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In other words, dear Tiberius, I never did like you. | <0>1434<0>2151<0>291<0>1981<0>1488<0>1370<0>3592<0>589<0>4037<0>3173<0>2840<0>538<0>807<0>538<0>3377<0>3663<0>840<0>628<0>3574<0>208<0>1989<0>2307<0>3052<0>300<0>300<0>1370<0>2034<0>2794<0>649<0>1259<0>2648<0>1890<0>103<0>1762<0>1649<0>3180<1>3728<1>3783<1>210<1>880<1>3821<1>1168<1>3438<1>3138<1>853<1>2350<1>1889<1>142... |
After making room for small payments to every citizen in Rome, Augustus left the remaining third of his estate to his wife Livia, who the Senate was astonished to learn. He was posthumously adopting as his daughter. | <0>3695<0>1978<0>807<0>807<0>193<0>807<0>1117<0>3135<0>229<0>1981<0>1978<0>3927<0>1007<0>3962<0>545<0>1645<0>951<0>1982<0>724<0>446<0>300<0>628<0>2531<0>1582<0>2413<0>805<0>4044<0>1827<0>724<0>1370<0>1762<0>1675<0>2700<0>1989<0>3237<0>3237<0>19<0>219<0>3935<0>2735<0>1026<0>2151<0>2921<0>3150<0>3377<0>326<0>1370<0>1370<... |
The adoption would ensure that she would be allowed to maintain her power and position, drawing strength not because of her marriage to Augustus, which was now obviously at an end, but because she was his daughter, status that she could never lose. | <0>1434<0>623<0>546<0>521<0>490<0>1610<0>1526<0>1007<0>2092<0>1858<0>3776<0>193<0>2514<0>475<0>1370<0>2178<0>1124<0>390<0>3642<0>1473<0>3297<0>3840<0>3297<0>1846<0>2020<0>1362<0>1978<0>3297<0>234<0>2531<0>3253<0>2395<0>2703<0>1633<0>1168<0>559<0>2178<0>1838<0>2648<0>1488<0>2034<0>2191<0>3318<0>2796<0>3834<0>2153<0>1982... |
Henceforth, she would be known as Livia Augusta or simply the Augusta. | <0>568<0>3447<0>3695<0>1026<0>4008<0>1981<0>3946<0>2293<0>725<0>955<0>3622<0>3297<0>3798<0>919<0>3253<0>1370<0>1168<0>3904<0>2020<0>1114<0>546<0>830<0>2176<0>3705<0>1084<0>454<0>2338<0>2034<0>2700<0>2700<0>3116<0>443<0>562<0>3448<0>807<0>3180<0>2535<0>1320<0>1376<0>2239<0>3147<0>1277<0>2088<0>2341<0>173<0>1767<0>454<0>... |
The body of Augustus was born back to Rome, and the funeral procession he had laid out was carefully followed. The official funeral orations were delivered by Tiberius and his natural son, Deruces. | <0>2921<0>1007<0>898<0>2507<0>2922<0>679<0>807<0>2151<0>538<0>226<0>2176<0>2034<0>1095<0>1901<0>628<0>3918<0>2860<0>1111<0>4075<0>614<0>54<0>1762<0>614<0>1649<0>977<0>977<0>2492<0>3297<0>2152<0>3927<0>546<0>1981<0>3563<0>1973<0>3318<0>270<0>2137<0>917<0>724<0>1635<0>277<0>2566<0>1370<0>108<0>1969<0>1362<0>1734<0>1487<0... |
At this point, he also formally joined the pantheon of Roman gods and was forever after referred to as the Divine Augustus, whose pronouncements and policies took on an almost holy character. | <0>2324<0>3150<0>2543<0>2152<0>1883<0>3135<0>3519<0>390<0>443<0>2778<0>920<0>3189<0>807<0>86<0>627<0>3840<0>2199<0>2541<0>2865<0>1981<0>3135<0>3969<0>1962<0>1370<0>724<0>234<0>2549<0>2698<0>2034<0>3253<0>1114<0>54<0>3786<0>1370<0>614<0>1502<0>3798<0>321<0>321<0>1111<0>63<0>2551<0>3237<0>2239<0>1262<0>3642<0>2769<0>978<... |
Tiberius certainly justified many of the decisions of his early reign by pointing out that he was merely following the lead of the Divine Augustus. | <0>1418<0>807<0>807<0>291<0>1011<0>2404<0>3302<0>2505<0>1370<0>135<0>3834<0>1618<0>3665<0>175<0>1362<0>724<0>3105<0>3253<0>135<0>2020<0>3665<0>554<0>4072<0>3429<0>3117<0>3132<0>2687<0>445<0>2595<0>1370<0>3918<0>614<0>2416<0>1320<0>1222<0>3058<0>2293<0>2573<0>484<0>1675<0>1883<0>2070<0>1011<0>807<0>1620<0>3609<0>2627<0>... |
For example, in his final paperwork, Augustus implored Rome to stay within the settled boundaries of the empire. | <0>3052<0>3318<0>73<0>546<0>3642<0>1289<0>2535<0>2239<0>2007<0>1434<0>546<0>3832<0>1883<0>3404<0>3135<0>327<0>1741<0>929<0>321<0>1488<0>1370<0>3164<0>2293<0>2293<0>2293<0>2810<0>2151<0>1469<0>898<0>1746<0>2152<0>3695<0>1675<0>3136<0>1370<0>3962<0>2176<0>443<0>3516<0>2178<0>614<0>2573<0>353<0>2522<0>3927<0>901<0>3194<0>... |
