the morpheme catalog or
the morpheme quick-reference.
A 1-tentacle symbol on the lower left representing the "part
of speech" of the word.
- Morpheme: basic concept (4 tentacles)
- Aspect: "part of speech" (1 tentacle)
- Relation: relationship to collecting word (1 tentacle)
- Collector: number of previously uncollected words collected (1
A 1-tentacle symbol on the top representing the connection this word has
to the word that will collect it. Rikchiks learn these using a diagram,
shown below, about which more
information is available.
- Animate Noun:
used for living things and self-propelled machinery.
- Inanimate Noun:
used for non-living things, including dead things.
- Modifier (adjective/adverb)
replaces the aspect in a descriptive name to mark it as a name.
- Place: may include time?
any non-tangible noun that is not a place.
Below is a list of relations. In parentheses, the connection is
explained using T to refer to the word tagged with
this relation and using C to refer to the word collecting it.
See the relation diagram for more relation
A 1-tentacle symbol on the lower left representing how many unresolved
words this word will collect.
- Primary relations
- Agent (T does C)
(C is from T, C is because of T)
(something does C using T)
Quality (C is T-like)
Destination (C toward T)
(something does C to T)
(T contains, includes, or owns C)
(T is considered resolved and cannot be directly collected.)
- Reciprocal relations (not used as often)
- Task (C does T)
Result (T is because of C)
Example (T is C-like)
Means (T toward C)
Actor (something does T to C)
(C contains, includes, or owns T)
- 0 (this word stands alone)
Scholastic (collect all
immediately-preceding 0-collecting words)
The collector's position can also indicate the "pronomial"
status of the word. When this tentacle is in the "SE"
position, it does not indicate pronomialness. When this tentacle is
in the "ESE" position (slightly above the usual position),
it indicates that this word indicates the same thing/concept as the
previous word mentioned by this speaker using this word's morpheme.
Occasionally that will not be sufficiently specific; one might wish
to refer to an occurence other than the previous one. In that case,
this tentacle can be placed in the "E"
position (directly to the right of the word), which indicates a
modifier to a multipart pronomial.
See the sentence structure section for
more details about collectors.
The original human xenolinguists studying rikchik language found it
necessary to be able to write rikchik words and sentences in
plain text. They came up with a simple system. Each word is
represented as a 4-part structure:
Rikchik sentences are written from top to bottom, left to right.
However, they have a grammatical structure that humans describe as a
"tree". A tree is a structure of points and lines where
each point except the bottom one is connected to one and only one
point below it. In rikchik sentence trees, the role of points
is filled by words. The collector tentacle determines the number
of lines entering a word, and the relation tentacle determines the
meaning of a line. Basically, each word modifies the word that
collects it in some way.
In rikchik grammar, a single symbol, consisting of 7 tentacles, is
a "word". A word that is at the top of a tree (no connections
from words above it) can be referred to as a "leaf". Words
that are not leaves have some number of words connected above them.
We say that such a word "collects" the words above it.
The meaning of the connection between words is expressed by the
Relation tentacle, so those connections are referred to as
"relations". We also say that the upper word
"relates" to the lower word in a certain way.
Words that have the relation End do not get collected. If a word
has some other relation and has not been collected yet, we call
that word "unresolved".
Each word has a Collector tentacle that describes how that word
affects the tree structure. The tentacle is associated with a
number that says how many currently unresolved words that word
- The first part is the single-word meaning (or approximation
thereto) of the morpheme.
- The second part is the single-letter abbreviation for the aspect.
The abbreviations are:
- R(Rikchik) for Animate Noun
- T(Thing) for Inanimate Noun
- V for Verb
- M for Modifier
- N for Name
- P for Place
- I for Idea
- The third part is the single-word name of the relation.
- The fourth part is the code for the Collector, either a number
from 0 to 7 or S. P or O, for the pronomial and
option-pronomial, are appended to the Collector as appropriate.
As an example, take the sentence on the right. It means,
"A happy rikchik moves along the east-flowing water".
(Note: the colors of the Aspect, Relation, and Collector tentacles are
not necessary and are included here as an aide to the learner.)
The rikchik language has one departure from strict tree structure.
That departure is the pronomial, a modification of the Collector
tentacle. By putting the Collector in a slightly higher position,
the speaker or writer indicates that the word so tagged is referring
to the same thing the previous word using that morpheme referred to.
So, if you want to say something else about the same rikchik that we
just described going along the river, you could simply use the same
morpheme with a pronomial, as in Rikchik-R-Agent-0P "the previous
The first word, Happy-M-Quality-0, creates a new leaf.
The second, Rikchik-R-Patient-1, collects one unresolved word.
The previous unresolved word is Happy, so Rikchik collects that. The
sentence tree now consists of Rikchik collecting Happy.
The third, Sun-P-Source-0, is another leaf. There are now two
unconnected structures in the sentence. (Note: Sun, when coded as
a P (place), means "East".)
The fourth, Water-P-Instrument-1, collects one unresolved
word. There are two unresolved words available, Rikchik and Sun.
Sun is the most recent, so it is collected. The sentence still
consists of two separate structures: Rikchik collecting Happy, and
Water collecting Sun.
The fifth, Move-V-End-2, collects two unresolved words. It
collects both words, and the sentence is a single structure. This
word has the End relation, so no unresolved words remain.
The slightly raised position, called the "pronomial",
refers to the previous use of that morpheme by the
same speaker. If you wished to refer to the previous use of a
multi-morpheme structure, you would specify the modifiers to the
root morpheme with the "option-pronomial", which is an
even more raised position.
Here is Happy-M-Quality-0O Rikchik-R-Agent-1P "the previous
A final note about pronomials: the pronomial refers to the previous
word of that morpheme. The non-morpheme tentacles do not
have to agree: one could pronomially refer to the water that was a
place in the previous sentence as an inanimate noun.
The meaning of the parts of a tree is determined by the Relation
tentacle. A Relation indicates how the word it is part of modifies
or describes the word that will collect it. The most obvious use
of Relations is to specify the roles of words collected by a verb:
the subject is tagged as an Agent, the direct object as (usually)
a Patient, and so on. Relations are used for all connections,
however. At some points more examples will be here.
Notice that what Relations do in the rikchik language is what
word order does in many human languages. Word order is not
generally vital to the meaning of a Rikchik sentence. The
exception is when dealing with time, which is
Online rikchik typewriter
A rikchik typewriter is
Last modified January 29, 2003 by Denis Moskowitz.
Word assembly program utilizes
gd, a graphics library, and
a perl interface to gd. gd is © 1994, 1995, Quest Protein Database
Center, Cold Spring Harbor Labs. GD.pm is © 1995, Lincoln D. Stein.
Both are used with permission.
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If you've ever hiked through a woods or traveled down a river in one of Iowa's state parks you get an idea of what transportation meant to native Iowans. Even in those early days there were systems of moving goods and people from one place to another.
Because rivers form Iowa’s boundaries and flow through the interior of the state, they became a major form of transportation. Flatboats, keelboats, steamboats and barges carried settlers and goods into and out of the state. Railroads replaced rivers as movers of people and goods and are still important today. Electric streetcars carried city dwellers through busy streets. Automobiles depended on good roads, but it took time and money to establish a system of highways. And airplanes have been a major part of Iowa’s transportation story for many years.
From moving goods and people by foot—to modern highways and air travel—Iowa’s transportation continues to change the way we move around.
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Definition of Abortion
Abortion: In medicine, an abortion is the premature exit of the products of conception (the fetus, fetal membranes, and placenta) from the uterus. It is the loss of a pregnancy and does not refer to why that pregnancy was lost.
A spontaneous abortion is the same as a miscarriage. The miscarriage of three or more consecutive pregnancies is termed habitual abortion or recurrent pregnancy loss.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 5/13/2016
Find out what women really need.
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| 109
| 3.109375
| 3
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The world's first operational jet fighter. Designed by the Messerschmitt company in Germany during WWII. Its unreliable engines and late entry to the war were its biggest downfall.
"The Me 262 was a cool plane."
by D.E March 19, 2004
The first aircraft to use a jet engine which was developed by the nazis during world war 2. Faster than any military plane in the time period but was easily defeated if a p-51 mustang caught up to it
oh man thats cool the ME-262 is the first jet plane used in combat
by jangofett147 April 27, 2009
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With education and close monitoring, women can take control of their breast
health. While breast cancer is the most common cancer in women - with
one in nine women developing the disease in their lifetime - maintaining
a disciplined approach to screening will improve the chances of finding
breast cancer early when it is easiest to treat. Early detection is the
key to improving the success of breast cancer treatment and saving a woman's life.
Some women fall in a higher risk group due to a number of factors. These include:
- increasing age
- a personal history of breast cancer
- a family history of breast cancer
- never having a baby
- having a first baby after age 30
- onset of menstruation before age 12
- onset of menopause after age 50
- obesity with a high-fat, high-calorie diet
- alcohol consumption, especially at a young age
These risk factors occur in only 15-20 percent of women and are merely
indicators that would put you in a risk group. No single factor guarantees
a breast cancer diagnosis, as physicians cannot explain how or why cancer
occurs. If you are in a risk group, remaining aware and closely monitoring
your breast health are the best tools to maintain total body health.
American Cancer Society website to learn more about that organization's many activites to
promote cancer prevention, early detection, healthy living, Relay for
Life, and survivorship. The American Cancer Society recommends the following
healthy living strategies to protect your breast health.
Taking the time to schedule and undergo a yearly mammogram gives women
the greatest control of their breast health. Mammograms can detect small
tumors and cancers up to a year before they could be felt in a physical
examination. This early detection lets women receive the most successful
and least invasive treatment options. A recommended yearly screening for
women 40 years or older takes only minutes and could easily save your life.
Schedule your mammogram today. Call 310-517-4738.
Breast cancer also does not mean a woman will lose her breast - particularly
with early detection and treatment. With radically improved treatment
and diagnostic techniques, physicians are now able to find breast tumors
as small as 2 millimeters (or the size of a pin head). When cancer is
found at these early stages, surgical removal can be performed with less
loss of breast tissue.
Conducting a breast self-examination (BSE) give women a role and responsibility
in the personal care of their health. The American Cancer Society recommends
monthly self-examinations for any woman over the age of 20, normally done
seven days following the beginning of the menstrual cycle. For post-menopausal
women, the exam should fall on the same day each month.
Classes are held at the Breast Diagnostic Center and are conducted by a
Certified Breast Self-Exam Trainer RN who specializes in all aspects of
breast health. Class sessions are
free. Class time at 5:00 to 6:00 pm.
2015 Class Schedule
- January 7
- March 11
- May 13
- July 15
- September 16
- November 11
Call 310-517-4709 for more information or to enroll in an upcoming class.
Visit the American Cancer Society for a detailed explanation of
how to conduct a breast self-examination.
Breast Health Education
Our Breast Health Navigator RNs are available to provide presentations
on all aspects of breast health, screening and breast cancer to community
groups, local business employee groups, etc. Contact the Torrance Memorial
Speakers Bureau for more information.
Physician Breast Exam
While breast self-examinations are a terrific way for women to take charge
of their personal breast health, there are some inconsistencies more easily
detected by a trained physician or nurse practitioner. It is recommended
that all women between the ages of 20-29 have a clinical breast examination
every 1-3 years. For those women over the age of 40 or in a higher risk
group, a physician or nurse practitioner breast exam is recommended yearly.
Talk to your regular care provider about getting a breast exam, or call
the Torrance Memorial
Physician Referral Line at 310-517-4700 for referral to a physician in the community.
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| 0.933754
| 897
| 3.015625
| 3
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Symbolism, Imagery, Allegory
Big Ben is a major London monument, but its role in the novel is complex. It not only suggests tradition, but it also (with its constant gonging) doesn’t let anyone forget about the passage of time. With Big Ben, Woolf signals to the reader how important punctuality, schedules, and daily rhythms are to the tradition of English life.
You can’t help but notice the important role that time plays in the lives of all these characters. This is particularly true when we hear their memories – both beautiful and haunting. Peter can’t forget the days of Bourton and his love for Clarissa; Clarissa fears the passage of time and the inevitability of death; Septimus suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder, which prevents him from forgetting what he experienced and, in a sense, robs him of his future.
Big Ben is a big physical and aural (sound) reminder of all of these issues surrounding time. Clarissa has lived so long with the clock that she anticipates its "leaden circles dissolv[ing] in the air" (1.5). Big Ben is almost like a character with a personality: "The sound of Big Ben striking the half-hour struck out between them with extraordinary vigour, as if a young man, strong, indifferent, inconsiderate, were swinging dumb-bells this way and that" (2.92). And like a character, Big Ben seems almost to interrupt the people of London intentionally. Meanie.
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| 0.964721
| 322
| 3.75
| 4
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Wind Turbine Project and other Initiatives Aim to Help Galapagos End Fossil Fuel Dependence by 2015
Image courtesy of SmacNHawaii via flickr
In commemoration of the Galapagos' discovery 500 years ago and 2001's devastating oil spill, Rafael Correa, the president of Ecuador, and the UN have announced an ambitious program to eliminate the use of fossil fuels on the islands by 2015. Their flagship initiative, the San Cristobal Wind Project, has already set up 3 wind turbines - which generate 2.4-MW, enough to halve the island's diesel fuel imports - on San Cristobal Island. The turbines are expected to supply 60-80% of the residents' needs during the windiest months.The project, an international collaboration between Ecuador, the UN Development Program and 9 of the world's largest G8 electricity countries (called the e8), aims to reduce the risk of oil spills and pollution to the islands; and help preserve its lush biodiversity. The participants will center their efforts around the promotion of renewable energy.
It was recently registered as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project under the Kyoto Protocol, which should encourage further investments by countries seeking to meet their GHG reduction commitments. It will receive most of its certified emission reduction credits for replacing its diesel-powered electricity generation with wind energy. Over the long-term, however, its stakeholders will need to find other renewable sources to replace the remaining diesel-powered electricity; because it is only windy during the months of October, November and December, they will need to invest in other green sources - possibly solar or wave energy.
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| 0.943064
| 332
| 3.40625
| 3
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Stroke Patients Can Get Back On Their Feet with Home Rehabilitation
The study also discovered that patients steadily improved up to one year following the stroke, defying the conventional belief that recovery occurs early and tops out at six months. In fact, even patients who started physical therapy as late as six months after stroke were able to improve their walking.
The walking program involves having a patient walk on a treadmill in a harness that provides partial body weight support. This type of rehabilitation, known as locomotor training, has become progressively popular. After the patients complete their treadmill training, they practice walking.
The investigators of the Locomotor Experience Applied Post-Stroke (LEAPS) trial set out to compare the effectiveness of the body-weight supported treadmill training with walking practice beginning at two different stages—two months following stroke (early locomotor training) and six months post-stroke (late locomotor training). The locomotor training was also compared to an equivalent schedule of home exercise managed by a physical therapist, aimed at enhancing patients’ flexibility, range of motion, balance and strength as a way to improve walking. The main measurement was each group’s improvement in walking in one year following stroke.
At the end of one year, 52 percent of all the study participants had made large improvements in their walking ability. The timing of the locomotor training program seemed irrelevant. At one year, no differences were found in the proportion of patients who improved walking with the early or late treadmill training program, nor did the severity of their stroke affect their ability to make progress by the end of the year.
The patients’ measure of improvement was based on how well they were capable of walking independently by the end of the study. For example, stroke patients who were severely impaired were considered improved when they were able to walk around the inside of the house. Whereas patients who were had already achieved mobility at home were considered improved when they could progress to walking independently outside their home.
Researchers found that both the locomotor training and the home physical therapy were both superior to standard care. Following six months, the patients who were assigned to usual therapy recovered only about half as much as the participants who received one of the two study therapy program for three months. This finding suggests that either treadmill training or at-home balance and strength-training programs are effective forms of physical therapy and superior to standard care practices.
According to principal investigator, Pamela Duncan, Ph.D., “We were pleased to see that stroke patients who had a home physical therapy exercise program improved just as well as those who did the locomotor training. The home physical therapy program is more convenient and pragmatic. Usual care should incorporate more intensive exercise programs that are easily accessible to patients to improve walking, function and quality of life."
7 West 45th St,. Floor 9
New York, NY 10036
230 Midland Ave
Saddle Brook, NJ 07663
33 Central Ave
Midland Park, NJ 07432
20 E.46th Street, 7th Fl.
New York, NY 10017
suite 202 One West Ridgewood Avenue
Paramus, New jersey 07652
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tower, structure, the greatest dimension of which is its height. Towers have belonged to two general types. The first embodies practical uses such as defense (characteristic of the Middle Ages), to carry bells, beacons, or antennas, and to utilize maximum floor space in a given area, as in modern skyscrapers. The second type is used to symbolize the authority and power of religious and civic bodies, as in the churches and town halls of Europe; skyscrapers also perform a similar function for modern corporations. The earliest use of tall structures for ritual and symbolism is seen in the Babylonian ziggurat. The temple architecture of India had a variety of pyramidal and cylindrical masonry towers. The many-storied pagoda in wood was a part of early Chinese and Japanese temple architecture. The minaret belongs to Islamic religious architecture. Used for defensive purposes in the early Middle Ages in Western Europe, towers with massive masonry walls served as refuges and lookouts. Many 9th- and 10th-century round defense towers remain in Ireland and a few in Scotland, including one at Brechin. Castles had their donjons or keeps, of which the 11th-century Tower of London shows a high development. Of the fortified towers that Italian nobles built even for their city dwellings numerous examples remain, notably at San Gimignano. The earliest existing church towers in Europe were those of the 5th and 6th cent. in Ravenna, Italy. There the bell tower, or campanile, stood detached from the church building itself; another example is the celebrated bell tower at Pisa (1174). In English and French Romanesque churches a high tower rises over the crossing of nave and transepts, and the west end generally possesses lower twin towers. The relatively simple Romanesque towers generally had square or round shafts with many blind arcades in horizontal tiers and were topped by a simple octagonal or conical spire. They developed into the higher, elaborate type of Gothic, decorated with pinnacles and canopied niches. Towers of extreme lightness and intricacy were developed in the late Gothic period, as in the cathedrals at Rouen, Vienna, and Antwerp. With the Renaissance the classical orders were incorporated into tower design. Particular success was attained in the tapering pyramidal compositions of Sir Christopher Wren's numerous London towers, including those of St. Paul's Cathedral. English churches, e.g., St. Martin-in-the-Fields by James Gibbs, set the pattern for the typical New England church with the wooden tower and steeple rising directly over the entrance vestibule. In the 20th cent. towers have often taken the form of skyscrapers. Notable modern towers of varied design and function include the highly original Einstein Tower at Potsdam by Erich Mendelsohn and Frank Lloyd Wright's Johnson tower with glass tubing at Racine, Wis.
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| 0.964574
| 608
| 3.921875
| 4
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Class Character of the Indian Constitution
A study of the Constitution of India is an eye-opener, allaying any doubt about its class character and helping to identify the ruling class which brought it into being.
Broadly, but only in a formal sense, world constitutions may be classified into two types: the written and the unwritten. It was with the entry of the bourgeoisie into the corridors of power that they began to frame constitutions and put them down in black and white.1 The laws of the land, including constitutional law, pertain to a society's superstructure: the legal system is a pale reflection of society itself. The superstructure derives its traits from the economic base, namely ownership of the means of production and relations of production.
The base and superstructure are always in a process of dialectical interaction: a written constitution mirrors this process. For example, "as one ruling class is displaced by another there is a change of constitutions5''2 which represents a radical transformation in economy and polity. A change of the basic law in itself, however, does not mean the emergence of a new ruling class: between 1783 and 1949 the French Republic had fourteen consitutions but it was one class, the bourgeoisie, which was entrenched in power throughout this period.
Even while the same class continues to hold the reins of power, shifts in the balance of forces find expression in new constitutions or in amendments to the old. There are, however, limitations to the high-fidelity of this kind of transmission. Constitutions are incapable of faithfully representing social realities because of their formalistic and sometimes pious and fictitious professions and legalistic jargon. At best they may reflect a part of the reality at the time of drafting or enactment. With the passage of time changes take place and constitutions fail either to register or keep pace with them. The impediments to constitutional changes are highlighted by the built-in rigidity such as the requirement of a two-thirds or three-fourths majority for making the slightest alteration in the written word. It is when legal relations established by the constitution become outdated and no amendments can be carried out to correct anomalies, that the system is locked in an impasse. This is
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| 0.954494
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| 3.59375
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The political progress in Somalia has inspired confidence and hope among many Somali people for the years to come, but there are enormous institutional, political, and economic challenges to overcome. Although the situation has improved since the 2011 famine, Somalia is still the focus of a complex humanitarian emergency. The magnitude of the crisis remains enormous with approximately 870,000 people still in need of food aid and around 2 million are in food crisis. Over 2 million displaced Somalis are unable to return home, 1 million from neighbouring countries.
