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After years of being primarily a horticultural pest, Japanese beetles are emerging as a threat to field crops across Missouri, said Wayne Bailey, University of Missouri Extension entomologist. The beetles are still not a major crop pest in Missouri, Bailey said, but that may soon change as their range continues to expand. “Their numbers have really started to increase in the past two to three years,” Bailey said. “We’ve had them in Missouri for a few decades, but mainly as garden pests in St. Louis, Springfield, Kansas City and Columbia. What’s changing now is they are moving to field crops, and their distribution is changing as their numbers have increased.” Late-planted corn is most at risk this year. Adult beetles feeding on corn silks can disrupt pollination and cause substantial yield loss, Bailey said. “We have more corn in the silking stage than usual, which is why we’re worried,” he said. “Usually, corn has silked and pollinated by this time and defoliation is more of a problem. Corn tassels and silks can be severely damaged by adult beetles feeding.” If beetles clip corn silks so that less than 0.5 inch remains, the ear may die, Bailey said. “If there’s 0.5 inch of silk left, the corn can still pollinate. But pollination may be reduced.” Japanese beetles can defoliate both corn and soybean plants. They often feed in groups, starting at the top and moving down. Damaged leaves appear lacy or skeletonized. “You can get 30 percent defoliation of soybeans without much problem,” he said. Treat soybean when 20 to 30 percent of plants are defoliated, and corn when silks are clipped to within 0.5 inch of the husk, he said. “There’s enough corn in the silking stage that I’d be looking in fields with green silk to see if there are beetles feeding in your area.” Japanese beetles are identified by their shiny, metallic-green bodies and copper-colored wing covers. They can be confused with adult green June beetles but are smaller — about 0.5 inch long. Japanese beetles also have five small white tufts on either side of the abdomen and two at the back end, Bailey said. “They look like taillights if you hold the beetles up and look at them.” In Missouri, adults usually start hatching from late May to mid-July, but cool weather has delayed peak emergence by 10 to 14 days, he said. At present, beetles are scattered in small pockets across most of Missouri. On July 11, about 1,630 adults were caught in traps at the MU Gustin Golf Course in Columbia, said Steven Kirk, an MU Extension integrated pest management specialist who manages the trap counts. In southeast Missouri, MU Extension field staff caught 1,650 in Mississippi County over a four-day period, while nearly 200 were caught in Wilton, southern Boone County, on a single day. Japanese beetles are also a problem in southwest Missouri and Rolla, Kirk said. “We don’t have traps there, so we can’t get exact numbers. But they’re in and they’re a problem.” In rural areas, Bailey said, the beetles will initially appear in low numbers. “It may take two to three years before they start causing real damage. But once they show up in a field, they’re usually a pest every year after. They’ll feed and then go back underground.” The insects are year-round inhabitants, which aids their spread. While Japanese beetle adults will die in cold weather, the grubs burrow into the soil and emerge the next year when the soil warms up, Bailey said. “The grubs feed on roots. No one has documented whether there is grub damage, but the insects are a grub up to 10 or more months of the year,” he said. Thresholds for economic damage in field crops may be higher than in horticultural plants, Bailey said. “If it’s high-value and aesthetic, like roses or apples, three or four may cause damage as soon as they arrive in an area,” he said. “Field crops are a little more forgiving. Once you start to get a few hundred, you’re probably at economic levels.” For more information on Japanese beetles, see the MU Plant Protection Programs 2008 pest management guidelines at http://ppp.missouri.edu/pestguide/.	<urn:uuid:cf1a8070-df38-40ae-a265-1783ba5c02c2>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://deltafarmpress.com/print/late-missouri-corn-most-risk-beetles	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00008-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963072	990	2.953125	3
"Bram Stoker's Whitby" houses of the old town...are all red-roofed, and seemed piled up one over the other..." So wrote Bram Stoker in his famous novel Dracula. What is the connection between Whitby and Dracula? First of all, Whitby figures quite centrally in a significant section of the novel Dracula (Chapters 6-8). It is where the Russian ship "Demeter" comes ashore and is the location of the first encounters between Dracula and Lucy. Today, there are many points of interest for the Dracula enthusiast in Whitby. One of the highlights is the Bram Stoker Memorial seat. It was the view from this spot that inspired Stoker's Whitby scenes. One can look straight across the harbor and can see the ruins of the Abbey, the Church, and the stone steps. And just to the left is the cliff where the "Demeter" came ashore. There is an inscription on the bench which reads as follows: "The view from this spot inspired Bram Stoker (1847-1912) to use Whitby as the setting of part of his world-famous novel DRACULA. This seat was erected by Scarborough Borough Council and the Dracula Society to mark the 68th Anniversary of Stoker's death - April 20th 1980". The most prominent landmark in Whitby is the ruin of Whitby Abbey, which was sacked by the Danes. As Stoker writes, "It is a most noble ruin, of immense size, and full of beautiful and romantic bits.... Between it and the town there is another church, the parish one, round which is a big graveyard, all full of tombstones". It was at Whitby that Stoker "discovered" the name "Dracula." While vacationing there in the summer of 1890, just months after he began writing his vampire novel, he visited the local library and borrowed a book entitled An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia (1820) by William Wilkinson. He took several notes from it (now part of his papers housed at the Rosenbach Museum in Philadelphia.) Wilkinson's book includes a short section on a "voivode Dracula" who fought against the Turks. Though the information was sketchy, one item attracted Stoker's attention (he copied it verbatim into his notes): a footnote that "Dracula in the Wallachian language means Devil." Stoker decided to change the name of his vampire Count from "Wampyr" to "Dracula". An inspired decision! COPYRIGHT©2005 Dr. Elizabeth Miller	<urn:uuid:b9134266-2c53-45dc-aac4-19c291cb5d3a>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.ucs.mun.ca/%7Eemiller/whitby.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00016-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966908	537	2.78125	3
Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) is an alternative treatment for dental caries. The demineralized and insensitive outer carious dentin is removed with hand instruments only, requiring no electricity or anesthesia. After removing the carious tooth substance with hand instruments, the cavity is filled with conventional self-hardening glass ionomer cement. Pain and anxiety are significantly lower in both children and adults who receive ART therapy compared to conventional therapy [1-3]. In a meta-analysis of 5 ART effectiveness studies, 4 of the 5 studies found no statistical difference in survival between glass ionomer cements applied with ART and traditional amalgam restorations in children. Similar results have been reported in older adults (mean age 78.6 years). ART was developed primarily for use in community and school-based programs. Because electricity is not needed, and the equipment is portable and easily set up, the ART methodology is particularly appropriate for use in schools, nursing homes and personal residences. ART costs less than conventional amalgam restorations. Program costs are 50% less than amalgam and composite resin restorative procedures in a traditional clinical setting. Cost savings increase substantially if allied dental care providers perform the ART treatment.	<urn:uuid:7d836691-b71d-4243-97ec-3738b75af528>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.allianceforacavityfreefuture.org/en/us/technologies/atraumatic-restorative-treatment	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.930917	247	2.515625	3
The Mydoom virus (also known as a worm and as Win32.Mydoom.A) was a very damaging computer virus that affected Microsoft Windows-based computers. The worm was spread through mass emailing, as badly sent email. Design and infection[change \| change source] The virus was made to be sent in an email with an attachment that carried the virus. When the attachment was opened, the virus would itself to the computer. The virus can only affect Windows based computers. The virus came with a package that would spam the SCO Group website. SCO had caused arguments within the Linux community for getting copyrights in some open source software. However, only 25% of the infected computers would launch the attack. After the virus has been downloaded, it leaves the computer open to other malware by leaving a "backdoor" open. Another type of the virus, Mydoom.B, was made to spam Microsoft. It was first found on January 28, 2004. History[change \| change source] The virus was found to be a threat on January 26, 2004. The virus quickly spread and proved a threat to the SCO group. To try and get the public to catch the maker of the virus, the SCO group offered $250,000 U.S. dollars as a reward for catching the creator. Another type of the virus, Mydoom.B was found on January 28. Because it was made to attack the Microsoft web site, Microsoft offered a $250,000 U.S. dollar reward if the maker of the virus was caught. This was the third time Microsoft offered a reward for catching a virus creator. Effects[change \| change source] Other pages[change \| change source] References[change \| change source]	<urn:uuid:56c0f0af-b899-453e-b15f-27280c34a40a>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mydoom	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00116-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.901994	366	2.671875	3
About 495 years ago, on October 31, 1517, an Augustinian monk nailed to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany "95 Theses" or complaints concerning the abuses of the church in his day. Unwittingly, Martin Luther started a revolution that would rock the ecclesiastical world, and forever change the face of Western Civilization, and through it the world. were certainly social, political, economic and educational effects to what we now know as the Protestant Reformation, but its chief effects were Do you enjoy congregational singing? Then thank the Reformers for reviving it. Do you prefer to read the Bible in the common language of the people? Then thank Martin Luther for paving the way for a host of new translations the people could understand. Is your soul spiritually fed on the preaching of God's word? Then thank the Reformers for restoring the preached word to the central place in the life of the church. Do you know the answer to the question, "What must I do to be saved?" (Acts16:30-31)? Then thank Martin Luther for rescuing the biblical answer to that question from the fog of superstition which had obscured the gospel for centuries. Many people have heard of this historical label, the "Protestant Reformation", but haven't really understood its significance. The word "protestant" means one who protests. Beginning with Martin Luther, there was protest because the medieval church had lost sight of the centrality of the Bible and the central truths of the Bible for the life of the church. The word "reformation" meant reforming the church according to the Bible. This movement desired to see a return to the Bible as the word of God to direct them in every area of life. They wanted the church to be a biblical church and they wanted their lives to be God-honoring lives. Out of the Protestant Reformation came five slogans, what we sometimes call the "five solas" (Latin for "only" or "alone"). These were five significant biblical truths which are absolutely vital to believe if we are to serve and glorify God in every generation until the return of Christ. Three of these slogans address critical issues at the core of a person's understanding of salvation – salvation, being forgiven of our sins and being reconciled to God, is by "grace alone", through "faith alone", in "Christ alone". These comprised what Martin Luther called "the great exchange". What was this exchange? It is the very heart of the gospel. Christ took on himself the punishment of our sin, and in exchange, God reckoned to our account the perfect righteousness of his Son. The Apostle Paul puts it like this: "For our sake he (God) made him (Christ) to be sin who knew no sin, so that in him (Christ) we might become the righteousness of God" (2 Corinthians 5:21). There can be no salvation without this exchange. We need a perfect record to be reconciled to God, and because of our sin, none of us has one. When we rest in Christ for the forgiveness of our sins, we are clothed with His righteousness so that when God looks at us, he doesn't see our sin. Instead he sees the perfect righteousness of his Son. As we trust in Christ, God loves us as much as he loves his own Son because we have been covered by the righteousness of God's Son. We desperately need this exchange because there was a prior exchange, a tragic exchange, that we made. Again, the Apostle Paul is helpful here. He writes, "For they exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever" (Romans 1:25). Humanity refuses to worship the glorious and gracious Creator, and instead bows down before the creation of his own hands and says, "You will be my god." As a result, God's wrath is revealed against our ungodliness (Romans 1:18). Only the death of Christ can satisfy God's just anger. In the gospel, God has made an exchange that is fitted to the tragic exchange that we have made. As Martin Luther discovered, our salvation is by grace alone, through faith alone, in Christ alone. Have you discovered this as well?	<urn:uuid:f6f07685-242a-41d9-beb9-a0cb353aceb8>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2012/11/martin_luther_and_the_great_ex.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966155	891	2.78125	3
This summer, a billion-dollar project will begin to raise the road deck of the Bayonne Bridge that links Staten Island to Jersey City, and provides access to Manhattan via the Holland Tunnel. The project is not being undertaken because of safety concerns about the current bridge, but rather to allow larger container ships to pass underneath it and reach the Port of New York and New Jersey. It’s just one of several port projects in anticipation of the widening of the Panama Canal. By early 2015, the Panama Canal is scheduled to complete a $5.25 billion expansion project that began in 2007 to widen and deepen existing navigational channels to allow larger ships to traverse the isthmus, and construct new sets of locks to increase capacity. The scale of global trade has increased remarkably since Theodore Roosevelt championed the U.S. effort to build the canal. From 1915 to 2012, tonnage to cross the 48-mile link increased from 5 million to 334 million. Today, the largest ships that can cross the isthmus are the so-called panamax vessels that can carry 4,500 shipping containers. The expansion project—the largest undertaken since the canal opened in 1914—will allow post-panamax vessels carrying nearly three times that cargo to make that journey. It’s an important development for global commerce. Post-panamax ships have lower shipping costs; per container costs are more than 50 percent less than a panamax ship. While post-panamax vessels account for only 16 percent of the global container fleet, they already carry 45 percent of cargo, with those shares projected to respectively grow to 27 and 62 percent by 2013. Analysts say the canal’s expansion will be a particular boon to the shipment of liquefied natural gas (LNG). LNG tankers are too large to pass through today’s Panama Canal. With the Sabine Pass LNG export terminal expected to open in Louisiana in 2015, and other terminals proposed, the expansion project is well-timed to aid the flow of natural gas from shale fields in the United States to Asian energy markets where the price for this resource is several times higher. Some experts estimate the canal expansion could reduce shipping costs on this route by $1 per million BTU. CFR Senior Fellow Michael Levi explained the benefits of a wider Panama Canal to LNG trade in a study published last year with the Brooking Institution’s Hamilton Project: “LNG tankers departing the Gulf of Mexico or the East Coast of the United States currently need to travel all the way around South America to reach Asia, adding considerable cost to their trips and eroding potential gains from trade.” The project has also prompted intranational competition. Los Angeles/Long Beach (LA/LB) is the nation’s largest port, handling 40 percent of U.S. cargo traffic. But with the canal expansion, eastern ports could potentially take up to a quarter of LA/LB’s business, so the port authority has planned $6 billion of upgrades, part of the $46 billion in upgrades to U.S. ports funded by public or private sources over the next five years. Today, just four U.S. ports are ready for post-panamax ships: Norfolk in the east and LA/LB, Oakland, and Seattle in the west. Colliers predicts another four will be post-panamax ready by 2015: Baltimore, New York, Miami, and Houston. The infrastructure investments at these ports and others such as Charleston, Savannah, and New Orleans, range from dredging waterways and adding cranes, to preparing intermodal support networks, including railways modifications for the increased height of double stacked containers. The raising of the Bayonne Bridge is one of seven port projects the Obama administration announced it would help expedite last summer, the first set of more than 40 infrastructure projects to be fast-tracked for review by executive order. The president said the “commitment to move these port projects forward faster will help drive job growth and strengthen the economy.” Still, Robert Puentes, a transportation expert at the Brookings Institution stressed the need for greater federal leadership on this issue, perhaps in developing a comprehensive freight policy like many other nations. “I can’t see the federal government picking winners and losers” he said in a New York Times interview, but “they could provide a little more guidance — where right now they are providing none.”	<urn:uuid:cbfb2bac-e688-400a-90f5-01a8f6dc8d1d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://blogs.cfr.org/renewing-america/2013/03/11/policy-initiative-spotlight-teddys-big-ditch-grows-deeper/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00115-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.930855	921	3.125	3
Eratosthenes of Cyrene (275-194 B.C.) scientific writer, astronomer, geographer and poet, he was the first Greek mathematician to calculate the circumference of the earth and the tilting of the earth's axis during rotation. He used principles of Euclidean geometry. Eratosthenes was the third librarian at Alexandria; in addition to his knowledge in many different areas, he was an accomplished mapmaker. Eratosthenes also made a catalogue of stars with 675 stars listed in it. His followers called him the second Plato. He was, indeed, recognised by his contemporaries as a man of great distinction in all branches of knowledge, though in each subject he just fell short of the highest place. On the latter ground he was called Beta, and another nickname applied to him, Pentathlos, has the same implication, representing as it does an all-round athlete who was not the first runner or wrestler but took the second prize in these contests as well as others. Eratosthenes died in 194 BC in Alexandria, Egypt. - Is the Earth Flat? Test It for Yourself. This link describes a modern version of the Eratosthenes proof. - Thomas Little Heath, A History of Greek Mathematics (2 vols.) (Oxford, 1921).	<urn:uuid:5170ef42-56c9-4205-a585-42e6c038c00b>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.conservapedia.com/Eratosthenes	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00045-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971627	274	3.53125	4
A new course at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) will give students in the Institute's School of Marine Science an exceptional opportunity to learn about ocean observing systems, the latest tool in the world of marine research. The course, Ocean Observing Systems: Technology and Applications, is one of only a handful of such courses currently being offered in the United States. It was developed and is being taught by VIMS Associate Professor Dr. Mark Patterson, a leading expert in the design and use of autonomous underwater vehicles, or AUVs. Implementation of a nationwide ocean-observing network was one of the twelve critical actions recommended in the recent report by the President's Commission on Ocean Policy. Integrated ocean observatories will provide services at sea similar to those now provided by the global network of weather sensors, helping society to better deal with episodic events such as tsunamis and hurricanes, and to better understand and predict the ocean's long-term impacts on climate, shipping, and fisheries production. The goal of the course, says Patterson, is "to prepare students for their likely role in future research by making them expert in ocean observing system technology and applications." Students will explore the nuts and bolts of ocean observatories, including hardware components, sensors and navigation techniques for mobile platforms, integration of observatory data with computer models, and data management, as well as the important policy issues and societal expectations for these systems. The course includes weekly hands-on experience with the AUV Fetch, a 6-foot robot sub that Patterson helped develop through his technology spin-off company Sias Patterson LLC. Vehicles like Fetch are finding increasing use in applications as diverse as fisheries management, homeland security, and assessment of harmful algal blooms. Sias Patterson LLC is providing Fetch at no cost through a cooperative arrangement with the College of William and Mary. Students will also gain hands-on experience by working with VIMS' York River data buoy and other fixed sensor platforms, as well as the data available on-line via other ocean observatories around the world. These include the Chesapeake Bay Observing System (CBOS), SEA-COOS along the Southeast Atlantic coast, TABS in the Gulf of Mexico, CalCOFI on the West Coast, NEPTUNE Canada, and the European Seafloor Observatory Network (ESONET). The research community's ultimate goal is to create a Global Ocean Observing System, or GOOS. Dean of Graduate Studies Iris Anderson praises the course, noting that "it provides our students with an exciting opportunity to keep on the cutting edge of marine research." Funds for course development came from VIMS, with additional contributions from members of the VIMS/Ocean Industry Partnership Group. For more information on ocean observatories, visit the Virginia Estuarine and Coastal Ocean Observing System (VECOS).	<urn:uuid:5c4077e6-924a-4c1b-b5c6-cbb91bf16f0c>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.vims.edu/newsandevents/topstories/archives/2005/ocean_observatories_course.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00054-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.932036	586	2.59375	3
March 31, 2010 A continuation of the series of true or false quizzes for the week – maybe this one is too easy. Today’s quiz is on the topic of wait events. Assuming that the questions apply to a release of Oracle that has been available for up to five years, state why you believe that the answer to the question is true, or why you believe that the answer to the question is false. Any answers that attempt to utilize logical fallacies will be scored as incorrect. 1. Assume that a database instance is being prepared for 1,500 to 2,000 sessions. Given an unlimited budget, it is possible to configure the database instance to completely eliminate wait events. 2. Consider two identical Oracle databases with a single session connected to each database instance. Each of the two sessions submits exactly the same SQL statement, with the first session experiencing no wait events while executing the query, and the second session experiencing nearly continuous I/O wait events. The lack of wait events implies that the query execution for the first session is optimal, and should be the performance target for the second session. 3. Idle wait events are insignificant in performance tuning exercises, and should be ignored. 4. For every one minute of elapsed time, each CPU in the server is capable of accumulating 60 seconds of CPU wait time. Did I mention that I dislike true/false type questions? But then these are not simple true/false questions.	<urn:uuid:11d6079f-2bd2-4627-acf3-986fcae04210>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://hoopercharles.wordpress.com/2010/03/31/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00185-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.935584	296	2.6875	3
Ever wondered what the wind would look like if you could see it in action from above? You're about to find out. A new project posted online Wednesday by a pair of Google computer scientists, called simply Wind Map, has to be clicked on to be believed. The wind information, updated hourly from the National Weather Service's forecast database, is portrayed as white and grey strands, almost like sand or rivulets of mercury. It can be quite hypnotizing to watch the gusty trails blast across the American continent, skitter over the Sierras, get roughed up by the Rockies, and whoosh over the great plains on its way to Canada. (Which seems to give as good as it gets, sending most of its wind towards New York.) Wind patterns are constantly changing, of course, which is why the Wind Map designers have also given us a moving-image gallery of previous blustery days. Wind Map is the brainchild of Fernanda Viégas and Martin Wattenberg, the co-leaders of Google's "Big Picture" visualization research group in Cambridge, Mass. The pair have previously visualized Wikipedia and Google searches. No word on whether we'll see the Wind Map in Google Earth any time soon, but the pair do say they want to expand it to the planet — and are looking for any source of global wind information. What do you make of the Wind Map? Is this something you'd like to see more of? Does it change how you think of the potential for wind energy, as its creators hope? Let us know you thoughts in the comments.	<urn:uuid:09bb1ef2-b0a1-4a2e-9250-55fd3cbcc017>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://mashable.com/2012/03/28/wind-map/?WT.mc_id=en_top_stories	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.944498	330	3.34375	3
Super small nanoelectrodes can probe microscale environmentsTheAllINeed.com (NC&T/UIUC) "The individual nanotube-based probes can be used for electrochemical and biochemical sensing," said Min-Feng Yu, a U. of I. professor of mechanical science and engineering, and a researcher at the university's Beckman Institute. "The position of the nanoelectrodes can be controlled very accurately." To fabricate the nanoelectrodes, Yu and graduate students Kyungsuk Yum, Jie Hu and Han Na Cho begin by attaching a strong, rigid, boron-nitride nanotube to a much larger, conductive probe. The nanotube will form the insulating core of the nanoelectrode. The researchers then coat the nanotube with a thin film of gold about 10-50 nanometers thick (a nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter.) The gold layer is then coated with an insulating polymer coating about 10 nanometers thick. Lastly, the researchers use a focused ion beam to slice off the end of the nanotube, exposing a conducting ring of gold sandwiched between an insulating core and an insulating outer ring. The process yields nanoelectrodes with a diameter of 100 nanometers, and a length of up to 30 microns. Because the nanotube is attached to a much larger probe, the researchers can manipulate the nanotube like a needle. They can control precisely where the nanotube penetrates a cell, for example, and even pinpoint smaller cell structures, such as the nucleus or mitochondrion. "Nanoelectrodes offer new opportunities for electrochemical sensing in intracellular environments," said Yu, who will describe the fabrication process and demonstrate the feasibility of nanoelectrodes at the March meeting of the American Physical Society, to be held in Denver, March 5-9. "By functionalizing the active area of the nanoelectrode with an appropriate chemical, we can target the detection of specific chemical species." The researchers have demonstrated that their nanoelectrode can sense the chemical environment within a droplet 10 microns in diameter. Their next step is to show that the probe can penetrate the cellular membrane of a living cell, without damaging the cell. The National Science Foundation and the University of Illinois funded the work. This site is no longer updated. Click this link to have updated engineering news and articles. About the Author ©2006 All rights reserved	<urn:uuid:f1d32888-1d21-424d-b08e-23eb812f084c>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.theallineed.com/engineering/07032706.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00151-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.879756	529	3.4375	3
By Elizabeth Quigley So who was Scotland's first female MP? Katharine Murray became the first female MP in Scotland in 1923 It sounds a bit like an obscure question in a Caledonian Trivial Pursuit. I've got a degree in modern history, I'm a former BBC political correspondent and I'm fairly confident I know more than a little about Scottish politics. But it was a question I struggled to answer. When I went to the Scottish parliament to ask today's politicians, I found that they too had real difficulty in trying to name her. Perhaps she was a red Clydesider? Or a Scottish suffragette? But, no. Almost the complete opposite. She was a Perthshire aristocrat who didn't agree with votes for women initially. And no-one in political life today seems to remember her name. The only reason I know who she was is because I'm married to her political successor. John Swinney, the Scottish government's finance secretary, is the politician who represents much of the constituency that she used to hold back in the 1920s and 1930s. And the name of this woman who made history but now seems to be completely forgotten? Katharine (Kitty) Murray, the Duchess of Atholl and the MP for Kinross and West Perthshire from 1923 to 1938. She certainly seems to be a woman of contradictions at first sight. She maintained a woman's place was in the home, even speaking against votes for women - but ended up in the most prestigious boys' club of them all, becoming our first MP. To me, that seems to be reason enough to remember her, even if she did nothing noteworthy once she became an MP. But far from doing nothing, she played an influential role in the day's political life and she might even have changed the course of history. When she first entered Westminster she was one of only eight women elected as MPs from across Britain. From the start she was a model Conservative MP, loyal and hard-working. But something happened in the 1930s to change all that. And she became a bit of a political maverick. Europe in the 1930s was a turbulent place. The Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936 with General Franco trying to overthrow the legitimate Republican government. Dismissing the politics of left and right, the duchess got involved. She headed for Spain and witnessed the devastation caused by the bombing and the fighting. She resolved to help and brought 4,000 children to the safety of Britain. Her support for the Republicans brought her international plaudits. But back home in some parts, this earned her the nickname "the Red Duchess." She definitely didn't share the left-wing views of the Republicans but in return for standing up for their legitimate right to govern and defend themselves against the Fascist states, she was accused of being a socialist sympathiser - and never managed to shake off the label. Britain's female MPs, including Katharine Murray at Westminster Events in another European country also attracted her attention. The English version of Mein Kampf appeared in bookshops in Britain in 1933 and immediately became a bestseller. But the duchess was suspicious of Adolf Hitler. She tried to convince other politicians in parliament that Hitler's real intentions were spelled out in black and white in Mein Kampf by commissioning a new and more accurate translation. By 1938, she'd had enough. She'd done her research, she knew her facts and was convinced that she knew exactly what was going to happen if Britain did nothing. Hitler would end up getting away with murder - quite literally. She resigned her seat and prompted a by-election. The campaign which followed was a dirty one. The government poured in MPs and senior figures to try to woo the voters. Her great-nephew Paul Ramsay described it to me as "vicious and nasty." These events happened almost 80 years ago - and many years before he was born - but the bitterness seemed fresh, as if it was a by-election that had just been fought. When a telegram of support arrived from Stalin her campaign was dealt another blow She did though get support sometimes from unexpected quarters. Winston Churchill telephoned her throughout the campaign offering his backing but he never appeared with her in public on the campaign trail. Suffrage campaigner, Sylvia Pankhurst, sent a telegram saying all women in the constituency should vote for her. But when a telegram of support arrived from Stalin her campaign was dealt another blow. From Russia with love. That must have gone down really well in Highland Perthshire. It was seized on gleefully by her opponents. Despite the resources being thrown into the campaign to try to defeat her, she lost by just over a thousand votes. She never again stood for parliament. In the years after she lost her seat, she seems to disappear from history. Her fears about Hitler did come true but she never said "I told you so". She never seemed to rub it in that she was right but she would have been completely justified. Scotland's first woman MP was right about Hitler and that's why I think history should remember her. Watch the Duchess and the Fuhrer on BBC2 on Tuesday 2 March at 1900 GMT.	<urn:uuid:250624b6-fdf2-4363-851c-f70696d1cb40>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/8544970.stm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00008-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.987381	1,110	2.59375	3
Those interested in the history of medieval Gaelic Ireland will be aware of the remarkable resilience of the main ruling Gaelic Irish families. At the time of the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in the 1170s the ruling royal Gaelic families were McMurrough in Leinster, O'Brien and McCarthy in Munster, O'Connor in Connacht and the O'Neills and McLoughlins in Ulster. By the end of the period of the Gaelic chieftains after the Battle of Kinsale fought in 1601/02 the McMurrough (Kavanaghs), McCarthys, O'Briens, O'Connors and O'Neills were still the dominant families in their home regions. By 1603 however, the McLoughlins, although they still were a recognised noble family and had a chieftain and two castles, had been reduced to a very minor territory stretching along the eastern shore of the Inishowen peninsula from White Castle to Red Castle (their two fortifications). How did this remarkable decline come about? Basically it was due to an unfavourable location and very bad luck indeed. Before the Anglo-Norman invasion the McLoughlins were based in fertile western Tyrone, with estates in the good lands of Inishowen lying along the shores of Loughs Swilly and Foyle. The McLoughlins also had strong authority over the many families based in the region such as the O'Carolans and McGettigans of Clann Diarmada, the Ó Duibhdhíormas and O'Mulfalls of eastern and western Inishowen and the McGarveys, O'Lappins, O'Donnellys, O'Petans and O'Lavertys of the further fertile lands stretching towards Raphoe and Lifford. Very importantly the McLoughlin kings also had control of the famous monastery at Derry which was a great centre of Irish civilisation in the twelfth-century with famous reforming clerics and major building programmes. As a result it is no surprise that the family produced two highly successful kings during the twelfth century. The first Donal McLoughlin, who died in the year 1121 was a great warrior. He successfully avoided the attempts made by Muirchertach O'Brien, the king of Munster and great-grandson of Brian Boru, to become effective king of all Ireland. In 1103 McLoughlin even succeeded in humiliating O'Brien by capturing his camp, campaign tent and standard during a surprise attack near Armagh while O'Brien was off campaigning elsewhere. Donal's grandson Muirchertach McLoughlin was actually high-king of Ireland (with opposition) for the years 1156 to 1166. I had thought that Muirchertach McLoughlin was an evil and needlessly violent high-king but I have revised my opinion of him into a great and highly energetic warrior. Something happened in the year 1166 however and Muirchertach was abandoned by most of his people. He was then killed by forces from Oriel and Breifne who had marched into Tyrone to bring McLoughlin to justice for the crime of having blinded McDunlevy the king of the Ulaid. I think however that Rory O'Connor the king of Connacht and soon to be all powerful high-king of the entire island engineered this revolt against McLoughlin in early 1166 and Muirchertach's violent actions (that were really out of character) were a desperate attempt on his part to save his high-kingship. Rory O'Connor soon attempted to weaken the Cenél nEógain kingdom by dividing Tyrone in two between the McLoughlin and O'Neill families. The McLoughlins were to have Inishowen and Derry and any other Cenél nEógain lands north of the Sperrin Mountains. The O'Neills were to have Tullaghoge and Armagh and all the Cenél nEógain land to the east. O'Connor's great power was not to last. He proved incapable of dealing with the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland and lost the high-kingship of Ireland to King Henry II of England and the Anegevin empire, although he did manage to keep the invaders out of Connacht and the town of Limerick during his lifetime. The leadership of the Cenél nEógain at this time was taken by an able McLoughlin king called Melaghlin, who was a son of Muirchertach the deceased high-king. In 1176 Melaghlin led the army of Tyrone and their allies to Slane in Meath where his soldiers stormed the castle built by the Anglo-Norman invader Richard Fleming. Fleming and over one hundred of his knights and followers were killed. Indeed the Annals of the Four Masters state 'not one individual escaped with his life from the castle'. Three further Anglo-Norman castles in the region 'were left desolate in Meath on the following day, through fear of the Cenél nEógain'. Melaghlin's army met disaster at the hands of the Anglo-Normans in 1177/78 when the famous John de Courcey inflicted a major defeat on the army of Tyrone at Downpatrick in east Ulster. The Cenél nEógain had put their faith in the holy relics of the north of Ireland when seven major treasures were carried before the northern army. The holy relics were no match for de Courcey's archers however and the Tyrone men were put to flight 'without even striking a blow'. [The Irish were cut down by the Anglo-Norman archers before they even reached the Anglo-Norman battle line]. Melaghlin McLoughlin lost the O'Carolan, O'Laverty, O'Donnelly, O'Hamill and McCartan chieftains in this battle as well as all the 'young keepers' of the relics who 'were killed'. McLoughlin was soon after challenged by Hugh 'an Macaemh Toinleasc' O'Neill for the kingship of Tyrone but managed to kill O'Neill soon afterwards in a battle near Armagh although Melaghlin's own son Ardgal McLoughlin also fell in the fighting. King Melaghlin McLoughlin of Tyrone was 'slain by the foreigners' in 1185 AD. It was after Melaghlin McLoughlin's death that the unfortunate geographical location of the McLoughlin power-base ultimately led to their decline. Derry and the fertile lowlands around Inishowen while they may have been the jewel in the crown of Tyrone in pre-Anglo-Norman times became an exposed target afterwards. John de Courcey once firmly established east of the Bann in the earldom of Ulster launched a number of destructive raids on the Derry region in the years after 1177. In 1182 the Anglo-Normans of Ulster defeated the Cenél nEógain in a pitched battle at Dunbo and in another fought near Armagh in 1188 where Donal son of Hugh McLoughlin the king of Tyrone was killed. The series of defeats of the McLoughlin kings by the Anglo-Normans led to turmoil in Tyrone. In 1186 Rory O'Laverty 'was elected by some of the Cenél nEogain' as king of Tyrone, although he was killed soon after in 1187 while raiding in Donegal. This turmoil also led to the rise to major prominence of the O'Neills of eastern Tyrone. The O'Neills were much better placed than the McLoughlins in that they could easily retreat into the forested mountain fastnesses of the Sperrin Mountains to avoid invading Anglo-Norman armies. The family also produced one of the greatest native kings of the era, another Hugh O'Neill, who seems to have invented Irish guerilla warfare against the up-till-then all conquering Anglo-Norman invaders. When an Anglo-Norman army invaded eastern Tyrone O'Neill and his soldiers simply disappeared into the mountains and forests, to emerge and harass the invaders when they had marched far into Tyrone and set up camps that were easy to isolate and attack. As a result O'Neill's power began to grow and spread north of the Sperrins. It seems clear that during this period the important O'Gormley and O'Cahan families began to back the O'Neill family in the struggle with the McLoughlins for supremacy in Tyrone. Indeed in 1196 Muirchertach McLoughlin, the king of Tyrone and another son of the late high-king was assassinated at a meeting of the council of the Cenél nEógain in Armagh by Blosky O'Cahan, a follower of the O'Cahan chieftain and Hugh O'Neill. Some of the McLoughlins appear to have fled to the Anglo-Normans following this assassination to escape the power of Hugh O'Neill. In 1197 the son of Argal McLoughlin was killed in Clann Diarmada while accompanying one of John de Courcey's raids on Derry. In 1197-98 de Courcey spent extended periods in Derry and may have been seizing up the suitability of the great monastery as the site for an Anglo-Norman town. Hugh O'Neill was by now the dominant power in the region and he saw off the threat from de Courcey who was eventually destroyed by King John of England. By the time of John's campaign in Ireland in 1210 Hugh O'Neill was so powerful that he was able to tell the English king to get lost and to stop asking for hostages from Tyrone. Hugh O'Neill continued to rule as king of Tyrone until his death in the year 1230. In recording this the Annals of the Four Masters made a very complimentary comment that O'Neill died a natural death 'although it was never supposed that he would die in any other way than to fall by the foreigners'. To lessen O'Neill's power King John granted Derry and the surrounding coastal lands to some Scottish earls who were allied to him. This only served to make Hugh O'Neill even more secure as these lands belonged to his McLoughlin rivals. In 1221 Hugh O'Neill drove out the Scots when he destroyed the castle they had built at Coleraine. With the death of Hugh O'Neill in 1230 the McLoughlins made what was to prove to be their last attempt to secure the kingship of Tyrone and to be fair they gave it a very good go. The family was now led by Donal McLoughlin and he appears to have had the support of the Anglo-Normans of the earldom of Ulster. By 1232 McLoughlin was recognised as king of Tyrone and he began to raid northern Tír Chonaill. In 1234 McLoughlin succeeded in killing Hugh O'Neill's son Donal and in 1239 he defeated a force of O'Neills, O'Gormleys and McMahons at a battle fought at Carnteel near Aughnacloy in Co. Tyrone. Disaster struck in the year 1241. Readers of my blog and family history are by now familiar with the Battle of Caimeirge, fought near Maghera in Co. Derry this year. What seems to have happened is that McLoughlin made a major effort to finally defeat the O'Neills, now led by Hugh O'Neill's nephew Brian. All went well and the McLoughlins cornered the O'Neills at Maghera. However, possibly unknown to Donal McLoughlin Brian O'Neill had sought assistance from Melaghlin O'Donnell the king of Tír Chonaill who turned up at Caimeirge with the army of Tír Chonaill. This left the McLoughlins and their army hopelessly outnumbered. If the O'Donnells attacked from cover after first letting the McLoughlins and O'Neills fight it out for a while this would explain the catastrophic end result whereby 'Donal McLoughlin, Lord of Cenél nEógain, and ten of his derbhfine (close family), together with all the chieftains of the Cenél nEógain' were slain. This massive defeat must have killed most of the McLoughlin nobles of fighting age and it was left to their womenfolk to salvage something for the family. This they ably did by marrying Donal McLoughlin's daughter Cecilia to Brian O'Neill. The marriage alliance preserved the power of the McLoughlin family in the Inishowen peninsula at least but their time as contenders for the kingship of Tyrone was over. In 1260 the chieftain Dermot McLoughlin was killed along with Brian O'Neill by the Anglo-Normans at the Battle of Downpatrick. The building of a major Anglo-Norman castle at Newcastle in Inishowen in the year 1305 by the Red Earl of Ulster may have weakened the hold of the McLoughlins over Inishowen but in the 1320s Michael McLoughlin was bishop of Derry and the earldom of Ulster collapsed in 1333 with the murder of the Brown Earl and Newcastle subsequently fell into Irish hands. In the year 1375 the Annals of the Four Masters record the death of John McLoughlin 'Chief of his own tribe' and I believe that up to this time the McLoughlins were still lords of Inishowen. However, from 1380 to the early 1420s there was a powerful Lord of Tír Chonaill, Turlough an Fhiona 'of the wine' O'Donnell. The Annals of the Four Masters record that in 1380 he won 'a great victory' over his O'Donnell rivals, and the O'Doherty and McSweeney families and I believe that during his long reign Turlough an Fhiona forced the O'Dohertys to exchange their Glenswilly homeland for new and greater estates in Inishowen. The McLoughlins were not totally dispossessed and were left in possession of the small area of Lough Foyle coastline that I have previously mentioned. I hope readers have enjoyed this blog. It is a bit long but it is something that was puzzling me for a long time but now I believe that I have managed to sort the order of events out! This may be my last blog for a while as I now have to think up a new series of interesting topics. As a very young undergrad student at UCD I used to love my medieval history course. Although as I remember, the classes were on very early in the morning, I used to make a special effort to turn up to learn about life in Ireland, England, Scotland and Wales in the 1300s and 1400s. To this day I still have an interest in Art McMurrough Kavanagh and the O'Neills of Tyrone, led by Niall Mór, Niall Óg and Henry 'the Contentious', and their wars with King Richard II of England who campaigned in Ireland twice in an unsuccessful effort to subdue these Gaelic kings. Another theme of these classes which I still remember was the remarkable Gaelicisation of many of the Anglo-Norman families in Ireland at this time. These families were the descendants of Anglo-Norman conquerors who had settled in Ireland in the years after 1170, as the Anglo-Normans first conquered and settled Leinster and Meath and in the ensuing decades spread out into most parts of Ireland. The course showed us how the advance of the Anglo-Normans slowed in the late 1200s, due to the success of some of the Gaelic chieftains such as Godfrey O'Donnell of Tír Chonaill, who now had the use of heavily armed battalions of Scottish gallloglass warriors who were beginning to arrive in Ireland at this time. Plagues and famine then hit the Anglo-Norman population of Ireland during the 1300s leaving some Anglo-Norman families, particularly in Connacht and east Ulster, isolated and surrounded by increasingly powerful Gaelic Irish neighbours. Under this pressure and also due to ordinary neighbourliness, the Anglo-Normans began to adopt the Irish language and many other Gaelic Irish customs such as style of dress and manner of riding horses (The Irish did not use stirrups). Intermarriage between the Anglo-Normans and the Gaelic Irish was probably the most important mode of cultural influence. If an Anglo-Norman lord married an Irish noblewoman, their children would possibly be raised speaking Irish and would have extensive contact with their Irish in-laws. This process began right from the beginning of the arrival of the Anglo-Normans in Ireland when Strongbow, the original leader of the invaders married Aoife, the daughter of King Dermot McMurrough of Leinster. By the mid 1300s the English authorities in Ireland were horrified by the Gaelicization of a large proportion of the Anglo-Norman population and tried to halt it with laws such as the Statutes of Kilkenny which tried to forbid the adoption of Gaelic Irish customs by people of Anglo-Norman descent. However, the pull of Gaelic culture was too strong and most of these laws were widely ignored. The result of this was that by the year 1400 the English crown had lost any authority over vast areas of Ireland, especially in Connacht, where the Anglo-Norman population became almost totally Gaelicised and refused to recognize English authority any longer. As a result of this, many Anglo-Norman families in Connacht, particularly the McWilliam Burkes of County Mayo, by the 1500s were absolutely indistinguishable from their Gaelic Irish neighbours. This fact led the English to come up with the phrase 'More Irish than the Irish themselves' to describe such families. What follows is a list of the most prominent Gaelicised Anglo-Norman families and the new Gaelic surnames they often adopted to fit in with Gaelic Irish society: Bermingham - Mac Fheorais (now often Corish), Bissett - Mac Eoin (now McKeown), de Nangle - Mac Oisdealbhaigh (now often Costello), de Burgh - de Búrca (Burke) with many sub-clans also - McWilliam, McRedmond, McGibbon and Mac Seoinín (now called Jennings), Fitzmaurice - Mac Muiris, Savage - Mac an tSábhaisigh, Fitzgerald - Mac Gerailt and Nugent - Mac Nuinseann. There are many more. Next week I hope to add a Tuesday blog also to my website, concentrating on more technical aspects of genealogy and website development. However, the Friday series will continue as normal. A notable feature of the distribution of Irish surnames throughout the Island of Ireland, is often the attachment of certain surnames to particular areas, often for many centuries. This can be seen in the distribution of Irish families even today in the early twentyfirst century.	<urn:uuid:557614b5-3f5d-4dc0-985c-06c11ca66358>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.familyhistoryireland.com/genealogy-blog/itemlist/tag/anglonorman-invasion-of-ireland	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.977848	4,025	3.578125	4
Using the Map Images The following information is from the Adobe Acrobat Reader Help File and contains the basic information you need to open, navigate, and print PDF documents using Adobe Acrobat Reader. To view the complete Help File, select Reader Help from the Acrobat Reader Help menu. You must download and install Adobe Acrobat Reader version 4.0 or higher before you will be able to view or print PDF maps. Enlarging the Map Image The Adobe PDF map images represent maps that were created at a size of 33 inches by 36 inches. When you first bring the PDF map image up on your computer screen it will display the entire map. In most cases the size of the features will be too small for easy identification. However, you can use the Adobe Acrobat Reader’s zoom function to enlarge a portion of the map to more clearly see the features. To do this, click on the “Zoom in Tool” (the magnifying glass icon) on the menu bar by putting the cursor on it and clicking the left mouse button. Then move your cursor (which was changed to a magnifying glass with a (+) sign inside) down to the map image to one corner of the area that you want to enlarge. While holding the left mouse button down drag the cursor across the map to create a box around the area that you want to enlarge. When you release the button the area within the box that you drew will enlarge to fit the screen. You can repeat this step as often as necessary to get a satisfactory enlargement. To get back to the original display or to reduce the amount of zoom you can change the percentage number shown between the (+) and the (-) signs of the magnifying glass. Browsing the Map with Bookmarks Acrobat Reader allows you to move to specific places in PDF maps using Bookmarks that take you to specific pre-defined tourist attraction or hotel on the map. Clicking on a bookmark will display the desired location in the center of the map. To browse using a bookmark: - Show the Bookmarks palette. You may need to choose Window > Show Bookmarks to open the palette or click the Bookmarks tab to bring the palette to the front of its group. - To jump to a spot on the map using its bookmark, click the bookmark’s text in the palette. The bookmark for the part of the map currently showing is marked in grey. When a parent bookmark is collapsed, it has a plus sign. If the bookmark you want to click is hidden in a collapsed parent, click the plus sign next to the parent to show it. Printing the PDF Map Image Because of the tremendous amount of detail that they must show for a given area, the maps are designed for a paper sheet that is too wide for an ordinary printer. Therefore, printing the entire map sheet on an A4 or A3 size of paper will not provide a usable image. If you need just a portion of the map printed it can be done simply by enlarging that portion of the map (as explained above in the “Enlarging the Map Image” section). Note that you must select the "Current View” and "fit to printer margins" options on the Print menu. All copyrights for the PDF map images on this page belong to the Israel Ministry of Tourism and “Blustein Maps & More Ltd’ www.mapotveod.com. You have permission to print multiple copies of these maps for personal, non-commercial use only. The maps may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form, and may not be presented in any media, including on other websites. You may create a link from your website to this page.	<urn:uuid:e07457de-2f30-4532-b5d8-8f05c8f8abc3>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.thinkisrael.com/Tourism_Euk/Tourist%20Information/Discover%20Israel/Pages/Maps%20of%20Israel.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00062-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.851734	777	2.609375	3
China has participated in spaceflight for a rather short time. While the first satellite was launched in 1970, the beginnings were rather slow. Decades later China’s space program doesn’t need to hide itself. China has achieved what few other nations have: Sending a man into orbit around earth. At this moment China is the 3rd largest player in spaceflight. That being said, the Western world should ask itself if a cooperation with China is desired. Russia (and its predecessor the Soviet Union) has traditionally good ties with China and a lot of technology transfer happened already. Russian space leaders often meet with their Chinese counterparts and it is definitely clear that these two nations already cooperate. On the other side of the ocean are the United States of America, which does not want to cooperate with China at all. Hardliners currently have the upper hand in this question and technology exchange, joint programs and other forms of cooperation are forbidden. This stance is rather one-sided. While the USA prohibit cooperation, China is willing to cooperate. In Europe ties with China are slowly developing. On several occasions Europe’s space agency ESA worked together with China’s national space agency CNSA. Scientists from both sides occasionally work on projects from the partner and talks continue if a future Chinese space station can be built with support from Europe. One of the outstanding projects of cooperation in recent times was the Mars-500 project. A flight to Mars was simulated in a laboratory on earth. Six participants from CNSA, ESA and the Russian Federal Space Agency flew to Mars. A space habitat was built and the crew had to live these 500 days in cramped conditions. While this was only simulated on ground, many new insights were found and furthermore, the three partners showed that they can cooperate very well. The head of the European Human Space Flight and Operations Directorate, and former German ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter, said in an interview that some current ESA astronaut trainees are also learning Chinese. I think, if the West cooperates with China in space, there initially will be some technology transfer towards China. But it may turn out as a good investment. China is growing continuously and even without any technology transfers there is little to stop them from being the leading space power in 20 to 30 years. At that moment a technology transfer in the reverse direction could take place. So why not just start to cooperate now? And learners of Chinese can profit as new job opportunities in space engineering open up. Crew of the Mars 500 project onboard their space ship. Image: ESA	<urn:uuid:7f1d2022-d96a-41c1-b589-5016e8897a16>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://yolearnchinese.com/archives/chinese-western-spaceflight-cooperation	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00001-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.969734	518	3.078125	3
The Tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry method is a relatively new extension of the PIV measurement technique with the specific ability to determine three-dimensional velocity vector fields . Analogous to the planar PIV technique the principle of Tomo-PIV is based on the calculation of the velocity vector field in a flow from the displacement of imaged tracer particles (s.c. seeding) on two subsequently captured images of the region of interest. With a planar stereoscopic PIV set-up it is possible to determine instantaneous velocity vector fields with all three components in a two dimensional plane (2D-3C). Furthermorer, Tomo-PIV enables the determination of an instantaneous velocity vector volume (3D-3C). The method is making use of the tomographic reconstruction of an instantaneous particle distribution based on the projections of this distribution onto several cameras: tiny tracer particles are added to the flow of interest and illuminated with a short laser light pulse in a volume with a rectangular base area. The light scattered by the particles is captured by several (ca. 3 to 6, typically 4) cameras applying the Scheimpflug condition. In that way weighted projections of the instantaneous particle distribution are received by the camera sensors from different viewing directions (see Fig. 1 ). The information about the lines of sight of each camera pixel through the investigated volume is described by a polynomial approximation achieved from a 3D-calibration procedure. In a second step the original three-dimensional particle distribution has to be (re-)calculated from the projections to the cameras. Therefore the MART (Multiplicative Algebraic Reconstruction Technique) method is used, introduced by Herman und Lent . The problem of reconstruction is converted into an under-determined system of equations, which can be solved in a converged approximation using algebraic methods. At the end of the reconstruction process a digital representation of the volume in the shape of a voxel space (deduced from pixel = picture elements -> volume elements) is obtained, in which intensity values virtually describe the original particle distribution. The illumination and imaging of the volume within the flow is carried out at two subsequent time steps and a tomographic reconstruction for both time steps is performed. By calculating the three-dimensional cross-correlation of the obtained voxel-spaces locally on a regular grid a displacement vector field of the reconstructed particle distributions can be achieved analogous to the 2D-PIV evaluation process. A sketch summarizing the Tomo-PIV method is shown in Fig. 2 (after F. Scarano, TU Delft). Tomo-PIV can be applied in air as well as in water. Like for planar PIV time-resolved experiments can be performed using high speed-cameras and –lasers (e.g. turbulent boundary layers flows). The fluid structure distributions are visualized e.g. by selected vector planes and 3D-iso-contour surfaces of the vorticity. In case a time-resolved measurement is not necessary or higher spatial resolution is desired the application of high resolution double-frame cameras enables a measurement of instantaneous velocity distributions containing several scales within a complex flow simultaneously. Fig. 3 shows a result from an experiment in which four 16-Megapixel-cameras have been used for the imaging of a volume of 100 x 70 x 8 mm³ size in a transitional shear flow behind a Backward-Facing-Step. Vector fields with a spatial resolution of 1.1 independent vectors per mm³ have been achieved (resulting in a total number of more than 3.5 mio vectors per measurement point at 75 % overlap). Future applications of Tomo-PIV in industrial wind tunnels will most likely be restricted to so called Fat-Sheet Tomo-PIV due to the influences of long viewing distances and vibrations of the cameras. With such a set-up it is possible to correct for the line-of-sight variations between the cameras by volume self-calibration from single simultaneous images of each camera. The light sheet thickness is only slightly increased compared to a Stereo-PIV set-up, but results of a Fat-sheet Tomo-PIV measurement can deliver the complete instantaneous velocity gradient tensor in a “thick plane”. Elsinga G.E., Scarano F., Wieneke B. and van Oudheusden B.W. (2006); Tomographic particle image velocimetry. Exp Fluids 41:933-947(15) Herman G.T., Lent A.; Iterative reconstruction algorithms. Comput Biol Med 6:273–294, 1976 Schröder A., Geisler R., Elsinga G.E., Scarano F., Dierksheide U. (2008); Investigation of a turbulent spot and a tripped turbulent boundary layer flow using time-resolved tomographic PIV. Exp Fluids 44:305–316 Wieneke B. (2008); Volume self-calibration for 3D particle image velocimetry. 549-556, Exp Fluids 45:549–556	<urn:uuid:82b3c267-b720-4a7b-a0b9-faa62693f753>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.dlr.de/as/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-183/251_read-24245	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.881967	1,066	2.75	3
Washington Post columnist Eugene Robinson's cleverly titled new book Disintegration: The Splintering of Black America dissects how African-Americans evolved from being a fairly cohesive, similarly minded group before the civil rights movement into four distinct groups today. He gives new labels to the African-American groups that have evolved in the past 50 years. • A "Mainstream" middle-class majority with a full ownership stake in American society. • A large "Abandoned" minority with less hope of escaping poverty and dysfunction than at any time since Reconstruction's end. • A small "Transcendent" elite with such enormous wealth, power and influence that even white people have to genuflect (yes, that would include Oprah). • Two newly "Emergent" groups — individuals of mixed-race heritage and communities of recent black immigrants — that, Robinson says, "make us wonder what 'black' is even supposed to mean." Combining history, census data and a lot of reporting, Robinson explores the four black Americas of today. Robinson, who won the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for commentary, sees the disintegration of "Black America" as mostly positive. The members of all but one of his named groups have seen their lives advance, even as class divides have arisen in the African-American community. But the losers of disintegration are the Abandoned — inner-city dwellers, mostly, and residents of the rural South. Robinson doesn't believe, as some have suggested, that the election of an African-American president means the United States has become a postracial nation. But he does think, taking the long view, "that a couple of generations down the line" we may be there. What will help is the Emergent group, which is increasing the numbers of biracial births every year. Robinson predicts an unprecedented number of interracial marriages and the largest cohort of interracial children in U.S. history. "I have seen the future, and it is beige," he writes.	<urn:uuid:f7c8ab6b-930c-4353-84a0-731390df7c68>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.tampabay.com/features/books/review-in-disintegration-the-splintering-of-black-america-eugene-robinson/1138647	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.961143	412	2.671875	3
Mining Contract: LiDAR Technology Adaptation to Underground Coal Mines for Float Coal Dust and Rock Dust Mapping Applications The explosion hazard in coal mines related to float coal dust can be mitigated by distributing the proper concentration of rock dust given the amount of float coal dust being liberated by the mining process. The proposed sensing technology aims to estimate dispersion distances of float coal dust and assess rock dust coverage over large areas. Eventually, it could be used as an input to automated rock dusting equipment to optimize rock dust application. Contract Status & Impact The contract is complete. To receive a copy of the final report, send a request to OMSHR@cdc.gov. Currently, a real-time measurement technique for float coal dust does not exist. The implementation of automated and new functionalities in both hardware and software would make existing measurement technology better suited to mapping and visualizing the dispersion of float coal dust in real time. In addition, a technique used to assess adequacies of rock dust along the ribs could obviously help to identify areas where more rock dust is required. The research performed by Electricore, Inc., under this contract utilized Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology as a means to achieve these two capabilities. LiDAR sensing technology is an optical instrument capable of measuring the distance to a target by measuring the light duration round-trip between the instrument and the target using the reflectance and scattering properties of the target material. Because of its sensitivity, LiDAR allows for the mapping of dust dispersion within both longwall and continuous coal mine entries. Prior to this contract, a prototype unit using LiDAR technology was successfully demonstrated for measuring dust concentrations in simulated conditions of underground coal mine operations. The focus for this new work was to achieve a real-time display of the float coal dust dispersion, automating or assisting the deployment of the prototype, and calibrating the prototype for different types of dust (e.g., float coal dust, rock dust). Hardware adaptations were completed which allowed for the measurement of concentrations of dust across a distance and the concentration grid to be fused with a picture. Software modifications were implemented which allowed illumination profile correction, precise distance calibration, reflectance calculation based upon image and distance, 3-D mapping, and the display in real time of deposited concentration map on contextual image. These adaptations have brought the instrument a step closer to a commercial system for use in underground mines, in that the LiDAR system has more capabilities and is more user-friendly. This system can now be easily utilized for research studies, but requires some further simplifications for everyday use in underground mines. The LiDAR system demonstrated some potential benefits for mapping dust. It provided a 3-D map of the relative dust concentrations over a large area. Another potential advantage to the LiDAR system is that some preliminary data suggested that it may be able to determine the ratio of rock dust and coal dust in the air. This could be beneficial in automating a rock duster to ensure that the correct amount of rock dust is being provided. Further data is needed to verify this finding. Currently, a limitation to the LiDAR system is that a complicated calibration scheme is needed to determine the actual dust concentrations. The calibration factor depends upon dust type, particle size distribution, and other physical effects. The LiDAR system’s capability for determining rock dust on the surface of coal mines was not as promising. Under dry conditions, the LiDAR system could determine if the surface was above an 80/20 mixture of a particular rock dust and coal dust. However, the system’s capability was strongly affected by humidity and would therefore be difficult to calibrate. - Coal Dust Explosibility - Coal Dust Explosibility Meter Evaluation and Recommendations for Application - Coal Dust Particle Size Survey of US Mines - Determining Flame Travel Measurements from Experimental Coal Dust Explosions - Full-Scale Testing of the Float Dust Deposition Meter - How Does Limestone Rock Dust Prevent Coal Dust Explosions in Coal Mines? - Metering and Distribution Improvements to Increase the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Rock Dusters - Mitigating Coal Dust Explosions in Modern Underground Coal Mines - Rock Dusting Considerations in Underground Coal Mines - Technology News 515 - Float Coal Dust Explosion Hazards - Page last reviewed: 7/16/2015 - Page last updated: 7/16/2015 - Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Mining Program	<urn:uuid:e05d950f-0d49-40fb-a11f-744ca89d405f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/researchprogram/contracts/Contract_200-2013-56947.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00153-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.90488	922	2.78125	3
Israel is a Jewish state, or the nation-state of the Jewish people, because it was established according to the UN’s two-state resolution — Jewish and Arab states — as self-determination is rooted in the law of nations, and because it is the self-determination of the majority of Israel’s citizens. Israel does not need Palestinian recognition of its Jewish character, and has never made such a demand of Egypt and Jordan. So why has Israel been insistent on recognition of its Jewish character from the Palestinians? US Secretary of State John Kerry stated recently that Yasser Arafat had already recognised a Jewish state. He is right. It is important to understand that recognition. In the mid-1970’s, Henry Kissinger formulated the conditions for dialogue between the PLO and the US administration. These included an explicit and unconditional rejection of terror and recognition of Israel. The issue became relevant only in the late-1980s. The PLO’s status was damaged after its expulsion to Tunisia and the outbreak of the First Intifada. It attempted to return to centrestage through dialogue with the US. Swedish foreign minister Stan Anderson was enlisted to mediate. In November 1988, the Palestinian National Council convened in Algiers — remembered primarily for its declarations of independence. The same council, for the first time, recognised UN Resolutions 181, 242 and 338. The developments were positive, but the decisions did not satisfy the US. Anderson didn’t give up. He invited five leading Jews, led by attorney Rita Hauser from the US, to Stockholm to meet Arafat. Arafat denounced terrorism and declared his acceptance of the UN resolutions. Apparently, this was the first time the words “Jewish State” came out of Arafat’s mouth. But the US demanded a more explicit declaration, refusing to grant Arafat a visa to speak before the UN. On December 13, a special session was held in Geneva so that Arafat could speak. Once again, the US was not satisfied by his declarations. George Shultz, then secretary of state, was not prepared to deviate from the explicit wording the US demanded. After two days of consultations, Arafat convened a press conference denouncing terrorism and recognising UN Resolutions 242 and 338. He once again declared that the solution was “two states for two peoples”, and a “Jewish state” in Israel. Arafat gave his statements in English. In reality, he read exactly what Shultz had given him. This time, he met US demands. On the same day, December 15, Shultz announced that the US president had decided to open a dialogue with the PLO. The dialogue was short and futile. At the first outbreak of terror, the PLO refused to denounce it. Iraq invaded Kuwait. Arafat supported Saddam Hussein. The dialogue came to an abrupt end. The Madrid Conference convened, and only the Oslo Accords brought the PLO back to centrestage. But the Fatah Conference in 2009, at which Abu Mazen (Mahmoud Abbas) stood at its head, unanimously decided to completely refute the idea of a “Jewish State”. It’s worthwhile to note the wording of the announcement: “Complete resistance, with no way back, to the recognition of Israel as a ‘Jewish State’, to protect the rights of refugees and the rights of minorities on the other side of the Green Line”. Arafat himself reneged on his recognition of a Jewish state. A number of questions remain. Why was the US’s stubborn insistence on preconditions for talks legitimate, but Israel’s demands today — not a precondition — are somehow less legitimate? Second, if Abu Mazen, the PLO and Fatah retreated from Arafat’s consent, there is a chance that every Palestinian agreement is in reality a deception. And third, if it’s not a deception, and Palestinians already recognised a Jewish state, as Kerry claims, then what’s the problem in working this agreement into the outline? The discussion has also had several foolish claims. For example, what Abe Foxman, the president of the Anti-Defamation League in the US, would say if the US declared itself a “Christian state”. Or, Efraim Halevi, former director of the Mossad, asked how Israel would react if the Palestinians demanded recognition as a “Muslim state”. It’s unfortunate that serious individuals made such futile claims. First, the US belongs to a small group of countries that are not nation-states. Most countries are nation-states. Yugoslavia broke up into seven separate entities; Czechoslovakia into two; Pakistan broke away from India. Other European states maintain national identities, even religious identities. In England, the religion of the state is Anglican, and if the next king marries a Jew, their children won’t be able to inherit the crown. Article 4 of Denmark’s constitution establishes the state religion as Evangelical-Lutheran, which is granted state support and assistance, and its king can only be of that religion. The list can go on. Halevi, who also served as Israel’s ambassador to the EU, is supposed to be aware of all the drafts of the Palestinian constitution that establish “Islam as the religion of the state”. There is no need to wait for a state with a constitution. That is what Article 4 of the Basic Law of the Palestinian Authority states. The demand for the recognition of a Jewish state is aimed at achieving two things: ending the fantasy of the “right of return” and bringing an end to the conflict. Israel doesn’t need Palestinian permission to be a nation-state for the Jewish people. But because the Palestinians have said that opposition to the Jewish state is a demand for the return of refugees, Netanyahu’s present demand has added significance. It’s important to remember three other things. One, at the end of 2000, Bill Clinton presented the parameters for a peace plan that included the words: “Palestine as the homeland of the Palestinian people and the state of Israel as the homeland of the Jewish people”. Two, the Geneva Accords includes in its introduction an agreement of the right of the Jewish people to a state. And three, before Netanyahu, there were Tzipi Livni and Ehud Olmert who insisted on this demand. This is not to say that Israel has kept all its promises within the diplomatic framework with the Palestinians. Take for example the “Road Map”, in which Israel promised to freeze all building in the settlements and to dismantle outposts built after 2001. That didn’t happen. As long as we’re talking about preparing a principle draft, we need to place the demand for the recognition of a Jewish state within its historical context. It wasn’t Netanyahu and it was not the Israeli right. It was the US administration that pressured Arafat to agree to this demand, and these were dovish members who were adamant about it. As long as Palestinians demand the “right of return”, its significance being the end of the State of Israel, the insistence on the recognition of a Jewish state is basically an insistence on two states for two peoples. Anyone who justifies the Palestinian refusal is not bringing peace any closer, but pushing the chances of a “two states for two peoples” solution further away. There are other issues on which we need to oppose Netanyahu’s policies. On this, however, he deserves total support. Not to torpedo peace, but the opposite — to pave the way to peace. The writer, an Israeli journalist, is with the ‘Maariv’ newspaper.	<urn:uuid:8868124b-b306-4d28-bd4a-aabb07c2af85>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/it-didnt-begin-with-netanyahu/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00050-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.965345	1,610	2.875	3