This injunction was adhered to not just by Tiberius, but more or less by every one of their successors. | <0>3216<0>2070<0>193<0>1434<0>807<0>3404<0>2638<0>3642<0>3840<0>1690<0>1701<0>3720<0>1827<0>2034<0>389<0>2393<0>2416<0>54<0>1496<0>270<0>5<0>2648<0>1442<0>928<0>1992<0>614<0>2341<0>2034<0>2341<0>2972<0>2193<0>2307<0>1989<0>1989<0>2700<0>1981<0>3297<0>2541<0>898<0>2123<0>3896<0>270<0>524<0>3228<0>2293<0>1031<0>2151<0>34... |
The only real exception being Claudius's annexation of Britain and Trajan's campaigns in the early 100s, most of the fruits of which were immediately abandoned by his successor Hadrian anyway. | <0>2866<0>368<0>1846<0>1309<0>774<0>628<0>2034<0>2384<0>446<0>2001<0>283<0>3429<0>1688<0>1378<0>2092<0>1370<0>321<0>3675<0>1229<0>454<0>2876<0>3904<0>2034<0>2497<0>1849<0>3904<0>2897<0>2312<0>1639<0>3018<0>1370<0>3602<0>1277<0>2239<0>2293<0>1287<0>530<0>1903<0>1526<0>80<0>807<0>2581<0>2506<0>135<0>3660<0>2564<0>3705<0>... |
Over the course of his long life, Augustus changed the face of Rome. | <0>1981<0>1007<0>2196<0>2422<0>3962<0>898<0>1880<0>2196<0>3927<0>2020<0>3982<0>1370<0>2020<0>1370<0>628<0>3239<0>1219<0>2178<0>543<0>2921<0>2748<0>3935<0>898<0>3665<0>2543<0>538<0>2194<0>2323<0>1635<0>389<0>63<0>2338<0>30<0>1962<0>2876<0>2338<0>1370<0>3516<0>1762<0>2178<0>1056<0>3981<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<... |
He had taken it from shaky Republic to outright autocracy and ensure that the empire never looked back. | <0>3622<0>546<0>1441<0>839<0>546<0>2581<0>3194<0>2191<0>1370<0>1582<0>2009<0>2668<0>2010<0>3574<0>1370<0>1734<0>1111<0>1734<0>2178<0>1639<0>3097<0>2700<0>1989<0>3310<0>3285<0>1362<0>1680<0>1192<0>2034<0>1311<0>257<0>1136<0>321<0>1682<0>1973<0>2315<0>1756<0>2822<0>2307<0>2018<0>3164<0>2293<0>3883<0>807<0>546<0>1449<0>17... |
His institutional reforms cleared out most of the inefficiencies that threatened to drag down Rome's domination over the whole of the Mediterranean, while the ruthless purges of his enemies guaranteed that all the energy to go back to the old ways had been eliminated. The Republic was dead, but Rome would live. | <0>3622<0>2070<0>1547<0>3850<0>2556<0>226<0>546<0>2252<0>521<0>3563<0>1883<0>1857<0>253<0>1488<0>1762<0>234<0>2639<0>2293<0>2293<0>1973<0>807<0>1232<0>521<0>1442<0>3840<0>3840<0>1026<0>3297<0>919<0>3444<0>3642<0>326<0>254<0>2454<0>669<0>517<0>2741<0>1532<0>2003<0>2156<0>390<0>226<0>3545<0>3447<0>1981<0>1441<0>2152<0>28... |
His life was complicated, his motive sometimes pure and sometimes not, and historians and scholars throughout the ages have variously described him as a maniacal tyrant, a puppet of his wife, and a wise, benevolent dictator. | <0>874<0>1773<0>3404<0>2638<0>2102<0>3840<0>2285<0>2221<0>1981<0>1973<0>5<0>1059<0>3253<0>1277<0>614<0>614<0>1057<0>3179<0>1710<0>2769<0>3840<0>3840<0>2152<0>2762<0>2338<0>2416<0>3899<0>3809<0>3840<0>3132<0>1213<0>951<0>1762<0>1370<0>1025<0>2293<0>3014<0>2185<0>454<0>2531<0>3705<0>2054<0>3551<0>4072<0>1370<0>1370<0>357... |
He is almost universally referred to, though, as Rome's greatest and most successful emperor. | <0>4086<0>553<0>2543<0>1007<0>1117<0>3840<0>2903<0>3297<0>2196<0>3404<0>1883<0>3318<0>1880<0>2669<0>546<0>2176<0>2338<0>1370<0>2034<0>2338<0>1671<0>3224<0>2054<0>614<0>390<0>3310<0>1500<0>3253<0>1370<0>1762<0>2338<0>2972<0>628<0>3999<0>3519<0>2762<0>3665<0>803<0>724<0>2178<0>389<0>1213<0>118<0>208<0>2863<0>4044<0>2898<... |