Security remains volatile and basic rights such as access to food, water, shelter, medical care are still inaccessible in many parts of the country. The ongoing food crisis remains one of the most severe emergencies existing in the world today. Aid donations for humanitarian work remain too low, leaving many still in urgent need of humanitarian assistance. Aid workers are still popular targets for kidnapping reducing the space available to support those in need.
The future make up of Somalia is still uncertain but it is clear that peace in Somalia has little chance of taking hold unless the root causes of the conflict are addressed and those in need are reached with sufficient humanitarian support. Addressing humanitarian needs is the first step on the road to recovery and this is echoed by voices of those most affected.
Oxfam and local partner WASDA (Wajir South Development Association) are currently implementing the Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Integrated Livelihoods Emergency Project in Lower and Middle Juba with funding from the European Commission Department for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO).
Click here to read some of the views from Lower Juba
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Binh H. Nguyen 4 p.m., June 30
- Community Blog
- Earth, Fire, and Water
Love, Death, Poverty, and Beauty: Urban Trees II
Due to unpopular demand, the following is offered as an extension of the first installment of "Love, Death, Poverty, and Beauty: Urban Trees" http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/earth-fire-and-water/2013/jan/30/love-death-poverty-and-beauty-urban-trees/?c=138460
Palm "trees" can be a preferable alternative to many other true trees for planting along streets, particularly in the shallower soils of San Diego's "mesas" where the presence of impenetrable "hardpan," commonly overlain by clay, prevent deep enough penetration by roots to properly anchor and support many trees that have been commonly planted in such places. The main reason for this is that palms have many small roots that are stronger in their totality, much in the way that cables consisting of many small wires can be stronger than a solid steel rod of the same composition and diameter.
While falling fronds certainly can cause some damage and injury, they are not so deadly as a broken branch from a true tree, such as some species of Eucalyptus which have caused considerable damage and deaths. Perhaps the most notorious species for shedding large branches and falling is the blue gum eucalyptus (E. globulus), but, for this reason, yet perhaps primarily because it is notorious for being "dirty," producing considerable litterfall consisting of its much larger seed pods, strips of bark, leaves and small branches, it is almost never planted and the old ones which remain are few in number. It is not particularly aesthetically pleasing either.
The sugar gum (E. cladocalyx), while not as troublesome or as "ugly" as the blue gum eucalyptus, may be a serious competitor for the blue gum's reputation for dealing death and destruction and cost of maintenance. The sugar gum is a beautiful tree, and Balboa Park is loaded with them. They are the very tall ones that make such a pretty, lacy pattern of leaf clusters at the ends of branches against the sky. Many of them are as much as 100 years old or more, and are very tall. Many of these trees have fallen in Balboa Park and elsewhere, and branches can fall without warning. This makes these trees exceedingly expensive to properly maintain; what is almost laughingly termed "a safety trim" can cost thousands of dollars, and puts tree maintenance people at great risk. The practical result of these factors leads to a de facto “policy” of “safety” trimming only a fraction of the total large tree population.
While the sugar gum is perhaps the most numerous species that poses a potential danger from falling branches and the entire tree falling, it is not the only potentially dangerous species—in fact, some other species might have an even higher propensity for falling and limb-drop than the sugar gum. The fact that it is so numerous and is present in areas of very high public use makes it more likely to be the species involved when such events take place.
Palms also are better suited to the narrow “parkway” strips of land between curbs and sidewalks where most street trees are planted. Lacking the big roots of “real” trees, they do not lift up sidewalks, curbs, and streets the way the real trees do. However, these features do not automatically provide safety; palms can shed fronds and fall over when their root systems are compromised by disease, digging, drought, and malnutrition.
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Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes that when you judge someone's level of intelligence you should not base your analysis on one general ability, but on a range of abilities. The intelligences do not exist in a hierarchy, and it is generally considered important for a person to exercise and exhibit a multitude of different intelligences for them to be viewed as talented and well rounded.
The intelligences that Gardner identified are as follows:
This area has to do with logic, abstractions, reasoning and numbers.
This area deals with spatial judgment and the ability to visualize with the mind's eye.
This area has to do with words, spoken or written.
The core elements of the bodily-kinesthetic intelligence are control of one's bodily motions and the capacity to handle objects skillfully.
This area has to do with sensitivity to sounds, rhythms, tones, and music.
This area has to do with interaction with others.
This area has to do with introspection and self-reflective capacities.
This area has to do with nurturing and relating information to one’s natural surroundings.
Why does it matter to us at TrueSmarts?
Multiple intelligence theory is a large part of how we have organized TrueSmarts. We think it is important for children to develop in a variety of different ways in order to be adaptable, flexible and well rounded.
There are other advantages to approaching your child's learning from the multiple intelligences vantage point. For instance, if you teach your child in a way that appeals to a dominant intelligence it will help to hold a child's attention. Conversely, teaching a lesson in a way that exercises a weaker intelligence helps a child to stay challenged and to be more flexible and well rounded.
Additionally, we know that traditional education has a strong focus on Linguistic and Mathematical intelligences and usually neglects the other intelligences for lack of time and/or resources. Therefore, TrueSmarts was built as a resource which will help you expand and encourage your child's different intelligences.
We encourage you to browse TrueSmarts.com for the current list of activities for each intelligence:
Tags: Logical-Mathematical Intelligence TrueSmarts Inspiration Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Interpersonal Intelligence Naturalistic Intelligence Musical Intelligence Intrapersonal Intelligence Spatial Intelligence Linguistic Intelligence
Join the Fun
Complete activities and keep track of your progess with...
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What you are looking at above may not be historically significant, but it is the closest humans have come to reproducing the effects of "Medusa". In other words, one unprotected glance at this blob would probably kill you in an instant, due to its high radioactivity. Continue reading for more.
5. Chicago Cubs World Series Connection
Yes, the last time the Chicago Cubs won a World Series was way back in 1908, a time when rarely heard of teams, such as the Brooklyn Superbas and the Boston Doves, existed. Believe it or not, the Ottoman Empire, founded in the 13th century, was also around back then, and Mehmed VI was the last sultan of the empire when his reign ended in 1922. In this year, the sultanate was abolished and the Turkish government gained governing control over the new republic, approximately 14 years after the Cubs last won the World Series.
4. Wooly Pyramids
The last of the wooly mammoth species became extinct around 1700 B.C., with the last few being found on Russia's Wrangel Island. The Pyramids of Giza were built around 4,000 years ago in ancient Egypt, there some archaeologists say that they are even older, meaning that Cleopatra's time on Earth is actually closer to us in history than to the construction of the pyramids.
3. Harvard Calculus
Harvard (c. 1636) is the oldest institution of higher education in the U.S, and it was originally called, The "New College". Strangely enough, the school had no calculus classes because it didn't exist yet. Calculus was actually invented in the late 17th century with Gottfried Leibniz's 1684 publication of "Nova Methodus," and in part with Isaac Newton's "Principia" in 1687, followed by additional explanations and reformulations by subsequent mathematicians. Plus, European physicist, mathematician and astronomer Galileo was still alive during Harvard's early years.
2. Star Wars Guillotine
The very last time a guillotine was used for execution in France was during the year of 1977. This contraption lasted for about two centuries, but did you know that the first "Star Wars" film was also released in 1977? A few months before the execution. On a side note, The Eiffel Tower was completed in 1889, which is the same year Nintendo was founded and that Van Gogh painted "The Starry Night."
1. Fax Machine Trail
Scottish mechanic named Alexander Bain invented the first fax machine in 1843, and it used a combination of synchronized pendulums, electric probes and electrochemically sensitive paper to scan documents, and then send the information over a series of wires to be reproduced. The "Great Migration" on the Oregon trail also began in 1843, when a wagon train of about 1,000 migrants attempted to travel west, but most likely died of dysentery along the way.
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Orbits of the Moon and Planets
In Texas, teachers are expected to teach that the planets orbit the Sun, and that the Moon orbits the Earth. This topic is closely related to the changes in the night sky, the position of the planets, and lunar phases.
3.11 C The student is expected to identify the planets in our solar system and their position in relation to the Sun
4.6 A The student is expected to identify patterns of change such as in weather, metamorphosis, and objects in the sky
5.12 D The student is expected to identify gravity as the force that keeps planets in orbit around the Sun and the moon in orbit around the Earth
7.13 B The student is expected to relate the Earth's movement and the moon's orbit to the observed cyclical phases of the moon
This is a fairly simple topic, but is related to others that are much more complex (seasons, lunar phases) and so if students do not understand the movement of planets about the Sun or the Moon around the Earth, they will be unable to truly understand these other concepts.
In order to understand the orbits of the planets around the Sun, students need a basic definition of planet and Sun or learn some of the differences between the Sun and the planets.
In order to understand details about the planets' elliptical orbits, students need to understand the difference between a circle and an ellipse.
In order to understand why the planets orbit the Sun, students need to understand the properties of gravity.
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T. maculata is one of three similar species in the genus. The largest known specimen is an immature male of 143 mm ML. This is a small meso- to bathypelagic squid that is found in the tropical Eastern Atlantic. A detailed account of this species is given by N. Voss (1985).
- Arms I and II of males with 3-4 series of suckers on modified tips.
- Arms I and II of males with 25-27 normal suckers proximal to modified ends.
- Largest arm III suckers 3 times basal suckers in diameter (at least 3.2% of GL in diameter).
- Single-point tubercle, poorly developed, at each funnel-mantle fusion.
- Largest club suckers with 22-26 teeth.
The extent of the modifications to the arms of mature males is unknown. Additional details of the description of T. maculata can be found here.
Data from opening-closing nets on the vertical distribution of this species have been reported at 11° N, 20° W (Lu and Clarke, 1975). Paralarvae up to about 20 mm ML were captured mostly in the upper 100 m during both the day and the night. By about 40 - 50 mm ML three of the four squid captured were taken between 500 - 700 m day and night; the fourth had apparently wandered upward at night and was taken at 300 - 400 m. The sparse data suggest that these squid undergo ontogenetic descent without diel vertical migration. Vertical distribution chart modified from Lu and Clarke, 1975.
T. maculata is known only from the tropical Eastern Atlantic in oceanic waters whose depth exceeds 1000 m. At the northern end of its range, it appears to be confined to the oceanographically distinct region of the Mauritanian Upwelling (Voss, 1985). For a comparison with the distribution of the other two species, see "Teuthowenia." Geographical distribution chart modified from Voss, 1985.
Habitat and Ecology
Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample.
Depth range (m): 600 - 600
Temperature range (°C): 8.710 - 8.710
Nitrate (umol/L): 34.258 - 34.258
Salinity (PPS): 35.077 - 35.077
Oxygen (ml/l): 1.831 - 1.831
Phosphate (umol/l): 2.038 - 2.038
Silicate (umol/l): 19.301 - 19.301
Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.
Life History and Behavior
The paralarval stage of T. maculata terminates at about 55 - 60 mm GL when the eyes become sessile. Generally a tubercule at the mantle-funnel fusion is not present in paralarvae. This species has chromatophores that are smaller, more numerous and more densely arranged than in the other species of the genus.
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Teuthowenia maculata is an oceanic species which has a wide geographic distribution and inhabits deep-water, making it is less susceptible to human impact. It is also not targeted by fisheries and is unlikely to be in the future. However, since no adult has ever been reported, we must consider this species as Data Deficient since we hardly know it at all. Once adults have been described, more research is needed on the ecology and biology of this species.
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Doctors have long known schizophrenia has a genetic basis, and have hypothesized that the disease resulted from combinations of common genes, or alleles, each contributing towards the disease in a small way. But a new study, co-authored by a Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine faculty member, suggests that a predisposition to schizophrenia may instead be caused by just a few, rare genetic mutations, each contributing significantly to the disease.
The study, "Rare Structural Variants Disrupt Multiple Genes in Neurodevelopmental Pathways in Schizophrenia," has been published in the April 2008 issue of Science magazine. Robert Findling, M.D., the Rocco L Motto, M.D. Professor of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry at the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, and director of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry at Case Medical Center, a partnership between the university's School of Medicine and University Hospitals, is a co-author.
"We present a model which states there may be some genetic mutations that are rare, but when present, they are associated with substantially increased risk of being predisposed to developing schizophrenia This is very different from the 'common disease-common allele' model currently in use," Findling explained.
The studies further revealed those under the age of 18 with the mutations showed a particularly strong predisposition to schizophrenia compared adults. This is important, Findling said, because "if youngsters are overrepresented, or expressing mutations more commonly than would otherwise be expected, in these groups with these rare but highly significant genetic differences, it means there may be specific genes that are associated with variability in long-term outcomes. It really highlights a different means of thinking about genetic studies of schizophrenia."
Findling was the Case Western Reserve University site's principal investigator on the four-site National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-supported Treatment for Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum (TEOSS) study.
Considered one of the most debilitating of neuropsychological diseases, schizophrenia currently affects about one percent of the world's population. While it can strike individuals of any age, it is more difficult to treat, and its outcomes are worse, when it occurs among children and adolescents.
Researchers compared the frequency of microdeletions or microduplications of genes—also known as structural variants—occurring in groups of individuals with schizophrenia with those in control groups. Previous studies found structural variants to be the underlying cause of many serious illnesses, including neurological and neurodevelopmental syndromes.
The current study found that those with schizophrenia were more than three times as likely to have structural variants as the group without the disease. Among individuals where the disease first appeared at age 18 or younger, the rate was four times greater. By contrast, there was no significant difference between the two groups when the mutations did not affect any genes.
A second part of the study, looking just at patients with childhood onset schizophrenia (COS), also found a significantly higher proportion of structural variants among the children as compared to their parents.
Researchers next sought to determine a specific relationship between genes disrupted by variants and schizophrenia. They found that the affected genes in the patient groups with schizophrenia were significantly overrepresented in pathways that are particularly important for brain development, especially signaling networks controlling neurodevelopment. The disrupted genes in the control group patients were not overrepresented in any pathway.
The TEOSS study's methods and the baseline characteristics of the patients appeared in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in August, 2007.
Findling said the Discovery and Wellness Center for Children (DWCC) is conducting other treatment studies among children and adolescents with schizophrenia. "These studies are part of our mission of understanding and treating youngsters who suffer from serious psychiatric conditions," he explained.
Findling and colleagues are currently recruiting youngsters suffering from a variety of psychiatric conditions for possible participation in ongoing studies, some of which involves treatment research. For more information about the DWCC and its studies, call (216) 844-3922.
Case Western Reserve University is committed to the free exchange of ideas, reasoned debate and intellectual dialogue. Speakers and scholars with a diversity of opinions and perspectives are invited to the campus to provide the community with important points of view, some of which may be deemed controversial. The views and opinions of those invited to speak on the campus do not necessarily reflect the views of the university administration or any other segment of the university community.
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- 1. During the solar eclipse which occurred in spring of 1994, the shadow was traveling at the rate of 1.402 kilometers per second. We are accustomed to using a different unit for rate. Please change the rate to miles per hour.
- 2. The path of the solar eclipse which occurred in April 1994 was 175 kilometers wide. How wide was this in miles?
- 3. The path of the first total eclipse to cross land since July 1991 was 135 kilometers wide and the total eclipse lasted 1 minute 52 seconds.
- 4. The silver mining town of Potosi, Bolivia was 45 kilometers north of the center line of the path of the eclipse. Port Alegre was located 120 kilometers south of the path. Locate a map of the countries of Chile and Bolivia. Using the scale on the map that you find, draw the path of the eclipse.
- a. Using your protractor, determine the angle of the path (from due north).
b. The path of the eclipse is 175 kilometers wide. Using the map drawn in question 4, shade the eclipse.
c. What is the area of land from which the eclipse is visible at any given moment?
d. Approximate the area of Bolivia from which the eclipse is visible (all total). The eclipse is visible at Asuncion, Bolilvia at 12:43 UT. Porto Alegre, Brazil at 12:48 UT. Using your map, what is the distance between the towns. What is the rate at which the eclipse is traveling?
- 5. In a period of 3 hours 15 minutes, the Moons shadow sweeps along a path 14,000 kilometers long. What is the rate?
- 6. Using the play dough provided, make a model of the earth.
Home || The Math Library || Quick Reference || Search || Help
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From Julius Caesar to the Millennium Wheel—a look at London’s history with its storied river ever in the foreground.
To say this is a brisk book is to understate the speed of its current. Many chapters—all aptly and generously illustrated—comprise fewer than 10 pages, and most summarize situations that other writers have found sufficient to fill sturdy volumes of cultural and riverine history, some of which appear in the bibliography. Weightman has a different agenda, however: He wishes to introduce us to the richness of his subject by offering slivers with the certain knowledge that the curious will proceed to the local library for more sizeable slices. The author, who demonstrated that ice is nice in his previous work (The Frozen Water Trade, 2003), sketches the history of the earliest settlements along the river (the Romans were looking for a crossing, not a site for a city), narrates the stories of London’s many bridges (some of which, indeed, fell down), offers us snippets about the Great Fire and the infrequent frost fairs held on the frozen surface, tells the tales of some significant sites along the river, most notably St. Paul’s and the Tower. He examines the cloacal function of the river through most of its history and notes that in the 1830s Londoners who drank city water were essentially consuming their own sewage. Although pollution prevented fish from living in the waters, clean-up activities over the past half-century have worked so well that some 120 species now swim by Parliament each day. Weightman offers snapshots, as well, of the Cambridge-Oxford rowing race, of early tunneling under the river, of the arrival of the railroads. Most eerily, he ends with a discussion of the dangers of catastrophic flooding, a threat that most Londoners ignore.
A very appealing snack that whets the appetite for more substantial courses.
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From Our 2011 Archives
Low Vitamin D Linked to Allergy Risk in Kids
Latest Allergies News
Study Shows Greater Risk of Allergies for Kids and Adolescents Who Don't Get Enough Vitamin D
Reviewed By Laura J. Martin, MD
Feb. 25, 2011 -- Children who don't get enough vitamin D may be at increased risk of developing allergies, new research indicates.
Researchers in New York examined serum vitamin D levels in the blood of more than 3,100 children and adolescents and 3,400 adults.
No association was found between low vitamin D levels and allergies in adults, but the link was significant in children and adolescents.
Children and adolescents aged 1 to 21 with low vitamin D levels were at increased risk of having sensitivities to 11 of 17 allergens tested, including environmental and food allergies.
For example, children who had vitamin D deficiency, which was defined as less than 15 nanograms of vitamin D per milliliter of blood, were 2.4 times more likely to have a peanut allergy than kids with sufficient levels, or 30 nanograms of vitamin D per milliliter of blood.
Children with low vitamin D levels also had increased risk of allergic sensitization to shrimp, dogs, cockroaches, ragweed, oak, ryegrass, Bermuda grass, and thistle.
Avoiding Vitamin D Deficiency
The data came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006 (NHANES), which is a program of studies aimed at assessing the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the U.S.
The study participants underwent blood tests measuring levels of Immunoglobulin E(IgE), a protein that is produced when the immune system responds to allergens.
Researchers say their findings don't prove that insufficient vitamin D causes allergies in children and adolescents, but strongly suggests that young people should get adequate amounts of the vitamin.
"The latest dietary recommendations calling for children to take in 600 IU of vitamin D daily should keep them from becoming vitamin D deficient," researcher Michal Melamed, MD, MHS, of the Albert Einstein College Medicine of Yeshiva University, says in a news release.
The study says vitamin D is thought to have anti-inflammatory effects in the body.
The researchers note that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is increasing in the U.S., and so is the prevalence of food allergies.
The study is published in the Feb. 17 online edition of the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
SOURCES: News release, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, N.Y.Sharief, S. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, February 2011.
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I know I said that NASA's LCROSS impactor was going to smack into the crater Cabeus-A on October 9th, but NASA changed their minds: the new target is the crater Cabeus proper. New analysis of data from other probes indicates that Cabeus has more hydrogen locked up in the regolith than Cabeus-A, and in fact has the highest hydrogen concentration in the south polar region. As an added bonus, the topography of the crater is such that a valley will let sunlight hit the plume of ejected dust sooner than it would have had they stayed with Cabeus-A as a target. That gives scientists more time to look at the ejecta, and earlier is better because the plume will be denser too.
I hope this is the right choice for NASA, but I have to say I'm impressed they can change their plans this late in the game. Let's hope they see some water!
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Fairfax County and USGS Partner for Watershed Monitoring
Under a joint funding agreement between Fairfax County and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Stormwater Planning Division began a long-term monitoring effort in 2007 to identify countywide conditions and trends in stream water quality and quantity. The information collected will be used to evaluate the benefits of future watershed improvement projects.