The research, published in Carcinogenesis, tested the effects of omega-3 fatty acids in a laboratory setting using in vitro samples of cancerous cells. The team focused their study on one specific type of cancer called squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) - which is responsible for the majority of skin cancer. However, SCC can also occur in the lining of the digestive tract, lungs, and other areas of the body. Led by Dr Zacharoula Nikolakopoulou at Queen Mary, University of London, UK, the research team found that omega-3 fatty acids - particuarly EPA - selectively blocks the growth and induces cell death in early and late-stage SCC oral and skin cancers. Nikolakopoulo and colleagues noted that the in vitro tests showed the omega-3 fatty acids caused this cell death at levels that did not affect normal cells. "As the doses needed to kill the cancer cells do not affect normal cells, especially with one particular fatty acid we used called eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), there is potential for using omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of skin and oral cancers," she said. "It may be that those at an increased risk of such cancers - or their recurrence - could benefit from increased omega-3 fatty acids." "Moreover, as the skin and oral cancers are often easily accessible, there is the potential to deliver targeted doses locally via aerosols or gels," suggested Nikolakopoulo. "However further research is needed to define the appropriate therapeutic doses." The team noted that SCC is one of the major forms of skin cancer, while oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) are the sixth most common cancer worldwide. OSCC in particular are difficult and very expensive to treat, the team noted. In the new study, Nikolakopoulo and her colleagues grew cell cultures in the lab from several different cells lines - to which they added fatty acids. Cell lines included both malignant oral and skin SCCs, along with pre-malignant cells and normal skin and oral cells. Both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and EPA forms of omega-3 fatty acids were found to be effective in reducing growth of the SCC cell lines, however the team revealed that even a low dose of EPA in particular blocked the growth of cancer cells with a combination of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis "Surprisingly, we discovered this was partly due to an over-stimulation of a key growth factor (epidermal growth factor) which triggered cell death," explained Professor Parkinson, Head of the Oral Cancer Research Group at Queen Mary's, and senior author of the new study. "This is a novel mechanism of action of these fatty acids," he said. Published online ahead of print, doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgt257 "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids selectively inhibit growth in neoplastic oral keratinocytes by differentially activating ERK1/2" Authors: Zacharoula Nikolakopoulou, Georgios Nteliopoulos, Adina Teodora Michael-Titus, Eric Kenneth Parkinson	<urn:uuid:23acc1ab-bede-4767-9bb3-718237787e80>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.nutraingredients.com/Research/Omega-3-fatty-acids-offer-cancer-potential-Lab-study	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949691	666	3.390625	3
The holiday season now upon us is a time for festivity, and usually overeating. But the rampant consumption of sugar that marks this time of year is nothing to celebrate. In fact, the seasonal upsurge in sugar consumption is just part of a huge transition in world health that is now underway. Many countries, especially developing countries, are facing the consequences of huge changes in lifestyle: modifications in diet, lower levels of physical activity, and increased tobacco use. These changes are determined to a large extent by the globalization and expansion of food markets and by ever-greater levels of urbanization. Both of these factors incite sedentary behavior at home and at work, as well as profound alterations in dietary habits. So it should be no surprise that noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity, diabetes and cancer now kill 33 million people around the world each year and cause almost 60 percent of total deaths. Indeed, they account for almost half the global burden of disease. By 2020, that contribution is expected to rise to 73 percent of all deaths and 60 percent of the global burden of disease. Moreover, more than 60 percent of these deaths occur in the developing world, and it is here that NCDs increasingly appear in younger age groups, which can have huge implications for how productive a country's workers are. Recent data from China reflect the extent of the problem. In China's rural areas, with more than 800 million people, NCDs account for more than 80 percent of deaths. Many countries are now afflicted by a double burden of diseases. Countries that still struggle with malnutrition and illnesses like malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS must now contend with an explosion of CVDs, diabetes and obesity, as well as soaring rates of high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol. Indeed, five of the 10 leading causes of death worldwide are related to diet and physical activity: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, low intake of fruit and vegetables, high body mass index and insufficient exercise. Clearly, effective strategies to tackle the NCD burden require a critical examination of what people are eating and their levels of physical activity. The World Health Organization (WHO), together with a group of international experts, has developed a global strategy on diet, physical activity and health over a period of 18 months through an extensive series of consultations in more than 80 countries, and with the input of UN bodies, civic groups and food producers. One of the strategy's key conclusions is that reducing the burden of NCDs requires a multi-sectoral approach. Like a toolbox, the strategy provides WHO members with a comprehensive range of policy options from which to choose. Governments can act. Transport ministries should provide safe roads so that children can bike to school. Finance ministers could tax unhealthy food and subsidize healthy food. And education ministers should demand healthy school meals. Many countries are already developing their own national strategies. Most of what WHO is recommending has been endorsed by public-health officials for many years. But we face a global problem, with many international stakeholders, and this requires an urgent and worldwide response.	<urn:uuid:4c5adcc6-1ad2-484c-b68c-f5b4ab11e470>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2005/01/08/2003218547	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.945906	640	3.125	3
Annotation of wikisrc/kyua.mdwn, revision 1.5 1.1 jmmv 1: [[!meta title="Kyua: An introduction for NetBSD users"]] 1.4 jmmv 2: [[!toc levels=2]] 1.1 jmmv 3: 4: The [Automated Testing Framework](ATF), or ATF for short, is a software 5: package composed of two parts: the ATF libraries and the ATF tools. 6: The ATF libraries provide a toolkit for developers to implement test cases 7: in a variety of languages: C, C++ and POSIX shell. The ATF tools provide 8: the utilities to run such test cases in an automated way and to generate 11: The ATF tools have some 12: [design and, particularly, implementation problems](http://mail-index.netbsd.org/atf-devel/2010/11/13/msg000206.html) 13: that make it hard to add support for highly desired features such as 14: parallel execution of test cases, unified dashboards covering multiple test 15: runs ([like this one](http://releng.netbsd.org/test-results.html)), the 16: ability to run legacy or third-party test programs that do not use the ATF 17: libraries, and the ability to tune the timeout of test cases. 19: Kyua's current goal is to reimplement _only_ the ATF tools while 20: maintaining backwards compatibility with the tests written with the ATF 21: libraries (i.e. with the NetBSD test suite). 23: Because Kyua is a replacement of some ATF components, the end goal is to 24: integrate Kyua into the NetBSD base system (just as ATF is) and remove the 25: deprecated ATF components. Removing the deprecated components will allow 26: us to make the above-mentioned improvements to Kyua, as well as many 27: others, without having to deal with the obsolete ATF code base. 28: Discussing how and when this transition might happen is out of the scope 29: of this document at the moment. 31: This page provides instructions on how to use Kyua with the current NetBSD 32: test suite so that you can experiment with the tool, familiarize yourself 33: with it and provide feedback early on. 1.5 ! jmmv 35: If you would like more details on how the import of Kyua into NetBSD will ! 36: happen, please see [Kyua: The way into NetBSD](import). 1.2 jmmv 38: # What's in the name? 40: You should really think of Kyua as ATF 2.x. Then, why isn't it just ATF 43: To be honest, I never liked the ATF name: it was picked for me as part of 44: the Google Summer of Code 2007 program and I did not think about changing 45: it at that time. A year later, I learned that the ATF acronym is severely 46: overloaded, which makes it hard to find the project on popular search 47: engines, and has unpopular connotations in specific countries. 49: So, as part of the rewrite, I decided to choose a new name: a name that is 50: not an acronym and thus can be easily pronounced, and a name that is quite 51: unique in search results. The name is Kyua, which is just a play on the 52: pronounciation of the Q.A. acronym. Originally, my intention was to 53: pronounce Kyua as Q.A., but in reality this never happened. Today, just 54: read the name as your instinct would: "Kyu-ah". 1.4 jmmv 56: # Why is Kyua a third-party project? 58: Kyua's main consumer is NetBSD. One could argue that Kyua should be 59: developed within NetBSD and maintained in the NetBSD source tree. However, 60: there is nothing in the Kyua project that inherently depends on NetBSD, and 61: maintaining it as a third-party package is a way to keep the developers 62: honest regarding portability. 64: Ideally, other projects (such as FreeBSD) would make use of Kyua too for 65: their testing needs, and if that happened we would be able to share tests 66: with them pretty easily. Forcing a portable codebase in the upstream 67: repository helps in this. (Be aware that different individuals from 68: FreeBSD and Minix have shown interest in adopting Kyua for their respective 1.1 jmmv 71: # Main differences (aka "what to expect") 73: As of version 0.5, Kyua has (or is supposed to have) feature parity with 74: the ATF tools. That said, having feature parity does not imply that they 75: are the same. This section outlines a few of the differences that you 76: should be aware of before continuing. 78: ## Results database 80: Kyua collects the results of the execution of a test suite into an SQLite 81: database. User-friendly reports are later generated by extracting data 82: from this same database. 84: In ATF, the results of the execution were written to an internal format 85: that only atf-report could understand. Despite of the database, Kyua still 86: maintains the separation of "tests execution" from "report generation". 88: The contents of the database are immutable and incremental. This means 89: that, in the future, the Kyua tools will be able to provide historical data 90: for particular test cases, or for whole test runs (which is what other 91: NetBSD developers have ended up implementing multiple times outside of ATF 92: because the framework did not provide such functionality by itself). 94: ## Support for multiple test interfaces 96: Kyua has support for different "test interfaces", which means that Kyua can 97: execute test programs written using different paradigms and collect their 98: results into a single report. At the moment, two interfaces are supported: 100: * The "atf" interface provides compatibility with those test programs that 101: use the ATF libraries. This is the only interface currently used by the 102: NetBSD test suite, as there is no way to run any other test program in an 103: automated manner. 105: * The "plain" interface permits the execution of legacy test programs that 106: do not use any testing library. Such test programs are those that just 107: return 0 or non-0 to indicate the success or failure of the test 108: (respectively). This feature will allow the NetBSD test suite to 109: transparently execute third-party test suites (such as the IPF or GCC 110: test suites) without having to implement ATF-based wrappers. It will 111: also lower the barrier of entry to writing test programs for NetBSD, as 112: using the ATF libraries will become optional. 114: ## Lua configuration files 116: Kyua has two kind of configuration files: the Kyuafiles, which are the 117: files shipped with a test suite that describe what test programs need to be 118: run; and the user configuration files, which specify the run-time settings 119: of Kyua and the test suites. ATF had this same split of configuration 120: files, and they were written in a custom language, with a custom parser. 122: The Kyua configuration files are all Lua scripts. The major advantage of 123: this at the moment is that their syntax will be familiar to end users, and 124: that the parser for these files is well-tested. In the future, the use of 125: Lua will allow the implementation of more-intelligent test (and maybe even 126: build) scripts. 1.4 jmmv 128: ## Direct HTML output 130: All of the NetBSD continous build and testing systems provide status 131: reports through the releng web interface. In the case of ATF, this has 132: traditionally been tricky because ATF cannot generate HTML contents 133: directly; instead, `atf-report` generates XML output which later must be 134: postprocessed with `xsltproc` to create the HTML pages. 136: Kyua has the ability to generate HTML reports straight from the tool, 137: without having to go through any XML toolchain. This means that NetBSD, 138: out of the box, can generate such reports and publish them with the builtin 139: httpd(8) server. 1.1 jmmv 141: ## Heavier code base 143: If you take a look at the Kyua distribution file, you may notice that it is 144: about the same size as the distribution file of ATF, yet Kyua does not 145: currently replace the ATF libraries. This may be surprising because it 146: seems to imply that the codebase of Kyua is bigger because it "just" 147: reimplements atf-run and atf-report: i.e. by just reimplementing parts of 148: ATF, it is already as big as the whole of ATF. 150: This is true, for two reasons. 152: The first is that Kyua is more featureful and flexible: the features 153: outlined above have a cost in terms of implementation, and the codebase of 154: Kyua is more carefully crafted to allow for later growth. In particular, 155: all OS-specific details have been abstracted for easier portability, and 156: the SQLite and Lua libraries have been wrapped for safety. 158: The second is that Kyua is much better tested (which is very important for 159: a software package that you will rely on to validate your own software!). 160: To give you some numbers, ATF 0.16 contains around 400 test cases for both 161: atf-run and atf-report while Kyua 0.5 contains around 1100 test cases. 163: # Components 165: Kyua, as a project, is made up of a variety of components (which include 166: ATF, because the ATF libraries are not being rewritten). All of these 167: components exist in pkgsrc, and are: 169: * pkgsrc/devel/atf-libs: The C, C++ and POSIX shell libraries provided by 170: ATF. These are NOT meant to be replaced by Kyua. 172: * pkgsrc/devel/atf: The ATF tools, namely atf-run and atf-report. These 173: are deprecated and this package should eventually disappear. 175: * pkgsrc/devel/kyua-cli: The Kyua command-line interface, which provides a 176: superset of the functionality of atf-run and atf-report. 178: * pkgsrc/devel/kyua-atf-compat: Drop-in replacements for atf-run and 179: atf-report that use kyua-cli in the backend. 181: # Running the NetBSD test suite 183: There are two ways to run the NetBSD test suite with Kyua. The easy (or 184: trivial) way is to use the backwards compatibility ATF tools, and the more 185: sophisticated way is to convert the test suite to Kyua and use the native 186: Kyua binary. This section explains both approaches. 188: ## Using the ATF compatibility tools 190: The easiest (but also the least "future-proof") way to run the NetBSD test 191: suite with Kyua is to use the backwards compatibility ATF tools provided by 192: the kyua-atf-compat module. First of all, install the package: 194: $ cd /usr/pkgsrc/deve/kyua-atf-compat 195: $ make install && make clean 197: And then, running the test suite is as easy as: 199: $ cd /usr/tests 200: $ /usr/pkg/bin/atf-run \| /usr/pkg/bin/atf-report 202: Please be aware that if the atf-run and atf-report tools provided by 203: kyua-atf-compat appear in your PATH before the real atf-run and atf-report 204: tools shipped by NetBSD, you will experience test failures for all the 205: tests in /usr/tests/atf/atf-run and /usr/tests/atf/atf-report. This is 206: expected: while the compatibility tools behave similarly to the real tools 207: from a user's perspective, they are not fully interchangeable. (For 208: example, the serialization format between atf-run and atf-report is 211: One property of the atf-run wrapper is that it uses the default results 212: database in ~/.kyua/store.db to record the execution of the tests. This 213: means that, once the execution of the tests is done with the compatibility 214: tools, you can still use the native Kyua binary to poke at the results 215: database. More on this below. 217: ## Using the native Kyua command-line interface 219: The preferred way to run the NetBSD test suite with Kyua is to use the 220: native Kyua command-line binary. This is the preferred method because it 221: trains you to use the new interface rather than relying on the old pipeline 222: and because it exposes you to all the new features of Kyua. Regardless, 223: this and the previous approach will yield the same results for a particular 226: Using the native command-line interface is a multi-step process because 227: the existing NetBSD test suite is not prepared for Kyua. Let's take a look 228: at these steps. 230: To get started, install the Kyua packages: 232: $ cd /usr/pkgsrc/deve/kyua-cli 233: $ make install && make clean 234: $ cd /usr/pkgsrc/deve/kyua-atf-compat 235: $ make install && make clean 237: Once this is done, configure Kyua in the same way ATF is configured "out of 238: the box" in NetBSD. Create the /usr/pkg/etc/kyua/kyua.conf file with these 1.3 jmmv 241: syntax('config', 1) 1.1 jmmv 242: unprivileged_user = '_tests' 244: The next step is to populate /usr/tests with Kyuafiles, as Kyua is unable 245: to read existing Atffiles. This is easy to do with the atf2kyua(1) tool 246: shipped in the kyua-atf-compat package: 248: # atf2kyua /usr/tests 250: And that is it. You can now execute the test suite using Kyua with any of 251: the following two forms: 253: $ cd /usr/tests && kyua test 254: $ kyua test -k /usr/tests/Kyuafile 256: Note that none of these will generate "pretty" reports. These commands 257: will only record the results of the execution into the database. In order 258: to generate reports, keep reading. 260: # Generating reports 262: Once you have ran the NetBSD test suite with any of the mechanisms above, 263: the results of the execution have been stored in the "Kyua store", which is 264: a database located in ~/.kyua/store.db by default. (This path can be 265: changed at any time with the --store flag.) 267: To extract a report from the database using the results of the latest tests 268: run, you can run any of the following: 270: $ kyua report -o my-report.txt 271: $ kyua html-report -o /var/www/results/ 273: # Support and feedback 275: The Kyua manual is available in the GNU Info format and can be accessed by 278: $ info kyua 280: Alternatively, use the help subcommand to get built-in documentation. The 281: following invocation will print all the available subcommands: 283: $ kyua help 285: And an invocation like this will show you all the possible options for a 286: given subcommand: 288: $ kyua help report-html 290: If you have gone through the instructions above and started playing with 291: Kyua, please do not hesitate to report your experiences (either good or 292: bad) to [Julio Merino](mailto:jmmv@NetBSD.org)! Any comments will be 293: highly appreciated and will be taken into account for the near future of CVSweb for NetBSD wikisrc <wikimaster@NetBSD.org> software: FreeBSD-CVSweb	<urn:uuid:fcd4a518-4a22-4a23-8b21-b1080011e579>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://wiki.netbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/wikisrc/kyua.mdwn?annotate=1.5	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00041-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.888848	3,752	2.546875	3
Friday, August 8, 2014 Looking at a panel full of instruments is like looking at the heartbeat of your aircraft. Thinking back to primary flight training brings up basic images of how they work, such as the altimeter with its expandable bellows that moves a dial; or the attitude indicator, with a gyro inside that looks like the one on the shelf in science class. Those simple pictures help bring understanding and may aid in troubleshooting a problem or failure, but as an aircraft gets more complicated, so do the systems that monitor and report its condition. Designing the indicating systems of today’s airplanes and helicopters is a challenge to a host of engineering disciplines. Pilots are only as good as the decisions they make. Since many of those decisions are based on information presented, it must be accurately gathered, presented in a clear and timely manner, and readily accessible. Too much information will overload our own CPU, and too little deprives us of critical information. Either way, errors follow. Although the vast majority of cockpit indicators are digital electronics working at the speed of light, there still exists a measurable amount of time that passes before signals are processed and displays present their information. This is called latency, and is a very important aspect of system design. This delay in signal processing must be taken into account. Add this to the time it takes for a pilot to perceive, process, and react to the info presented, and the total delay grows. This is especially critical when designing an IFR-certified aircraft, since there will often be a lack of outside visual information to provide the aircraft’s state to the pilot. The delay in receiving and reacting to an indication has the potential to cause issues with handling qualities such as a pilot-induced oscillation. As indicators get more complex, engineers must examine all possible failure modes and decide upon the likelihood of each failure condition during the design process. The electronic age has made it more difficult to troubleshoot failures in the cockpit. On one occasion, I squawked an engine that was becoming increasingly slow to start. After checking out rigging and other mechanical possibilities, our maintenance team found that a temperature transducer had “gone bad.” This transducer is a device that reads engine temperature, converts it to a voltage, processes the signal, and then displays it back as a temperature in the cockpit. It was providing erroneous temperature readings, causing the pilots to incorrectly modulate the throttle. Luckily, it failed in a mode that displayed a higher-than-normal temperature, avoiding a very costly repair. Human factors exist in every aspect of aviation, and instrument design is no different. Digital electronics allow infinite ways to display information. With this in mind, it is important for displays to be intuitive and clear. An increasing value displayed on a gauge that moves in a decreasing fashion is counter-intuitive and can lead to confusion. The ability of modern electronics to be able to display hundreds of parameters creates a dilemma when deciding what is important enough to show the pilot. Sometimes the system allows the pilot to choose what is displayed on the panel. This can help to reduce clutter, but has the potential to increase workload, since the pilot must now remember what is not displayed and how to obtain it if needed. Getting “cognitively lost” in a computerized menu system while trying to maintain situational awareness has caused accidents. Some indicators incorporate a “display by exception,” where a minimum amount of info is displayed when conditions are in a normal range, but when conditions are exceeded, the display will then present the information that is out of limits. Having one indicator that monitors many parameters and concisely presents the info greatly reduces pilot workload. But when needles start splitting and lights start flashing, the info being displayed must be quickly interpreted. Size, color, symbology, location, and trending must be thought out so pilots can make well-informed decisions. Although the robustness of today’s digital equipment has greatly improved, the idea of redundancy cannot be overlooked. No critical display should ever provide a single point of failure in the system. The displays must serve the pilot, not the other way around. Take the time to truly understand the information that is presented to you by your instruments, in both normal and failure modes. An emergency is no time to start digging through a manual. Related: Avionics News	<urn:uuid:759dc90d-0e01-4bae-a8b4-9027f7692d58>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.aviationtoday.com/rw/issue/columns/leading-edge/Eyes-Inside_82690.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00127-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939492	892	2.703125	3
4. Overview of direct and indirect methods Evaluate the comments that follow as being True or False. If the comment is false, briefly explain why. a. Both the direct and indirect methods will produce the same cash flow from operating activities. b. Depreciation expense is added back to net income when the indirect method is used. c. One of the advantages of using the direct method rather than the indirect method is that larger cash flows from financing activities will be reported. d. The cash paid to suppliers is normally disclosed on the statement of cash flows when the indirect method of statement preparation is employed. e. The dollar change in the Merchandise Inventory account appears on the statement of cash flows only when the direct method of statement preparation is used.	<urn:uuid:6ac4a6b7-ff73-4436-a276-77ed18c37e86>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/4-overview-direct-indirect-methods-evaluate-comments-follow-true-false-comment-false-brief-q3287752	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.929418	149	3.421875	3
\|Classification and external resources\| Dementia (meaning "deprived of mind") is a serious loss of cognitive ability in a previously-unimpaired person, beyond what might be expected from normal aging. It may be static, the result of a unique global brain injury, or progressive, resulting in long-term decline due to damage or disease in the body. Although dementia is far more common in the geriatric population, it may occur in any stage of adulthood. This age cutoff is defining, as similar sets of symptoms due to organic brain syndrome or dysfunction, are given different names in populations younger than adult. Up to the end of the nineteenth century, dementia was a much broader clinical concept. Dementia is a non-specific illness syndrome (set of signs and symptoms) in which affected areas of cognition may be memory, attention, language, and problem solving. It is normally required to be present for at least 6 months to be diagnosed; cognitive dysfunction that has been seen only over shorter times, in particular less than weeks, must be termed delirium. In all types of general cognitive dysfunction, higher mental functions are affected first in the process. Especially in the later stages of the condition, affected persons may be disoriented in time (not knowing what day of the week, day of the month, or even what year it is), in place (not knowing where they are), and in person (not knowing who they are or others around them). Dementia, though often treatable to some degree, is usually due to causes that are progressive and incurable. Symptoms of dementia can be classified as either reversible or irreversible, depending upon the etiology of the disease. Less than 10 percent of cases of dementia are due to causes that may presently be reversed with treatment. Causes include many different specific disease processes, in the same way that symptoms of organ dysfunction such as shortness of breath, jaundice, or pain are attributable to many etiologies. Without careful assessment of history, the short-term syndrome of delirium (often lasting days to weeks) can easily be confused with dementia, because they have all symptoms in common, save duration, and the fact that delirium is often associated with over-activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Some mental illnesses, including depression and psychosis, may also produce symptoms that must be differentiated from both delirium and dementia. Dementia is not merely a problem of memory. Additional mental and behavioral problems often affect people who have dementia, and may influence quality of life, caregivers, and the need for institutionalization. Depression affects 20-30% of people who have dementia, and about 20% have anxiety. Psychosis (often delusions of persecution) and agitation/aggression also often accompany dementia. Each of these needs to be assessed and treated independent of the underlying dementia. The Canadian Medical Association Journal has reported that driving with dementia could lead to severe injury or even death to self and others. Doctors should advise appropriate testing on when to quit driving. In the United States, Florida's Baker Act allows law enforcement and the judiciary to force mental evaluation for those suspected of suffering from dementia or other mental incapacities. In the United Kingdom, as with all mental disorders, where a sufferer could potentially be a danger to themselves or others, they can be detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 for the purposes of assessment, care and treatment. This is a last resort, and usually avoided if the patient has family or friends who can ensure care. The United Kingdom DVLA (Driving & Vehicle Licensing Agency) states that dementia sufferers who specifically suffer with poor short term memory, disorientation, lack of insight or judgement are almost certainly not fit to drive - and in these instances, the DVLA must be informed so said license can be revoked. They do however acknowledge low-severity cases and early sufferers, and those drivers may be permitted to drive pending medical report. Various types of brain injury, occurring as a single event, may cause irreversible but fixed cognitive impairment. Traumatic brain injury may cause generalised damage to the white matter of the brain (diffuse axonal injury), or more localised damage (as also may neurosurgery). A temporary reduction in the brain's supply of blood or oxygen may lead to hypoxic-ischemic injury. Strokes (ischemic stroke, or intracerebral, subarachnoid, subdural or extradural hemorrhage) or infections (meningitis and/or encephalitis) affecting the brain, prolonged epileptic seizures and acute hydrocephalus may also have long-term effects on cognition. Excessive alcohol use may cause either alcohol dementia or Korsakoff's psychosis (and certain other recreational drugs may cause substance-induced persisting dementia); once overuse ceases, the cognitive impairment is persistent but non-progressive. Dementia which begins gradually and worsens progressively over several years is usually caused by neurodegenerative disease, that is, by conditions affecting only or primarily the neurons of the brain and causing gradual but irreversible loss of function of these cells. Less commonly, a non-degenerative condition may have secondary effects on brain cells, which may or may not be reversible if the condition is treated. The causes of dementia depend on the age at which symptoms begin. In the elderly population (usually defined in this context as over 65 years of age), a large majority of cases of dementia are caused by Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia or both. Dementia with Lewy bodies is another fairly common cause, which again may occur alongside either or both of the other causes. Hypothyroidism sometimes causes slowly progressive cognitive impairment as the main symptom, and this may be fully reversible with treatment. Normal pressure hydrocephalus, though relatively rare, is important to recognise since treatment may prevent progression and improve other symptoms of the condition. However, significant cognitive improvement is unusual. Dementia is much less common under 65 years of age. Alzheimer's disease is still the most frequent cause, but inherited forms of the disease account for a higher proportion of cases in this age group. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Huntington's disease account for most of the remaining cases. Vascular dementia also occurs, but this in turn may be due to underlying conditions (including antiphospholipid syndrome, CADASIL, MELAS, homocystinuria, moyamoya and Binswanger's disease). People who receive frequent head trauma, such as boxers or some martial artists, are at risk of dementia pugilistica. In young adults (up to 40 years of age) who were previously of normal intelligence, it is very rare to develop dementia without other features of neurological disease, or without features of disease elsewhere in the body. Most cases of progressive cognitive disturbance in this age group are caused by psychiatric illness, alcohol or other drugs, or metabolic disturbance. However, certain genetic disorders can cause true neurodegenerative dementia at this age. These include familial Alzheimer's disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, SCA17 (dominant inheritance); adrenoleukodystrophy (X-linked); Gaucher's disease type 3, Niemann-Pick disease type C, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, Tay-Sachs disease and Wilson's disease (all recessive). Wilson's disease is particularly important since cognition can improve with treatment. At all ages, a substantial proportion of patients who complain of memory difficulty or other cognitive symptoms are suffering from depression rather than a neurodegenerative disease. Vitamin deficiencies and chronic infections may also occur at any age; they usually cause other symptoms before dementia occurs, but occasionally mimic degenerative dementia. These include deficiencies of vitamin B12, folate or niacin, and infective causes including cryptococcal meningitis, HIV, Lyme disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, syphilis and Whipple's disease. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease typically causes a dementia which worsens over weeks to months. The common causes of slowly progressive dementia also sometimes present with rapid progression: Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (including corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy). On the other hand, encephalopathy or delirium may develop relatively slowly and resemble dementia. Possible causes include brain infection (viral encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Whipple's disease) or inflammation (limbic encephalitis, Hashimoto's encephalopathy, cerebral vasculitis); tumours such as lymphoma or glioma; drug toxicity (e.g. anticonvulsant drugs); metabolic causes such as liver failure or kidney failure; and chronic subdural hematoma. There are many other medical and neurological conditions in which dementia only occurs late in the illness, or as a minor feature. For example, a proportion of patients with Parkinson's disease develop dementia, though widely varying figures are quoted for this proportion. When dementia occurs in Parkinson's disease, the underlying cause may be dementia with Lewy bodies or Alzheimer's disease, or both. Cognitive impairment also occurs in the Parkinson-plus syndromes of progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration (and the same underlying pathology may cause the clinical syndromes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration). Chronic inflammatory conditions of the brain may affect cognition in the long term, including Behçet's disease, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Although the acute porphyrias may cause episodes of confusion and psychiatric disturbance, dementia is a rare feature of these rare diseases. Aside from those mentioned above, inherited conditions which may cause dementia alongside other features include: Proper differential diagnosis between the types of dementia (cortical and subcortical) will require, at the least, referral to a specialist, e.g., a geriatric internist, geriatric psychiatrist, neurologist, neuropsychologist or geropsychologist. However, there exist some brief tests (5–15 minutes) that have reasonable reliability and can be used in the office or other setting to screen cognitive status for deficits that are considered pathological. Examples of such tests include the abbreviated mental test score (AMTS), the mini mental state examination (MMSE), Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS), the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI), and the clock drawing test. An AMTS score of less than six (out of a possible score of ten) and an MMSE score under 24 (out of a possible score of 30) suggests a need for further evaluation. Scores must be interpreted in the context of the person's educational and other background, and the particular circumstances; for example, a person highly depressed or in great pain will not be expected to do well on many tests of mental ability. A meta-analysis concluded: Duration of symptoms must normally exceed six months for a diagnosis of dementia or organic brain syndrome to be made. Many other tests have been studied including the clock-drawing test (example form). Although some may emerge as better alternatives to the MMSE, presently the MMSE is the best studied. However, access to the MMSE is now limited by enforcement of its copyright. Another approach to screening for dementia is to ask an informant (relative or other supporter) to fill out a questionnaire about the person's everyday cognitive functioning. Informant questionnaires provide complementary information to brief cognitive tests. Probably the best known questionnaire of this sort is the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). The General Practitioner Assessment Of Cognition combines both, a patient assessment and an informant interview. It was specifically designed for the use in the primary care setting and is also available as web-based test. It can be accessed on www.gpcog.com.au. Further evaluation includes retesting at another date, and administration of other (and sometimes more complex) tests of mental function, such as formal neuropsychological testing. Routine blood tests are also usually performed to rule out treatable causes. These tests include vitamin B12, folic acid, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), C-reactive protein, full blood count, electrolytes, calcium, renal function, and liver enzymes. Abnormalities may suggest vitamin deficiency, infection or other problems that commonly cause confusion or disorientation in the elderly. The problem is complicated by the fact that these cause confusion more often in persons who have early dementia, so that "reversal" of such problems may ultimately only be temporary. Testing for alcohol and other known dementia-inducing drugs may be indicated. A CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scan) is commonly performed, although these modalities do not have optimal sensitivity for the diffuse metabolic changes associated with dementia in a patient that shows no gross neurological problems (such as paralysis or weakness) on neurological exam. CT or MRI may suggest normal pressure hydrocephalus, a potentially reversible cause of dementia, and can yield information relevant to other types of dementia, such as infarction (stroke) that would point at a vascular type of dementia. The functional neuroimaging modalities of SPECT and PET are more useful in assessing long-standing cognitive dysfunction, since they have shown similar ability to diagnose dementia as a clinical exam. The ability of SPECT to differentiate the vascular cause from the Alzheimer disease cause of dementias, appears to be superior to differentiation by clinical exam. Recent research has established the value of PET imaging using carbon-11 Pittsburgh Compound B as a contrast medium (PIB-PET) in predictive diagnosis of various kinds of dementia, in particular Alzheimer's disease. Studies from Australia have found PIB-PET to be 86% accurate in predicting which patients with mild cognitive impairment would develop Alzheimer's disease within two years. In another study, carried out using 66 patients seen at the University of Michigan, PET studies using either PIB or another contrast agent, carbon-11 dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ), led to more accurate diagnosis for more than one-fourth of patients with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia. It appears that the regular moderate consumption of alcohol (beer, wine, or distilled spirits) and a Mediterranean diet may reduce risk. A study has shown a link between high blood pressure and developing dementia. The study, published in the Lancet Neurology journal July 2008, found that blood pressure lowering medication reduced dementia by 13%. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The length of time needed to prevent dementia varies, but in most studies it is usually between 2 and 10 years. Research has also shown that it must be used in clinically relevant dosages and that so called "baby aspirin" doses are ineffective at preventing and treating dementia. Alzheimer's disease causes inflammation in the neurons by its deposits of amyloid beta peptides and neurofibrillary tangles. These deposits irritate the body by causing a release of e.g. cytokines and acute phase proteins, leading to inflammation. When these substances accumulate over years they contribute to the effects of Alzheimer's. NSAIDs inhibit the formation of such inflammatory substances, and prevent the deteriorating effects. Except for the treatable types listed above, there is no cure to this illness, although scientists are progressing in making a type of medication that will slow down the process. Cholinesterase inhibitors are often used early in the disease course. Cognitive and behavioral interventions may also be appropriate. Educating and providing emotional support to the caregiver (or carer) is of importance as well (see also elderly care). (See also: Assessment of pain in nonverbal patients) As they age, people experience more health problems, and most health problems associated with aging carry a substantial burden of pain; so, between 25% and 50% of older adults experience persistent pain. Seniors with dementia experience the same prevalence of conditions likely to cause pain as seniors without dementia. Pain is often overlooked in older adults and, when screened for, often poorly assessed, especially among those with dementia. Beyond the issue of humane care, unrelieved pain has functional implications. Persistent pain can lead to decreased ambulation, depressed mood, sleep disturbances, impaired appetite and exacerbation of cognitive impairment, and pain-related interference with activity is a factor contributing to falls in the elderly. Although persistent pain in the person with dementia is difficult to communicate, diagnose and treat, failure to address persistent pain has profound functional, psychosocial and quality of life implications for this vulnerable population. Health professionals often lack the skills and usually lack the time needed to recognize, accurately assess and adequately monitor pain in people with dementia. Family members and friends can make a valuable contribution to the care of a person with dementia by learning to recognize and assess their pain. Educational resources (such as the Understand Pain and Dementia tutorial) and observational assessment tools are available. A Canadian study found that a lifetime of bilingualism has a marked influence on delaying the onset of dementia by an average of four years when compared to monolingual patients. The researchers determined that the onset of dementia symptoms in the monolingual group occurred at the mean age of 71.4, while the bilingual group was 75.5 years. The difference remained even after considering the possible effect of cultural differences, immigration, formal education, employment and even gender as influences in the results. Tacrine (Cognex), donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), and rivastigmine (Exelon) are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of dementia induced by Alzheimer disease. They may be useful for other similar diseases causing dementia such as Parkinsons or vascular dementia. Depression is frequently associated with dementia and generally worsens the degree of cognitive and behavioral impairment. Antidepressants effectively treat the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease, but evidence for their use in other forms of dementia is weak. Many patients with dementia experience anxiety symptoms. Although benzodiazepines like diazepam (Valium) have been used for treating anxiety in other situations, they are often avoided because they may increase agitation in persons with dementia and are likely to worsen cognitive problems or are too sedating. Buspirone (Buspar) is often initially tried for mild-to-moderate anxiety. There is little evidence for the effectiveness of benzodiazepines in dementia, whereas there is evidence for the effectivess of antipsychotics (at low doses). Selegiline, a drug used primarily in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, appears to slow the development of dementia. Selegiline is thought to act as an antioxidant, preventing free radical damage. However, it also acts as a stimulant, making it difficult to determine whether the delay in onset of dementia symptoms is due to protection from free radicals or to the general elevation of brain activity from the stimulant effect. Both typical antipsychotics (such as Haloperidol) and atypical antipsychotics such as (risperidone) increases the risk of death in dementia-associated psychosis. This means that any use of antipsychotic medication for dementia-associated psychosis is off-label and should only be considered after discussing the risks and benefits of treatment with these drugs, and after other treatment modalities have failed. In the UK around 144,000 dementia sufferers are unnecessarily prescribed antipsychotic drugs, around 2000 patients die as a result of taking the drugs each year. Adult daycare centers as well as special care units in nursing homes often provide specialized care for dementia patients. Adult daycare centers offer supervision, recreation, meals, and limited health care to participants, as well as providing respite for caregivers. Severe dementia is frequently complicated by pneumonia, febrile illnesses, and eating problems. Life expectancy is short at 18 months. Dementia is a set of symptoms, which affect the way people think and interact with each other. It is not a disease, but can often be linked to a disease or damage done to the brain. Very often, short-time memory, mind, speech and motor skills are affected. Certain forms of dementia cause a change in the personality of the sufferer. A person suffering from dementia will lose certain skills and knowledge they already had. This is the main difference to other conditions affecting the mind. People who suffer from learning problems, or lower intelligence will never acquire certain skills, people suffering from dementia will lose skills they have acquired. Dementia is more common in older people. Certain forms of dementia can be treated, to some extent. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease, which accounts for between 50 and 60 percent of all cases. People who see the following worsen may suffer from dementia: Behavioral changes may include: Some types dementia are reversible. This means the damage can be undone. Other types are irreversible. This means that they cannot be undone. Irreversible dementia is usually caused by an incurable disease, such as Alzheimer's disease. The two leading causes of dementia are Alzheimer's disease and Multi-infarct disease.	<urn:uuid:f60f5087-f45c-4530-90ad-13f64c4ac32e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.thefullwiki.org/Dementia	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.922777	4,439	3.859375	4
Data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory has revealed faint remnants of a supernova explosion and helped researchers determine that Circinus X-1 — an X-ray binary — is the youngest of this class of astronomical objects found to date. As the name suggests, X-ray binaries are star systems made up of two parts: a compact stellar remnant — either a neutron star or a black hole — and a companion star, a normal star like our Sun. As they orbit one another, the neutron star or black hole pulls in gas from the companion star. This heats the gas to millions of degrees, producing intense X-ray radiation and making these star systems some of the brightest X-ray sources in the sky. Sebastian Heinz and his team at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW) discovered that Circinus X-1 is less than 4,600 years old, making it the youngest X-ray binary system ever seen. This discovery, made in parallel with a radio telescope in Australia, provides scientists unique insight into the formation of neutron stars and supernovae, and the effect of the supernova’s explosion on a nearby companion star. “X-ray binaries provide us with opportunities to study matter under extreme conditions that would be impossible to re-create in a laboratory,” Heinz said. “For the first time, we can study a newly minted neutron star in an X-ray binary system.” Astronomers have detected hundreds of X-ray binaries throughout the Milky Way and other nearby galaxies. However, these older X-ray binaries, with ages typically measured in millions of years, only reveal information about what happens much later in the evolution of these systems. “It’s critical that we see what these X-ray binaries are doing at all stages of their lives,” said Paul Sell from UW. “Circinus X-1 is showing us what happens in a cosmic blink of an eye after one of these objects is born.” To determine the age of Circinus X-1, the team of astronomers needed to examine the material around the orbiting pair of stars. However, the overwhelming brightness of the neutron star made it too difficult for researchers to observe that interstellar gas. The team recently caught a break when they observed the neutron star in a very faint state — dim enough for scientists to detect the X-rays from the supernova shock wave that plowed through the surrounding interstellar gas. “Since the supernova was triggered by the formation of the neutron star, our limit on the age of the supernova remnant also limits the age of the neutron star in Circinus X-1,” said Robert Fender of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. The youth of Circinus X-1 helps explain its wild swings in brightness and the highly unusual orbit of its two stars, which had puzzled astronomers for years. The orbit is eccentric — non-circular — and the period during which the two stars orbit each other is decreasing by several minutes every year. This is exactly what is expected for a young X-ray binary disrupted by a supernova explosion before the gravitational pull of the stars on each other has had time to circularize and stabilize the orbit. Previous observations with other telescopes indicated that the magnetic field of the neutron star in Circinus X-1 is weak. That, in addition to the star system’s young age, has led to two possible theories: Either a neutron star can be born with a weak magnetic field, or it can quickly become demagnetized as it pulls material from its companion star onto itself. Neither conclusion was expected from existing theories of neutron star evolution. In our galaxy, the only other established X-ray binary within a supernova remnant is SS 433, which is between 10,000 and 100,000 years old and behaves in many ways like an older version of Circinus X-1. Two other candidate X-ray binaries in nearby galaxies have ages similar to SS 433.	<urn:uuid:b1a574df-5b93-4c53-8ce7-f3da1af34b12>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.astronomy.com/news/2013/12/supernova-blast-provides-clues-to-age-of-binary-star-system	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.946275	828	4.34375	4
Commercial bread baking ovens are equipped with valves that fire bursts of steam to get the job done, but conventional ovens need to be gamed to make sure that there is adequate humidity. I'm sure that I have tried more ways to get water into my ovens for baking than I can recall. But I'll give it a go; over the last 3 decades I have - Sprayed the walls of the oven with a spray bottle - Soaked rags in water and put them in a bread pan in the back of the oven - Rigged the milk steamer from an espresso machine - Put a pan, a skillet in the bottom of the oven with ice cubes - Placed a sheet ban with water in the bottom of the oven - Soaked bricks and placed them on the oven floor The photograph directly below shows how I set up my oven to bake hearth bread following Reinhart's technique. A sheet pan is placed on a rack that is as high up in the oven as it can go. The oven is then preheated to 550 degrees Fahrenheit. When the oven reaches the preset temperature I slide the dough in from a bread peel, pour 6 ounces of hot water into the sheetpan, slam the door shut and bolt away to avoid getting a steam burn. After about 8 minutes I drop the temperature to 450 degrees -because by that time oven spring is finished and there's no point in keeping the oven cranked- and let the bread "bake out." Okay, so why put the pan of water in the top ot the oven and not at the bottom where the heating element or, if you have a gas oven, flame is? Well, the answer turns out to be pretty simple. Heat rises, so as long as you have good seals on your oven doors, the ceiling of the oven will usually be hotter than the floor. I've proven this many times to myself and my students by shooting the oven with my surface reading thermometer (seen in the photo below and here). Note: Temps are for ceiling and floor of oven. I did not heat the oven to full bake temp. to conserve energy. Putting the water at the top also gives a more forceful production of steam because when the steam that is generated in the pan hits the top of the oven it gets super-heated and then forced down towards the bread by the oven roof and walls.	<urn:uuid:2f11158d-c981-4554-bdf7-ddf44751b2e3>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://ahungerartist.bobdelgrosso.com/2008/04/this-will-get-you-steamed.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00122-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956261	493	2.609375	3
Mistletoe has quite a few common names in England. These include mislin-bush, kiss-and-go, misle, churchman’s greeting, and mosslin. The Latin name for the American genus is from the Greek, and means thief and tree. The English common name comes from the Anglo-Saxon words for dung and twig, dung and tan. This has also been called Druid’s herb. One American species has been the state flower for Oklahoma since 1893. Botany of Mistletoe The berries and leaves of mistletoe are very conspicuous in the winter after the leaves on the deciduous trees have fallen. This has been called golden bough because of the color of the stems and fruit. The plants grow on the upper part of the tree where they can receive enough sunlight. This is required since they can photosynthesize to some degree even though they are partially parasitic. The American species does obtain some minerals and water from its host plant. However, it doesn’t kill the host plant. On the other hand, the European species, Viscum album, is capable of killing its host. The mass of growth that the tree develops as a result of the mistletoe is called a ‘witch’s broom.’ Host Plants of Mistletoe The host plant can vary widely depending on the species of mistletoe. The American species is found on lots of different host plants but rarely occur on oaks. One preferred host in the West is juniper. This can also occur on pines and spruce. European mistletoe prefers deciduous trees. Viscum is often found on apple trees. However, it also occurs on oak, maple, poplar, lime, and hawthorn. The mistletoe from the oaks was special to the Druids. Other host plants for Viscum include mulberry, holly, zelkova, red buckeye, locust, pear, and birch. Origins and Species of Mistletoe Apparently mistletoe wasn’t introduced to Ireland until the late 1700s. So it couldn’t have been the European species that Pliny described being harvested by Celtic Druid priests. It is believed that Pliny was writing about Loranthus europaeus, another species that grows on chestnuts, limes, and oaks. According to an article by Charles Elliott, published in Horticulture magazine, the English often consider the French mistletoe to be inferior to the English one. There are around 200 species of Phoradendron in the New World. They are found mostly in all states of the continental U.S. except for the Dakotas	<urn:uuid:e87b9fce-d8eb-4eeb-b9e2-da60083b934d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.bellaonline.com/ArticlesP/art177647.asp	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00062-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.967045	570	3.34375	3
Lee County History Established in 1907 from portions of Moore and Chatham Counties, Lee County, named for CSA hero, Robert E. Lee, is North Carolina’s 98th county. Situated in the geographic center of the Tar Heel State, it teeters on the fall line dividing the Piedmont and the Coastal Plain. The city of Sanford, named in honor of railroad engineer Col. Charles Ogburn Sanford, is the county seat. Traces of Native American settlement of the area need yet to be fully studied and researched, but the European (predominantly Highland Scots) and African presence began in the 1740’s and 1750’s. The Presbyterian faithful were the largest religious group with Quaker, Baptist and Methodist churches developing later. The early economy centered on agriculture, naval stores, and an iron works. Transporting, in the early days, was accomplished over unpaved roads and waterways, the Cape Fear and Deep Rivers. The Revolutionary and Civil Wars, and the Antebellum and Reconstruction periods properly belong to the histories of Moore and Chatham counties. Extensive materials on these subjects can be found in the Lee County Library. Just prior to the Civil War in about 1853, the first commercial exploration of the area’s coal veins was begun in the community of Egypt (now Cumnock). During the war, the coal was transported to Fayetteville on the Western Railroad, which had been built by slaves and immigrant Irish laborers. Once in Fayetteville, the coal was taken by boat on the Cape Fear River to the port of Wilmington. The Western Railroad extended to the town of Jonesboro, names after Col. Leonidas Campbell Jones. After the war, the Raleigh and Augusta Air Line Railroad built southward and crossed the Western Railroad tracks. At this junction and passenger point, the rail-born village of Sanford grew. The city was incorporated in Moore County in 1874, and its population in 1880 was 236 persons. The County of Lee was formed through a bill passed by the General Assembly in 1907 for the usual reason. Wagon and buggy travel through the sands from Sanford to Carthage, the county seat of Moore, was too laborious and time consuming for the busy people of the railway junction. A new county with a convenient governmental seat needed to be formed. This was given overwhelming approval by a vote of area residents. Sanford’s population in 1910 totaled 2,262 persons. After 1907, with an excellent railroad and a new county government, Lee County began a period of much more rapid growth. The economy flourished with new industries including tobacco harvesting, brownstone quarrying, furniture making, brick works and later textiles. By 1930 the county population numbered 13,400 people. After World War II, in 1947, the cities of Sanford and Jonesboro merged. The 1950 census of the city counted 10,013 residents while the population of Lee County was 23,522 persons. The economic development of Lee County has taken great strides in recent years. From an agriculture base the county has expanded into a multi-product economy giving it stability while avoiding seasonal fluctuations characteristic of North Carolina’s rural counties. These products include: water pumps, hosiery, food products, automotive components and cosmetics. Population has increased as Lee County has grown and developed. This increase in county residents has been due both to natural increase and the addition of out of state citizens relocating due to employment opportunities and retirement living. Schools, a first rate Community College, a modern public library system, civic and literary clubs, theatres, golf courses and other amusements support a lively cultural and civic life among county residents. Not only does Lee County produce a variety of products, its population, with the influx of residents, has taken a cosmopolitan due. Significant numbers of Hispanic people have recently settled in the area, reflecting its economic opportunities as well as its favorable living conditions. County population figures for 1998 suggest more than 48,000 citizens. 2000 U.S. Census figures indicate a population of 50,000. The history of Lee County has been one of steady growth on a reasonable scale amenable to good development. Lee County government continues to address the present needs of its citizens, but also, in the light of its history, Lee County looks ahead to future prosperity and growth. Lee County History Main Page	<urn:uuid:d2fe3302-db9a-4245-b16c-2654e9c2a1d7>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.leecountync.gov/History/EstablishmentofLeeCounty.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.959668	889	3.5625	4
Most Americans are well aware that our country has a problem with obesity. Over one third of American adults are obese, that’s over 100 million people. Many of these people may not even consider themselves obese, denying that they have a problem at all. Obesity can lead to a long list of related conditions; high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, joint problems, sleep apnea, respiratory problems, cancer, metabolic syndrome, and psychosocial effects. What most Americans don’t know is how obesity affects your brain. Overeating and poor nutrition can lead to damaging brain diseases and harsh cognitive effects. There are neurons in our brain that are responsible for signaling that makes us “feel full,” mainly POMC and AgRP. Signals arriving at neurons such as leptin and insulin are responsible for activating or deactivating POMC and AgRP. When people overeat or eat food high in fat, this throws off leptin and insulin signaling, causing us to not feel full when we should. To make matters worse, scientists are starting to see that children may be born with an inclination to unhealthy eating. If mothers eat unhealthy and high in fat when they are pregnant, children will have a higher inclination to these same unhealthy foods. These unhealthy foods are causing problems in our brain that have recently been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. It has also been shown that obesity can lead to shrinkage of brain matter. The brains of obese people are physically smaller. By eating healthier, our country could become an overall healthier nation. Healthy foods are not only good for your body in general, but they can also help you feel more full and satisfied with less food. The foods that America is producing are possibly the root of the issue here. We’ve become such a high speed nation that we no longer make time to take care of our bodies. Eating healthy is not easy, it takes time to prepare healthy meals, and many Americans no longer make time to do this. There are countless food products out there specifically designed to be prepared quickly, but how healthy are these products? Large companies are capitalizing on how addictive unhealthy foods are, and they are using this information to produce products such as potato chips that you physically “cannot eat just one.” If this problem is truly going to get fixed we need to fix our system deep down and make time for healthier foods. We need to get rid of our millions of unhealthy fast food chains and make America aware of how detrimental unhealthy eating can be, both physically and mentally. Besides becoming a healthier nation both physically and mentally, by fighting obesity our country could save millions of dollars. In 2008 the estimated annual medical cost of obesity in the U.S. was $147 billion, with the medical costs for people who are obese being $1,429 higher than those of normal weight. By becoming healthier citizens, we could save billions on health care.	<urn:uuid:02f6163d-5978-41a3-b21b-d990182ab9d0>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://cobbersonthebrain.areavoices.com/2013/12/11/but-mcdonalds-tastes-so-good/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96583	595	3.296875	3
\|09-04-2008, 05:10 PM\|\|#1\| What's the Difference: Green lightbulbs Compact fluorescents and light-emitting diodes are energy-efficient alternatives to standard bulbs The incandescent lightbulb is one of the most inefficient items in your home. Roughly 90% of its energy from electricity is converted into heat, and only the remaining 10% results in actual light. Incandescent bulbs waste resources and money. Compact fluorescent lightbulbs (CFLs) and light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs are more-efficient alternatives. However, each bulb has characteristics worth knowing about before being put to use. Compact fluorescents create ambient light Much like incandescent bulbs, CFL bulbs cast light in all directions, which makes them useful in similar applications. With a colour-rendering index of 85 and a colour temperature of around 3000įK, they produce a similar-looking light. CFLs perform best providing indoor area lighting, especially in lights that regularly stay on for extended periods. Frequent on/off cycling can reduce the bulbís life span as can extremely high outdoor temperatures. Very low temperatures can decrease a CFLís light output. CFL bulbs have one major point of concern. They contain a small amount of mercury. Harmless when the bulb is intact, the mercury poses health and environmental problems if the bulb is broken. Because of the mercury content, CFLs should be disposed of at a hazardous-waste collection site instead of being thrown out. Light-emitting diode bulbs are directional White-light LED bulbs produce around 25 to 30 lumens per watt, which is more efficient than an incandescent but not as efficient as a CFL. LEDs last much longer, though: up to 10 years, according to some manufacturers. LED bulbs cast light only in the direction in which their diodes are pointed, which makes them great for task and accent lighting, but not for area lighting. Also, they donít have a filament that can be broken, so they are more durable than other bulbs. Similar to CFLs, an LED bulbís life span can be diminished by extreme outdoor temperatures. The most noticeable difference with LED bulbs is the quality of their light. LED bulbs have a high colour temperature and a poor colour-rendering index. Currently, most lighting experts agree that CFLs are the best-performing green lighting option. But with LED technology advancing at a fast pace, itís worth keeping an eye out for more-refined LED products. Many thanks to finehomebuilding Found this while doing a little research \|Currently Active Users Viewing This Thread: 1 (0 members and 1 guests)\| \|Thread\|\|Thread Starter\|\|Forum\|\|Replies\|\|Last Post\| \|is there a difference?\|\|mactight\|\|Lights\|\|5\|\|11-17-2007 09:55 PM\| \|Really a difference in seeds??\|\|MrPuffAlot\|\|Coffee Table\|\|2\|\|09-19-2007 01:38 PM\| \|look the difference in 46 days\|\|freezeland\|\|General Indoor Growing\|\|0\|\|07-29-2007 04:49 AM\| \|telling the difference\|\|djsmokey\|\|Sick Plants & Problems\|\|8\|\|11-15-2006 07:55 AM\| \|Whats the difference?\|\|can of ownage\|\|Marijuana Hydroponics\|\|3\|\|10-03-2006 07:40 PM\|	<urn:uuid:9f6d1452-787f-4b1a-ab98-de1b3e13d921>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.marijuanapassion.com/forum/showthread.php?t=30982	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00032-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.887569	728	3.109375	3
The diseases of ageing develop earlier in patients with HIV than in the general population, Italian investigators report in the online edition of Clinical Infectious Diseases. “Our findings suggest that an aggressive approach to the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of non-infectious comorbidities is warranted as part of the routine healthcare for HIV-infected patients,” comment the investigators. “Our data suggest that onset of such screening should commence at a substantially earlier age for HIV-infected persons, compared with HIV-uninfected persons, possibly at least a decade in advance.” Effective antiretroviral therapy can significantly improve the life expectancy of patients with HIV. However, even with treatment mortality rates are still higher than those observed in the general population. Non-infectious conditions such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, renal failure and liver disease are increasingly important causes of illness and death in patients with HIV. These illnesses are often associated with ageing. This has led some investigators to suggest that patients with HIV experience premature ageing. Doctors from the Metabolic Clinic of Modena University, Italy, wanted to examine this theory. They therefore designed a study comparing the prevalence and risk factors for several common age-related conditions in their HIV-positive patients, compared to age, race and sex-matched controls. Preliminary findings from this study were presented at the 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in March 2011. A total of 2854 patients who received care at the clinic between 2002 and 2009 were included in the analysis. All had experience of HIV therapy. Their mean age was 46 years, 37% were women and three-quarters had lipodystrophy – the body fat changes associated with some antiretroviral drugs. The patients were matched with 8562 controls. The non-infectious comorbid conditions included in the analysis were cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, bone fracture, and renal failure. Data were also gathered on the prevalence of multiple Rates of cardiovascular disease were higher among HIV-positive patients than the controls for individuals aged below 40 (0.91% vs. 0.24%, p = 0.049), as well as those between the ages of 41 and 50 (2.26% vs. 0.64%, p < 0.01), and the ages of 51 to 60 (6% vs. 2.6%; p = 0.02). There was also a higher prevalence of hypertension in the HIV-positive patients aged over 51 compared to the controls (ages 51 to 60, 20% vs. 17%; p = 0.18; age 60+, 39% vs. 32%, p = 0.007). In all age groups, there was a significantly higher prevalence in the HIV-positive patients of renal failure, bone fracture, and diabetes (all p < 0.001). Moreover, across all age strata the HIV-infected patients were more likely to have multiple diseases of ageing. Strikingly, the prevalence of two or more comorbid conditions in HIV-positive patients aged between 41 and 50 was 9%, similar to the 7% prevalence observed in HIV-negative controls in the 51 to 60 age bracket. “The prevalence…was approximately equivalent to prevalence observed in members of the public who were 10 to 15 years older,” write the authors. “We believe that, in this report, by showing the premature onset of polypathology among HIV-infected patients, we have contributed to the characterization of an emerging description of an HIV-specific aging Across the entire cohort, the factors associated the presence of multiple diseases of aging were age (per 1 year increase, OR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.10-1.12, p < 0.001), male sex (OR = 1.77; 95% CI, 1.44-2.17, p < 0.001), a lowest ever CD4 cell count below 200 cells/mm3 (OR = 4.46; 95% CI, 3.73-5.34, p < 0.001), and length of exposure to HIV therapy (OR = 1.01; 95% CI, 1.001-1.019, p = 0.001). Further analysis also showed an association with lipodystrophy (p = 0.048). “At any given age, HIV-infected patients had a greater likelihood of comorbidities than did control subjects,” Dr Jacqueline Capeau, the author of an editorial accompanying the study notes. “Why? Is the entire aging process accelerated in these patients? Are all HIV-infected patients aging too rapidly? What can be done?” She suggests that the chronic inflammation and immune activation accompanying HIV infection means “patients will be more prone to develop, in advance, age-related diseases.” A low nadir CD4 cell count could further contribute to inflammatory process. Dr Capeau also notes that the study population comprised patients treated at a metabolic clinic with a high prevalence of lipodystrophy. She suggests that these patients are likely to have been severely immune depressed when they initiated antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, their treatment would have been based on more toxic anti-HIV drugs. “These…patients have accumulated deleterious conditions and are now affected by comorbidities,” writes Dr Capeau. Life-style factors such as smoking, a poor diet, and drug use are also proposed as possible causes of possible causes. “It is important to diagnose and treat these comorbid conditions,” Dr Capeau emphasises, and she proposes the wider use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as asprin and statins. In addition, “early treatment of HIV-infected patients may help to delay aging.”	<urn:uuid:df495d39-1526-45cf-82be-af0ffdf435c7>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.aidsmap.com/Diseases-of-ageing-occurring-10-to-15-years-earlier-in-patients-with-HIV/page/2108880/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00131-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949735	1,295	2.765625	3