Most believe that his long reign set the foundations for Rome's continued status as the preeminent power of the ancient world. | <0>1567<0>3404<0>3840<0>2921<0>3135<0>546<0>926<0>3297<0>2581<0>1715<0>2054<0>321<0>1981<0>1981<0>1192<0>243<0>1277<0>2573<0>1538<0>3660<0>2151<0>1211<0>3695<0>2151<0>2034<0>2032<0>584<0>1261<0>226<0>2185<0>3385<0>1370<0>2020<0>1370<0>1370<0>234<0>2972<0>1635<0>1649<0>2454<0>1671<0>493<0>1578<0>454<0>22<0>1362<0>3705<0... |
Whether this was a good thing or not depends on who you talk to. But there is no denying that Augustus was one of the most influential men in the history of the Western world. Now, he passes from the stage. | <0>3434<0>652<0>1309<0>3840<0>2151<0>3840<0>2769<0>3297<0>3695<0>2152<0>2921<0>3663<0>4067<0>2416<0>1370<0>1370<0>3882<0>1974<0>3310<0>2799<0>1710<0>807<0>2769<0>1618<0>649<0>649<0>684<0>805<0>1362<0>321<0>1136<0>1179<0>3918<0>614<0>2205<0>543<0>977<0>977<0>1442<0>1007<0>2151<0>291<0>2023<0>3642<0>3840<0>679<0>3194<0>2... |
Next week, we will plunge into the early years of Tiberius' reign as emperor and his rivalry with the charismatic and popular Germanicus. | <0>2023<0>2375<0>2638<0>4044<0>2054<0>649<0>3063<0>2178<0>3132<0>885<0>3180<0>690<0>1117<0>2548<0>1902<0>2837<0>3002<0>1547<0>2543<0>827<0>1370<0>1370<0>2020<0>2627<0>243<0>2531<0>2034<0>524<0>1642<0>122<0>951<0>628<0>3291<0>1576<0>3904<0>1370<0>1827<0>724<0>2030<0>3397<0>2054<0>1762<0>2176<0>1734<0>1025<0>2239<0>3063<... |
The young prince may have been oblivious to the fact that his popularity was far eclipsing that of his uncle, but Tiberius certainly wasn't. | <0>1224<0>368<0>1157<0>2396<0>691<0>807<0>1007<0>649<0>1547<0>3118<0>1579<0>234<0>649<0>614<0>2339<0>3253<0>3253<0>2008<0>1552<0>2034<0>254<0>3318<0>2648<0>390<0>2293<0>2156<0>359<0>73<0>73<0>1857<0>898<0>3404<0>1869<0>1370<0>628<0>2034<0>951<0>1442<0>389<0>3385<0>3982<0>618<0>1370<0>4075<0>1973<0>2034<0>63<0>2393<0>39... |
It's not that Tiberius was a bad emperor early on, just that he wound up playing the socially awkward Nixon to Germanicus' easygoing Kennedy. | <0>3402<0>1547<0>3791<0>1157<0>2422<0>538<0>3045<0>3663<0>3642<0>2656<0>538<0>1114<0>3117<0>614<0>4074<0>3339<0>2265<0>3451<0>2338<0>1370<0>1762<0>1370<0>1370<0>724<0>1827<0>1370<0>1370<0>1502<0>1989<0>3237<0>3147<0>390<0>1974<0>2156<0>2785<0>1773<0>3594<0>1547<0>2152<0>1846<0>3404<0>3974<0>1846<0>1649<0>484<0>3194<0>2... |
Germanicus' popularity, the expense of Tiberius, played right into the persecution complex that the emperor had carried around with him his whole life. | <0>811<0>807<0>2905<0>3725<0>3187<0>2152<0>2543<0>2921<0>1569<0>1883<0>1434<0>2176<0>3675<0>2181<0>3057<0>1277<0>3697<0>908<0>607<0>3840<0>3642<0>1211<0>3239<0>2172<0>2001<0>1277<0>2341<0>324<0>2547<0>1989<0>3058<0>2293<0>4011<0>1031<0>546<0>3798<0>2541<0>3591<0>3194<0>3297<0>3180<0>1025<0>1370<0>4044<0>193<0>9<0>1899<... |
So while we don't know for sure that he played a role in the untimely death of his nephew, the people of Rome certainly believed that he did, which did nothing for his popularity. | <0>2688<0>2151<0>3135<0>1867<0>3974<0>546<0>3840<0>3297<0>3840<0>1230<0>3592<0>3494<0>1653<0>3809<0>256<0>3194<0>1822<0>1370<0>1370<0>2505<0>2339<0>321<0>651<0>1488<0>3918<0>793<0>628<0>2185<0>2642<0>2531<0>724<0>724<0>120<0>723<0>1288<0>2034<0>234<0>253<0>2393<0>3705<0>2649<0>3574<0>614<0>1989<0>2700<0>3147<0>3237<0>3... |
This negative feedback loop aided Tiberius, but he took comfort in the fact that his own son, Jerusalem, now had no rival for the throne and would be able to follow in his father's footsteps. | <0>1434<0>3695<0>1654<0>901<0>926<0>546<0>3927<0>2838<0>1206<0>229<0>2303<0>1569<0>2835<0>3224<0>3918<0>2239<0>1989<0>1571<0>1007<0>3642<0>1434<0>2390<0>2648<0>1277<0>3950<0>1111<0>324<0>2369<0>1989<0>4036<0>3147<0>3147<0>1989<0>1287<0>1016<0>807<0>2152<0>2152<0>3906<0>1069<0>898<0>1981<0>3277<0>3404<0>724<0>2338<0>628... |