Initially, there were 14 sites in the monitoring network. After five years of successful data collection, the decision was made to increase the spatial coverage of the network. In 2012, the study expanded to 20 sites to provide a more comprehensive overview of Fairfax County. Fifteen of these sites are monitored manually on a monthly basis; the remaining five sites are equipped with automated stream gages (pictured to the right) which are monitored continuously. Instruments at the five automated gages measure six indicators, including:
- stream height (how much does the elevation of water change between normal conditions and storm events)
- water temperature
- dissolved oxygen (how much oxygen is in the water)
- pH (how acidic or basic is the water)
- specific conductance (a measurement of the dissolved solids in the water)
- turbidity (how clear is in the water)
The automated stations measure these six indicators every 15 minutes, creating approximately 44,000 data points per year. Data are transmitted via satellite and posted hourly to a USGS stream gage website. These automated stations also collect stream water samples during storm events. These samples are analyzed for sediment and nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) concentrations. Monthly samples are collected at all 20 sites under various weather conditions and analyzed. Approximately 300 water samples are collected and analyzed each year. Results from the 2012 sampling year are published in the 2012 Stormwater Status Report.
Interpretation of water quality conditions and trends requires multiple years of data; therefore, trend analyses are not yet available for this study.
For additional information, please email the Stormwater Planning Division or call 703-324-5500, TTY 711.
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MONTGOMERY, Alabama -- 50 years ago today, "Ham the Astrochimp" made one small step for primates, and one giant step in space exploration as the first animal to embark on a suborbital flight into space.
Behind that mission was a team of individuals responsible for training, researching and operating Ham's 16-minute, 39-second endeavor into space inside a Mercury capsule.
One member of the team, aeromedical specialist and retired Air Force officer Dr. Marvin Grunzke, will speak at a Montgomery church tonight about how he helped pioneer research and training to launch the mission in 1961.
Dr. Grunzke, who is also a professor at Faulkner University in Montgomery, will speak at 7 p.m. at Dalraida United Methodist Church, located at 3817 Atlanta Highway.
The event is free to the public and sponsored by Dalraida United Methodist Church, the Civil Air Patrol, and the Montgomery Chapter of the Air Force Association. For more information or to RSVP, contact Susan Mallett at (334) 953-7748, extension 404, or by e-mailing at firstname.lastname@example.org.
The Montgomery Advertiser told more about Dr. Grunzke in an article on Sunday.
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Aquatic ecosystems are more than just homes for fish. Our mountain rivers form the headwaters of major watersheds (Bow, Red Deer, Clearwater and North Saskatchewan). They provide clean water and a source of life within a variety of settings.
These aquatic ecosystems are the richest pockets of life in Banff National Park - and, in many cases, the most altered. In the park's past 100-plus years of management, park waters have been stocked with exotic fish, natural channels re-routed and waters polluted locally or indirectly from a long, long away.
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As if the social ills of Africa were not enough (ranging from military dictatorships, corruption, poverty, crime, unemployment, hunger, wars, ethnic strife, malaria and tuberculosis), H.I.V.-AIDS has become the latest deadly, silent killer, claiming an estimated 13.7 million people in sub-Saharan Africa alone. Yet despite this staggering figure, H.I.V.-AIDS continues to flourish in secrecy, bringing along as it does the burden of shame.
People in the poverty-stricken areas consider AIDS to be the worst curse they have ever experienced. It is spreading like wildfire, mercilessly consuming adults and children alike. Sexually active young people appear to be particularly vulnerable to the killer disease. Not only does it leave death in its wake but also fear, suspicion, frustration, division, helplessness, anger and bitterness. Parents see their children wasting away before their eyes. A survey undertaken by the South Africa Institute of Race Relations in 1999 reported that there will be one million AIDS orphans by the year 2005 in South Africa.
Traditional taboos regarding sex and prevailing attitudes toward sexual promiscuity have effectively branded people living with AIDS with the mark of Cain. To reveal oneself as a person living with AIDS is therefore to declare oneself physically unclean and a potential killer. A public confession also means that the chance of having sexual relations would be minimal in a person’s community. Modern medicine has not, of course, found a cure for AIDS. Moreover, society and religious communities do not have rites aimed at the ritual uncleanness of people living with AIDS.
Coordination of Initiatives
There are many AIDS projects run by religious communities and nongovernmental organizations throughout South Africa. But their efforts remain by and large uncoordinated. The ministry of health has taken the lead in an attempt to coordinate AIDS-related projects. This has sent the signal that the government considers AIDS a deadly threat to the well-being of society and therefore seeks to combat the disease and to alleviate the suffering of people living with AIDS. Funding has also been poured into a national research project on AIDS.
Coordination at national, provincial and community levels will raise the awareness of the seriousness of the disease. It is this visibilityprivate and public efforts to address the disease, to care for the people living with AIDS and to dissuade people from thinking that AIDS will strike only their neighborsthat will bring about a significant change in attitude. So far the government has lavishly promoted the use of condoms (though some people believe that advocating widespread use of condoms may trivialize sexual relations).
Hospitals cannot cope with the growing number of people living with AIDS. And indeed not much more can be medically done for them. It is therefore imperative that communities should begin in earnest to alleviate the suffering of the sick by caring for them pastorally. In the various dioceses of the Catholic Church in South Africa, a plethora of home care initiatives have arisen. It is important to lift the spirits of those who live with AIDS so that they do not sink into despair or torture themselves with a sense of guilt and consider themselves rejected members of society. To be Christian is to show mercy and to take care of the sick, to heal their spirits if we cannot heal their bodies. This is a ministry that should appeal to youth so they may sustain other young victims in their time of need.
There is a dire need to have tailor-made educational programs that will address the meaning of sexuality, its role within the family and how AIDS threatens the well-being of individuals and communities. Most religious traditions uphold and advocate the virtues of abstinence, self-control and sacrifice. These virtues are not archaic. Indeed, they may even reduce the incidence of the killer disease.
Public funerals for people living with AIDS are also on the increase. And yet the subject of the cause of death is hardly mentioned: AIDS still has a powerful stigma. This stigma has to be addressed through an educational program designed to liberate people from the fear of accepting reality. Communities must address the mystery of human brokenness that calls for a collective response while at the same time respecting the dignity and privacy of people living with AIDS.
It is equally important to encourage AIDS sufferers to come to terms with their illness. It is punishable by law knowingly to inflict others with the virus. In a society where AIDS is understood as a deadly disease and where the value of charity to others is highly prized, voluntary testing for AIDS would be an affirmation of the value of life. It is incumbent upon people living with AIDS or those who may have cause to believe that they might be infected, to be heroic by avoiding the possibility of inflicting others with the disease. This abstinence can be the greatest gift they can give to those they truly love. Much has already been asked of people living with AIDS. But this is a moral responsibility that cannot be easily set aside. It is also the responsibility of communities to support the sick in their moral, spiritual and physical struggle.
It is also crucial for the church to address anew, as it were, the ethics of sexuality within the context of the AIDS pandemic. There is a strong desire to hear a fresh presentation of the church’s moral teaching on the use of condoms, on contraception, on premarital sex and so on, especially in the light of this killer disease. A reminder of the moral obligation of communities and the virtues of charity and caring will not be out of place. It is for this reason that the Southern African Catholic Bishops’ Conference will be requested to work out a pastoral statement on AIDS. Such a pastoral statement will help raise the level of awareness of the disease and will also contribute to the public debate on the killer disease. Surely the public will welcome any positive contributions toward the avoidance or alleviation of the widespread suffering of people.
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The Beetle Who Is a Chemist
Imagine a beetle that can move across the surface of water without any body movement. Some creatures have been given such ability and skill that it should be clear to even the most skeptical person that their Maker and Teacher is greater than any human being.
One such creature is the large-eyed rove beetle. Like many other insects, this beetle can walk on water. The surface tension of the water is enough to support the beetle on top of the water, given the special structure of his legs and feet. Should you see the large-eyed rove beetle, you will notice that he moves across the water, stops, turns, and starts up again without moving any part of his body. How does this work?
The large-eyed rove beetle has special glands that produce a chemical – something like detergent – that changes the surface tension of the water. When the surface tension of the water near his back feet is different from the surface tension of the water near his front feet, the beetle is pulled forward.
Such a unique method of movement requires sophisticated knowledge of both hydrodynamics and chemistry. Since the beetle is obviously not that smart, it is no wonder that evolutionists often speak of evolution as though it were intelligent and able to create such wonders. However, it makes a lot more sense to talk about a wise, personal Creator than it does to speak of the wisdom of a mindless force like evolution.
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Key: "S:" = Show Synset (semantic) relations, "W:" = Show Word (lexical) relations
Display options for sense: (gloss) "an example sentence"
- S: (n) boom, roar, roaring, thunder (a deep prolonged loud noise)
- S: (n) bellow, bellowing, holla, holler, hollering, hollo, holloa, roar, roaring, yowl (a very loud utterance (like the sound of an animal)) "his bellow filled the hallway"
- S: (n) roar (the sound made by a lion)
- S: (v) roar, howl (make a loud noise, as of wind, water, or vehicles) "The wind was howling in the trees"; "The water roared down the chute"
- S: (v) thunder, roar (utter words loudly and forcefully) "`Get out of here,' he roared"
- S: (v) howl, ululate, wail, roar, yawl, yaup (emit long loud cries) "wail in self-pity"; "howl with sorrow"
- S: (v) roar (act or proceed in a riotous, turbulent, or disorderly way) "desperadoes from the hills regularly roared in to take over the town"-R.A.Billington
- S: (v) bellow, roar (make a loud noise, as of animal) "The bull bellowed"
- S: (v) roar, howl (laugh unrestrainedly and heartily)
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Struvite Bladder Stones in Dogs
What are the symptoms of struvite bladder stones?
The symptoms of bladder stones are very similar to the symptoms of an uncomplicated bladder infection or cystitis. The most common signs that a dog has bladder stones are hematuria (blood in the urine) and dysuria (straining to urinate). Hematuria occurs because the stones rub against the bladder wall, irritating and damaging the tissue and causing bleeding. Dysuria may result from inflammation and swelling of the bladder walls or the urethra, from muscle spasms, or due to a physical obstruction to urine flow caused by the presence of the stones. Veterinarians assume that the condition is painful, because people with bladder stones experience pain, and because many clients remark about how much better and more active their dog becomes following surgical removal of bladder stones.
Large stones may act almost like a valve or stopcock, causing an intermittent or partial obstruction at the neck of the bladder, the point where the bladder attaches to the urethra. Small stones may flow with the urine into the urethra where they can become lodged and cause an obstruction. If an obstruction occurs, the bladder cannot be emptied fully; if the obstruction is complete, the dog will be unable to urinate at all. If the obstruction is not relieved, the bladder may rupture. A complete obstruction is potentially life threatening and requires immediate emergency treatment.
My dog has struvite bladder stones. What does that mean?
Dogs, like people, can develop a variety of bladder and kidney stones. Bladder stones (uroliths or cystic calculi), are rock-like formations of minerals that form in the urinary bladder, and are more common than kidney stones in dogs. One of the more common urolith in the dog is composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate. The more common name for this type of bladder stone is "struvite bladder stone".
How did my dog get them?
Normal dog urine is slightly acidic and contains waste products from metabolism including dissolved mineral salts and other compounds. Struvite is a normal component of dog's urine and will remain dissolved as long as the urine is acidic and is not too concentrated. If the urine becomes exceptionally concentrated or if it becomes alkaline, struvite crystals will precipitate or fall out of solution.
In dogs, struvite bladder stones usually form as a complication of a bladder infection caused by bacteria that produce an enzyme known as urease. This enzyme breaks down the urea that is normally present in the urine causing an excess production of ammonia; this ammonia production then causes the urine to become alkaline. Ammonia in the urine also causes bladder inflammation. Under these environmental conditions, struvite crystals will precipitate out of solution and collect around any cells or debris that may have formed in the bladder as a result of inflammation. Female dogs tend to get these types of bladder infections and stones much more frequently than males, probably because their shorter, wider urethra makes it easier for bacteria to pass up the urethra into the bladder. In some studies, up to 85% of dogs with struvite bladder stones were female.
Other causes of alkaline urine such as certain kidney diseases, long-term use of diuretic drugs or antacids, and other conditions that cause elevated urine pH or elevated levels of urinary phosphorus or ammonia can also predispose a dog to the formation of struvite bladder stones.
How common are struvite bladder stones?
Bladder stones are somewhat common in dogs, and struvite stones are the most common; in clinical studies, up to 26% of all bladder stones were found to contain struvite. Together, struvite and calcium oxalate uroliths have been found to comprise over 85% of all uroliths submitted for laboratory analysis in a recent study. Based on the results of tens of thousands of stone analyses, it has been found that the number of struvite bladder stones has been declining in dogs while the number of calcium oxalate stones has been increasing during the past ten years. Struvite uroliths were noted to be more common in female dogs and calcium oxalate uroliths in male dogs. Breeds most commonly diagnosed with struvite and calcium oxalate bladder stones included: shih tzu, miniature schnauzer, bichon frisé, lhasa apso, and Yorkshire terrier.
How are struvite bladder stones diagnosed?
In some cases, your veterinarian may be able to palpate (feel) struvite stones in the bladder if the dog is relaxed and the bladder isn't too painful. However, some stones are too small to be felt this way. Often, bladder stones are diagnosed by means of an x-ray of the bladder, or by means of an ultrasound. Struvite stones are almost always 'radiodense', meaning that they can be seen on a plain radiograph. However, sometimes bones or other overlying body parts will interfere with the ability to see bladder stones with regular x-rays, in which case your veterinarian may recommend a contrast study, a specialized technique that uses dye to outline the stones in the bladder, or a bladder ultrasound.
These imaging procedures will identify the presence of a bladder stone, but will not definitively tell your veterinarian the composition of the stone. The only way to be sure that a bladder stone is made of struvite is to have the stone analyzed at a veterinary laboratory.
In some cases, your veterinarian may make an educated guess about the type of stone that is present, based on the radiographic appearance and results of a urinalysis. For example, if x-rays show that there are one or more stones present in the bladder, and the results of the urinalysis show the presence of alkaline urine along with numerous struvite crystals, your veterinarian may make a presumptive diagnosis of struvite bladder stones and recommend treatment accordingly.
How are struvite bladder stones treated?
There are three primary treatment strategies for struvite bladder stones: 1) feeding a special diet to dissolve the stone(s), 2) non-surgical removal by urohydropropulsion and 3) surgical removal.
Option 1) Feeding a special diet. The use of special therapeutic diets to dissolve struvite bladder stones is often recommended in cases where the risk of a urinary tract obstruction is relatively low. These diets typically are restricted in protein, phosphorus and magnesium and are formulated to promote formation of acidic urine (with a pH less than 6.5). This formulation helps dissolve struvite stones that are already present in the urine, and prevents formation of further stones. Dissolution of the stones is further enhanced by increased water intake, which will serve to dilute the urine.
Since most dogs with struvite bladder stones developed them as a result of a bladder infection, the dog will also be placed on antibiotic therapy while the stones are being dissolved. This is important because, as the layers of stone are dissolved, bacteria that have become trapped in the layers of stone are released into the bladder; if left untreated these bacteria can set up another infection. Some dogs may experience dissolution of struvite stones within two weeks while others may take up to 12 weeks. Your dog will need to have antibiotics during this entire period of time. If your dog is placed on dietary therapy to dissolve the bladder stones, your veterinarian will recommend that a urinalysis and bladder x-rays should be performed approximately every four to six weeks during treatment.
Some bladder stones can be 'mixed' or composed of multiple layers of different types of mineral, which may complicate treatment. If follow-up x-rays show that the stones are no longer dissolving, this may indicate that the stones are mixed, and the treatment plan may need to be adjusted.
Option 2). Non-surgical removal. If the bladder stones are very small it may be possible to pass a special catheter into the bladder and then flush the stones out, in a technique called urohydropropulsion. In some cases, this procedure may be performed with the dog under heavy sedation, although general anesthesia is often necessary. If your veterinarian has a cystoscope, small stones in the bladder or urethra can sometimes be removed with this instrument, thus avoiding the need to cut the abdomen and bladder open. Either of these procedures may also be used to obtain a sample stone for analysis so that your veterinarian can determine if dietary dissolution is feasible.
Option 3). Surgical removal. Surgery is indicated in dogs that have a large number of stones in their bladder, if there is an increased risk that the patient will develop an obstruction in the urinary tract, or if the client wishes to have the problem resolved as quickly as possible. Male dogs are at a much higher risk of developing an obstruction in the urinary tract as a result of bladder stones, so when bladder stones are diagnosed in a male dog, your veterinarian will often strongly recommend surgical removal. Surgery is also indicated if dietary treatment was not successful in eliminating the stones, or If it appears that the stones are composed of a mixture of mineral types. Your veterinarian will discuss the appropriate treatment strategy for your dog, based on your individual situation.
Are there any other treatment options?
In some selected referral centers, another option may be available to treat bladder stones. This option is ultrasonic dissolution, a technique in which high frequency ultrasound waves are used to disrupt or break the stones into tiny particles that can then be flushed out of the bladder. It has the advantage of immediate removal of the offending stones without the need for surgery. Your veterinarian will discuss this treatment option with you if it is available in your area.
How can I prevent my dog from developing struvite bladder stones in the future?
Dogs that have experienced struvite bladder stones will often be fed a therapeutic diet for life. Diets lower in protein, phosphorus and magnesium and promote acidic urine are recommended. The preventative diet is NOT the same as the diet that promotes dissolution of the stones. In certain cases, medications to acidify the urine may be required. In addition, careful routine monitoring of the urine to detect any signs of bacterial infection is also recommended. Bladder x-rays and urinalysis will be performed one month after successful treatment, dietary or surgical, and then every three to six months for life. Dogs displaying any clinical signs of urinary tract infections such as frequent urination, urinating in unusual places, painful urination or the presence of blood in the urine should be evaluated immediately. Keep in mind that the greatest risk factor for developing struvite bladder stones in the dog is a urinary tract infection.
Learn More about Struvite Bladder Stones in Dogs
To learn more about struvite bladder stones from one of our knowledgeable veterinarians, please feel free to make an appointment at a VCA Animal Hospital near you. If you are not yet a VCA client, please feel free to download our Free Initial Pet Health Exam coupon to visit with a VCA veterinarian free of charge.
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1 Answer | Add Yours
Listed below are some key tenets of Transcendentalism and an explanation of how "Self-Reliance" demonstrates those beliefs.
1. The physical facts of the natural world are a doorway to the ideal or spiritual world. While Emerson's Nature more thoroughly discusses the importance of learning from the natural world, the philosopher does make some references to the importance of nature in "Self-Reliance," especially in its ability to help humans mature. At the beginning of the essay, Emerson uses the analogy of farming to demonstrate that no corn will grow from a kernel unless one commits physical toil to nurturing it. Emerson views spiritual maturity and independence as the result of physical engagement in the world around us. Similarly, most of the examples of non-conformists alluded to in the essay are men of science (Pythagoras, Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton)--men who, according to Emerson, used the natural world to develop their own view of the truth.
2. Self-reliance and individualism are more important than outside authority. In addition to citing men (Jesus, Socrates, and Martin Luther are included in the list referred to in the first point) who bucked against those in authority during their time periods in order to be self-reliant thinkers, Emerson also advises that
"a foolish consistency is the hobglobin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers, and divines."
In order to be self-reliant, a person must not only be willing to be a free thinker, but he or she must be willing to go against those in authority ("statesmen" or religious leaders) if the authority figures are simply promoting ideas for tradition's sake.
3. Intuitive or spontaneous feelings and intuition are superior to rationality. Rather than promoting logic and the rational thinking associated with the era of his predecessors (Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson), Emerson tells his readers to trust themselves, not logic or history. He focuses on listening to the heart (feelings) and what one learns in solitude (intuition) instead of giving in to society's "conspiracy" to force individuals into conformity.
We’ve answered 327,805 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
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African golden cat
|African Golden Cat|
An African golden cat (Profelis aurata) is a medium-sized cat. it weighs about 28 kg (62 lb) on average. The underside of its chest and chin are normally light-colored. In rare cases, they are pure white.
Description[change | change source]
Under captivity, it has shown that its fur color can change over time. This is affected by its age and external factors. The head of an African golden cat has light spots around the eyes. In the 1960s, studies were done that showed that various colors of the African golden cat (red, brown, silver) were found in equal numbers in most areas of their habitats. Distinctive spots at the back of the cat are only found on cats in West Africa.
Habitat[change | change source]
Normally, the habitat of the African golden cat is at the tropical rainforests found along the equator in Africa. Some experts say that the African golden cat stays in virgin forest. Other experts say they are comfortable in secondary forests.