\|Catechism of the Catholic Church\| IntraText - Text Paragraph 3. THE CHURCH IS ONE, HOLY, CATHOLIC, AND APOSTOLIC 811 "This is the sole Church of Christ, which in the Creed we profess to be one, holy, catholic and apostolic."256 These four characteristics, inseparably linked with each other,257 indicate essential features of the Church and her mission. the Church does not possess them of herself; it is Christ who, through the Holy Spirit, makes his Church one, holy, catholic, and apostolic, and it is he who calls her to realize each of these qualities. 812 Only faith can recognize that the Church possesses these properties from her divine source. But their historical manifestations are signs that also speak clearly to human reason. As the First Vatican Council noted, the "Church herself, with her marvellous propagation, eminent holiness, and inexhaustible fruitfulness in everything good, her catholic unity and invincible stability, is a great and perpetual motive of credibility and an irrefutable witness of her divine mission."258 I. THE CHURCH IS ONE "The sacred mystery of the Church's unity" (UR 2) 813 The Church is one because of her source: "the highest exemplar and source of this mystery is the unity, in the Trinity of Persons, of one God, the Father and the Son in the Holy Spirit."259 The Church is one because of her founder: for "the Word made flesh, the prince of peace, reconciled all men to God by the cross, . . . restoring the unity of all in one people and one body."260 The Church is one because of her "soul": "It is the Holy Spirit, dwelling in those who believe and pervading and ruling over the entire Church, who brings about that wonderful communion of the faithful and joins them together so intimately in Christ that he is the principle of the Church's unity."261 Unity is of the essence of the Church: What an astonishing mystery! There is one Father of the universe, one Logos of the universe, and also one Holy Spirit, everywhere one and the same; there is also one virgin become mother, and I should like to call her "Church."262 814 From the beginning, this one Church has been marked by a great diversity which comes from both the variety of God's gifts and the diversity of those who receive them. Within the unity of the People of God, a multiplicity of peoples and cultures is gathered together. Among the Church's members, there are different gifts, offices, conditions, and ways of life. "Holding a rightful place in the communion of the Church there are also particular Churches that retain their own traditions."263 The great richness of such diversity is not opposed to the Church's unity. Yet sin and the burden of its consequences constantly threaten the gift of unity. and so the Apostle has to exhort Christians to "maintain the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace."264 What are these bonds of unity? Above all, charity "binds everything together in perfect harmony."265 But the unity of the pilgrim Church is also assured by visible bonds of communion: - profession of one faith received from the Apostles; -common celebration of divine worship, especially of the sacraments; - apostolic succession through the sacrament of Holy Orders, maintaining the fraternal concord of God's family.266 816 "The sole Church of Christ [is that] which our Savior, after his Resurrection, entrusted to Peter's pastoral care, commissioning him and the other apostles to extend and rule it.... This Church, constituted and organized as a society in the present world, subsists in (subsistit in) in) the Catholic Church, which is governed by the successor of Peter and by the bishops in communion with him."267 The Second Vatican Council's Decree on Ecumenism explains: "For it is through Christ's Catholic Church alone, which is the universal help toward salvation, that the fullness of the means of salvation can be obtained. It was to the apostolic college alone, of which Peter is the head, that we believe that our Lord entrusted all the blessings of the New Covenant, in order to establish on earth the one Body of Christ into which all those should be fully incorporated who belong in any way to the People of God."268 Wounds to unity 817 In fact, "in this one and only Church of God from its very beginnings there arose certain rifts, which the Apostle strongly censures as damnable. But in subsequent centuries much more serious dissensions appeared and large communities became separated from full communion with the Catholic Church - for which, often enough, men of both sides were to blame."269 The ruptures that wound the unity of Christ's Body - here we must distinguish heresy, apostasy, and schism270 - do not occur without human sin: Where there are sins, there are also divisions, schisms, heresies, and disputes. Where there is virtue, however, there also are harmony and unity, from which arise the one heart and one soul of all believers.271 818 "However, one cannot charge with the sin of the separation those who at present are born into these communities [that resulted from such separation] and in them are brought up in the faith of Christ, and the Catholic Church accepts them with respect and affection as brothers .... All who have been justified by faith in Baptism are incorporated into Christ; they therefore have a right to be called Christians, and with good reason are accepted as brothers in the Lord by the children of the Catholic Church."272 819 "Furthermore, many elements of sanctification and of truth"273 are found outside the visible confines of the Catholic Church: "the written Word of God; the life of grace; faith, hope, and charity, with the other interior gifts of the Holy Spirit, as well as visible elements."274 Christ's Spirit uses these Churches and ecclesial communities as means of salvation, whose power derives from the fullness of grace and truth that Christ has entrusted to the Catholic Church. All these blessings come from Christ and lead to him,275 and are in themselves calls to "Catholic unity."276 820 "Christ bestowed unity on his Church from the beginning. This unity, we believe, subsists in the Catholic Church as something she can never lose, and we hope that it will continue to increase until the end of time."277 Christ always gives his Church the gift of unity, but the Church must always pray and work to maintain, reinforce, and perfect the unity that Christ wills for her. This is why Jesus himself prayed at the hour of his Passion, and does not cease praying to his Father, for the unity of his disciples: "That they may all be one. As you, Father, are in me and I am in you, may they also be one in us, . . . so that the world may know that you have sent me."278 The desire to recover the unity of all Christians is a gift of Christ and a call of the Holy Spirit.279 things are required in order to respond adequately to this call: - a permanent renewal of the Church in greater fidelity to her vocation; such renewal is the driving-force of the movement toward unity;280 - conversion of heart as the faithful "try to live holier lives according to the Gospel";281 for it is the unfaithfulness of the members to Christ's gift which causes divisions; - prayer in common, because "change of heart and holiness of life, along with public and private prayer for the unity of Christians, should be regarded as the soul of the whole ecumenical movement, and merits the name 'spiritual ecumenism;"'282 -fraternal knowledge of each other;283 - ecumenical formation of the faithful and especially of priests;284 - dialogue among theologians and meetings among Christians of the different churches and communities;285 - collaboration among Christians in various areas of service to mankind.286 "Human service" is the idiomatic phrase. 822 Concern for achieving unity "involves the whole Church, faithful and clergy alike."287 But we must realize "that this holy objective - the reconciliation of all Christians in the unity of the one and only Church of Christ - transcends human powers and gifts." That is why we place all our hope "in the prayer of Christ for the Church, in the love of the Father for us, and in the power of the Holy Spirit."288 II THE CHURCH IS HOLY 823 "The Church . . . is held, as a matter of faith, to be unfailingly holy. This is because Christ, the Son of God, who with the Father and the Spirit is hailed as 'alone holy,' loved the Church as his Bride, giving himself up for her so as to sanctify her; he joined her to himself as his body and endowed her with the gift of the Holy Spirit for the glory of God."289 The Church, then, is "the holy People of God,"290 and her members are called "saints."291 824 United with Christ, the Church is sanctified by him; through him and with him she becomes sanctifying. "All the activities of the Church are directed, as toward their end, to the sanctification of men in Christ and the glorification of God."292 It is in the Church that "the fullness of the means of salvation"293 has been deposited. It is in her that "by the grace of God we acquire holiness."294 825 "The Church on earth is endowed already with a sanctity that is real though imperfect."295 In her members perfect holiness is something yet to be acquired: "Strengthened by so many and such great means of salvation, all the faithful, whatever their condition or state - though each in his own way - are called by the Lord to that perfection of sanctity by which the Father himself is perfect."296 826 Charity is the soul of the holiness to which all are called: it "governs, shapes, and perfects all the means of sanctification."297 If the Church was a body composed of different members, it couldn't lack the noblest of all; it must have a Heart, and a Heart BURNING WITH LOVE. and I realized that this love alone was the true motive force which enabled the other members of the Church to act; if it ceased to function, the Apostles would forget to preach the gospel, the Martyrs would refuse to shed their blood. LOVE, IN FACT, IS THE VOCATION WHICH INCLUDES ALL OTHERS; IT'S A UNIVERSE OF ITS OWN, COMPRISING ALL TIME AND SPACE - IT'S ETERNAL!298 827 "Christ, 'holy, innocent, and undefiled,' knew nothing of sin, but came only to expiate the sins of the people. the Church, however, clasping sinners to her bosom, at once holy and always in need of purification, follows constantly the path of penance and renewal."299 All members of the Church, including her ministers, must acknowledge that they are sinners.300 In everyone, the weeds of sin will still be mixed with the good wheat of the Gospel until the end of time.301 Hence the Church gathers sinners already caught up in Christ's salvation but still on the way to holiness: The Church is therefore holy, though having sinners in her midst, because she herself has no other life but the life of grace. If they live her life, her members are sanctified; if they move away from her life, they fall into sins and disorders that prevent the radiation of her sanctity. This is why she suffers and does penance for those offenses, of which she has the power to free her children through the blood of Christ and the gift of the Holy Spirit.302 828 By canonizing some of the faithful, i.e., by solemnly pro claiming that they practiced heroic virtue and lived in fidelity to God's grace, the Church recognizes the power of the Spirit of holiness within her and sustains the hope of believers by proposing the saints to them as models and intercessors.303 "The saints have always been the source and origin of renewal in the most difficult moments in the Church's history."304 Indeed, "holiness is the hidden source and infallible measure of her apostolic activity and missionary zeal."305 829 "But while in the most Blessed Virgin the Church has already reached that perfection whereby she exists without spot or wrinkle, the faithful still strive to conquer sin and increase in holiness. and so they turn their eyes to Mary":306 in her, the Church is already the "all-holy." III. THE CHURCH IS CATHOLIC What does "catholic" mean? 830 The word "catholic" means "universal," in the sense of "according to the totality" or "in keeping with the whole." the Church is catholic in a double sense: First, the Church is catholic because Christ is present in her. "Where there is Christ Jesus, there is the Catholic Church."307 In her subsists the fullness of Christ's body united with its head; this implies that she receives from him "the fullness of the means of salvation"308 which he has willed: correct and complete confession of faith, full sacramental life, and ordained ministry in apostolic succession. the Church was, in this fundamental sense, catholic on the day of Pentecost309 and will always be so until the day of the Parousia. 831 Secondly, the Church is catholic because she has been sent out by Christ on a mission to the whole of the human race:310 All men are called to belong to the new People of God. This People, therefore, while remaining one and only one, is to be spread throughout the whole world and to all ages in order that the design of God's will may be fulfilled: he made human nature one in the beginning and has decreed that all his children who were scattered should be finally gathered together as one.... the character of universality which adorns the People of God is a gift from the Lord himself whereby the Catholic Church ceaselessly and efficaciously seeks for the return of all humanity and all its goods, under Christ the Head in the unity of his Spirit.311 Each particular Church is "catholic" 832 "The Church of Christ is really present in all legitimately organized local groups of the faithful, which, in so far as they are united to their pastors, are also quite appropriately called Churches in the New Testament.... In them the faithful are gathered together through the preaching of the Gospel of Christ, and the mystery of the Lord's Supper is celebrated.... In these communities, though they may often be small and poor, or existing in the diaspora, Christ is present, through whose power and influence the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church is constituted."312 833 The phrase "particular church," which is the diocese (or eparchy), refers to a community of the Christian faithful in communion of faith and sacraments with their bishop ordained in apostolic succession.313 These particular Churches "are constituted after the model of the universal Church; it is in these and formed out of them that the one and unique Catholic Church exists."314 834 Particular Churches are fully catholic through their communion with one of them, the Church of Rome "which presides in charity."315 "For with this church, by reason of its pre-eminence, the whole Church, that is the faithful everywhere, must necessarily be in accord."316 Indeed, "from the incarnate Word's descent to us, all Christian churches everywhere have held and hold the great Church that is here [at Rome] to be their only basis and foundation since, according to the Savior's promise, the gates of hell have never prevailed against her."317 835 "Let us be very careful not to conceive of the universal Church as the simple sum, or . . . the more or less anomalous federation of essentially different particular churches. In the mind of the Lord the Church is universal by vocation and mission, but when she pub down her roots in a variety of cultural, social, and human terrains, she takes on different external expressions and appearances in each part of the world."318 The rich variety of ecclesiastical disciplines, liturgical rites, and theological and spiritual heritages proper to the local churches "unified in a common effort, shows all the more resplendently the catholicity of the undivided Church."319 Who belongs to the Catholic Church? 836 "All men are called to this catholic unity of the People of God.... and to it, in different ways, belong or are ordered: the Catholic faithful, others who believe in Christ, and finally all mankind, called by God's grace to salvation."320 837 "Fully incorporated into the society of the Church are those who, possessing the Spirit of Christ, accept all the means of salvation given to the Church together with her entire organization, and who - by the bonds constituted by the profession of faith, the sacraments, ecclesiastical government, and communion - are joined in the visible structure of the Church of Christ, who rules her through the Supreme Pontiff and the bishops. Even though incorporated into the Church, one who does not however persevere in charity is not saved. He remains indeed in the bosom of the Church, but 'in body' not 'in heart.'"321 838 "The Church knows that she is joined in many ways to the baptized who are honored by the name of Christian, but do not profess the Catholic faith in its entirety or have not preserved unity or communion under the successor of Peter."322 Those "who believe in Christ and have been properly baptized are put in a certain, although imperfect, communion with the Catholic Church."323 With the Orthodox Churches, this communion is so profound "that it lacks little to attain the fullness that would permit a common celebration of the Lord's Eucharist."324 The Church and non-Christians "Those who have not yet received the Gospel are related to the People of God in various ways."325 The relationship of the Church with the Jewish People. When she delves into her own mystery, the Church, the People of God in the New Covenant, discovers her link with the Jewish People,326 "the first to hear the Word of God."327 The Jewish faith, unlike other non-Christian religions, is already a response to God's revelation in the Old Covenant. To the Jews "belong the sonship, the glory, the covenants, the giving of the law, the worship, and the promises; to them belong the patriarchs, and of their race, according to the flesh, is the Christ",328 "for the gifts and the call of God are irrevocable."329 840 and when one considers the future, God's People of the Old Covenant and the new People of God tend towards similar goals: expectation of the coming (or the return) of the Messiah. But one awaits the return of the Messiah who died and rose from the dead and is recognized as Lord and Son of God; the other awaits the coming of a Messiah, whose features remain hidden till the end of time; and the latter waiting is accompanied by the drama of not knowing or of misunderstanding Christ Jesus. 841 The Church's relationship with the Muslims. "The plan of salvation also includes those who acknowledge the Creator, in the first place amongst whom are the Muslims; these profess to hold the faith of Abraham, and together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day."330 842 The Church's bond with non-Christian religions is in the first place the common origin and end of the human race: All nations form but one community. This is so because all stem from the one stock which God created to people the entire earth, and also because all share a common destiny, namely God. His providence, evident goodness, and saving designs extend to all against the day when the elect are gathered together in the holy city. . .331 843 The Catholic Church recognizes in other religions that search, among shadows and images, for the God who is unknown yet near since he gives life and breath and all things and wants all men to be saved. Thus, the Church considers all goodness and truth found in these religions as "a preparation for the Gospel and given by him who enlightens all men that they may at length have life."332 844 In their religious behavior, however, men also display the limits and errors that disfigure the image of God in them: Very often, deceived by the Evil One, men have become vain in their reasonings, and have exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and served the creature rather than the Creator. Or else, living and dying in this world without God, they are exposed to ultimate despair.333 845 To reunite all his children, scattered and led astray by sin, the Father willed to call the whole of humanity together into his Son's Church. the Church is the place where humanity must rediscover its unity and salvation. the Church is "the world reconciled." She is that bark which "in the full sail of the Lord's cross, by the breath of the Holy Spirit, navigates safely in this world." According to another image dear to the Church Fathers, she is prefigured by Noah's ark, which alone saves from the flood.334 "Outside the Church there is no salvation" 846 How are we to understand this affirmation, often repeated by the Church Fathers?335 Re-formulated positively, it means that all salvation comes from Christ the Head through the Church which is his Body: Basing itself on Scripture and Tradition, the Council teaches that the Church, a pilgrim now on earth, is necessary for salvation: the one Christ is the mediator and the way of salvation; he is present to us in his body which is the Church. He himself explicitly asserted the necessity of faith and Baptism, and thereby affirmed at the same time the necessity of the Church which men enter through Baptism as through a door. Hence they could not be saved who, knowing that the Catholic Church was founded as necessary by God through Christ, would refuse either to enter it or to remain in it.336 847 This affirmation is not aimed at those who, through no fault of their own, do not know Christ and his Church: Those who, through no fault of their own, do not know the Gospel of Christ or his Church, but who nevertheless seek God with a sincere heart, and, moved by grace, try in their actions to do his will as they know it through the dictates of their conscience - those too may achieve eternal salvation.337 848 "Although in ways known to himself God can lead those who, through no fault of their own, are ignorant of the Gospel, to that faith without which it is impossible to please him, the Church still has the obligation and also the sacred right to evangelize all men."338 Mission - a requirement of the Church's catholicity 849 The missionary mandate. "Having been divinely sent to the nations that she might be 'the universal sacrament of salvation,' the Church, in obedience to the command of her founder and because it is demanded by her own essential universality, strives to preach the Gospel to all men":339 "Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you; and Lo, I am with you always, until the close of the age."340 850 The origin and purpose of mission. the Lord's missionary mandate is ultimately grounded in the eternal love of the Most Holy Trinity: "The Church on earth is by her nature missionary since, according to the plan of the Father, she has as her origin the mission of the Son and the Holy Spirit."341 The ultimate purpose of mission is none other than to make men share in the communion between the Father and the Son in their Spirit of love.342 851 Missionary motivation. It is from God's love for all men that the Church in every age receives both the obligation and the vigor of her missionary dynamism, "for the love of Christ urges us on."343 Indeed, God "desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth";344 that is, God wills the salvation of everyone through the knowledge of the truth. Salvation is found in the truth. Those who obey the prompting of the Spirit of truth are already on the way of salvation. But the Church, to whom this truth has been entrusted, must go out to meet their desire, so as to bring them the truth. Because she believes in God's universal plan of salvation, the Church must be missionary. 852 Missionary paths. the Holy Spirit is the protagonist, "the principal agent of the whole of the Church's mission."345 It is he who leads the Church on her missionary paths. "This mission continues and, in the course of history, unfolds the mission of Christ, who was sent to evangelize the poor; so the Church, urged on by the Spirit of Christ, must walk the road Christ himself walked, a way of poverty and obedience, of service and self-sacrifice even to death, a death from which he emerged victorious by his resurrection."346 So it is that "the blood of martyrs is the seed of Christians."347 853 On her pilgrimage, the Church has also experienced the "discrepancy existing between the message she proclaims and the human weakness of those to whom the Gospel has been entrusted."348 Only by taking the "way of penance and renewal," the "narrow way of the cross," can the People of God extend Christ's reign.349 For "just as Christ carried out the work of redemption in poverty and oppression, so the Church is called to follow the same path if she is to communicate the fruits of salvation to men."350 854 By her very mission, "the Church . . . travels the same journey as all humanity and shares the same earthly lot with the world: she is to be a leaven and, as it were, the soul of human society in its renewal by Christ and transformation into the family of God."351 Missionary endeavor requires patience. It begins with the proclamation of the Gospel to peoples and groups who do not yet believe in Christ,352 continues with the establishment of Christian communities that are "a sign of God's presence in the world,"353 and leads to the foundation of local churches.354 It must involve a process of inculturation if the Gospel is to take flesh in each people's culture.355 There will be times of defeat. "With regard to individuals, groups, and peoples it is only by degrees that [the Church] touches and penetrates them and so receives them into a fullness which is Catholic."356 855 The Church's mission stimulates efforts towards Christian unity.357 Indeed, "divisions among Christians prevent the Church from realizing in practice the fullness of catholicity proper to her in those of her sons who, though joined to her by Baptism, are yet separated from full communion with her. Furthermore, the Church herself finds it more difficult to express in actual life her full catholicity in all its aspects."358 856 The missionary task implies a respectful dialogue with those who do not yet accept the Gospel.359 Believers can profit from this dialogue by learning to appreciate better "those elements of truth and grace which are found among peoples, and which are, as it were, a secret presence of God."360 They proclaim the Good News to those who do not know it, in order to consolidate, complete, and raise up the truth and the goodness that God has distributed among men and nations, and to purify them from error and evil "for the glory of God, the confusion of the demon, and the happiness of man."361 IV. THE CHURCH IS APOSTOLIC The Church is apostolic because she is founded on the apostles, in three ways: - she was and remains built on "the foundation of the Apostles,"362 The witnesses chosen and sent on mission by Christ himself;363 - with the help of the Spirit dwelling in her, the Church keeps and hands on the teaching,364 The "good deposit," the salutary words she has heard from the apostles;365 - she continues to be taught, sanctified, and guided by the apostles until Christ's return, through their successors in pastoral office: the college of bishops, "assisted by priests, in union with the successor of Peter, the Church's supreme pastor":366 You are the eternal Shepherd who never leaves his flock untended. Through the apostles you watch over us and protect us always. You made them shepherds of the flock to share in the work of your Son....367 The Apostles' mission 858 Jesus is the Father's Emissary. From the beginning of his ministry, he "called to him those whom he desired; .... and he appointed twelve, whom also he named apostles, to be with him, and to be sent out to preach."368 From then on, they would also be his "emissaries" (Greek apostoloi). In them, Christ continues his own mission: "As the Father has sent me, even so I send you."369 The apostles' ministry is the continuation of his mission; Jesus said to the Twelve: "he who receives you receives me."370 859 Jesus unites them to the mission he received from the Father. As "the Son can do nothing of his own accord," but receives everything from the Father who sent him, so those whom Jesus sends can do nothing apart from him,371 from whom they received both the mandate for their mission and the power to carry it out. Christ's apostles knew that they were called by God as "ministers of a new covenant," "servants of God," "ambassadors for Christ," "servants of Christ and stewards of the mysteries of God."372 860 In the office of the apostles there is one aspect that cannot be transmitted: to be the chosen witnesses of the Lord's Resurrection and so the foundation stones of the Church. But their office also has a permanent aspect. Christ promised to remain with them always. the divine mission entrusted by Jesus to them "will continue to the end of time, since the Gospel they handed on is the lasting source of all life for the Church. Therefore, . . . the apostles took care to appoint successors."373 The bishops - successors of the apostles 861 "In order that the mission entrusted to them might be continued after their death, [the apostles] consigned, by will and testament, as it were, to their immediate collaborators the duty of completing and consolidating the work they had begun, urging them to tend to the whole flock, in which the Holy Spirit had appointed them to shepherd the Church of God. They accordingly designated such men and then made the ruling that likewise on their death other proven men should take over their ministry."374 862 "Just as the office which the Lord confided to Peter alone, as first of the apostles, destined to be transmitted to his successors, is a permanent one, so also endures the office, which the apostles received, of shepherding the Church, a charge destined to be exercised without interruption by the sacred order of bishops."375 Hence the Church teaches that "the bishops have by divine institution taken the place of the apostles as pastors of the Church, in such wise that whoever listens to them is listening to Christ and whoever despises them despises Christ and him who sent Christ."376 863 The whole Church is apostolic, in that she remains, through the successors of St. Peter and the other apostles, in communion of faith and life with her origin: and in that she is "sent out" into the whole world. All members of the Church share in this mission, though in various ways. "The Christian vocation is, of its nature, a vocation to the apostolate as well." Indeed, we call an apostolate "every activity of the Mystical Body" that aims "to spread the Kingdom of Christ over all the earth."377 864 "Christ, sent by the Father, is the source of the Church's whole apostolate"; thus the fruitfulness of apostolate for ordained ministers as well as for lay people clearly depends on their vital union with Christ.378 In keeping with their vocations, the demands of the times and the various gifts of the Holy Spirit, the apostolate assumes the most varied forms. But charity, drawn from the Eucharist above all, is always "as it were, the soul of the whole apostolate."379 The Church is ultimately one, holy, catholic, and apostolic in her deepest and ultimate identity, because it is in her that "the Kingdom of heaven," the "Reign of God,"380 already exists and will be fulfilled at the end of time. the kingdom has come in the person of Christ and grows mysteriously in the hearts of those incorporated into him, until its full eschatological manifestation. Then all those he has redeemed and made "holy and blameless before him in love,"381 will be gathered together as the one People of God, the "Bride of the Lamb,"382 "the holy city Jerusalem coming down out of heaven from God, having the glory of God."383 For "the wall of the city had twelve foundations, and on them the twelve names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb."384 866 The Church is one: she acknowledges one Lord, confesses one faith, is born of one Baptism, forms only one Body, is given life by the one Spirit, for the sake of one hope (cf ⇒ Eph 4:3-5), at whose fulfillment all divisions will be overcome. 867 The Church is holy: the Most Holy God is her author; Christ, her bridegroom, gave himself up to make her holy; the Spirit of holiness gives her life. Since she still includes sinners, she is "the sinless one made up of sinners." Her holiness shines in the saints; in Mary she is already all-holy. 868 The Church is catholic: she proclaims the fullness of the faith. She bears in herself and administers the totality of the means of salvation. She is sent out to all peoples. She speaks to all men. She encompasses all times. She is "missionary of her very nature" (AG 2). 869 The Church is apostolic. She is built on a lasting foundation: "the twelve apostles of the Lamb" (⇒ Rev 21:14). She is indestructible (cf ⇒ Mt 16:18). She is upheld infallibly in the truth: Christ governs her through Peter and the other apostles, who are present in their successors, the Pope and the college of bishops. 870 "The sole Church of Christ which in the Creed we profess to be one, holy, catholic, and apostolic, . . . subsists in the Catholic Church, which is governed by the successor of Peter and by the bishops in communion with him. Nevertheless, many elements of sanctification and of truth are found outside its visible confines"(LG 8).	<urn:uuid:a3217c46-22f9-4df7-9a63-8b163163c51e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P29.HTM	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00014-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.972559	7,395	2.609375	3
Answer is D.Originally Posted by Anonymous Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease characterized by noncaseating granulomas in multiple organs. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis depends upon finding these noncaseating granulomas in commonly affected sites. In 90% of cases, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (“potato nodes”) or lung involvement is present and can be revealed by chest x-ray or transbronchial biopsy. The eye and skin are the next most commonly affected organs, so that both conjunctival and skin biopsies are clinical possibilities. Noncaseating granulomas may be found in multiple infectious diseases, such as fungal infections, but sarcoidosis is not caused by any known organism. Therefore, before the diagnosis of sarcoidosis can be made, cultures must be taken from affected tissues, and there must be no growth of any organism that may produce granulomas. In patients with sarcoidosis, blood levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme are increased, and this may also be used as a clinical test. In the past, the Kveim skin test was used to assist in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, but since it involves injecting into patients extracts of material from humans, it is no longer used.	<urn:uuid:85090aa1-78ed-45bf-b7b6-fadefae2477c>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.valuemd.com/pathology-forum/35813-enlarged-hilar-lymph-nodes-potato-nodes.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.933274	268	3.3125	3
Melting glaciers and ice sheets have contributed more to rising sea levels in the past decade than expansion from warming water, according to modelling in the latest report by the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems (ACE) Cooperative Research Centre. Before 2000 thermal expansion was the biggest factor in rising sea levels. The shift was “a fairly sure sign that you’re getting out of the normal balance”, said report author Dr John Hunter, an oceanographer and expert in rising sea levels at the ACE. Report Card: Sea Level Rise 2012 provides a summary of the past decade of peer-reviewed scientific research into sea-level rise, and is the most recent update since a report in 2008. During the 20th century sea levels rose at a rate unmatched for 6,000 years, the report says. Satellite measurements have confirmed the global average rise of 1.9mm a year, as measured in tide gauges. “This present sea-level rise is due to a combination of thermal expansion of a warming ocean and the melting of glaciers and ice sheets.” Dr Hunter explained that modelling had improved since the last update, at which time the contribution to sea levels from melting glaciers and ice sheets was not well understood. “We’ve been better able to match up two things: observed sea level rises - which we get by looking at tide gauges until about 20 years ago, then after that tide gauges and also records from satellites - and estimates of sea level rises, which we get by looking at ocean temperatures and observing ice on land, the two biggest components, among other things,” Dr Hunter said. “If we can get those estimates to agree with the observations from tide gauges and satellites, then we have a good understanding of sea level rise. At the time of the last assessment, that wasn’t all that well done, and we didn’t know very much about ice. We’ve got a better understanding now.” But estimating the future rate of ice loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets remained the largest uncertainty in projecting sea-level rise over the next century, he said. From 1993 to 2009, reconstructed tide-gauge data shows a rise of 2.8mm per year and satellite data shows a rise of 3.2mm per year. Since 1972, thermal expansion contributed about 45% to total sea level rise, glaciers and ice caps another 40%, with most of the remainder from the ice sheets, the report says. Since 1993 the contribution of the ice sheets to sea-level rise has increased to about 30%. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has estimated that projected sea level rise over the next century could vary from about 10-20cm to about 80cm. Dr Hunter said it was “only just about now that we’re starting to observe melting from ice is starting to overtake thermal expansion. If you disturb the earth, the first thing that happens is that you just get thermal expansion from the heating of the water, and there’s quite a lag before melting from the ice starts to kick in, and eventually the ice becomes a greater contributor. This is always a fairly sure sign that you’re getting out of the normal balance.” The two biggest impacts of the rising sea level will be flooding from inundation along hard shoreline, and coastal recession along soft shoreline, the report says. A relatively modest increase in mean sea level of 50cm will increase the frequency of flooding by a factor of roughly 300. “In Australia we’re reasonably lucky in that the projections for inundation are pretty close to the global average,” Dr Hunter said, meaning sea level would be around 38cm higher in 2090 than in 1990. “On the east coast, where the water is warmer, the rise will be slightly greater than on the west coast - by 10cm to 20cm - by the end of the century.”	<urn:uuid:00b7c82d-6c3d-40ec-8b5b-d432ac3a4c38>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://theconversation.com/melting-ice-the-greatest-factor-in-rising-sea-levels-8042	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939854	817	3.78125	4
Nectarines are a great substitute for peaches. The main difference between nectarines and peaches is the skin texture. Nectarines have a smooth skin while peaches are sort of fuzzy. Because of the smooth skin, nectarines appear more reddish as compared to peaches. Early pruning is very important to maintaining healthy nectarine trees. When pruning nectarine trees, it's important to remove the previous year's growth, as well as any branches that are dead, damaged or diseased. Pruning the inner branches of the tree helps open it up to more sun light and better growth [source: URI]. Here's how to prune nectarine trees. - Prune nectarine trees lightly at the beginning of the summer. - Prune away any diagonally crossing limbs that are rubbing against other limbs. All new growth that appears weak should be pruned away. - Prune away any dead, damaged or diseased branches, as mentioned above. - Stagger the branches. Cut the branches back to different lengths to encourage new fruiting wood to form throughout the crown, not just on the tips of the branches. For example, cut them by staggering the branches thus: the first by ¼ inch, the next by 1/3 inch, and the next 2/3 inch back. - Remove any shoots that start growing up the tree's center, to keep the area around the main trunk fairly open. - Make your pruning cuts at an angle. - Remove all debris and cuttings from around the tree [source: Ferguson].	<urn:uuid:0866d3ed-ba22-44f9-a382-0fd45f63a59b>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://home.howstuffworks.com/how-to-prune-nectarine-trees.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00078-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.931898	330	3.15625	3
Lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) have invaded the majority of the Caribbean region within five years. As voracious predators of native fishes with a broad habitat distribution, lionfish are poised to cause an unprecedented disruption to coral reef diversity and function. Controls of lionfish densities within its native range are poorly understood, but they have been recorded in the stomachs of large-bodied Caribbean groupers. Whether grouper predation of lionfish is sufficient to act as a biocontrol of the invasive species is unknown, but pest biocontrol by predatory fishes has been reported in other ecosystems. Groupers were surveyed along a chain of Bahamian reefs, including one of the region's most successful marine reserves which supports the top one percentile of Caribbean grouper biomass. Lionfish biomass exhibited a 7-fold and non-linear reduction in relation to the biomass of grouper. While Caribbean grouper appear to be a biocontrol of invasive lionfish, the overexploitation of their populations by fishers, means that their median biomass on Caribbean reefs is an order of magnitude less than in our study. Thus, chronic overfishing will probably prevent natural biocontrol of lionfishes in the Caribbean. Citation: Mumby PJ, Harborne AR, Brumbaugh DR (2011) Grouper as a Natural Biocontrol of Invasive Lionfish. PLoS ONE 6(6): e21510. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021510 Editor: Brian Gratwicke, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park, United States of America Received: April 14, 2011; Accepted: May 30, 2011; Published: June 23, 2011 Copyright: © 2011 Mumby et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This project was funded by an ARC (http://www.arc.gov.au/) Laureate Fellowship, NERC (http://www.nerc.ac.uk/) grant, EU FORCE project, and Pew Fellowship (www.pewenvironment.org) to PJM and a NERC Fellowship (NE/F015704/1) to ARH. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Over the last five years, one of the world's most ornate fishes, the lionfish (Pterios volitans/miles), has invaded much of the Caribbean, spanning an area exceeding 5,000 km2 . It is generally believed that P. volitans, together with a sister species, P. miles, escaped from aquaria in Florida within the last decade . What makes the invasion of these species so important is their voracious appetite for small fishes , , , combined with their ability to invade multiple habitats, ranging from the outer margins of reefs to sheltered mangrove lagoons , . Thus, small-bodied and juvenile reef fish are now subjected to greatly elevated predation and the usual strategies employed to avoid predation, such as the usage of mangrove nurseries , , may confer limited benefit as lionfish occupy most habitats. The long-term consequences of such predation on reef biodiversity and function are not yet clear, but are a matter of grave concern. The success of lionfish is partly attributable to its resistance to predation, largely because of its elaborate portfolio of venomous spines. In its native range of the Indo-Pacific, identification of the predators of lionfish has proven elusive, although reports of predation by the cornetfish, Fistularia commersoni, have been made for P. miles . Fistularids are uncommon in the Caribbean and the only confirmed indication of predation has been the observation of lionfishes in the stomachs of two large-bodied species of grouper, Epinephelus striatus and Myceteroperca tigris . Here, we ask whether grouper, one of the most heavily targeted fisheries species in the world , could serve as a natural form of biocontrol for invasive lionfishes. The use of predatory fishes for controlling invasive species has been used in other ecosystems , but has not previously been described for coral reefs. While grouper may have the capacity to consume lionfish, this does not necessarily imply that they act as a biocontrol. Effective biocontrol would require that grouper predation exerted a significant net impact on the density of their prey, which might not be the case if predation rates are low and/or lionfish recruitment rates high. To establish whether grouper represent a natural form of biocontrol for lionfish, we took advantage of a natural fishing experiment in the Bahamas. A 20 year ban on fishing within the Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park (ECLSP) has enabled grouper populations to exceed those in fished areas . Some five years after the invasion began, we ask whether these increased densities of groupers are reducing lionfish densities and, if so, consider whether this biocontrol mechanism is likely to be feasible elsewhere in the Caribbean region. Results and Discussion A 20 year ban on fishing in the Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park (ECLSP) has allowed predatory groupers to attain some of the highest biomasses reported anywhere in the Caribbean. Taking the region-wide dataset from the Atlantic Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment Program , we show that the mean biomass of grouper in the Park, ∼2000 g 100 m−2, falls in the top 1% of all Caribbean sites (Fig. 1). Thus the ECLSP and it's surrounding areas provide an unusual opportunity to examine the potential of groupers to act as a natural biocontrol of non-native lionfish. Data derived from the Atlantic Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment database. ECLSP = Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park. The biomass of lionfish was significantly negatively correlated with the biomass of grouper, with predator biomass explaining 56% of the variance of prey biomass (linear regression p = 0.005, Fig. 2, Table 1). Unlike large-bodied groupers (mean total length 55 cm, range 30–110 cm), other smaller predatory fishes such as Cephalopholis spp., lutjanids, carangids and aulostomids had no significant bearing on lionfish biomass (p = 0.17, Table 1), which might imply that large-bodied fish are the primary predators of lionfish. The relationship of grouper on lionfish was strongly non-linear such that an 18-fold variation in predator biomass among sites (∼170–3000 g 100 m−2) was related to a tenfold difference in lionfish density (∼0.3–0.03 fish 100 m−2) and 7-fold difference in lionfish biomass (Fig. 2). A 50% reduction in lionfish biomass was achieved with a grouper biomass of 800 g 100 m−2. Reducing lionfish density to 30% its highest value required a further doubling of grouper biomass to approximately 1516 g 100 m−2 (Fig. 2). The mean body length of lionfish was 24.5 cm (SD 4.1, range 15–34 cm). Open squares are sites outside the Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park, filled squares are sites within the Park. Errors bars represent standard error. Biocontrol is defined as the use of living organisms to suppress the population density or impact of a specific pest organism, making it less abundant or less damaging than it would otherwise be . Thus, at high levels, grouper appear to be a natural biocontrol of lionfish, and likely caused the 7-fold difference in lionfish biomass within a 30 km stretch of reef. Although we have no data on whether this biocontrol is driven by grouper predation or competitive pressure, three lines of evidence suggest that predation is the most likely mechanism. First, lionfish have been found in grouper stomachs so there is direct evidence supporting the mechanism. Second, large-bodied species of grouper, such as Epinephelus striatus, are unlikely to share the same food resources as lionfish. A study comparing predation by small individuals of E. striatus and a meso-predator that feeds on similar-sized prey to lionfish , , Cephalopholis fulva, found that the large-bodied grouper species targeted larger food items such as fish . Given that the large-bodied grouper in our study were mostly adults and larger than those studied by Stallings , it seems even more unlikely that the two groups compete for food. Third, studies of interactions between adult grouper and smaller, reef meso-predators have discovered predation-based behavioural responses of the prey rather than evidence of direct competition . There remains much to learn about the scope for biocontrol of lionfish. Laboratory and field trials are needed to understand the size-dependency of the predator-prey relationship and the role that small-bodied grouper and other piscivores may play, particularly in preying upon juvenile lionfish. We also observed that lionfish appeared to remain closer to refugia at sites with high grouper densities suggesting that grouper may both reduce lionfish densities and reduce the predation rates of lionfish in the area, as they do for functionally similar small-bodied grouper . Given that lionfish were absent in 2006 and only began to appear throughout the Exumas in 2007, our results suggest the ability of groupers to constrain the invasion over a 3 year period. It is feasible that the absolute density of lionfish may change as the invasion continues and repeated monitoring will study any change in the relationship with grouper biomass. Further, it is not clear whether continued recruitment of lionfish in non-reefal habitats, that lack large predatory grouper , might increase the future settlement of lionfish on reefs and challenge the efficacy of biocontrol in grouper habitats. Finally, it is unclear whether sharks play an active role in lionfish predation. The entire Exuma Cays possess relatively high densities of reef sharks, with at least one individual encountered per hour at each site. However, while sharks are unlikely to have contributed to the gradients of lionfish density observed here - because they were found throughout the study region and are protected from fishing throughout the bahamas - it is possible that they depress the overall density of lionfish in The Bahamas . Although the impacts of the lionfish invasion on biodiversity and ecosystem function are not yet clear, our study provides insights into the feasibility of natural biocontrol. It is sobering that overfishing of large-bodied grouper , has left the median biomass at only 178 g 100 m−2 in the Caribbean (Figure 1). Our results suggest that such a low biomass, which is more than an order of magnitude less than that in the ECLSP, would have only a minor impact on lionfish biomass because it is barely detectable using our regression relationship. Thus, while grouper appear to have the capacity to serve as a natural biocontrol, this is only likely to be feasible in protected marine reserves or if fishing practices change to allow the maintenance of large individuals in the population. One potential option would be the usage of slot fisheries, that target intermediate-sized fishes and leave the largest individuals to maintain reproduction and ecosystem processes . However, if the historical trend of poor management continues then direct capture and eradication may be the only practicable form of lionfish control for much of the Caribbean. Economic incentives, such as the development of a commercial market for lionfish - which is beginning to happen in some parts of the Caribbean - might help make direct interventions a cost-effective option. Materials and Methods In May 2010, 12 sites were selected along a stretch of reef spanning 30 km of the Exuma Cays, central Bahamas (Table S1). Five sites were located in the ECLSP and seven sites were located in fished areas to the north of the Park. Eight of the sites had been visited before the invasion and were therefore revisited. Additional sites were selected near mooring buoys that provided the same Montastraea reef habitat at a suitable depth of 7–15 m. No lionfish were seen at any site in 2004 or 2006. In May 2007, a survey of nine sites (six of the sites chosen in 2010, plus three to the south of the Park) recorded the presence of lionfish both to the north and south of the Park, though densities were too low for effective fish censuses. Dive boats had not collected lionfish at dive sites in the Exuma Cays for at least 2 years prior to surveys. Indeed, the highest and lowest densities of lionfish were both observed at dive sites that receive occasional visitation (once per week). The same habitat (complex Montastraea forereef at a depth of 7–15 m) was surveyed at each site. This is the preferred habitat of adult large-bodied grouper . Previous studies along the Exuma Cays found no systematic variation across reserve boundaries in habitat complexity or predicted fish larval supply . Lionfish and all large-bodied species of grouper (Epinephelus striatus, Mycteroperca tigris, M. bonaci, M. venenosa, and M. interstitialis; subsequently ‘grouper’) were visually censused simultaneously using eight replicate timed swims per site. Timed swims represent a more appropriate and efficient technique for censusing relatively rare and patchy species than more traditional transect approaches. Each timed swim lasted 5 minutes, covered approximately 300 m2, and was undertaken by the same surveyor (PJM). Care was taken to examine cryptic habitats and the count, size and species of individuals was recorded. Additional predatory fishes in the families Sphryaenidae, Serranidae, Lutjanidae, Aulostomidae, and Muraenidae were sampled using eight 30×4 m transects per site (Muraenidae have been observed to consume a wounded lionfish ). Given that biomass is a better proxy for trophic impact than density, grouper data were converted to mass using allometric scaling relationships with body length . Allometric scaling relationships for lionfish were obtained elsewhere . To assess patterns of grouper biomass around the Caribbean and place the Exuma Cays data in context, we extracted data from 443 forereef sites in the Atlantic Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) database . Sites spanned 15 countries including the British Virgin Islands, US Virgin Islands, Florida, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, Panama, Bonaire, Curaçao, Mexico, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Costa Rica, Belize, Jamaica and The Bahamas. These data were collected using visual fish census along 30×4 m transects. In order to compare grouper biomass from our Exumas sites to the AGRRA data, we also measured grouper biomass along nine 30×4 m transects at nine of our sites in 2010 and five 50×4 m transects in 2004. Surveys in 2007 and 2004 also quantified the total fish community structure for non-cryptic species. Survey locations in the Exuma Cays. Reserve status denotes whether the site was within the Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park. We thank Bruce Purdy and his crew for providing such excellent field support. We also thank all the contributors to the AGRRA program for creating such a valuable dataset. Conceived and designed the experiments: PJM. Performed the experiments: PJM ARH DRB. Analyzed the data: PJM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PJM. Wrote the paper: PJM ARH. - 1. Schofield PJ (2009) Geographic extent and chronology of the invasion of non-native lionfish (Pterois volitans [Linneaus 1758] and P. miles [Bennett 1828]) in the Western North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. 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Aquatic Biology in press. - 8. Mumby PJ, Edwards AJ, Arias-González JE, Lindeman KC, Blackwell PG, et al. (2004) Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature 427: 533–536. - 9. Nagelkerken I, van der Velde G, Gorissen MW, Meijer GJ, van't Hof T, et al. (2000) Importance of mangroves, seagrass beds and the shallow coral reef as a nursery for important coral reef fishes, using a visual census technique. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 51: 31–44. - 10. Bernadsky G, Goulet D (1991) A natural predator of the lionfish Pterois miles. Copeia. 1991. : 230–231. - 11. Humann P, Deloach N (2002) Reef fish identification. Jacksonville: New World Publications Inc.. - 12. Maljković A, Van Leeuwen TE, Cove SN (2008) Predation on the invasive red lionfish, Pterois volitans (Pisces: Scorpaenidae), by native groupers in the Bahamas. Coral Reefs 27: 501. - 13. McClenachan L (2009) Documenting loss of large trophy fish from the Florida Keys with historical photographs. 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Greenville: East Carolina University. 72 p.	<urn:uuid:5c75a767-867e-4b1c-9c2c-c14dc75a44d1>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0021510	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00108-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.894717	4,844	2.921875	3
Release date: June, 2011 California Council on Science and Technology Report Looks Ahead to 80 Percent Reduction in Carbon Fuel Emissions from 1990 Level "California's Energy Future - The View to 2050" looks a generation ahead at what's required to reach that goal and answers the call of S-3-05, the executive order from 2005 to reduce the state's emissions 80 percent below the 1990 level by 2050. The good news: The technology to do more with less energy and produce the electricity and fuel we need to get to the 60 percent mark is either in demonstration, or already in use. Pushing on to a full 80 percent reduction in emissions will require significant levels of research, development, invention and innovation, the report states. The total commitment necessary to achieve this accelerated pace will require strong societal and policy backing because there are less than 40 years to make a nearly total change-over to the required technology. Essentially, in this time period, every existing building will either be retrofit to higher efficiency standards or replaced, 60 percent of light-duty vehicles will use electricity, so that the average fuel economy will be roughly 70 miles per gallon. Additionally, the electricity generating capacity of the state will be almost entirely replaced and then doubled, and all with near zero-emission technology. Meanwhile, infrastructure to produce biofuels - costing tens of billions of dollars - will have to be built, biofuel imports must become available, and fossil fuel use will have to decline dramatically. The report's conclusion strongly recommends the development of multiple solutions, making it clear that no single approach will take the state to a future nearly free of fossil fuel emissions. Getting to the 60 percent mark, on technology either at commercial scale or in development, can be accomplished through four - Aggressive efficiency measures for buildings, industry and transportation to reduce the need for both electricity and fuel. - Electrification of transportation and heat wherever technically feasible to avoid fossil fuel use as much as possible. - Developing emission-free electricity production with some combination of renewable energy, nuclear power and fossil fuel accompanied by underground storage of the carbon dioxide emissions, while at the same time nearly doubling electricity production. - Finding supplies of low-carbon fuel to supply transportation and heat use which cannot be electrified, such as for airplanes and heavy duty trucks, and high quality heat in industry. The report examines a suite of emission-free technologies, some everyday and others exotic. Stringent energy-efficiency standards for buildings and industry, electric vehicles, electric heat pumps, nuclear, solar and wind power, and biofuels are among commonly known clean energy solutions described in the report. Still other methods include carbon capture and storage for fossil fuel electric generation, and eliminating emissions from hydrogen production. Aggressive new efficiency measures could reduce the demand for electricity by about a third, and for fuel by half. Incentives to electrify transportation and heat production would increase the requirement for electricity, but cut fuel demand by yet another third. Even with these measures, by 2050 California would need about twice as much electricity as we use today and still nearly 70 percent of the fuel consumed today. California has enough renewable resources, such as geothermal, solar and wind to supply all of the state's projected electricity needs in 2050, except for the fact that many of these resources are intermittent. When the sun doesn't shine or the wind doesn't blow, this power must be backed up or "firmed." In addition, demand for electricity fluctuates and utilities need to find a way to provide power that matches changing demand. Emissions from the current approach of using natural gas to firm the power and "follow the load" (matching fluctuating demand with supply) could, on its own, exceed the emission target if California elects to rely predominantly on renewable energy. This means that California must couple efforts to increase the amount of renewable energy with another effort to find ways to match supply and demand without burning natural gas. The report labels this "zero emission load balancing" (ZELB) and suggests load balancing should be required to reduce emissions just like any other energy technology. We will need major advances in energy storage and the construction and management of a smart grid to do this. Nuclear power can provide constant, reliable emission-free energy with a much lower and more easily met requirement for load balancing. Roughly 30 new nuclear power plants could provide two-thirds of California's electric power in 2050. However, nuclear waste storage remains a significant problem with existing reactor technology, not to mention public concern, especially in the wake of Japan's recent earthquake and tsunami disaster. California could continue to utilize fossil fuel for electricity production if we capture the resulting emissions and pump them underground, and the state has many decades of underground storage capacity for carbon dioxide. The report recommends a balanced portfolio that uses some of each of these sources - renewables, nuclear and fossil fuel with carbon capture and storage - and a strong commitment to eliminating emissions from load balancing. The report revised upwards estimates of the amount of sustainable biomass available to produce energy in California solely from wastes and crops grown on marginal lands, without fertilizer or irrigation, and estimated how much more might be imported from countries such as Brazil. The report identified a large range in possible amounts of biomass that could be counted on for bio-energy without impacting food or water supplies. A mid-range estimate of biomass supply, plus technology advances to produce advanced fuels which would look much like today's gasoline, diesel and jet fuel, is likely to meet only half the demand for fuel in 2050. If the remaining fuel use is from fossil fuels, the emissions from this source would exceed the 2050 target. Consequently, the report concludes that biofuels are an important part of our future, but California should also be looking to alternatives for low-carbon fuel that do not require biomass. The problem of getting from 60 percent to a full 80 percent reduction in emissions from the 1990 level will require technologies that are not currently on the market, or even in demonstration. Further, California would require a combination of several strategies to make the target that might include, for example, new energy storage technology, advances in the smart-grid, advances in biofuel technology, new ways to provide low carbon fuels that are not based on biomass, as well as behavior changes that would reduce demand. California is also a leader in the development of breakthrough, game-changing technology that could dramatically change outcomes, especially beyond 2050. The state leads the world in developing fuel from sunlight and in the prospect of using fusion to produce safe energy without producing a large problem with nuclear waste. The two-year CCST report summarized in "California's Energy Future - the View to 2050" was funded by the California Energy Commission, the S.D. Bechtel Foundation and the California Air Resources Board and completed by committee of volunteers from major energy research institutions in the state.	<urn:uuid:b7cb3b1f-062a-4fce-82b9-1903cc2dd26e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://ccst.us/publications/2011/2011energy.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.929756	1,484	3.09375	3
Cold Snaps Plus Global Warming Do Add Up That feeling of numbness in your toes, even inside your thickest boots, is not lying to you. It's been very cold so far this winter in most of the U.S. and many places at middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Washington, D.C., London and Seoul have already shoveled themselves out from major snowfalls. And over the course of 2009, average temperatures across some parts of the U.S. were cooler than the average temperature for a baseline period of 1951-1980. To many people's confusion, these weather events happened against a backdrop of increasing man-made greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere that are gradually warming the planet. But scientists stress this weather does not mean that those gases are no longer exerting a warming influence. Nor does it go against the grain of basic global warming theory. Cold snaps and bouts of natural cooling that could last years are expected naturally even as the climate continues on a long-term warming trend, forced by man-made emissions. It's snow joke So, what has been going on out there these past few months? As for the Arctic winter weather, it is exactly that — Arctic. A pattern of high sea-level pressure over the Arctic has led to weaker westerly winds that typically pin cold air closer to the North pole. According to John M. Wallace, an atmospheric sciences professor at the University of Washington, the weakened jet stream has allowed cold Arctic air to creep into more southern latitudes over the U.S., Canada, Europe and Asia. This pattern of pressure is called the "Arctic Oscillation." The oscillation comes in two phases: a "negative phase" where there is relatively high pressure over the North pole and low pressure at the mid-latitudes (at about 45 degrees North); and a "positive phase" in which this pressure system is reversed. This winter, the Arctic Oscillation has been in an extremely negative state. This has caused unseasonably cold air masses to sweep over what are normally temperate latitudes, and unusually mild air masses to be brought in over much of the Arctic itself, Wallace explained. "The unseasonable temperatures have been accompanied by well-above-normal sea-level pressure in the Arctic, especially over the Atlantic sector. That's how scientists characterize the Arctic Oscillation," Wallace said. "Winter isn't over yet, we're barely to the halfway mark. But this will be a winter to remember because of the Arctic Oscillation." "The bottom line is, I don't find it extraordinary," Wallace said. "With or without anthropogenic (man-made) warming, you're going to have big variations in these patterns." The 2009 global temperature analysis released by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) shows that, globally, 2009 was tied for the second hottest year on record. This comes as news reports and blogs question whether global warming is even occurring, given local weather conditions and the fact that warming did not occur at the same rate in the past 10 years as it did during the '80s and '90s. But here is the key: While the rate of warming slowed, the decade ending Dec. 31, 2009 was also the warmest since accurate records began in 1880, according to GISS. And neither the basic chemistry and physics of global warming nor the continuing increase in man-made greenhouse gas emissions has changed. One spell is not enough "Frequently heard fallacies are that 'global warming stopped in 1998,' or that 'the world has been getting cooler over the past decade,'" GISS director James Hansen wrote in a recent essay called "The Temperature of Science." "These statements appear to be wishful thinking — it would be nice if true, but that is not what the data show." Hansen explains that the 5-year and 11-year temperature averages, i.e. the planet's annual average temperature, averaged over 5 or 11 years, are valuable because they place less emphasis on single-year variability. These running averages show a consistent rise in the Earth's temperature over the past 30 years. Further, if the El Niño effect (when unusually warm ocean temperatures occur in the tropical Pacific Ocean) is as strong in 2010 as expected, Hansen said there is a greater than 50 percent chance that it could be the warmest year in the period of instrumental data. But even if it is, like the recent harsh weather, one year or one particular spell of weather will never alone prove or disprove what is happening to the climate. Even as man-made greenhouse gases exert a consistent pressure on the climate, trapping more heat close to the surface of our planet, surface temperatures from year to year will fluctuate depending on the naturally variable forces at work around the globe. In the early 1990s, the mass of sulfates blasted into the atmosphere by the eruption of the Mt. Pinatubo volcano reflected sunlight and counteracted much of the man-made warming effect for several years. In 1998 El Niño combined with the man-made effect to give us one of the warmest years ever. Allowing for this variability, global warming theory does not posit a linear, year-to-year increase in temperatures. Nor does it say that harsh winter weather will simply end. What it does say is that increasing concentrations of gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, with unchecked growth, will contribute a greater and greater warming influence on the world's climate. "The bottom line is this: there is no global cooling trend," Hansen wrote in his 2009 temperature analysis. "For the time being, until humanity brings its greenhouse gas emissions under control, we can expect each decade to be warmer than the preceding one." NASA's "A Warming World" NASA "A Warming World" Feature: The ups and downs of global warming NASA News Release: 2009: Second warmest year on record; end of warmest decade NASA "A Warming World" Feature: Temperature trackers watch waxings and wanings of our watery world NASA News Q&A: Discussing the Temperature Record NOAA Climate Prediction Center: Current Arctic Oscillation Conditions	<urn:uuid:4f3bcb7c-aaf8-4b52-9946-5e84905c3006>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/features/201002_coldsnap/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.939456	1,272	2.90625	3
Kids & Nature Trends in Canadian Books on the Environment CM environment reviewer Peter Croskery looks at this year's crop of environmental publications for children and asks whether we are simply making our children feel guilty for a mess they didn't create. Within the past several years there has been a noticeable shift in the content and style of natural history materials being prepared for Canadian children. Where as previous publications tended to emphasize a pastoral element with an "innocent" child making an "important" discovery while exploring the outdoors, many of today's books have a stronger pedantic message: children must act now to save the environment. It may be that the publishing industry has moved too far in this new direction. Typical of the "innocent discovery" style of nature books is Lena and the Whale. It has a strong child heroine, an excellent story-line and is beautifully packaged with illustrations and binding. Young children in the three-to six-year range will enjoy this book. (They always do.) Furthermore, it combines a simple story-line with a subtle message. We can help wildlife, but wildlife must be free. Among the other recent publications are the "Katie and Orbie Save the Planet" series, a collaboration by father and daughter Ben and Susan Wicks, and Zebo and the Dirty Planet by Kim Fernandes. These are the more pedantic style, where the central message dominates at the cost of the story's entertainment value. Suitable for the same age group, they don't compare in children's entertainment value to Lena and the Whale. First in the "Katie and Orbie Save the Planet" series is Katie and Orbie Pick Up Garbage. Katie "adopts" Orbie, who is abandoned by his (its) mother who comes from another planet where the environment is not suitable for sustaining life. Together Katie and Orbie "tackle" popular environmental issues as Katie teaches Orbie how to be a more responsible "human." Other books in the series include Katie and Orbie Switch Off Lights, Katie and Orbie Save Water and Katie and Orbie Plant a Tree. As a parent, I noticed the Ben Wicks name, and in thumbing through the books I found they had that delightful Wicks artwork. But the content is too dictatorial or preachy for my children, and, besides, I don't want to have to explain to my pre-schoolers why any mom would desert her child. Zebo and the Dirty Planet is a hardcover high-gloss production. The illustrations are photographs of plasticine art (Fimo) and are attractive. The text is acceptable but definitely not the book's strength. Had the text and message been downplayed and the target audience a little younger, this book would have strong appeal. As it stands, it seems like a scare message to convince children that it's their fault, or responsibility, the planet is so screwed up. Young children have a lot to learn. They're trying to develop vocabulary, understand their relationships with other people, accept the order of society's routines, learn to read, and develop some basic sense of responsibility. They're trying to do all of these things at the same time. To burden them with profound environmental messages, in my opinion, is too much too soon. The message should be left until children reach at least grade 3. All a very young child needs to know is that nature is wonderful. From that sense of wonder will come the desire to understand and act responsibly. The Crabtree Environmental series by Bobbie Kalman targets its message at eight-to twelve-year-olds. Both Reducing, Reusing, & Recycling and Buried in Garbage are good review books of their respective topics, done at a level suitable for young readers. Hardcover, with numerous photos, the books are almost textbook in style. Children looking for ideas and information will find these a good source. They weren't designed or intended to be light reading but they would be positive additions to a classroom library. Another new innovation of recent years is the use of different imagery as the means of illustrating children's literature. Previously mentioned Zebo and the Dirty Planet uses plasticine style art. Growing Wild by Constance Perenyi uses collages of torn and cut paper for illustrating the "aging" or "evolution" of a manicured city lawn into an unkempt wild environment. The illustrations are great. Sometimes when we concentrate so much effort on conveying our message we don't see the hidden secondary messages. This is a serious flaw of Growing Wild. Although it is important, and each of us can do something to help improve wildlife habitat in urban settings, it isn't necessarily wrong to cut your lawn. I can see my pre-schoolers asking me why I cut the lawn after my reading them Growing Wild. Do we really want young children to believe that their parents cutting the lawn is environmentally insensitive? Although printed in Canada, Growing Wild is very much an American book. Listed in the back are agencies that might provide more information on how to cultivate wildlife habitat in the urban landscape; all are American. Why the Canadian publisher didn't attempt to add several Canadian sources to the list is unknown. For older readers, including adults, the past year was a continuation of the advocacy towards personal action. Publishers seemed to release fewer large-format nature books or high quality identification guides. Although good quality coffee table books will always be popular, the public is much more discriminating and selective than it used to be. We have been deluged with such largeformat books for years and any new release has to be really good if it's going to replace the book currently sitting on the coffee table. And there are enough good field guides. The Harmony Foundation's publication, Community Workshops for the Environment: An Organizer's Manual, Warner Troyer's Preserving Our World: A Consumer's Guide to the Brundtland Report and What We Can Do for the Environment from Environment Canada are typical of recent publications for the closet consumer advocate who wants to put personal action to work in a quiet family way. At the same time, Canadian publishers are marketing a series of books for older children along the same theme. The philosophy is simple: if parents are concerned their children will be, too. Trash Attack by Candace Savage, The Kids' Green Plan by Janet Grant and The Canadian Junior Green Guide are examples of this year's environmental action publications that parallel adult publications but are designed for kids. I think it is safe to say that an advocate of any cause will always look first toward his/her immediate family for converts. Any parent with a personal commitment to the environment can't help but find children's environmental action literature attractive. Unfortunately, this is a relatively new market and parents are finding some of this material attractive, not so much for its content as for its general theme. It should be remembered that a number of this year's environmental action books have not received strongly positive reviews. In keeping with the publishing industry's increased emphasis on personal environmental action, two new magazines have recently started, Earthkeeper and Canadian Environmental Network Bulletin. Of the two, Earthkeeper is the more commercial magazine in both production and content. Canadian Environmental Network Bulletin is a newsletter/newspaper containing information on events and activities pertaining to the environment. It lacks the "feature article" format of commercial magazines, which in itself is a refreshing change. The Canadian Environmental Network Bulletin would be a valuable addition to any environmentalist's reference collection. Earthkeeper's features appear well written and are of general interest, but it will find itself in direct competition with already established magazines such as the Canadian Nature Federation's Nature Canada, the Federation of Ontario Naturalist's Seasons and even Camden House's Harrowsmith. The "environmental treat" of the past year isn't a publication. It's an audio product. Evergreen Everblue: An Ecology Album for the 90s by Raffi will be enjoyed by anyone over the age of eight. Its songs are in a slow ballad style that convey important basic messages. Several of the songs have catchy phrases that will help sell the message. In summary, environmental literature underwent a major shift in the past year. For adults, advocacy for action was the strongest element of environmental publications. For children, more direct environmental messages were presented at the cost of entertainment. Books of the past year did not make the significant contributions to the ecology cause that the 1990 publishing year did. Peter Croskery, a regular CM environment reviewer, worked for almost twenty years as a wildlife biologist in northern Ontario banding geese and Ring-billed Gulls, trapping and tagging Black Bears, and studying the Common Loon. He has worked with school teachers helping to bring wildlife awareness into the classroom and his writing has appeared in scientific journals, Nature Canada, Teaching Today and Chickadee, among others. Now started on a new career as Mr. Mom to his two preschool children, Peter instructs part time at the Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology and is pursuing several writing projects. He lives in Grimsby, Ontario. Atwood, Margaret. For the Birds. Illustrated by John Bianchi. Toronto, Ground wood Books/Douglas & McIntyre, 1990. 54pp, paper, $12.95, ISBN 0-88894-8295. (Earth Care Books). CIP Reviewed vol. XIX/2 March 1991, p. 93. Buma, Joan Wheaton. Hands on Nature: Year-Round Activities for Kids. Don Mills (Ont.), Addison-Wesley, 1991. 94pp, paper, $11.95, ISBN 0-201-57915-4. CIP Reviewed vol. XIX/3 May 1991, p. 162. Canadian Environmental Network Bulletin. Vol. 2, no. 3 June 1991). 6 issues (32 pp)/ $25.00 (GST included). Available from Canadian Environmental Network, P.O. Box 1289, Station B. Ottawa, Ont. K1P 5R3; (613) 563-2078. The Canadian junior Green Guide. Teri Degler and Pollution Probe; poetry by Dennis Lee. Toronto, McClelland & Stewart, 1990. 120pp, paper, $12.95, ISBN 0-7710-7157-4. CIP Reviewed vol. XIX/2 March 1991, p.107. Carmanah Valley I, II and III. Vancouver, Western Canada Wilderness Committee/Wondertree Learning Centre, 1990. Video games (three 3 1/2 in. diskettes for Macintosh; HyperCard stack and wildlife index) $25.00 plus $2.00 for shipping. Available from Carmanah Valley Program, c to Wondertree Learning Center; Box 35243, Station E, Vancouver, ED.C. V6M 4G4. Reviewed this issue. Community Work shops for the Environment: An Organizer's Manual. Ottawa, Harmony Foundation of Canada, 1990. 58pp, paper, $15.00, ISBN 0-929010-03-5. Distributed by Harmony Foundation of Canada, P.O. Box 4016, Station C, Ottawa, Ont. KEY 4P2. CIP Reviewed vol. XIX/1 January 1991, p.22. Connections: Finding out about the Environment. Narrated by David Suzuki. Toronto, General Paperbacks, 1990. 40-minute audiocassette and 32 page activity book, $9.99, ISBN 0-77367376-1. Reviewed vol. XIX/1 January 1991, p.25. Earthkeeper. Vol. 1, no. 4 (March/April 1991) and vol. 1, no. 5 (May/June 1991). 6 issues (56pp)/$24.00 plus GST. Available from Earthkeeper Inc 99 Edinburgh Road South, Guelph, Ont. N1H 5P5; (519) 763-9357. Environmental Resource Directory. Toronto, Public Focus, 1990. 180pp, looseleaf binder, $50.00 two-year subscription ($35.00 for individuals, schools, non-profit organizations and public libraries). Includes three biannual updates. Reviewed vol. XIX/2 March 1991, p. 83. Fernandes, Kim. Zebo and the Dirty Planet. Toronto, Annick Press, 1991. 32pp, library binding, ISBN 1-55037-183 5 (library binding) $1495, ISBN 1-55037 180-0 (paper) $4.95. Distributed by Fire fly Books. CIP Grant, Janet. The Kids' Green Plan: How to Write Your Own Plan to Save the Environment. Markham (Ont.), Pembroke Publishing, 1990. 32pp, paper, $4.95, ISBN 0-921217-56-0. CIP Reviewed vol. XIX/2 March 1991, p. 94. Herridge, Doug and Susan Hughes. The Environmental Detective Kit. Toronto, Somerville House, 1991. 80pp, paper, $12.95,ISBN 006107408-X. Distributed by HarperCollins. Reviewed this issue. Johnson, Gordon K. Environmental Tips: How You Can Save This Planet. Calgary, Detselig Enterprises, 1990. 169pp, paper, $13.95, ISBN 1-55059-011-1. Reviewed vol. XVIII/6 November 1990, p. 277. Kalman, Bobbie. Reducing Reusing, & Recycling. M i ssi ssauga (Ont . ), Crab tree Publishing,1991. 32pp, paper-bound boards, $19.95, ISBN 046505-426-6. (The Crabtree Environment series). CIP Kalman, Bobbie and Canine Schaub. Buried in Garbage. Mississauga (Ont.), Cabtree publishing,1991. 32pp, paper bound boards, $19.95, ISBN 086505424-X. (The Crabtree Environment series). CIP Kessler, Deirdre. Lena and the Whale. Illustrated by P. John Burden. Charlottetown, Ragweed Press, 1991. 24pp, paper, $5.95, ISBN 0-921556-13-6. Distributed by University of Toronto Press. CIP Link Science: A Hands-on Approach to the Environment. The Nomad Scientists. Markham (Ont.), Pembroke Publishing, 1990. 95pp, paper, $12.95, ISBN 0921117-57-9. CIP Reviewed vol. XIX/2 March 1991, p. 85. 1 MacLeod, Elizabeth. The Recycling Book. Illustrated by Jane Kurisu. Toronto, Greey de Pencier, 1991. 48pp, paper, $7.95, ISBN 092077558-6. CIP Reviewed this issue. Mason, Adrienne. The Green Classroom. Markham (Ont.), Pembroke Publishing, 1991. 120pp, paper, $12.95, ISBN 0921217-60-9. CIP Reviewed vol. XIX/3 May 1991, p. 165. Perenyi, Constance. Growing Wild: Inviting Wildlife into Your Yard. Pickering (Ont.), Silvio Mattacchione & Co., 1991. 39pp, paper, $8.95, ISBN 1895270-05-7. Distributed by Firefly Books. CIP Raffi. Evergreen Everblue. Troubadour Records Ltd., 1990. cassette ($12.83), compact disc ($19.98). Distributed by MCA Records Canada, 2450 Victoria Park Avenue, Willowdale, Ont. M2J 4A2 Savage,Candace. Trash attack. Illustrated by Steve Beinicke. Toronto, Groundwood Books/Douglas & Mclntyre, 1990. 56pp, paper, $12.95, ISBN 0-88894-826. (Earth Care Books). CIP Reviewed vol. XIX/2 March 1991, p. 95. Troyer, Warner. Preserving Our World: A consumer's Guide to the Brundtland Report. Willowdale (Ont.), Firefly Books/ Warglen International Communications, 1990. 131pp, paper, $9.95, ISBN 09694539. Reviewed vol. XIX March 1991, p. 107. What We Can Do for Our Environment. Ottawa, Environment Canada, 1990. 48pp, paper, ISBN 0-662-17535-2. Free copies available from Inquiry Centre, Environment Canada, 351 St. Joseph Blvd., Hull, Que. K1A OH3; (819) 997-2800. Wicks, Susan. Katie and Orbie Pick Up Garbage. Illustrated by Ben Wicks. Toronto, Key Porter Books, 1991. 15pp, paper, $4.95, ISBN 155013-322-5. (Katie and Orbie Save the Planet series). CIP Wicks, Susan. Xatie and Orbie Plant a Tree. Illustrated by Ben Wicks. Toronto, Key Porter Books, 1991. 15pp, paper, $4.95, ISBN 1-55013-324-1. (Katie and Orbie Save the Planet series). CIP Wicks, Susan. Katie and Orbie Save Water. Illustrated by Ben Wicks. Toronto, Key Porter Books, 1991. 15pp, paper, $4.95, ISBN 155013324-1. (Katie and Orbie Save the Planet series). CIP Wicks, Susan. Katie and Orbie Switch Off Lights. Illustrated by Ben Wicks. Toronto, Key Porter Books, 1991. 15pp, paper, $4.95, ISBN 155013-326-8. (Katie and Orbie Save the Planet series). CIP 1971-1979 \| 1980-1985 \| 1986-1990 \| 1991-1995 The materials in this archive are copyright © The Manitoba Library Association. Reproduction for personal use is permitted only if this copyright notice is maintained. Any other reproduction is prohibited without permission. Digital Collections / Collections Numérisees	<urn:uuid:30fbdddb-fb7b-46c3-9d36-0fb0af0089c9>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://umanitoba.ca/cm/cmarchive/vol19no4/kidsandnature.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00083-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.887013	3,804	2.671875	3