But when in 23 AD, Drusus either died from an illness or, more likely, was killed by his wife and her lover Sejanus, Tiberius lost the last thing keeping him grounded, which proved to be very, very bad for the citizens of Rome. | <0>1759<0>2976<0>3642<0>516<0>546<0>3194<0>3016<0>321<0>546<0>2353<0>3705<0>2393<0>192<0>2627<0>172<0>1378<0>2088<0>2239<0>2293<0>2293<0>3164<0>1978<0>3840<0>3695<0>538<0>1978<0>3185<0>1309<0>1675<0>1362<0>321<0>3663<0>165<0>1320<0>1168<0>1370<0>2178<0>724<0>5<0>2700<0>3545<0>3135<0>3962<0>321<0>1639<0>3882<0>2181<0>62... |
Christmas was not only, not widely celebrated, in many cases, uh, many places Christmas celebrations were actually outlawed. And this was because of the attitude of many of the churches who regarded it as primarily as a pagan celebration and as a reproach to the Lord. | <0>992<0>782<0>2404<0>941<0>73<0>2338<0>1512<0>73<0>277<0>3485<0>902<0>888<0>3163<0>2682<0>1115<0>2333<0>2980<0>2566<0>3726<0>3726<0>1512<0>1802<0>2006<0>2566<0>3229<0>7<0>4005<0>2560<0>2369<0>1960<0>888<0>2176<0>2092<0>1289<0>1029<0>3559<0>2088<0>1670<0>2209<0>2094<0>696<0>2097<0>3421<0>467<0>1179<0>156<0>316<0>2186<0... |
The pagan elements of Christmas is the whole concept of Yule and the Yule log. The very term is derived from, uh, | <0>194<0>1560<0>451<0>3229<0>888<0>1935<0>3609<0>1219<0>3985<0>3062<0>3545<0>1029<0>326<0>2369<0>625<0>1935<0>2513<0>3229<0>3229<0>2006<0>2081<0>3229<0>326<0>2369<0>2592<0>326<0>1064<0>2509<0>2011<0>1126<0>1126<0>2560<0>3786<0>2566<0>2499<0>2551<0>3203<0>3470<0>2979<0>1890<0>3229<0>2006<0>1064<0>2588<0>277<0>2513<0>251... |
was, uh, uh, cut down and, uh, fashioned into the, uh, fertility symbol and then burned, uh, for 12 days. And on each successive day, a, uh, a new sacrifice to the God Yule was performed, uh, uh, in the fire and a new sacrificial victim was, uh, was burned to death. | <0>3786<0>3050<0>1029<0>918<0>1179<0>2513<0>1628<0>244<0>877<0>2193<0>4063<0>3543<0>3973<0>3726<0>871<0>1075<0>3229<0>2566<0>3295<0>2796<0>1854<0>2513<0>2081<0>2513<0>973<0>1505<0>46<0>3229<0>3310<0>254<0>2094<0>1179<0>1064<0>3229<0>1512<0>2369<0>1029<0>888<0>285<0>3085<0>1253<0>3533<0>1734<0>1552<0>1552<0>2499<0>2369<... |
Sometimes, but not always, these sacrificial victims were human beings. And the whole notion of the 12 days of Christmas also comes to us from this, uh, Norse pagan tradition. | <0>1179<0>2047<0>2299<0>2796<0>3811<0>1935<0>2876<0>3626<0>3016<0>2311<0>3619<0>3619<0>3786<0>3920<0>326<0>1960<0>277<0>1960<0>3182<0>1552<0>68<0>1935<0>801<0>945<0>2239<0>2176<0>2097<0>2016<0>2949<0>2143<0>507<0>890<0>608<0>1837<0>890<0>1765<0>932<0>3044<0>2978<0>2296<0>2960<0>696<0>1126<0>3824<0>560<0>2369<0>1890<0>3... |
The Christmas tree was regarded, uh, as a, as a sacred tree. Uh, the, uh, the pagans of Northern Europe, uh, typically, uh, worshiped trees. They, uh, regarded trees, uh, and groves as sacred. So, uh, | <0>2860<0>136<0>3239<0>2857<0>316<0>284<0>2341<0>488<0>3461<0>1901<0>1651<0>488<0>986<0>3521<0>1750<0>2960<0>290<0>3521<0>2186<0>1002<0>1682<0>2913<0>2913<0>2176<0>3609<0>3715<0>888<0>3182<0>695<0>3229<0>2020<0>1395<0>3551<0>339<0>1552<0>3918<0>75<0>2315<0>1818<0>1602<0>3812<0>3007<0>4012<0>1256<0>1663<0>2373<0>2193<0>... |
The bringing of the tree into the house would be a way of bringing this supernatural source of blessing into your home. That was the whole idea that there were spirits who resided in the trees. | <0>1810<0>1029<0>1512<0>648<0>279<0>2047<0>2245<0>1390<0>1379<0>2477<0>525<0>3533<0>2913<0>3138<0>888<0>3609<0>3609<0>1948<0>2333<0>508<0>822<0>2857<0>3902<0>2796<0>1235<0>1299<0>544<0>1512<0>2006<0>3626<0>326<0>2796<0>2560<0>2592<0>978<0>1512<0>250<0>2092<0>2566<0>2239<0>1277<0>3085<0>2932<0>2565<0>612<0>1628<0>1450<0... |