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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Diesel, Rudolf
DIESEL, dē'zĕl, Rudolf, German inventor: b. Paris 1858; d. 1913. He was educated in England and at the Polytechnic School, Munich. He became manager of a refrigerating plant in Paris, where he remained for some years, returning to Munich in 1895. For many years he conducted experiments in internal-combustion engines and about 1893 news of his discoveries in this field caused considerable comment. After several failures in trying to make direct use of the energy from fuel combustion, in 1897 he brought out the engine since known by his name as the Diesel engine. He subsequently brought it to a high state of perfection. He came to America in 1912 and there delivered a series of lectures and in the year following the British Admiralty summoned him to a consultation. He lost his life by drowning in the Channel while on his way to England. He published ‘Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor’ (Eng. trans. by Donkin 1894) and ‘Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors’ (1913).
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Difference between revisions of "Nunavik"
Northern Quebec : Nunavik
Revision as of 01:10, 26 February 2012
Nunavik is a region in Northern Quebec.
Located north of the 55th parallel, Nunavik covers some 500,000 km2 (193,000 sq. mi.). For thousands of years, the Inuit have lived in this vast Arctic territory.
French, English, other Inuit Languages
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Named after the Roman
version of the Greek mythological
is the fifth largest of the 88 modern constellations
. It was also one of Ptolemy
's 48 constellations. It has no first magnitude
stars, but contains two of the most conspicuous globular clusters:
, the brightest globular cluster
in the northern hemisphere, and M92.
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Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations. 1989.
George Washington (173299)
No People can be bound to acknowledge and adore the invisible hand, which conducts the Affairs of men more than the People of the United States. Every step, by which they have advanced to the character of an independent nation, seems to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency.
President GEORGE WASHINGTON, first inaugural address, April 30, 1789.The Writings of George Washington, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick, vol. 30, p. 293 (1939).
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Is it possible that leaders in two North Carolina school districts in attempting to quash a potential legal battle have inadvertently removed from their schools a resource that the nation's founders argued was necessary for a proper education?
No more Bibles for the children." In an effort to appease the American Civil Liberties Union, that's what school officials in two counties in North Carolina (Cumberland and Harnett) essentially said to Gideons International recently. (See related article) Before someone complained and the ACLU threatened legal action, the Gideons would simply place the Bibles on a table for students who may choose to pick one up. But not anymore!
Of course, the ACLU is claiming elementary students might interpret the availability of the Bibles by an outside group as an endorsement of religion, which in their estimation would be a violation of the separation of church and state.
America's Founders certainly wouldn't have agreed with that assessment.
Fisher Ames was a congressman from Massachusetts in the First Session of the Congress of the United States when the Bill of Rights was formulated. It was Fisher Ames who suggested the wording of the First Amendment, which was adopted by the House. Ames argued that the Bible "should be the principal text in our schools."
James McHenry was one of the signers of the Constitution of the United States and a member of the Continental Congress. Fort McHenry, where in 1812 the battle with Britain occasioned the writing of our national anthem, was named for him. In 1813, McHenry became the president of the first Bible society in Baltimore. He believed the distribution of Bibles was necessary to the preservation of our country. He wrote:
"Neither, in considering this subject, let it be overlooked, that public utility pleads most forcibly for the general distribution of the Scriptures.
The doctrine they preach, the obligations they impose, the punishment they threaten, the rewards they promise, the stamp and image of divinity they bear, which produces a conviction of their truths, can alone secure to society, order and peace, and to our courts of justice and constitutions of government, purity, stability and usefulness.
In vain, without the Bible, we increase penal laws and draw entrenchments around our institutions. Bibles are strong entrenchments. Where they abound, men cannot pursue wicked courses, and at the same time enjoy quiet conscience.
Consider also, the rich do not possess aught more precious than their Bible, and that the poor cannot be presented by the rich with anything of greater value. Withhold it not from the poor. It is a book of councils and directions, fitted to every situation in which man can be placed ...."
In other words, McHenry believed that the "general distribution of the Scriptures" by organizations like Gideons International was necessary to maintaining peace, effecting justice, aiding the poor, and securing our "constitutions of government."
One should therefore ask: How then can future generations maintain such liberties, if the Bible is not made available and even taught to them while they are children?
Moreover, school officials should not be so quick to acquiesce to the bullying of the ACLU, but stand up for education. The late Dr. D. James Kennedy, the pastor of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, used to say that ACLU ought to really stand for "Anti-Christian Litigation Union." The ACLU's agenda seemingly is to oust all things Christian from the public square. Nevertheless, education public or private, religious or sacred owes its very existence to Christianity.
In his book, How Christianity Changed the World, Alvin J. Schmidt, a retired professor of sociology at Illinois College in Jacksonville, Illinois, rightly contends:
"Catechetical schools, cathedral schools, episcopal schools, monasteries, medieval universities, schools for the blind and deaf, Sunday schools, modern grade schools, secondary schools, modern colleges, universities, and universal education all have one thing in common: they are the products of Christianity .... Individuals in Western societies spend many years in schools, colleges, or universities, but they have learned very little about the contributions Christianity has made to education, so highly treasured today. In the absence of this knowledge, it is not only Christianity that has been slighted, but Jesus Christ as well. Were it not for him and his teachings, who knows at what stage of development education would be today."
Jesus also gave some meaningful instruction about children. He conveyed that there are infinite possibilities for good or evil in a child. Therefore, it is the supreme responsibility of parents, teachers, and the Church to see that a child's dynamic possibilities for good are realized. To stifle those possibilities, or to leave them untapped, or to twist them into evil powers, is worthy of one of Christ's most dire warnings:
"Offenses will certainly come, but woe to the one they come through! It would be better for him if a millstone were hung around his neck and he were thrown into the sea than for him to cause one of these little ones to stumble." (Luke 17:1-2)
Hmmmm ... no more Bibles for the children. Yes, that sounds like the very kind of stumbling block to which Jesus was referring.
September 20, 1789, in an article published in the Palladium magazine. D. James Kennedy, "The Great Deception" (Fort Lauderdale, Florida: Coral Ridge Ministries, 1989, 1993), p.3
Bernard Steiner, One Hundred and Ten Years of Bible Society in Maryland (Maryland Bible Scoiety, 1921), p.14; Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Brentwood, TN; Wolgemuth & Hyatt, Publishers, Inc. 1987), pp.171-172; Peter Marshall and David Manuel, The Glory of America (Bloomington, MN: Garborg's Heart N Home, 1991) 8.17
Alvin J. Schmidt, How Christianity Changed the World (Zondervan Pubishing, Grand Rapids Michigan, 2004) p. 191
Rev. Mark H. Creech is the executive director of the Christian Action League of North Carolina, Inc.
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Food Allergy Symptoms and Diagnosis
Most food allergy symptoms are mild, but in the United States there are approximately 30,000 episodes of food-induced life-threatening anaphylaxis, associated with 150 to 200 deaths annually. Symptoms usually appear within minutes of eating the food, though they can sometimes occur hours later.
Common symptoms include
a tingling sensation in the mouth
skin problems such as generalized hives or itching and flushing
stomach discomfort such as abdominal cramps; diarrhea, or vomiting
swelling of the tongue and throat
a drop in blood pressure, dizziness or loss of consciousness
An Accurate Diagnosis
Studies show that more than half of presumed food allergies are not actually allergies.
It takes more than a couple of tests to know for sure. Board-certified allergists have special training and experience in putting together all the pieces of your personal history, your medical history and physical exams to come up with a diagnosis. In addition, we now have Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the U.S. (National Institutes for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, December 2010) that provide in-depth information on what works and doesn’t work when it comes to food allergy.
The first thing a doctor looks at when diagnosing food allergy is your history of symptoms. If you think you might have a food allergy, keep a written diary with the following information:
What symptoms did you notice?
How long after eating did you notice symptoms?
How long did the symptoms last and how severe were they?
Did you do anything to help ease the symptoms (such as take prescription or over-the-counter medications)?
What exactly did you eat and how much?
Where and how was the food processed? Was it at home? A restaurant?
How was the food prepared: raw? boiled? roasted?
Were you doing anything else during or just after your meal, like exercising?
Show your diary to your health care provider. Sometimes the food allergy is obvious, but follow-up testing is important to confirm the diagnosis.
Food Allergy Testing-
The food allergy tests performed most often by allergists are skin prick tests. A diluted extract of the food is placed on your skin, then the skin is scratched with a needle. If you develop a raised skin reaction (called a wheal) at the place of the needle prick, that indicates possible allergy. If there is no reaction, you are unlikely to be allergic to the food.
Skin prick tests are quite accurate for foods with stable proteins, including peanut, milk, egg, tree nuts, fish and shellfish – some of the most common food allergens in the United States. They are less reliable for fruits and vegetables, which have proteins that break down quickly.
Blood tests that look for IgE antibodies (Immunoglobulin E, particles in the blood that indicate allergy) are also useful for identifying food allergies. They are particularly helpful for people whose allergy history puts them at high risk of serious reaction to a skin prick test; whose skin problems make skin-prick uncomfortable or dangerous; or who take certain medications that interfere with skin prick test results.
No test is perfect, however. A positive skin or blood test response does not necessarily mean you would have an allergic reaction from eating the food.
Food allergy guidelines say the diagnostic tests to evaluate food allergy should be based on the patient’s medical history and not be comprised of general large panels of food allergens. Patients who test allergic to numerous foods might choose to eat very restrictive diets, which can be unhealthy and difficult to follow. That’s why seeing an allergist trained to put all the evidence together for a diagnosis is important.
When tests are inconclusive, NIH Food Allergy Guidelines recommend your allergist may use an oral food challenge. Because this test always carries a risk, it must be performed by a health care provider trained in how to conduct this test and at a medical facility that has appropriate medicines and devices to treat potentially severe allergic reactions.
Treatment — Be Prepared
If you or your child has been diagnosed with a food allergy, talk with your health care provider about how to avoid reactions. Ask for a written Anaphylaxis Action Plan. For children with food allergies, give a copy of the action plan to the school and all caregivers.
Early recognition and treatment of symptoms is critical.
Most often, you will need to completely avoid eating the food you are allergic to. If you have a life-threatening food allergy, your health care provider will prescribe epinephrine auto-injectors to use in anaphylactic emergency situations. Be sure you carry two auto-injectors with you at all times and know how to use them. Make sure school, family, friends and other caregivers are also trained on how and when to use epinephrine. Consider wearing a medical alert bracelet that lists foods you are allergic to and has instructions to give you epinephrine if you are unable to do so yourself.
More on Food Allergy:
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For Immediate Release
Engineering Professor Involved in Creating a New Class of Antennas
BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS – DECEMBER 15, 2010 – A University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College faculty member is working with researchers in Georgia and Texas to invent a new type of microwave antenna that involves nanomaterials.
Dr. Fabio Urbani, an associate professor of electrical engineering in the Department of Engineering, is working with Dr. Amit Verma, an assistant professor of electrical engineering at Texas A&M University Kingsville and Dr. David Stollberg, a research engineer at the Electro-Optical Systems Laboratory at the Georgia Tech Research Institute in Atlanta.
The research team has built a microwave antenna using a very thin film of iron, as well as another that uses carbon nanotubes. Microwave antennas made of nanomaterials can potentially revolutionize aircraft and satellite communications, mobile radio and biomedical applications.
“The thickness of the iron film is only about 10 nanometers while the diameter of the carbon nanotubes is about 20 nanometers,” said Urbani. “As a comparison, this is about a thousand times smaller than the thickness of your hair. These antennas have not only demonstrated outstanding performance and reliability, but also very interesting behavior compared to traditional microwave antennas.”
Urbani said the thin-film antenna showed an ability to transmit and receive data over a wide continuous range of frequencies. The antenna with carbon nanotubes showed the potential to work at lower frequencies compared to a traditional antenna, without increasing its size – something that has always been a challenge for antenna designers.
“What makes those antennas technologically significant is not just that they demonstrate the ability of nanomaterials to radiate in the microwave regime, but also the way in which they are developed,” said Urbani.
One of the biggest technological challenges in handling nanomaterials for such applications is the need to make reliable electrical contacts to them. In its efforts, the research group has circumvented the problem making indirect electrical contacts with the nanomaterials.
“If you eliminate the need to put in physical contact with the nanomaterials in such antennas, the potential use for such antennas becomes huge,” said Urbani. “For example, you can now easily solve a big problem that has been facing the semiconductor and computer design industry – how can you send data from one computer chip to another without the need for all those messy pins and electrical connections that slow down a computer.”
Urbani recently presented the joint paper, “Outstanding Performance of Nanofilm Microstrip Antenna” detailing some of their research earlier this fall at the IEEE Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference in Monterey, Calif.
The research began two years ago when Verma contacted Urbani after coming across his name in an electrical engineering research journal article.
“The journey since then has been exciting and provides a glimpse into the world of scientific research, with all the initial hopes and promises, false starts, self motivation and dogged determination, and finally success,” said Urbani.
Each of the researchers has his own experiences to bring to the research project.
Urbani’s work focuses on antenna design while Stollberg’s field of expertise is fabricating and developing nanomaterials. Verma’s work is understanding how nanomaterials conduct current. The antennas were developed by Stollberg at the Georgia Tech Research Institute. They were tested at the Applied Microwave and Electromagnetic Laboratory at UTB/TSC, a laboratory founded by Urbani.
“The next step in our work is to develop and test more antennas, and solve many of the technological challenges that such antennas can address. An entirely new field of innovation and possibilities has opened up.” said Urbani.
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The frontline of U.S. health care
Primary care's importance is growing as health care reform takes place. That's why UNMC is putting emphasis on this critical area with its Primary Care Center for Education, Research & Healthcare Design.
The ranks of primary care providers are growing thin, though, especially in rural communities. According to the New England Healthcare Institute, the United States is in a "crisis in primary care delivery."
As the number of elderly Americans increases and health care reform gives more people access to care, the shortage of these providers will grow more pronounced.
Quality outcomes require care delivered by inter-professional teams, including physicians, nurses, dentists, therapists, social workers and empowered patients. With this in mind, the Primary Care Center for Education, Research and Health Care Design comprises educators from all areas of health care to provide training reflecting an inter-professional approach.
The University of Nebraska Medical Center is the leader of health professions education in Nebraska and must shape the future in order to meet the state’s needs. UNMC’s reputation nationally and internationally in primary care, rural health, allied health, dentistry, pharmacy and nursing positions it to lead in developing new care and education models.
The center’s purpose is to establish education and care models that emphasize care maps, inter-professional team health care delivery, community education, clinical and cost effectiveness, evaluation and systems-based ongoing improvement. The center also will conduct federally and privately funded research on new training and primary care delivery methods.
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I was so lucky to have lived in Anchorage, Alaska and was able to see the "ceremonial" start of the Iditarod each year (unless it was below 0 ) . One year we were able to see the mushers on the trail. I'm so in awe of these mushers who endure this grueling 1,110 plus mile race from Anchorage to Nome each year. You can't imagine what kinds of conditions they face over the 10-30 day ordeal. Even if you can't be there, there are so many ways for you and your students to follow the race from beginning to end!!!! In 2013 the official race begins on March 3rd.
First, you may want start by building some background with some great books: The Great Serum Run is a great book to give the history behind the race. You can find out about this book and other great books by clicking on the picture below.
headquarters which you can access by clicking on the image below. It has everything you need!!!!!!
Hope you find some great free activities and ideas! Thanks for all you do to make a difference for your students.
Don't forget to check out my Pinterest Boards and follow. Just click HERE.
What activity would you like to do with your students?
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Video Resource "100 Questions on Islam"
This "100 Questions on Islam" video series, produced the UN Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) and the British Council and published on a Vimeo Channel is a easily accessible repository of expert interviews on video (all short pieces) discussing current issues around perceptions of Islam and Muslim communities. Interviewees are scholars, journalists and policymakers from a diversity of geographical and professional backgrounds on major social, foreign policy, and historical questions. The 100 videos, which average two minutes in length, be a valuable source for research or education on the topic. Topics include the role of women in Islam, the place of democratic principles in theocratic governments, the veil, the Arab Spring, Shariah law and so on.
100 Questions About Islam tries to be a digital resource for the general public. It was produced by students from the University of Missouri School of Journalism during a symposium hosted by Georgetown University’s Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding.
Evaluating the "Clash of Civilizations"
Islam and International Relations
Muslims and American Politics
Muslims and the West Throughout History
Muslims in the Public Sphere
One Religion, Many Cultures
Politics and Religion
The Nuances of Identity
The Problem with Stereotypes
Women and Islam
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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. As Einstein grows older, he discovers that he enjoys a new hobby. What is it?
2. Einstein returns to work at the end of Chapter Thirteen. Why is this unusual?
(a) He is no longer being paid.
(b) He has no work to do.
(c) It is the holidays.
(d) His wife dies a few days earlier.
3. Einstein doesn't usually enjoy movies, but he does appreciate the one he attends as a guest of which movie star in Chapter Eleven?
(a) Clark Gable.
(b) Shirley Temple.
(c) Charlie Chaplin.
(d) Fred Astaire.
4. The city of Berlin decides to give Einstein what for his 50th birthday?
(a) A park bearing his name.
(b) A statue in the center of town.
(c) A beautiful plaque in appreciation.
(d) A new house on the river.
5. Of the following, who is NOT present at Einstein's welcome to America in Chapter Eleven?
(a) President Taft.
(b) Dr. Butler.
(c) Mayor Walker.
(d) John D. Rockefeller, Jr.
Short Answer Questions
1. What is unusual about Einstein's recommendations for people to take a US hospital job?
2. Einstein always tries to help others. In what way does he try to help most in Chapter Thirteen?
3. Bertrand Russell comments that "Everybody knows that Einstein does something astonishing...".
4. The author ends the book by quoting what important person?
5. How does Einstein finally decide to deal with the autograph requests in Chapter Eight?
Short Essay Questions
1. Elsa Einstein says that it is difficult to be married to Albert Einstein. Does this seem likely? Why is it difficult?
2. Describe the boat incident in Chapter Thirteen, and explain what the reader learns about Einstein from this story.
3. With what group of critics does Einstein grow angry in Chapter Eight, and why?
4. Why is Einstein no longer a pacifist in Chapter Fourteen?
5. What plan does Einstein think up to slow the flood of autograph requests?
6. What does the reader learn about Einstein's tastes, based on his reaction to the quarters on the ship reserves for him?
7. Why are the Einsteins happier in California than on other trips? What is different?
8. Describe and explain Einstein's answer to the reporter who asks about the political climate in Germany. Why is Einstein so careful in answering?
9. The Holocaust is not underway when Einstein elects not to return to Germany. Why does he decide to stay away from his homeland?
10. Why is Einstein happier at Princeton University than he is at previous appointments?
This section contains 1,017 words
(approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page)
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The fight for water: Can the mighty Mississippi save the West?
No more straws
Environmental groups protective of the Colorado River assert the first thing to go ought to be any additional straws in the river and its tributaries such as large-scale diversions that would reduce its flows even more.
"The Colorado River doesn't have anything left to give," said John Weisheit, conservation director of Moab-based Living Rivers. He said proposed diversions such as water for a planned nuclear power plant in Emery County, the Lake Powell Pipeline or a potash operation outside Arches National Park are banking on a water supply that isn't sustainable, he said.
"Projects like those are courting disaster," he said, and should be scrapped.
The bureau claims it is no longer practical for the Colorado River to serve as the single drink of choice for its thirsty dependents in seven states, and alternatives should be aggressively pursued.
"We are going to have to figure out ways to deal with continued growth in the face of limited water supplies," Trueman said. "You can't just build dams when there is no water to store and on the Colorado, those are pretty thoroughly developed."
The Colorado River basin states commissioned a study released in 2008 detailing the viability of importing water from adjacent drainage basins to bolster supplies of the Colorado River.
The idea is to take water where it is plentiful and move it to places where it is not.
One of four concepts explored in the Black & Veatch study done by consulting engineers was to divert water from the Bear River downstream from Smith's Fork near the Utah-Wyoming border and move it to the basin of the Green River, a tributary of the Colorado River. Under one scenario, as much as 50,000 acre-feet of water could be delivered in just shy of a year.
The study concedes the mountain of hurdles that would have to be overcome — including environmental reviews, project costs and working through the complex set of interstate agreements on who owns what water and where. Its premise, however, was not to start out with what could not be done, but where excess water is available, and how to get to it.
That is where the Mississippi River could prove to be the salvation for the seven basin states in the quest for life-giving, city-growing, farm-sustaining water.
The mighty Mississippi
In the Mississippi River scenario, 675,000 acre-feet of water would be diverted from the nation's largest river downstream of where it meets up with the Ohio River. From there, the water would be conveyed via tunnel, canal and a monstrous pipe 775 miles long and 144 inches in diameter to dump into the Navajo River in southwestern Colorado.