Called also: MARSH OWL ; MEADOW OWL ; PRAIRIE OWL Length14 to 17 inches ; female the larger. Male and FemaleEar tufts inconspicuous ; face disk white, or nearly so, minutely speckled with blackish, and with large black eye patches and yellow eyes; upper parts dusky brown, the feathers margined with yellow; under parts whitish or buff, the breast broadly streaked, never mottled, with brown, and underneath more finely and sparingly streaked ; tail barred with buff and dusky bands of equal width. Bill and claws dusky blue black; legs feathered with buff. RangeNearly cosmopolitan ; throughout North America, and nesting from Virginia northward. SeasonChiefly a migratory visitor ; April, November ; also a resident in many sections. Here is an owl that breaks through several family traditions, for it does not live in woods, neither does it confine its hunting excursions to the dark hours; but, living in the marshes or grassy meadows, it flies abroad much by day, especially in cloudy weather, after two o’clock in the afternoon, as well as at night. Another unconventional trait it has: it makes its nest of hay and sticks on the ground instead of in hollow trees or upper parts of buildings; and one nest that contained six white eggs, discovered in a lonely marsh where the least bittern was the owl’s nearest neighbor, was in a tussock quite surrounded by water. The bittern, that misanthropic recluse, springing into the air, was off at once, dangling its legs behind it ; whereas the marsh owl, that is not at all shy, simply stared and blinked, with a half human expression of wonder on its face, until the intruder became too impertinent and lifted it off its nest. Even then it did nothing more spiteful than to sharply click its bill as it circled about just overhead. Yet there seems to be a popular impression that this owl is fierce. Even Nuttall has said it will attack a man ! In the west the burrows of ground squirrels and rabbits or the hole of a muskrat have been utilized, since none of the owls is overscrupulous about appropriating other creatures’ homes, however much attached a pair may become to a spot that has once cradled their brood. ” As useless as a last year’s nest ” can have no meaning to owls. Still another peculiarity of this owl is that it is almost never seen to alight on a tree; the ground is its usual resting place, a stump or knoll a high enough point of vantage. Mice, gophers, and insects of various kinds, which are its food, keep this hunter close to earth; and as it flies low, and does not take to wing until fairly stepped on, it encourages close acquaintance, thereby earning a reputation for being the most abundant species in the United States. Its alleged superiority of numbers may also be accounted for by the fact that during the migrations it is sometimes found in flocks numbering a hundred. Aside from a quavering, mouse-like squeak, the marsh owl apparently makes no sound. Its flight is positively uncanny in its silence. Like the barn and the long-eared owls, this invaluable ally earns the fullest protection from the farmers.	<urn:uuid:d579807c-9dd5-4695-887d-1cc62fc2a5e2>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://birds.yodelout.com/birds-short-eared-owl/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966531	704	2.953125	3
A synthetic DNA binding compound has proved surprisingly effective at binding to the DNA of bacteria and killing all the bacteria it touched within two minutes. The DNA binding properties of the compound were first discovered in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Warwick by Professor Mike Hannon and Professor Alison Rodger (Professor Mike Hannon is now at the University of Birmingham). However the strength of its antibiotic powers have now made it a compound of high interest for University of Warwick researchers working on the development of novel antibiotics. Dr Adair Richards from the University of Warwick said: "This research will assist the design of new compounds that can attack bacteria in a highly effective way which gets around the methods bacteria have developed to resist our current antibacterial drugs. As this antibiotic compound operates by targeting DNA, it should avoid all current resistance mechanisms of multi-resistant bacteria such as MRSA." The compound [Fe2L3]4+ is an iron triple helicate with three organic strands wrapped around two iron centres to give a helix which looks cylindrical in shape and neatly fits within the major groove of a DNA helix. It is about the same size as the parts of a protein that recognise and bind with particular sequences of DNA. The high positive charge of the compound enhances its ability to bind to DNA which is negatively charged. When the iron-helicate binds to the major groove of DNA it coils the DNA so that it is no longer available to bind to anything else and is not able to drive biological or chemical processes. Initially the researchers focused on the application of this useful property for targeting the DNA of cancer cells as it could bind to, coil up and shut down the cancer cell's DNA either killing the cell or stopping it replicate. However the team quickly realised that it might also be a very clever way of targeting drug-resistant bacteria. New research at the University of Warwick, led by Dr Adair Richards and Dr Albert Bolhuis, has now found that the [Fe2L3]4+ does indeed have a powerful effect on bacteria. When introduced to two test bacteria Bacillus subtilis and E. coli they found that it quickly bound to the bacteria's DNA and killed virtually every cell within two minutes of being introduced - though the concentration required for this is high. Professor Alison Rodger, Professor of Biophysical Chemistry at the University of Warwick, said: "We were surprised at how quickly this compound killed bacteria and these results make this compound a key lead compound for researchers working on the development of novel antibiotics to target drug resistant bacteria." The researchers will next try and understand how and why the compound can cross the bacteria cell wall and membranes. They plan to test a wide range of compounds to look for relatives of the iron helicate that have the same mechanism for action in collaboration with researchers around the world.Professor Mike Hannon from the University of Birmingham said:"This research is a great example of how the Universities of Birmingham and Warwick are working together to deliver exciting new research that can impact on medicine and healthcare - key themes of the AWM "Birmingham Science City" initiative which seeks to make the West Midlands the leading player in science and technology in the UK." The research has just been published in the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents in a paper entitled Antimicrobial activity of an iron triple helicate by Dr Adair D. Richards, and Professor Alison Rodger from the University of Warwick, Professor Michael J. Hannon from the University of Birmingham and Dr Albert Bolhuis from Bath University. Issue 33 pp469-472 http://www.ijaaonline.com/article/S0924-8579(08)00577-3 For further information please contact University of Warwick on +44 (0)24 7657 5797 Peter Dunn, Press and Media Relations Manager University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 8UW, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)24 76 523708 Mobile/Cell: +44 (0)7767 655860 8th June 2009	<urn:uuid:bba348c7-f4df-435b-963d-cb3ab8a4b042>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/new_antibiotics_could	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.932973	826	3.1875	3
This book grew out of a two-quarter sequence of undergraduate courses offered at the University of California (UCSB), for science majors, engineers and mathematicians. These courses along with a two-quarter sequence on ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and dynamical systems constitute the applied mathematics courses for the Program in Scientific Computations, a joint program between the mathematics department and the College of Engineering at UCSB. More information about this program can be obtained at the URL address: www.math.ucsb.edu/~birnir. One could call the approach taken in this book a qualitative theory of linear PDEs and that is what the more theoretically inclined students can gain from it. A similar approach to nonlinear PDEs is the basis for a rapidly emerging qualitiative theory of nonlinear PDEs that is currently having a great impact on many fields of modern science. Fourier series (seperation of variables) are absent in this volume and this was done on purpose. The philosophy is that Fourier series give different insight into boundary value problems and should be taught seperately. Fourier series and numerical methods of PDEs are also treated in the courses mentioned above, but appear in the sequel to this volume. This book is designed for students who will eventually be solving partial differential equations (PDEs) numerically. The aim is to teach them enough appreciation for the properties of the solutions to be able to judge with confidence, whether their numerical solutions make sense and how to interpret them. The examples, applications and exercises included in this book should give students a good intuition for the distinct qualities of waves, heat diffusion and fields. The point of view presented in the book was not developed by the author. It originated with David Hilbert in Gottingen, at the turn of the last century, and the author learned it from his fellow graduate students at the Courant Institute in New York, in the late seventies. They introduced him to a wonderful book: Techniques in Partial Differential Equations, by C. R. Chester, that has unfortunately been out of print for many years. The other book the author owes much to is: Fourier Series and Integrals, by H. P. McKean and H. Dym. The contribution that the author wants to make to the material presented in these books, is to show how simple and elegant linear PDE theory is, if one just approaches it in the right way. Copy of Book: Elementary PDEs and Applications Please send any comments or appreciation to: email@example.com	<urn:uuid:5bdf0429-49bb-4347-ba13-1bcc3e69e92d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.math.ucsb.edu/%7Ebirnir/books.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00127-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.959543	530	2.5625	3
Colorado had been a destination for trailblazing cowman Charlie Goodnight and his partner Oliver Loving when they first drove cattle across “the Graveyard of Cattleman’s Hopes,” “the Bitter River,” the Pecos. For almost two decades, blazing trails through the cattle country from the Brazos in Texas, on into New Mexico, to the Arkansas and the Platte in Colorado, he was searching for his own “Shangri-La,” where he might one day settle. “In the summer of 1868, he found “The Spot.” It was a green little valley along the Arkansas about five miles upstream from Pueblo, surrounded by bluffs of shale,” wrote Ralph C. Taylor in his Colorful Colorado column in early April of 1950. (The column was sponsored by Coors Brewing for years and aired on radio stations and published in Colorado newspapers, including the Pueblo Chieftain.) “This, he decided should become the headquarters of his vast cattle business. Around it lay thousands of acres of uncropped Gama grass that fattened steers almost as fast as corn.” Finally closing the partnership maintained long after the death of Oliver Loving in the winter of 1868-69, he established his headquarters at a spot (one among many) known as “Goodnight.” “Most of the land of his new domain he acquired in partnership with Jacob and Peter Dotson and Mrs. Annie Blake. Mrs. Blake had only recently acquired from the heirs of Gervacio Nolan the 48,000 acres which the U.S. government had recognized from the 300,000 originally granted the Frenchman Nolan by the Spanish government when it controlled all the land South of the Arkansas River,” noted Taylor. “Mrs. Blake bought the land for $10,000 and then sold one third to Goodnight for $5,000 and another third to the Dotsons for a like amount, retaining her third. The deal gave Goodnight access to most of land from the St. Charles River on the east to Hardscrabble on the west, with the Arkansas River as the northern boundary. The tract formed a triangle, the southeastern boundary going along the St. Charles and the Greenhorn Rivers to meet the western boundary along the Greenhorn Range.” It included what was later to become the town site of South Pueblo. With big plans set in motion, he left for Kentucky to be married to Mary Ann (Molly) Dyer. Goodnight met Dyer in Texas during the Civil War in Cross Timbers and they had maintained a relationship since. She was 31 and Goodnight was 34 when they were married in Hickman, Ky., on July 26, 1870. They went by boat to St. Louis, traveled to Abilene, Texas, by train, and then set out by stage to Pueblo. En route to Pueblo, Goodnight had discovered the trail of two cattle thieves associated with the notorious Coe gang and alerted Colorado Vigilance committee upon his arrival in Pueblo. His alarm allowed them to quickly capture the rustlers and they were placed in the Pueblo Jail. However, the unfortunate souls were taken from the jail in the night and hanged from a telegraph pole outside the Drover hotel in which the newlyweds were staying. Goodnight first tried to keep the lynching from his new wife Molly, but was unable to do so. “The bride accused Goodnight of associating with Yankees and ruffians and demanded to be taken back to Texas,” wrote Taylor. In Goodnight’s own account in letters, he recalled he and his wife’s exchange. “I understand they hanged them to a telegraph pole,” she exclaimed in her distress. “Having been married such a short while and not accustomed to making excuses, I hardly knew how to reply, but finally stammered out in very abashed manner: “Well, I don’t think it hurt the telegraph pole.” Goodnight agreed to return his new wife to civilized Texas, allowing she would rest a few days. But the growing and developing town in the meantime offered the promise of becoming civilized itself — and she soon forgot about going back. Pueblo, with about 600 residents in 1870, found Charles and Molly Goodnight as good neighbors. Goodnight, intent on improving his herd, imported shorthorn bulls to the range of the plains. He also started extensive farming operations, growing corn to fatten cattle and planted several thousand apple trees. Additionally, he built irrigation ditches, and tried to improve the streambed to protect his trees and increase his land holdings. He took an active interest in the business community as well, giving $1,000 to found an educational institution and requiring it to be independent of all sects and religious creeds. His wife was instrumental in the founding of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Pueblo — the first of its denomination in southern Colorado. “Money was a costly matter to borrow. Goodnight was paying one and a half to two percent per month. He joined others in 1873 in organizing the Stock Growers’ Bank, which advertised six percent on three month deposits, and eight percent on 12 months,” noted Taylor. “Goodnight owned and operated the opera house and many business properties in Pueblo, but when the panic hit, it just about wiped him out. (He) turned again to the cattle ranges to regain his panic losses and formed a partnership with John W. Prowers, the lower Arkansas valley stockman who was the father of Lamar and Prowers County. Prowers & Goodnight started a meat packing business at Las Animas, which in the early seventies was the end of the Santa Fe Railroad. Goodnight's aim was to improve the quality of the range cattle by using better bulls; by slaughtering inferior stock and sending it to eastern markets.” But he became discouraged by the slow financial recuperation process and the increasingly crowded southern Colorado range. He decided once again to relocate. This time back to Texas and the Palo Duro area he knew as a Texas Ranger and scout. “In the fall of 1875, he took was left of his Colorado outfit and herded it past Two Buttes to the Cimarron, past the ruins of Robber’s Roost and down the Canadian River… Goodnights established their home ranch, 100 miles from their nearest neighbor, 250 miles from Las Animas were supplies were packed,” wrote Taylor. Using his land near Pueblo as security, he borrowed $30,000 from George W. Clayton. He paid 18 percent interest per year and eventually befriended Clayton’s agent, John Adair, who had a large estate in Ireland but wanted to get into the cattle business. Adair and the Goodnights formed partnership, which became widely known as the JA Brand. With Adair’s money and Goodnight’s know-how, the operation flourished and had nearly a quarter million acres under fence by Adair’s death in 1885. The JA has survived, and today is still run by descendants of the Adair family. Today, it has 1,335,000 acres of land and 100,000 cattle on range, and includes operations in six Texas counties, and a ranch near Larkspur, Colorado. Two years later, Goodnight dissolved the arrangement and moved to a smaller spread of 140,000 acres with 20,000 head of cattle in nearby Goodnight, Texas, his namesake. In later years he dabbled with breeding experiments designed to produce better beef cattle ... as well as the ill-fated “Cattalo.” “The latter resulted when his buffalo bull ‘Old Sikes’ became enamored with longhorn cows,” wrote Mike Flanigan of the Denver Post in a 1986 article. In addition to all these accomplishments, he is credited with the inverntion of the Chuck Wagon, when he converted an old military Studebaker wagon during his early trail days, by building shelves and compartments on the wagon to make cooking on the trail easier. He invested (with little or no success) in mining operations in Mexico, and once even tried his hand at producing a movie to show how he remembered the West. Shown only at a cattleman’s convention and at a dinner in New York, the flick never caught on with the viewing public because of its decided lack of gunfights, and the Indians portrayed were as likely to be friends as they were to be hostile. His first wife, Mary Ann or “Molly,” as she was known, died in 1926. After her death, a sick and despondent Charlie Goodnight was nursed backed to health by a 26-year-old nurse and telegraph operator from Butte, Montana, that he first came in contact with because of their shared surname. In March of 1927, right after Charlie turned 91, the two un-related Goodnights, Charlie and the very young Corrine, married. Charlie died of a heart attack two years later in Tucson, Arizona, after selling and delivering Buffalo roasts to butcher shops in Phoenix, on Dec. 12, 1929. Years later, Ralph C. Taylor captured the sentiment of the moment. “The great, driving spirit of the old cowman had gone on, but the civilization he had blazed in Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado has remained. The cowboys, with tears streaming down their leathery cheeks, laid his body under the verdant grass on the edge of Palo Duro Canyon. It was the end of a long and famous trail — the Goodnight trail.”	<urn:uuid:f8b87e29-3673-4775-8e34-3717e236b2d3>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://coloradorestlessnative.blogspot.com/2011/07/end-of-trail-for-legend-and-way-of-life.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.984281	2,060	2.703125	3
The first thing that high achieving kids have in common is a very strong sense of belief in oneself or, put simply, ‘Self-Belief ‘. They believe that they can and deserve to achieve great results in life. This self-belief is what drives them to set high standards for themselves. And when faced with setbacks or failures, their faith in their own abilities prevent them from giving up. Their self-belief pushes them to pick themselves up and to strive until they succeed. On the other hand, underachievers share a lack of self-belief or have dis-empowering beliefs that stop them from giving their best. Many of them believe that they are not good enough or that they don’t have what it takes to succeed. Even before attempting a challenge, they tell themselves that it is impossible. All of our children have very different sets of beliefs. Whenever we ask students in my seminars, “How many of you believe that learning is fun?” and “How many of you think learning is boring?” inevitably, different hands go up when the two questions are asked. In the same vein, some students believe that Mathematics is easy while others believe Mathematics is difficult. Some students believe that they can achieve straight ‘A’s if they work hard, others believe that they will fail even if they studied. What beliefs do your children have about learning, about success, about school, and most importantly about themselves? Do they have empowering beliefs or negative beliefs? Do their beliefs make a big impact on their behaviors and results? If your kids believe that school is ’stupid and boring’, then they will probably close their mind and won’t bother to fully participate and learn. When they don’t learn and start failing, of course school will become boring to them. However, when a child believes that school is fun, then he will tend to participate more and learn eagerly. By learning well and getting good results, school will indeed become fun! In other words, their beliefs become self-fulfilling prophecies. Key material from Mr. Khoo appears in his book located below. Along with this offering is his material on children and youth a part of his learning technologies. Popularity: 1% [?]	<urn:uuid:2120e57a-8ab0-402c-a76c-64acae7699e7>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://inpublicschools.com/archive/destiny	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.980434	476	2.84375	3
The Battle of the Alma was the first major engagement between the British, French and Russians in the Crimean War. The Allied armada had aimed to concentrate in Balchik Bay, fifteen miles north of Varna but delayed due to bad weather. The march resumed the following day, with the knowledge that the Russians were gathering in strength on the south bank of the Alma, the second river that ran into the Black Sea only five miles from the Bulganek. The northern bank of the river (from which the Allies had to cross from) sloped gently into the river while the southern bank rose, in some places, to fifteen feet, and then to between 300 and 500 feet, presenting an ideal position from which to dominate the river and its approaches. Where the river ran into the sea there was a 350ft cliff with an old Tartar fort overlooking the river-mouth. The three villages in the area (going west to east, Almatamack, Bourliouk and Tarkhanlar) were all on the northern bank and had fords leading to a wagon track, which was suitable for artillery. The old Post Road that led from Eupatoria to Sebastopol passed close to Bourliouk, crossed a wooden bridge and climbed through a gorge dominated by Kourgane Hill (450ft) to the east and Telegraph Height (named from the unfinished telegraph station on the top) to the east. Raglan, who had been in conference with St Arnaud the evening before, had refused to be committed to a stringent plan of battle by the Frenchman. As the Allies approached the Alma River and discerned the overall dispositions of the Russian forces under Prince Menshikov, Raglan's caution the night before was justified. He did however, now accept the basic plan under pressure from St Arnaud, but declined to throw the British forces against the strongest part of the Russian defence at a definite time. Ideally the moment would come after the French had taken the Heights on the right flank and the Russians were disorganised and in some confusion, but Raglan was determined that only he could choose the precise moment. Prince Menshikov had discounted the possibility of a serious attack from the west of Telegraph Hill and thought that the Post Road would be the key. He had fortified Kourgane Hill with two positions, called the Greater and Lesser redoubts, which were armed with 12 and nine cannon respectively. Both were in fact low breastworks, 3 - 4ft high. The larger one was a formidable position and the smaller one, built facing the northeast to deter a flank assault, could prove troublesome to a frontal attacker too. The main Russian forces consisted of 6 Corps under General P D Gorchakov (Lieutenant General D A Kvintsinsky's 16 Infantry Division and Lieutenant General V Ia Kiriakov's 17 Infantry Division) plus one brigade from 14 Infantry Division; a Hussar brigade and two Don Cossack regiments of cavalry; 4 battalions from the 13 Infantry Division (two from the Belostock and two from the Brest regiments); one rifle battalion; one naval battalion; and one engineer regiment. In total, he had some forty-two infantry battalions, sixteen squadrons of light cavalry, eleven squadrons of Cossacks and eighty-four guns. Menshikov was under the impression that the track onto the heights close to the sea was unable to be used for military purposes, and so deployed a single battalion of the Minsk Regiment with half a battery of field guns near to Ulkul Akles, a mile to the south of the river mouth, with a single company forward in the Tartar fort. The main Russian defence line therefore started about 2,000yds along the Alma, just east of Almatamack. There, Menshikov stationed the four battalions of the Brest and Belostock regiments, with the Tarutin Regiment available in reserve to support. To the east of them, the Borodin Regiment straddled the Post Road, supported by two batteries of field artillery, while the Moskov Regiment was held in reserve to support them. The Kazan Regiment was deployed to defend the Greater Redoubt, with the Vladimir and Uglitz regiments, aided by two Don Cossack field batteries in reserve. The Suzdel Regiment guarded the flank in the Lesser Redoubt and had two Don Cossack regiments supporting it. Additional reserves were available some 2,000yds south of the Alma, astride the old Post Road (the Volyn Regiment, three battalions from the Minsk Regiment, a Hussar brigade and a light horse battery). There seems to have been some confusion in the Russian ranks as to who exactly commanded what, as the units west of the Post Road seem to have been under Kiriakov, but the Borodin Regiment was actually still administratively part of Kvintsinsky's 16 Division. Added to that, Kiriakov was under Menshikov's direct command, not that of his Corps commander, Gorchakov. Kvitsinsky exercised tactical command of Kourgane Hill. Menshikov therefore had some 33,000 infantry, 3,400 cavalry and 116 guns at his disposal and an excellent natural position to defend. Some 20,000 men and eighty guns were east of Telegraph Height covering the gorge and Kourgane Hill while 13,000 men and thirty-six guns were stationed between Telegraph Height and the sea. The Allies had been slow to move away from their camp but my 11.30am the main Allied force had halted 1.5 miles from the Alma while it waited for Bosquet to continue his advance. Either through poor staff work or inexperience, the British now found themselves too close to their Allies and did not have sufficient room in which to deploy properly. A number of units overlapped and the resulting congestion was never really sorted out. Naval gunfire started around noon in support, and the Russian company in the Tartar fort withdrew as the French approached. By 1pm Bosquet had reached the heights close to the sea and the British resumed their advance. After half-an-hour they halted and waited for French success against Telegraph Height. They were now just within Russian artillery range which started a constant barrage. Bosquet's two brigades, under Bouat and Autemarre, began their advance up their respective tracks. After some time their artillery arrived and St Arnaud gave the order for Canrobert and Napoleon to start their assault. At this point things began to unravel. As Canrobert moved forward, he found that the track he was to use (the second from the sea) was unfit for artillery and so sent it around to follow in the wake of Autemarre's. This caused a delay, which almost proved fatal. Canrobert's 1st Division, like Bouat's brigade, could not continue the advance until their artillery were in position and therefore could not contribute to the overall attack. The Russians by this time had started to react to the French presence and had started to shift troops and artillery to bring fire to bear on both Canrobert and Napoleon's divisions. After an hour-and-a-half the French had failed to take Telegraph Height, as they were still unable to get sufficient field guns onto the high ground to support the attack as doctrine required. Unfortunately, Bosquet was in no position to assist. Raglan, always sensitive to the suffering of his men, realised that his immobile forces were taking casualties in their exposed position and so ordered a resumption of the advance at 3pm. At this point, Raglan and his staff crossed the river just west of Bourliouk to a position where he could see Kourgane Hill and the Russian reserves. He realised that the enemy might be enfiladed from this spot and so sent back for a brigade of the 2nd Division and field artillery to join him. Meanwhile the Light Division had gone rather haphazardly into the assault after having become somewhat disorganised while crossing the Alma. The division took the Great redoubt after suffering serious casualties but withdrew due to a confused order from an unknown staff officer, prompted by a rather ponderous and overly cautious Russian counterattack. At around 3.40pm, two field guns reached Raglan and started to harass the enemy positions on Kourgane Hill as the 1st Division, following up the Light Division, retook the redoubts with the Highland Brigade taking the Lesser (after a counterattack by the Suzdel Regiment), and the Guards Brigade (after becoming disorganised as the Light Division had done in crossing the Alma) taking the Greater, despite the Scots Fusilier Guards being partly carried away by the retreating Light Division. The 2nd Division continued its advance, but became seriously disorganised in its crossing of the Alma and having to move around the burning village of Bourliouk. It took time to reorganise and form up but then advanced towards the amphitheatre formed between Kourgane Hill and Telegraph Heights. One of the regiments, the 95th, become separated and moved off in the direction of where the Guards Brigade had began their assault. Another, the 55th, went to the aid of the 7th Royal Fusiliers who had become embroiled in a life-or-death struggle with the Kazan Regiment. The arrival of the 2nd Division, and close behind it the 3rd Division, both relatively fresh, finally turned the tables. The Russians started to fall back. With the British now in possession of Kourgane Hill, the French finally assaulted and occupied Telegraph Height. By 4.30pm the battle had been won and the Russians were in full retreat. Lucan sent the Light Brigade in pursuit but it was recalled by Raglan as the Russians still had some 3,000 uncommitted cavalry in reserve and Kiriakov had rallied infantry and some thirty guns two miles south of Telegraph Height. Raglan asked St Arnaud to take up the pursuit but the Frenchman declined as his troops' supplies had been left on the northern bank of the river, and his artillery was almost out of ammunition. The British suffered some 2,000 casualties (362 killed), the French are reported to have suffered some 1,243 casualties (a number of these are thought to be cholera victims) and the Russians incurred some 5,511 casualties (1,810 killed). It was the first battle between European nations for almost forty years and a crucial victory, as failure here may well have brought the entire Crimean campaign to a premature end. Menshikov however, should not have been evicted from such a strong position so easily, his overconfidence playing a major part in the outcome. The British had used the line in attack very skilfully and while they had proved amateurish and disorganised in administration, had fought with bravery and courage. The French, while better prepared, had failed to exploit the surprise gained with their flank attack. More importantly, the Allied entente held.	<urn:uuid:da19752a-6e2e-40fb-92dd-c4a4c34c3b00>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_alma.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00136-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.983846	2,263	3.078125	3
Santosh P., Jul 2005 The RT-PCR method can be used not only to detect specific mRNAs but also to semi-quantitate their levels. Thus, one can compare levels of transcripts in different samples. This can be done in two different ways. One is to quantitate against levels of transcripts from a control, house-keeping gene (such as actin and GAPDH). (Transcription of house-keeping genes is believed to be unaffected by almost all experimental conditions.) The second method is to add an exogenous, primer-specific PCR template during PCR. Quantitating against house-keeping gene transcript The method involves reverse transcription using an oligo-dT or random hexamer primer. The resulting cDNA thus represents both house-keeping gene transcripts as well as specific transcripts one is quantitating. The RT reaction is then amplified in a pair of PCR series - one series is to amplify the house-keeping gene cDNA (using GAPDH-, etc., specific primers), and the other is for the specific cDNA of interest (in separate PCR, using gene-specific primers). The different PCR tubes within each series are set up such that they either vary in the amount of template (amount of RT reaction product [cDNA]) or undergo PCR for different number of amplification cycles. This is because PCR amplification, though theoretically logarithmic, is not so at low or high number of amplification cycles. The logarithmic or exponential amplification usually occurs only during the middle cycles, and this depends on the concentration of target template. Comparison can therefore be done only during this phase. After PCR, same volume of reaction products are electrophoresed on an agarose gel (preferably on the same gel). Images of stained DNA (PCR products) are then obtained and analysed by visual comparison or with computer software (like Image J). An example is shown below where semi-quantitation by visual inspection was done for expression of Fut9 gene in two cell lines, LEC12 and LEC29. It can be seen that 1) for both cell lines, exponential amplification for both GAPDH and Fut9 occurs during cycles 33-42. 2) the GAPDH band intensities during those cycles suggest almost similar levels of template (cDNA) was used for noth cell lines. 3) the Fut9 levels are about 6-9 cycles 'behind' in LEC12 than LEC29. 1. One should do pilot experiments first to make sure that only single, specific products are obtained with the PCR primers and to get an idea of the range of cycles or RT reaction dilutions to use. 2. One should start with equal amounts of RNA for the RT reaction. 3. All reactions should be carried out at the same time, using reagents that are prepared as a supermix to minimize any variation. 4. PCR products should be run on the same gel, again to minimize any variations. 5. When quantitating relatively rare transcripts, it may be better to use for controls those house keeping genes whose transcripts are present at a low level. E.g., transcripts of aldolase A are expressed at a low level compared to those of GAPDH gene. 6. When doing PCR for different number of cycles, set up PCR reactions together, removing them one after one during the middle of the extension phase during the desired PCR cycle numbers. Then place them in a water bath at 65-75 deg C for a few minutes to ensure that extension is complete. 7. When doing PCR with different RT reaction volumes (usually a series of 2 or 3 fold dilutions), dilute the RT reaction using an RT reaction that had no RNA template so the different PCR reactions have the same volume of RT reaction (but different amounts of cDNA). This is necessary because components other than cDNA in the RT reaction (such as RT, DTT, etc.) can affect PCR efficiency. Semi-quantitation using exogenous standards One can have exogenous standards (either RNA or DNA) that can be amplified using the same primers that amplify the transcript of interest. The standards are designed to have the same sequence as that of the transcript of interest except that they are 40-50 nucleotides shorter or longer. Different amounts of the standard is used in different PCR reactions (if the standard is an RNA, it is added prior to the RT step) and amplified for same number of cycles. The exogenous standard competes with the endogenous template, thus this strategy is also refered to as competitive RTPCR. Products are electophoresed and quantitated by software and an 'amount of standard' vs 'band intensity' plot is drawn. In the example shown above, product 1 is from the standard and 2 is from the endogenous transcript. It can be seen that the amount of standard added in the PCR reaction for lane 5 roughly equals the transcript amount. Also see Reverse transcription	<urn:uuid:db2fba3d-160c-4a89-8e1f-9edb3c88932e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.protocol-online.org/cgi-bin/prot/view_cache.cgi?ID=3907	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00180-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.92355	1,022	2.953125	3
Forewarned is forearmed and as the country faces unusual weather patterns and rains when there should be none, resulting in reservoirs and tanks in the dry zone filling to the brim, conservationists have sent out an alert that elephants may be in trouble. Hundreds, nay thousands have seen large elephant herds of females and babies converging on the tank beds lush with young short grass during the dry season and researchers have expressed grave concern that if their access to this “valuable resource” is suddenly cut off, disastrous will be the consequences. While elephant-herds are drawn to all grasslands in the Dry Zone tank-beds during the dry season for foraging, the most famous and considered to be one of its kind in Asia is ‘The Gathering’ on the Minneriya-Kaudulla tanks in the north-central region which attract a large number of foreign and local tourists. Among the other such well-known tanks where ‘gatherings’ occur are the Parakrama Samudraya and the Kalawewa in the north-central region; the Gal Oya and the Maduru Oya in the east; and the Uda Walawe and Lunugamvehera in the south, the Sunday Times understands, many of them located within National Parks or sanctuaries. “Usually the rains stop in January and the release of water from these reservoirs to smaller wewas for cultivations occurs in May-June-July,” says Dr. Prithiviraj Fernando of the Centre for Conservation and Research (CCR), explaining that with the gradual lessening of water levels the reservoir-beds become grasslands. As the elephants have grown up in this environment for generations, they have adjusted to a particular pattern of resource change. In the dry season, they use the grasslands on the tank-beds extensively as young grass is an excellent food source and because the jungles offer less and less due to the drying up of the vegetation. This year, however, there has been a change with unexpected rains due to climate change, he points out, stressing that if the reservoirs remain full there will be no grasslands for the elephants to feed on. Delving into specifics on ‘The Gathering’ at Minneriya-Kaudulla, wildlife biologist Manori D. Gunawardena of the Dilmah Conservation Trust says that she has identified as many as 600-700 elephants in the Minneriya-Giritale-Kaudulla, Parakrama Samudraya and Hurulu area. Among them are 383 cow elephants and about 70 large adult bulls. Ms. Gunawardena who did a pilot research project in the area in 2008, later conducted an individual elephant identification in 2009 and 2010, the Sunday Times learns. Tracing the walkabouts of the herds of elephants in the area, she says that during the wet season from October to March the elephants roam in the Hurulu Forest Reserve because here grows high manna grass like that found at Uda Walawe. This pattern of habitat use has been confirmed by radio-tracking studies done by the Department of Wildlife Conservation and the CCR, the Sunday Times learns. In the dry season from April to October, however, the grass in the Hurulu Forest Reserve withers and dries up and then the elephants come in search of the grasslands, with shorter grass, which adorn the muddy, slushy tank-beds. The grass emerges after the draw-down of water, with the water being released to the farmers, she says. There is a misconception that the elephants gather on the tank-bed for the water but it is for the grass that they come. Vegetation in other areas has dried up and it is on the tank-bed that they forage. Referring to a herd which includes seven-year-old Kasyapa (Ms. Gunawardena has named some elephants after kings and others after gods) in Minneriya, she says there are 47 in that, 16 adult females and the others babies. Another 73-member herd which includes Kali who is in her 30s, in Kaudulla has about 28 females. ‘The Gathering’ is so spectacular and unique that National Geographic was in Kaudalla just last year with filming crew et al and the elephants will be on television in Australia and Asia in the summer, according to Ms. Gunawardena. The Sunday Times posed the hypothetical question what if there is surplus water in the reservoirs and it is not released preventing the grasslands from making an appearance? Tragic will be the fallout, was the view echoed by both Dr. Fernando and Ms. Gunawardena who are not “clinical” researchers alone but elephant lovers working for the conservation of these majestic animals and spending long and weary days with them in the field. Without food, the first casualties will be the babies, the Sunday Times learns. “The babies will die,” pointed out the researchers, and the human-elephant conflict will escalate in the surrounding areas. For lack of food, the elephants will be compelled to raid home gardens and paddy fields more and more, in turn not only becoming victims of human wrath but also making humans victims as well. When asked for numbers, Dr. Fernando said a couple of thousand elephants will be affected around Sri Lanka. In the case of reservoirs within the National Parks such as Minneriya and Kaudulla, the other major effects will be the loss of income to the country from tourists who come just to see and enjoy ‘The Gathering’, where they can get very close to elephants, a phenomenon that cannot be experienced elsewhere. A side-effect will be loss of income trickling down to people such as jeep drivers. It will be an economic disaster, said another source, with many others agreeing that the loss in rupees and cents will be huge. Many have been the attempts to position Sri Lanka as an alternative to the great African safari and the country is about to reap dividends now that the conflict is over, according to many hoteliers who are attempting to promote ecotourism. Among the great stories that broke out here which caught the attention of the nature loving world were Yala's leopards, Sinharaja, the blue whales and the spectacular ‘Gathering’ that occurs as predictably as the Great Migration of Africa, according to the Head of Eco Tourism and Special Projects, John Keells Hotels Group, Chitral Jayatilake. Nowhere in Asia is a place where one can observe 300 Asian elephants gathered on a single evening, frolicking and grazing. This is on many nature tourists’ calendar, he says, adding that nurturing this mega wildlife super-show, will no doubt help position Sri Lanka as a top wildlife destination. It will attract the top shelf of tourists and photographers, filling many room nights. The much-needed revenue thus generated will aid conservation and create job opportunities for rural folk, says Mr. Jayatilake. Travel industry professional Srilal Miththapala said while the Irrigation Department should be aware of the situation the need is to strike a healthy balance between the elephant issue and the benefits that will be reaped by the farmers. There certainly is a huge value addition to tourism in the Cultural Triangle due to the ‘Gathering’, he concedes. Balance there must be -- the answer is to lower the levels in these reservoirs and let at least a part of the grasslands appear, it is argued, because anyway there will be showers during the next wet season and the tanks will fill up once again. No reason for alarm assures DG Irrigation Dept. The 60 major reservoirs under the Irrigation Department is at full-supply level or just below, said its Director-General Dr. (Eng) G.G.A. Godaliyadda when the Sunday Times contacted him on the crucial situation that could arise. Explaining that in his experience (one year as DG and 36 years in the department) he feels that such a drastic situation may not arise and they were empathetic towards the plight of the elephants and open to discussion, he said the department had begun releasing water for yala cultivations. The release of water from some tanks began end March and beginning of April and also after Avurudu, he said. Going into the nitty-gritty of the cultivation seasons, Dr. Godaliyadda said maha cultivations are carried out during the rainy season and therefore 100% of the land is farmed. However, as yala is during the dry season only about 40-50% of the land is usually cultivated. Due to the unusual rains because the tanks are full now, we are hoping to give water for 100% of the lands to be cultivated this yala. Drawing detailed diagrams about the topography of the tanks and calculating the acre-feet of water required for the yala cultivations along with the Director of Water Management, H.M. Jayathilake, the DG said data collected early this month indicate that of the 60 major tanks 12 have water at 100% of capacity, 42 have between 75-100% and six between 50-75%. Usually, during yala only 50% of the 680,000 acres are cultivated, using about 5 acre-feet of water per acre. But this year, the aim is to cultivate all using the three million acre-feet of water available in the tanks. “Don’t worry. The grasslands on the tank-beds will open up for the elephants,” he said.	<urn:uuid:13836375-2ae8-4e47-a360-628bc3226ef8>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.sundaytimes.lk/110515/Plus/plus_12.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956668	2,008	2.671875	3
(CNN) -- One look at her photo, and you can't help but ask: How could someone so young and vibrant die so quickly from an infection? Brazilian model Mariana Bridi da Costa died from a sepsis infection. Brazilian model Mariana Bridi da Costa was a healthy 20-year-old when doctors told her she had a urinary tract infection, her family says. The infection spread, and after amputating her feet, doctors thought they had the situation under control, according to a blog run by a family friend. "She's alive, [she] will survive," Renato Lindgren wrote on the blog on January 20, before da Costa also had to have her hands amputated, and part of her stomach and both kidneys extracted. "She can eat well, visit the sea, swim, travel, talk with her friends and family, marry and have a baby. She has a full and beautiful life ahead." Four days later, da Costa was dead. Sepsis -- the body's inflammatory response to an infection -- really can kill that quickly, according to Dr. Kevin Tracey, author of a book about sepsis called "Fatal Sequence: The Killer Within." "This isn't a one in a million case," says Tracey, chief executive officer of the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research in Manhasset, New York. "When an infection reaches a certain point, this can happen in a matter of hours." Sepsis usually starts out as an infection in just one part of the body, such as a skin wound or a urinary tract infection, Tracey says. For example, Muppets creator Jim Henson died in 1990 from a case of sepsis that started out as pneumonia, an inflammation of the lungs. He was 53. Most of the time, simple, localized infections remain just that: easy to treat and in one part of the body. Why some infections rage out of control and shut down vital organs is a mystery, but experts say it rarely happens in young, healthy people, like da Costa. Watch more on avoiding septicemia » "You can ask, 'Why her?' but really no one knows why her," Tracey says. "It might have something to do with her immune system. It might be about her genetics." The Mayo Clinic sees about 100 cases a year of young, healthy people who develop sepsis, says Dr. Priya Sampathkumar, an infectious disease specialist at Mayo. With treatment, which usually involves antibiotics and sometimes draining of the wound, about 75 percent survive. Sampathkumar says the key is to keep an eye on even such simple infections as a small skin wound. A fever, a dramatic shift in blood pressure, rapid breathing and extreme confusion are all signs that someone needs quick medical help, she says. "You need to watch it," she says. Dr. Carl Flatley said he had no idea what to watch for when his 23-year-old daughter, Erin, developed sepsis in 2002. He says she went into the hospital for a minor hemorrhoid procedure and five days later was dead from sepsis. "It's a horrible death," he says. Two years later, knowing the signs of sepsis saved his own life, says Flatley, a dentist in Dunedin, Florida. He fell ill, and an emergency room doctor said he had a urinary tract infection and sent him home. But Flatley said he suspected it was much more than a UTI. "I felt very sick. My testicle was sore. I told him I was concerned I had sepsis and I refused to go home. He got very irritated with me," Flatley says. But in the end, Flatley was admitted to the hospital, where the infection had become so severe that doctors were forced to remove his right testicle. Flatley started The Sepsis Alliance to educate others about sepsis, where he tries to walk a fine line. "You don't want to panic people. We all get infections and, thank God, most of them heal," he says. "So this is what I tell people: If you're feeling bad all over and have a high temperature and either high or low blood pressure, those are all indications that your whole system has been infected. It could be sepsis." He advises getting medical help immediately, and to specifically mention that you're concerned you might have sepsis. "You don't want to take any chances," he says. CNN's Jennifer Pifer-Bixler and Sabriya Rice and CNN Español's Cibele Lorenzoni contributed to this report. All About Brazil	<urn:uuid:9f424a4f-6d2a-4c1c-a612-e9a4958fead4>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/01/29/ep.sepsis.infection/index.html?iref=nextin	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.983875	976	2.53125	3
Tea could reduce risk of circulatory disease Studies show that drinking tea can significantly reduce chances of atherosclerosis October 10, 1999 Web posted at: 7:14 p.m. EDT (2314 GMT) From Medical Correspondent Dr. Steve Salvatore NEW YORK (CNN) -- Tea drinkers take heart. People who drink tea each day significantly reduce their chances of atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, according to a study published this week in the Archives of Internal Those who drank one or two cups a day lowered their risk by 46 percent. For those who drank four cups a day, the risk dropped by 69 percent. Women seem to benefit more by drinking tea, the second most consumed beverage in the world after water. And adding milk, honey, lemon or sugar do not diminish the positive health effects, experts said. CNN's Dr. Steve Salvatore reports new evidence suggests tea can significantly lower your risk of developing one of the most common and often fatal diseases. "If can be linked directly that consumption of tea prevents development of blockages, then obviously tea would become a very important part of our dietary counseling for patients who have heart trouble or are at risk for heart attack or stroke," said Dr. David Vorchheimer of the Mt. Sinai School The beneficial effects of tea are probably due to bio- flavanoids, natural substances that act as powerful anti- oxidants, limiting the effects of free radicals in the body. "Free radicals are very damaging because they can trigger a chain reaction," said Dr. Michael Gaziano of Brigham & Women's Hospital. "One free radical can damage thousands and thousands of lipid molecules. So the reaction, we like to stop it early on in the process." Most studies supporting the health benefits of tea have concerned black tea, the most widely consumed tea in the world. Green tea also has anti-oxidant properties, but experts say more research is needed. "If you have 1 or 2 percent of the population drinking one kind of herbal tea, and 1 or 2 percent of the population drinking another kind of herbal tea, it might be very difficult for us to see any kind of association given those small numbers," said Gaziano. Researchers caution that more studies would be necessary to determine if tea is directly responsible for the health "The tea itself might have had nothing to do with the prevention of heart attacks. The tea might have been a marker for patients who live a healthy lifestyle, people who avoid caffeine, who don't smoke, who exercise," said Vorchheimer. Although tea has caffeine, most doctors see no reason why people should stop drinking it. Caffeine can increase heart rate and blood pressure, but a cup or two a day of tea, which has half the caffeine of coffee, probably will not hurt. American Classic Tea challenges the imports May 1, 1999 Study: Tea may be key to protecting against some cancers September 15, 1998 U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization American Heart Association Note: Pages will open in a new browser window External sites are not endorsed by CNN Interactive. LATEST FOOD STORIES: Texas cattle quarantined after violation of mad-cow feed ban Spago Hollywood closing its doors A low-fat standby Yogurt: Got culture? Super shrimp for a Super Bowl barbecue	<urn:uuid:9cd7b157-2127-4c65-9013-454c2d05f46f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/heart/9910/10/tea.heart/index.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00133-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.919744	741	2.875	3
Saint Gregory was born c. 540 into a wealthy, noble family. He followed his father's steps into the political arena, but gradually severed his worldly ties and used his considerable inheritance to found six monasteries. He was living in seclusion in one of them when he was chosen Pope of Rome. He tried to flee this honor but submitted to what was clearly God's will when a fiery pillar revealed to the people his place of hiding. As bishop of Rome, he promoted the evangelization of England through Saint Augustine, writing to him and to other of his clergy on practical matters of pastoral care, concerns that prevail in most of his writings. These can be broadly divided into two groups: the Homilies and The Dialogues. Thanks to the latter, wherein Saint Gregory sets forth the lives and virtues of the Italian saints, he is also known as "The Dialogist.'' He compiled the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, used during the Great Lent, and, through his liturgical reforms, inspired the development of what is still known at Gregorian chant. He died in 604 and is commemorated by the Church on March 12. Subscribe (and order back issues) to Order Books from Orthodox America If you note problems with this site, please contact the Webmaster © 1998-2006 by Nikodemos Orthodox Publication Society	<urn:uuid:67448f02-b900-426c-a004-48ef2996d8a2>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.roca.org/OA/145/145c.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.98577	277	3.28125	3
History of the SENĆOŦEN Language The SENĆOŦEN alphabet was devised by the late Dave Elliott. Dave was born on the Tsartlip reserve in June 1910. Like many Saanich families of the day, he fished and traveled over the historical homeland of the Saanich. His family knew all of the places by their original SENĆOŦEN names. Dave once said, "I saw how our old people lived before our own speaking system was broken down. Our people were the wealthiest on earth. We needed nothing. We lived in a virtual paradise". Then came regulations forbidding the Saanich People from fishing, hunting and food gathering over their traditional lands. Government policies of the day dictated that the families who were struggling to survive had their children taken away to residential schools. There, the Saanich children began to experience denial of the SENĆOŦEN language and culture. Over the years, this created a communication gap between those who were still at home speaking SENĆOŦEN and those who had begun to be educated and assimilated into the white education system. In the early 1960's, Dave Elliott became a custodian at the Tsartlip Indian Day School, attended by most of the Saanich children. Dave recognized the rapid decline in the use of SENĆOŦEN and the knowledge of the language and culture. The late Phillip Paul led an initiative to establish the Saanich Indian School Board. The SENĆOŦEN language was immediately offered as part of the curriculum of the band operated school. Realizing that without a method of recording the language it would eventually be lost, Dave began to write down SENĆOŦEN words phonetically. He soon discovered that upon returning to read previously recorded words, he could not understand what he had written. Dave studied with a Victoria linguist, learning the International alphabet and other orthographies. The main difficulty with these systems was that some of the complex sounds of the SENĆOŦEN language required numerous symbols to be represented, resulting in long and complicated words. Dave decided to devise his own alphabet, using only one letter to denote each sound. He purchased a used typewriter for $30 and set out to make the SENĆOŦEN writing system accessible to his people. During the winter of 1978 the Dave Elliott SENĆOŦEN Alphabet was created. In 1984 the Saanich Indian School Board adopted the Dave Elliott Alphabet to help preserve the SENĆOŦEN language and history. Dave Elliott's legacy is the revitalization of the SENĆOŦEN language. Today, Apple iMac computers with a TrueType SENĆOŦEN font are used extensively in the teaching of the language, both at ȽÁU, WELṈEW̱ Tribal School, and throughout the surrounding public schools of Saanich SD 63. The B.C. Ministry of Education is advocating similar uses of technology elsewhere in the province as valuable tools in the task of revitalizing indigenous languages before it is too late. See the Saanich episode of the Mushkeg Video Productions documentary series "Finding Our Talk" on APTN. This thirty minute video tells the story of the development of the SENĆOŦEN writing system from the first experiments on paper towels to the use of custom made computer software.	<urn:uuid:25ae1a0f-706d-42f0-b42c-73daa28f9091>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://wsanecschoolboard.ca/about-the-school/history-of-the-sencoten-language	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.970211	715	3.578125	4
Research Injury Rates During Water-Based Wilderness Recreation This study came about after the author approached several people in the wilderness- recreation field about their risk-management practices, especially those related to training people who lead trips involving water exposure. The author was surprised that no widely accepted standards exist for training trip leaders or for the skills they need to deal with cases of water emergency. Some people even speculated that injury rates would increase if more water-safety training were conducted because injury rates during land-based activities were assumed to be greater. Although it was outside the scope of this effort to test all current opinions about wilderness water safety held by every practitioner in the field, the author hopes that this study will initiate more conversation about a topic that has not gotten much attention. The purpose of the study was to compare injury rates between water-based wilderness recreation and other backcountry activities and investigate whether more needs to be done to reduce the probability of injury during water-related backcountry activities.	<urn:uuid:fe237eca-ca3c-41b2-a48e-41656ee508e9>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://journals.humankinetics.com/ijare-back-issues/IJAREVolume1Issue2May/InjuryRatesDuringWaterBasedWildernessRecreation	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00087-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.98509	194	2.6875	3
Notes to Free Will 1. His view is discussed in several places. See, for example, Summa Theologiae I, q.82 (1945, vol.I) and Questions on Evil, q.6 (1993). 2. Plato's views on the soul and its powers are set in numerous places. See, e.g., The Republic, Book IV; Phaedrus, 237e–238e and 246–248; Gorgias, 466. All are found in (1997). 3. Note that Aristotle here sees origination in the agent and ability to do otherwise as closely related. Robert Kane (1996) suggests that while some form of ability to do otherwise is indeed necessary for moral responsibility, this condition is but an indicator of something deeper to free will: the willing's finding its ultimate origin in the agent.	<urn:uuid:d74e23e5-54f8-4fb2-9a4d-8c0c666a04bd>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freewill/notes.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.916912	174	2.671875	3
Goose Teacher Resources Find Goose educational ideas and activities Showing 1 - 20 of 840 resources Mother Goose on the Loose: Teaching Reading and Writing in a Way That's Exciting Students become familiar with the conventions of print as they recognize Mother Goose poems. In this Mother Goose lesson, students follow the words from left to right as they read Mother Goose poems. Students recognize rhyming words and... K English Language Arts The Goose with the Golden Egg "Greed often overreaches itself." Certainly it did for the farmer who owns the goose featured in Aesop's fable. After reading the fable, middle schoolers use the provided questions to consider the relationship between ambition and greed,... 5th - 6th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable Charlotte’s Web Activity Pack That Wilbur is some pig! Use Charlotte's Web as the starting point for this group of activities. Ranging from trust-building exercises to collaborative writing assignments to a debate where kids take on the points of view of various... 3rd - 6th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable What's the Main Idea? By sharing a summary about their favorite book or movie, your young readers can then discuss the main ideas of their beloved stories. The concept transitions to finding the main idea in poetry. Class members use textual clues in various... 4th - 5th English Language Arts CCSS: Designed Developing Number Sense with "Baa Baa Black Sheep" Using the fun Mother Goose nursery rhyme "Baa Baa Black Sheep" and the book Sheep Out to Eat, your Kindergarten class will practice number matching and will also learn facts about sheep. Beforehand, create several laminated sets of of... Pre-K - 1st English Language Arts CCSS: Designed Prepositional phrases are the focus of a activity that asks learners to identify the preposition, the prepositional phrases, and the object of the preposition in each of the provided sentences. In addition, pupils are asked to combine... 6th - 8th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable Finding Subjects and Predicates Diagramming sentences has never been easier. Four worksheets feature exercises on simple subject and predicates, complete subjects and predicates, as well as compound verbs. Kids indicate the parts of the sentences with circles and... 4th - 5th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable	<urn:uuid:774a8a31-cd8a-4ab5-8df1-db8a4ec05e21>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.lessonplanet.com/lesson-plans/goose	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.922789	505	4.0625	4
Follow the principles below to write sentences that are clear, to the point, and easier to read.Download this handout Avoid unnecessarily inflated words While a large vocabulary is useful, you should try to avoid using inflated diction if a simpler phrase works equally well. Inflated: cognizant of Simple: aware of, knows Inflated: impact on Simple: start, create, carry out, begin Inflated: subsequent to	<urn:uuid:fee70faa-09d4-4be4-bafb-c65c2822d4d2>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/CCS_inflated.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.789309	94	2.84375	3
Virginia's life expectancy has increased over the last two decades and is close to the national average. Why is This Important? Life expectancy is a measure of the overall health of the population. It represents the average number of years of life that could be expected if current death rates were to remain constant. How is Virginia Doing? Over the last 25 years, life expectancy in the United States increased from 70.8 to 76.1 years for men and from 77.8 to 80.8 years for women. In 2010, Virginia ranked 25th nationally for male life span --76.3 years and slightly above the national average of 76.1 years. Life expectancy for men was higher than peer states North Carolina and Tennessee but lower than Maryland (77.8 years). Female life expectancy was 80.7, ranking 26th nationally and slightly below the national average of 80.8 years. Female life expectancy was higher in Maryland (80.8 years) but lower in Tennessee (78.7) and North Carolina (79.8). Average life expectancy has also increased in each of Virginia's regions during the last twenty-five years. In 2010, the highest male and female life expectancies were found in the Northern region (79.9 years and 83.2 years), followed by the Valley region (76.0 years and 80.5 years). The lowest life expectancy for males occurred in the Southside region (72.4), while the lowest female life expectancy occured in the Southwest region (78.0 years). From 1985 to 2010, averages for life expectancy advanced the most in the Northern and Central regions; males gained 6.6 years and 6.4 years, respectively, while females gained 4.8 years and 3.9 years. Overall state averages saw an increase of 6 years in male life expectancy and 3.6 years for women. What Influences Life Expectancy? Life expectancy at birth is influenced by infant and child mortality rates. Biologically, gender affects longevity, as females tend to live longer than males. Life expectancy later in life reflects death rates at or above a given age. Improvements in nutrition, housing, hygiene and medical care contribute to decreases in death rates throughout the lifespan. Access to health care, advances in medicine, healthier lifestyles and better health before age 65 have contributed to the decline in death rates among older Americans. What is the State's Role? There are a number of ways state government can help to improve the overall health of the population. For example, the state can provide education and information on healthy lifestyles, encourage medical research, and assist the poor or uninsured with obtaining healthcare. State rankings are ordered so that #1 is understood to be the best. Data and Definitions Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) Regional Life Expectancy: Regional life expectancies were computed by weighting IHME county male and female life expectancy estimates by corresponding county male and female populations estimates from National Cancer Institute, Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Population Data Falling behind: life expectancy in US counties from 2000 to 2007 in an international context, Kulkari, SC, A Levin-Rector, M Ezzati, and CJL Murray, Population Health Metrics, Vol 9, 2011 See the Data Sources and Updates Calendar for a detailed list of the data resources used for indicator measures on Virginia Performs.	<urn:uuid:4b575434-61b7-4b72-915c-fa45a8d2bfe1>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.vaperforms.virginia.gov/indicators/healthFamily/lifeExpectancy.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00179-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.928112	700	3.28125	3
On this day in 1998, President Bill Clinton announces he has ordered air strikes against Iraq because it refused to cooperate with United Nations (U.N.) weapons inspectors. Clinton’s decision did not have the support of key members of Congress, who accused Clinton of using the air strikes to direct attention away from ongoing impeachment proceedings against him. Just the day before, the House of Representatives had issued a report accusing Clinton of committing “high crimes and misdemeanors” related to the Monica Lewinsky scandal, in which Clinton had–and then lied about–an illicit sexual liaison with an intern in the Oval Office. At the time of the air strikes, Iraq was continuing its attempts to build weapons of mass destruction including nuclear, chemical and biological agents. Fearful of Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein’s belligerence, and his penchant for using those weapons against his own people, the U.N. sent in weapons inspectors in 1997. After repeatedly refusing the inspectors access to certain sites, Clinton resorted to air strikes to compel Hussein to cooperate. Many in Congress agreed with Republican majority leader Trent Lott that the timing of the air strikes was “suspect” and “cursory.” In their opinion, the air strikes were simply a ploy to direct the public’s attention away from the impeachment proceedings, and would ultimately prove futile in persuading Hussein to comply with the U.N.’s demands. Lott and his cohorts considered sustained bombardment of Iraq and the direct overthrow of Hussein the only way to end Iraq’s weapons program. Clinton, in a televised public address that day brushed aside the criticism, saying that the Iraqi president was wrong if he thought “…the serious debate [on impeachment] would distract Americans or weaken our resolve to face him down.” He emphasized that his decision to launch air strikes was critical to America’s vital interests and to the security of the world. Ultimately, the American public’s attention, and that of the press, stayed fixated on Clinton and his battle to save his presidency. Both the air strikes and the impeachment threat proved anti-climactic. Clinton was acquitted by the Senate in February 1999 and the air strikes on Iraq failed to intimidate Hussein into allowing weapons inspectors full access to Iraq’s weapons facilities.	<urn:uuid:6293d8ee-7d1d-4285-a6f9-f5f0c3054db0>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/clinton-orders-air-attack-on-iraq	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.969947	474	2.90625	3
The Picture of Dorian Gray: Theme Analysis Homoerotic love is an underlying theme of the novel, although it is never stated directly. Both Lord Henry and Basil Hallward are deeply attracted to Dorian Gray on account of his great physical beauty. Basil insists that his love for Dorian is "noble and intellectual," and there is no reason to doubt him. But he also speaks about Dorian in terms that a man would normally speak about a lover and about falling in love. "I worshipped you," he says to Dorian. "I grew jealous of every one to whom you spoke. I wanted to have you all to myself. I was only happy when I was with you" (chapter 9). Basil sublimates any erotic dimension to his feelings about Dorian by pouring them into his art. Lord Henry prefers the company of Dorian to that of his wife, and he consistently expresses misogynist views. He worships youthful male beauty as embodied in Dorian, and he encourages Dorian to give full rein all his secret desires. When he says the following to Dorian, he may well be suggesting that Dorian has a previously unacknowledged sexual attraction to men: "You have had passions that have made you afraid, thoughts that have filled you with terror, day-dreams and sleeping dreams whose mere memory might stain your cheek with shame-" The language here, and the use of the word "shame," suggests that Dorian's "sins," although they are never explicitly described, may be of a sexual nature. One has to remember that in the Victorian age, attitudes to homosexuality are very different from what they are today. Art vs. Life The novel presents a contrast between art and life. Art possesses beauty and form; it is contrasted with the ugliness and shapelessness of real life. Lord Henry encourages Dorian to treat his own life as if it were a work of art. He must experience it fully, as one would a piece of art, but at the same time remain detached from it, in the way that one might appreciate a great painting or a play. This involves a paradox: he must be at once involved and uninvolved, fully participating, not drawing back from anything, but always remaining a spectator. Such is Lord Henry's notion. He is depicted as being a connoisseur of all the arts and surrounds himself with objects of beauty. He maintains the essential detachment that enables him, or at least he claims it does, to avoid the pain of the world. It also means that he does not adopt moral positions on anything, since that would mean taking life more seriously than art. For Lord Henry, the purpose of life is not to exhibit one's moral prejudices but to contemplate beauty. The contrast between art and life can be seen in the chapters that describe Dorian's walk to the theater where Sibyl Vane performs and on his ride to the opium den. In both instances, the sordidness of these parts of London is described. Dorian feels this keenly, and he takes refuge in the art that Sibyl creates. Her value to him is that she enables him to live out Henry's creed. When she ceases to show an interest in art, Dorian ceases to be interested in her. On the ride to the opium den, Dorian's position has changed. He now embraces the ugliness of life. He has forgotten the creed that Henry taught him. He has exchanged art for life-and that itself is a sin, in Oscar Wilde's credo. Lord Henry's philosophy of life, which is adopted by Dorian, is that the senses should be indulged to the full. In the fleeting sense experience lies the intensity of life, and all life is simply a series of these intense moments. This is not intended as a mindless indulgence for the sake of it, but is a conscious quest for beauty. Dorian thus learns to cultivate all kinds of sense experience, passions and sensations in the pursuit of beauty. He studies exotic perfumes, he collects musical instruments and precious stones. He once went to a costume ball wearing an outfit covered with 560 pearls. Neither Henry nor Dorian believe in any restrictions on desire, because desire is life itself, whereas self-denial in the name of morality is exactly that-a denial of life. Henry's belief is that self-development, not self-restraint, is the purpose of life. He describes this philosophy as a new Hedonism. It is a refined understanding and appreciation of life that amounts to a form of spirituality. And so Henry's friend and disciple Dorian believes that in indulging the senses he is freeing them to be what are intended to be, a channel for the experience of beauty. In chapter 11, he states his belief that the senses have never been properly understood before: "they had remained savage and animal merely because the world had sought to starve them into submission or to kill them by pain, instead of aiming at making them elements of a new spirituality, of which a fine instinct for beauty was to be the dominant characteristic"	<urn:uuid:e0b74d91-dc10-44f3-b96b-b9c3a175e526>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.novelguide.com/the-picture-of-dorian-gray/theme-analysis	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.979707	1,046	2.9375	3