Is another good example of a pagan element of Christmas. Santa Claus, as we know him today, is an amalgamation of several different traditions. But in most cultures throughout the world, you will find the existence of what is known as hearth god. | <0>90<0>2509<0>1512<0>3229<0>2560<0>3715<0>1296<0>1289<0>268<0>3533<0>244<0>4012<0>3657<0>2513<0>3715<0>3755<0>2055<0>2796<0>126<0>3628<0>998<0>2511<0>3533<0>2592<0>3626<0>2592<0>2877<0>2576<0>59<0>1560<0>855<0>2568<0>1284<0>244<0>2592<0>3626<0>2176<0>2092<0>3018<0>3165<0>4010<0>2551<0>4033<0>2267<0>2339<0>2369<0>3609<... |
One factor that has contributed to, uh, the paganization of Christmas, the complete paganization of Christmas has been the element of commercialism. | <0>635<0>2047<0>2513<0>4028<0>495<0>987<0>4028<0>888<0>3715<0>1178<0>316<0>3983<0>1064<0>1023<0>1278<0>1378<0>2673<0>2956<0>1064<0>3521<0>2566<0>524<0>1235<0>1907<0>1907<0>3375<0>3988<0>888<0>888<0>285<0>3102<0>2429<0>2700<0>3466<0>3466<0>3726<0>2239<0>2176<0>2700<0>2016<0>2047<0>178<0>2932<0>2186<0>2016<0>277<0>1930<0... |
It may seem odd to think of it in that context, but remember that Christ Himself identified the love of money. | <0>349<0>399<0>2775<0>1955<0>3920<0>2734<0>3385<0>3604<0>1930<0>525<0>2625<0>3533<0>3811<0>986<0>120<0>2568<0>947<0>782<0>3417<0>1907<0>274<0>1639<0>1907<0>3841<0>1376<0>2194<0>3235<0>1126<0>2006<0>2016<0>486<0>1510<0>1849<0>3018<0>888<0>888<0>1376<0>2193<0>488<0>888<0>1901<0>520<0>1628<0>1396<0>942<0>2477<0>2406<0>131... |
To highlight the pagan elements and to drive the overtly Christian elements further underground. | <0>59<0>495<0>1628<0>451<0>1810<0>1477<0>3726<0>3466<0>3726<0>3726<0>2980<0>2406<0>3102<0>656<0>467<0>2560<0>1758<0>4088<0>2511<0>515<0>2857<0>2038<0>349<0>1920<0>3251<0>2513<0>2566<0>3534<0>1235<0>1235<0>1806<0>1029<0>285<0>234<0>2566<0>1901<0>268<0>902<0>3983<0>888<0>1074<0>1074<0>1806<0>285<0>2311<0>2339<0>3322<0>27... |
of, uh, of your history, a supernatural knowledge of, uh, of your present, of your attitudes. He's keeping a list. He knows who's naughty and nice. Your parents don't even know that. | <0>1947<0>3138<0>2186<0>3138<0>937<0>274<0>1219<0>507<0>3091<0>3138<0>2149<0>3861<0>915<0>3816<0>2016<0>3390<0>71<0>3460<0>376<0>2565<0>326<0>2016<0>1512<0>235<0>2796<0>448<0>3354<0>316<0>3182<0>1259<0>140<0>612<0>888<0>3808<0>401<0>1239<0>888<0>2342<0>3609<0>1512<0>3250<0>2877<0>937<0>294<0>4010<0>2038<0>1898<0>1628<0... |
Qualities that, uh, provide a kind of a surrogate deity or a substitute for, uh, for God or for Christ. | <0>2042<0>244<0>207<0>2700<0>2770<0>645<0>234<0>283<0>5<0>1758<0>234<0>290<0>3534<0>244<0>1002<0>3898<0>290<0>5<0>279<0>507<0>902<0>2186<0>2176<0>140<0>1510<0>2796<0>2592<0>2992<0>1219<0>2176<0>2560<0>2857<0>2956<0>890<0>3584<0>234<0>234<0>4024<0>1750<0>2690<0>3998<0>2042<0>3344<0>2857<0>254<0>1628<0>2088<0>1510<0>234<... |
To my mind, the question is not so much whether to celebrate. | <0>2038<0>782<0>2047<0>2442<0>2843<0>3138<0>778<0>2913<0>3504<0>1980<0>2568<0>2690<0>2877<0>3521<0>2690<0>2038<0>3580<0>2047<0>2930<0>3208<0>2477<0>1064<0>2960<0>1745<0>910<0>2038<0>2857<0>888<0>3920<0>1665<0>2821<0>165<0>1780<0>1745<0>3521<0>2843<0>2646<0>4028<0>801<0>2219<0>612<0>1296<0>2566<0>1289<0>3965<0>3606<0>20... |
Christmas or even how to celebrate Christmas, but to be able to make any decision knowledgeably. | <0>4019<0>2899<0>1990<0>2804<0>3165<0>3918<0>2770<0>2930<0>3313<0>268<0>2186<0>113<0>1512<0>2016<0>3899<0>2796<0>2429<0>2038<0>801<0>3102<0>2592<0>2092<0>3918<0>1586<0>2984<0>771<0>511<0>2867<0>2566<0>2690<0>2867<0>2428<0>2467<0>3383<0>3383<0>575<0>4019<0>1277<0>888<0>2700<0>1026<0>1688<0>1750<0>656<0>284<0>1327<0>893<... |