The Navajo would then deliver that water to the San Juan River, a tributary of the Colorado River, for use by agricultural users in Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico. Those users would then be taken off the Colorado system and the savings in water would flow downstream to other cities that need to grow in the future.
Ludicrous? Not to Mulroy and others staring straight into the bottom of a dry water barrel.
"Well, you know a lot of people laugh about that," she said. "But you have to remember that Hoover Dam was built as a flood control project. And one man's flood control project is another man's water supply."
The Mississippi has a storied history of flooding — in 1927, in 1937 and in 1973. Then came last year, when seven states were awash and 130,000 acres of farmland were deliberately inundated to save a town.
Mulroy said there are lessons to be learned, and more importantly, that the excess water could come to the basin states.
"Why can't it fuel fields farther to the west. … Why can't we put that water to beneficial use?" she questioned. "It would make far more sense to capture that and begin to put it to use where it is needed here in this country."
As the bureau works through the proposals and completes its analysis in the coming months, nothing is out of reach as it approaches the caretaking of the Colorado River much like a nutritionist might.
If the river is already anemic, does it make sense to cut away more precious acre-feet of water it needs to sustain what is already here? Or is it possible to build up the health of the river through massive conservation efforts, and bring in friends like the Mississippi, Snake or Bear rivers to conduct an intervention?
Massive, money-draining projects aren't out of the question if it means water still flows through the Colorado basin, but it depends on the price willing to be paid for water out of the tap, for a lifestyle in the arid West, for the desire to keep fields growing, Strong said.
"Some of these big pipeline systems will require you spend that kind of money to move water to where the people are," Strong said, "but a lot will depend on our appetite and foresight."
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Our family are book lovers who have learned together for over 10 years. The foundation of our education curriculum is the reading of good books coupled with thorough mathematics. We focus on reading good, classic, “living books” rather than a textbook or workbook approach. Over the years, we’ve found many recommendation lists. All suggest many quality books for each age level, all focusing on various historical periods or other broad themes.
A wonderful problem exists for teachers – there’s too much good material to teach! As we were confronted with a dozen or more solid reading-based plans, each recommending hundreds of books, choosing what few books to read each year became a fun, but difficult, problem. We would see what books the various lists had in common for a given reading level, what we could find affordably online, and what we could find at the library. We’d narrow down further based on the type of work – classic literature vs. biographies vs. general narratives, etc. and then the historical period the book covered – ancient vs. middle ages vs. modern, etc. In this way, we planned very personalized, interesting reading. This is a difficult yet rewarding process. It works but there are other helpful methods.
Rather than forming your own personalized plan, another idea is to just pick one of the many published plans and ignore the others. Some of the plans we recommend are from Sonlight, Veritas Press, and Robinson Curriculum. Another solution is to use one of several book guides that help categorize books. These include Honey for a Child’s Heart, The Book Tree, All Through The Ages, and Invitation to the Classics. These are flexible and helpful but still require a lot of page turning, indexing, and offer no direct online access to book vendors or libraries that can help quickly determine what is available at a reasonable cost.
The best solution is an online book list that can be easily searched and sorted by different criteria of reading level, historical era, type, price, etc. There are many online lists, though most are static lists you cannot easily search or sort. Many bloggers maintain lists of favorite books. Several sites provide more powerful search and sort capabilities. One popular example is Library Thing, tagging books for various categories. Another powerful site is Every Good Book providing searching and sorting of classic books, based on the book’s time period, type, reading level, popularity, and even cost.
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On Monday, French President Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the French national statistics agency on the adequacy of GDP in measuring a country’s economic well-being. He requested that the agency give greater consideration to factors such as quality of life and the environment (versus solely relying on GDP’s reporting of goods and services produced) in determining the nation’s fiscal health. If realized, what effect would this mentality have on sustainable development in France and worldwide?
According to a report by the New York Times, Sarkozy made the request after reviewing a report by a panel of top economists, which he commissioned in February 2008 to evaluate the adequacy of GDP as a fiscal standard. (The report is known formally as “The Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress Revisited.”) According to the report, while GDP accurately gauges an economy’s overall growth or reduction, it is a poor measurement of social health – a vital component of national well-being. GDP measurements ignore damage to society and the environment by unsustainable activities, and they do not always accurately reflect average citizens’ disposable incomes. Moreover, disproportionate focus on GDP metrics by policy makers (to the exclusion of data indicating increased unsustainable indebtedness of households and businesses – precursors to the recession) contributed to the current financial crisis’ onset.
The report advised that GDP be measured uniformly by every country and supplemented with social and economic evaluations. “What we measure affects what we do; and if our measurements are flawed, decisions may be distorted,” the panelists reportedly wrote. “Policies should be aimed at increasing societal welfare, not GDP.”
Incidentally, Sarkozy’s comments came just two weeks before the next G20 summit meeting, at which Sarkozy will reportedly encourage other countries to examine his findings. “France will put this on the agenda of all of the international meetings and all the discussions that have for an objective the creation of a new order,” he reportedly said.
What effect would demoting GDP on the economy-measuring hierarchy have on a nation’s sustainability and overall welfare? While the effects would vary country to country, a prime example is that of a developing, oil-rich country dependent on foreign investment for mining revenue. While the developing country’s GDP would be increased by that investment, if the country received minimal royalties, suffered environmental degradation, and subjected its miners to health hazards, the country’s overall benefit would be low. On the other hand, if the country – and the global community – were to include social and environmental factors in measuring its well-being, it would be more difficult to ignore the damage being done.
What are your thoughts on the matter?
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The almond, Amygdalus communis, is a medium sized tree with narrow, light green leaves. Unlike the fig and olive, the almond does not live to a great age. The almond is a well-known symbol of resurrection because it is the first tree to flower. The white, five-parted flowers are up to two inches across and come in the late winter before the leaves of the tree develop. Because they may flower as early as late January or early February, it is sometimes possible to find almond flowers with snow.
Within a month after flowering the distinctive hairy green fruits begin to develop. These have a pleasantly sour taste and are picked and sold as a very popular snack for Arabs. My children enjoyed them when in grade school! In the middle of August the nuts are harvested at the end of the growing season as the leaves begin to fall. The almond is a close relative of such stone fruits as peach, apricots, and cherries. But unlike these relatives, the fruits of the almonds are quite unusual in the way in which they open. The leathery outer covering splits at maturity releasing the stone.
Almonds are mentioned six times in the Scriptures and only in the Old Testament. The first reference is in Genesis 43:11 where Jacob, in an apparent attempt to curry favor with the ruler of Egypt, orders his sons to take some of the "best products of the land" including almonds. The best-known reference to the almond is Aaron's rod that budded (Numbers 17). This is miraculous because the flowering, budding, and fruiting of the almond in nature are always separated in time.
The almond motif was part of the divine design for the lampstand in the tabernacle (Exodus 25:33-34, 37:19-20). Moses was instructed to make the bowls of the lampstand in the shape of the almond flower. The buds and fruits were also to be present, however.
The reference to almonds in Ecclesiastes 12:5 presents some difficulty. The word translated "flourisheth" (KJV) and "blossoms" (NIV) can mean two apparently contradictory things. The reference could be to the masses of white flowers on the almond tree, an allusion to the white hair of old age. Or it could mean to be "despised."
The last reference to the almond is in Jeremiah 1:11. "The word of the Lord came to me: 'What do you see, Jeremiah?' 'I see the branch of an almond tree', I replied." The Hebrew word for almond sounds similar to that for watchful.
Almond and Almonds References
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A team of Brazilian and American astronomers used the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) observations of the system 16 Cygni to discover evidence of how giant planets like Jupiter form.
One of the main models to form giant planets is called “core accretion.” In this scenario, a rocky core forms first by aggregation of solid particles until it reaches a few Earth masses when it becomes massive enough to accrete a gaseous envelope. For the first time, astronomers have detected evidence of this rocky core, the first step in the formation of a giant planet like Jupiter.
The astronomers used the CFHT to analyze the starlight of the binary stars 16 Cygni A and 16 Cygni B. The system is a perfect laboratory to study the formation of giant planets because the stars were born together and are therefore very similar, and both resemble the Sun. However, observations during the last decades show that only one of the two stars, 16 Cygni B, hosts a giant planet, which is about 2.4 times as massive as Jupiter. By decomposing the light from the two stars into their basic components and looking at the difference between the two stars, the astronomers were able to detect signatures left from the planet formation process on 16 Cygni B.
The fingerprints detected by the astronomers are twofold. First, they found that the star 16 Cygni A is enhanced in all chemical elements relative to 16 Cygni B. This means that 16 Cygni B, the star that hosts a giant planet, is metal deficient. As both stars were born from the same natal cloud, they should have exactly the same chemical composition. However, planets and stars form at about the same time, hence the metals that are missing in 16 Cygni B (relative to 16 Cygni A) were probably removed from its protoplanetary disk to form its giant planet, so that the remaining material that was falling into 16 Cygni B in the final phases of its formation was deficient in those metals.
The second fingerprint is that on top of an overall deficiency of all analyzed elements in 16 Cygni B, this star has a systematic deficiency in the refractory elements such as iron, aluminum, nickel, magnesium, scandium, and silicon. This is a remarkable discovery because the rocky core of a giant planet is expected to be rich in refractory elements. The formation of the rocky core seems to rob refractory material from the proto-planetary disk, so that the star 16 Cygni B ended up with a lower amount of refractories. This deficiency in the refractory elements can be explained by the formation of a rocky core with a mass of about 1.5 to 6 Earth masses, which is similar to the estimate of Jupiter’s core.
“Our results show that the formation of giant planets, as well as terrestrial planets like our own Earth, leaves subtle signatures in stellar atmospheres,” said Marcelo Tucci Maia from the University of São Paulo. “It is fascinating that our differential technique can measure these subtle differences in chemical abundances, and we achieve a precision that was unthinkable until now,” said Jorge Meléndez from the University of São Paulo. “16 Cyg is a remarkable system, but certainly not unique,” said Ivan Ramírez from the University of Texas. “It is special because it is nearby; however, there are many other binary stars with twin components on which this experiment could be performed. This could help us find planet-host stars in binaries in a much more straightforward manner compared to all other planet-finding techniques we have available today.”
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The Battle of Oak Grove took place on June 25, 1862 in Henrico County, Virginia and marked the beginning of the Seven Days’ Battles that were part of the Peninsula campaign of 1862, a grand scheme to destroy the Rebel army in Richmond and effectively end the Civil War. Union Major General George B. McClellan planned to end the war through short and decisive battles rather than one major, war-winning battle. He corresponded with his wife before the undertaking; “It now looks to me as if the operations would resolve themselves into a series of partial attacks, rather than a general battle.” McClellan’s goal was to seize the high ground on the Nine Mile Road with the objective of bringing his siege guns within range of the Confederate capital. Union Private Thomas B. Leaver of the 2nd New Hampshire wrote home on the night prior to the battle, “I hope the day of decision will come soon…I believe the Rebels will skedaddle as they did at Yorktown and Corinth. Keep up good courage dear Mother, the end is near at hand.”
Confederate Army General Robert E. Lee met the Union attack and defended against the attempted Union advance with three brigades of Confederate General Benjamin Huger. Huger encountered the forces of Union Brigadier Generals Joseph Hooker and Philip Kearny. Intense fighting throughout the day led to inconclusive results for the Union Army. McClellan failed to achieve his objective, his troops gaining only 600 yards while sustaining estimated casualties of 626. The Confederate soldiers sustained 441 casualties bringing the total for the battle over 1000. Included in this total is the death of Thomas B. Leaver, whose last letter home predicted his ironic and tragic fate.
The Battle of Oak Grove set the tone for the Seven Days’ Battles and the rest of the Peninsula campaign, alluding to the intensity of fighting that both sides would encounter. Much of the battle consisted of the Union soldiers advancing on ground that they had previously won earlier in the day. Confusion and poor communication hindered the Union Army throughout the battle. Sergeant Edgar Newcomb of the 19th Massachusetts eloquently described the wearisome nature of battle:
“It is not the marching nor the firing that wears men, but the suspense of the slow advance and frequent halt…till finally when at once the storm of bullets whirs over and on each side, and men begin to fall, and orders come think and fast, the sweet oozes from every pore. It is not fear but uncertainty, that makes men live days in every moment.”
For more information on the battle and the Peninsula campaign, Stephen W. Sears’ To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign is one of the best available secondary sources on the subject and details the Battle of Oak Grove within the context of the grand campaign. The book is partially available on Google Books and includes maps of the battle and a great bibliography for further readings. Another scholarly secondary source partially available on Google Books is John S. Salmon’s The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide which offers a great overview and background information on the Seven Days’ Battles. For primary material, teachers should utilize the Official Records, volume 11 for reports on the Peninsula campaign including one from Union General Joseph Hooker.
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ThreatsRead full entry
ThreatsEntanglement in fishing gear
Possible trauma from ocean noise, may be sensitive to underwater sounds and anthropogenic noise
strandings of this species in the Bahamas, Caribbean Sea, Canary Islands, Gulf of California and Mediterranean Sea have been associated with active sonar and seismic activities
Anthropogenic noise levels in the world's oceans are an increasing habitat concern, particularly for deep-diving cetaceans like Cuvier's beaked whales that use sound to feed, communicate, and navigate in the ocean.
Have been taken in fisheries in the Caribbean, Chile, Indonesia, Peru and Taiwan.
Have been incidentally taken in Japanese whaling operations targeting Baird's beaked whales
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http://eol.org/pages/328552/overview/
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UNICEF is committed to doing all it can to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in partnership with governments, civil society, business, academia and the United Nations family – and especially children and young people.
Lexina Lungu is benefitting from Malawi’s bold new approach to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV during pregnancy, birth and breastfeeding.
Download this video
An AIDS-free generation once seemed like a far-off dream. But, now, the world has what it takes to make this dream a reality. Advancements in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV have greatly decelerated the rate of new infections in babies in low- and middle-income countries. However, the same progress has not been seen in treatment for children living with HIV, and the trajectory of AIDS deaths among adolescents living with HIV remains alarming.
Lexina Lungu has been following her simple antiretroviral treatment plan throughout her pregnancy. In the meantime, 12 other countries have rolled out the same (or a similar) option for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV that has proven so effective in her native Malawi.
KASUNGU, Malawi, 27 November 2013 – To see the promise of an AIDS-free generation drawing closer, look no further than Lexina Lungu. When we last left the Lungus, she was 36 weeks pregnant and attending her regular antenatal check-up. She had earlier learned that she was HIV-positive, as was her husband. The couple were expecting a baby girl.
The couple were concerned about their child. Women can transmit the virus to their babies during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding.
Ms. Lungo had started treatment to protect her baby and herself. And, in doing so, she had become part of her country’s bold new approach to safeguarding infants from HIV – an approach that has since been adopted by other countries.
Kasungu, rural Malawi. Prior to the implementation of Option B+, many rural health centres lacked the tools to test women rapidly for HIV, and access to treatment was severely limited for women living with the virus.
Protecting babies from HIV
Protecting babies from HIV used to combine testing, antiretroviral treatment and counselling, with care tailored to the health of individual mothers based on how sick they were. For this conventional approach to be effective, countries needed robust infrastructure that could provide the necessary tests, results and medicines consistently – and was close to the women who needed it.
Such infrastructure is common in industrialized countries, where HIV infections among babies are now almost unheard of. But, in the developing world, where health systems are weak and obstacles including distance, poverty and persistent stigma can stand in the way, mothers and their infants remain at risk.
Globally, about 260,000 children aged 0–14 years were newly infected with HIV in 2012. Almost 90 per cent live in the 22 Global Plan priority countries, including Malawi. In these countries, mothers and babies may not be able to make repeated trips to far-away clinics, and test results may arrive late or not at all. Each new pregnancy presents women with fresh obstacles – including starting the process all over again.
Malawi knew that it was years away from creating the infrastructure to solve these problems. Its breakthrough came in realizing that, by changing its testing and treatment model from complex to simple, it could bypass the weaknesses in its own system.
The new approach places women at the centre. It depends on simplicity to keep mothers and babies healthy.
When Ms. Lungu tested positive for HIV, she was offered antiretroviral treatment for life, in line with the new approach. The treatment protects the mother, her baby and children from any future pregnancies – as long as she stays on treatment. It also decreases the risk that she will pass the virus on to an uninfected sexual partner.
Ms. Lungu at an antenatal checkup. She is following lifelong treatment to protect her baby and herself. Malawi’s approach has been adopted by other countries.
Instead of managing several pills each day, mothers like Ms. Lungu now take just one pill. This single pill, taken once a day, combines three antiretrovirals. And, while old approaches called for a special CD4 test to show whether a mother living with the virus needed treatment for her own health, the new approach starts all pregnant women on antiretrovirals right away, with a positive HIV test result alone.
This approach has proven remarkably effective – so much so that Malawi is now among 13 countries of the 22 Global Plan countries using the same policy, or something similar.
Hope for the future
Not long after her antenatal check-up, Ms. Lungu gave birth to a healthy baby girl. She named her daughter Chriselda.
When Chriselda was 6 weeks old, Ms. Lungu brought her back to the clinic for her first HIV test. She was about to learn whether her lifelong treatment had protected Chriselda. Chriselda was free of HIV.
There are more tests to come, and Ms. Lungu must continue to take her one pill a day faithfully to protect her own health and the health of her baby. But, for now, this family remains protected by lifelong treatment.
Malawi pioneered lifelong treatment for all pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV. Some other countries have shifted toward simplified treatment that lasts just through the risk period of pregnancy, birth and breastfeeding.
Expanding the simplified approaches used among Malawi and other Global Plan countries demands collaborative effort. UNICEF and partners including the World Health Organization are coordinating technical assistance, monitoring and development of guidance for countries implementing lifelong treatment, or treatment through the risk period only.
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ANN ARBOR, Mich. A team of University of Michigan scientists has found that suppressing a newly discovered gene lengthens the lifespan of roundworms. Scientists who study aging have long known that significantly restricting food intake makes animals live longer. But the goal is to find less drastic ways to achieve the same effect in humans someday. The U-M results offer promising early evidence that scientists may succeed at finding targets for drugs that someday could allow people to live longer, healthier lives.
In a study in the August issue of Aging Cell, U-M scientists found that a gene, drr-2, is an important component in a key cellular pathway, the TOR nutrient-sensing pathway, where many scientists are looking for potential drug targets. The U-M scientists then found that when they caused the drr-2 gene to be under- or over-expressed, they could lengthen or shorten lifespan in C. elegans, a worm widely used in research. Manipulating the drr-2 gene's action produced the same effects as reducing or increasing caloric intake.
"We showed that in C. elegans, drr-2 is one of the essential genes for the TOR pathway to modulate lifespan," says Ao-Lin Allen Hsu, Ph.D., the study's senior author and a scientist at the U-M Geriatrics Center. He also is an assistant professor in internal medicine and molecular and integrative physiology at U-M. The study also found that drr-2 appears analogous to a human gene, eIF4H, that controls similar cell functions.
To find possible avenues for future anti-aging drugs, many scientists around the world are focusing on signaling pathways in cells that sense nutrients. The one Hsu examined, the target of rapamycin pathway or TOR pathway, is so named because its activity can be influenced by the drug rapamycin. Recent results from a large federal study being conducted at U-M and elsewhere have shown that in mice, rapamycin is effective at mimicking the anti-aging effects of dietary restriction.
Research in the last 25 years has shown that animals, including mammals, live longer and have lower levels of certain measures of age-related decline when scientists have restricted their food intake. No one has been able to show yet that the same effect happens in humans, though some studies are under way.
When calories or certain nutrients are restricted, scientists detect less oxidative damage in animal cells and a slower decline in DNA repair, a decline that normally occurs with age. It's thought that limiting oxidative damage and slowing the decline in DNA repair could help postpone or avoid many age-related diseases.
But scientists know relatively little about why reducing food intake causes these effects. In the last 10 years, they have made progress in identifying genes and associated proteins that are suppressed when diet is restricted. By learning more about the cell processes involved, they may be able to discover targets for future drugs that could delay aging without the need to restrict food intake.
Drugs tailored to block specific genes or proteins involved in nutrient-sensing pathways would have much more appeal than reducing what one eats. To achieve anti-aging benefits, it's thought that people would have to restrict food intake by 30 to 40 percent, a grim prospect. In addition, drugs might be designed to avoid other disadvantages of this level of dietary restriction, which include reduced fertility.
C. elegans is a tiny roundworm, a nematode whose two-week lifespan is a great advantage for scientists studying aging. The 1-millimeter-long transparent worms have other advantages, too. C. elegans exhibits many age-associated changes observed in higher organisms.