September 11, 2001. The day the world changed. Or so we are told. We are also told the events of that day had been subject of several extensive official investigations. There are documents that have been produced as the result of those investigations - namely, the 9/11 Commission Report and an assorted collection of government-commissioned studies. We will refer to the version of events parlayed in the Report as the official version. The following is a partial list of problems found in, and anomalies associates with, that version of the events of 9/11. The items on this list labeled "impossible" are claims laid in the official theory that can not be reconciled with general scientific knowledge. It must be noted that the laws of nature are not absolute and there is some theoretical probability of absolutely any event occurring. Yet some events, such as a boulder leaving the ground and floating through the air on its own, are so unlikely as to be considered impossible. The reason we say they are impossible is that they violate what has come to be known as basic laws of science. In this discussion that determines what we shall refer to as "impossible". The term "improbable" shall refer to what is theoretically possible but unlikely to occur. Some may say unlikely enough not to be considered a realistic scenario. The term "implausible" shall refer to what is also theoretically possible but does not conform to expected patterns of human behaviour. Filed under "Impossible" - Near free-fall speed collapse of WTC1 (10 seconds), WTC2 (10 - 14 seconds) and WTC7 (6.5 seconds). The collapse of the latter one is most mysterious as that building was not struck by an airliner and only suffered direct strike damage that was largely superficial relative to the scale of the building. Regardless of how the collapse of those three buildings was initiated it is alleged to have been a progressive failure. That is an impossibility as it contradicts basic laws of physics including the Law of conservation of momentum. As calculated by Jim Hoffman it would take a building such as either one of the Twin Towers at least 15.5 seconds to fall as a result of "pancaking" even assuming each subsequent floor being hit by the floors above gave way with no resistance and merely were at a standstill prior to being hit. That model excludes such factors as resistance each floor should be expected to provide, the air resistance or considerations of energy needed to pulverize the contents of the buildings reported to have been turned into fine dust. - The pools of molten steel found in the ruins of the three skyscrapers that collapsed on 9/11. According to the official version of the 9/11 the fires in the towers were not hot enough to melt the steel, merely sufficiently hot to weaken it. That latter point is suspect too but it is pretty much a given that at no point were the fires caused by the aircraft impact hot enough to melt any steel. Filed under "Improbable" - Four airliners successfully hijacked and subject to intercept procedures are not intercepted, even though one of them, American Airlines Flight 77, flies after being hijacked for over 40 minutes. All four hijackings are facilitated in a highly unusual manner - the pilots are removed from the controls, sometimes murdered, with hijackers taking over the cockpit. All four hijackings occur in what is probably the world's most heavily defended airspace - the US Northeast. The failure to intercept occurs in direct violation of the procedures and guidelines in place. - The individuals alleged to have taken over the job of piloting hijacked airliners were all characterized by their flight instructors as rather inefficient, if not hopelessly inept, pilots. That is especially striking in the case of Hani Hanjour who allegedly piloted AA 77 into the West Wing of the Pentagon executing a descending turn so difficult that even professional pilots are divided on the issue of whether or not it could be executed at all in a Boeing 757, the aircraft Hanjour allegedly piloted. - Hani Hanjour, the alleged pilot of AA 77, chooses to aim for the West Wing of the Pentagon. That was an extremely odd choice of target as that part of the Pentagon was at the time udergoing renovation and as a result largely empty. That renovation included installation of blast-resistant windows and other modifications aimed at making the building more fire and blast-resistant. The approach to that part of the building was most difficult. But, knowingly or unknowignly, Hanjour still chose to perform a near-impossible meneuver directing the aircraft under his control at the section of the building opposite from where the offices of the Secretary of Defense and other top brass are. If Hanjour simply dove into the building aiming for the center he would have most likely killed a lot more people there. - On September 11, 2001 a number of war games, some simulating aircraft hijackings were in progress. Mohammed Atta and his team seem to have chosen a very lucky day for them as, among other things, a number of false radar blips were inserted into civilian and military radar systems to simulate fake hijackings. As a result the air defense system in place had trouble distinguishing real-life hijacked aircraft from the make-believe ones which made proper response difficult if not impossible. This begs several questions. For instance, how often do multiple large-scale war games and disaster preparedness excercises take place on the same day? What is the likelyhood that a team of foreign terrorists alleged not to have any inside contacts would just so conveniently for them happen to schedule their strike for that particular day? Filed under "Implausible" - Al Qaeda, the group alleged to have been behind the attacks of 9/11, never openly claimed responsibility for them. That makes little sense, if only due to the fact that if they indeed were the perpetrators it would be rather naive of them to expect not to be found out as hardly ever in history has a perfect crime of such a monumental proportion been executed. So if you have indeed commited an act that is in line with your ideology, is likely to enhance your prestige amongst your followers and admirers and is, on top of that, virtually impossible to keep secret for long - then why not just announce it? Instead, according to the official version of 9/11, the culpability of Al Qaeda and its leader Osama Bin Laden was aknowledged by Bin Laden on a low-quality video tape found in Afghanistan. Several Arab aquaintances of mine while not voicing any strong opinions regarding this tape this way or the other claimed that while watching it on TV they could tell that the language spoken was Arabic but the quality of the recording was so poor that they had to read subtitles to understand what was being said. Meanwhile, some experts with a specific experience of translating Bin Laden's speeches claim that the above-mentioned "confession video" is a fake as are most if not all audio recordings attributed to Bin Laden in the recent years. - The Secret Service fails to evacuate President Bush from the school where he is making a photo-op appearance while the attacks of 9/11 are unfolding. Consequently, no one in his security detail is reprimanded or sanctioned in any way. The event at the Emma Booker Elementary School had been scheduled in advance and was known to the public. It would have been absurd to assume that the President was not a target while a surprise attack was in progress. With a supposedly unknown number of potentially hostile hijacked airliners roaming the sky who and how could have known that one of them would not try and take out the school building where the President was attending an event of no decision-making value? What way was there that one could be sure terrorists would not try to level that building potentially killing the President along with hundreds of bystanders? If you were President and your security detail were so slow thinking on their feet wouldn't you consider firing them - simply out of concern for your own survival if for no other reason? In situations such as that of September 11, 2001 it would be entirely natural for anyone to think of whether or not the threat could directly impact them - in this case, if an airliner could be targeting the location they are at. Many a coworker of mine worried that the government facility I worked at on that day might come under attack. As someone familiar with pilotage I viewed that scenario as unlikely but overall, given the information available at the time, my coworkers' concerns didn't strike me being unreasonable or a sign of panic. Now take into account the fact that security operatives are specifically trained to anticipate potential threats to the persons or objects in their care. Their apparent failure to consider the possibility that an unfriendly airliner might be making its way towards the Booker Elementary would be a certain sign of being unfit for their duty. - Mohamed Atta, the alleged leader of the terrorist team, checked in a suitcase containing incriminating evidence at the airport in Portland, Maine. Contents included Boeing airliner flight manuals, a copy of the Koran, Atta's will and other papers that later helped federal investigators to trace back the terrorist plot. However, it is very strange that Atta would pack all these things. What he expected to need for the actual hijacking he would have been expected to take with him as carry-on. But why would he carefully collect items that could easily arouse suspicion and pack them in his luggage? According to the FBI he and Abdulaziz Alomari arrived at the airport in Portland with only a few minutes to spare. If any airline security or law enforcement officer became suspicious of them and decided to question them for any length of time that may have interfered with the timing of the whole operation. Why would an expertly trained terrorist such as Atta chance that? - The 9/11 Commission whose creation the Administration initially opposed was finally created after a staggering 411 day delay. Its final report some came to call The 9-11 Omission Report. This is hardly a joke given the glaring inconsistencies and omissions littering that report. For instance, the mystery of WTC 7 is not mentioned there once. The Administration appears largely content with what the Commission came up with even though one would expect that the country's leadership would be interested in a true exhaustive analisys of how a surprise attack of such magnitude could ever materialize. The unprecedented events of that day also have significant implications for many industries such as insurance, architecture, firefighting, urban planning and others. Yet there does not apear to be much open discussion of such implications. That appears to run counter to what would be expected if 9/11 were truly what the official story would have us believe. - Sibel Edmonds is a Turkish American linguist who worked in the FBI's translations unit from September 20, 2001 to March 22, 2002. She was fired following her discovery of deliberate inefficiency, incompetence and potential criminal activity, some in her opinion related to the 9/11 terror attacks, in the unit and attempts to report her concerns up the chain of command. She was consequently fired, intimidated and silenced by a gag order issued by the Attorney General. Consequent legal action by Edmonds was blocked by the Administration, ostensibly on the 'State Secrets Privilege' grounds. The 9/11 Commission reluctantly spoke to her, but whatever she had to say never made its way into the Commission's final report. On August 1, 2004 Edmonds wrote a public letter to the Commission's Chairman Thomas Kean. Here's part of what she has to say regarding her allegations and subsequent gag orders issued to her, "After almost three years the American people still do not know that thousands of lives can be jeopardized under the unspoken policy of ‘ protecting certain foreign business relations.’ The victims family members still do not realize that information and answers they have sought relentlessly for over two years has been blocked due to the unspoken decisions made and disguised under ‘ safeguarding certain diplomatic relations.’ Your report did not even attempt to address these unspoken practices, although, unlike me, you were not placed under any gag." Now it is perfectly legitimate for you to ask why anything Sibel Edmonds alleges is to be trusted in the first place. There is certainly no reason to take anything she says at face value but it is worth noting that the Justice Department Inspector General had pretty much acknowledged the validity of Edmonds' allegations. In fact, it was after reading the above-quoted letter of hers that this author started to have serious doubts about the true nature of the 9/11 Commission Report. Even years after 9/11 it doesn't look like the FBI's translation capabilities are a serious concern to the powers that be as the picture still appears to be that of dire inefficiency. Does this agree with the notion of an all-out "war on terror"? - If there is nothing to hide then why is the US government hiding so much, including records of things anyone could have observed? The question mainly pertains to the multitude of 9/11-related materials the government is reluctant or outright unwilling to release. For instance, the feds are still holding on to some of the videos of the Pentagon attack that were taken by security cameras located in public places. Please note that the list offered in this article is by no means complete or exhaustive. Can you reconcile these anomalies with the official version of the events of 9/11? Many experts have tried and failed. It must be noted that failure to explain the "impossible" claims alone must inescapably lead one to the conclusion that the official story is a sham, likely designed to cover up the real story. Let me reiterate it. You've got to either demonstrate - to yourself and preferably others - that the impossible and highly improbable events suggested by the official explaination of the events of 9/11 are somehow possible or to accept that the official explaination of what happened does not hold water. In case it is the latter your choice fundamentally is whether to accept this reality as inevitable or join those who demand a real investigation of 9/11. That choice is yours, and yours alone.	<urn:uuid:5000c025-4485-4de1-87da-8420271a1f0d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.dogandponny.org/2006_05_21_archive.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.978025	2,875	2.578125	3
Have you heard of GE's Hardiman? It was a prototype powered exoskeleton developed by GE's labs in 1965, intended to allow workers to lift up to 1500 pounds with its mechanized arms. According to Wikipedia, the project was a failure: "Any attempt to use the full exoskeleton resulted in a violent uncontrolled motion, and as a result the exoskeleton was never turned on with a person inside." Ripley's Power Loader in Aliens was likely inspired by the Hardiman's design, and GE recently commissioned artist Matthew Hawkins to create a papercraft Hardiman that can mount on a standard posable 8-inch figure drawing model. The papercraft printouts can be found here. And you can fine plenty of archival photos and more details of the GE Hardiman project on this robotics history site.	<urn:uuid:eafe99b3-74e2-462c-9eea-0c368ae7351e>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.tested.com/art/makers/460954-brief-general-electrics-hardiman-exoskeleton/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962171	166	2.640625	3
Cultivation Materials You'll Need and Getting Started Important things to know before you start growing sundews: - Sundews cannot be grown in normal potting soil! The higher nitrogen content of potting soil will quickly kill your sundews. Peat moss or long-fibered sphagnum should be used instead (described immediately below). - Sundews should not be fertilized (or only VERY weakly) - Sundews do best when given plenty of light. I usually recommend using supplemental lighting, but this is not always necessary. Materials Commonly Used to Grow Sundews You can pick whatever you prefer to use. These are my recommendations, and not all of the following is required: Peat moss- (also called milled sphagnum peat moss)-can be found at Lowe's, Home Depot, or local garden centers. It is black and powdery when dry. Rinse your Peat Moss- Some brands of peat are lower quality than others. I've used Premier peat moss, which tends to develop algae and mold. Because of this, make sure you rinse your peat before using it to avoid these problems. Try not to inhale peat dust- repeated exposure can cause some people to develop sporotrichosis from fungals spores found in peat. Avoid handling peat if you have cuts on your hands, due to the same reasons as above (wear gloves). Long-Fibered Sphagnum Moss- (also known as LFS or LFSM online). Many sundews can be grown in pure long-fibered sphagnum moss, depending on your climate and growing area, and is a great substitute for peat. LFS can be found at Lowes or other garden centers. I use Better Grow Orchid moss. Another common brand is Mosser Lee. It is much faster and cleaner to plant or repot sundews with LFS than with a peat:sand mix, and LFS is usually quite clean compared to peat. I still rinse my LFS several times with hot water to reduce algae and mold for lower quality brands. Silica sand- can be found at pool supply stores (pool filter sand), or at Home Depot (sandblasting sand). I prefer pool filter sand, since it is normally comes pre-washed. A larger grade is recommended- around #20 (about .50 mm). Silica sand has worked best for me, since it is generally purer than play sand and it is great for loosening up the soil of your sundew pots, and allowing the soil to drain well. Make sure to rinse your sand to avoid salt and mineral buildup (even if it comes pre-rinsed). Do not inhale silica dust when handling the sand. It can cause a lung condition known as silicosis from repeated exposure (but is usually ok in small doses). Pots- use plastic or glazed pots. Species that have long roots should be given 4+-inch pots for best results. 6 is a safe bet for most adult South African sundews. 3-inch plastic cups also work very well for most of the easier sundew species. Frugal growers sometimes use yogurt cups or other old containers. Clay pots can be used, but may eventually release minerals that can kill your plants over time. But if you want to use clay pots, occasionally top-water your carnivorous plants as much as possible, which will flush out the minerals that build up at the surface of the soi. If you grow them outdoors, the rain will take care of this for you. Grow Lights- fluorescent lights are strongly reccomended for sundews unless you have an extremely bright windowsill or if you are able to grow them outdoors. I use several 4-foot T-8 and T-12 fixtures. Bulbs labeled as "plant and aquarium" are not necessary. Normal fluorescent bulbs work just as well. I use a mixture of cool and warm bulbs to cover the entire light spectrum. Other options- compact fluorescent bulbs work well if you only have a few sundews. More expensive T-5, halogen lights, or other specialty lights may also be used. See my page about lighting for more info. How close to put sundews under the lights- Gererally speaking, put them as close to the bulbs as possible without burning the leaves (this is usually ~2 inches away for T-8 or T-12 bulbs and further (6-8 inches) for T-5 bulbs. The recommended range can vary depending on the time of year (further away during the hot summer months and can be very close during winter). Food for your Sundews- if you want your sundew seeds or plants to grow as fast as possible, you will want to feed them often. You can use Beta Bites (fish food pellets), freeze-dried bloodworms, or live insects, such as wingless or flightless fruit flies. See my sundew feeding page for more detailed information. Reverse Osmosis water (RO), tap, or rainwater- The decision is up to you! I only use distilled or reverse osmosis purified water in the trays of my most important sundews (see below). Tap water works fine too, but use at your own risk. I have used tap water for several years on a few of my plants without any problems (TDS of my water is 200 ppm or parts-per-million). I have never had a problem so far as long as I top-water them. Since the tap water in some cities has a much higher level of TDS (total dissolved solids), this can cause a fast mineral-buildup when using the tray method, which can kill your sundews over time. Try top-watering as much as possible if even if you use distilled water, RO, or rainwater. Rainwater is a cheaper alternative to RO, but can often be dirtier than RO water. If you grow your plants outdoors, this is often the best option. You can collect the water that runs off from your gutters, which is usually safe to use. Insects like mosquitoes love to reproduce in rain barrels, so mosquito dunks can be used, which are safe for carnivorous plants. Since I grow my plants indoors all in a massive tray, I prefer to use water that is extra pure. Use RO water If you prefer to be safe:You can find reverse osmosis water at the grocery store or Wal-Mart. Reverse osomosis systems can be quite expensive. I get Culligan RO water from the grocery store, and also use a lot of used gallon milk jugs. I fill the jugs up 2-3 times a year and pay about $10-15 each time. Distilled water also works well, but is usually more expensive. Other Optional Materials: Perlite- this light, white substrate is used for water retention and making the soil mixture open, allowing the roots to easily travel through the media. This can be mixed in with LFS or a peat-sand mix. It can also be used in a 1 peat: 1 perlite mixture, but I don't recommend this, as algae develops very easily. APS- Some sundew growers use Aquatic Plant Soil (Schulz brand or others), which you can find at Lowe's. APS consists of small chunks of ceramic tiles, which absorb moisture well, and act similar to perlite. Many Pinguicula growers now grow their plants in pure APS and it works well. Coco Peat (a.k.a. coir or coco fiber)- this is a substitute for peat made from the husks of coconut shells. It works the same as peat BUT has a very high salt content. Therefore, you should let the coco peat soak for several days in many rinses of water to flush out most of the salts before use. Insects often cause problems for new growers. I had this problem because the setup I previously used was too stagnant, leading to a fungus gnat fiesta. In order to kill off the larvae and adults, I used Neem oil. It is a natural oil extracted from the Neem tree. For more information about Neem oil, click here. There are many other types of insecticides that are safe for carnivorous plants, which are described in the linked video. I've never had any issues with Neem oil, however, so I would highly recommend it, since it's hard to overdose with it. Use in a well-ventilated area (outdoors preferably). *Remember that rinsing your media first and using a well-drained soil mix will dramatically help reduce fungus and insect outbreaks from occuring in the first place. The Best Sundews for Beginners Many commonly available sundews are great for beginners, but some are notably easier than others. In my experience (growing mostly indoors), there are a few sundews that can tolerate lower light and are very adaptable for many growers: Drosera natalensis (a.k.a D. dielsiana) Drosera capensis (most forms) Drosera adelae (can be pickier for some growers) These can be purchased online, or at Lowes and Home Depot, when available. Above: Drosera natalensis (left), Drosera capensis (middle), and Drosera spatulata (right) What Soil Mix To Use for Sundews: The Recommended Mixes A 1:1 mix of peat moss to silica sand seems to work extremely well for most sundews. However, pure LFS or a rough mix of 5:1 long-fibered sphagnum to silica sand has worked equally well for many sundews I've grown. Refer to individual recommendations on the pages I've written for each species. Try what works best in YOUR conditions What works well for me or other growers will often not produce the same results for other growers. *The best way to find out what will work best for you is through experimentation. Try growing the same species of Drosera in pots of the same height, but using different soil mixes. For example, if you have plenty of air circulation, perlite may be an excellent choice for you. In other conditions, it will cause tons of algae growth. How Compact should the Soil Be? This can vary a bit depending on your preferences. Most growers suggest packing down the soil most at the bottom 1/4 to 1/2 of the pot, and then using a looser mix towards the top. This will allow moisture to reach the surface of the pot more consistently for all of your sundews. Since I have been away at college for the past 3 years, I've packed down the soil throughout the entire pot with all of my sundews so that the plant will not immediately dry out if my parents forget to water them. Note that the more compact the soil is, the less oxygen is able to reach the roots. In my case, this has meant that the roots are much thinner than they would normally be. It is always recommended to flush the soil and any material (such as sand) you're planning to use with several rinses of tap water and a few smaller final rinses with distilled water. Peat moss, silica sand, LFS, and perlite all have minerals and particles that can potentially end up hurting the plants if you don't get rid of them. Keeping Your Sundews wet using the Tray Method One of the easiest methods for keeping the soil of your sundews wet (indoors our outdoors) is by using tray method. This is where you take the pot that your carnivorous plant is in, and place it over a tray that you have filled with water. Once the tray dries out in a few days, you refill the tray again. etc. etc. You can also top-water your plants, but this can become time-consuming if you have a large collection. Click here to be redirected my tray method page. If you use the tray method, try to top-water your plant at least once every few months (if possible) to ensure that salt and minerals will not build up towards the surface of the media and kill your plants. If you use very pure water (O ppm) then you shouldn't have to worry about this. I've actually gone for 2 years without top-watering my plants. Terrariums are also another easy option for growing sundews indoors, but I have not experimented very much with this. Check out my friend's youtube channel that shows his terrarium setups. Testing out your Growing Area I usually suggest starting off with adult plants when first growing sundews. You can quickly tell if your growing area works well for sundews. The tentacles on the sundew should turn red and plenty of dew should be produced on the tentacles within just a few weeks (assuming you received a healthy plant). If you experience problems, then you should modify the setup you're using. Most of the time, sundew seeds are overpriced, so you may end up paying more for them than adult plants! If your setup is not appropriate for sundews, you may not be able to tell for several months- the seeds may not germinate if they're too old. If you can find cheap or free seeds online, by all means, give it a shot! Growing sundews from seed can be a rewarding experience. Be very careful when transferring new sundews outdoors. Sometimes, they have been grown in low-light, humid conditions. Transferring them into full sun can fry them within just one day. I recommend gradually starting the plant off in filtered sun and moving it to part sun. After a few weeks, if the sundew is growing well, it can be transferred into more sun or left in part sun. I've never tried growing sundews from seeds outdoors before, so I can't comment on this. I'd place them in part sun and avoid heavy rainfall if growing them in small pots (especially if you only have a few seeds). For more info, you can check out my "Growing sundews outdoors" page Hopefully this can get you started...: ) Above: Drosera capensis (left) and Drosera filiformis "Florida All-Red" (right) Silica Sand- http://tanks4thememories.blogspot.com/ Amazon.com- Peat moss, coir, perlite pots, and LFS Additional Questions or Suggestions? Contact me at: sundewman(at)yahoo.com	<urn:uuid:e79f6edd-1c5f-48dc-8175-a8bea485c55d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.growsundews.com/sundews/sundew_cultivation_materials_and_tray_method_preparation.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00002-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.944483	3,072	2.65625	3
Office of Planning, Environment, & Realty (HEP) In the transportation decision-making process, public involvement is a key component of integrating land use and transportation issues. FHWA's role in this arena includes: Learning the viewpoints and opinions of the stakeholders in transportation projects is one of the chief elements of the FHWA project development process. Stakeholders can be the users or those affected by the construction or traffic related to the project. Since the Federal-aid Highway Act of 1950 and the Federal Transit laws originally enacted in 1964, USDOT has worked to ensure that all interested persons have the opportunity for a voice in how the transportation system is developed. In conjunction with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), the opportunity has been extended for public involvement throughout the location and design process for specific transportation projects. It is the intent of NEPA that agencies encourage and facilitate public involvement in decisions which affect the quality of the human environment.	<urn:uuid:8ec8795c-cd14-43d6-9245-54475e8c60f0>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/public_involvement/publications/resource_guide/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.936591	194	3.109375	3
You Break It, You Fix It: Why Carbon Polluters Should Pay for Hurricane Damage Humans obviously didn’t create Superstorm Sandy, which struck the Northeast corridor slightly less than a year ago, causing about $70 billion in damages, half in the state of New Jersey. But some scientists agreed that we most likely made it worse than it otherwise would have been. One non-profit organization in New Jersey has a plan to help pay for the devastation that still remains in the state and that could occur in the future: Putting a levy on carbon emissions. While the group, US Strong, stops short of explicitly calling for a carbon tax, they clearly lean that way. "We don't use the words 'carbon tax' ... (but) there has to be a cost for putting carbon into the atmosphere," Curtis Fisher, the group's national campaign coordinator, told USA Today. First, the evidence that burning fossil fuels make hurricanes worse: Human-induced warming from carbon emissions has raised global sea levels by about one foot since 1900, Penn State climatologist Michael Mann said last year. Much of Sandy's destruction came from the storm surge—the wall of water pushed ashore by the storm's strong winds. That extra foot could mean life or death for people who drowned inside their homes, for example, and could be the difference between a destroyed basement and a dry one. There's also evidence that warmer surface ocean temperatures translates to more powerful cyclones, and hurricanes are expected to get more intense with global warming. The unusually warm high-pressure system over the North Atlantic that steered Superstorm Sandy toward the coast may be a type of pattern seen more likely in a warming world, climatologists say. So since human fossil fuel emissions likely made Sandy worse—and are expected to make for more violent storms in the future—US Strong argues that there should be "a financial cost on emitting more carbon pollution into the atmosphere, which is fueling more extreme weather." To pay for current and future damages from events like hurricanes and last month's devastating Colorado floods, the group is calling on the federal government to create an "Extreme Weather Relief and Protection Fund," paid for in part by companies that "pollute carbon." US Strong's plan is laid out in a report published this month entitled "Extreme Weather, Extreme Costs," which included bipartisan input. “Things are changing, so we are going to have to change,” New Jersey State Senator Robert Singer told the group. A primary goal of the document was to collect stories of Garden State residents who are still struggling to come back from Sandy's devastation. Take Gigi Liaguno-Dorr, for example, whose popular waterfront restaurant, Jakeabob's, was destroyed. Her $1.2 million insurance policy only wrote her a check for less than the $10,000 deductible, according to US Strong. To make matters worse, the company won't pay anything on her $300,000 business interruption policy, which she said it should. And according to a NY Federal Reserve Bank survey, only 8 percent of small business owners in the Tri-State area whose businesses suffered damage had flood insurance. These people need help, the non-profit says. Of course, not everybody in Jersey is hurting: Warren Brumel's bankruptcy practice in Keyport is thriving, according to US Strong. This past summer was by far its busiest season in 30 years. "Every day in this office we see people who are making the decision to walk away because of the amount of money they need to rebuild," he said.	<urn:uuid:951224af-483e-4c92-b7fa-957c035b71f3>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.takepart.com/article/2013/10/11/group-calls-levy-carbon-emissions-offset-hurricane-damages	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96223	729	3.0625	3
Long gone are the days when a “robotic movement” meant something jerky, awkward, and stiff: The new robo-fish that have just been unveiled by engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology swim through the water with sinuous grace. The flexible fish move naturally, as the motor in the middle initiates a wave that moves along the body and propels it forward. Real fish move in a similar fashion by contracting muscles on either side of their bodies [CNET]. The robo-fish are the descendants of Charlie the Robotuna, a large robot created at MIT in the 1990s that consisted of almost 3,000 parts. The new fish measure less than a foot long and use only 10 parts; researchers say the simple, durable fish are cheap to produce and hard to damage. To manufacture each robot, a single motor is placed in a fish-shaped mold before a liquid polymer is poured in and allowed to solidify. The continuous polymer casing prevents water from seeping in and damaging the motor, says Pablo Alvarado, an engineer who helped design the fish. “These materials are very resilient,” he said. “Water can’t do much to them and they can survive very high temperatures. Unless another fish eats them, they could go on and on” [Wired.com]. The researchers say the small fish will be able to go where bulkier underwater robots fear to tread. Only in March this year, a robotic carp was unveiled by researchers at Essex University, UK. Five of the monstrous 1.5 metre-long robotic carp are scheduled to be released into Spanish waters, equipped with chemical sensors to sniff out pollution. The MIT group claims that fleets of their robofish could be deployed to inspect pipelines, lakes, rivers and boats [Nature, blog]. 80beats: Robot Submarine Takes a Dive to the Deepest Spot in the Ocean 80beats: Meet the First Robot That Can Walk on Sand (and Maybe Sandy Planets) 80beats: Experimental NASA Robot Could Rappel Down Martian Cliffs DISCOVER: 3 Robots That Move Just Like Animals Video: Kamal Youcef-Toumi and Pablo Valdivia Y Alvarado/MIT News Office	<urn:uuid:eb7e5291-6f45-483f-a9d5-60c99af3a418>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2009/08/25/robo-fish-are-ready-to-take-to-the-seas/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.930243	462	3.421875	3
As we look out of our collective Copper Country windows at the mountains of snow and dancing drifts, it is hard to believe spring is only a week away. How did that wily woodchuck, Punxsutawney Phil, know the Polar Vortex would return? Perhaps he has a hotline to Mother Nature. Enough of that, let us think forward to spring and open water fishing. Many local anglers, especially the Walleye Whisperer, are looking forward to the walleye/pike season opener on Saturday, April 26 and chances are some of them will reel in fish with parasites or a disease. Most diseases are not readily apparent or recognized by anglers, however one is highly visible. One frequently observed disease of northern pike and muskellunge is "Red Sore." It is specific to northern pike and muskellunge populations in North America and Europe, where it has been observed for over 100 years. Strangely enough, it does not affect chain pickerel, another family member. This is probably due to pickerel being a more southern species and found in warmer water, while red sore is found in cooler waters. This adult Esocid (pike/musky family) disease can reach an infection level of one of every six pike, but is normally much lower. It has reached epidemic proportions in some lakes and caused significant mortality. Red Sore is a tumorous condition which generally appears on the head, flanks, or fins and varies from red spots to pink/red open tumors (sores).The cauliflower-like tumor may appear as a cluster of blisters, which may erupt, resulting in an open sore. These tumors are more properly referred to as lymphosarcoma. It is most commonly observed in the spring of the year at and after the pike or muskellunge spawn. Scientific studies indicate the disease is a contact-transmitted virus spread from fish to fish during the spawning act. In advanced stages the tumors can be three to four inches in diameter and can cause mortality. If one desires to look at examples of these tumors, go to a search engine and look up Red Sore. These tumors are caused by a naturally occurring type-C virus specific to cold blooded organisms, therefore cannot be transmitted to humans. Red sore has been reported from all Michigan pike/muskellunge waters, at one time or another. In fact, the disease is found all through the northern hemisphere and widely distributed in the United States and Canada. There is no known method of prevention. The disease is not known to be infectious to other animals or man, however infected fish are not aesthetically pleasant to the eye and consumption is not advised. If one chooses to consume the fish, cut away the infected portions. Recommended disposal is burying. Never put an infected pats back into the water. Removing infected fish would not likely have any measurable impact on the incidence or prevalence of the disease in a water body.	<urn:uuid:d739cb4c-f373-4ae1-b27e-c2aa5e25a200>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://www.mininggazette.com/page/content.detail/id/533491/Red-sore---a-disease-of-the-pike-family-Tom-Rozich.html?nav=5008	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962919	614	2.609375	3
Today is a significant day for silence, youth, and our schools. Today, across the country schools will participate in a National Day of Silence to protest the homophobic bullying that is killing teenagers and honor those whose lives have been taken by the barbaric hands of hatred. In less than two years there have been four brutal teenage deaths resulting from homophobic bullying. Just last week Carl Walker, an eleven year old in Springfield, Massachusetts , who never actually identified as gay, hung himself with an extension cord from the 3rd floor landing of his home. This was after his mother repeatedly implored his school to do something about the homophobic bullying he experienced. Last summer a transgendered teenager, Angie Zapata, was brutally murdered in Greeley, Colorado. Last February Eric Mohat, a 17-year old student from Ohio, who also never identified as gay, committed suicide after being repeatedly harassed with anti-gay epithets such as "fag" and "homo." His school went to trial last month as a lawsuit was filed by his parents, not because they want the school's money, but because they want to know why the school didn't respond to several requests for action. Also, last year, Lawrence King, a fifteen year old who identified as gay, was shot in the head twice in his English class. He died a few days later. His heart was donated the day after Valentine's day. GLSEN (Gay, Lesbian, Straight, Education Network) and Harris Interactive recently conducted a study called "From Teasing to Torment: School Climate in America, A Survey of Students and Teachers." The study illustrates that 33% of teens report that students are frequently harassed because they are openly or are perceived to be lesbian, gay, or bisexual. It also shows that LGBT students are three times as likely to say that they do not feel safe at school and 90% of LGBT students state that they have been harassed or assaulted. Watch these homophobic teenagers in action: The FBI shows hate crimes based on sexual orientation to be the third most prevalent type. Regardless, George Bush vetoed the Matthew Shepard Act when it landed on his desk in 2007. This legislation would have protected people from hate crimes on the basis of perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. Wyoming, the state where Matthew Shepard was tortured and left tied to a fence to die in 1998, along with 18 other states, still does not have legislation that prosecutes hate crimes towards LGBT people. Change has been a pervasive concept in our country over the past two years. Barack Obama's presidential election, along with the dissolution of our economic institutions, are catalysts for significant change. We need to start applying this same principal of change to the institution of hatred entrenched in our culture. The Greek philosopher Aristotle, and social psychology pioneer Albert Bandura have both shown that aggression and hatred are learned behaviors. If a child is taught to hate and fear diversity, then the next place he or she expresses that hate is at school. Ten percent of all hate crimes occur at schools and colleges. If hate is learned, then it lies on the shoulders of our schools, church officials, parents, teachers, and communities to teach our young kids acceptance before they continue hurting each other, and before they become adults who will likely pass their hatred to the next generation. Dissolving hatred in our society starts with each of us on an individual level. Whether we are straight, LGBT, black, white or all shades in between, if we want to heal hate among youth we must engage in a process of introspective exploration to reveal where we ourselves have held onto hatred, ignorance, fear, and anger. Amidst all this homophobic murder, and without dismissing accountability; even those of us who feel justified in our animosity towards those who hate, must forgive our judgments. Hate in any form is still hate and it contributes to its survival. In the story of the crucifixion (whether myth or fact) Jesus says himself, "Father forgive them, they know not what they do." I believe a direct result of my own marginalization has been the choice I have made to look inward and heal patterns of my own judgment and fear of those who choose to hate. My experience as a gay man in this society has generated in me a depth of compassion and empathy. This facilitates my understanding that people who choose to hate in the name of "their" God are simply immersed in a human experience that is built on irrationality, fear, hatred and ego; but for them, truthful, nonetheless. I choose to remember that those who choose to attack are attacking an illusion they have crafted in their own minds. Even those who have died in the name of self-love and expression have not truly died, because love that has known itself as long as man has existed cannot be destroyed. I cannot say when, but I have faith that one day those who attack in the name of "their" god will discover that they are also attacking themselves. When we heal the hatred and anger that lies in our own hearts and come to stand steadfast in our loving we become a beacon of light for the youth of our world. Youth who deserve to live long lives fully embraced, nurtured, and loved in the truth of who they are, regardless of seeming differences among sexual orientation, race, or gender. On this day when our youth silently protest violent homophobia, and honor those whose have been murdered or committed suicide, I implore you to take a few silent moments to begin to ask the tough questions: "Where in my own life do I harbor hatred, fear, anger, and what steps can I take to begin to resolve it?"	<urn:uuid:3f024cb5-d51a-41c0-a756-a8f5c76776bc>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jason-mannino/homophobia-is-killing-our_b_188042.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00054-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.975978	1,147	2.5625	3
The first 10,000 Raspberry Pis will be coming off the assembly line in the next few weeks. What's a Raspberry Pi, you ask? It's a little $25 single-board computer that's about as powerful as a typical smartphone. The project is the brainchild of Eben Upton of Cambridge University who co-founded the Raspberry Pi Foundation. The foundation is a registered charity in the U.K. While the first batch of Raspberry Pis are expected to be snatched up by hackers, computer geeks and electronics hobbyists, the ultimate aim of the project is to get these cheap little computers into the hands of schoolkids. Most primary and secondary school computer education consists of learning how to use Microsoft Office and other proprietary software programs. Kids are being taught how to be users rather than creators of software. One commentator on BBC Radio Four's Material World program likened the current computer curriculum in the U.K. as being similar to the high school typing classes of old. My sense is that it's not much different in Canada. The hope is that through the Raspberry Pi, students will once again start learning about how computers work and how to program. I say "again" because when I think back to my high school computer training back in the punch card days of the 1970s, I was learning the rudimentary basics of programming. While I never became a programmer, what I learned back then helped me for the rest of my life. The low cost of the Raspberry Pi means that parents won't have to worry about their children "breaking" the family computer by experimenting. It's designed to run the free software GNU/Linux operating system. The Debian, Fedora and Arch GNU/Linux distributions have already been ported to work on the Raspberry Pi. I've also seen a recent YouTube video of the free software XBMC media centre hub running video that they claim is as good as what you'd get on an iPhone 4S. For those of you interested in the geeky side of these little machines, they run on 700 Mhz. "ARM" processors. The basic model has 128 MB of RAM, an onboard graphics chip capable of 1080p video, video outputs using either RCA or HDMI cables, a standard audio jack, and an SD/MMC card slot for data storage. The pricier $35 model has a second USB port, onboard RJ45 network jack and 256 MB of RAM. It also can easily be connected to other types of electronic devices and gizmos like the popular "Arduino" board used by many electronics hobbyists. The Raspberry Pi may not revolutionize computer education, but it does open the door to doing things in ways that the tech giants like Microsoft have long discouraged. In the video below, Eben Upton of the Raspberry Pi Foundation is interviewed at CES 2012 held in January in Las Vegas.	<urn:uuid:d0a49669-0f93-4705-ac8b-b2766b4c768f>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/radiorahim/2012/01/raspberry-pi-sure-tastes-good	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.948785	582	2.875	3
Definition of glutinous rice : the seeds of a short-grained cultivated rice (Oryza sativa glutinosa) that are plump and sticky when cooked First Known Use of glutinous rice Rhymes with glutinous rice Seen and Heard What made you want to look up glutinous rice? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).	<urn:uuid:623c4e98-c307-4550-928a-7f892da12ba9>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glutinous%20rice	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.8753	84	2.53125	3
An Art Lover's Guide to Digital Art Essay by JD Jarvis Click names or images to take the MOCA tour WHAT IS DIGITAL ART? Photographer, artist and philosopher Larry Bolch wrote, "Photography is not an art. It is a medium through which artist's may create art." One can make the same statement about so called "digital art". Considering digital as a medium for the creation of art, rather than an art itself doesn't help narrow it down much, however; because then you have to wonder; "which art?" Perhaps a better way to state the problem, today, is to ask; "What isn't digital art?" Computers have invaded and expanded nearly every art form. From the digital creation, recording, manipulation and distribution of music, to animation and film editing; from word processing to the instantaneous cueing of hundreds of complex theatrical lighting and scenery changes digital tools are there helping artists make art. Yet, if you are an artist making two-dimensional compositions for display on the web or for sale as any of a wide variety of print you may expect some strange resistance and lack of external validation. No one seems to question the authenticity of a digitally performed theatrical cue or to worry that the word processor has made writing too easy. Now that the computer has replaced the mathematician's chalkboard, pencil and slide rule, no one asks, by virtue of the tools or lack of materials used; "Is that real math or did the computer do it?" Still, as pervasive as digital tools have become in the creation of a wide range of art forms these questions are asked of two-dimensional inanimate art created on a computer. For the sake of this review this is what I mean by "digital art". And, with the help of some wonderful examples collected here by the MOCA gallery, we will look to where this work has come and perhaps shed some light on the path ahead. PLAYING THE MUSIC Bolch also observed, "the artist chooses the media and the goal of every artist is to become fluent enough with the media to transcend it. At some point you pass from playing the piano to playing music." As digital tools are employed by more artists working in more diverse fields the analogies that for so long have attempted to describe the commonalties of all art forms begin to come into sharper focus. The writer, musician, painter, the film editor or photographer sit down before pretty much the same sort of art making devise and share the common craft of digital information processing to achieve the work; making it immediately clear how poetry can share a kinship to painting, photography and music. Well over a decade of practice and experimentation in making digital art has brought to the scene artists possessing a fine degree of skill with imaging software. And, yet the average person or art lover knows little of what a digital artist does to create their work. Software salesman are of little help, since they work hard to promote the myth that art on a computer is just a mouse click away. Compared to painting which, even though few can handle expertly, nearly all can understand the process; the learning curve for the appreciation of digital art seems almost as steep as for the manipulation of the tools themselves. However, this is not an excuse for the critic or art lover who refuses to seriously consider digital art simply because they don't know how it is made. Art is not about the tools used to make it; but in the organization of color, line, form, composition, rhythm and the interplay of all these in support of the subject matter or intent of the work itself. These are the basic and well established tenants of visual art and as fundamental to digital art work as to the cave paintings of Lascaux. DIGITAL PAINT AND DRAW : Natural Media This point is best demonstrated by work created with "Natural Media" software. The digital artist working in this vein has an assortment of tools designed to make marks which simulate on the computer screen and in print nearly all traditional paint and draw tools. In the MOCA galleries the works of Mavi Roberto, Joan Myerson Shrager, Jago Titcomb, D.L. Zimmerman, and Steiner Rosenburg are prime examples of this genre of digital art. Their pictures are built up mark upon mark until the composition is complete. The look and even a good part of the feel of traditional drawing and painting media can be achieved with skill and patience. That these marks appear as pure light on a glass screen is indication of both the revolutionary advances and the tradeoffs that the digital artist makes. New production techniques such as multiple undo, and the ability to save work at various stages along its development and to integrate one version or piece of art seamlessly into another are great boons to art making. Digital work never reaches that level of material preciousness at which even the most courageous painter would not risk destroying their work just to follow some wild inspiration. The digital artist has adopted a medium that works as fast as one's imagination and presents constant opportunities to refine composition and fine tune color. On the other hand, spontaneous accidents and the effects of gravity do not come easy in digital media and often what can be achieved in a single looping wet drippy stroke of paint must be rendered laboriously by the digital artist. Not having to stretch canvas, wash brushes or mix and then wait for paint to dry may deny the digital artist some material pleasures, but also saves time. While elapsed time is certainly not an issue nor a criterion for judging any piece of art, time saved using digital tools is almost always re-invested in experimentation and decision making. Subsequently, this investment in design should make digital art among the tightest and most well considered compositions in art today. DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY: Photo-Manipulation With the genre of "Photo-Manipulation" we recognize how much digital art shares with the art form of photography. The first highly technologically driven art making system to suffer the burden of "point and click" simplicity, traditional photography had to wait out the proliferation of popular understanding of the process and the subsequent recognition by the masses of the nuances necessary to create great pictures before gaining its rightful place in the world of fine art. Today this struggle belongs to digital art. But it is digital photography and the lessons learned by traditional photography's move up to fine art that is helping to drive the ultimate acceptance of digital art. And, in return, the digital darkroom has revolutionized how we make photographic art. Producing sensitive imagery in the tradition of the chemical dark room, as we see reflected in the work of Jeff Alu , Steve Bingham, and Ricardo Baez Duarte required tedious and imperfect techniques that are now achieved with unprecedented speed and pin point control by artists who have more time to focus on ideas and composition than the long process of trial and error that was necessary leading to a degree of control over wet photography. Digital photography tools reduce exposure to dangerous and uncomfortable studio situations while expanding aesthetic potentials through new production techniques. And, this particular expanded aesthetic is with us constantly in our daily lives. DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY: Photo-Collage As photography reached a level of maturity in the 1920's and 30's many modernist artists began to experiment with different techniques of using photos in their art; among them the collage and montage. In the USA during the1950's the fad of psychoanalysis coupled with the advertising industry's discovery that surrealistic imagery in its attention to sex and other dreams of desire was highly marketable; fostered an enduring love for "trick photography". It is no small coincidence that a couple of decades later page layout, photo-editing and typography harbored the first mass oriented implementation of digital imaging tools. The advertising and magazine industry jumped at the chance to have one machine that could handle all these different crafts and it has never looked back. Thus, "photo-collage" represented in the MOCA collection by the work of artists Damnengine, Larry Hopewell, and Gulner Guvenc has become the most prevalent kind of digital art exhibited anywhere, today. Collage is most often the kind of art that people seek to do with their new computers and, as such, has formed a populist wave of art making that can hardly be ignored. DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY: Tabloid Culture Even before photography became a fine art it was a popular one. Due, in no small part, to what philosopher and critic Walter Benjamin called the "voodoo cult" of photography. That is, the ability for a photograph to freeze time and preserve people, places and events long after they disappear in the mists of memory. Therefore, the photograph, even a simple and personal snap shot, is a very potent item, whose aura in our everyday lives can surpass that of art. Of course, along with this reverence comes the reverse and the purposeful mutilation of a photograph can harbor a darker spirit. This darker spirit has become quite popular in itself as a post modern society turns to themes and activities previously considered "on the fringe". I ascribe the term "Tabloid Culture" to this type of art as a nod to the marginality from which it is ascending and to the media which has made it so relatively accessible. And, of course, digital tools are there helping it happen. The highest form of this art is displayed in the MOCA galleries of Alessandro Bavari, David Ho, and Shannon Hourigan. And, while these artists use techniques and tools outside of the range of simple photo-manipulation, their intent to create dark, mysterious, uncomfortable and often allegorical illustrations with amazing photographic realism is quite evident and striking. On the other hand, the dark collages of Shannon Hourigan retain more of the character of a direct photograph. In doing so, Hourigan manages to create work that fully exploits this voodoo concept of photography and in the disfiguration and distortions of her photgraphic images questions of violence, body image and self mutilation are given full voice. THE QUEST FOR PRESENCE: Fractals In and of itself, however, paint is paint. Photography and even collage are no longer anything new. And, since we already know that art is not about the tools that we use to make it; we might rightfully ask, so what's new about digital art? For well over two hundred years the world of fine art and its counterpart in academia have been driven by the notion of stylistic identification and innovation thus creating the age of "isms". Art work has come to be judged either by how well it fits into an existing style, or is favored most when it breaks beyond these prized barriers and delivers something all together and strikingly new. For digital art to join in this time honored game, to become present in the world of Fine Arts, it must move beyond mimicry of traditional media and forge new visual ground. In order to survey this new territory the artist must search for those things that no other visual arts tools can do. For example, computers are number crunching machines with a propensity for diligently performing tedious tasks at lightning speeds; data in data out. This was of little value to the visual artist until 1972 when Benoit Mandelbrot brought together his own scattered research in "self similarity and iteration" and named it "fractal geometry". Almost instantly from that point through today the science of mapping the hidden geometry of nature has been a visual matter. Fractal geometry provides the mathematical algorithms that are the virtual backbone of many of the unique tools that digital image editing and generating software are built upon. For certain artists this means the creation of imagery that is both excitingly new and strangely familiar as seen in the MOCA galleries of artists Janet Parke and Karin Kuhlmann. Fractals are patently beautiful with breathtaking depth, sumptuous color, dynamic flowing lines that tickle and delight the eye. In their repetition of forms is suggested the math of the eternal. As such, fractal imagery is often powerful and always seductive. And, yet fractals while wildly varied are still highly recognizable "formula based" images. This makes working with fractals some of the edgiest digital work being done, because it yields imagery that can so easily seem trite and lacking in human warmth, putting itself directly on a collision course with those that fear mechanization of art. How does one make art that springs from the cold soul of the motherboard and yet carries the caress of a human hand and heart? Integrative Digital Art The answer to this challenge comes in another of the computer's innate abilities, that being the ability, by the reduction of all sorts of input into a homogeneous data flow, to integrate and synthesize widely divergent material into a single work In other words, not just paint or photo or fractal, but a fluid synthesis of all sorts and kinds of media, materials, processes and styles. This "Integrative Digital Art" yields some highly personal and varied approaches to how the art is made, as well as, how it looks. It brings into play all the imaging sources, drawing tools, automated filters, traditional and digital processes that one can summon. It explodes and expands "multi-media" by being, virtually, every media. There are many strong examples of this in the MOCA collection by artists such as, Hans Deiter Grossmann, Afanassy Pud, John Clive, Kent Oberheu, Kolja Tatic, Ileana Frometa Grillo, and Orna Ben-Shoshan. You may notice that none of these artist's works looks like the next. There is, therefore, no discernible emergent style. So, if we are about playing the same, age old game of stylistic innovation visa vi the established world of "Fine Art"; even this genre of digital art has reason for being marginalized by "the big show". THE TYRANNY OF NEWNESS No artist sets out to create a style. Often one is directed by technique or philosophy or a new tool to innovate, but the recognition of a style has more to do with the critics, galleries and academicians that struggle to ascribe words, labels, context and a re-sale price, after the fact, to the artist's work. All well and good, until the drive to innovate new styles becomes a major criterion for evaluating the relative worth of any particular work of art. Or, until a whole art form is proclaimed "dead" by virtue of apparent inability to adequately perform on the stage of stylistic innovation. Then, we must question if, rather than the art being dead, perhaps it is the person looking at the art that has succumb. With styles being the actual purview of the critic, we might proclaim it is the critic and not the artist that has failed to create something new. In truth, we may not be able to adequately address the question, "what's new", in two dimensional inanimate art simply by employing digital tools. Today, looking at the range of such art, all of which can be pigeon-holed neatly into this "ism" or that, regardless of the tools employed; we may have to consider that, in a broad sense, things have run their course stylistically. Which is to say that the "stylemakers", the critics, galleries and academicians, have created a sufficient number of broadly defined styles as to fit all occasions and visual statements. So that one can, with a good degree of jaded safety, say, "I've seen that, we've been there." Consider that art commentary and marketing based on stylistic trends has died. Perhaps we have entered an era where art commentary must become as nuanced and as sensitive to individual perception as the artists themselves. Art is no longer a matter of this style or that style. It is a thick, murky, strong brew of people and tools and diverse expression. Style has become just another tool of that expression and since art is not about the tools used to make it, art criticism can no longer be an evaluation based on style or genre. Instead of a dead-end, I see a great "jumping-off-point" wherein the strength and worth of a visual statement can be evaluated based on one's skill to manipulate line, composition, color, form, rhythm...plus an artistís sensitivity in selecting and manipulating a visual style along with the other tools used to create a particular work of Art. In his book, "The Art Spirit" Robert Henri states, "...there is the new movement. There always has been the new movement and there always will be the new movement.. It is necessary to pierce to the core to get at the value of a movement and not be confused by its sensational exterior." In the case of visual digital art, a good indication as to the nature of this core comes by way of recent developments in music; another "digital art". Everyone is quite aware of how digital tools have revolutionized the making and distribution of popular music. There is an explosion of new music created and distributed by individuals utilizing smaller, more powerful and more affordable digital studios and tools. Driven by creativity and artistic desire without requiring "big money", mass approval and massive retun on investment, this whole movement has the "music industry" ( a close facsimile of the "Fine Arts" industrial complex) quaking in their Gucci's. In a recent NPR report, Roger Linn, inventor of digital drum pads and a session guitarist, foresees the day when "there'll be fewer professional musicians, but more people making music." In the same report, Chicago recording engineer, Steve Albini names this phenomenon "the triumph of the amateur" and notes the same trends one can observe in the visual digital arts. According to Albini this triumph of the amateur, "has led, aesthetically, to a lot of poor sounding recordings as musicians experiment with equipment without basic knowledge of audio recording. But, culturally, it has been democratizing, empowering and valuable." In terms of the craft of visual art, rules have been broken and often these new artists appear to know much more about software than art. But, the genie is out of the box and expanding creative bandwidth will always win out over perserving outmoded traditions and dogma. Don Archer, creator and chief curator for the MOCA website, sees strong evidence that the kind of digital art we see here is the most popular and widely practiced art making of all time. "Digital art needs no defense. It's here, it's pervasive, it's succeeded in encouraging digital artists by the tens of thousands all over the world. It is the most popular art form ever. It should be taken for granted. It does not need the imprimatur of fine art critics, which will come anyway." THE ROAD AHEAD: A Futurist's View That we find very little of the two dimensional visual digital art that I have been focused on here in this essay in the established fine arts galleries and magazines is strongly indicative of where the truly vast market and validation for this work lies. It is "out there" in that much larger world which has, for so long, been disenfranchised. Ahead lies an even more far reaching period of democratization and the advancement of new markets, modes of display and distribution that will certainly revolutionize all aspects of what we now call "art". Style will become a tool for expression, not opression. Art will become, simultaneously more personal and more pervasive. In this essay I have limited my comments to specific "styles" of one particular art form, this is not to say that digital tools will not lay the basis for, as of yet, unimagined new "art forms". As we more fully realize the consequences of a media which can integrate widely different input into a unifying form of binary expression and translate that expression into a myriad of perceived forms, we will arrive at a whole new terrain for, not only art, but how we perceive and experience our own consciousness. We will have "symbiotic art", capable of expressing color as sound and motion as music. The observer will become a functionary of the art itself and the designer will become a poet of the senses. With this will come the awareness that we already live in a virtual world transmitted to us by our evolved senses that, after all, only give us a single version of what remains, without us to observe it, a basically undifferentiated universe of electromagnetic waves, particles and constant energetic motion and change. Las Cruces, NM JD Jarvis website	<urn:uuid:86414218-be3d-44a6-9368-59fe86214cbb>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://moca.virtual.museum/editorial/jdessay.asp	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.954729	4,214	2.640625	3
(UNDATED) - Many of America's historic buildings have something in common - Indiana Limestone. The use of Limestone dates back to before there was a state of Indiana. Native Americans and early settlers used it before we were admitted to the Union in 1816. The limestone industry began in earnest near Bedford in 1827. Todd Schnatzmeyer, executive director of the Indiana Limestone Institute of America in Bedford, says demand picked up after the railroad came through, making shipments easier, and especially after several large fires involving wood buildings, such as the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. In addition to numerous structures in this state, such as the Statehouse and the Indiana War Memorial, Indiana Limestone was used in thousands of historic sites; the Empire State Building, the Pentagon, Yankee Stadium, and the entire Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina. Schnatzmeyer says limestone is a finite resource, but says there is enough in Indiana to meet demand for at least the next 500 years. Have a question or comment about a news story? Send it to email@example.com	<urn:uuid:d0c87f0b-d47f-4695-b593-b14f69d726f8>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.wbiw.com/local/archive/2012/07/limestone-is-a-finite-resource.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957534	228	3.421875	3
Unlike a natural, or even a real number, sets are built in a transfinite hierarchical manner as our ability to conceptualize them. Difficulties begin to appear around unambiguously conceiving uncountable cardinalites. What I consider important to remember is that sets are objects of thought,therefore we can say that a sentence is true when we find sufficient reason for it to be true . That means, what we know is true is what we can Prove is true, for some unfinished yet ever-expanding notion of Proof. Now , the crucial point to remember is how the 'Proof modality' works . All laws hold except the excluded middle .It isn't necessary either to Prove a or to Prove not a . While the logic of ontology is aristotelian , the logic of epistemiology (what we can prove) is intuitionistic . In Peano arithmetic we have a 'rule of thumb' : If you cannot prove (exists x , G x), for a simple enough sentence G , then (for all x , not(G x)) may be considered provable . An extension of this principle for set theory would be wonderful . Although , while PA seems to obey a 'minimality principle' , set theory seems more suited to a 'maximality principle' . Given that epistemology is intuitionistic, I'm open to the possibility that neither CH nor its negation could provide a 'final argument' .	<urn:uuid:3e2a6cbc-a0f7-4b6d-bf18-d61fa63be509>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://mathforum.org/kb/message.jspa?messageID=8881491	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.923545	299	2.546875	3
jQuery Word Math Word Math is a jQuery plug-in that you can use to do math with English words. How to Use It To start using Word Math, you can use the $.wordMath function which accepts a string with words describing a number. var x = $.wordMath("ninety seven"); x.add("fourteen"); You can chain any of the math functions to perform calculations on the number. The math functions are $.wordMath("fifty seven and eight tenths").multiply("seventeen").toPower("three") //one million three hundred forty nine thousand two hundred thirty two and six tenths and two hundredths and five thousands Word Math will even interpret the words "pi" and "e" $.wordMath("pi million") //three million one hundred forty one thousand five hundred ninety two and six tenths and five hundredths and three thousandths and five ten thousandths and eight hundred thousandths and nine millionths and seven ten millionths and nine hundred millionths and three billionths $.wordMath("three million four hundred and sixty seven thousand five hundred and forty two").value // 3467542 $.wordMath.toString(65401.90332) // sixty five thousand four hundred one and nine tenths and three thousandths and three ten thousandths and two hundred thousandths Setting up Word Math You need to already have jQuery loaded before you run Word Math. All you need to do is copy the Word Math script and reference it in your page, like this: <script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="js/wordMath.jquery.min.js"></script> Word Math sans jQuery The usage for Word Math sans jQuery is identical to the usage of Word Math with jQuery, except that you do not need to prefix your calls with $.. In other words, instead of doing you would instead do	<urn:uuid:4f44d59e-c51b-44b2-a5df-f4cfaf02c8eb>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://github.com/peterolson/Word-Math	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.752039	413	2.921875	3