Whether you celebrate it or you don't celebrate it, you should know why you're doing so. You should understand what the pagan roots of Christmas are, and with that knowledge, you can discount them or ignore them if you choose to do so. | <0>443<0>1628<0>1064<0>2932<0>855<0>801<0>1235<0>888<0>1330<0>2566<0>292<0>1806<0>888<0>2625<0>3237<0>443<0>663<0>2724<0>532<0>290<0>2568<0>888<0>3629<0>326<0>274<0>1825<0>2566<0>1289<0>2065<0>2568<0>75<0>1173<0>2930<0>2930<0>724<0>3918<0>2186<0>888<0>3145<0>633<0>1628<0>140<0>4033<0>233<0>1358<0>1688<0>2568<0>2186<0>9... |
When the Emperor Gratian was overthrown and murdered by the General Magnus Maximus in 383 AD, a game of high stakes political chess kicked off that wound up lasting for five years before Checkmate was finally declared. | <0>1981<0>690<0>4049<0>3536<0>1618<0>2837<0>1675<0>3404<0>3591<0>2848<0>3187<0>1238<0>2338<0>443<0>2898<0>2123<0>2176<0>2927<0>2298<0>3579<0>998<0>1502<0>552<0>3299<0>2683<0>1370<0>2338<0>2338<0>2338<0>1649<0>1311<0>3579<0>1074<0>290<0>3076<0>1827<0>1442<0>2123<0>614<0>1502<0>2756<0>2396<0>1238<0>1857<0>1502<0>3705<0>1... |
Along the way, the three imperial courts would use every means at their disposal to gain the upper hand, be they diplomatic, religious, or martial. Those of you who have read ahead know how the game turns out. | <0>1883<0>1981<0>2102<0>2898<0>2176<0>2499<0>1846<0>1846<0>2747<0>287<0>1989<0>2239<0>2921<0>3840<0>1026<0>2799<0>850<0>1442<0>1732<0>2748<0>1328<0>3974<0>998<0>2339<0>68<0>1762<0>3534<0>954<0>289<0>289<0>289<0>1153<0>1594<0>291<0>1230<0>679<0>29<0>3297<0>3297<0>3297<0>517<0>2690<0>2756<0>3798<0>3239<0>3927<0>2178<0>21... |
But the five-year quasi-partnership between Maximus, Valentinian II, and Theodosius is a fascinating little period that wound up having profound consequences for the history of the Western world. | <0>2700<0>2799<0>2436<0>2102<0>898<0>1043<0>2684<0>1941<0>2934<0>3985<0>94<0>1981<0>2921<0>29<0>2575<0>321<0>2877<0>2178<0>2821<0>1154<0>3328<0>3913<0>2984<0>1603<0>1095<0>3123<0>3918<0>807<0>3143<0>3867<0>679<0>3642<0>1196<0>3052<0>2239<0>3236<0>869<0>2700<0>2054<0>1007<0>2339<0>1441<0>3118<0>3297<0>2023<0>3180<0>3910... |
Especially in the always tricky field of church-state relations. | <0>3913<0>1805<0>1857<0>2151<0>1010<0>2646<0>2178<0>3123<0>1108<0>2754<0>3237<0>2239<0>1848<0>3297<0>3353<0>104<0>405<0>1218<0>1765<0>3977<0>1284<0>1486<0>2038<0>1180<0>3347<0>2646<0>1899<0>1830<0>2959<0>3027<0>1219<0>1219<0>619<0>1108<0>3805<0>2907<0>1031<0>2338<0>4068<0>2756<0>432<0>1510<0>1025<0>283<0>4074<0>1552<0>... |
Following the execution of Gration, which was ordered by overzealous subordinates, I swear, | <0>1973<0>3899<0>934<0>325<0>1811<0>507<0>1442<0>1206<0>1150<0>2716<0>1857<0>2353<0>3143<0>2848<0>3785<0>2178<0>1329<0>2898<0>1370<0>3795<0>1723<0>1873<0>1502<0>1335<0>3913<0>810<0>3018<0>1441<0>1007<0>2507<0>2315<0>3840<0>3472<0>551<0>619<0>2499<0>2541<0>1618<0>4075<0>1620<0>1981<0>3663<0>141<0>2921<0>1981<0>2338<0>64... |
Maximus advanced on Trier, took the capital without a fight, and set up an imperial court for himself. | <0>1989<0>196<0>679<0>3443<0>1310<0>2354<0>1328<0>3592<0>3472<0>3837<0>3401<0>2626<0>326<0>2324<0>954<0>2315<0>2034<0>1756<0>3579<0>1649<0>1120<0>1989<0>3003<0>3018<0>3472<0>2748<0>1230<0>3695<0>219<0>1777<0>3404<0>1846<0>1955<0>3840<0>1370<0>1370<0>1578<0>1136<0>3516<0>2924<0>1649<0>2307<0>3143<0>3297<0>2354<0>3470<0>... |
With a boy emperor reigning in Milan, and a likely ally in Theodosius reigning in Constantinople, | <0>2669<0>3404<0>147<0>3135<0>2422<0>3777<0>3118<0>679<0>2921<0>3404<0>2921<0>1981<0>3439<0>3297<0>3123<0>1168<0>2178<0>614<0>2548<0>2548<0>1639<0>1639<0>3913<0>2435<0>19<0>1007<0>1883<0>1883<0>3935<0>611<0>1206<0>1056<0>2163<0>3404<0>1883<0>2422<0>3968<0>1277<0>1376<0>2353<0>1206<0>3808<0>1370<0>1723<0>1873<0>3239<0>2... |