"Many genes identified in C. elegans to control the speed of aging turned out to be evolutionarily conserved, meaning that you can find them in other animals, too. And many are very similar to those found in humans," Hsu says.
Hsu and his team created different mutant strains of roundworms, some with drr-2 genes silenced and others in which the gene was over-expressed. They wanted to learn whether inactivating drr-2 is essential for TOR to influence longevity, and found that it was. Other newly discovered genes may affect TOR signaling as well. But Hsu's team has found a promising lead for anti-aging drugs of the future: They were able to show that silencing drr-2's action alone was sufficient to make worms live longer than wild-type C. elegans used as controls.
"It is known that reduction of TOR signaling in response to a change in the environment or genetic manipulation triggers a cascade of cellular signals that alter cell growth, metabolism, and protein synthesis, and decrease the pace of aging," says Hsu. "Our recent studies have shown that drr-2 might play a pivotal role in the TOR signaling network to control protein synthesis as well as longevity."
|Contact: Anne Rueter|
University of Michigan Health System
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Also referred to as the Polish Owczarek Nizinny, this breed originated during the 13th century. The Polish Lowland Sheepdog's were used in the herding and guarding of sheep and cattle as well as companions. This breed was nearly extinct after World War II with only two males and one female surviving. Those three are the foundation of all of the Polish Lowland Sheepdogs of today. This breed is relatively rare in the United States.
Polish Lowland Sheepdog's are compact, of medium-size, muscular, and strong. The Polish Lowland Sheepdog is independent, agile, athletic, and durable. They are alert, clever, and keenly perceptive.
Does your Polish Lowland Sheepdog bark, howl, and cry whenever you leave the house? Separation anxiety
is extreme anxiety experienced by your dog when you are away from him.
The Polish Lowland Sheepdog is not recommended for first time dog owners. This is a breed that has a strong-willed mind of it's own. They are aggressive toward dogs of the same gender and are not recommended for homes with cats or other small pets. As a working breed they were never intended to be household pets; boredom leads to destructive behavior. Polish Lowland Sheepdog's are loyal and protective of their family, home and territory and suspicious and aloof of strangers. They do well with children they have been raised with. This breed is not recommended for fastidious homes. They are extremely messy as their coat collects all manner of debris.
Polish Lowland Sheepdog's requier daily brushing to prevent the coat from matting and to remove loose and dead hair. Bathing should be done when necessary. This is a healthy breed with no known health issues. They do best in cooler climates.
If your dog is displaying behavior uncharacteristic of his normal actions, call the Vet
The Polish Lowland Sheepdog is a double coat breed. The outer coat is thick, long, straight, shaggy, and dense. The hair covers the entire body including the head and eyes. The under coat is dense and soft. This Polish Lowland Sheepdog breed is an average shedder.
Early socialization and obedience is a must. Bred to think independently and solve problems on their own, the Polish Lowland Sheepdog has a tendency to be manipulative and dominant. Training must be done with firmness, fairness, and consistency. Teaching your dog to sit, lie down, and stay
is vital to the training of your new puppy. There are several accepted methods of house training your new Polish Lowland Sheepdog puppy.
Consider crate training
if you need to adapt your dog to a safe and confined environment for various safety and comfort reasons.
The Polish Lowland Sheepdog breed is not recommended for apartment living or for sedentary owners. The Polish Lowland Sheepdog requires an inordinate amount of physical exercise and mental stimulation. They do best in a large securely fenced yard or a rural setting with a job to do. They enjoy hiking, biking, running, and family interaction. This breed excels at tracking, herding, obedience, and agility. Socialization
is one of the single most important things you can do for your puppy.
Male: 40-50; Female: 30-40 lbs
Male: 18-20; Female: 17-19 inches
White with patches of gray, sandy, chocolate, and black.
|Good With Dogs:|
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It’s slimy, green and threatened the water supply for hundreds of thousands. Next year, it could be millions.
But this aquatic supervillian should be familiar to Lake Erie residents on both sides of the border by now: The toxic algae – which contains Microcystis, a cyanobacteria toxic to humans and wildlife – has been a menace of various degrees for years.
And even though Canadians weren’t directly affected by the tap water ban in Toledo, Ohio – lifted on Monday – they shouldn’t feel so relieved.
Canadian shorelines are just as vulnerable to the algae bloom, says Raj Bejankiwar, a physical scientist with the International Joint Commission, an agency made up of both Canadian and U.S. officials. He said Canada may yet be affected by algal blooms starting this month and next.
“It is a issue of concern for both Canadian and U.S. [citizens] who are withdrawing water from, especially on the Western basin, of Lake Erie.”
Just ask Pelee Islanders, who were forbidden from drinking, bathing or cooking with tap water contaminated by a toxic algae bloom in 2009.
What’s going on?
Lake Erie is the shallowest of all the Great Lakes, exposing it to algae blooms as it warms faster than deeper lakes. It’s also the second-most populous of the Great Lakes, according to the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, with 11.6 million people ringing its shores.
In warmer months the algae blooms create a thick surface layer in the lakes, choking the deeper water, creating a condition called hypoxia. As the algae decays it depletes the oxygen in the deeper water, creating a “dead zone”, making it impossible for most fish and wildlife to survive. Climate change can extend the time that hypoxic conditions occur as warmer weather starts earlier and ends later in the season than normal, according to the Lake Erie Ecosystem Priority (LEEP), which the International Joint Commission created in 2011 as a result of the largest algae bloom ever recorded – stretching 5,000 square kilometres.
Free-floating algae mats grow in its western basin; in its Eastern basin, large blooms along the shoreline clog water intake, decrease water quality and pose of health risk to humans, pets and wildlife.
Algae blooms can expose humans and animals to toxins causing skin rashes, headaches, fever, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and liver failure.
Why is this happening?
Phosphorous – found in fertilizer, among other things – is the leading factor behind growing algae blooms. It gets washed into the lake via fertilized farmlands, lawns and gardens, construction, stormwater runoff, deciduous tree leaves and pet waste.
But it’s not that people are using more of it, Bejankiwar says: Heavy bursts of rainfall – more common thanks to climate change -are overpowering agricultural and sewage infrastructure, meaning more phosphorous runoff.
What are we doing about it?
A report this past February called on the U.S. and Canadian governments to come up with a joint plan to stop the algae blooms. The report’s 15 recommendations include regulations limiting the amount of phosphorus use and giving farmers a better alternative, as well as boosting monitoring.
There are mechanical ways to clean up the algae in small bodies of water -using using nets or chemicals, for example – but “that’s almost a band-aid approach,” Bejankiwar says. It won’t work in a body of water as big as Lake Erie.
Bejankiwar hasn’t seen any action from the Canadian government in response to the recommendations, but he’s confident that the government will act eventually.
Governments on both sides of the border have a lot on the line when it comes to cleaning up the lake, he said: The Great Lakes Restorative Initiative is a collaboration between the U.S. and Canadian governments to focus on the main threats to the Great Lakes’ ecosystem health. The Great Lakes Nutrient Initiative provides $16 million in funding to address recurrent algae problem in the Great Lakes and will focus on Lake Erie.
READ: The February 2014 report on how to reduce toxic algae blooms in Lake Erie
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<urn:uuid:7cb59ea8-e1d6-4ce4-af6c-c4439152b179>
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Bumblebee flight inspires robot design
18 September 2013 Last updated at 21:16 BST
Scientists are studying the flight of the bumblebee in an effort to work out how the insects remain steady in adverse weather conditions.
Dr Sridhar Ravi from Harvard University used high-speed cameras to film the bumblebees as they flew in a wind tunnel.
This set-up enabled Dr Ravi and his team to control the airflow the bees had to contend with, and to find out how the bees coped with the changing conditions.
It revealed that the bumblebees would roll their bodies from side to side to correct their flight path.
The researchers say the study could aid the design of "micro air vehicles" that remain stable in bad weather.
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
Fresh meats have a very limited shelf life: they must remain refrigerated or frozen until cooked, and even then, they must be consumed quickly to avoid bacterial growth. One way to extend the longevity of meats is to cure them with a salt cure. A salt cure is a process through which meat is preserved. Salt cures can either be salt rubs or brining solutions that alter the chemical composition of the meat, tenderize it, and dry it. Cured meat does not require refrigeration, and remains edible for months or even years after curing.
Salt cures are an ancient method of food preparation practiced by many cultures, and the process is still performed in the modern day. Meat curing was particularly important before refrigeration was widely available. In Medieval Europe, for instance, meats were often kept cool in underground caverns, but this practice was not always sustainable. Meat mongers began curing excess meat and meat to be consumed in the winter months in salt to keep it from decomposing. Fishermen, particularly those in Scandinavia, developed salt cure processes to preserve fish around the same time.
An early salt cure was as simple as storing slabs of meat in a barrel of salt. Chemicals in the salt dry the meat by wicking out moisture. This eliminates the chance for bacterial growth. Bacteria thrive in moist environments, but most cannot tolerate high concentrations of salt.
Meat was commonly stored in salt barrels on early ship explorations, including European trading vessels and the British sea voyages that landed settlers in the United States, Canada, and Australia. The ships were gone for months at a time without the ability to procure fresh food, or keep stored food refrigerated. Salt-cured meat, including cured poultry, pork, fish, and beef, was a staple of early ship life.
How long meat must stay in the salt cure before it is preserved is largely a matter of what kind of meat it is, its size, and the potency and concentration of the salt. Curing can take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks. The length of time a piece of meat remains in the salt cure can also affect its taste. Cured meat has, perhaps not surprisingly, a very salty flavor, but how much that flavor overpowers the original flavor of the meat varies with time.
Brining is another variation of salt cure. Brine is a saltwater solution in which meats are submerged. If left long enough, a brining solution will preserve meat in much the way that a direct application of salt will. Brining requires refrigeration, however, as the water in the brine will breed bacteria if left too long at room temperature.
Cured meats remain, an important part of many cultures' culinary traditions, although the methods of salt cure have advanced from early times. More sanitary curing containers have largely replaced wooden barrels, and chemicals such as nitrate and nitrite are frequently added to curing salts to speed the process and to ensure that meats are completely dried and preserved.
Home curing is also a popular way of either preserving or flavoring meats, particularly poultry and pork. Home cooks should be cautious of simply using table salt to preserve meat, however. Many of the table salts that are commercially available do not have the same potency or composition as salts had in the Middle Ages. A salt cure made with ordinary table salt may not actually cure meat. Many companies sell curing solutions and curing kits that are generally a safer option. These cures can either completely preserve meat, or, if left to cure for a shorter time, tenderize the meat and add flavor before cooking. Partial cures are a relatively easy way to enhance the flavor of meat destined for the frying pan or baking tray.
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The Continuing Controversy over Stem Cells
A conservative Christian perspective from a Ph.D. in biology, Probe's Dr. Ray Bohlin, on the ethical problems of embryonic stem cell research.
Different Kinds of Stem Cells
Stem cell research grew into a major issue in the 2004 election and will continue to be discussed and argued for years to come as research continues to make progress. Unfortunately, most people continue to be misinformed about the real issues in the discussion.
Most articles in the media fail to distinguish between the different kinds of stem cells and the different ethical questions each of them presents. Several states either already have or are working to get around federal restrictions on embryonic stem cell research in order to keep the research dollars at their state research universities.
So the controversy has far from abated. In order to think our way through this we will need some basic information. First, we need to understand some things about stem cells in general and the types of stem cells available for research.
What are stem cells? Stem cells are specialized cells that can produce several different kinds of cells in your body. Just like the stem of a plant will produce branches, leaves, and flowers, so stem cells can usually produce many different kinds of cells within a particular tissue.
There are over one trillion cells in your body. Most will only divide a few times. For instance, when you were born you basically already had all the brain and neural cells you would need. As you grew, those cells simply got bigger. However, other tissues need a constant renewing of cells. The lining of your intestines, stomach, skin, and lungs constantly slough old cells and need replacements. Your blood cells constantly need replacing. In these kinds of tissues, specialized stem cells continually produce new cells.
There are skin, bone marrow, liver, muscle, and other types of stem cells in your body. These are referred to as adult stem cells. Other common types of stem cells are those found in umbilical cord blood. Even though these are fetal tissues, they are referred to as adult stem cells because they are already differentiated to a large degree. There are no ethical difficulties in using these stem cells for research and therapy.
Now, what are embryonic stem cells? Embryonic stem cells exist only in the earliest embryo just a few days after fertilization. This is referred to as the blastocyst. The blastocyst contains a small cluster of identical cells called the inner cell mass. These cells eventually form the baby and therefore can produce all the cells of the body. These are embryonic stem cells (ESC). In order to retrieve them, the embryo is destroyed.
Here then is the problem. While adult stem cells offer no ethical difficulties--but are not likely to be as versatile as embryonic stem cells--embryonic stem cells can only be obtained by destroying the embryo.
The Promise of Adult Stem Cells
What is the overall hope for stem cells? Why are they so sought after?
Essentially, it is hoped that stem cells can be used to treat and even cure diseases like diabetes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and brain and spinal injuries. These are primarily degenerative diseases where certain cells no longer function as designed due to genetic defects or injuries. Generally it has been believed that embryonic stem cells offer the most hope since we know they can become any cell in the body.
But embryonic stem cells require the destruction of the embryo where adult stem cells can be harvested from the individual that needs to be treated. First, this involves only informed consent and is ethically non-controversial. Second, since the person's own cells are used, there is no chance of rejection of the cells by the patient's immune system.
In the last few years important discoveries have been made concerning certain types of adult stem cells. Essentially, we have learned that adult stem cells can switch tissues. Bone marrow stem cells seem to be the most versatile. They have been coaxed to generate new muscle, neural, lung and other tissues.
Additionally, we have learned that adult stem cells migrate throughout the body in the blood. It appears that adult stem cells are somehow informed of injury in the cell and can migrate from their source to the injury and begin at least modest repairs.
In January 2002, a group from the University of Minnesota announced what they called the ultimate adult stem cell. In creating an immortal cell line from bone marrow stem cells, early tests showed that these stem cells could become either of the three early tissues in an embryo that eventually lead to all the cell types of the body. This showed that adult stem cells are far more versatile then previously believed.
Last year the National Institutes of Health spent $190 million on adult stem cell research and $25 million on embryonic stem cell research. Clinical trials are already underway using bone marrow (adult) stem cells for treatment of heart attacks, liver disease, diabetes, bone and cartilage disease, and brain disorders. Adult stem cells can even be injected intravenously in large quantities, and they will migrate to where the injury is located. With such promise coming from adult stem cells it is hard to justify the use of problematic embryonic stem cells.
The Promise and Peril of Embryonic Stem Cells
Embryonic stem cells have always held the greatest promise for research and therapies because we know for certain that they can become any of the over 200 types of cells in the body. All we needed to do was learn how to control their destiny and their potential for unlimited growth.
As mentioned previously, the major ethical problem with embryonic stem cells is that the early embryo, the blastocyst, must be destroyed in order to retrieve these cells. It is my firm conviction that this earliest embryo is human life worthy of protection. Once the nucleus from sperm and egg unite in the newly fertilized egg, a biochemical cascade begins that leads inevitably to a baby nine months later as long as the embryo is in the proper environment.
But there are other problems aside from the ethical barrier. The proper chemical signals to direct stem cells to turn into the cells you want are unknown. This is certainly the goal of research. Human embryonic stem cells have been coaxed to differentiate but since nearly all of the experimental work to date has been done with embryonic stem cells from embryos leftover in fertility clinics there are immune rejection problems. These foreign cells are treated like they were from an organ donation.
Additionally, these cells are programmed to undergo rapid cell division. In China a man with Parkinson's was treated with human embryonic stem cells which turned into a tumor (teratoma) in his brain that killed him. The power of these cells is also a source of their peril.
In summary, embryonic stem cells possess uncertain promise. They require the death of the embryo. All therapies with any kind of stem cell are experimental and may not work. Right now, too much is being promised, and coverage in the media has been biased toward embryonic stem cells and is inaccurate.
When these difficulties and question marks are considered in the light of the exciting promise of adult stem cells, which are already producing positive results in human clinical trials, the pursuit of embryonic stem cell research is questionable at best. Just recently a major U.S. journal reported that bone marrow stem cells show great promise in treating the diseased lungs of cystic fibrosis patients.1 CF is the most common fatal genetic disorder in the Caucasian population. Adult stem cells continue to outperform embryonic stem cells.
Stem Cells and the Last Election
The first human embryonic stem cells were isolated from embryos donated from fertility clinics in 1998. Prior to that, Congress had passed--and President Clinton had signed--legislation that prohibited the use of federal money for the destruction or use of human embryos for research purposes. This was seen as worthy even for pro-choice advocates because no one wanted to go down the road of using even the earliest human life for research purposes.
When President Bush took office in January 2001, pressure had already come from the medical research community to revise this restriction so federal grants could be used to explore this promising research avenue. Adult stem cells were still viewed as being too restricted for general research use in humans. In August 2001, President Bush issued his now famous compromise of allowing federal funds to be used to research embryonic stem cells already isolated from human embryos, but keeping in place the restriction for using federal dollars for destroying human embryos to obtain additional cell lines.
The National Institutes of Health estimated that there were already over sixty human embryonic stem cell lines isolated around the world that would be available for research purposes. The President was criticized by pro-life advocates for allowing any federal money for research on embryonic stem cell lines, and the medical research community criticized the President for not allowing federal research money for the creation of new embryonic stem cell lines. If everybody is unhappy, it sounds like a good compromise!
The events of September 11, 2001 quickly removed this controversy from the public's attention, but the 2004 presidential election brought it back front and center. The Bush administration, supported by the President's Council for Bioethics, continued to argue against federal money for the destruction of embryos.
The Kerry campaign seized what they saw as an opening and began claiming that they would lift the ban on stem cell research. They enlisted Ron Reagan to deliver this message at the Democratic National Convention in July, 2004. Ronald Reagan had recently passed away from Alzheimer's, and many were claiming that embryonic stem cell research could bring a cure for Alzheimer's disease.
There were several problems with this message. First, President Bush never banned stem cell research. The Administration was funding adult stem cell research at about $190 million a year and embryonic stem cell research at about $25 million a year. Private money was always legal to use, but private investors were staying away because of the ethical problems and the lack of progress.
Second, researchers had already testified on Capital Hill that Alzheimer's was likely not curable by treating the brain with stem cells since it was considered a whole brain disease and cell replacement would not do much good. The media just couldn't get it right.
The Distortion and the Hype of Embryonic Stem Cells
Those of us who are opposed to the use of embryonic stem cells for research are routinely accused of being hard-hearted toward those whose maladies can be addressed with stem cell research. Of course, this is not the case. We fully support adult stem cell research, but even if adult stem cells prove problematic in some cases I would still not support embryonic stem cell research when the embryo must be destroyed to obtain them.
When we think about saving lives we must count the cost. Is relieving the symptoms of disease worth the cost of the lives of the weakest and most defenseless members of society? Treating embryos with careless disregard will lead to further abuses down the road.
One of the problems with embryonic stem cells was the possibility of immune rejection. To avoid this, many want to clone the affected individual and use the embryonic stem cells from the clone. But this treats the human embryo as a thing, a clump of cells. The basis of this ethic is strictly "the end justifies the means." Even the term "therapeutic" is problematic. The subject is destroyed.
Many try to get around the destruction of the embryo problem by claiming the blastocyst is just reproductive cells and not a person. Medical mystery writer Robin Cook gave us an example in his most recent thriller, Seizure.2. In the book a medical researcher appears before a Senate committee and says, "Blastocysts have a potential to form a viable embryo, but only if implanted in a uterus. In therapeutic cloning, they are never allowed to form embryos. . . . Embryos are not involved in therapeutic cloning."3 Hm!
Later in the epilogue, Cook, who is an MD, says, "Senator Butler, like other opponents of stem-cell and therapeutic cloning research, suggests that the procedure requires the dismemberment of embryos. As Daniel points out to no avail, this is false. The cloned stem-cells in therapeutic cloning are harvested from the blastocyst stage well before any embryo forms. The fact is that in therapeutic cloning, an embryo is never allowed to form and nothing is ever implanted into a uterus."4
Cook is greatly mistaken. A 1997 embryology text states plainly that "The study of animal development has traditionally been called embryology, referring to the fact that between fertilization and birth the developing organism is known as an embryo."5 So let's be very careful and pay attention to what is said. Some are trying to manipulate the debate by changing the "facts." We must promote the incredible success and continued promise of adult stem cells while continuing to spell out the long term peril of embryonic stem cells.
stem cells, embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, embrionic stem cells, Robin Cook, diabetes, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer's, brain injuries, spinal injuries, blastocyst, teratoma1. Wang, Guoshun, Bruce A. Bunnell, Richard G. Painter, Blesilda C. Quiniones, Nicholas A. Lanson Jr., Jeffrey L. Spees, Daniel J. Weiss, Vincent G. Valentine, Darwin J. Prockop, "Adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma differentiate into airway epithelial cells: Potential therapy for cystic fibrosis" PNAS online, www.pnas.org (accessed December 22, 2004).