ARTICLE IN BRIEF Investigators reported — based on histopathological and biochemical assessment of 50 brains — that factors other than plaques and tangles may be more directly related to cognitive impairment and to neuronal and synaptic damage in Alzheimer's disease. Figure. DR. TERESA G...Image Tools For decades it has been believed that dementia in Alzheimer disease (AD) results from accumulation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex and some subcortical areas, but recent postmortem brain studies have found similar degrees of pathological changes in some individuals who did not develop dementia. In the August issue of the journal Brain, investigators from Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital, the Mayo Clinic, and the University of Pittsburgh, reported — based on histopathological and biochemical assessment of 50 brains — that factors other than plaques and tangles may be more directly related to cognitive impairment and to neuronal and synaptic damage in Alzheimer's disease. The findings support the idea that some individuals may resist the insult of classical Alzheimer's lesions in their brains. The brains were divided into four categories: a control group of non-demented individuals where postmortem examination showed a low probability of AD; non-demented individuals with intermediate probability of the disease; those without dementia but whose brains showed a high likelihood of AD; and brains from individuals with dementia where postmortem examination showed a high likelihood of the disease. [For more on the criteria, see “Study Criteria for Probability of Developing Alzheimer's Disease.”] The researchers found that some individuals accumulate equivalent loads of Abeta plaques and tangles with those found in demented Alzheimer's cases without experiencing dementia while alive; the authors refer to these cases as mismatches. The mismatches had a striking preservation of neuron numbers, synaptic markers and axonal geometry, a lower burden of fibrillar thioflavin S-positive plaques and oligomeric Abeta deposits, a decreased amount of soluble tau in synapses, and a remarkable reduction in glial activation when compared to demented Alzheimer's cases. “Our data support the idea that Abeta plaque deposition and tangle formation do not inevitably result in dementia and neuronal damage in all individuals,” lead author Teresa Gómez-Isla, MD, PhD, an associate professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, told Neurology Today. Figure. DR. DAVID A....Image Tools “Detailed quantitative assessments demonstrated that our group of mismatches with a high likelihood of AD by pathological criteria were well matched to demented cases with Alzheimer's disease with regards to Abeta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the association cortex that forms the superior temporal sulcus. Therefore, we feel these cases are likely to represent individuals who seem resilient to Alzheimer's disease pathology.” One-third of the non-demented cases, including three out of eight individuals whose brains showed a high probability of AD, had undergone cognitive evaluation within two years of death; the other two-thirds of medical records and death certificates did not report any dementia. The fact that formal neuropsychological evaluation close to death was not available in all cases may somewhat limit the findings, according to the researchers. “Because of this, subtle cognitive declines cannot be ruled out in individuals where dementia was not recorded,” Dr. Gómez-Isla told Neurology Today. According to the study, the most likely mediators of neurotoxicity and altered cognition included Abeta accumulation in the form of fibrillar dense-cored plaques thioflavin-S-positive and intimately related oligomeric Abeta assemblies, hyperphosphorylated soluble tau species localized in synapses, and glial cell activation. “These factors provide insight into factors and pathways potentially involved in human susceptibility or resilience to Alzheimer's pathological changes,” she said. [For more on the analysis, see “Phenotypic Differences: Demented Vs. Nondemented Brains.”] COGNITIVE RESERVE UNLIKELY There is a great deal of interest and a number of studies on why some individuals with significant AD pathology do not develop dementia symptoms, said David A. Wolk, MD, assistant professor of neurology and assistant director of the Penn Memory Center, at the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine, in Philadelphia. “I think this paper is interesting and adds to our knowledge of what mechanisms might be involved, and provides investigators with a direction to better explore these differences,” he told Neurology Today in a telephone interview. There is a possibility that the patients without dementia may not have been as far along as the others in disease progression, he noted. However, he said, “the researchers did a good job in matching brains with similar degrees of Abeta and tau accumulation.” AD researchers have focused on two potential explanations for the phenomenon. The first is cognitive reserve — that individuals with greater intellectual capacity, especially those who regularly engage in problem solving tasks, may have greater ability to compensate for neuronal loss. The other is the concept of brain reserve — that some individuals have more developed redundant systems for countering problems when something in their cerebral cortex goes wrong. “But this paper suggests that neither are primary drivers of cognitive preservation because there was actually less neuronal loss or reduction in cortical thickness in patients without dementia. This suggests that perhaps they are just more resistant to AD-related pathology and its neurodegenerative effects,” he told Neurology Today. While the lack of clinical neuropsychological records for all patients is a potential confounder, it is “unlikely to be the sole explanation,” Dr. Wolk said. “Not only were there cognitive differences in the non-demented subjects, but their brains also appeared to be structurally different.” PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES: DEMENTED VS. NONDEMENTED BRAINS The researchers identified four main phenotypic differences in the brains of individuals who did not develop dementia despite abundant plaques and tangles, including the absence of a significant loss of neurons and synaptic markers, and a much better preserved geometry of axons when compared to demented Alzheimer's cases. The brains of demented individuals had significantly higher burdens of fibrillar dense-cored plaques thioflavin-S-positive that stain with thioflavin-S, and more oligomeric Abeta deposits labeled by conformation selective monoclonal antibody NAB61, which detects an epitope present in dimeric, small oligomeric, and higher order Abeta structures, but not full-length Abeta precursor protein or C-terminal protein fragments. There was also strong and selective accumulation of hyperphosphorylated soluble tau monomeric and multimeric species into the synaptic compartment in demented individuals compared with controls, and the robust activation of astrocytes and microglia activation typically seen in demented Alzheimer's cases accompanying plaques and tangles was strikingly decreased in mismatches. Further biochemical measurements of soluble Abeta species — monomers, dimers, and higher molecular weight oligomers — did not show any significant differences between demented and non-demented cases, however. The authors believe that these apparently conflicting results derived from biochemical and immunohistological assessments highlight the need for development and validation of tools to measure oligomeric Abeta, as different techniques may report different species of oligomers. Interestingly, one of the main differences between groups was a significant reduction of glial activation in mismatches compared to demented Alzheimer's cases, further favoring the idea that aberrant activation of glial elements and inflammation may also contribute to dementia and neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease. “If these cases simply had greater ‘reserve’ of neurons and synapses, one would expect equivalent degrees of local damage around plaques and equally robust glial inflammatory changes,” the researchers said. However, this was not the case. Instead, detailed pathological analysis provided evidence that neuronal populations and the morphology of neurites were “remarkably” well preserved compared to the massive neuronal depopulation and dramatic distortion of neurite architecture seen in demented cases with Alzheimer's disease. “Together, these data suggest that Abeta plaques and tangles do not inevitably result in neural system derangement and dementia in all individuals.” STUDY CRITERIA FOR PROBABILITY OF DEVELOPING ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE In this study, cases were scored by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) scale for neuritic plaques, and the Braak staging method for evaluating neurofibrillary tangles (0–VI). The CERAD scale was established in 1986 by the Institute on Aging (NIA) to standardize procedures for evaluating and diagnosing Alzheimer disease (AD). CERAD rates cases from A to C, with C representing brains with the greatest degree of plaque load and high probability of AD. Braak staging is a method developed in 1991 by Professor Heiko Braak, MD, at the Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfort, Germany. It rates neurofibrillary tangles from 0 to VI, with V and VI representing the greatest probability of AD. Using these standardized, validated measures, and criteria from National Institute on Aging and the Reagan Institute, the researchers divided brains into these categories: * High probability: Frequent neuritic plaques (CERAD level C) and a high Braak stage of neurofibrillary tangles (V/VI). * Intermediate probability: Moderate density of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in a limbic distribution (CERAD B, Braak III/IV). * Low probability: Scarce distribution of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (CERAD A and Braak I/II). LINK UP FOR MORE INFORMATION:	<urn:uuid:a69bda4c-21e7-4e78-8707-1300c606b4da>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://journals.lww.com/neurotodayonline/Fulltext/2013/10170/Why_Are_Some_People_Resistant_to_Dementia__.6.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.920157	2,122	2.828125	3
Previously, I was made a tutorial “Create Pixel Pattern in Photoshop“. and today I’ll continue to talk about create web pattern using basic shapes. In this tutorial I will show you How to Create a Web Pattern in Photoshop using basic vector shape. So let’s get started! STEP 1: Create a New File I’ll use new file with canvas size 100x100px and set the resolution to 72 ppi. STEP 2: Duplicate the Background Layer With [command] + J or menu “Layer”-“New”-“Layer via Copy” we’ll duplicate the background layer. We will use this layer for create some guides and crop the canvas later. STEP 3: Resize the Canvas Resize the canvas with menu “Image”-“Canvas Size”. Then resize to 300×300 pecent. STEP 4: Invert the Layer For visualable “layer 1” so I’ll invert the color of this layer to Black/Dark color with [command]+I or menu “Image”-“Adjustments”-“Invert” STEP 5: Create Some Guides Click your mouse at the rulers and drag to every side of the “layer 1” If your rulers didn’t show up, you can give a check at menu “view”-“Rulers” STEP 6: Hide the Layer Hide layer “Layer 1” with click the eye picture at the left box from “Layer 1” STEP 7: Create Custom Shape Click “Shape Tool” from sidebar then select “Custom Shape Tool”, set the color “#000000” and click “Shape”, choose “Star Frame” Put the star shape on canvas, as shown below STEP 8: Rasterize & Reduce Fill the Layer Right click on the shape layer and the choose “Rasterize Layer” Reduce fill the layer “Shape 1” into 50% STEP 9: Copy & Paste the Layer With “Rectangular Marquee Tool” from sidebar, copy the intersection betwen the and guide, as shown below Then paste and place it exactly as the intercepts, like the image below STEP 10: Add Another Shape Duplicate the “Shape 1” and put where ever you want and remember to copy the intersection shape and guide like on “STEP 9” And this’s my result STEP 11: Selection the Layer Selection of the center canvas, by directing the mouse on the layer “layer 1” and press [command] button + [left click pada mouse] STEP 12: Crop Canvas After the selection, then crop the canvas by select menu “Image”-“Crop” STEP 13: Define Pattern Now I’ll define this picture to be pattern but first I’ll hide layer “Background” and then define pattern with menu “Edit”-“Define Pattern…” Give the pattern name then pres button [OK] So here is the Final Results: I hope you have learned useful things from this simple and easy photoshop tutorial. Thanks for completing the tutorial and keep practicing. Stay tune with our next tutorials…	<urn:uuid:b42fd421-9156-4f79-8ffb-3760b0d8a8b2>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://omahpsd.com/2013/07/how-to-create-web-pattern-custom-shape-photoshop/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00147-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.79813	731	2.53125	3
Soon after an individual becomes infected with HIV the virus infects cells in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system [CNS]). Although this causes no immediate problems, during the late-stages of disease it can cause dementia and encephalitis (acute inflammation of the brain that can cause death). Monkeys infected with a relative of HIV (SIV) also sometimes develop CNS damage and provide a good model of CNS disease in individuals infected with HIV. Insight into the mechanisms of CNS damage in SIV-infected monkeys has now been provided by a team of researchers at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, who developed an approach to identify molecular changes in the fluid bathing the CNS (the CSF). The researchers, who were led by Howard Fox and Gary Siuzdak, hope that similar approaches could be used to provide new information about other neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. In the study, an approach known as global metabolomics was used to assess the levels of molecules known as metabolites in the CSF before and after SIV-induced encephalitis was manifest. The level of a number of metabolites, including some known as fatty acids and phospholipids, was observed to increase during infection. Consistent with this, a protein known to be important in the generation of fatty acids was found to be increased in the brain of monkeys with SIV-induced encephalitis. Further studies will be required to determine the precise role of the increased level of each metabolite, but it should be noted that many of them are known to induce receptor signaling and thereby might be able to further modulate CNS function. \|Contact: Karen Honey\| Journal of Clinical Investigation	<urn:uuid:f9af948d-3c9c-4145-bf91-f23fa60a942a>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-technology-1/Molecular-changes-in-brain-fluid-give-insight-into-brain-damaging-disease-5792-1/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00199-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.960156	348	2.921875	3
The co-ords are given as a general pointing covering a very large area. It is better inspected on the Google map after clicking the "-" sign a couple of times. The Outer Hebrides was an administrative region of Scotland in existence between 1975 and 1996. In 1996 the two-tier type of administration employed for the preceding 21 years was replaced by that of a unitary authority. In 1996 the name Outer Hebrides Region was replaced by the Western Isles Council Area or, in Gaelic, Na h-Eileanan Siar. - the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia The Outer Hebrides, also known as the Western Isles (Scottish Gaelic: ), Innse Gall ("islands of the strangers") or the Long Island, is an island chain off the west coast of mainland Scotland. The islands are geographically coextensive with Comhairle nan Eilean Siar, one of the 32 unitary council areas of Scotland. They form part of the Hebrides, separated from the Scottish mainland and from the Inner Hebrides by the waters of the Minch, the Little Minch and the Sea of the Hebrides. Scottish Gaelic is the predominant spoken language, although in a few areas English speakers form a majority. Most of the islands have a bedrock formed from ancient metamorphic rocks and the climate is mild and oceanic. The 15 inhabited islands have a total population of 27,400 and there are more than 50 substantial uninhabited islands. From Barra Head to the Butt of Lewis is roughly . There are various important prehistoric structures, many of which pre-date the first written references to the islands by Roman and Greek authors. The Western Isles became part of the Norse kingdom of the Suðreyjar, which lasted for over 400 years until sovereignty was transferred to Scotland by the Treaty of Perth in 1266. Control of the islands was then held by clan chiefs, principal of whom were the MacLeods, MacDonalds, Mackenzies and MacNeils. The Highland Clearances of the 19th century had a devastating effect on many communities and it is only in recent years that population levels have ceased to decline. Much of the land is now under local control and commercial activity is based on tourism, crofting, fishing, and weaving. Sea transport is crucial and a variety of ferry services operate between the islands and to mainland Scotland. Modern navigation systems now minimise the dangers but in the past the stormy seas have claimed many ships. Religion, music and sport are important aspects of local culture, and there are numerous designated conservation areas to protect the natural environment. A list of the inhabited islands making up the Outer Hebrides or Western Isles can be found in the Wikipedia article, List of the Outer Hebrides. Skye, the largest island off the western coast of Scotland, is not part of the Western Isles nor the Outer Hebrides. Notes for the Highland Council Area and the Western Isles Council Area The local archives are held by The Highland Archive Service which is based in Inverness with branches in Stornoway, Fort William and Caithness. It is "responsible for locating, preserving and making accessible archives relating to all aspects of the history of the geographical area of the Highlands." Family history societies and historical associations covering the Highland Council Area and the Western Isles Council Area are: These associations publish their aims on their websites as well as a list of publications. In many cases the publications are also available through the Scottish Genealogy Society (see below). Sources for Old Parish Registers Records, Vital Records and Censuses - Scotland's People This is a pay website providing vital statistics and census data for all of Scotland with original images. There is a description at Scotland under Genealogical Resources. - See the publications lists of the above Family History Societies. - The FreeCen Project--Scotland has a searchable (not browsable) transcription for each of the counties in the area. Nairnshire and Caithness have the 1841, 1851, 1861 and 1871 complete. Inverness-shire and Ross and Cromarty have 1841 complete with some work on 1851 and Sutherland has not completed 1841. Transcriptions of Gravestone Inscriptions - The Scottish Genealogy Society provides a series of monumental inscriptions either in print in booklet form or on CD for each of the counties in the area (Caithness, Inverness-shire, Nairnshire, Ross and Cromarty, and Sutherland). Some of the booklets cover only one graveyard, others cover a group. Prices vary. In many cases the coverage is of pre-1855 stones only--this is because gravestone inscriptions are often used by family historians as death registration equivalents in the era of the Old Parish Registers (when deaths were not universally recorded). - Sutherland cemeteries are covered in Pre-1855 tombstone inscriptions in Sutherland burial grounds by A S Cowper & I Ross, published at Edinburgh in 1989 by the Scottish Genealogy Society. - There are no specific notes for gravestone transcriptions for either Inverness-shire or Nairnshire in GENUKI. However, the Scottish Genealogy Society lists booklets for both counties. Sources for Emigration Records - Hebrides People have a database containing lists of people who emigrated to North America from a number of parishes in the Western Isles. Further Sources of Reference Please note and respect the copyright warnings on these websites. - GENUKI has articles on each of the counties. These may not appear up-to-date but a query to the organizer made in August 2014 was answered within a few hours and followed up by an amendment to the article. - The Gazetteer for Scotland provides an article on each of the old counties of Scotland. The tabs on the right provide more information, plus a map of the county within its surrounding area, with parishes highlighted and linked to more information. Each parish within the county also has a set of webpages which follow the same design. - The FamilySearch Wiki article on Scotland provides information on research in Scotland in general and links to pages for the individual counties and from there to some individual parishes. - The National Library of Scotland have a website devoted to maps from the 1600s right up to the present. Comparisons of modern-day and old maps of the same place can be made. From the home page click on "Find by place" and then follow the instructions on the next page. Once you are viewing the place you want, use the slider <----> at the top of the map to compare the layout of roads and the place names of smaller areas, perhaps even farms, with the landscape today. The website takes some getting used to. The One-inch 2nd edition, Scotland, 1898-1904 OS is a series of maps with the parishes delineated. Each of these maps cover an area of 18 x 24 miles and will zoom to comfortable reading size with a couple of mouse clicks on the map itself. Unfortunately, they are not geo-referenced, and it is necessary to go to the OS One Inch 1885-1900 series to locate places by latitude and longitude. - The Statistical Accounts for Scotland In the 1790s and again in the 1830s, the ministers of the all the parishes of the Church of Scotland were asked to provide a description of their parish to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. The original account request included 160 questions to be answered. These accounts are available in print in 20 volumes and are also online where it is freely available to browse. The browsing portal is below the viewing area of most computer screens. Scroll down to "For non-subscribers" and click on "Browse scanned pages". This brings you to another page on which one can enter the name of the parish in which you are interested. - Excerpts from The Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland: A Survey of Scottish Topography, Statistical, Biographical and Historical, edited by Francis H. Groome and originally published in parts by Thomas C. Jack, Grange Publishing Works, Edinburgh between 1882 and 1885 are provided by Scottish Places. Selections from Groome and other gazetteers from the 19th century are also found on GENUKI.	<urn:uuid:07d62602-c2fb-49dd-9df9-5c84170ceb0a>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Place:Outer_Hebrides%2C_Scotland	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.94463	1,723	3.515625	4
Animated Map \| Project & Turtle Information Project Turtles: Aitkanti \| Apotilï \| Caroline \| Choroeüo \| Cristina \| Fermina \| Gurí \| Kawana \| Ibélice \| Ibonga \| Idun \| Jamur \| Marina \| Palana \| Quasimoda \| Rickie \| Romana \| Shelldon \| Victoria \| Yalimapo \| Zoe Cumulative distance traveled: 9,699 km (6,027 miles) Distance covered since last location: 706 km Maximum dive depth: 1,020 m (3,346 feet - over a 1/2 mile) Maximum dive depth since last location: 17 m Notes: Yalimapo has moved southeast towards the western coast of Africa and is south of the Cape Verde Islands. A recent dive lasted less than 10 minutes. Straight line distance from release site is 3,718 km. Sea floor depth: around 3,500 m Map courtesy of Dan Evans, Sea Turtle Conservancy. Data © WWF and Partners. This map is updated with new points as soon as they are received by the Sea Turtle Conservancy. The red location point is the most recent location received for this turtle. If the red point is more than two months old, then the transmitter is most likely no longer working. Map may be reproduced for educational or conservational purposes with the following credit: "Data © WWF and WWF-France: Guianas Program, map courtesy of STC."	<urn:uuid:6908da0a-826c-4ace-9aec-bd3fda7b87f8>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	https://www.conserveturtles.org/satellitetrackingmap.php?page=satlb_frguiana2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.893952	310	2.75	3
The first action of the war was a small affair, but I shall mention it, as it was much talked about at the time. It took place on April 27th, a few days after our ships had begun the blockade. The Spaniards were building new forts at Matanzas, a port about sixty miles east of Havana. With the exception of Havana, Matanzas has the finest harbor on the northern coast of Cuba. The city itself lies between two small rivers and contains many beautiful homes. The houses are often decorated with colored tiles, and with their luxuriant gardens make a charming picture against the background of hills that rise beyond the beautiful valley of the Yumurri, which is one of the loveliest spots in Cuba. In times of peace the exports of sugar and molasses from Matanzas have been very large, but the Cuban army burned many of the finest plantations in the district. The ships that engaged the new forts that the Spaniards were adding to the castle of San Severino and other defences of Matanzas, were the flagship New York, the monitor Puritan, and the cruiser Cincinnati. The Spaniards fired the first gun, and then the New York took up a position between two batteries and delivered broadsides right and left. Then the Puritan’s big guns came into play, and then the Cincinnati poured a stream of shells into the forts. It did not take long to knock the Spanish defences into sand-heaps—only about half an hour—and then the American ships stood out to sea. As they were doing so, the Spaniards fired one more shot. The Puritan had the range and sent a twelve-inch shell in reply. It was one of the best shots of the war. It struck the Spanish gun fairly, dismounted it, and then burst, throwing the sand high in the air. The Spanish account of the engagement stated that no damage whatever was done, except the killing of one mule! Great excitement and great anxiety were caused by the news that a large and powerful fleet was coming from Spain. Our Government could not tell whether these ships would come to a Spanish port in the West Indies, or whether they would attack one of our large cities on the Atlantic coast. We had not ships enough to protect all our ports as well as to blockade Cuba, so much care was needed to make good plans, and our naval officers were kept busy. It was most important to watch for the Spanish ships. [Illustration: The “Cape Verde” Fleet.]	<urn:uuid:87714fcb-ba65-498d-b001-7f570cd6bdfd>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/17993/9.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.984931	524	3.265625	3
Formaldehyde. Radioactive chemicals. Bug droppings. You wouldn't dare eat food laced with this stuff—heck, you'd probably alert the health department. And yet you may be sucking down these toxins, and a flurry of others, with every breath. "Most people aren't aware of the dangers of the air they breathe. The contaminants are often invisible, and the harmful effects may not be dramatic at first," says Anne Steinemann, Ph.D., a civil and environmental engineer at the University of Washington. "But exposures add up over time, and so does the damage." In fact, a growing body of research suggests that airborne contaminants may impair your memory, weaken your sperm, and raise your risk of heart disease and cancer. (They're not the only thing you need to watch out for. To keep your body healthy, avoid America's Most Dangerous Workout Fads.) Worse, your body has no internal smoke alarm to signal danger. So we've identified the biggest airborne enemies and outlined strategies to help you protect your lungs—and your life. You're not the only one making babies in bed: Dust mites may be multiplying by the millions in your mattress and pillow. If you're allergic to them and their droppings (often found in dust) a noseful can trigger sneezing and watery eyes, says allergist James Sublett, M.D Allergic or not, there's a greater danger: In a University of Cincinnati study, mice that regularly inhaled dust mite debris had narrowed arteries in their lungs, a condition that can lead to heart failure. To beat the bugs for good, you need to launch an all-out offensive. A recent study in Environmental Health Perspectives found that using mite-proof mattress cases, washing bed linens weekly in hot water, and intensively vacuuming and dry steam cleaning carpets and upholstery all helped slash dust mite counts by up to 95 percent. That takes care of the critters. Now tackle their feces and body fragments floating around the room: For an hour a day, run an air purifier with a prefilter and an electrostatic filter, such as the Ken-more Electrostatic Air Cleaner ($300, amazon.com). This can significantly lower levels of airborne mite particles, say Korean scientists. You check your bread for mold, but how about your air? Aspergillus and Penicillium—the two most common indoor molds—fling out tiny spores and mycotoxins, which can penetrate deep into your lungs. Even nonallergic folks can experience wheeze-inducing nasal inflammation from inhaling Aspergillus particles, according to a recent study from Finland. Worst case: Fungi can lead to a life-threatening lung infection—made even scarier by the fact that molds are increasingly drug resistant. Clorox alone won't cut it. Even dead mold can cause allergic flare-ups, EPA experts warn, so you need to kill and remove the fungal funk. If you spot a patch—check damp, dark areas—grab gloves, an N-95 respirator mask, and a stiff brush. Mix 1 cup of bleach into a gallon of water and scrub the area until no visible mold remains. (Mold can be found in more than just your house! Find out: Is Your Office Making You Sick? Rinse with clean water and let the area dry completely. Bolster your internal defenses too: Scientists in South Carolina recently linked nasal mold infections to insufficient vitamin D levels. If you're on the low side (as most people are), a D3 supplement may ease your inflammatory response to mold spores, says Dr. Sublett. To determine your dose, ask your M.D. to perform a 25-hydroxy vitamin D blood test. More from Men's Health: If you spend hours holed up in your basement watching sports, you may be inhaling dangerous amounts of radon. The gas, formed when uranium in soil breaks down, seeps into your home through cracks in the foundation. "Its radioactive particles are deposited in sensitive areas of your lungs, where they can cause changes in your DNA that lead to lung cancer," says William Field, Ph.D, a professor of environmental health at the University of Iowa. In fact, the EPA estimates that radon is responsible for 21,000 U.S. lung cancer deaths every year. One in 15 American homes have dangerous levels of radon—and the farther north your latitude, the greater your risk may be. The reason: When the air outside is cold, heated indoor air rises, creating suction that can pull radon into your home. (Find out if you live in a high-risk zone at epa.gov/radon/zonemap.html.) Even if you're not in the Northeast or Midwest (where levels are notoriously high), you should test your home for the gas; there are no warning signs that it's invading your air, says Field. His recommendation: Buy a short-term radon test kit, and if the level is 4 pico-curies per liter (pCi/L) or higher, run a second test, since levels can vary from day to day. If the average of the two readings is 4 pCi/L or higher, call a certified radon reduction specialist. That "fresh" air may be contaminated with soot, ozone, and metal particles; inhaling this toxic trio can predispose you to memory problems and infertility. It could also be scrambling nervous-system signals that control your heart rate and BP, says Brown University epidemiologist Gregory Wellenius, Sc.D. Need more? A 2012 study in the Archives of Internal Medicine found that exposure to air pollution, even at "safe" levels, may raise your stroke risk. (It's the #5 mankiller in America—Take Our Stroke Risk Quiz before it's too late!) This is no reason to hang up your running shoes. Regular cardio exercise may actually help prevent particle-induced inflammation, according to a new rodent study in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Just rethink your outdoor route: Avoid running in areas within a few hundred yards of busy roadways or industrial sites. A shady park near a body of water is ideal because trees and shoreline breezes help diffuse pollution, says Linsey Marr, Ph.D., an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at Virginia Tech. Traffic unavoidable? Run in the morning, before the sun's rays have converted vehicle exhaust into ozone. Something nasty may be wafting through your kitchen—and we don't mean the stench of the garbage you were supposed to take out. According to British scientists, the kitchen is one of the primary locations for carbon monoxide (CO) exposure. Every time you fire up a gas stove, you release the odorless, poisonous gas. Normally the amount is minimal and quickly dissipates. But if your stove burns inefficiently or vents improperly, the noxious gas may be invading your air. Inside your body, CO clings to red blood cells, displacing the oxygen your brain and heart need to function. Low levels can lead to flulike symptoms, while larger doses can result in brain damage or even death, says Lindell K. Weaver, M.D., a pulmonologist at Intermountain Medical Center in Murray, Utah. Check your stove, furnace, or fireplace. Is the burner flame yellow instead of blue? Is there soot on any vent or flue? If any answer is yes, your appliance or flue may be functioning improperly and should be checked by a pro, says Dr. Weaver. Next, make sure your CO alarms aren't installed near vents, which can blow gas away from the sensors. Each alarm should also have an end-of-life signal, which sounds if the unit needs replacement. (The test button indicates only if the alarm is audible, not whether the device works.) If you travel a lot, buy a portable alarm, such as the BW Honeywell Gas Alert Clip ($135, gassniffer.com). Dr. Weaver's research shows that hotels are hot spots for CO poisoning, since most states don't require alarms in rooms. (Make sure to try this 15-Minute Hotel Room Workout to keep your exercise going even when traveling!) More from Men's Health: Perfluorinated compounds, or PFCs, are slick. Often embedded in furniture, carpeting, and paint, these water-and stain-repelling chemicals can easily escape into the air, according to a new study published in Environmental Science & Technology. Once inhaled, PFCs can linger in your body for years, potentially altering your levels of testosterone and thyroid hormone, says Olga Naidenko, Ph.D., a senior scientist at the Environmental Working Group. This may eventually lead to low sperm count, thyroid disease, elevated cholesterol, and obesity, she says. The EPA is working with companies to eliminate PFCs in everything from furniture to food packaging by 2015. Until then, reduce your exposure by avoiding furniture, carpets, and clothing treated with stain-resistant chemicals, and opt for cast-iron and stainless-steel cookware over nonstick pans, recommends Naidenko. Since you can also ingest the compounds, skip the drive-thru joints—those greasy wrappers often contain PFCs that can leach into your food, according to the Environmental Working Group. There may be a price to pay for perfuming every last inch of our world. Recent research published in Environmental Impact Assessment Review found that scented air fresheners, lotions, shampoos, soaps, laundry products, and household cleaners emit an average of 17 different VOCs (volatile organic compounds). A number of these compounds, including formaldehyde, are classified as toxic or hazardous and have been linked to low sperm quality, asthma, and cancer, Steinemann says. (Don't let this happen to you! Protect your sperm and hormones by learning What More Testosterone Can Do for You.) Whether inhaled through your nose or absorbed through your skin, VOCs can enter your bloodstream and end up in your brain. Depending on the substance, repeated exposure could eventually lead to central nervous system damage. Manufacturers aren't required to reveal whether fragranced products contain harmful VOCs, so Steinemann recommends ditching scented air fresheners, dryer sheets, detergents, and soaps (including bar soaps). Even "organic" or "green" fragranced products should be tossed—they're just as likely to spew VOCs, Steinemann's research shows. Since label claims like "fragrance-free" or "nontoxic" aren't always true, check the ingredients, avoiding products that contain "masking fragrance," "fragrance," "perfume," or "parfum." Finally, spruce up your space with English ivy or asparagus ferns, which can lower VOC levels in indoor air, a 2009 University of Georgia study found. More from Men's Health:	<urn:uuid:9d052ecb-31ce-40c2-845e-93fecb029679>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/airborne-threats-health/story?id=17048039	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.925824	2,325	2.84375	3
Much has already been told about the demise of a third of our people, the tortures and agonies they faced and the hell they suffered through on their way to annihilation. But the scope of this terrible Holocaust often raises the question: How could this great disaster take so many lives and within such a relatively short time? This question begs the equally distressing question: Is it because no resistance was shown? In other words were we led like lambs to the slaughter? There are two answers for this question: The first concerns the circumstances, the processes and the methods used by the Germans during each stage of the extermination; the second is a fact that might not be very evident, but bears a historical significance under those terrible conditions, and that fact is that there was resistance! The terrible persecution met with resistance! This phenomenon took various forms in various places: Organization of groups and individual resistance, rebellions and warfare, daring deeds and glorious heroics could be found practically everywhere, although they seldom left their mark because the Nazi bane has permanently erased any sign of those heroic efforts. Mr. Zvi Fajgenbaum provides us with a living testimony of the attempts to reject this reality and of the active resistance shown by the people of Wierzbnik, within the town and its area: The summer of 1942 was already upon us when we started hearing rumors of Jews evicted from their homes and sent to the camps. First we heard about Lublin, and then about Radom. Many considered those to be mere rumors, of unclear and perhaps untrustworthy sources, but I had reason to accept them as unquestionable facts. For a while, I had covert ties to members of the Polish resistance, who listened regularly to Radio London for updates concerning our situation. But since these broadcasts were meant not only to provide people with information but also to raise their moral, the news concerning the war efforts and the acts of the enemy were sometimes exaggerated. Members of the Polish resistance would therefore come to me often with full lists of the news they have heard listening to those broadcasts, asking for my impressions and interpretation, since they realized that I could provide them with a balanced picture that proved true in retrospect. I provided them with a simple analysis of the situation based on whatever information I received, and extracted the truth from the layers of words. It seemed that they had much faith in my opinion and therefore honoured me with repeated visits, which kept me informed of events around us at all times. One clear morning I received an underground newsletter from them, detailing the shipments of Jews to the camps, which included whole communities of Jews who were taken to Sobibor and never came back. When I linked this piece of news with the evictions and shipments from the nearby towns and cities, I no longer had any doubts about the terrible, tragic meaning of these shipments. I felt that the end was near and that we could no longer trust blind fate, which held only one thing in store for us the angel of death that was certain to come for our souls. I knew these were our last moments and that something must be done to prevent the worst from coming true, and done right now! I consulted with a few likeminded youths and we started making plans to rebel. We decided to act, to resist and to fight, instead of walking like lambs to the slaughter. We considered joining with the partisans, or organizing our own fighting groups. However these considerations made us instantly aware of our gloomy reality and the fact that rebellion would require weapons, which we did not have. Bereft of even the bare necessities, we had to plan our actions carefully, because as soon as we were discovered we would be helpless to resist and doomed for immediate extermination. The second problem we faced was the sacred tradition of our people, succinctly expressed by our elders: All Jews are responsible for one another. How can a whole group escape into the forest or some other place, putting the rest of the public at risk? We knew that the Germans would take revenge against the entire public. This meant that we had to escape individually. We were familiar with the ways of our haters-oppressors, and we knew the kind of calamity that would result from any event that could indicate resistance. We therefore put much thought into our plans: escape itself was meaningless unless it had a chance to succeed. And since success could only be achieved by force of arms, we had to get weapons no matter what. But where would we acquire weapons? The Germans were the only ones who had them; therefore, we had to kill a German and take his weapon. And if a German was found murdered, the result would be the mass-slaughter of hundreds of Jews what would the people say then? Won't they blame us for helping further this bloody deluge? Another obstacle, of a different kind, was facing us. While talking to different people about our attempt to escape and join the partisans, we formed a kind of silent agreement concerning these matters. All of us except for two, who were terrified of the Germans. We worried that fear might push them to become snitches one of them even showed clear signs of his wavering loyalty and we needed to remove him to be rid of the risk. This kind of action, planning the murder of a fellow Jew, was well and truly beyond us. Finally we feared our own official representatives, who were made responsible by the Germans for everything that happened among the Jews. Their fear of a brutal reprisal could also make them act against us before we did anything. There were other reasons that prevented us from organizing any operations, and the idea was delayed by all the obstacles in our path. But we drew one conclusion from all our conversations about taking action, and some resented me for pointing out even that much: that the Jews in every town and city in Poland were destined for a single fate, and anyone who thought that Wierzbnik-Starachowice would be spared by the Germans because the people here are vital for work at the factory was utterly mistaken. We purposefully explained this reality to the people, in order to make them realize that only action could save them from the certain doom awaiting. But despite everything, it was not time to act yet. We postponed the actual organization of partisan activity for the time being, but the notion came up time and again, every once in a while. The bitter day Unfortunately, our dark predictions all came true: on October 27th 1942, at the break of dawn, screams were heard on the Jewish street: Raus! Raus! and the uniformed Germans, accompanied by their local assistants, started driving everyone to the Rinek, which became one of the infamous Umschlagplatz. The sick, the elderly and others who couldn't leave immediately were shot on the spot. Nearly 80 men and women were killed this way on that day. 2,000 people survived this pogrom, some of whom already left for work and were staying at the factory. It should be noted that the number of people who went to work was greater than usual, because the Jewish council heard about what was coming and bribed senior officers to order more workers. Families were torn during the eviction, with the men staying behind at the factory while the women and the children were evicted and vice versa. Our family shared this cruel fate; my wife and six of our precious children: Moshe-Baruch, Hanna, Yitzhak Meir, Tzipora, Libe and Sarah were sent to Treblinka, while I remained with two of the girls, one of whom was later taken to a hospital when she came down with typhus and murdered by the Gestapo along with 140 other patients. How to get a certificate When I arrived at the camp in Starachowice I realized there were no bounds to this evil. Even our previous situation was better than what I saw now. It was hard to imagine people being kept under such inhumane conditions. The camp was composed of small cabins, and inside them, against the walls, were three-storied bunks with no mattresses, just a little sawdust scattered over them. The camp was surrounded by a barbed-wire fence and watch towers. Upon our arrival, whether by pure coincidence or design, a child came close enough to touch the fence and was shot on the spot. Such horrors and their likes were henceforth the lot of anyone who ended in this camp. I felt that the Germans intended for the inmates to starve slowly to their bitter end, and decided I would refuse to go like a lamb to the slaughter. I was yearning to do something and my mind was constantly plotting and scheming. A person's mind is full of thought. There were two camps for prisoners in the area, one on the hills and the other in the valley. Using bribes, the people who had work certificates from the factories received permission to leave the camp and join one of the groups headed for work. I had no certificate that would make me a member of one factory or another and so I could not leave the camp. On the third day, I met two people who wanted to leave but dared not go. They turned to me and asked if I was willing to join them. After I agreed, we decided to act. We bribed some of the camp personnel and left at night. At the gate, we were stopped and asked where we were going. We answered that we worked below and they sent armed guards to escort us. On the way we bribed the guards and continued on the hard road to the factory, where we briefly stopped for rest, before turning to the Zeork power plant, again using bribes. The situation we found there was different than the situation in the other factories. People were allowed to bring beddings and other belongings from their homes. There was a special area for women and children and it was possible to live here. But to do so, I had to overcome another obstacle. The people here were all known and had their own place, while I had no certificate and was prone for all kinds of unpleasant surprises. I was lost, but the people who lived there suggested that I hide for a time, while a contact who was in touch with the authorities bribed them into entering me in the book of life, that is, adding me to the happy workers of the place. There was only one problem; my benefactor told me it would cost 2,000 guldens, while I had no money at all. Everything I had was taken from me back at the Umschlagplatz. While we stood there, we were ordered to empty our pockets and give the Germans any valuables we had: money, gold, Jewelry and the like. As usual, the demand was accompanied by the threat that anyone found hiding something would be shot! I gave them everything I had, believing the valuables to be worthless in this hell and regretting not the loss of my possessions but that of my dear ones, whom I will never see again. And here I am, faced once again with the conflict blood or money! But not all was lost; I was among my people, and Jews, as you know, are a compassionate people. They started looking for a solution, and at least 20 people, some of them my acquaintances, were willing to donate 100 guldens. They needed time to gather the necessary amount, but I was seeing a light on the horizon. Organizing a partisan group As I mentioned earlier, I was constantly thinking about the need to act against the German bane who was determined to destroy our people and was actively carrying out his diabolical plan anywhere he set foot. I thought about it from time to time, whenever I could recover for a while from the constant danger. Now that I was waiting for people to arrange my stay in this place, I had some time to think. I became acquainted with some of the youths in that place, and two of them became my close friends. Our friendship was not coincidental but a purposeful one. One of the two, Shlomo Drajnudel, was a former officer in the Polish military and was also trained in partisan warfare. The other, Leibish Nojman, was leader of the Jewish communists in our town, and was familiar with matters of conspiracy and resistance, while I have already decided to pave the way for partisan activity. We quickly found common ground, and made plans to start our activity. We discussed matters, and based on what we knew about the Polish and Ukrainian partisans, who abused Jews, we decided not to join any other gentile groups but to form an independent group, and we started recruiting people. This naturally required utmost caution, because every slip could lead to death. We were ordered to maintain complete secrecy and walk on tiptoes, so that no unreliable ears would hear of our actions. Nevertheless and despite our efforts our secret leaked and became known to all 84 residents of the camp. Confusion, laced with fear and resentment, spread quickly. People felt safer here than in any other place, and now the guest they considered a good, God-fearing man started inviting trouble and bringing danger They needed to get rid of me at any cost, and the sooner, the better. They did just that: they hinted to the person who was supposed to try and add me to the list of locals that he should cease from his efforts. A short time later he came to me: Mr. Hershel, I'm very sorry, he stuttered with embarrassment, There's nothing I can do it's impossible and after a brief pause he added, Here are 1,000 guldens, to help you on your way. Since I knew the reason behind his actions, there was no need for further explanations and I accepted my fate and the need to leave. Using an alias Next to the power plant where I tried to acquire citizenship was a lumber-mill that also employed about 50-60 Jews under relatively good conditions. Those who were in charge of the Jewish workers were also in touch with them and could be bribed to add people to the list of workers, claiming they were necessary for the factory, which in turn worked for the German war industry. It was only natural that I was drawn to this place. When I came to the fence surrounding the factory I noticed a woman I knew and asked her to help me become a resident of their factory. She took my ID to arrange my inclusion in the list. For the time being, I returned to my hiding place in Zeork, until I could get my legal certificate. However I only had a single night to dream about a more peaceful existence, because early next morning, the place was surrounded by police cars, Gestapo and armed and frowning SS troopers. As soon as they got out of the cars they started bellowing orders Gather everyone! I was faced with another quick decision. Soon, they would start checking certificates, and then deciding who shall live and who shall die. I was not registered among the workers, which meant I had to act before it was too late. I sneaked away as quickly as I could, and entered a nearby warehouse filled with scraps and thick cables. I hid among this trash, planning to stay there until the storm blows over, and saw parents bringing in their unauthorized children. But after gathering all the Jews in the courtyard, the Germans started searching the place for people in hiding, and eventually arrived at the warehouse I was hiding in. A German stood with a drawn pistol and screamed: Raus! Raus! and the children became frightened and made noises that told the Germans there was someone hiding there. The officer jumped on one of the pylons and when he noticed me, he aimed his pistol directly at me Fortunately, I didn't panic; I distracted him for a few more seconds while I helped a child cross a hay bale he couldn't climb over on his own, and used the last fateful seconds to escape. The policeman managed to hit me over the head with his nightstick, but I ignored my pain and continued running until I joined the rest of the gathered people. In the process, I burned all my certificates to make it less obvious that I was a stranger. We anxiously waited there for a long time until finally we were led to a big courtyard and ordered to surrender money, gold, Jewels and other valuables. I had nothing left and the orders didn't apply to me. Next came the interrogation, carried out by the head of the Gestapo in Starachowice, a man named Becker. He asked the factory manager such questions as: Under whose authority are all these Jews employed here? and the latter answered that he knew nothing, because he was merely standing in for the manager of the factory, Mr. Starker, and carrying out his orders. When the Gestapo commander heard that, he ordered the guards to keep us there while he went to clear things up . We stood there for hours, afraid of the unknown future, until the latter returned in the afternoon with orders from the Radom County Gestapo that said: Those who are here legally will stay, while those that are here illegally will be shot! The atmosphere around me became charged, and the people who knew of my presence looked at me in consternation and then reached the conclusion I was a dead man This marked the start of a race against the angel of death. Minute by minute, name by name, they read the names off the list, one reading and the other translating. Whenever they would read a name, the person would answer, and everything was done in alphabetical order, because the Germans insisted on order. People answered when they heard their name called, and went running to the other side of the courtyard. The reading and the migration continued; one rank was growing shorter and the other longer. Another name is called, and suddenly, a pause! There's no answer. Someone's name was called and no one answered my heart is beating hard and my head is dizzy, I can't miss this opportunity, I gather all my strength and answer a single word, Here, and immediately cross to the other side of the courtyard. And then I was again among Jews and muttering Hagomel. But no crime goes unpunished, and just as it seemed that things were going smoothly, something happened to make me feel uneasy. Among the residents was a boy of 17 named Adler, who broke his leg in a work accident. He was therefore unable to reach the courtyard on time and when he finally arrived, he drew the attention of Gestapo commander Becker, who ordered him killed on the spot because of his disability. This vile murder depressed us as we stood there in the courtyard until nightfall, when we were each allowed to return to his or her work. As for me, it was clear to everyone, myself included, that I should not remain there, because the fact that I was not on the list put them all at risk. And so I decided to leave as soon as I was registered at the lumbermill. We heard that Zeork needed workers in other places as well, especially around Skarżysko, where they were putting up power lines and needed 11-20 additional workers. I joined the small group that was headed there, and started working at a new place. Joining the partisans As I mentioned earlier, whenever I was out of immediate danger I was faced with that fly buzzing around my brain, demanding that I refuse to accept the situation, rebel, oppose! During our brief stay at the small camp we had repeated visits from the bloody Starker, who was filled with a sick lust for torture and murder. Whenever he showed up he would ask about a random person: What does he do, is he a good worker? and when the work inspector gave a positive answer, he drew out his gun and shot the victim. He was constantly up to such bloody, sadistic tricks. News came to us that partisan groups in the area included several Jews from the town of Iłża. Since some of the camp dwellers came from that town, they eventually made contact with their townsmen among the partisans. At first I knew nothing about it but when I learned of it I went to one of the Jews and asked Why didn't you tell me? My heart is set on joining the partisans! The notion of active fighting and joining those battling the Nazi enemy was always foremost on my mind, like a fire in my veins. Wait, they told me, in a few days, representatives of the partisans would come here and then we can introduce you, and see what happens. From that moment on I could not sleep. I found no rest at night, and waited anxiously for them to come One day, or rather, one night, some Poles arrived in wagons and said: Anyone who wants to join can come with us. Without hesitation, I told them I wanted to join, and so did some of the others, among them my friend Shlomo Drajnudel. A total of eleven people, most of them young, have left with the Poles. Disappointment for the Jews We left in secret, under the cover of night, and marched in a route that offered some cover from hostile eyes, among trees, bushes and copses. Our destination was not far from the town of Szydłowiec and near Skarżysko. After we marched for about 15 kilometers, we arrived at the edge of a nearby forest, but here we faced an inexplicable surprise: we noticed that the Poles' wagon was gone and while we were wondering about this mystery, we were told by the Poles us that they would be leaving us here, and we should go into the forest where we will find everything we need. These events made me suspect that we were being set up and I started considering the best course of action. It soon became clear that I was not the only one entertaining such doubts, but though we were united in our doubts concerning the situation, we differed in our estimates of our position. The majority argued that if we were determined to join the partisans, we had to follow this through, even if unexpected dangers were involved, while the minority, which I sided with claimed that we had to go back. Either intuition or cold logic told me that we were being set up. Convinced that I was right, I claimed that we must not allow the routine to dictate our actions. I stated simply that it takes courage not only to walk forward, but also to pull back. Others sided with me and our discussion became heated, until finally we decided to split up: seven continued walking toward the forest and four, including me, headed back. I repeated time and again that we must not be fooled and that we should strive to carry out our original plan and establish a partisan group of our own. But my words fell on deaf ears. Those who decided to continue refused to listen to me and even voiced their disappointment of me I was hoping that I was wrong, for the sake of those who left, but regrettably, my intuition proved tragically true and sooner than I expected. The four of us arrived in camp at dawn, exhausted by our nightly adventures, but the people considered us deserters. One man named Yeshayahu Stern expressed their disappointment and sorrow by saying: What have you done to us, Wierzbniker butcher? Yesterday we considered you a bold hero, and your actions warmed our hearts and fortified our spirit. We all thought of following you and now you return to us, as people who make lofty speeches and take back what they said when they stumble across the harsh reality I answered them: Hear me, my friends; this is not a matter of cowardice as you might believe. Going and coming back, each involved a risk. Nevertheless, we were excited about the idea, walked with determination and marched in a row in military fashion. Next to me in line marched my young townsman, Mendel Brodbeker. Our spirits were high. Outside, snowflakes were falling, mixing with the moist earth and clinging to the soles of our shoes. I turned to my neighbor and asked him: Mendel, do you know how to read foot writing? What do you mean? He answered, surprised. Look, I told him, look at our footsteps, exposing the purity of the earth under the whiteness of the snow. What does it remind you of? It is as though our feet write paragraphs of respect for our tortured, abused people. And indeed, we felt like we were rebelling against the cruel reality, that we are not walking 'like lambs to the slaughter', as the villainous murderers intended. However our hopes were dashed when we realized the evil scheme of our Polish associates, who wanted to turn us over to the German foe. I saw that my explanation was received and added: the lesson we learned from this is that we must not trust others and must only rely on ourselves, if we could assemble a group of Jewish partisans I'd be first to join! My words convinced them and the notion met with a willingness to act. We started organizing and managed to acquire two guns, but the German schedule spoiled our plans and took us by surprise. The next day, when we came back to camp from work, we were suddenly told that we won't be leaving for work anymore because the whole camp will be moved in the morning to the Judenstat in Szydłowiec The new situation split us into two groups: some said we should go to the forest and join the partisans and the others came to me, to ask my opinion. I told them I was going to Szydłowiec. Around midnight came wagons that took the belongings of those going to join the partisans. Although I didn't side with their decision, I naturally wished them luck on their way, while I joined those who decided to walk to Szydłowiec. Most of the partisans were murdered After many hardships we arrived at the ghetto in Szydłowiec. Three days later arrived one of the 11 who wanted to join the partisans and later split up. He was among those who continued into the forest. The man arrived running for his life, after surviving terrible dangers and narrowly escaping the claws of the angel of death, carrying the tale of that group's fate. According to him, they managed to find the Polish partisans, but the deception was soon revealed. The entire forest was suddenly surrounded by SS and Gestapo, armed and accompanied by bloodhounds. The Poles left the forest, individually or in pairs, and each of them headed home. The Jews, however, had nowhere to turn and had to stay in the forest. The long arm of the Nazi murderers quickly caught up with them and they opened fire on them from state of the art weapons. The Jews only had about 30 rifles, which were by no way a match for the German firepower, and most of them fell in combat. Other groups of Jews went to the forest, numbering about 150 people in all, and 120 of them were murdered by the Germans when the forest was surrounded while 30 managed somehow to get to the ghetto. While we were making efforts to welcome this group, we suffered another blow. The day after their arrival, the ghetto was surrounded by armed SS troopers who immediately started screaming Juden Raus! Raus! we all had to come out and line up in two opposed rows in the big courtyard of the factory, while the Germans aimed their weapons at us. After we lined up as ordered, they pulled a Jewish boy out of a nearby car, and I immediately recognized him as one of those who joined the partisans and never came back. You may recall that I was among the ones who came back, while this boy was among the other group. He was dragged by two SS troopers who were leading him along the rows as if it were a lineup and telling him to identify. No one was sure what he was supposed to identify and in what context, but based on our common past, I could guess. He faced every man, looked at him, measured him and moved on. When he stood before me, he looked at me with glassy eyes and I too pretended I was made of stone. He walked past me with hardly any delay, as though he didn't know me, and I realized that he didn't want to give us away. He therefore moved from one person to the next, until he reached the end of the line with no results. But this fact annoyed the Germans, who started threatening that if he didn't tell them what they wanted to know, they would kill him. Then they ordered everyone to take off their hats and the lineup was started anew. Their threats worked this time, the boy cracked and started pulling people out of the rows one, two, three. He was coming towards me, stood before me looking, raised his hand towards me and my blood froze in my veins. The seconds tick by and I refuse to panic. Knowing that any movement I make will seal my fate, I remained standing motionless waiting to see what will happen next. The guy touched my arm and motioned for me to step aside, so the man standing behind me could come out of the line As soon as the man stepped out of line, the SS asked: Is your name Langer? When did you become a bandit? When I heard that I was certain they were looking for partisans, because the Germans commonly used the term bandit when referring to the partisans. The guy was still young, about 16, the nephew of Jedlinker from Iłża who was among the first Jewish partisans and carried out many heroic deeds during the war against the Nazi enemy. The Germans, who wanted to take revenge against all the people of Iłża, had him pointing out people from Iłża, whom they led to the cemetery and murdered there, in addition to those murdered in the forest. This was the tragic end of the Jewish partisans who left camp Skarżysko and reached Polanka forest. Chava Faigenbaum (Shraga) The summer was coming to an end, the eldest leaves started falling and a light breeze told of the coming of fall. It was twilight when I put my coat on and headed toward the second street, near our house. Suddenly the gendarmes appeared behind me, accompanied by their local assistants, grabbed my arm and ordered me to come with them. I realized I was being kidnapped to do forced labor, a phenomenon that became common over the past few months. About 20 other girls were abducted that day, and all of us were incarcerated. In the evening they took us out of jail and led us to camp Lavortzia, where they divided us into two groups, one packing ammunition and the other working in the kitchen. Beaten over a barrel The camp's staff was composed of Germans, who had the senior positions, and Ukrainian subordinates who nevertheless had complete control over the prisoners, which they exercised with great cruelty. They considered anything to be an excuse to abuse and beat the Jews, and often they did it with no reason at all. One horror that was carved into my memory during those dark days I will never forget. We were standing in a lineup, an event which repeated itself twice a day, and they dragged a barrel to the center of the courtyard and then dragged out a Jewish resident of our town named Wajman and ordered him to lie on the barrel, while one of the hangmen beat him with all his murderous might. When the beating was over the man fell exhausted and I never learned his fate because we were ordered to disburse. On 08.12.1942 they abandoned camp Lavortzia and we were taken on foot to the town of Szydłowiec, where the Nazis established a kind of concentration camp for the Jews who remained in various places, mockingly naming the place Judenstat. Conditions here were no worse than what we faced before, but I was pleasantly surprised to learn that my father and sister are alive, and I met them a short while later. In a shipment to Auschwitz After a while we realized that the German talk about a Judenstat was meant to trick the Jews and cover up the preparations for the final solution, that is, the transportation to the death camps. As usual, the Germans made their preparations in secret and then came one day and took us from Szydłowiec, led us to the train station and crammed everyone into the cars. Although many were still uncertain about the purpose of this transport, we no longer entertained any doubts. But we were wrong about the direction we were going in. Thanks to his contacts with the underground, my father knew where the transport was headed: to the furnaces of Treblinka to doom. My father has already organized a group of people who would jump from the train during a previous transport, and the two of us joined them. After breathtaking, blood curdling adventures we arrived at the Łuków Judenstat, hoping to find refuge for a while, but four months later we were threatened again with annihilation and had to repeat the dramatic stunt of jumping off a moving train headed to Treblinka (See Zvi Fajgenbaum's article). Our adventures continued for 21 nights before we finally arrived at the camp in Starachowice, where our first wish was to see my sister, Faiga. Unfortunately, we were gravely disappointed. We learned that on March 5th, Adar B 28th 1943, the villainous murderers took a group of sick people from the camp, my sister among, led them to the nearby Bugai forest and shot them to death. We settled in quickly at the camp in Starachowice and our friends tried their best to help us. We found work at the Hermann Göring Werke factory and even received special treatment, because people considered us the survivors of an inescapable planet. In the meantime, the front lines approached us rapidly, and the Germans were in constant retreat, under the pressure of the attacking allies. It was the end of 1944, and the Nazi defeat was starting to bud, but we were still in peril, and could die any day. It was not long before the camp in Starachowice was abandoned. The ground was burning under the feet of the oppressors and they have decided to relocate the camps away from the front lines. It was under these circumstances that we ended up once again on the train to extermination. A different direction Since we already had a reputation for jumping, we were ready to do so again. I dressed up as a man, so I could be in the same car as my father. We managed to stay together and as soon as the train started moving, we prepared to jump. Most of the people in the car (which was open) did likewise, but our plans were hampered by the guard nearby. This fact ended up saving us, because the people who managed to jump off this train ended up in the murderous hands of the Polish partisans lurking in the area and they savaged those Jews like wild beasts. This transport contained as many as 300 people from Wierzbnik and Starachowice and the first thing that shocked me to the core was being separated from my father. Men and women were separated in that camp, and the moment I took off my hat they realized I was a girl. After making us stand and wait for a short while, they led us to the sauna and then to the quarantine cabins. We spent a whole month in those cabins, without going to work, but the lineups and the hunger weighed heavily on us. One day Dr. Mengele came into our cabin, selected 84 women and told them to come out. We were immediately taken to a hospital called Royer and given a blood test. If the test showed that one of the girls had the blood type they were after, and they took blood from her. I was among those whose blood was taken. When it was over, they returned us to the quarantine cabins where we stayed for about two more weeks before we were moved to Block 24. Transports of Jews from Lodz arrived while we were in quarantine and were sent directly to the gas chambers and the incinerators. When we entered block 24, our schedule changed. Up to that point we had to suffer the various hardships and persecutions associated with prison life, the abuse, the cruelty, the constant hunger and the pressure of the stressful living conditions. Now they were compounded by the burden of hard labor, as part of AuserCommando 212. Every morning we walked about four kilometers from camp and worked at paving a new road. First we had to uproot bushes with our bare hands and next to pull carts full of earth to even the ground. We worked in any weather, in the cold and in the rain, and our meager clothes offered no shelter from the elements. Many have naturally fallen ill that under these conditions, myself among them. For a time I hid my sickness, because any sign of sickness could cost a person his life, but when my fever rose I could hold out no longer and was sent to a kind of hospital called Royer. Every patient in this place was in great need of heaven's mercy, because this was where the hangmen came on occasion to select victims for extermination. I somehow managed to escape this peril, because the Germans were starting to change their policy concerning the concentration camps in the eastern regions of Germany. The Russian front was drawing closer and the Germans feared that this treasure would fall into the hands of the allied forces, exposing their crimes to the whole world. Therefore, they started evacuating the prisoners from the various camps and Auschwitz' turn was soon to come. This allowed me time to recover a little and I was added to the transport that left on foot for the town of Gliwice. We did not stay in Gliwice. We were taken to the local train station, loaded into freight cars and taken to a small, unknown station. After a brief stay there we were ordered out of the cars and lined up in fives before starting a grueling two day march without food or water, until finally we arrived at the camp in Ravensbrück. Our sufferings reached new peaks here, because our ability to endure the harsh conditions passed beyond the point of breaking and into doom and nothingness. We arrived in the middle of the night, hungry, tired, spent, and were nevertheless forced to stand for long hours in the cold of night. Thirst burned in our throats to the point of suffocation and our bodies were simmering with an inner fever. We stuck out our tongues and licked snowflakes off each other to slacken the deadly thirst. Our path so far was not padded with roses, but the horrors we encountered in Ravensbrück made every event that preceded it in the Nazi hell pale by comparison. If Auschwitz was a prison, Ravensbrück was its dungeon, the worst hell on earth. The prisoners were housed in wooden cabins, but the cabins were all full and so we were put in a tent. Two thousand women in a single tent. At the edges of the tent stood four-storied bunks and the place was so crowded that we had to climb each other to reach our place. The women in charge were cruel, brutal Russian prisoners. They swore at the prisoners and beat them whenever they had a chance. Our meals, which consisted of a small amount of soup, were given to us at a late hour and posed a unique risk. The bunks at the edges of the tent lacked not only mattress but sometimes planks as well, and some prisoners would steal planks while a woman left her place to get her food. We therefore had to post guards over our planks. We had no drinking water, and couldn't even bathe. Soon we were dying, slowly but surely. The incinerators burned not far from the tent, and their maws seemed to wait for us, like prey lined up. The daily mortality rate was staggering and we felt that none of us would leave this place. But an event that should have hastened my doom has in fact saved me from the noose. The inhuman conditions afflicted me with dysentery and the disease invoked the compassion of those around me. This fact gave me the courage to overcome my death throes and recover a little. In the meantime, those who could still stand were pulled to their feet for a new death march to camp Malkov. Here, we were put in a big cabin that served as an outdoor theatre in the past, and made to lie on the bare floor. The place was too narrow to contain all of us and women had to lie on top of each other. I was still sick, but there was a Hungarian woman next to me who nursed me and helped me face my terrible suffering. A few women died every day from hunger and diseases. We spent almost three weeks in this place, until we were taken to the town of Leipzig. From there on we traveled away from the approaching front lines, until one night all the guards and policemen disappeared from the camp and in the morning we were liberated. In the year 1939 I was staying at the town of Stanisławów in Eastern Galicja and when the war broke out I was caught in a situation that I could not easily escape. Under those circumstances I witnessed the first stages of the persecutions, the oppression and the murder of the Jewish population (in Stanisławów itself and the neighboring towns) both by the German soldiers and the local farmers the anti-Semitic Ukrainians. The attacks and pogroms were already extensive at the time and I was determined to escape at any cost. After many efforts and much hardship I managed to escape Galicja and reach my home town Wierzbnik. Although the atmosphere and the lifestyle I found there differed completely from the place I escaped, I was certain that this scourge will reach us sooner or later, because I already realized that the murders and abuse of Jews were not random and spontaneous acts but a measured policy dictated from the higher ranks down, and it will not skip any place where Jews live. In time, I received a letter from an acquaintance in Stanisławów, who wrote to me in code because she feared unfriendly eyes. The most important sentence in the aforementioned letter was phrased thusly: There was a very big wedding, everyone went and didn't come back. The meaning of this sentence was immediately clear to me in light of everything that I have seen while I was staying in Galicja, and I became anxious and worried about things to come. I was forced to go into hiding to keep my presence a secret from the German authorities, because they killed anyone who came from the eastern regions without their official permission. After two months my father rest his soul got me an ID certificate and I started working at the lumber-mill. Nevertheless I was did not feel at ease, because I could foresee the next stages of the tragedy approaching and knew that this was my chance to do something, to organize and initiate action that may save us from the doom about to befall us. I had some gentile acquaintances that were in touch with the partisans, and from them I first heard about Treblinka and its horrors. I found it easy to believe the terrible tales about the things taking place in that camp because I have already seen mass murders carried out by the Germans and their profane supporters. Therefore I tried to have words with some people at work, to share the news about the bloody plots of the Germans and find a solution, a way to get weapons, to fight and resist the Nazi murderers and their villainous supporters. But to my great dismay, the people did not realize the danger and its tragic, menacing extent. Their replies were empty, mocking, often indecisive, and some were even amazed and resentful, asking are you crazy? I mentioned the subject to them again and again, describing the news and the facts known to me, but the people showed remarkable disbelief and my efforts were in vain. Eventually I gave up on them and stopped bringing the subject up before others. An axe under the bed Although faced with the indifference and incomprehension of the others to the extent that I despaired from acting in that direction, I refused to accept this fate and be led like a lamb to the slaughter. A while later, something happened in our family. The Nazis have abused my sister, and the fact sealed my opinion of them. When I had nothing else to do, I made an axe my constant companion, intent of using it in time of need to give myself a chance. I carried it hidden under my coat to work as well. Only when I went to bed I removed it from under my clothes and put it under the bed instead. I knew in advance that my axe is unlikely to make a major difference, being the act of single person, but I was determined not to accept the situation. The rest of my family knew about the matter but they did nothing to stop me because they knew my stand on the subject. In time I bore witness to the murder of helpless Jews by German soldiers, but I could never understand or accept the fact that the people did refused to resist or rebel against their criminal acts. To the home of Kocharzow The persecution and abuse grew from day to day, and reached their peek during the first eviction of Wierzbnik's Jews to Treblinka. Nearly two weeks after the eviction I learned that my father is at the Strzelnica labor camp and that people there are starving. My situation was better and I wanted to give him some food and money. At night I snuck out of the lumber-mill where I worked and went into the streets of the ghetto. The night was very cold and I considered entering one of the houses and taking some blankets from it. I headed to an area I was familiar with, near our home, but when I entered the apartment I was so anxious that I could not touch anything. The place still felt warm, that is, as though the residents just left, and I could not make myself take anything and left empty handed. My next concern was getting something to eat that I could give to a Jewish policeman who would pass it to my father, but as I was wandering the streets I noticed German gendarmes and quickly hid in the post office building so they will not find me. When the danger passed I headed to the home of a Polish policeman named Kocharzow, an old acquaintance of ours, who was keeping certain items hidden for us. I reached his house and knocked on the window. It wasn't long before the lady of the house came out in a hurry and told me that I cannot come inside because she has guests. She motioned for me to wait and then came back out with half of a big loaf of bread, and armed with these provisions I turned around and headed back towards the lumber mill. On the way I stopped at the Jewish police building to give the bread to a policeman that would take it to my father, but I couldn't find the man and turned back to my camp. During both legs of my trip I ran into no obstacles except for the momentary appearance of the gendarmes. But when I got back to camp, I was stopped at the gate by a policeman who demanded