And he would be the unchallenged ruler of the Western Empire. | <0>3116<0>3469<0>219<0>2152<0>289<0>196<0>833<0>289<0>1206<0>1206<0>3497<0>1973<0>3328<0>1849<0>2648<0>3151<0>3143<0>3902<0>1734<0>2054<0>3027<0>2312<0>165<0>797<0>1219<0>1222<0>559<0>2038<0>3705<0>2163<0>679<0>2864<0>1136<0>2170<0>2683<0>2629<0>543<0>1989<0>98<0>3116<0>2307<0>1108<0>3466<0>3109<0>289<0>3297<0>196<0>33... |
So rather than press on with a military offensive, Maximus chose to instead launch a diplomatic offensive. He would later consider this to be his greatest mistake. | <0>283<0>2404<0>4075<0>2178<0>443<0>3946<0>1805<0>390<0>2044<0>2700<0>1981<0>521<0>2191<0>3359<0>3297<0>196<0>1973<0>521<0>2921<0>1883<0>998<0>1074<0>1168<0>1982<0>2152<0>2921<0>538<0>1578<0>2034<0>2649<0>1747<0>103<0>2178<0>1331<0>3470<0>3579<0>3762<0>3116<0>3237<0>3237<0>3237<0>196<0>679<0>291<0>3187<0>1603<0>679<0>3... |
When the court in Milan got word of Gratian's death, they decided to send Bishop Ambrose north to Trier to have a chat with Maximus and field the general out. | <0>1441<0>1309<0>679<0>2422<0>2510<0>47<0>1596<0>3962<0>3135<0>1883<0>954<0>3404<0>1569<0>443<0>1488<0>1762<0>1219<0>5<0>2338<0>1723<0>1667<0>348<0>1552<0>1288<0>180<0>175<0>3762<0>3029<0>2156<0>924<0>924<0>3967<0>2070<0>926<0>3832<0>3927<0>644<0>1024<0>3973<0>1205<0>3695<0>3297<0>871<0>3981<0>1261<0>3695<0>1620<0>2907... |
They knew that as a devout Nicene, Maximus would be willing to listen to what the bishop had to say, rather than just dismissing him out of hand like he might some random official. | <0>196<0>1773<0>690<0>1022<0>3618<0>3626<0>833<0>2581<0>1989<0>3695<0>3927<0>2543<0>2152<0>3840<0>3443<0>1219<0>3297<0>3642<0>3143<0>446<0>2353<0>289<0>3123<0>1639<0>1649<0>955<0>2676<0>1025<0>1567<0>2748<0>3822<0>1857<0>3404<0>3592<0>2972<0>3840<0>954<0>289<0>2921<0>2339<0>3297<0>5<0>724<0>1074<0>2152<0>1703<0>196<0>6... |
And the court of Milan needed Maximus to listen to Ambrose and then keep listening and then keep listening. | <0>2427<0>679<0>2339<0>2541<0>1902<0>3168<0>1981<0>1883<0>1883<0>1883<0>649<0>1025<0>2239<0>3328<0>2185<0>289<0>1501<0>2581<0>1277<0>3705<0>2531<0>1849<0>4044<0>432<0>3665<0>283<0>1488<0>2020<0>4044<0>2105<0>1277<0>1936<0>2838<0>807<0>954<0>1370<0>1639<0>2972<0>3066<0>2307<0>2700<0>2700<0>3237<0>3147<0>4007<0>1579<0>32... |
Long enough to allow them to blockade the Alpine passes into Italy. | <0>1108<0>2615<0>2541<0>2221<0>3277<0>3404<0>1857<0>1026<0>3840<0>1955<0>1370<0>1370<0>2178<0>1639<0>1667<0>2178<0>3913<0>2548<0>545<0>3404<0>3949<0>2335<0>926<0>289<0>289<0>1303<0>3151<0>1488<0>1455<0>3516<0>1277<0>3339<0>2756<0>3239<0>1552<0>1114<0>175<0>2244<0>1688<0>648<0>3095<0>429<0>3840<0>2675<0>2393<0>3762<0>39... |
Ambrose played his part to perfection and stalled for time like a seasoned diplomat. | <0>1150<0>1190<0>2368<0>1902<0>3277<0>2569<0>3946<0>1007<0>546<0>2161<0>1547<0>2705<0>2170<0>1370<0>2551<0>3837<0>1618<0>3385<0>1362<0>3246<0>3540<0>3429<0>1502<0>1639<0>3072<0>623<0>679<0>1578<0>326<0>2541<0>545<0>3947<0>2315<0>1618<0>175<0>1370<0>3798<0>614<0>3579<0>2526<0>389<0>1578<0>1899<0>1377<0>234<0>1277<0>2509... |
At first, Maximus came out strong and demanded that young Valentinian come north at once, as a son comes to his father. | <0>4029<0>746<0>934<0>1157<0>3404<0>3695<0>2324<0>807<0>1542<0>3592<0>517<0>1578<0>403<0>1442<0>3579<0>3545<0>1582<0>934<0>2123<0>1883<0>614<0>3123<0>2092<0>1277<0>649<0>3118<0>3297<0>3297<0>1074<0>3697<0>2178<0>724<0>2054<0>2054<0>196<0>3386<0>1494<0>3328<0>1502<0>1219<0>2265<0>2338<0>290<0>552<0>1192<0>2338<0>3386<0>... |