2. Robin Cook, Seizure (New York: Berkeley Books, 2003), 429.
3. Ibid, 32-33.
4. Ibid, 428.
5. Scott F. Gilbert, Developmental Biology, 5th ed. (Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, Inc., 1997), 3. Later in the same text, Gilbert clearly equates the blastocyst and embryo when he says on page 185, "While the embryo is moving through the oviduct en route to the uterus, the blastocyst expands within the zona pellucida." Gilbert seems to have had a change of heart between his fifth edition and the sixth. In the sixth edition of his textbook Gilbert defines embryology differently. "The study of animal development has traditionally been called embryology, from that phase of organisms that exists between fertilization and birth." This is on page 4 of the new edition and curiously leaves the word embryo out of the definition of embryology. Perhaps Cook and Gilbert know each other!
© 2005 Probe Ministries
The original version of this article is found at www.probe.org/the-continuing-controversy-over-stem-cells/. Articles and answers on lots of topics at Probe.org.
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All models are wrong; some models are useful.
-- generally attributed to the statistician George Box
Nonsense. Given that a model is, by definition, a simplified
representation of "the real world," then it must be possible to have models that are "right." The key question is, "wrong" or "right" for what specific purpose?
If I develop a model that captures enough of a problem domain to help me build good software that does what my users need it to do, then that model was not just "useful," it was also "right" for the purpose.
The saying AMAWSMAU resonates with me, so I could say that this particular saying is right for my purposes. For you, the saying AMAWSMAU doesn't resonate, so it is not right for your purposes.
I interpret "wrong" as "not = real world". You seem to be saying that, for you, the word "model" includes the concept of simplified/approximate/not = real world, so the word "wrong" is redundant.
Yes, but I'm certainly not the only one who interprets model that way. Look it up in any textbook. Here's what I find in my Webster's New World Dictionary (2nd Edition, 1978) under model
: "1.a) a small copy or imitation of an existing object, as a ship, building, etc., made to scale; b) a preliminary representation of something, serving as the plan from which the final, usually larger, object is to be constructed; c) same as ARCHETYPE (sense 1); d) a hypothetical or stylized representation, as of an atom..." and so on. And that's just the generic dictionary definition. The various books by Booch that I've read, and the UML texts, make it crystal clear that each kind of model only captures some particular aspect of reality; each one has strengths and weaknesses. You need many, good
models to even hope to understand a problem domain well enough to build a successful system. And should any question or doubt arise, you should always be ready to go back to the users and get them to explain their reality for you. I don't think any proponent of UML or other models would claim that models are all you need to build good software. But models can be very useful tools.
How does "All models are models; some models are useful" resonate with you?
Better, yes, but "models are models" sounds like a truism -- obvious and pointless. I suppose we could say "All models are incomplete representations of reality; some models are useful." Wordy, but more accurate...
Hmmm. Sounds promising. I guess "All models are incomplete; some models are useful" works for me as well as the original, and apparently is getting a little closer to your point of view, too.
Hmmm, hmmm. Or maybe "All models are lacking; some models are useful". I kind of like the double meaning. But I think I see a pattern. Putting trigger words like "wrong" or "lie" or "bad" in cute little sayings is not always helpful.
It's just about setting expectations, nothing more. In the context in which a model was developed it is likely to be useful. Waterfall model was. In subsequent contexts, it gets subjected to a whole different range of tests, and inevitably found defective, which leads its disappointed users to assert "The model is wrong
!". This may lead to throwing out the model, flipping the bozo bit on the model, ignoring the model for all future cases. Well, this is what new generations do, so we shouldn't expect too much improvement in this area. But pointing out that while a model may fail for the current purpose, it's still useful for its original purpose may be part of a sensible conservatism that helps us leverage history into intelligence. I like AMAWSMAU
, even though I know it's "wrong". -- WaldenMathews
What Walden describes is pretty much a perfect characterization of a KuhnParadigmShift.
How does "Don'tEatTheMenu" resonate with you? I was introduced to that phrase in the writings of RobertAntonWilson (so it probably originated elsewhere :-)). He has written at great length about the dangers of confusing the map with the territory, especially in science.
[How about: AllModelsAreApproximationsSomeModelsAreUseful?
One of the reasons AMAWSMAU resonates with me is that it gives me a definition of BetterOrWorse
to use when comparing two models. In other words, when comparing two models, choose the one that is more useful "for your specific purpose" (as suggested above). Don't necessarily choose the one that is more complete or more consistent or closer to the real world (unless, of course, that is really what you need).
See also SpecializationSweetSpot
When did AMAWSMAU originate?
All models are wrong. Some models are useful, - George Box
See also http://www.skymark.com/resources/leaders/box.asp
There's a brief discussion of non-Euclidian geometry in chapter
22 of ZenAndTheArtOfMotorcycleMaintenance
(1974), which says:
- "As well ask whether the metric system is true and the avoirdupois system is false; whether Cartesian coordinates are true and polar coordinates are false. One geometry can not be more true than another; it can only be more convenient. Geometry is not true, it is advantageous."
He attributes this idea to Jules Henri Poincare (1854-1912)
I've heard this as "All theories are wrong, but some theories are useful". I take it to mean that engineers aren't too concerned if a theory is scientifically exact, if it's close enough for AllPracticalPurposes
A corallary: There are an infinite set of lines (models) that fit through any number of points (observations). -- MarkJanssen
is an example of models that are useful even
though they're wrong.
It appears that the title is a deliberate over-simplification designed to provoke a reaction and subsequent discussion. It has certainly achieved that. Perhaps a more accurate, less controversial version might be
- "All models are inaccurate in some aspects, some models are useful despite that, and for a given purpose some models are more useful than others."
To attempt to alter the original is to lose its power and simplicity. Attempts to "explain" it tend to lose content. One must try to underatand the original point. "All models are wrong" is a warning to expert and beginner alike that no mater how carefully or completely we model a system, the model will always be less than the reality that is modelled. To lose track of this truth is to risk deluding onesself. To substitute lesser terms than "wrong" waters down the key warning. "Some models are useful" conveys the truth that, despite the fact that all models fall short of reality, it is sometimes but not always possible to obtain useful information about reality by studying a model. The term "some" also conveys the warning that there are models which are not useful. George Box would probably have agreed that most serious attempts at a model are useful to some extent, but his succinct expression makes the point far more clearly than saying eg "Most models are useful to some extent". RM
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I'm pregnant, and I eat just about everything. I'm wondering if there are foods I should avoid during pregnancy?
There are a number of foods that should be avoided and others that should be limited if you are pregnant. For starters, alcohol should be avoided. Period. There is no safe level of alcohol during pregnancy.
It’s well established that alcohol can cause birth defects by affecting the growth and proper formation of a baby’s body and brain. Even light or moderate drinking during pregnancy can lead to learning and behavioural problems in children born to women who drink.
Caffeine also should be limited since some studies have linked high intakes with an increased risk of miscarriage. That’s why Health Canada advises all women of reproductive age to consume no more than 300 milligrams of caffeine per day. One small (6 ounce) cup of coffee has 75 to 145 milligrams; the same serving size of weakly brewed tea has 18 to 25 milligrams. (Strongly brewed tea has 78 to 108 milligrams of caffeine per 6 ounces. Other sources of caffeine include cola drinks, dark chocolate and energy drinks.
Be careful if you’re planning to switch from coffee to herbal tea. Not all herbal teas are safe during pregnancy. Avoid chamomile teas and teas with Aloe, Coltsfoot, Juniper Berries, Pennyroyal, Buckthorn Bark, Comfrey, Labrador Tea, Sassafras, Duck Roots, Lobelia and Senna Leaves. Other herbal teas are considered safe; drink no more than 2 to 3 cups per day.
Fish high in mercury are also on the list of foods to avoid. The concern is that mercury can accumulate in the body and affect the developing nervous system, especially the brain, of infants and young children.
If women consume too much mercury before and during their pregnancy, it may increase the risk of birth defects and learning disabilities in children. Some, but not all, studies have found associations between a women’s mercury exposure during pregnancy and neurologic test scores during childhood. High mercury fish include tuna steaks (fresh and frozen), sushi grade tuna, canned white (albacore) tuna, swordfish, shark, marlin, escolar, and orange roughy.
When you’re pregnant it’s also important to be vigilant about safe food handling practices. The hormonal changes of pregnancy affect a woman’s immune system, making her more susceptible to food poisoning, especially listeriosis. Foodbourne illness caused by listeria-contaminated food can result in premature delivery, miscarriage, fetal death, and severe illness of a newborn.
To minimize your risk, avoid hot dogs, deli meats (non-dried), semi and soft cheeses (e.g. feta, Brie, Camembert), refrigerated pate and smoked seafood, and undercooked meat, poultry and fish.
Send dietitian Leslie Beck your questions at firstname.lastname@example.org. She will answer select questions, which could appear in The Globe and Mail and/or on The Globe and Mail web site. Your name will not be published if your question is chosen.
Read more Q&As from Leslie Beck.
Click here to see Q&As from all of our health experts.
The content provided in The Globe and Mail's Ask a Health Expert centre is for information purposes only and is neither intended to be relied upon nor to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.Report Typo/Error
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The main impacts
Published 21/04/2014 | 02:30
Mean annual temperatures have risen by 0.7C over the past century. They could rise by 1.4C to 1.8C by the 2050s, and to in excess of 2C by the end of the century – or even between 3C and 4C under a worst-case scenario.
Summer and autumn will warm faster than winter and spring. The midlands and east will warm more than coastal areas.
There is less certainty about rainfall, but during the winter volumes are projected to increase by 10pc by the 2050s. Corresponding reductions of 12pc – 17pc are also expected during the summer.
By 2080, winter rainfall will have increased by 11pc – 17pc, with summer reductions between 14pc and 25pc.
Lengthier heatwaves, a significant reduction in the number of frost days, longer rainfall events in winter and more intense downpours in the summer are projected.
Storm surges, coupled with sea-level rises, are likely to result in coastal flooding.
Increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere means our oceans are becoming more acidic, with levels of the compound rising 30pc since the industrial revolution.
The impact is uncertain, but key species and habitats may be threatened with an impact felt in fisheries and aquaculture.
Among the species at risk include sea urchins, star fish, mussels, oysters and clams. In addition, juvenile fish could also be affected.
The Marine Institute puts the value of Irish aquaculture at some €105m a year. Losses could be as high as €9m.
Climate change could cost farmers as much as €2bn a year by the middle of the century due to pests, droughts and reduction in crop yields.
The role of regional rainfall and climate change was evident last year, when a poor growing season in 2012, combined with a long winter, resulted in a severe fodder shortage, a report for Stop Climate Chaos said.
Economic costs were estimated at €900m by the Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers Association.
The range of many insects will expand or change, fuelling concerns about the spread of Blue Tongue Virus in cattle and sheep.
Declining crop yields, flooding, and plant and animal stresses during extreme weather events also present problems.
Summer water shortages, especially in the east, may require crops to be irrigated.
In all, economic costs between €1bn and €2bn may arise although preventative adaptation measures will help reduce this bill substantially.
While milder winters will reduce cold-related mortality rates among the elderly and frail, this may be offset by increases due to heat stress during the summer.
Economic costs are likely to arise from more frequent flooding and storm events.
The early onset of spring may also affect birds and insect species, with leaf unfolding happening up to three weeks earlier today than 40 years ago.
Met Eireann says that butterflies are an ideal group for studying the effects of climate change because their life-cycle, activity, distribution and abundance are all affected by temperature. The earlier onset of spring poses problems for both butterflies and birds.
"If spring temperatures cause caterpillars to emerge before leaves have unfolded, many caterpillars will perish," Met Eireann said. "In addition, if birds arrive after the peak timing in availability of caterpillars, fewer chicks will survive and more leaves will be consumed by the herbivores."
European butterfly communities have shifted northwards during the period 1990-2008 by 114km. In Ireland, species including the Speckled Wood butterfly have expanded their range.
Migrant birds are arriving earlier, including the Whooper Swan. Changes will also affect fish species including cod, and could lead to the possible extinction of vulnerable species requiring cooler conditions – such as the Arctic char.
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Program for Child Care Workers
- Child Care Fact Sheets -- A series of fact sheets that summarize the steps to control outbreaks in daycare facilities.
INSTRUCTOR SLIDE SETS -- Two slide sets and corresponding fact sheets have been prepared to help childcare providers create a safe and healthy environment. The first slide focuses on general environmental issues and the second focuses specifically on food safety issues
- Protecting Young Children -- A fact sheet that presents a summary of the general environmental health issues that are specific to the daycare/child care setting.
- Food Safety -- A fact sheet that presents a summary of general food safety issues found in the daycare/child care environment.
- Food Safety Practices -- This checklist should be used by daycare providers to assess the food safety practices that are currently being applied within their operation.
- Food Safety Knowledge -- This short knowledge instrument should be used at the end of the program to determine if individuals understand the information presented.
SUPPLEMENTAL TRAINING MATERIALS
- Food Safety Music -- Parodies of popular songs to make it fun to learn about food safety
- Child Care Center Rules -- sanitation and food protection rules for facilities that are operating in the State of North Carolina
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Paterson River History
This website covers the early history of the Paterson district in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales, Australia. Use the site indexes to look for particular people or places.
Acknowledgement of Country
The Paterson area is the ancestral home of the Wonnarua and Worimi Aboriginal people.
The Paterson River possibly formed the boundary between the Worimi to the east and the Wonnarua to the west ... more
Exploration & timber cutting
In 1801 a party led by Lieutenant-Colonel William Paterson explored the lower Hunter Valley.
In 1804 a permanent convict settlement was established at Newcastle and convict gangs began cutting timber on the Paterson River.
In 1812 Governor Macquarie permitted five men to settle on small farms on the Paterson River as a reward for procuring a special order of cedar logs.
Four were convicts, the fifth was born in the colony. They were the first settlers outside the Sydney basin ... more
In 1822 the Hunter Valley was opened to wide-scale settlement for those who had money.
To obtain land, settlers had to agree to feed, clothe and house one convict for every 100 acres granted ... more
In 1833 the Governor approved the plan for the town of Paterson and invited applications for blocks of land.
By 1835 a court house and lockup had been built there.
In 1840 James Phillips subdivided 100 lots from his 'Bona Vista' property to form the southern part of the village ... more
Looking for a person or place in Paterson's history? Use the site indexes:
Facebook group for Paterson history
There is a Facebook group for people interested in the history of the Paterson and Allyn River valleys. It's called 'Lost Paterson' and it is a great way to share photos and stories of the area's past ... go to Lost Paterson.
Above: an early postcard featuring Paterson wharf.
Book on convicts in the Hunter Valley
My book 'Toil and Trouble from Maitland to Moreton Bay - John Eales' Convicts' details the lives, deeds, misdeeds and adventures of 141 convict men and women who worked for John Eales of Berry Park and Duckenfield at some stage during their sentences or while holding a ticket-of-leave.
Workplaces included the lower Hunter Valley, the Liverpool Plains and Wide Bay (in what is now the Maryborough region of Queensland). The book includes chapters on the Newcastle Female Factory, escapes and punishments, and convict life on Eales' squatting runs in the remote interior.
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- If you are unable to find a biography, check an encyclopedia or reference book at your library.
- Some of my favorite books are old, gorgeously illustrated encyclopedias and atlases.
- The wooden headboard held many books including, the Bible, a dictionary, encyclopedias, books, songs, and poems she had written.
Mid 16th century: modern Latin, from pseudo-Greek enkuklopaideia for enkuklios paideia 'all-round education'.
An encyclopedia is literally a ‘circle of learning’. In ancient Greece a child was expected to receive a good all-round education, an enkuklios paideia in Greek. The word came to be spelled enkuklopaideia and made its way into English in the 1530s. Its first English meaning was ‘general course of instruction’, the meaning ‘large work of reference’ not appearing until 1644. The Latin-style spelling encyclopaedia is still sometimes used, partly because some encyclopedias, notably the Encyclopaedia Britannica (first published in 1768), use it in their title.
Words that rhyme with encyclopediaacedia, media, multimedia
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: en|cyclo|pe¦dia
Definition of encyclopedia in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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A natural cure for diabetes is currently being searched for all over the world.
A natural cure for diabetes is currently being searched for all over the world. But currently there is no natural cure that has been accepted by the medical communities for either Type-1 or Type-2 diabetes.
Type I diabetes is caused by the destruction of Beta islet cells in the pancreas which secretes insulin. Insulin metabolizes sugar in the blood system into energy that can be absorbed and used by the cells. People with Type I diabetes need to be on insulin for the rest of their lives. Type-2 diabetes is cause by the destruction of insulin receptors on cell surfaces which causes the cells to be resistant to insulin. Type 2-diabetes can be managed with medication and/or lifestyle
There are several Amazon jungle root herbs being studies in South America with reported abilities to lower blood sugar levels, normalize the frequency of urination, and eliminate glucose in the urine of diabetics. In Brazil, Pfaffia root has been used for years to treat the symptoms of diabetes. Pata-de-vaca is also widely used in Brazil for the treatment of diabetes.
In China and other parts of Asia there are many herbs being studied that help with blood glucose levels as well as some that relieve the effects of narrowing blood vessels which is a complication that occurs with diabetes.
Another natural substance that is being studied is cocoa. A study conducted in Germany showed cocoa with high flavanol improves cardiovascular health. The study was specifically to test the effectiveness of the cocoa with long term use. 41 stable Type-2 diabetics were given cocoa with high dose flavanol in comparison with low flavanol dosage cocoa. During the study, the researchers did find that the flavanol found in cocoa did have a positive effect on FMD response in diabetics. Researchers concluded that these results happened by increased production of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is a chemical that sends signals to arteries to relax and widen in response to increased blood flow. This relaxation of the arteries takes stress off the heart and blood vessels.
Doctors in Canada are currently researching the chemical that makes chili peppers so hot with mice that have Type-1 diabetes. These researchers have theorizing that the islet cells in the pancreas in diabetics are surrounded by pain nerves that signal to the brain that the pancreas tissue is damaged when in fact the tissue may not be damaged. They believe that there is simply miscommunication between the pain nerves and the brain.
These doctors use injections of capsaicin to destroy the pain nerves surrounding the islet cells in the pancreas in mice with Type-1 diabetes. These mice completely recover from their diabetes. The islet cells begin producing insulin almost immediately with some mice doing well with one injection for over four months. These researchers are also finding similar results in mice with Type-2 diabetes.
The information was reported recently in the journal “Cell”. Type-1 diabetes is often diagnosed in childhood and there are currently millions of children with this type of diabetes. It was also reported that human trials with this chemical will begin soon.
A natural cure for diabetes is currently being searched for all over the world. But currently there is no natural cure that has been accepted by the medical communities for either Type-1 or Type-2 diabetes although there are many natural substances that are showing great promise.
An Excellent Healthy Drink for Diabetics
Did you know that flavored carbonated water has no calories, sugar, body, sweetener, color or preservatives? The taste is fantastic, extremely refreshing and gives diabetics a great drink without any carbohydrates. A large and affordable assortment of flavored carbonated water concentrate is available for free delivery world wide from Allfreightfree.com.”
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Seven years after the United States acquired the massive Louisiana territory from France, the population of New Orleans consisted of more than 18,000 enslaved and free people of color who lived in subjection to the 8000 whites who also lived within the city walls. Louisiana was a horrific place for enslaved people, who died nearly as fast as they could be replaced, worn down by the building of levees, the clearing of fields, and the tending of sugar cane. Inspired by Haiti's recent successes against the Napoleonic armies, the slaves who lived in southern Louisiana's rural parishes hoped that a sudden insurrection -- assisted by the black majority of New Orleans -- might wrest control of the city away from its white minority. Like all slave uprisings in North America, previous ventures along these lines -- most recently in 1795 in Pointe Coupe -- had been brutally crushed and the conspirators executed swiftly. However, with US forces preoccupied with the Spanish in Florida at the time, the winter of 1811 seemed a more auspicious moment than most to revive the dream of a tiny black republic at the mouth of the Mississippi River.
After concocting their plot in the swamplands near Maupe, the rough militia embarked from the Aubry plantation, nearly 40 miles from the city, late in the afternoon of Janaury 8. They were led by a man named Charles Deslandes, who organized the army into neat formations and marched them with flags aloft. As their ranks swelled to more than 500 men armed with small arms and farm tools, the rebels arrived the next morning at the home of Jean Francois Trepagnier, six miles away. There, one of Trepagnier's slaves -- a young man named Gustav who had escaped shortly after his 21st birthday -- hacked his former master to death.