identification. I gave him my certificate and he examined it thoroughly then asked You are a Jew? when I answered that I was, he continued asking So what are you doing here? meaning since you know you're not supposed to be here at this hour. I told him the truth, that I left to get some food for my starving father and here is the loaf of bread that I got from my friends. I was hoping that he would show understanding and leave me be, but I was gravely disappointed. He was not only unsympathetic, but clearly prepared himself for some important event. Another clue to this lay in the fact that before my arrival he already stopped a Pole who worked at the lumber mill and was checking papers, but when he decided to take me in he muttered at the Pole that he may go, gave him back his ID and indicated that he can leave. My sixth sense was already telling me that I am headed into trouble, but I did not realize just how bad my situation was until the latter unsheathed his claws, hissing ominous words between his filthy teeth: You're not getting out of this alive! When I realized who I was dealing with, I understood that any word I say would only make things worse and so I didn't respond. He ordered me to turn around and I immediately guessed his intent. He was armed with a rifle and wanted to shoot me in the back so he could make up an alibi and claim that I fled and he was forced to shoot me I naturally refused to do so but he ordered and pressed me to turn around! I continued to defy him, thinking Does he really intend to murder me in cold blood? I did nothing to anger him, did nothing to him. Perhaps, it occurred to me he wants money? And since I had nothing to lose I told him, Look, if you let me go I'll pay you. Sadly, his reaction was even worse than before. I'll kill you in a second, he muttered furiously, and to make good on his threat he unslung the rifle from his shoulder. The name of this policeman was Wolczek, and he was a handsome but infamous youth. He searched for hiding Jews murdered many of them with sadistic glee. One of those cold blooded murders could shock anyone but the heatless: he arranged Rosa Milman's children in a row so he could kill all three with a single bullet Now, as I recalled that monstrous crime and saw him unsling the rifle from his shoulder I had no doubt what his vile mind had in store for me. I was thinking desperately of ways to escape him. In truth, I could take him in a fight. I was young and strong enough to fight him evenly. But I knew that my victory would be paid for by dozens of Jews, perhaps even all the Jews in camp. Therefore, I had to abandon any thought of an active, violent escape and save myself by fleeing him. I dove into the river I started coaxing him again, this time without real intent. I wanted to distract him and use the chance to escape. When he trained his rifle on me I decided to position myself in a way that would keep me unharmed if he suddenly decided to pull the trigger I repeated my earlier offer of money and appealed to his conscience: Look, I told him, I'm a Jew and you're a Pole, and the Germans are our common enemies! for a moment I thought I managed to sway his stony heart, but I was sorely mistaken. He didn't even let me finish speaking and before he started screaming Turn around! Turn around! and landed a serious blow to my face. I felt my face covered with blood and after recovering my senses I realized that any delay would only make things worse and started running as fast as I could. A shot was fired immediately, but he missed me. This encouraged me and I kept on running without slowing down. I ran like mad, because I realized that my life depended on it. As I ran on I grew hot and felt the weight of every pin, so I first threw off my coat and then the bread, although getting it landed me in trouble in the first place. Since I heard no more gunshots I suspected that he was chasing me, and when I turned my head back I saw that he was indeed on my heels. The race was already sealed. He was healthy and strong and well fed, while we Jews lived on bread of affliction. It was no surprise that the distance between us grew shorter by the minute. I was already preparing for the worst, but suddenly a thought occurred to me that could stave off the immediate danger. I was running next to a ditch and it occurred to me to enter the water. I went down into the ditch while the policeman stopped, because he was too lazy to climb into the ditch, and started shooting at me. The river water served me as cover and the bullet did not hit me. After that I would occasionally bring my head out for air and then dive back in, but the game could not last long because I was running out of strength. I therefore got out of the water, climbed the other bank, and fell exhausted. Seeing my condition, the policeman decided that there was no need for him to cross the river and get me, because lying on the ground I was an easy target for his bullet, a sitting duck. He acted on these thoughts, raising the rifle and leisurely taking aim, moving the barrel this way and that occasionally. But the distance seemed too much for him. A shot rang out, but it hit a little ways from me. He wasn't satisfied with the result, adjusted his aim and fired again. He missed again, but this time in the other direction. The villain refused to give up and aimed his rifle at me for the third time. Several minutes passed and I managed to recover some of my strength. I told myself that if I would be lucky once again and he would miss me, I will make an effort to get away. I will try to fight for my life again. Two or three more minutes passed and another shot was heard. He missed! As soon as the shot was fired I bolted up and started running as fast as I could towards the camp. The distance was not great, but I deliberately took a winding path to make it harder for the fiend to chase me if he decided to persist. During my renewed flight I crossed the Kamienna River and managed to break contact from the enemy, until I reached a spot near the camp. I could hear the name Kocharzow shouted from afar, the name of the policeman whose wife gave me the bread. I did not know what the shouting was about and I was running out of strength again and had to lie on the ground and rest for a while. A few minutes later I started crawling back into camp, but then I started second guessing myself: it occurred to me that after everything that just happened, they are bound to look for me here and so I must stay away from it for the time being. Therefore, I started edging away until I left the camp. I was facing many hardships, because I could not go out in the open. I waited for things to settle down. I will never know if they did, but I grew weary of being a hunted vagabond with no roof over my head, food or water, so I took a risk and returned to camp. Two days before the final eviction we could feel plenty of tension in the air and the Jewish police commander, Wilczek, shouted suddenly: Guys, why did you leave the tools outside the camp, bring them in! He meant that if we were all doomed for eviction or extermination, one way or another, then the tools can serve us as weapons in the absence of alternatives. Hearing the harsh words of the police commander, the people left quickly to bring the tools and placed them in the camp, next to the cabins. The people stayed up all night. No one could sleep because we felt that something was about to happen. That night they brought in the Jewish workers from the lumber mill and later we had an outbreak followed by an escape attempt. The next morning there was a lineup, and officer Herblum (who was shot and wounded during the escape, then captured and brought back) was accused of organizing the escape, sentenced to death and shot on the spot. During the lineup, the wardens made it clear that this was the last case. I noticed some people holding whispered conversation by the fence, near the food store, and assumed they were planning an escape. I was instinctively drawn to the idea, grabbed the arm of my uncle, Shlomo Weisbloom, and told him my intentions. He objected to this line of action because he was afraid that the Germans would take revenge on his sister, Esther Weisbloom, who we would have to leave behind because we couldn't find her at the time. I therefore agreed with him and accepted the situation. My suspicions were realized. The group by the fence broke through it and a massive escape started in broad daylight. Many managed to reach the forest that offered temporary safety, but others were shot by the Germans and never made it. Many have fallen, among them Steinbaum and his sons, Moshe and Laibke, officer Kornwaser, who threw his police cap away and jumped over the fence, and others. When the Germans realized what was going on they disbursed the lineup and ordered us into the cabins, where we could hear the echoes of gunfire for a long time. The Germans also took precautions against a second escape, and ordered us to take off our shoes, piling them next to the cabins. When the situation calmed down, every person went and took back his shoes. The train arrived in the evening, coming to a stop by the gates of the camp, and we were ordered into the cars. Only a few cars were loaded when the surprising order to unload us came. We were still wondering about the meaning of this when we received new orders, to get back into the cars, while the camp was being surrounded by Ukrainian policemen and cavalry. This time the train headed in an unknown direction while we, about 120 people in every car, stood pressed against each other. The lack of air in the cars made everyone try to stand as close as possible to the little ports. We prepared for this event in advance and sneaked some tools into the car, which allowed us to break out of the train. I carried a fireman's axe, another had a wood drill and so on. We were ready for this moment and as soon as the train started moving, we started realizing our own plans, first ripping a toilet hole in the floor of the car. Many hoped that we would be lucky enough to be attacked along the way by partisans, or a by one of the Russian army units that were fighting not far from there, allowing us to make an even more daring use of the hole and escape. And indeed, that night, when the train passed by the forests of więtokrzyż, we heard constant gunfire that inspired us and gave us the hope that salvation was near, but our hopes were in vain. We later found out that the source of the gunfire was completely different. People in other cars tried to escape through the portholes, but were shot by the armed German guards who escorted the train. We thought there might have been partisans shooting at the train as well, but we never found out the truth. The next morning we arrived in Częstochowa, where a train worker told us that our train was headed for Auschwitz. After about 100 people were crammed into every car, and there was no room left, the train started moving. We were all standing, crowded and stuffed, with no air to breathe. We left the train station in Szydłowiec at 4 in the afternoon and an hour and a half later we arrived in Radom. Ten more cars were added to our train there, meaning 1,000 more Jews. We had no doubts concerning the direction we were headed, we already knew that all transports arrive in Treblinka and the end of that line means extermination. Therefore we thought about doing something, acting immediately to save our lives at the last moment from this terrible fate waiting for us. I personally felt that however things turned out, we must not walk willingly into the blazing furnaces! Having read the publications of the resistance for a long time, I knew what was going on and had no illusions concerning the intentions of the Germans. As soon as we entered the cars, I started planning how we might save ourselves by escaping. Although it was not easy, I have taken the first steps of preparing for the fateful operation during the first stage of my planning. As soon as we shared our plan with others, it became clear that some of them disagreed with it. Some were afraid that the Germans would count the passengers later, and would pour their wrath on those who remained behind, who would be murdered by these predators that never missed a chance to kill or destroy. I managed to calm them down after a tiresome argument, and even acquired some accomplices. First, the candidates approached the window, which was nothing more than a small porthole, and mentally prepared themselves for the operation. Then we considered the physical aspects of breaking out. Overcoming his hesitations and the sense of looming danger, the first person pushed through the porthole and immediately jumped from the train. He was followed by two others who jumped one after another, while the fourth suffered from a panic attack after he already managed to squeeze past the porthole, and refused to jump. We had no choice but to pull him back inside, difficult as it was. But that was not the end of it. My turn was next, but when I was about to climb to the porthole he blocked my way and said that he regrets his decision and wants to try again. We saw the man was insecure and showed compassion. He climbed to the porthole again, crossed it and this time he gathered his courage and jumped! Unfortunately, he was so nervous that he got entangled, failed and fell on the ground This event discouraged us, and being the next in line to jump, I was not only discouraged but also frightened. In the meantime, the train was fast approaching the town of Dęblin. The information we had led us to assume that this place was crawling with Germans and I told myself it was a bad time to jump, because we might fall right into the hands of the murderers. It is best, I told my daughter who was standing next to me the whole time, for us to travel a while longer and then jump. As I spoke, I noticed that we were crossing an area lit by great lamps, indicating a major settlement. The light shining through the tiny porthole was dim and brief, but it was enough to tell us that we were passing by a station, although its name and size remained a mystery since we had no idea where we were. The circumstances left us puzzled and doubtful, compounded by tension, fear and anxiety to the point where I thought that we already missed the train, meaning that we were so close to the camp that there was no longer a chance for escape. Nevertheless I was guided by the notion that we had nothing to lose and that this was my final chance I shall escape no matter what! I followed that thought through, telling my daughter: This is the moment, follow me! I bid farewell to the people nearby, asked them to lift me to the porthole and carefully flung my feet outside the car then flung my whole body after them, pulled myself out and clung to the wall. These events took place in wintertime, and the surrounding area was covered with thick white snow. This fact greatly encouraged me and after standing pressed against the wall of the car for a few seconds I jumped, as if unto a mattress The pastimes of my youth availed me, because I learned how to jump when I was eight years old. A train used to cross the part of town where I lived, and whenever it would stop to pick up passengers, the children had a chance to play at jumping on and off the train. We became skilled jumpers by practicing under different circumstances, mostly while the train was already in motion, reaching rather high levels of expertise. At the time I never imagined that such expertise could ever be useful or play a part in saving our lives. My daughter jumped right after me, but we couldn't find each other because the train was moving quickly and we were separated by a considerable distance. Before she jumped, we agreed that I would walk in the direction the train was headed and she would walk in the opposite direction so we would eventually meet. I was eager now to meet my daughter. I started running ahead without looking in any other direction. Every moment seemed like an eternity to me. I ran as fast as I could, as if driven, until I noticed her approaching figure. After five minutes of running we met. There was no time to lose and we immediately started putting some distance between us and the railroad tracks, because it was dangerous to stay there. We walked blindly, wading through the deep snow while the frost seeped into our bones. We were worried that we might fall into a hole or even a lake, because the whole area was covered by deep snow and there was no telling what might be lurking under it in the open field. Eventually we arrived at a barn, stopped and waited next to it. After a while, a second train has arrived, pulled over on the tracks in front of us and bathed the nearby area with searchlights. Three SS troopers came out of one of the cars, singing loudly, and when they came in our direction we moved to the other side of the barn so we wouldn't get noticed. We stood all night long in the frost, until dawn broke. Knocking on the door In the morning, we approached the outermost house in the village and knocked on the door. When they answered: Who's there? I said that I was there with my daughter and asked them to take pity on her and give us some hot water. The Polish owner must have realized who he was dealing with and refused, saying that he is afraid because there were still guards by the tracks and they will capture all of us. His refusal to help and his fear convinced me that we had nothing to lose, and so I asked: Could you at least tell us where we are and where we might go? You are near Łuków, answered the voice on the other side of the wall, and continued: Across from us there is a village, go and you will find shelter there. We took his advice and started walking toward the nearby village. When we arrived there an hour later, we approached the first house and entered it without asking, merely greeting the owner when she welcomed us with a frightened scream: What are you doing here?! We showed her the items and money we had and she mellowed. We sat down and asked for something warm. Money seemed to be the answer for all our problems, because a few moments later the woman set some bread and coffee on the table. Her husband arrived as soon as we finished eating and before he could say a word the woman explained the situation to him, hinting that we had money his behavior indicated that he took the hint, because he never questioned our presence in his house. The situation was self-explanatory and we could get down to business. We needed clothes and they craved the money we had, so we bought some things from them, including an old fourpointed Polish army hat they found somewhere, a great find that could prevent my immediate identification as a Jew. I bought a peasant scarf for my daughter as well, to replace her silk scarf that was very typical of traditional Jewish garb. After we disguised ourselves with these clothes that afforded us a Christian appearance, we asked the Poles about the nearest ghetto and started walking in the direction they showed us. The road was long and arduous, steeped with natural obstacles and unforeseeable hardships. Eventually we overcame it all and arrived at the Łuków ghetto. For a time we were safe, but only for a time After long hours of anxiety, selection and the horrors of the Rinek, where families were torn apart some for the camps and some back to work at the factories our group arrived at the Strzelnica camp, where we were led into a broad ditch, while the German and Ukrainian soldiers stood over us rifles aimed and ready. We stood there for a long time, depressed and worried for the loved ones that were recently separated from us and for our own fate, which also hung in the balance. And as we stood there and waited for the next decree, some of the SS troopers guarding us came down and ordered us to give them any valuables we had, including money. This order horrified us for two reasons: first of all, we already learned that the looting and pillaging were generally accompanied by additional calamities and served as warning of oncoming brutalities such as eviction, killing, murder and so on. Secondly, this order followed previous acts of robbery and we were already fleeced on several occasions, so that most of us had nothing left only a few managed to save a little as a last refuge. I myself was bereft of any valuables. It is no wonder then that the order caused panic in our ranks and a deep silence spread across that vale of tears, broken by the sound of cocking guns. Suddenly, a terrible roar tore the air, shaking hearts and stunning all the people in the ditch, as well as the armed guards standing over us. The voice carried unnatural anxiety and came from the throat of one of our townsmen, who had the courage to start swearing at the Germans, their leaders and their unholy land that committed this bloodbath. His fury made his last words an incoherent babble but the things he said were enough to shock us all. For a moment, no one reacted, because the scene was too surreal. But the Germans quickly recovered from their shock and turned crimson with fury. We expected them to react at any moment, because we could see murder in their eyes and when they aimed their weapons at the man swearing, the people standing next to him instinctively drew away. And then came the shots from Althoff's gun, ending the loud protest and the life of the brave man, Aba Kumetz, the son of Moshe Kumetz. JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material JewishGen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and/or omissions. Our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited. Wierzbnik, Poland Yizkor Book Project JewishGen Home Page Copyright © 1999-2016 by JewishGen, Inc. Updated 18 Jun 2010 by LA	<urn:uuid:b80677a5-99c4-4181-ba45-06fd9355646c>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/Wierzbnik/wie307.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.989488	14,590	2.765625	3
Last modified: 2002-10-12 by ivan sache Keywords: oriflamme \| charlemagne \| gonfanon \| Links: FOTW homepage \| search \| disclaimer and copyright \| write us \| mirrors The oriflamme was a sacred banner used by the kings of France in the Middle Ages in times of great danger. It was distinct from the heraldic banner of the French kings (semis of fleur-de-lys on azure, as expected). Its history is fairly continuous from 1124 onward, when it was first mentioned. It was first described in 1225. It consists of two parts: a gilded lance, to which is attached a silk banner, red with green fringes. The floating end of the banner splits into two or more trailing strips. The name, aurea flamma, conflates the banner (flamma) and the colour of the lance. The banner is sometimes represented as attached vertically to the lance, and sometimes (especially in the 19th century) as attached to a horizontal bar, itself suspended from the lance. It was deposited in the abbey of Saint-Denis, north of Paris, where kings of France were buried, next to the relics of Denis who evangelised the area. When going to war, the French king would come to Saint-Denis to 'raise the banner'. The last time it was raised was in the late 15th century. It was destroyed during the Revolution. What was its origin? The 1124 text mentions an old tradition of the counts of Vexin, who were protectors of the abbey; the kings of France had become counts of Vexin in 1077. But the text also alludes to a tradition specific to the kings of France. Also, a late 11th-century text, the Gesta of Roland, calls Charlemagne's emblem or banner orie flambe, but does not describe it. A description of the siege of Paris by the Normans in 885 mentions a large saffron-coloured banner with large indentations carried by a double lance. One author tries to link the oriflamme to Charlemagne's lance and through it all the way back to Constantine's labarum, which was taken from a pagan sanctuary located near modern Saint-Denis. (Constantine's lance was part of the regalia of the German emperors, and is now in Vienna). The idea is that the sacred object was the lance itself, decorated with a silk fanion, but later the meaning of the lance was lost and the silk fanion itself came to be seen as the important object. François Velde, 30 June 1995 by Blas Delgado Ortiz According to several historical flag books, the Oriflamme of Charlemagne, an elongated gonfanon, was bright orange-red, with the orange-red flowers bordered in blue and the center yellow. The image shown above was drawn after Inglefield's Flags [ing 79]. Blas Delgado Ortiz, 5 July 2001 This Oriflamme was allegedly presented by Pope Leo III to Charlemagne, and I think the only visual evidence is a IXth century mosaic in Rome (of which I have still not seen a good image). The real banner was probably a much more elongated gonfalon style. I suspect the number and design of the flower motifs is conjectural, but seme would be more probable. Todd Mills, 5 July 2001	<urn:uuid:399e3837-ce4e-4e7a-bc51-ea24df79d805>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.1uptravel.com/flag/flags/fr_orif.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.969139	739	3.0625	3
Directors of Federal Reserve Banks and Branches Under the Federal Reserve Act, each of the twelve Reserve Banks is separately incorporated with its own board of directors. In each Reserve District, commercial banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System own the stock of their District's Reserve Bank and elect the majority of the Reserve Bank's board of directors; the remainder of the directors are appointed by the Federal Reserve Board. About the Directors As the central bank of the United States, the Federal Reserve System conducts the nation's monetary policy and helps to maintain a stable financial system. Three key components of the Federal Reserve System--the Federal Reserve Board of Governors (Board of Governors), the Federal Reserve Banks (Reserve Banks), and the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)--interact to accomplish these goals. Each of the 12 Reserve Banks is subject to the supervision of a ninemember board of directors (board). Six of the directors are elected by the member banks of the respective Federal Reserve District (District), and three of the directors are appointed by the Board of Governors. Most Reserve Banks have at least one Branch, and each Branch has its own board of directors. A majority of the directors on a Branch board are appointed by the Reserve Bank, and the remaining Branch directors are appointed by the Board of Governors. Directors play an important role in the effective functioning of the Federal Reserve. All directors are expected to participate in the formulation of monetary policy and to act as a link between the System and the public. In addition, head-office directors are responsible for supervising the administration of their Reserve Bank's operations, overseeing the Reserve Bank's corporate governance function, and maintaining an effective system of internal auditing procedures and controls. Directors are not involved, however, in any matters related to banking supervision, including specific supervisory decisions. For more detailed information, see: Roles and Responsibilities of Directors (PDF)	<urn:uuid:3f8b0b34-9705-4763-851b-24366b3b4eec>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/directors/about.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.959483	390	3	3
A Band of Angels is fiction, but it is based on real events and people. The character of Ella was inspired by Ella Sheppard Moore, who was born February 4, 1851, in Nashville, Tennessee. Her father was able to free himself and young Ella from slavery, but before he could buy freedom for Ella's mother she was sold away. Ella was raised in Cincinnati, where she took music lessons. At fifteen, she was left penniless when her father died. She arrived at Fisk School in 1868 with only six dollars. Fisk was opened in 1866 as a school for former slaves and began offering college classes in 1871. That year, in a desperate attempt to save Fisk from closing, a music teacher named George White set out with a group of students on a singing tour to raise money. Although at first they only sang popular music of the day, they soon became famous for introducing spirituals to the world. Ella Sheppard was the pianist for the Jubilee Singers on their historic concert tours, which raised enough money to save the school and build Jubilee Hall, the first permanent structure in the South for the education of black students. Ella later married George Moore, had three children, and located her mother and a sister. She died in 1914. Today her great-granddaughter is a librarian at Fisk University who shares the history of the Jubilee Singers with visitors. Although none graduated from Fisk, the original Jubilee Singers were recognized with honorary degrees in 1978. Today, Jubilee Singers at Fisk University continue to keep alive a rich musical tradition that includes such songs as "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot," "Many Thousand Gone," and "Go Down, Moses." Back to top Rent A Band of Angels 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Deborah Hopkinson. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Aladdin. Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.	<urn:uuid:2344d967-f983-4cae-9864-3b684b68f4c5>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/a-band-of-angels-1st-edition-9780689848872-0689848870	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.987469	435	3.375	3
Management guidelines for acute infective diarrhoea/gastroenteritis in infants. Background. Acute onset vomiting and diarrhoea is one of the most common illnesses of infancy, and is second only to respiratory illnesses as a cause of childhood deaths worldwide. Existing guidelines for management of diarrhoea are often ignored in public and private practice, possibly because of a perception that the guidelines are too simple, or because of expectations of the need to give 'real' drug therapy to stop diarrhoea. Objectives. This guideline provides a problem-based approach to the basics of present-day management of acute gastroenteritis, and discusses the evidence for the recommendations. Recommendations. Each episode of diarrhoea must be seen as an opportunity for caregiver education in the prevention of the illness, in the 'what' and 'how' of oral rehydration and re-feeding, and in the recognition of when to seek help. The vast majority of patients recover rapidly, but serious complications do occur and must be recognised and managed correctly. Validation. The guidelines are endorsed by the Paediatric Management Group (PMG) in South Africa. Conclusion. The aim of management is to help the child to maintain or regain hydration, and to recover from diarrhoea, with careful attention to adequate oral rehydration and judicious re-feeding. (Care and treatment) Diarrhea (Care and treatment) \|Publication:\|\|Name: South African Medical Journal Publisher: South African Medical Association Audience: Academic Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: Health Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2012 South African Medical Association ISSN: 0256-9574\| \|Issue:\|\|Date: Feb, 2012 Source Volume: 102 Source Issue: 2\| \|Topic:\|\|Event Code: 350 Product standards, safety, & recalls\| \|Organization:\|\|Organization: American Academy of Pediatrics; World Health Organization\| \|Geographic:\|\|Geographic Scope: South Africa Geographic Code: 6SOUT South Africa\| Acute onset vomiting and diarrhoea is one of the most common illnesses of infancy. Caused by acute infection with a variety of viruses, bacteria and parasites, the condition is easily recognised by caregivers and is usually managed at home. Numerous traditional and folk remedies exist, owing to the common and well-recognised nature of the condition; these might have been tried before the child is brought for In this era of highly prevalent HIV infection, it must be remembered that each episode of acute infective diarrhoea may occur in a patient with unsuspected pre-existing HIV infection; each healthcare contact should be an opportunity to establish the child's HIV status for optimal management. Acute diarrhoea has several risks and complications; it may lead to life-threatening dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. When diarrhoea is not halted, there is a risk of disturbed digestion and absorption of nutrients with nutritional deterioration. Worldwide, diarrhoea is second only to respiratory illnesses as a cause of childhood deaths. (1) Gastroenteritis is caused by intestinal infection owing to contamination of food, water or hands. All health professionals should ensure caregiver education in the following main principles of prevention: * Full and exclusive breast-feeding on demand: this protects against intestinal infections (2,3) and prevents exposure to environmental contamination. Thriving breast-fed babies under 6 months of age do not require water supplements, even in hot weather. (4,5) * Full immunisation including rotavirus vaccines: the new rotavirus vaccines are safe and reduce the severity of infection and prevent deaths, but they do not prevent all cases of rotavirus diarrhoea. (6) * Provision of safe water for drinking and food preparation. * Proper hand-washing hygiene after toilet use and before food preparation and feeding. * Safe disposal of human and other waste. 2. Management guidelines: acute diarrhoea In view of the frequency and importance of the condition, best-practice guidelines for management of diarrhoea have been published by the World Health Organization (WHO), (7,8,9) American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), (10) and European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN), (11) among others. The use of these guidelines has been described in numerous countries; (12,13) however, they are often ignored in practice, more frequently than those for other paediatric conditions such as asthma. (14,15) Reasons for this include doctors' unwillingness to be imposed upon, failure by doctors to keep pace with changing views on hydration and nutrition, a perception that the guidelines are too simple, and parental expectations of 'real' drug therapy to stop diarrhoea. The HIV status of each child with diarrhoea must be ascertained. 3. Acute gastroenteritis: what are the problems? Vomiting is largely attributed to local factors and poor gastric emptying, and should not be treated with antiemetic drugs. (16) Cyclizine and prochlorperazine have not proven useful and may carry a higher risk of toxic side-effects in young infants, and in the presence of dehydration. Ondansetron is moderately effective, (17) but the cost and quantity required for a clinically significant effect negates general recommendation. Antiemetic drugs are not recommended Evidence Level A Abdominal pain is usually spasmodic due to disordered motility, or is associated with colitis in dysentery. Metoclopramide should be considered in severe pain, at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg of body mass to a maximum of 10 mg; a total daily dose of 0.5 mg/kg should not be exceeded. (16) The extrapyramidal side-effects of metoclopramide in young infants should warrant caution. Frequent small oral sips of a clear hypotonic glucose-containing fluid correct ketosis and prevent gastric overdistension, in addition to contributing to rehydration. In early gastroenteritis, solids or foods with a high protein, fat or fibre content slow down gastric emptying and may aggravate vomiting. Substitution with a clear, hypotonic fluid may result in earlier cessation of vomiting. Diarrhoea is the manifestation of secretion/absorption disturbance and disordered motility: a symptom of damage already done in the infected gut. Antidiarrhoeal medication is not advised. Antidiarrhoeal formulations aim to reduce intestinal motility, reduce secretion of water and electrolytes, and adsorb fluid and toxins, thereby reducing the number of stools seen in the diaper; however, none treat the cause of diarrhoea or actual pathology, and their use may be associated with more side-effects in young children than in adults. Furthermore, adsorbents (e.g. kaolin) hide the true extent of water loss, risking underestimation of the amount of fluid required for hydration in severe diarrhoea. Antibiotic therapy is not indicated in the majority of cases caused by viral infection. (18) In bacterial infection, antibiotic therapy generally does not shorten the length of diarrhoea, except when administered early in the case of dysentery (ciprofloxacin for 3 days is recommended). (7) Rather, antibiotics are required to prevent or limit the spread of infection to others (e.g. early in cholera), and should be prescribed for evident parenteral infection (e.g. urinary tract infection or otitis media). Probiotics have variable effect in specific circumstances, (19,20) and are generally not required, but could be considered in diarrhoea associated with nosocomial infections or antibiotic use. Probiotics are sometimes added to commercial preparations of oral rehydration solutions (e.g. Hydrachoice). (21) Vitamin and mineral supplementation is required where the patient's nutritional state or history suggests the possibility of deficiencies. Zinc acetate (10-20 mg/day for 2 weeks) reduces the duration of diarrhoea and recurrence risk in developing countries. (22-28) To date, no comparable studies are available in developed countries; however, it is known that zinc has an effect on mucosal functions involved in absorption of water and rehydration. (23,24) Dehydration is the main acute risk of acute gastroenteritis. Watery stools develop as a result of a secretion-absorption imbalance of the gut mucosa; however, glucose-linked sodium absorption with secondary water uptake is maintained even in secretory states like cholera. This is the basis of oral rehydration therapy (ORT). Hypotonic fluids with a sodium content of 45-65 mmol/l (e.g. Rehidrat, Sorol) allow more rapid rehydration than fluids with a higher sodium content, (29) but hypertonic sugar-based drinks with little sodium (e.g. cola and sports drinks) may result in osmotic aggravation. A home-made salt-and-sugar solution (SSS) (half a teaspoon of salt plus 8 teaspoons of sugar per litre of water) is useful, but of unpredictably variable concentration, and is therefore best used in the early stages before dehydration has set in. Dehydration occurs because fluid loss exceeds fluid intake. In general, signs of dehydration lag behind water loss. The best guide to the risk of developing dehydration is the frequency of watery stools: assuming a deficit of 10 ml/kg of body mass for each watery stool. This amount of fluid should be offered to the child in addition to usual fluid intakes. Initially, the emphasis is on maintaining fluid intake despite vomiting, offering feeds according to tolerability. Small frequent liquid feeds are better tolerated than large volumes or solids. Feeds should be followed with clear hypotonic fluids such as SSS, or even dilute juices or mildly sweetened tea--as much as the child wants, in small quantities. Commercial rehydration fluids are also suitable. Taste may be an issue in the case of anorexia or vomiting; caregivers may need to be creative in adapting or hiding the taste of rehydration fluids. Small frequent liquid feeds should be given with added clear fluids such as salt-and-sugar solution, diluted juices or mildly sweetened tea, even when the child is vomiting. Once the child shows signs of dehydration, ORT takes precedence over feeding. The clinical signs of dehydration are variable; (30) the degree of dehydration is most accurately predicted with a combination of the observer's experience, (31,32) the measured acute weight loss, and the presence of metabolic acidosis. (33) Placed together, these allow an assessment of whether dehydration is mild, moderate or severe. In particular, capillary filling time must be noted: a capillary refill time (CFT) >3 seconds in a dehydrated child indicates the need for intravenous resuscitation in addition to rehydration. Intravenous fluids in dehydration Severely dehydrated and shocked patients require intravenous resuscitation. Intravenous fluids are required in the following cases (in all others, ORT should be preferred): * Resuscitation from shock * Dehydration with severe acidosis and prolonged capillary refill time * Severe abdominal distension and ileus * An altered level of consciousness * Resistant vomiting despite appropriate oral fluid administration * Deterioration or lack of improvement after 4 hours of adequate oral fluids Initially, an isotonic solution--such as Lactated Ringer's or Normal Saline--should be chosen for resuscitation. If the circulation has improved after 1-2 boluses of 20 ml/kg, given rapidly, the fluid can be changed to a rehydration fluid such as half-strength Darrow's solution with 5% dextrose, at a rate of 10 ml/kg/h. If the circulation has not improved after the second bolus, a third bolus of 20 ml/kg should be started, with transfer to hospital for intensive monitoring and care. Patients receiving intravenous rehydration must be reassessed regularly, as the fluid administration rate may require adjustment, up or down, depending on the rate of improvement and ongoing loss. ORT achieves faster rehydration and is associated with fewer admissions than parenteral rehydration. (34,35) A hypotonic solution is recommended with a 45-65 mmol/l sodium content, approximately 2% glucose (111 mmol/l), and potassium and bicarbonate or citrate for alkali replenishment. Commercial rehydration solutions comply with these recommendations. Oral rehydration solutions, provided in small frequent sips by teaspoon at a rate of 15-25 ml/kg/h, avoid gastric distension and vomiting. Manuals such as the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses, (8) the South African Essential Drugs List (Hospital Level, Paediatrics) and the WHO Manual on the Management of Diarrhoea, (9) provide recommended volumes of solutions to be given per hour. Most children are able to rehydrate within a few hours before they are ready to commence with small feeds. In the face of ongoing diarrhoea, extra fluids must still be offered for thirst and prevention of further dehydration. Oral rehydration therapy is recommended Evidence Level A 4. Metabolic problems and electrolyte disturbances These occur because of the loss of sodium, bicarbonate and potassium associated with watery stools. The electrolyte status of patients with severe diarrhoeal dehydration, circulatory disturbances or metabolic acidosis should be ascertained. * Metabolic acidosis is almost always present if the patient has significant dehydration, and is identified by more rapid deep respirations with a clear chest on auscultation. Unless metabolic acidosis is severe, sodium bicarbonate is usually not required, as rehydration allows for correction. Rehydration fluid contains alkali in the form of citrate or bicarbonate. A wide anion gap may suggest the possibility of severe ketosis, salicylate intoxication or lactic acidosis. * Large amounts of potassium are lost in diarrhoeal stools. Metabolic acidosis is associated with further urinary potassium loss. In acidosis, a shift of intracellular potassium to the extracellular compartment results in a spurious elevation of the serum level, despite intracellular potassium loss. All children suffering from severe diarrhoea should receive oral potassium chloride: 125 mg 8-hourly if under 1 year of age, and 250 mg 8-hourly if over 1 year of age, until dehydration and acidosis are corrected. * Sodium disturbances occur frequently. Sodium content of the stool water varies from plasma-like in secretory diarrhoea (such as cholera), to very low in pure osmotic diarrhoea. In general, serum sodium is inversely related to the state of the intracellular water compartment, i.e. raised serum sodium reflects intracellular dehydration. Hypo- and hypernatraemia management should follow recommended guidelines; however, where ORT is possible, the process of rehydration usually allows metabolic homeostasis to be re-established. * Blood glucose disturbances occur in severely ill young children as a result of glycogen depletion with lack of intake, or in association with the stress response of dehydration. Blood glucose estimation should be performed by finger-prick test in all dehydrated children. Dehydrated or malnourished children are likely to have a metabolic disturbance. 5. Feeding during diarrhoea Intestinal infection does affect the digestive and absorptive function of the gut, and diarrhoea is a symptom of this malfunction. The degree and extent of mucosal damage is influenced by: (36) * Age--infants under 3--6 months of age may be expected to have more severe intestinal injury from gut infection. * Type and site of infection--viral diarrhoea involves the mucosal villi and can be expected to affect digestion and absorption, while toxigenic diarrhoea (e.g. cholera) does not affect the mucosal structure. Infection in the upper small gut affects digestion and absorption more than that in the colon. * Pre-existing medical condition that affects the patient's recovery (e.g. HIV). * Pre-existing nutritional state and lack of breast-feeding malnutrition results in predisposition to mucosal atrophy, and superimposed gut infection increases the risk of maldigestion (e.g. lactose intolerance). The state of nutrition should be assessed in each child with diarrhoea. In a well-nourished child, infection-induced mucosal damage may recover rapidly without a need for modified feeds. (37,38) Once rehydrated, the child's usual feeds should be reintroduced. At first, it may be necessary to give smaller volumes more frequently to avoid vomiting; the diarrhoea may continue for a short while. Initially, the child may be unable to take full feeds and may lose weight, but the aim is to achieve full-volume feeding within 1-2 days. There is no need to dilute or otherwise modify the usual feeds, provided that they are tolerated. There is no need for feed change in the usual case. Evidence Level A Breast milk is a hypotonic fluid that can be utilised simultaneously for hydration maintenance and feeding; breast-feeding should continue and even be increased during diarrhoea. Other milk formulas should not be used to hydrate the patient because of the high solute load, but after recovery from diarrhoea, extra food should be offered for nutritional recovery. In malnourished children, acute gastroenteritis may be more severe, and recovery may be delayed. Greater vigilance is needed in suspecting possible maldigestion and malabsorption. Children should be monitored until full recovery from diarrhoea and resumption of weight gain. Persisting diarrhoea (longer than 2 weeks after acute onset diarrhoea) is a more serious condition; it is associated with nutritional deterioration and much of the mortality from diarrhoea. (39,40) Small intestinal mucosal injury or bacterial overgrowth should be suspected and diagnosed by appropriate means if: (i) the persisting diarrhoea is associated with weight loss and a continued need for rehydration fluids; (ii) the child is under 6 months of age or is malnourished, or (iii) a complication such as lactose intolerance exists. Feed modification and substitution is usually required in a planned stepwise progression. Diarrhoea that persists for longer than 2 weeks is no longer 'gastro'. Persisting diarrhoea is associated with deterioration of nutritional state, and must be managed actively to enable digestive and nutritional recovery. 6. Caregiver education Acute diarrhoea is predominantly a problem of fluids and feeding both being heavily dependent on the caregiver's understanding and reactions. It is vital that caregivers understand the 'what' and the 'how' of ORT and re-feeding, and are given guidance on the need to seek further help in the event of the following: * Ongoing vomiting despite small fluid sips, especially if associated with abdominal distension or pain * Persisting fever after 24 hours of ORT * Increasing lethargy and failure to feed * Deteriorating hydration and failure to pass urine * Presence of blood in the stools * Diarrhoea persisting for more than 1 week. The aim of management is to help the child to maintain or regain hydration, and to recover from diarrhoea. With careful attention to adequate oral rehydration and judicious re-feeding, acute infective diarrhoea should not be a frightening condition to caregivers. Endorsement. The guidelines are endorsed for publication by the Paediatric Management Group (PMG) in South Africa. Accepted 31 October 2011. (1.) Boschi-Pinto C, Velebit L, Shibuya K. Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 2008;86(9):710-717. (2.) Quigley MA, Kelly YJ, Sacker A. Breast-feeding and hospitalization for diarrhoeal and respiratory infection in the United Kingdom Millenium Cohort Study. Pediatrics 2007;119(4):e837-842. (3.) Quigley MA, Cumberland P, Cowden JM, Rodriguez LC. How protective is breast-feeding against diarrhoeal disease in infants in 1990's England? A case-control study. Arch Dis Child 2006;91(3):245-250. (4.) Satyanarayana L, Kumar S. Water supplementation in exclusively breastfed infants during summer in the tropics. Lancet 1991;337:929-933. (5.) Williams HG. 'And not a drop to drink'--why water is harmful for newborns. Breastfeed Rev 2006;14(2):5-9. (6.) Patel M, Pedreira C, de Olivieria LH, et al. Association between pentavalent rotavirus vaccine and severe rotavirus diarrhoea among children in Nicaragua. JAMA 2009;301(2):2243-2251. (7.) World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund. Clinical management of acute diarrhoea. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004. http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/documents/ who_fch_cah_04_7/en/index.html (accessed 31 October 2011). (8.) World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund. Handbook: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI), 2005 Technical Update. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005. (9.) World Health Organization. Implementing the New Recommendations on the Clinical Management of Diarrhoea: Guidelines for Policy Makers and Programme Managers. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006. (10.) American Academy of Pediatrics. Practice parameter: the management of acute gastroenteritis in young children. Pediatrics 1996;97(3):424-435. (11.) Sandhu BK. Practical Guidelines for the Management of Gastroenteritis in Children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001;33:S36-S39. (12.) Armon K, Stephenson T, MacFaul R, Eccleston P, Werneke U. An evidence and consensus based guideline for acute diarrhoea management. Arch Dis Child 2001;85(2):132-141. (13.) Jones SA Clinical pathway for pediatric gastroenteritis. Gastroenterol Nurs 2003;26(1):7-18. (14.) Hoekstra JH. Acute gastroenteritis in industrialized countries: compliance with guidelines for treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001;33:S31-S35. (15.) Migowa AN, Gatim B, Nduati R. Adherence to oral rehydration therapy among inpatient children aged 1-59 months with some or no dehydration. J Trop Pediatr 2010;56(2):103-107. (16.) DeCamp LR, Byerley JS, Doshi N, et al. Use of antiemetic agents in acute gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008;162:858-865. (17.) Levine DA. Antiemetics for acute gastroenteritis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009;21:294-298. (18.) Abba K, Sinfield R, Hart CA, Garner P. Antimicrobial drugs for persistent diarrhoea of unknown or non-specific cause in children under six in low and middle income countries: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Infect Dis 2009;9:24. (19.) Szajewska H, Mrukowicz JZ. Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: a systematic review of published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001;33(S2):S17-25. (20.) Guandalini S, Pensabene L, Abu-Zikri M, et al. Lactobacillus GG administered in oral rehydration solution in children with acute diarrhoea: a multi-centre European trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000;30:54-60. (21.) Passariello A, Terrin G, de Marco G, et al Efficacy of new hypotonic oral rehydration solution containing zinc and probiotics in the treatment of childhood acute diarrhoea: a randomised controlled trial. J Pediatr 2011;158(2):288-292.e1. (22.) Scrimgeour AG, Lukaski HC. Zinc and diarrheal disease: current status and future perspectives. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008,11:711-717. (23.) Bhutta Z, Bird S, Black RE, et al. Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:1516-1522. (24.) Scrimgeour AG, Condlin ML. Zinc and micronutrient combinations to combat gastrointestinal inflammation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009,12:653-660. (25.) Awathi S. Zinc supplementation in acute diarrhea is acceptable, does not interfere with oral rehydration, and reduces the use of other medications: a randomized trial in five countries. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006;42:300-305. (26.) Canani RB, Ruotolo S. The dawning of the 'Zinc Era' in the treatment of pediatric acute gastroenteritis worldwide? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006;42:253-255. (27.) Lazzerini M, Ronfani L. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(3):CD005436. (28.) Patro B, Golicki D, Szajewska H. Meta-analysis: zinc supplementation for acute gastroenteritis in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;28(6):713-723. (29.) Santosham M, Fayad I, Abu Zikri M, et al. A double blind clinical trial comparing WHO oral rehydration solution with a reduced osmolarity solution containing equal amounts of sodium and glucose. J Pediatr 1996;128(1):45-51. (30.) Mackenzie A, Barnes G, Shann F. Clinical signs of dehydration in children. Lancet 1989;2:605-607. (31.) Duggan C, Refat M, Hashem M, et al. How valid are clinical signs of dehydration in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996;22(1):56-61. (32.) Roland D, Clarke C, Borland ML, Pascoe EM. Does a standardised scoring system of clinical signs reduce variability between doctors' assessments of the potentially dehydrated child? J Paediatr Child Health 2010;46(3):103-107. (33.) Colletti JE, Brown KM, Sharieff GQ, Barata IA, Ishimine P. The management of children with gastroenteritis and dehydration in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 2010;38(5):686-698. (34.) Hartling L, Bellemare S, Wiebe N, et al. Oral versus intravenous rehydration for treating dehydration due to gastroenteritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;3:CD004390. (35.) Spandorfer PR, Alessandrini EA, Joffe MD, Localio R, Shaw KN. Oral versus intravenous rehydration of moderately dehydrated children: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2005;115:295-301. (36.) Gracey M. Nutritional effects and management of diarrhea in infancy. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1999;88(430):110-126. (37.) Walker-Smith J, Sandhu BK, Isolauri E, et al. Recommendations for feeding in childhood gastroenteritis. Medical position paper on behalf of ESPGAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997;24:619-620. (38.) Sandhu BK, Isolauri E, Walker-Smith J, et al. Early feeding in childhood gastroenteritis. A multicenter study on behalf of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Working Group on Acute Diarrhoea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997;24:522-527. (39.) Teka T, Faruque AG, Fuchs GJ. Risk Factors for death in under-age-five children attending a diarrhoea treatment centre. Acta Paediatr 1996;85(9):1070-1075. (40.) Victora CG, Huttly SR, Fuchs GJ, et al. International differences in clinical patterns of diarrhoeal deaths : a comparison of children from Brazil, Senegal, Bangladesh and India. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1993;11(1):25-29. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria D F Wittenberg, MB ChB, MD, FCP (Paed) (SA) Corresponding author: D F Wittenberg (firstname.lastname@example.org) Prevention of diarrhoea Full and exclusive breast-feeding Evidence Level A Rotavirus vaccination of all babies Evidence Level A Proper hand-washing hygiene Safe water Safe disposal of waste Drugs for diarrhoea Antibiotics do not improve diarrhoea Evidence Level A Andiarrhoeal mixtures and drugs are not useful Probiotics have variable effectiveness in specific circumstances Zinc acetate for 2 weeks reduces duration and recurrence risks Evidence Level A Vitamin and mineral supplementation should be given for deficiencies \|Gale Copyright:\|\|Copyright 2012 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.\|	<urn:uuid:d2ba96a4-9ff4-40e0-96bb-3fd2cc56e24d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.biomedsearch.com/article/Management-guidelines-acute-infective-in/280196911.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00008-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.855941	6,449	3	3
Think suicide is a rarity? Every year around the world, more than one million people take their own lives. That's a bigger toll than is taken by war and homicide combined. Yet despite the fact that it's so common, our society seems desperate to keep suicide a shameful secret. Dr. Nancy Rappaport knows a thing or two about suicide, and not just because she's a psychiatrist. Her mother took a deadly overdose of pills in the midst of a bitter custody battle in 1963, when Nancy was just four. But in an effort to make sense of her mother's death - and to dispel the many dangerous myths about suicide - she wrote a book, "In Her Wake: A Child Psychiatrist Explores the Mystery of Her Mother's Suicide." Keep clicking to hear what she has to say. It just might save a life... Myth: Suicide is caused by a single event Some people think most suicides are caused by a single shocking event, such as the loss of a job or a relationship or a death of someone close. In fact, mental illness is the key factor in most suicides. More than 90 percent of people who kill themselves are grappling with clinical depression, substance abuse, or another mental health problem. A crisis of some sort might trigger a suicide, but only when someone's finger is already on the trigger. Myth: Kids should be kept in the dark When there's been a suicide in the family, parents often think it's best to hide that knowledge from their children. But studies have shown that frankness is the better approach. Let the child lead the conversation, and answer their questions truthfully (but age-appropriately). Avoid euphemisms, which can be confusing to kids. Be sure the child knows he/she is loved and cared for, and that their emotional needs will be met. You'll probably revisit the conversation several times as the child grows up and his/her level of understanding grows. Myth: Suicide is the family's fault The family members of someone who dies by suicide are often tortured by feelings of guilt and shame - and "what if" questions. But even if there are problems within a family, the family is not what causes a family member to kill himself. Do families blame themselves if someone dies of a heart attack or cancer? No. They shouldn't blame themselves if someone dies by suicide. Then again, there are things parents can do to protect potentially suicidal kids. Steps include keeping guns out of the house and watching out for signs of depression, substance abuse, and signs of cutting or other forms of self-injury. Myth: Antidepressants cause suicide It's true that some antidepressants can slightly raise the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in adolescents and young adults, but suicide is far more common in people whose depression goes untreated. What's the best treatment for depression? Usually a combination of medication and psychotherapy - with the medication ideally under the close supervision of a psychiatrist. Myth: Suicide is a problem of young people Think old people don't kill themselves? Think again. People over 65 are a third more likely than teens and young adults to take their own lives. Risk factors for suicide in the elderly include the death of a loved one, physical illness or pain, social isolation, and major life changes. Depression in older people often goes untreated and unrecognized in the elderly. Myth: A failed suicide attempt means the person wasn't "serious" This is complicated. Ninety percent of people who survive a suicide attempt do not wind up dying of suicide - effective treatment being the key factor here. But people who try suicide once and survive are at much greater risk of making another attempt. The risk of another attempt is greatest during the first two years after an initial attempt. Myth: Talking about suicide can trigger a suicide If someone you care about seems suicidal, don't be afraid to ask, "Are you thinking about killing yourself?" That question is not going to push someone over the edge. In fact, it might prove life-saving. Make sure the person knows that you care and that you are there to offer support. Myth: Once someone decides on suicide, there's no way to intervene Suicidal people often change their minds when friends or family members step in. What can you do? Stay close, and encourage him to call a doctor. If suicide seems imminent, call 911 or escort him to the emergency room. Another great resource is the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK. Myth: Suicide occurs out of the blue Up to 75 percent of people who die by suicide do so after giving some sort of warning to a friend or family member. Warning signs include hopelessness, mood changes, agitation, increased substance use, and social isolation.	<urn:uuid:4c862665-c07c-45a3-ba4e-4ec185e97da0>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/suicide-9-deadliest-myths/7/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.964464	970	2.703125	3
Do you know who are affected by Bipolar disorder? In American adults there are around 5.7 million who are affected, which comes out to be about 2.6% of the population in the United States. This is just the people that are 18 and older. A study was done by the National Institute of Mental Health to come up with these numbers. There are bipolar kids and older people that are affected by this illness also. Most people will start to see symptoms of bipolar when they are around 25 years of age. However, there have been people who developed the Bipolar disorder in their early childhood and some will develop it when they are as old as 40 or 50 years of age. It doesn’t matter what your age, race, ethnic group or social class because men and women can develop Bipolar. According to the study done by the National Institute of Mental Health, more than two thirds of people who are living with Bipolar disorder will have a history of bipolar disorder in their family, which will usually be at least one close relative who has this illness or who has unipolar major depression. There are three times as many women than men who experience rapid cycling bipolar. Other studies show that women tend to have more depressive episodes and more mixed episodes than men do. Did you know that the bipolar disorder is the sixth leading cause of disability in the whole world? This study was done by the World Health Organization. Also according to studies, when it comes to suicides and bipolar disease there are as many as one in five people who have this illness will commit suicide. According to the statistical data there is 9.2 year reduction of life span with bipolar disease. If you feel you want to commit suicide, immediately call 911 and/or try to reach out to a relative or close friend as soon as possible. When it comes to children with bipolar and adolescents who have it, they usually have one parent who has the disorder. This isn’t always the case so you want to still watch for any symptoms of bipolar in your children just in case. Children who have parents with this illness will have a risk of 15% to 30%. If both of the parents have it then the risk will be increased to 50% to 75%. The bipolar disease is more common in youth as it is in adults. Adolescents that are of age 14 to 18 were found to have had criteria for this disorder or for cyclothymia at some time in their life. The study found that this was true in one percent of youth. According to statistics there is 20% of youth who deal with major depression, who will get Bipolar within a five year time frame from the start of the depression. There are 3.4 million children and adolescents who have depression in the U.S. can experience early development of the Bipolar disorder. When bipolar kids are having a manic episode they will be more likely to experience moods where they are irritable and they will often have outbursts which are destructive. They can then change moods in the blink of an eye and be elated or euphoric. If they get depressed they can even start having physical problems that will cause them to complain about having a headache, stomachache or being overly tired. They can also experience poor performance when at school, social isolation and sometimes they will even be extremely sensitive to rejection of any type or failure. It is imperative that you learn all you can about the bipolar illness, especially if your kid has it too. Getting help and finding the right bipolar disorder treatment is very important because if you let this illness go untreated you will soon find the symptoms will get worse.	<urn:uuid:5d1ef656-09d5-479d-ae81-d664aaaf2b9c>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://bipolarsymptoms.org/bipolar-statistics/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.98085	741	2.90625	3
Early in the novel (chapter 3), Mrs. Moore returns from the club and sees a small wasp asleep on a coat peg. She does not disturb it. Indeed, she seems to feel quite affectionate toward it, addressing it as "Pretty, dear." The wasp is a symbol of the unity of all life, as understood in the Indian religious tradition. Everything, even an insect, is a manifestation of Brahman. Mrs. Moore does not know this intellectually, but she is sympathetic to the idea of the oneness of the universe. Her reaction to the wasp shows she is in tune with this way of thinking. In the next chapter, the image of the wasp occurs again. The two English Christian missionaries, Mr. Graysford and Mr. Sorley, are in the habit of discussing the extent to which the animal kingdom might share in divine bliss (presumably after death). They discuss this question with their Hindu friends. Mr. Sorley believes that monkeys might be so blessed, but he is less sure about jackals, even though he thinks the mercy of God might well extend to all mammals. But he is uneasy, as a Christian, about extending this to wasps. The third occurrence of the wasp image occurs in Part 3, when Professor Godbole is performing the religious ceremony. Into his mind at almost the same time drift the images of Mrs. Moore and of a wasp, two images that "melt into the universal warmth." Since there is no sign that one is worth more than the other to him, this suggests the difference between the Indian and the Christian view of things. The green bird that Ronny and Adela observe and try to identify but cannot (chapter 8) symbolizes India. India is elusive; it cannot be neatly categorized. Categorization is the Western, but not the Eastern, approach to understanding. It relies on rational understanding, and is part of the scientific approach. But as far as India is concerned, "nothing is identifiable, the mere asking of a question causes it to disappear or to merge in something else." This is why India will always baffle and defeat those Westerners who seek to understand it. The Indians have a different attitude to understanding, as is shown in the following chapter, when Aziz recites poetry. The poetry reminds the Indians that India is one, a unity, but they grasp this at the level of feeling, not of intellect.	<urn:uuid:961f6de2-208f-4dab-a351-74c811b8f5b3>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.novelguide.com/a-passage-to-india/metaphor-analysis	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.964475	496	2.984375	3
A circular swimming pool has a diameter of 16 m, the sides are 4 m high, and the depth of the water is 3.5 m. How much work (in Joules) is required to pump all of the water over the side? (The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 and the density of water is 1000 .) so i tried weight= vol density integral .5 to 4 64000pidx Won't the work required to be done just be the gain in in gravitational PE of the entire water? The total mass of the water= Volume of the water(density) Now when the water is pumped over the side, the gain in gravitational PE is mg(4-3.5) = mg(0.5) =3448220.16 J ?????? Since the density is constant and the cross sections are constant we don't need an integral. So we think of the mass as being concentrated at the center of gravity here y= 1.75 and the distance 4 - 1.75 = 2.25 m weight is pi 6410009.83.5 Calculate weight dist = 6410009.83.5pi2.25 If you do integrate the limits are 0 to 3.5 you have 6410009.8pi integral[(4-y)dy]	<urn:uuid:fc69e321-910a-4b65-a96a-8209d9fe9062>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/98484-work-pumping.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.904143	300	2.703125	3
- Prayer and Worship - Beliefs and Teachings - Issues and Action - Catholic Giving - About USCCB We show our respect for the Creator by our stewardship of creation. Care for the earth is not just an Earth Day slogan, it is a requirement of our faith. We are called to protect people and the planet, living our faith in relationship with all of God’s creation. This environmental challenge has fundamental moral and ethical dimensions that cannot be ignored. God made the heavens and the earth and it was good. Humans are commanded to care for God’s creation. The land itself must be given a rest and not abused. All of heaven and earth belong to the Lord. All the earth is the Lord’s. Creation proclaims the glory of God. God loves and cares for all of creation. Creation reveals the nature of God. 1 Corinthians 10:26 Creation and all created things are inherently good because they are of the Lord. The environment is God's gift to everyone, and in our use of it we have a responsibility towards the poor, towards future generations and towards humanity as a whole. . . Our duties towards the environment are linked to our duties towards the human person, considered in himself and in relation to others. It would be wrong to uphold one set of duties while trampling on the other. Charity in Truth (Caritas in Veritate), #48, 51 Equally worrying is the ecological question which accompanies the problem of consumerism and which is closely connected to it. In his desire to have and to enjoy rather than to be and to grow, man consumes the resources of the earth and his own life in an excessive and disordered way. . . . Man, who discovers his capacity to transform and in a certain sense create the world through his own work, forgets that this is always based on God's prior and original gift of the things that are. Man thinks that he can make arbitrary use of the earth, subjecting it without restraint to his will, as though it did not have its own requisites and a prior God-given purpose, which man can indeed develop but must not betray. Instead of carrying out his role as a co-operator with God in the work of creation, man sets himself up in place of God and thus ends up provoking a rebellion on the part of nature, which is more tyrannized than governed by him. On the Hundredth Year (Centesimus Annus), #37 By accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. This link is provided solely for the user's convenience. By providing this link, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or	<urn:uuid:29358849-61a5-43ec-b61a-3a71679c05dc>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/what-we-believe/catholic-social-teaching/care-for-creation.cfm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956603	595	2.671875	3
3 Way Switch Video Safety tip - turn off the power or circuit breaker feeding the wiring you are working on. Avoid electrocution. Three way switches allow you to control a light or lights from two different locations. The 3 way switch has three screws plus the ground screw. That is one more than the standard light switch. The black screw is the important one. If the wired are connected to the wrong screw, the 3 way circuit will not work. In this example, the power comes into the first 3-way switch through a yellow wire. From that switch, there is a white wire, that is a little thicker than the other wires, that goes to the other switch. From the second switch, there is a yellow wire that goes to the light fixture. That is the basic wiring for this circuit. Normal electrical wiring consists on of three wires - black, white and bare (ground). Wire for a 3 way circuit requires four wires - black, white, ground and red. The incoming power wire (yellow in this example) has the three wires. Between the switches, there is a white cable with the four colored wires. The white from the yellow and white cables get connected to each other with a wire nut. The sends the neutral directly to the light bulb. The black wires and the red wire connect to the switches. The two ground wires are connected together and then connected to the grounding screw on the first switch. The black wire from the circuit breaker panel gets attached to the black screw on the 3-way switch. The black and red wires from the white cable running between the switches get connected to either of the two brass screws on the switch. On the other end, the two white wires are wire nutted together. One of the black wires gets attached to the brass screw. The red wire, running between the switches, gets connected to the other brass screw. The black screw has the black (common) wire that runs up to the light through the yellow cable. The two grounds are connected together and then to the green ground screw on the switch. To summarize, the black wire gets either the wire from the electrical panel or the wire going to the light. The brass screws get the travelers hooked to them. Those were the black and red in this example. Be safe.	<urn:uuid:fb2e3e0f-ef49-4576-850b-1a724e55eb44>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.askthebuilder.com/3-way-switch-video/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00122-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.929027	469	3.609375	4
Most believe reducing nutrients in Iowa's drinking water will take decades Weather a complicating factor, as is cost, reliance on voluntary strategies On the last day of February, the Des Moines River at Des Moines carried almost 1,000 metric tons of nitrate — enough to raise bumper corn crops on 10,000 acres. That single-day nitrate load — greater than the entire February monthly load in 32 of the last 42 years — provides insights into the impact weather can have on nutrient pollution as well as the difficulty in measuring progress in reversing that pollution. Record-high nitrate loads this winter on both the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers — source water for the Des Moines Water Works and its 500,000 customers — also illustrate the Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy’s lack of progress and provide continuing justification for the utility’s controversial lawsuit, according to Bill Stowe, its CEO and general manager. Two-and-a-half years into the nutrient reduction strategy, one of its principal authors says Iowans accustomed to rapid gratification and a 24/7 news cycle might be inclined to ask, “Are you done yet?” But accomplishment of the strategy’s overarching goal — a 45 percent reduction in nutrient pollution — will likely take generations and cost billions, according to John Lawrence, associate dean, Department of Economics, Iowa State University. University of Iowa hydrologist Keith Schilling says Lawrence is right. “This is a long-term process to measure (nutrient reduction) progress at the large watershed scale. It will take many years, if not decades, to see changes,” Schilling said. It would take a 20-year perspective just to even out the variability caused by wet and dry cycles, he added. Recent history, Schilling said, is replete with examples of huge fluctuations in nutrient loads — including the current pulse on the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers — that have much more to do with weather than with agricultural practices. A prime example, he said, is the drought of 2012, in which nutrients accumulated unused in the soil, followed by an extremely wet 2013, in which those excess nutrients leached out of the soil into surface water. All that weather variability complicates the detection of actual long-term, large-scale changes in nutrient levels, he said. Looking back to records dating to 1998, Schilling said “there really has not been much change at all (in nutrient loads or concentration) on a statewide basis.” Changes could be more easily observed by monitoring subwatersheds closer to installed conservation practices, he said. “The public is dying to see water quality improvements, but our monitoring is not geared up to show it,” Schilling said. ISU’s Lawrence, speaking Feb. 17 at the Iowa Soybean Association’s annual research conference in Des Moines, said Iowa has taken a “logic model” approach to measuring water quality improvements. “Ultimately, we want to see a reduction in nutrients in the water, but first we need to see changes on the land and in municipal water treatment facilities,” he said. Logic models, he said, describe the logical pathway to a long-term goal and define indicators for steps along the path. With a long-term goal of reducing nitrates and phosphorous in surface water, the steps preceding actual changes in the water, in the order in which they must occur, he said, are changes in people, changes in inputs and changes on the land. No sense of urgency Ann Robinson, agriculture policy specialist with the Iowa Environmental Council, acknowledges that reducing nutrient pollution is a long-term project requiring patience, but she wishes leaders would demonstrate a heightened sense of urgency. The council also believes, she said, that project leaders should be “less fearful about measuring what’s happening with the water.” When public money is spent in pursuit of a public goal, aggregated data documenting progress — or lack of it — should be made available to the public, Robinson said. State Sen. Rob Hogg, D-Cedar Rapids, the author of one of several plans before the Legislature to dramatically increase state funding for water quality improvements, also recognizes that it will take many years to accomplish the strategy’s goals. “But that should not take away from the sense of urgency needed to get it done,” he said. “We need to get on a trajectory that shows progress.” Will voluntary work? Both Stowe, of the Des Moines Water Works, and Francis Thicke, a former candidate for Iowa agriculture secretary, say the nutrient reduction strategy, with its voluntary conservation practices, is doomed to failure. “We’ve got to stop kidding ourselves about this voluntary thing,” said organic dairy farmer Thicke. Thicke, of rural Fairfield, proposes that farmers be required to formulate and adhere to a water quality plan that would contribute to the goals in the nutrient reductions strategy. Farmers would have the flexibility to determine how to achieve a tolerable level of nutrient loss. Cost-share programs could provide incentives, he said. Stowe said taking generations to solve a public health problem is not an acceptable outcome for the Water Works. “The lack of progress is exactly why we took legal action in the first place,” Stowe said, referring to the utility’s lawsuit against three northwest Iowa counties. The suit contends upstream underground tile drainage systems contribute to nutrient pollution, which threatens the Water Works’ customers’ health and increases Des Moines’ water treatment costs. Record nitrate loads Depending upon whom you consult, the lawsuit has either driven a wedge between farmers and city dwellers, jeopardizing the cooperation needed to reduce nutrient pollution, or provided a much needed sense of urgency in efforts to do so. Sixty percent of Iowans support the utility’s lawsuit as the right approach, according to a recent Des Moines Register/Mediacom Iowa Poll. Stowe said record nitrate loads this winter in the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers underscore that Iowa “is headed the wrong direction on water quality.” During January 2016, the nitrate loads in both rivers were far bigger than the comparable loads for every other January dating back to 1974, according to Chris Jones, a research engineer with the University of Iowa’s Hydroscience and Engineering Department. The load, a measurement of the weight of nitrates in the water, is affected by both the concentration of nitrates in the water and the volume of the water, both of which were dramatically increased by heavy December rains in the Des Moines and Raccoon watersheds. Those watersheds, Jones said, received from 4 to 8 inches of rain during December. With no living crops to take up water or nutrients and a mild winter to keep tile lines flowing, large volumes of water with high nutrient concentrations poured into the rivers all winter, Jones said. On the Raccoon River at Des Moines, the average nitrate concentration during the month was 11.5 parts per million, which compares with the average January concentration of 6.6 ppm in the years dating back to 1974. The level exceeds the federal safe drinking standard of 10 ppm. The Raccoon’s nitrate load in January 2016 was 4,700 metric tons, nearly three times that of the previous record load of 1,721 metric tons in January 1983 and more than 10 times higher than the average January load of 417 metric tons. January nitrate concentrations and loads also established records this year on the Des Moines River at Des Moines, according to Jones.	<urn:uuid:61a444c1-cb2b-43bf-ab3c-f1a9d01deae7>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.thegazette.com/subject/news/most-believe-reducing-nutrients-in-iowas-drinking-water-will-take-decades-20160313	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.944561	1,599	3.171875	3
This weekend is the time to turn back those clocks, and according to two scientists, time to be extra careful when walking during evening rush hour. At 2 a.m. local time Sunday, standard time returned. That means clocks should have been set back an hour. It also means that pedestrians walking around dusk are now nearly three times more likely to be struck and killed by cars than before the time change, the researchers calculate. Ending daylight saving time translates into about 37 more U.S. pedestrian deaths around 6 p.m. in November compared to October, the professors report. Their study of risk to pedestrians is preliminary but confirms previous findings of higher deaths after clocks are set back in fall. It's not the darkness itself, but the adjustment to earlier nighttime that's the killer, said professors Paul Fischbeck and David Gerard, both of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Fischbeck, who regularly walks with his 4-year-old twins around 6 p.m., is worried enough that he'll be more cautious starting Monday. "A three times increase in the risk is really dramatic, and because of that we're carrying a flashlight," he said. Fischbeck and Gerard conducted a preliminary study of seven years of federal traffic fatalities and calculated risk per mile walked for pedestrians. They found that per-mile risk jumps 186 percent from October to November, but then drops 21 percent in December. They said the drop-off by December indicates the risk is caused by the trouble both drivers and pedestrians have adjusting when darkness suddenly comes an hour earlier. The reverse happens in the morning when clocks are set back and daylight comes earlier. Pedestrian risk plummets, but there are fewer walkers then, too. The 13 lives saved at 6 a.m. don't offset the 37 lost at 6 p.m., the researchers found. The risk for pedestrian deaths at 6 p.m. is by far the highest in November than any other month, the scientists said. The danger declines each month through May. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety of Arlington, Virginaia, in earlier studies found the switch from daylight saving time to standard time increased pedestrian deaths. Going to a year-round daylight saving time would save about 200 deaths a year, the institute calculated, said spokesman Russ Rader. "Benjamin Franklin conceived of daylight savings time as a way of saving candles," Rader said Friday. "Today we know it saves lives." The risk at 6 p.m. in November, after daylight saving time ends, is 11 times higher than the risk for the same hour in April, when daylight saving begins, according to the Carnegie Mellon researchers. Fischbeck and Gerard used federal traffic fatality data that they've incorporated into a searchable database for different risk factors. Their analysis was not peer-reviewed or being published in a scientific journal. But it does jibe with other peer-reviewed studies that looked at raw fatalities. A 2001 study by John M. Sullivan at the University of Michigan looked at national traffic statistics from 1987 to 1997 and found that there were 65 crashes killing pedestrians in the week before the clocks fell back and 227 in the week after. Fischbeck and Gerard found the increase in fatality risk after the end of daylight saving time is only for pedestrians. No such jump was seen for drivers or passengers in cars. Once everyone "springs forward" to daylight saving time in April, there is a 78 percent drop in risk at 6 p.m., they said. But overall for the evening rush hour, turning the clock back is a killer. In seven years there have been 250 more deaths in the fall and 139 fewer deaths in the spring. "This clearly shows that both drivers and pedestrians should think about this daylight savings adjustment," Gerard said. "There are lives at stake." The time change does not apply in Arizona, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Which means that it's nearly pitch-black by 5:00 PM. And in about six months, just when it begins to get hot again, those same powers-that-be have us "spring forward" the clocks by an hour. Which means that its often well over a 100 degrees until nearly 9:00 PM. I wish that California's legislature was as smart as the people of Arizona. In Arizona, they're too smart to waste time fooling around with clocks. Labels: Our Times	<urn:uuid:73f51018-fedd-4bc3-9bb8-92555f72787a>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://educationwonk.blogspot.com/2007/11/semiannual-stupidity.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00119-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.964051	930	2.75	3
You only live once and it is best to live one’s life with one’s conscience rather than to temporize or accept with silence those things one believes to be against the interests of one’s people and one’s nation. —Vito Marcantonio in Congress June 27, 1950, the only Congressional voice opposed to U.S. intervention in the Korean War. Vito Marcantonio was the most consequential radical politician in the United States in the twentieth century. Elected to Congress from New York’s ethnically Italian and Puerto Rican East Harlem slums, Marcantonio, in his time, held office longer than any other third-party radical, serving seven terms from 1934 to 1950. Colorful and controversial, Marcantonio captured national prominence as a powerful orator and brilliant parliamentarian. Often allied with the U.S. Communist Party (CP), he was an advocate of civil rights, civil liberties, labor unions, and Puerto Rican independence. He supported social security and unemployment legislation for what later was called a living wage standard. And he annually introduced anti-lynching and antipoll tax bills a decade before it became respectable. He also opposed the House Un-American Activities Committee, redbaiting, and antisemitism, and fought for the rights of the foreign born. He was a bold outspoken opponent of U.S. imperialism. Illustration by Abner Diamond (1960). Diamond teaches communications at the Fashion Insitute of Technology in New York. He canvassed door-to-door for Marcantonio and this woodcut was inspired by the graphic artists of Mexico. Empire City: Vito Marcantonio’s New York The Manhattan into which Vito Marcantonio was born on December 10, 1902, was, like today’s city, a locus of great wealth and mean privation. The city’s ruling class were the confident arrogant leaders of the emerging American colossus. Lower Manhattan was headquarters for U.S. finance and industrial monopolies, J. P. Morgan and Standard Oil. The city was a manufacturing center as well. The garment, printing, shipping, and rail industries all needed cheap labor. New York’s population exploded with a flood of newcomers. Southern and eastern Europeans poured into dormitory neighborhoods—the Lower East Side, Little Italy, and East Harlem to name but a few—overcrowded, noisy, and fetid with garbage. In the first two decades of the twentieth century Manhattan’s population doubled, approaching nearly two and a half million. The city was a cacophony of accents and dialects. One person in four spoke almost no English. Vito Marcantonio was born on 112th Street and First Avenue in East Harlem, a geographic triangle that runs east from Fifth Avenue to the East River and north from 100th Street to the Harlem River. Built by speculators in the 1890s to take advantage of the Second and Third Avenue elevated railways’ quick access to downtown workplaces, East Harlem succeeded the slums of Little Italy as the residence of Italian working-class immigrants. In the 1940s and ’50s Puerto Ricans replaced their upwardly mobile forerunners, who moved to the suburbs. Today, with the city’s highest concentration of public housing, due almost entirely to Marcantonio’s legislative skill, the area’s population remains almost entirely Hispanic and people of color. Most East Harlem houses were old law tenements, built before the reform New York Tenement House Act of 1901. Typically a tenement was a six-story walk-up with four apartments to each floor. Only rooms facing front or back were sure to have windows. Privies were located in the backyard. With eighteen to twenty families, a building, including boarders and lodgers, might have as many as 150 inhabitants. Following passage of the act, new law tenements would be required to have a water closet on each floor and wider airshafts. Minimal fire proofing was required for halls and stairs, and every room was to have a window—even if it were only to face a wall some feet away. Little actually was done to improve old law tenements until La Guardia became Mayor in 1933, when small improvements, such as a workable fire escape, a lighted hallway, a toilet for each family were required. That is how the millions who made New York the richest city in the world lived. Indeed, until the Second World War, in East Harlem as well as the other slum neighborhoods, hot water and private baths were a rarity. Still, for its residents East Harlem was a vibrant community. Alan Schaffer, author of an early biography, Vito Marcantonio: Radical in Congress, notes that it was a neighborhood of many small single-owner retail shops: in the 1930s there were 685 grocers. More than 500 candy stores served as social centers, bases of operations for the small-scale illegalities of numbers and bookmaking, and places to buy ice cream and penny candy. There were 376 restaurants and 150 bars. And there were tailors, doctors, insurance agents, loan offices, churches, and funeral parlors. For the neighborhood’s impoverished working class the urge for self-betterment was paramount. Immigrant workers in the garment trades organized unions; in 1909 and 1911 more than 30,000 Italians and Jews struck for improved conditions and pay. Other industries—fur, printing trades, transit, and construction—attempted to unionize as well. The years before the First World War saw much labor violence in the city’s streets. In Little Italy many anti-clerical Italian immigrants joined anarcho-syndicalist circles. The Emergence of Vito Marcantonio Vito Marcantonio was born into a working-class family. His father, an ill-paid skilled artisan, proudly boasted that his own father had marched with Giuseppe Garibaldi, hero of the Italian nation. Young Vito’s community was as much Neapolitan as American. Shops offered the octopus, garlic, and chestnuts of the Southern Italian diet. But as colorful as the neighborhood may have seemed to outsiders, life was grim. An East Harlem block with 5,000 inhabitants was the most densely populated in the United States. The 1929 Depression had less impact on East Harlem than other areas because, as Ernest Cuneo observed in his biography Life with Fiorello, the community was so poor to begin with. A good student at Public School 85, young Vito excelled in history and public speaking. By 1917, when he went to DeWitt Clinton High School at 59th Street and Tenth Avenue, Vito was caught up in the radical currents of his community. The environment at DeWitt Clinton was intense; many saw school as the only way out of the grinding poverty and monotony of the slums. Some were motivated by a vision of middle-class success, the American Dream. But a large segment of Clinton’s students, Marcantonio included, were driven by trade union activism, social reform, and the vision of socialism. A significant event was a student assembly in 1921. Fiorello La Guardia, then president of the New York City Board of Aldermen, the guest speaker, was preceded by the eighteen-year-old Vito, who launched into an impassioned advocacy for social security and old-age pensions: If it is true that government is of the people and for the people, then it is the duty of government to provide for those, who, through no fault of their own, have been unable to provide for themselves. It is the social responsibility of every citizen to see that these laws for our older people are enacted. Deeply moved, La Guardia, gripped the youngster’s shoulder, and used his speech as the starting point for his own. Taking Vito under his wing, La Guardia encouraged him to go to law school. Marcantonio attended New York University Law School, while being actively involved in the adult education department of a newly-formed settlement house, Haarlem House (now La Guardia House). At Haarlem House Marcantonio met Miriam Sanders, a member of the professional staff. She was as different from him as night from day. A New Englander with family roots in Colonial America, she was eleven years older and five inches taller than Marcantonio. But she also shared his engagement with economic and social justice. They were married at New York’s Municipal Building in 1925. She remained in the background, giving him quiet support and invaluable counsel, while pursuing a long and productive career as a social worker, and, ultimately, director of Haarlem House. By the mid-twenties, Marcantonio had joined La Guardia’s law firm and began to cut his teeth in electoral politics. With the Democratic Party firmly in the corrupt hands of Tammany Hall, La Guardia operated from his own independent base. Marcantonio was instrumental in organizing the Fiorello H. La Guardia Political Association, the main mechanism for La Guardia’s successful East Harlem Congressional campaigns. La Guardia was usually able to get the Republican line on the ballot. When denied that line in the 1924 election, he won as a Socialist on the ticket headed by Robert La Follette for president. During the biennial congressional campaigns Marc (as nearly everyone now called him) also spoke almost nightly on street corners in Italian, Yiddish, and English for La Guardia. In 1930, La Guardia obtained an appointment to the United States Attorney’s office for Marcantonio. Ernest Cuneo, who was a law clerk for La Guardia at the same time as Marc, left a striking description of the young politician at work: Marc then took over the microphone and there ensued what can only be described as a mass phenomenon. He started slowly and spoke for some time. Then abruptly he struck his heel on the [sound] truck bed; it made a loud hollow noise and the crowd stirred. The cadence of his talk increased and soon the heel struck again. Again the pace quickened….His voice rose and now the heel struck more often with the beginnings of a real tempo. It began to sound like a train leaving the station. The crowd mirrored his growing excitement. At the climax, Marc was shouting at the top of his lungs and he was stamping his foot as hard and as rapidly as a flamenco dancer. The crowd pulsed to the rhythm and at last found release in a tumultuous, prolonged roar of applause. Because it was good theater, it was also good politics. In 1933, with Marcantonio as campaign manager, La Guardia secured the Republican nomination for mayor and was elected to the first of three terms. In 1934, Marcantonio used the La Guardia Political Association as his base for a successful run for Congress, like his mentor, on the Republican ticket. Marc’s campaign culminated in a huge rally at 116th Street and Lexington Avenue, the lucky corner at which La Guardia traditionally ended his campaigns. Sparked by a ringing endorsement from the mayor, to be repeated in every campaign as long as La Guardia was alive, the meeting concluded with another spirited speech from Marc in Italian and, this time, in Spanish. Marcantonio in Congress: Minority of One Just thirty-two years old, Vito Marcantonio must have cut a figure in startling contrast to the drawling Southern gentlemen in white linen suits who ran the House. Marc’s high-pitched, nasal, machine-gun rapid delivery bespoke the accent and street smarts of East Harlem. His three-piece, off-the-rack, broad-striped suits and beige fedoras—they resembled the wardrobe of Nathan Detroit in Guys and Dolls—did little to soften his persona of self-righteous belligerence. An unlikely Don Quixote had arrived to tilt at the windmills of power. In 1935 Congress met under extraordinary circumstances. It was the fifth year of the Great Depression. Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal had been buoyed by relief programs passed during the celebrated Hundred Days of 1933 and by the president’s radio rhetoric. But the economic recovery he had promised was still nowhere on the horizon. More than a quarter of the work force was still unemployed. Despair was rampant. To many, the Democrats and Republicans seemed bankrupt, a view held even by the few radicals who had been elected to the House. Marc began to stake out a political position not only far to the left of the major parties, but of the most zealous of the other radicals. Marcantonio opposed the military appropriations bill of 1935. He saw the ROTC provisions of the bill as forcing American youth to goose step through the classroom, as stifling liberal thought in our institutions, and as part of a strong tendency toward government by edict…an urge for regimentation. Marcantonio attacked the FDR administration’s Social Security bill as inadequate and supported a doomed alternative that provided for unemployment insurance covering all, to be administered by unions and farm organizations. Marcantonio took up the gauntlet for a stronger National Labor Relations Act; he called for a wealth tax; and he championed the outlawing of privately owned public utility holding companies. It was in support of this legislation—the Public Utilities Holding Company Act—that Marc took the floor and, in a speech which later became legendary in East Harlem and on the left as well, announced that he was a radical: If it be radicalism to believe that our natural resources should be used for the benefit of all of the American people and not for the purpose of enriching just a few…then, Ladies and Gentlemen of this House I accept the charge. I plead guilty to the charge; I am a radical and I am willing to fight it out…until hell freezes over. Marcantonio’s Congressional accomplishments were notable for a lawmaker outside the two-party machinery that superintended the Congress. In part his success was due to his diligence. Throughout his fourteen-year tenure, his attendance record was outstanding. He never missed a debate on important legislation and, whether a nominal Republican or, as he was after 1938, the sole representative of the American Labor Party (ALP), he was often the informal floor leader for liberal Democrats and others on crucial bills—organizing Congressional and public support, planning and directing parliamentary strategy. Marc was practical. Despite his view of administration funding requests for the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and other relief agencies as inadequate, he would fight for them as better than nothing at all. In 1939, an FDR request for $150 million was bottled up in committee by conservative Southern Democrats. Marc forced the bill to the floor (and to a vote) by daily tacking an obstructing amendment on every piece of minor legislation to come up. When one congressman asked for $400,000 to fight the pink bollworm in his state, Marcantonio retorted, One week from today 400,000 pink slips will be delivered to WPA workers. How about the $150-million for the unemployed? Marcantonio’s greatest legislative crusades were on behalf of two civil rights bills: the Anti-Poll Tax Act and the Fair Employment Practices Commission Act (FEPC). Marc introduced the first Anti-Poll Tax bill in 1942. When the bill was pigeonholed in the Judiciary Committee Marc began a slow campaign to obtain 218 signatures on a petition to force the bill to the House floor. He ensured that each signature, as well as the impassioned floor debate received maximum press coverage. Arguing that the abolition of the poll tax would extend democracy to disenfranchised Negroes and whites, he connected the bill’s passage to the war effort, saying, The continuance of the poll tax is discrimination and makes for disunity….Abolition of the poll tax abolishes this form of discrimination and makes for unity that is vital to victory. The bill passed the House, only to die in the Senate. Marcantonio succeeded in having it passed in the next session, using the same tactics, but it suffered the same fate. Marcantonio used similar tactics to garner support for legislation with strong enforcement provisions outlawing employment discrimination. Marc also clamored for a federally supervised absentee ballot for soldiers (to ensure that black GI’s would be able to vote in the 1944 presidential election). The opposition to both measures was led by the racist Mississippi Representative John Rankin who said the Gentleman from New York…is harassing the white people of the Southern States. Because the Democrats’ margin in the House grew smaller with each election, it made sense for the Democrats to court Marc. By 1942, Marcantonio had become the leader of the New York County American Labor Party. ALP endorsement, which Marc was in a position to determine, often was the margin of victory for Democratic candidates. Moreover Marcantonio had become nationally recognized. Civil rights, effective price controls, the rights of organized labor, and preserving the wartime alliance with the Soviet Union were all topics he addressed on nationwide radio broadcasts. In 1944 Harper’s magazine ratified Marcantonio’s growing status: At forty-two Marcantonio is well on his way to becoming a first-class national figure, though one of the most unorthodox sort. Heretofore, his influence in the Congress has been that of a gadfly, not a leader….Lately, however, he has shown real genius in turning his liabilities into assets, in playing the political interstices for all they are worth. But by 1946 FDR was dead, and his successor, Harry S. Truman, pursued an anti-Soviet Cold War foreign policy. Running on the slogan Had Enough? Republicans won both the House and the Senate for the first time since 1928. The New Deal coalition was dead. Despite this, Marcantonio was still able to weave his political magic. In April 1945 he had called on Secretary of Commerce Henry A. Wallace to investigate discrimination against African Americans in professional baseball, setting off a campaign that was to break the color line in the national pastime. In 1947 he supported an amendment offered by Adam Clayton Powell to desegregate public facilities in the District of Columbia. When Southern opponents of the legislation charged that the Bill would provoke race riots, Marc replied, Now we hear the same cry…in respect to a simple request that this Congress rise up to the dignity of the nation—the dignity the world expects us to rise up to, of practicing the fundamental precepts of Democracy for which men died, both black and white….This is Washington which many would make the Capital of the world. Are we going to hesitate to remove from the Capital of the United States the blot of discrimination and segregation? Unfortunately, Congress responded, yes. 1946 found most workers with sharply reduced real wages, a result of inflation during and especially after the war. Unions in auto, steel, electrical, coal, and oil industries struck, causing the loss of more working days in 1946 than in any year since. With increasing frequency, Marcantonio rose to oppose attempts to repeal the gains that had been made by organized labor. Marc told the House, Men do not strike for the fun of it. [They are] provoked by the scheming, uncompromising, unreasoning tactics of profit-bloated, tax-benefited corporations…beating the drums against American workers in order to intimidate Congress to pass anti-labor legislation. Marcantonio’s last leadership role in the House was his fight against the Taft-Hartley Act, the turning point in a formidable anti-union campaign that has lasted to this day and has reduced the U.S. labor movement to its current pitiable state. He spoke against the bill on the floor, asking, What is your justification for this legislation? A labor union, he explained, is a worker’s only defense against exploitation, You are making him free—and impotent to defend himself against any attempt by industry to subject him to the same working conditions that existed in the United States 75 years ago. You are giving him the freedom to become enslaved to a system that has been repudiated in the past not only by Democrats but also by outstanding progressive-minded Republicans….Under the guise of fighting communism you are, with this legislation, advancing fascism on American labor. Marcantonio’s greatest contribution in the fight against the bill was tactical. Convinced that public opinion could sway the Congress, he tried to hold up a vote to give citizens time to write, wire, or phone their Representatives. Employing a rarely-used procedural rule, Marc demanded a reading of all sixty-nine pages of the act, plus the lengthy report on it from the House Labor Committee. The national media, almost without exception supporting the bill, attacked him bitterly as a left-wing obstructionist. Marc continued to fight for labor, civil rights, and public housing. He spoke against Truman’s Cold War programs and was the only member of the House who refused to join a standing ovation for the President when he called for Marshall Plan aid for Western Europe. Seeing the Marshall Plan as Cold War legislation designed to bolster anti-Soviet policies, he consistently tried to revive the war-time alliance of the major powers. In 1948 he was the informal floor leader for the opponents of the Mundt-Nixon Bill, which effectively outlawed the Communist Party and required the listing of Communist front groups by the attorney general. But Marc was leader only by default; others were afraid to do more than cast a vote against it. Knowing there was no way to defeat the legislation, Marcantonio asserted, as he had done on other occasions, that history would judge the bill. He spoke not only to his colleagues but for the historical record. I know many will succumb to hysteria and others will give us the usual flag-waving and red-baiting, but let us look back in retrospect: 1798-1948, 150 years. The men who opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts—Livingstone, Madison, Jefferson—they constitute the bright constellations in the democratic firmament of this Nation; but those who imposed on the American people those tyrannies of which this bill is a monstrous lineal descendant have been cast into oblivion, relegated where mankind always relegates puny creatures that would destroy mankind’s freedom. In his remaining years in the House, Vito Marcantonio would speak his mind and vote his conscience, but he was alone. In 1950 he lost his seat. The same year, Richard M. Nixon won election to the Senate by asserting that his opponent, Helen Gahagan Douglas, had a voting record that was similar to Marc’s. Social Justice in the Neighborhood The Congress was only one arena in which Marcantonio represented the people who elected him. From 1935 on, Marcantonio returned to East Harlem from the Congress each weekend to the Fiorello H. La Guardia Political Association. There, Marc maintained a veritable neighborhood social-service clinic that he had started while La Guardia still represented the district. Seven days a week, spanning three decades, Marcantonio’s political organization dealt with the myriad problems of his constituents: health, citizenship, relief, workmen’s compensation, immigration, tenant, legal, and family issues. A visitor to the club in those days would climb a flight of stairs and enter a large meeting room arranged with rows of wooden folding chairs facing several desks, behind one of which sat Marc. The club would be filled with the hubbub of neighbors, staff, and local campaign aides, originally organized by Marcantonio as campaign volunteers for La Guardia. They served as poll watchers on election day, district captains, canvassers, and—from the earliest days—informal social workers. They were neighborhood Italian-Americans, and despite the sophisticated citywide political organization constructed by the American Labor Party for Marc’s campaigns, Marc saw them as the backbone of his political organization—and his friends. Constituents could discuss a problem with Marcantonio himself or with a volunteer drawn from a circle of teachers, lawyers, social workers, or a political aide who might phone a city agency to secure a relief payment, solve a problem at a local school, or find a job in a relief program. There was nothing new about this kind of help. Machine politicians had delivered turkeys at Thanksgiving, supplied coal at Christmas, and found patronage jobs as well. But the old-line local pols were in it for the business. If you couldn’t pay your rent, at the club you would find a loan shark. To get service from a city agency, you might have to buy insurance from the candidate’s brother-in-law. If the district leader helped you get a job, he’d expect you to kick back part of your salary. But with Marcantonio and his colleagues, there were no strings attached. He and his staff were available to everyone. Assistants actually sought out landlord-tenant problems. In the 1948 campaign a huge billboard fronting the club read, Don’t pay rent increases. If your landlord asks for a rent increase report here and I shall help you fight the real estate trust.—Your Congressman, Vito Marcantonio. The press tried to paint Marc as a typical big-city political boss running a spoils operation. But one reporter noticed that the Congressman required almost fanatically that no constituent, however lowly or troublesome, get the kiss-off. In response to a query about legal fees Marc wrote to a resident, As your representative in Congress I am most pleased to do whatever is proper and possible in this matter without any fee. He also held the volunteer lawyers, many of them from other ALP clubs, to the same standard. One reporter who spent a day with Marcantonio at his district office wrote, What do you make of it? The Congressman asked us. We said that a couple of days like that would drive us nuts. Well, said he, it’s what I get paid ten thousand a year for. It’s their dough. We also said that we were very grateful we were not a member of Congress. You probably have something there, sighed Vito Marcantonio. Did all this add up to a political machine? Yes and no. Certainly Marc was able to draw on his neighbors, who were shop workers, small businessmen, store-keepers, and even petty hoods. Also, there was the universe of the New York left. For each campaign, the ALP and other leftist groups like the Civil Rights Congress, International Workers Order (IWO), and the Young Progressives of America, along with members of local unions like the Department Store Union, United Electrical Workers, United Public Workers, the health care union, and others would flood the district with volunteer canvassers. They would visit voters in sixth floor walkups, distribute leaflets, and do the routine office work. Marc praised them, saying, There’s no substitute for door-bell ringing. Republicans don’t climb stairs. But this machine was voluntary: it was sluggish, inefficient, and inconsistent. Marc would demand that leaflets be written and printed overnight, and that sound-truck schedules and canvassing goals be met. Marcantonio’s papers, now archived at the New York Public Library, are filled with letters he wrote berating his captains for missing a meeting or union leaders who had failed to deliver on promises. If this was a machine, it often was, for him, one of frustrating ineptitude. The most important component of the Marcantonio phenomenon was Marcantonio himself. Gerald Meyer, in his definitive political biography Vito Marcantonio: Radical Politician, describes how Marc’s political style and personalism fit the traditional Italian culture of East Harlem. He was of the neighborhood and lived that way: he and his wife lived in a four-room rent controlled apartment on 116th street. His vision was a better society rather than heavenly salvation, but he felt his calling as powerfully as any priest. His life was quite austere. Although only those close to him knew it, he was a diabetic. He lived simply. He cared little for restaurants or luxuries. He never took a vacation in all the years he served in Congress. If there was another, less political side to Marc, it was intensely private. The whole story was Marcantonio in shirt sleeves in his office, orating on a street corner, or walking down 116th Street being greeted by young and old. Marcantonio’s principal strength comes from the hordes of Puerto Ricans enticed here from their home island, for the value of their votes, and subjected to pitiful poverty, which Marcantonio has done nothing to alleviate—except force thousands onto city relief. —Editorial, New York Daily Mirror, October 23, 1950 If today the Daily Mirror’s logic seems preposterous, one needs to remember that a major underpinning of U.S. Cold War delirium was hatred of the other. Puerto Ricans began to settle in East Harlem for the same reason others did: it was the only affordable neighborhood for the poorest immigrants. The community grew through the 1930s and in the ’40s immigration accelerated aided by the availability of inexpensive airplane flights. In the postwar years New York once again needed cheap labor. Fleeing desperate economic conditions in their colonial homeland, Puerto Ricans were ideal replacements for the now-retiring generation of European immigrants. As New York’s Puerto Rican population grew, they settled in other parts of the city, especially the South Bronx and Brooklyn. But El Barrio—East Harlem—remained the ethnic hub of the community. El Barrio was crowded and impoverished. Like the Italians nearby, the Puerto Ricans constituted a vibrant and diverse culture. In the years before the Second World War there were Spanish language cinemas, cafes and nightclubs, and an abundance of political organizations, some left-wing and pro-independence. Writing in 1950 in The Puerto Rican Journey: New York’s Newest Migrants, C. Wright Mills described El Barrio as a distinctly hermetic community. Ill-educated, originally rural, believing that their stay on the mainland was only temporary, Puerto Ricans lived outside of New York’s larger multi-ethnic culture, except for work. Few read newspapers and most of those who did read the San Juan daily El Imparcial (which was then in favor of Puerto Rican independence) rather than the local Hispanic papers, El Diario or La Prensa. In the 1920s, both the Socialist and the Communist parties built up sizeable followings in East Harlem. The Communists even sponsored a Spanish language paper, La Vida Obrera. It was the first of several papers published by them and the Spanish-speaking branches of the IWO. In the late ’30s and early ’40s reports on Marcantonio’s Congressional activities appeared regularly. When Marcantonio was elected in 1934, he ran poorly in Puerto Rican election districts, primarily because the Tammany machine provided traditional clubhouse services to that community. Perhaps reflecting Italian-American insularity, the Fiorello H. La Guardia Political Association was late in adjusting to the region’s changing demographics. However, Marc analyzed the voting data and immediately corrected this deficiency. Noticing that Puerto Rican voter turnout was small because most residents couldn’t pass the required English language literacy test, he arranged for the La Guardia Association and Haarlem House to offer classes in English literacy. But he also tried, unsuccessfully, to change the law, arguing that New York’s English language literacy test denied participation to voters simply on the basis of language. Marcantonio’s Congressional identification with Puerto Rico began in 1936 when he introduced the first bill calling for independence since the United States conquest in the Spanish-American War. Citing the export from Puerto Rico of capital and resources by North Americans—over $400-million in four decades—as the cause of Puerto Rico’s extreme underdevelopment and destitution, he called for indemnification as well as independence. During his Congressional career he introduced five bills for independence, the last in 1950 during his final term. When Pedro Albizu Campos, founder of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, was convicted of conspiring to overthrow the U.S. government, Marc immediately championed his cause. Leaving the continental United States for the only time in his life, Marcantonio flew to San Juan on July 31, 1936. Met by a group of prominent politicians, including Luis Munoz Marin, who would later become governor, Marc immediately agreed to serve as Albizu Campos’ lawyer. During his stay Marcantonio also spoke to two or three Nationalist Party meetings a day. In an island-wide radio address he asserted that the liberation of Albizu Campos was the most important issue facing Puerto Rico. His return to New York occasioned the largest mass demonstration in El Barrio’s history, prefiguring Marcantonio’s political relationship with that community. This is how the New York Times described the event: Ten thousand Puerto Ricans, representing a score of political and social clubs in the city, paraded for three hours through the streets of lower Harlem yesterday afternoon to protest the attitude and actions of Imperialistic America in making slaves [of the islanders]. Spurred by comments of Representative Vito Marcantonio who…denounced conditions there, the paraders shouted Free Puerto Rico, and Down with Yankee Imperialism, so loudly that thousands of other residents of the area, populated mostly by Negroes and Spaniards, leaned out of windows and over the edges of roof tops and added their protests to those of the demonstrators…. Thirty-eight years of American imperialism has converted the island of Puerto Rico into a slave country, he said, speaking from a sound truck parked between Fifth and Lenox on West 113th Street. Return it to the Puerto Rican people and then it will be a real country, with no tyranny of any sort. Marcantonio also took an interest in the economic life of the island. In 1935 he laid before the Congress a petition calling for an increase in the island’s sugar quota and successfully fought the sugar companies’ effort to eliminate the twenty-five cent minimum hourly wage. In 1939 he won extension of the Social Security Act to Puerto Rico. In 1940, opposing a 50 percent cut in a relief appropriation, he said, If you want to get an idea of how we have expropriated Puerto Rico, go to a street on one of the hillsides in one of the small towns and what do you find there? The only thing you find that is native is a bunch of bananas. All else on the shelves come from New York and the various other cities of the United States….Whenever Puerto Ricans make an attempt at establishing an industry it is destroyed by dumping from the States. Our ruthless imperialism has strangled the economic life of that country, and yet we here refuse to provide for the victims of a system imposed by us, which causes slow starvation to hundreds of thousands of people in Puerto Rico. We have no right to call ourselves an enlightened people until we at least give adequate relief to the people of Puerto Rico. History will condemn us for this cruel and inhuman treatment of a good people. In 1940 he called for a bill that would have made Puerto Ricans who worked on the mainland during the First World War eligible for veterans’ benefits. In 1944 he prevented a Treasury Department raid on rum tax revenues held by the Puerto Rican Treasury. But perhaps his greatest concern was the sad condition of education for Puerto Ricans. He noted that only 6.5 percent of their children attended high school in 1940, compared with 72 percent on the mainland. In 1946 he introduced legislation restoring Spanish, the tongue of nearly the entire population of the island, as the language of instruction in its schools. Personally lobbying President Truman to sign the bill he said that the U.S. imposition of English tampered with the fundamental pedagogical principle that instruction should be transmitted in the vernacular language of the students. He asked Truman to sign the bill, in the name of the children of Puerto Rico who are being tortured by the prevailing system…to fight cultural chauvinism and to correct past errors. Truman signed it. His frustration, especially in securing federal aid to Puerto Rican education, reaffirmed Marc’s commitment to independence. He said, Only independence will give these people the control of their own destiny, and through independence, with hard work and common effort, they can raise their standard of living, achieve greater security, and resolve their problems in their own way and in their best interest. Marcantonio’s positive reception in El Barrio was initially due to his strong positions on island issues, especially independence. His Puerto Rican constituents also approved of his support for labor and welfare legislation, which benefited them, as it did the rest of East Harlem. But his defense of El Barrio residents against discrimination won him his greatest support. In 1939 he objected to a psychological profile of Puerto Rican children based on a dubious analysis of IQ test scores. He said, Mr. Speaker, a most slanderous attack has recently been made on Puerto Rican children living in New York City. It has been made under the guise of a psychological report. It proves that there is such a thing as racketeering even in the field of psychology. This report is evidence of it. I have had this report investigated, and I hereby submit the findings which constitute the exposé of another fraud at the expense of a racial minority in our country. Marcantonio’s consistent engagement with the Puerto Rican independence movement contributed, in the end, to his defeat in 1950. The major parties ganged up on him with their coalition candidate identifying Moscow-echo-Marc[’s] support for independence with subversion. Then, just six days before the election, on November 1, 1950, two Nationalist Party members, Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to assassinate President Truman. Torresola was killed by Secret Service agents, but Collazo survived. Marc helped find a lawyer for Collazo who once had been Marc’s campaign aide. The newspapers and old-line politicians had a field day. In a last minute appeal to voters Marc wrote, Now is the hour for the true friends of Puerto Rico to gather to its side. Now is the hour for those who believe in democracy, liberty, and the self-determination of all peoples, to rise in the struggle for the liberation of Puerto Rico. As for me, I must say that I have been fighting for its liberty and defended the Puerto Rican people during the fourteen years I have been in Congress and in this hour of sorrow, when the cause of Puerto Rico needs more than ever its defenders, I am willing to intensify my efforts for its liberty and to dedicate all of my energies for the defense of Puerto Rico, regardless of what my enemies say about me. Puerto Ricans: I was with you yesterday, I am with you today, and I will be there tomorrow and all the days of my life. Insurgent Marcantonio: The American Labor Party Third-party politics had a long history in East Harlem by the time Marc first ran for La Guardia’s old seat in Congress in 1934. New York’s election laws made it relatively easy to get a party onto the ballot and permitted cross-endorsement. When Marc first ran for La Guardia’s Congressional seat, he had the Republican and City Fusion parties’ nominations. The City Fusion Party was created by Marcantonio and others the year before as a vehicle for voters wishing to support La Guardia for mayor, but unwilling to vote Republican. It provided the margin of victory. In 1936 Marcantonio was defeated in the Roosevelt landslide despite the backing of a local left-wing grouping, the All Peoples Party, a coalition of black, Puerto Rican, Jewish, and Italian workers, many of them Socialists and Communists, that supplied him with a second line on the ballot. Marc lost narrowly, collecting nearly a third of his votes on the All Peoples line. Characteristically, he did not brood over his defeat. He continued to serve East Harlem residents, pursued a labor law practice, and served as president of International Labor Defense. But he did appreciate the reasons for his loss. Despite broad nonpartisan support in the 1936 campaign, Marcantonio needed the local Republican Party for their line on the ballot. That had meant that he could not support FDR for reelection and that proved fatal in East Harlem. While campaigning for reelection in 1936, he watched with interest as the leadership of the needle trades unions formed the American Labor Party to secure the votes of left-wing, predominantly Jewish workers for Roosevelt and the liberal Democratic gubernatorial candidate, Herbert H. Lehman. That year Roosevelt and Lehman were the only ALP candidates. But Marcantonio immediately saw that the new party could hold the balance of power in local elections, giving leftists and liberals unparalleled political leverage. In the 1936 election, the ALP exceeded expectations. It drew a larger percentage of votes than the Socialist party previously had and achieved permanent ballot status. Much to the chagrin of the Tammany bosses, the leadership of New York trade unions, with the tacit support of FDR—and the open encouragement of Eleanor Roosevelt—continued to sponsor and finance the ALP as a permanent third party. Marcantonio began to work with the ALP almost immediately, enrolling as a member just two weeks after his defeat. Later in 1936, Marc’s All Peoples Party became the ALP affiliate in East Harlem. In 1937, the ALP became the linchpin of La Guardia’s strategy for reelection as mayor. When, in 1938, Marcantonio once again won the Republican nomination, running as an insurgent in the primary, the focus of his campaign had moved to the ALP. Following his return to Congress he listed himself not as a Republican but as the House’s only member from the American Labor Party, a designation he held throughout the remainder of his congressional career. By the early forties, Marcantonio was the acknowledged leader of the ALP in Manhattan. In those years, at the height of its political power, the ALP—and Marcantonio through it—controlled much city and state, and federal patronage, influencing administrative and legislative policy. In East Harlem it meant ever increasing electoral majorities—and often reelection without opposition—for Marc. But the ALP was not merely an electoral vehicle. In 1937 it published a Declaration of Principles supporting a conception of a welfare state far more radical than the New Deal. What distinguished the ALP from the major parties, though, was its direct appeal to class interests. Its name said Labor and an early slogan implored, Don’t scab at the ballot box. Another major factor, unforeseen by the anticommunist founding organizers of the ALP, was the support of the CP for coalitions with liberals and others. The CP encouraged its membership to work within the ALP almost from the beginning. In the late thirties Communist candidates continued to run for major statewide offices. But by 1941 nearly all of their electoral efforts were concentrated in the ALP, resulting in the formation of a powerful leftist grouping in which Communists played a major role. This grouping, which included many non-Communists as well, almost immediately found Marcantonio as its leader. Bitter fratricidal conflict broke out between them and the old Socialist-influenced garment union leadership of the ALP. There were numerous primary election battles for control of the ALP, with Marcantonio’s group winning control of its Manhattan organization in 1941. By 1944, his faction had won across the state and David Dubinsky, leader of the Ladies Garment Workers Union, and Alex Rose of the Hatter’s Union, withdrew and formed the anticommunist Liberal Party. Although never in control of the ALP, by 1948 Communists were a dominant force, leading every district organization in Manhattan, save those in Marc’s own district. It would be easy to dismiss the ALP, especially in its later years, as a Communist-dominated political movement and, thus, a victim of all of the disasters (both external and internal) that befell the Communists. In fact, despite the major role of Communists, the ALP included a wide range of liberals and other leftists. True, Communists constituted a strong and essential phalanx of experienced campaign workers, as Marcantonio recognized. But the Communists also needed the ALP as one of the few legitimate outlets for their organizational activity. In fact, support for the ALP was relatively broad. In the forties New York had what can only be described as a universe of the left, a culture of radicalism. The Communist Party, its newspaper, the Daily Worker, and other groups allied with them like the ethnically organized fraternal organization, the IWO, were important components of this culture. But there were not-quite-so-affiliated individuals who, for instance, read left-of-center newspapers like the experimental, advertising-free PM, its successor, the Daily Compass, and the moderate New York Post. What characterized this community was its interest in issues, personal as well as political. Intellectually curious and socially active, they believed passionately in the struggle against white supremacy, fascism, and antisemitism. With equal ardor they supported the rights of labor and equality for African Americans. But their political commitment lay with the ALP, which they saw as a vibrant, principled and democratic organization, not with the CP, whose secretiveness, hierarchical structure, dreary meetings, and catechized political positions they found alien. In Manhattan in the early 1940s Marcantonio’s—and the ALP’s—vote-getting strength made possible mutually beneficial electoral alliances with the Democrats. With La Guardia and FDR denying Tammany access to patronage, the old machine had nothing to lose in collaborating with Marc. ALP support for judges, State Assembly, and Senate candidates led to coalitions that elected not only liberal Democrats, but some ALPers as well. But if the ALP held the political balance of power in New York, it was not strong enough to win a city-wide election on its own. Of necessity committed to a variety of alliances, in 1945 Marc and the ALP made a controversial decision to support the Democrat William O’Dwyer for mayor in return for endorsement for some ALP candidates and support for ALP policies on housing, transit, and education. But the political climate was changing and shortly after the election, O’Dwyer reneged on his pledges to the ALP. In particular, he broke his promise to Marc to retain the five-cent transit fare. In 1947 the State Legislature passed a law preventing candidates from running in the primaries of parties in which they where not enrolled. The bill was widely acknowledged to have Marc as its target. The press called it the Anti-Marcantonio Act. In 1948, the American Labor party and Marcantonio supported the anti-Cold War third-party presidential candidacy of Henry A. Wallace. The campaign was marked by a crescendo of redbaiting hysteria. That year Marcantonio was denied both the Republican and the Democratic nomination. Even so, running for the first time on the ALP ticket alone, Marcantonio was reelected to his seventh Congressional term. The ALP had its last hurrah in 1949. Marcantonio sought the office of his mentor, La Guardia, running for mayor in an emotionally charged, viciously fought campaign. Redbaited from the start, Marcantonio waged a principled campaign: he supported a return to the five-cent fare, equal housing opportunity, and improved health and welfare services. As he did in all his campaigns, he connected small issues with large ones, explaining that the growing anticommunist hysteria and increased military expenditures directly affected deteriorating municipal services and the ever-mounting cost of living. New Yorkers saw Marc at his best. His campaign became a veritable classroom. Marc spoke all over the city—often a dozen or more times a day. On the Friday before election-day, in Greenwich Village, thousands gathered at Sixth Avenue and Bleecker Street to hear the dark-eyed, now-hoarse-voiced candidate ask his fellow New Yorkers to take control of their municipal destiny. Marc won great applause and the ALP scored its second-largest vote for a citywide office ever—more than 350,000. But O’Dwyer, seeking a second term, swamped Marc. It was the end of the ALP as a political force in the city. In 1950, Democrats, Republicans, and Liberals joined behind one candidate in Marcantonio’s district. Despite the largest vote Marc ever received in East Harlem, he was easily beaten. In the forties, in ALP factional disputes and primary battles Marcantonio and the Communists usually found themselves on the same side. Both committed themselves to the election of black candidates at a time when few had ever been elected. For Marcantonio the undertaking to secure black electoral representation was not, as the press maintained, another instance of subservience to the CP, but a matter of principle. Marcantonio and the ALP consistently supported Democrats and Republicans on the rare occasions they had nominated candidates of color. Marc, although he had clear political sympathies that would otherwise have drawn him close to the Communists, treated the party as he did other potential political allies. His fundamental commitment was to left political organization independent of the two-party system. So when, in response to Cold War attacks—and their own reassessment of political realities—Communist policy turned back to the mainstream, away from independent politics to an effort to influence the Democratic Party, Marc took exception. While never attacking the CP publicly, he vigorously defended the ALP and the idea of a third party. The issue came to a head during the 1953 mayoral campaign when Communists urged ALPers to abandon their ticket and support the Democratic candidate. Following a dismal ALP electoral performance, Marcantonio attacked Communist policy and resigned as state chairman of the ALP. In 1956 the ALP itself dissolved. Vito Marcantonio: Prophetic Politician I have stood by the fundamental principles which I have always advocated. I have not trimmed. I have not retreated. I do not apologize, and I am not compromising. —Vito Marcantonio, in his last speech to Congress Marcantonio accepted defeat defiantly, even with optimism. He returned to an active but penurious civil liberties legal practice Noteworthy was his successful defense of W. E. B. Du Bois in 1951. Like Marcantonio, Du Bois had refused to trim his sails. In his eighties, Du Bois was accused of running a Soviet-controlled peace advocacy organization. Despite the anticommunist and racist climate, Marcantonio won dismissal of all charges. Marcantonio also successfully defended the African-American leftist leader William F. Patterson, executive secretary of the Civil Rights Congress, charged with contempt by a red-hunting Congressional committee. Despite his political isolation, Marcantonio continued to serve his constituents as if he still held public office. Without political power, with no access to patronage, Marcantonio had to rely on old friends still in city agencies to solve problems. Nearly every day he would spend time, at what was now called the Vito Marcantonio Political Association, assisting his neighbors. At the same time he met with old campaign workers—former ALP, Democratic, and Republican precinct workers—to plan a 1954 comeback bid for Congress. The three-party coalition that had defeated him in 1950 had disintegrated. Moreover, the Cold War climate of fear was receding a bit. Senator McCarthy was in disgrace and the Korean War had ended. Marcantonio planned to run on an ad hoc independent ticket. Old allies and campaign workers gathered to raise money and stump the district for him. Seasoned politicos thought he might just make it. On the morning of August 9, 1954, Vito Marcantonio, only fifty-one-years-old, dropped dead of a heart attack in the rain on lower Broadway near City Hall. He had just been to the printer to pick up nominating petitions for his Congressional race. Even in death he was controversial. Although the ultra-reactionary Francis Cardinal Spellman overruled East Harlem clergy and denied Marc a Catholic funeral, twenty thousand neighbors paid their respects at a local funeral home, many placing religious medals in his coffin. At his funeral he was eulogized by W. E. B. Du Bois and his long-time friend, the neighborhood barber, Luigi Albarelli, among others. On August 12, thousands jammed the streets, fire escapes, and roofs to watch the funeral procession as Marcantonio left East Harlem for the last time. He was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, not far from Fiorello La Guardia’s grave. His red tombstone reads Vito Marcantonio: Defender of Human Rights. Songs from Marcantonio’s 1949 campaign for mayor of New York City, performed by Pete Seeger and The Weavers, among others, can be found at the MRzine Web site, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org. A Note on Sources In recent years there has been renewed interest in Marcantonio, his career, and his impact on his times. Historian Gerald Meyer has written an important political biography, Vito Marcantonio: Radical Politician 19021954 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989). The biography by Alan L. Shaffer cited above is Vito Marcantonio, Radical in Congress (Syracuse University Press, 1966). Recently back in print is I Vote My Conscience: Debates, Speeches, and Writings of Vito Marcantonio, edited by Annette T. Rubinstein and first published in 1956. It was reissued in 2002 by the Calandra Institute at Queens College of the City University of New York, and is available from it at 25 West 43rd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10036. The institute can be contacted by phone, (212) 642-2094, or by email, calandra [at] qc.edu. The new edition contains a bibliography of works about Marcantonio and a biography of Annette T. Rubinstein by Gerald Meyer. Annette Rubinstein is a radical activist, literary critic, educator, and was a political aide and campaign manager for Vito Marcantonio for much of his career. Both books have been indispensable sources for this article; this writer owes a considerable debt to Meyer and to Rubinstein.	<urn:uuid:5f097fb7-3161-4889-a1eb-5df71f0d18a3>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://monthlyreview.org/2006/03/01/rebel-in-the-house-the-life-and-times-of-vito-marcantonio/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973306	11,370	3.140625	3
or ALEX Ἄληξ : there is much discrepancy with regard to the aspirate), a small stream in the S. of Bruttium between Locri and Rhegium, which, according to Strabo (vi. p.260 ), formed the boundary between the territories of the two cities. Thucydides tells us that the Locrians had a small fort or out-post (περιτόλιον ) on its banks, which was taken by the Athenians under Laches (3.99). This has been magnified by geographers into a town of the name of Peripolium: but was evidently nothing more than a fortified post to guard the frontier. (See Arnold's note.) Strabo relates of the Halex the peculiarity assigned by other writers to the Caecinus, another river of Bruttium, that the cicadae on the one side of it were silent, and those on the other musical; and he cites from Timaeus a mythical explanation of the phenomenon. (Strab. vi. p.260 ; Timaeus, ap. Antig. Caryst. 1; Conon. Narrat. 5.) Diodorus gives another version of its origin, but describes the silence as extending to both confines, (4.22). The river Halex still retains its name with little variation as the Alice: its mouth is about 8 miles E. of the Capo dell' Armi, the ancient Leucopetra, and 15 miles W. of Cape Spartivento.	<urn:uuid:fc7088b8-be03-48a5-ac5d-94c315fcf6c6>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:alphabetic%20letter=H:entry%20group=1:entry=halex-geo&toc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DI	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.93161	338	2.765625	3
The average affluent black or Hispanic household lives in a poorer neighborhood than does the average working-class white household, showing that higher incomes do not always translate to upward residential mobility, according to a new analysis of census data. Researchers with US 2010, a project on recent American demographic changes, found that with only one exception – affluent Asians – minorities at every income level live in poorer neighborhoods than their white counterparts. The analysis, released today, looks at how minorities fare in major metropolitan areas, including many in California. Neighborhood poverty is associated with disparities in health, environmental quality, safety and public schools. "More is at work here than simple market processes that place people according to their means," US 2010 Project Director John Logan said in the report. "There is a substantial component of segregation that cannot be accounted for by income." Take, for example, affluent households – those whose annual income is above $75,000. From 2005 to 2009, the average affluent white resident lived in a neighborhood where 8.9 percent of households were poor (making less than $40,000 a year). But for affluent blacks and Hispanics, neighborhood poverty was 13 percent or higher. These figures reflect the racial and ethnic isolation in which minorities live, researchers said. Across the United States, black, Hispanic and Asian households live in neighborhoods with higher proportions of their own race and ethnicity than are in their greater metropolitan regions. The average black household, for example, lived in a neighborhood where 40.7 percent of residents were black, even though blacks made up 19 percent of the metropolitan region. "Residential segregation is not benign," Logan said in the report. "It does not mean only that blacks and Hispanics, Asians and whites live in different neighborhoods with little contact between them. It means that whatever their personal circumstances, black and Hispanic families on average live at a disadvantage and raise their children in communities with fewer resources." The report [PDF] looks at the metropolitan regions with the largest black, Hispanic and Asian populations; many are in California. In the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale and Oakland-Fremont-Hayward metropolitan divisions, for example, affluent blacks' exposure to poverty is 1.44 times greater than that of average whites. Nationwide, only in Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario and in Las Vegas-Paradise, Nev., are affluent blacks exposed to less poverty than average whites.	<urn:uuid:44686b95-ed95-49f4-af2f-239519781b3c>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/even-when-affluent-minorities-live-poorer-neighborhoods-11839	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00188-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957674	490	2.859375	3
Last week, energy researchers in Japan made a dramatic breakthrough that could have huge implications for the entire world’s energy, and since these two things are now inextricably linked, climate, future. For the first time ever, workers were able to successfully extract and burn gas from an undersea bed of methane hydrates, some 1000 feet below the floor of the Eastern Nankai Trough, 50 miles south of the Atsumi Peninsula. This is a big deal for several reasons. It’s a big deal because Japan, having backed away from nuclear power in the wake of the Fukushima disaster, is now importing about 84 percent of their energy. Importing puts a big drain on their economy and is helping to push them into a trade deficit. Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) estimates that there is 11 years’ worth of gas imports lying in the Nankai Trough alone. More broadly, Japan’s National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology estimates a potential 100 year supply of gas. Japanese officials claim that commercial scale production of these resources could be developed in as little as six years. But methane hydrates, also known as flammable ice, are not limited to the waters surrounding Japan. They are found throughout the world, both in undersea beds and also locked in Arctic ice. The U.S. Geological Survey has estimated that there are somewhere between 10,000 and 100,000 trillion cubic feet out there. To put that in perspective, that is an amount equal to, or greater than the total amount of all other fossil fuels on the planet. Estimates vary, but even the conservative ones say there is more than twice as much methane hydrate as there is natural gas. So, from a running-out-of-energy perspective, this is great news, assuming that the technical and logistical problems of safely extracting this fuel at commercial scale can be solved. But what does safely extracted mean. And what about the climate change impact? Matt McDermott at Motherboard claims that if Japan and others are successful in their exploitation of methane hydrates, it would be “game over” for the climate. Referring to Bill McKibben’s “terrifying new math,” which states that we can safely emit only another 565 gigatons of CO2 before things really start going haywire with the climate, that’s 565 when we still have 2,795 in existing proven reserves, not including these new methane hydrates which could essentially double that number. So, our struggling economy, which even George W. Bush said was addicted to oil, could be likened to an alcoholic walking past the open door of a bar just as the bartender yells out, “all drinks only ten cents.” It doesn’t mean he’s going to go in and buy a drink, but the temptation is going to be awfully strong. And if those in the position to be making decisions about these things are making those decisions based on anything other than the perspective of carbon emissions, they’re going to say, “This is too good of an opportunity to pass up.” Point taken. But there are other considerations. First of all, there is the possibility that, as the ocean continues heating up, the methane hydrate could thaw and directly release the methane, which is 21 times more potent than CO2, into the atmosphere. In that scenario, we would actually be better off burning the gas, converting it into CO2 and water vapor, than letting it escape as methane, though that is clearly a lesser-of-two-evils situation and a very dire one at that. If, the other hand, the gas is used as a substitute for coal, which it certainly would in Japan, where it still provides 20 percent of their primary energy, the net impact, at least in the short term, would be lower emissions. But then, this effort would likely draw resources and attention away from existing plans to develop renewable energy sources. Then there is the very real possibility that efforts to extract gas from these hydrates could result in significant releases of methane which would be extremely problematic, even to the extent of undoing billions of dollars and years of work spent trying to cut back in other areas. So we find ourselves, once again, confronting an energy opportunity with enormous potential risks. And as good as we are with developing and managing technology, both Fukushima and Deepwater Horizon should stand as fresh reminders to give considerable pause before letting the stakes get that high, if any viable alternatives exist; which, in this case, I think it’s fair to say they do. But, alas, there is more to this story. Researchers at the University of California, Irvine, have received foundation funding to study the opportunity and see if there was a way to safely extract this energy without adding to our growing carbon emissions problem. Their proposed solution would be to burn the methane hydrates at the bottom of the ocean, bring electricity up to the surface, and then sequester the carbon dioxide in the same rock lattice that they removed the methane from. “There are, of course, tremendous challenges and uncertainty regarding the in situ utilization of methane hydrates, but the ultra high pressure environment of the deep ocean offers some new ways to think about clean power production,” said Derek Dunn-Rankin, one of the study’s two leaders. All of this can be quite confusing, not to mention disturbing. How much of this push into more and more risky forms of energy production, is based on true need, in the absence of viable alternatives, and how much of it is, as I have suggested before, the actions of a very deep-pocketed energy industry using the prospect of lower prices to forestall any movement away from their products, regardless of the risks; be it offshore drilling, tar sands oil pipelines, fracking and now methane hydrates. All of these energy sources have been known for 40-50 years, but were considered either too risky or not economically viable at the time. What is driving the transformation of that viewpoint? Is it desperation or is it greed, or perhaps some combination of the two? The argument for replacing coal with gas is compelling and cannot be ignored, because of the substantial short term benefits. Gas emits essentially half as much CO2 per unit of energy. The need for gas as a bridge fuel has been pretty much universally accepted. But we need to think urgently of long term sustainability. Burning natural gas, despite these enormous reserves, is not sustainable because of the emissions. I’ve been saying for a while that even natural gas plants should be considering carbon sequestration, though that technology is far from proven and not without its risks. This is why I would not want to make it a primary source, which is clearly what the energy industry has in mind. RP Siegel, PE, is an inventor, consultant and author. He co-wrote the eco-thriller Vapor Trails, the first in a series covering the human side of various sustainability issues including energy, food, and water in an exciting and entertaining format. Now available on Kindle. Follow RP Siegel on Twitter.	<urn:uuid:45f6967c-0c34-46e4-bb10-1e334e98c93b>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.triplepundit.com/2013/03/methane-hydrates-energy-salvation-worst/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.965389	1,502	3.359375	3
Answered by E. Fuller Torrey, M.D.: For someone who has had schizophrenia for many years, an MRI is not indicated unless the person develops new neurological symptoms. However, for a person being diagnosed with schizophrenia for the first time, I believe that an MRI should be done to rule out other diseases that may cause symptoms similar to those of schizophrenia. Diseases that mimic schizophrenia and that may be detected by MRI scans include brain tumors, Huntington's disease, Wilson's disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, sarcoidosis, subdural hematomas, Kuf's disease, viral encephalitis, and aqueductal stenosis. Regarding the treatment of hallucinations and delusions, we now have a wide variety of less expensive, first-generation (e.g., fluphenzaine, thiothixene, haloperidol) and more expensive second-generation (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone) anti-psychotic medication. For most people, these medications will markedly reduce or even abolish hallucinations and delusions. Unfortunately, we do not yet have any way of predicting which individual will respond to which medication, so we medicate by trial and error. A detailed description of these medications, including their side effects, can be found in my book, Surviving Schizophrenia, 4th edition.	<urn:uuid:ec2e5152-a206-40f3-ae66-3060d5f3c0f4>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nash/sfeature/sf_forum_0503a.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.937349	289	2.59375	3
An in-depth survey of some of the most readily applicable essentials of modern mathematics, this concise volume is geared toward undergraduates of all backgrounds as well as future math majors. By focusing on relatively few fundamental concepts, the text delves deeply enough into each subject to challenge students and to offer practical applications. The opening chapter introduces the program of study and discusses how numbers developed. Subsequent chapters explore the natural numbers; sets, variables, and statement forms; mappings and operations; groups; relations and partitions; integers; and rational and real numbers. Prerequisites include high school courses in elementary algebra and plane geometry. Reprint of the Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., Reading, Massachusetts, 1961 edition. \|Availability\|\|Usually ships in 24 to 48 hours\| \|Author/Editor\|\|John Edward Hafstrom\| \|Dimensions\|\|6 x 9\|	<urn:uuid:b48a4ea3-bad8-41e0-ba11-2ef53120744d>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://store.doverpublications.com/0486497291.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.850671	178	3.375	3
Earlier this month, Dr. H. Dorota Halicka and colleagues from New York Medical College reported on a series of experiments showing activated vitamin D is both a natural antioxidant and helps repair damaged DNA. Humans live by burning (oxidizing) food and the byproducts of that oxidation damage your DNA. That’s why so many people take antioxidants like vitamins C and E. Halicka HD, Zhao H, Li J, Traganos F, Studzinski GP, Darzynkiewicz Z. Attenuation of constitutive DNA damage signaling by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Aging (Albany NY). 2012 Apr 11. [Epub ahead of print] Dr. Halicka and colleagues pretreated numerous tissues with activated vitamin D and then tested if vitamin D reduced the products of oxidative DNA damage in the treated tissue. In all cases, they found vitamin D did just that, sometimes rather dramatically. They report, “Treatment of cells of several cell lines with activated vitamin D led to induction of enzymes involved in protection against oxidative damage.” That is, vitamin D serves as a powerful natural antioxidant. Along the way, Dr. Halicka taught me that others recently discovered that vitamin D increases production of a powerful natural antioxidant, superoxide dismutase or SOD for short. Superoxide itself is one of the main reactive chemicals in the cell and SOD cuts it in half, turning one superoxide molecule into several less damaging molecules. Consequently, SOD serves one of the key natural antioxidant roles in the human body and the discovery that vitamin D increases it is a major one. When Dr. Halicka wrote, “Recent studies on gene profiling revealed that the DNA repair genes are among a multitude of genes whose transcription is induced by activated vitamin D,” I wanted to know more. What are DNA repair genes? How exactly do they work? How many total DNA repair genes does vitamin D increase? Are their mechanisms of action all different? What is the magnitude of the increase? Is the increase off the wall or just 20%? Does this mean that vitamin D is the main protector of your DNA? All they said was, “our data are consistent with the recent reports on the interaction between DNA damage and activated vitamin D . . . that leads to enhancement of DNA repair efficiency, and provide further support for the chemo-protective and anti-aging properties of this vitamin/hormone.” Actually, when you think about it, that’s quite a lot to say.	<urn:uuid:f8334669-f303-427d-9eb6-35022ced9213>	CC-MAIN-2016-26	http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/blog/vitamin-d-an-antioxidant/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.929729	526	3.296875	3

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