As word of the revolt spread throughout the sugar plantations, whites raised a militia of their own and were quickly assisted by US troops from Baton Rouge as well as the Free Black Militia of New Orleans, whose offers to help quell the insurgency were accepted. The enslaved rebels failed to reach the city arsenal, leaving them at the mercy of the much more capably armed free soldiers, who slaughtered them with canon fire at the Fortier Sugar Works, 18 miles from their' destination. Those who were not killed in battle were quickly tried and executed by hanging or firing squad at Saint Louis Cathedral. In the customary fashion, the heads of the slaves were cut off and placed along major roads as a warning to others.
Later, the Trepagnier plantation was renamed "Diamond." Today Diamond remains a predominantly black community, where descendants of slaves reside nearly 200 years after their ancestors witnessed the largest revolt in North American history.
By the end of the 20th century, Diamond had become a toxic swamp, as pollutants from incinerators, petrochemical and cement plants left the town's poorest residents suffering from chronic health problems.
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This beautiful alien landscape is right here on Earth: a never-ending sea of ice flowers quietly floating over a thinly frozen sea. These strange ice structures are very rich in salt and bacteria—and very hard to pick, according to oceanography doctoral candidate Jeff Bowman.
Bowman explains how they grow:
When sea ice forms during the polar winter it is often possible to observe the growth of frost flowers, intricate structures that are composed from frozen atmospheric moisture and from brine wicked from the sea ice surface. The transport of brine into these structures means that they are unusually salty, up to 5 times the salinity of the ocean. By this same mechanism other things in seawater concentrate in frost flowers, including bacteria.
Although frost flowers are very abundant in the Arctic and Antarctic getting to them isn't easy. The ice underneath them is often too thin to walk across and prone to drifting with the wind. The basic sampling strategy is to find a place where the water is kept open by winds or currents (called a lead if smaller and short lived, polynya if larger and more permanent).
According to Dr. Martini at Deep Sea News, you need these conditions for them to grow:
1) Calm winds. We can't have these beauties blown away can we?
2) Cold, cold air. It has to be about 20C less than the water and since seawater freezes around -2C, that means the air must be about -22C or -7.6F. BRRR.
Image by Matthias Wietz.
An ice flower grown in the laboratory.
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On the Threshold
Where the Hard Problems Aren't
Survey propagation is really a family of algorithms, which could be applied in many different realms. So far, the method has been tested on two specific problems. The first of these is Boolean satisfiability, or SAT, where the aim is to solve a large formula in symbolic logic, assigning values of true or false to all the variables in such a way that the entire formula evaluates to true. The second problem is k-coloring. Because I have written about satisfiability on an earlier occasion, I shall adopt k-coloring as the main example here. I focus on three-coloring, where the palette of available colors has just three entries.
Three-coloring is a hard problem, but not an impossible one. The question "Is this graph three-colorable?" can always be answered, at least in principle. Since each vertex can be assigned any of three colors, and there are n vertices, there must be exactly 3 n ways of coloring the graph. To decide whether a specific graph is three-colorable, just work through all the combinations one by one. If you find an assignment that satisfies the constraint—that is, where no edges yoke together like-colored vertices—then the answer to the question is yes. If you exhaust all the possibilities without finding a proper coloring, you can be certain that none exists.
This algorithm is simple and sure. Unfortunately, it's also useless, because enumerating 3 n colorings is beyond the realm of practicality for any n larger than 15 or 20. Some more-sophisticated procedures can retain the guarantee of an exact and exhaustive search while reducing the number of operations to fewer than 1.5 n . This is a dramatic improvement, but it is still an exponential function, and it merely raises the limit to n=50 or so. For large graphs, with thousands of vertices, all such brute-force methods are hopeless.
On the other hand, if you could somehow peek at the solution to a large three-coloring problem, you could check its correctness with much less labor. All you would have to do is go through the list of edges, verifying that the vertices at the ends of each edge carry different colors. The number of edges in a graph cannot be greater than n 2, which is a polynomial rather than an exponential function and which therefore grows much more slowly.
Problems with answers that are hard to find but easy to check are the characteristic signature of the class called NP (which stands for "nondeterministic polynomial"). Three-coloring is a charter member of NP and also belongs to the more-elite group of problems described as NP-complete; the same is true of satisfiability. Barring a miracle, there will be no polynomial-time algorithms for NP-complete problems.
Having thus established the credentials of three-coloring as a certifiably hard problem, it is now time to reveal that most three-coloring problems on random graphs are actually quite easy. Given a typical graph, you have a good chance of quickly finding a three-coloring or proving that none exists. There is no real paradox in this curious situation. The classification of three-coloring as NP-complete is based on a worst-case analysis. It could be overturned only by an algorithm that is guaranteed to produce the correct answer and to run in polynomial time on every possible graph. No one has discovered such an algorithm. But there are many algorithms that run quickly most of the time, if you are willing to tolerate an occasional failure.
One popular strategy for graph-coloring algorithms is backtracking. It is similar to the way most people would attack the problem if they were to try coloring a graph by hand. You start by assigning an arbitrary color to an arbitrary vertex, then go on to the neighboring vertices, giving them any colors that do not cause a conflict. Continuing in this way, you may eventually reach a vertex where no color is legal; at that point you must back up, undoing some of your previous choices, and try again.
Showing that a graph cannot be three-colored calls for another kind of algorithm. The basic approach is to search for a small cluster of vertices that—even in isolation from the rest of the graph—cannot be three-colored. For example, a "clique" made up of four vertices that are all linked to one another has this property. If you can find just one such cluster, it settles the question for the entire graph.
Algorithms like these are very different from the brute-force, exhaustive-search methods. The simple enumeration of all 3 n colorings may be impossibly slow, but at least it's consistent; the running time is the same on all graphs of the same size. This is not true for backtracking and other inexact or incomplete algorithms; their performance varies widely depending on the nature of the graph. In particular, the algorithms are sensitive to the value of , the ratio of edges to vertices, which again is the parameter that controls the transition between colorable and uncolorable phases. Well below the critical value of , where edges are sparse, there are so many ways to color the graph successfully that any reasonable strategy is likely to stumble onto one of them. At the opposite extreme, far above the threshold, graphs are densely interconnected, and it's easy to find a subgraph that spoils the chance of a three-coloring. The troublesome region is between these poles, near the threshold. In that middle ground there may be just a few proper colorings, or there may be none at all. Distinguishing between these two situations can require checking almost every possible assignment.
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chromatids in mitosis & meiosis - quick que (Oct/22/2008 )
The last question of an assignment I have is making me go crazy so if someone has time to see if my answers are correct it would be much appreciated :]
A normal diploid human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes. It also has 23 pairs of chromatids, & usually 1 chromosome consists of 1 chromatid. After DNA synthesis, the cell now has 92 chromatids (23 pairs = 26 x 2 = 92). Those chromatids are stuck together, so there are still 23 pairs of "chromosomes", each chromosome now consisting of 2 chromatids.
a) How many CHROMATIDS will that cell have in metaphase of mitosis ? I guessed 46, but that can`t be right...
How many chromatids will one daughter cell have after mitosis is complete ? I thought 23 ?
c) How many would one daughter have in METAPHASE II of meiosis ? I thought 46 ?
d) How about after meiosis is complete ? I thought 23 ?
This is a badly worded question - chromatids only form during S phase and are present through to M, they are not present in G1
I presume you made a typo and mean 46 not 26.
1) the answer is in the preamble to the question
2) At the completion of mitosis, the sister chromatids have been separated and formed daughter chromosomes, which are technically not chromatids.
3) Metaphase II is where the sister chromatids are paired, but not yet separated -there are 23 chromosomes from meiosis I but they are still in chromatid form I think, it has been a long time (15 years or so) since I have done any of this.
4) yes, looks right, though I think they would be called chromosomes at this point.
The distinction between haploid and diploid is the number of centromeres present, if that helps.
how did 23 become 26?
i'm no math genius, but usually 26 x 2 is 52....
have a nice friday! yeah!
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A Taking ‘Too Far’
Property owners seldom receive compensation when a taking leaves even a small portion of their property’s value intact. But in Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council in 1992, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that when a regulation suddenly deprives a property of all value, the owner is entitled to compensation.
Government takings involve more than just physical seizures of private property. A taking also occurs when government regulations substantially reduce a property’s usefulness or value.
In such cases, property owners rarely receive compensation. Yet they should. Their private losses ostensibly benefit the public, and compensation is meant to redress the imbalance.
The U.S. Supreme Court first recognized regulatory takings in the 1922 case Pennsylvania Coal Company v. Mahon. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. wrote, "While property may be regulated to a certain extent, if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking."
Ever since this ruling, the courts have struggled to define how "far" a regulatory taking must go before property owners are entitled to reimbursement.
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By Sara Reardon, ScienceNOW
As the Thirty Years’ War between Europe’s ruling dynasties dragged on during the 17th century, soldiers suffered through the coldest few decades Europe had experienced for some time. Far to the east, armies from Manchuria (present day northern China) swept down from the snowy north and breached the Great Wall of China. Not long after, a plague swept Europe. Why so much tumult? A controversial new study suggests that most of humankind’s maladies — from wars to epidemics to economic downturns — can be traced to climate fluctuations.
Advances in paleoclimatology have enabled researchers to look back further in time than they ever could before. One of these scientists, geographer David Zhang of the University of Hong Kong, was particularly interested in how hot and cold spells affect human civilization. He and colleagues loaded a powerful statistical analysis tool with socioeconomic, ecological, demographic, and other data. They collected data on 14 variables, such as human height, the price of gold, tree ring width, and temperature from pre-industrial Europe between the years 1500 and 1800. The team then performed a statistical analysis called a Granger causality analysis to establish whether cause-effect relationships existed between any of them. This type of powerful analysis allows researchers to look at a time series of data and form relationships in which one type of event consistently leads to another. Finally, the researchers divided the time period into four smaller slices, ranging from 40 to 150 years each, to ascertain whether major events during these eras were actually caused by temperature differences within a given period, not just correlated with it.
Climate shifts were a statistically significant cause of social disturbance, war, migration, epidemics, famine, and nutritional status, the researchers report online today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. And climate caused famines, economic downturns, and catastrophic human events far more often than did any of the other 14 variables. The most direct way in which extreme climate shifts influence human society is through agriculture, Zhang says; a falling supply of crops will drive up the price of gold and cause inflation. Similarly, epidemics can be exacerbated by famine. And when people are miserable, they are likely to become angry with their governments and each other, resulting in war.
But golden ages rise out of these dark periods, the team argues. For instance, a 100-year cold period beginning in 1560 caused shortened crop-growing seasons. The researchers found a causal linkage with a decline in average human height by nearly an inch during this period, and the century was rife with disease and conflict. But the world began to warm in 1650; when Charles II was crowned king of England in 1660, the coronation sparked the Enlightenment era in Europe.
Mapping temperatures into eras also enabled the researchers to look at the historical correlations and determine a “crisis threshold” at which food prices rise so much, as a function of climate change, that crisis follows. This allowed them to “predict” when, at other points in history, events would occur. They found that those “predictions” were correct, Zhang says, showing that climate impacts “not only war, not only population, but all of society.”
Halvard Buhaug, a political scientist at Peace Research Institute Oslo, calls the research “good work with a lot of good data.” But he adds that it was “really surprising” and “unfortunate” that the authors didn’t discuss whether the findings continued to apply in the industrial period, when trade, technological development, and other processes have made societies less sensitive to the climate. It remains unclear, he says, whether this research is relevant for the present day, when humans are facing a period of rapid temperature changes.
Zhang says that’s hard to predict. “We’ve never experienced how hot the climate [has to be] to create human disasters,” he says. “We know current temperatures may be the hottest for two millennia,” but the evidence that this will cause wars is “not much.”
The claim that this kind of analysis can pin down climate as the root of human history, particularly when the researchers examine long periods at a time, is “pretty hard to swallow for a historian,” says William Atwell, a historian at Hobart and William Smith Colleges in Geneva, New York. The authors, he says, ignore the effects of religion, trade, and other factors. For instance, during the “Little Ice Age” of 1500 to 1559, North American natives were dying en masse from diseases imported from the Old World, leading partly to the start of the African slave trade which, he argues, affected human history in a major way unrelated to climate shifts. “Not that [the researchers] don’t have interesting things to say,” he says, “but they’re attempting to be too precise” by putting dates and numbers on conflicts.
Paleoclimatologist Sebastian Wagner of Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht in Germany agrees that the time frames are too broad but for a different reason. The researchers prepared the data for analysis by “smoothing” it into 40-year chunks that, he says, could alter the significance level of the statistics. Additionally, he says, the paper looked only at temperature, not at other factors, such as changes in rainfall, that can drastically influence human society.
This story provided by ScienceNOW, the daily online news service of the journal Science.
Image: Climate shifts lead to famine, famine leads to misery, and misery leads to wars, according to a statistical analysis of pre-industrial Europe. (Katy Silberger/Flickr)
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CPSC Guidelines for Age-Related Activities
Summary: Guidelines for ages when children are ready to use wheeled toys and vehicles from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission's Age Determination Guidelines: Relating Children’s Ages To Toy Characteristics and Play Behavior. Note that an individual child's development rate may be very different from these average expectations.
Ride-on toys are those that allow a child to propel him or herself, either under his or her own power or through the use of an electric or gasoline motor. Ride-on toys are very popular with children, who enjoy both the sense of movement that they get from wheeled toys and the pretend element that wheeled toys give them as they imitate the important adults in their lives.
Ride-on toys are important for developing a sense of balance, physical fitness, and coordination. The ride-on toys covered under this category include sit-on riders, motorized vehicles, bicycles, skateboards, scooters and tricycles, and rocker toys.
Several physical factors affect the age level for using ride-on toys. The first factor is balance.
Depending on the vehicle, more or less balance is required to use the vehicle. In general, widespaced wheels and more wheels make the vehicle easier to balance. The second factor is the
rotational speed of the wheels. Wheels that turn very easily can move faster and speed of movement increases the difficulty level. The final factor is the method of propulsion. A wheeled
vehicle that relies on children pushing with their feet will move slowest, while wheeled vehicles propelled by pedaling or that use gears can be used at greater speeds. Motorized vehicles can be set at different speeds, with increased speed requiring greater physical skill. Children under the age of 1 year cannot use ride-on toys because they require a sense of balance to operate. The balance that is required to use a ride-on toy usually develops when a child begins to walk with some steadiness. In general, ride-on toys are not recommended for use without proper protective gear, especially helmets.
One should place primary emphasis or importance on the following characteristics when determining the age appropriateness of ride-on toys:
- Size of Parts (or of toy itself)
- Motor Skills Required
- Level of Realism/Detail
The order of the above characteristics does not necessarily indicate priority, however, because this can change with age. The remaining discussion describes the relationship between the
characteristics of these toys and the characteristics of children in various age groups. This includes a description of what types of ride-on toys are appropriate and how a particular age group plays with these toys.
12 Through 18 Months
Children become capable of using ride-on toys that are straddled and propelled by their feet only after they learn to walk with some steadiness. These children, especially the youngest in this age group, may not be able to alternate their feet when pushing ride-on toys. They cannot yet pedal, and will propel the ride-on by pushing with both feet simultaneously instead. For safety reasons ride-on toys must be stable, and vehicles with four or more wheels tend to be more stable than three- or two-wheeled vehicles. Appropriate ride-on toys have wheels that are spaced relatively wide apart to be stable, but not so wide apart that it is difficult for children to swing their legs
over the seat. The toy should be low for easy mounting and dismounting, and the children’s feet should be flat on the floor when they are seated.
For maneuverability, recessed wheels make it easier for the child to push her or himself along without banging the feet or legs into the wheels. Castors or wheels are appropriate. For the
youngest children in this age group, castors may be preferable because they allow the toy to move in any direction without tipping. The first ride-on toys do not need to have steering
mechanisms because young toddlers may not be able to use them effectively. Simple rocking horses may be introduced. Suitable ones are small and easily mounted to reduce risk of falling.
Children’s feet should touch the floor or the base of the horse when they are seated, and the horse should have a confined rocking arc.
19 Through 23 Months
Children 19 through 23 months old can operate ride-on toys in which they sit inside and propel the toy by pushing with their feet. However, these are more difficult to use than the straddle rideon toys because they are harder to steer and maneuver. Features that make ride-on toys more attractive to toddlers include bright colors, special sound effects like beeping horns or those produced by vehicle movement, and covered compartments or storage bins. Children at this age are interested in cause-and-effect actions that produce sounds or reveal hidden items. These children are also interested in carrying and collecting items that they can put in storage bins or
compartments. Wagons are appropriate. Suitable rocking horses are small and easily mounted to reduce risk of falling. Children’s feet should touch the floor or the base of the horse when they are seated, and the horse should have a confined rocking arc. Features that make rocking horses popular include their realistic or nostalgic (like those popular for previous generations of children) appearance, and their ability to make sounds. With adult supervision, some children may be capable of making a slow-moving motorized vehicle stop and go, but these children are unlikely to have the steering skills needed to avoid obstacles and hazards.
Children 2 years old enjoy the same characteristics and features of ride-on toys as younger children. Pretend play begins to appear around this age so vehicles that are realistic, like pretend fire engines, are popular. Parents are also interested in encouraging pretend play and are very likely to buy realistic-looking vehicles for this age group. Children of this age group have increased coordination and balance so they can maneuver a ride-on that requires them to bounce up and down in the seat. Slow-moving three-wheeled scooters with wide standing platforms also become attractive to these children. They are learning to pedal and some children may start using tricycles with pedals—especially during the latter half of this age period. However, they have not mastered this skill yet. Battery-operated vehicles appeal to both parents and children for this age group. Although these children are physically capable of steering vehicles of this type, most 2-year-olds lack the steering skills needed to control slow-moving motorized vehicles and to avoid hazards.
Children at age 3 have developed the ability to pedal, and have the coordination required to use a steering wheel or handlebar. They can use three-wheeled scooters, but they have not developed
the balance required to operate two-wheeled scooters and bicycles. These children enjoy tricycles and four-wheeled vehicles propelled by pedaling. Tricycles should be sized to the child, and 12- or 13-inch wheels are about the right size for these children. They can use a small bicycle with training wheels, but foot brakes are preferred because these children cannot yet use hand brakes. Children at age 3 can steer a slow-moving battery-operated vehicle.
4 Through 5 Years
Children 4 and 5 years old are interested in vehicles used by older peers. They have little interest in the types of ride-on toys that are commonly used by younger children, and prefer the bicycles and scooters used by older peers. They begin to show an interest in skateboards. They can use battery-operated vehicles, and depending on experience, most children by the age of 5 have the balance and coordination to use two-wheeled scooters and bicycles without training wheels. However, these children do not understand the risks of riding in areas with cars, and are at a very high risk of falling and injuring themselves. Therefore, adult supervision is a must.
6 Through 8 Years
Most children have the physical ability to ride a bicycle without training wheels by the age of 6. They also have developed some understanding of the consequences of riding in areas shared by cars and pedestrians. Six-year-olds have developed the coordination to use hand brakes, and appropriately sized bicycles allow them to stand and straddle the bicycle with both feet on the ground. Children of this age group are very interested in popular wheeled vehicles like scooters and skateboards, and can operate slow-moving motorized vehicles, particularly those with four wheels.
9 Through 12 Years
Children 9 through 12 years old are very capable bicycle and scooter riders, and they can use bicycles with hand gears for different speeds. Bicycles and skateboards that are from licensed brand names or used by popular extreme sports riders are popular with this age group. They are usually fairly aware of traffic laws, but they are very likely to engage in high-risk behaviors like riding in traffic and stunt riding. Generally, 9- through 12-year-old children can operate a motorized wheeled vehicle that does not exceed 10 miles per hour and has gear shifting. Fastermoving motorized bicycles and scooters are generally not appropriate even for 12-year-olds because of difficulty associated with both balancing and steering the vehicle while moving.
This page was updated or partially revised on: March 8, 2015.
|
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.helmets.org/ageguide.htm
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Up: NS32K Syntax
The presence of a `#' appearing anywhere on a line indicates the start of a comment that extends to the end of that line.
If a `#' appears as the first character of a line then the whole line is treated as a comment, but in this case the line can also be a logical line number directive (see Comments) or a preprocessor control command (see Preprocessing).
If Sequent compatibility has been configured into the assembler then the `|' character appearing as the first character on a line will also indicate the start of a line comment.
The `;' character can be used to separate statements on the same line.
|
<urn:uuid:93ec2c43-eec8-4df2-bfb0-96a16c4f32c3>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/as/NS32K_002dChars.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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| 0.944664
| 141
| 2.796875
| 3
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