Believing that the court of Milan had no backbone and that the mere threat of invasion would make them all wilt. | <0>3180<0>3840<0>1547<0>1286<0>3297<0>3297<0>3297<0>196<0>3962<0>321<0>1778<0>165<0>614<0>1488<0>3151<0>2178<0>390<0>2156<0>2521<0>1200<0>1206<0>3840<0>2669<0>3705<0>3705<0>3107<0>390<0>1639<0>1639<0>2700<0>2156<0>4007<0>3642<0>679<0>234<0>724<0>3439<0>3642<0>2172<0>2921<0>1981<0>1010<0>867<0>1883<0>3297<0>1277<0>30<0>... |
Ambrose stalled by saying that it was crazy to expect Valentinian and his mother Justina to make such a journey with winter settling in, but maybe it would be possible in the spring. | <0>3622<0>1190<0>2368<0>1157<0>2420<0>2315<0>2762<0>1020<0>3962<0>2548<0>2548<0>2566<0>1680<0>2454<0>3927<0>1741<0>289<0>3297<0>546<0>2949<0>3840<0>3022<0>443<0>446<0>291<0>850<0>2985<0>1377<0>1899<0>1762<0>2354<0>2921<0>3171<0>2239<0>2054<0>1136<0>2178<0>234<0>3293<0>1635<0>3328<0>3123<0>1688<0>3328<0>1962<0>135<0>121... |
When Maximus pressed, Ambrose told the general that he did not actually have a mandate to make guarantees of that sort, and that he would have to go back to Milan to receive further instructions. | <0>3014<0>1007<0>954<0>807<0>807<0>1552<0>432<0>2338<0>1649<0>1331<0>2510<0>3171<0>1578<0>3310<0>2700<0>1108<0>2700<0>1199<0>1798<0>2748<0>3404<0>256<0>326<0>1617<0>2615<0>3626<0>2627<0>1756<0>2178<0>3579<0>443<0>196<0>2581<0>77<0>2353<0>1206<0>3297<0>2922<0>3404<0>807<0>3187<0>2016<0>531<0>1136<0>771<0>1639<0>1168<0>1... |
Maximus would have to wait a little while for a formal answer to his demands. Not too much longer, just please be patient. | <0>120<0>3987<0>3187<0>1026<0>3840<0>2152<0>3832<0>3003<0>3297<0>1309<0>1639<0>1499<0>3720<0>2748<0>3277<0>2626<0>1117<0>2626<0>926<0>2575<0>3135<0>2185<0>1846<0>1846<0>2499<0>68<0>1680<0>1136<0>1311<0>1552<0>443<0>175<0>978<0>1488<0>2548<0>2548<0>3991<0>3328<0>326<0>1747<0>1502<0>1636<0>234<0>504<0>1667<0>2178<0>2225<... |
Time successfully bought, Valentinians generals were able to position troops in the passes, and by the time Maximus realized that the whole thing had been a giant stall, it was too late. | <0>1857<0>3404<0>3465<0>679<0>3927<0>3832<0>1978<0>1594<0>1857<0>1846<0>3297<0>321<0>2697<0>1111<0>3469<0>2239<0>869<0>3466<0>3116<0>2980<0>3899<0>3840<0>3135<0>2875<0>3968<0>3297<0>3297<0>3837<0>2867<0>2595<0>2178<0>1192<0>2338<0>2338<0>321<0>2564<0>475<0>1117<0>2921<0>234<0>1074<0>3253<0>3429<0>2848<0>2185<0>1180<0>2... |
He had critically misjudged the loyalty of the Milan court to the House of Valentinian. | <0>3284<0>3968<0>1232<0>353<0>2456<0>1902<0>1401<0>1957<0>2921<0>3297<0>954<0>546<0>1205<0>2957<0>3695<0>3974<0>1026<0>5<0>2178<0>2020<0>2176<0>2427<0>3310<0>289<0>196<0>234<0>1219<0>614<0>2548<0>1883<0>196<0>2921<0>3403<0>1488<0>1370<0>3733<0>432<0>3195<0>1973<0>3151<0>2143<0>5<0>2338<0>1639<0>2178<0>2569<0>3968<0>329... |
And any chance he had of a swift and total victory was now gone. | <0>4052<0>1118<0>1306<0>3297<0>860<0>900<0>3968<0>1007<0>2335<0>2353<0>3453<0>2927<0>3579<0>1667<0>5<0>1578<0>2354<0>1846<0>2420<0>2569<0>77<0>437<0>3328<0>3052<0>1218<0>1846<0>2499<0>1074<0>2730<0>2589<0>2338<0>1951<0>104<0>2700<0>2018<0>2700<0>1108<0>234<0>3609<0>3579<0>614<0>2898<0>1883<0>1649<0>1649<0>2921<0>3981<0... |
Maximus had reason to expect better treatment from Theodosius, but again, he was let down. | <0>3837<0>3447<0>3316<0>2315<0>2211<0>3927<0>3748<0>807<0>1117<0>1117<0>1011<0>2769<0>2185<0>3328<0>649<0>103<0>1552<0>559<0>2639<0>353<0>2541<0>2595<0>2338<0>2354<0>3705<0>2924<0>1502<0>2338<0>165<0>3307<0>3043<0>1635<0>3253<0>1762<0>165<0>3698<0>391<0>1578<0>3762<0>2018<0>2700<0>2700<0>2700<0>3052<0>954<0>256<0>2099<... |
The General's envoys arrived in Constantinople and basically said, Gratian is dead, Maximus is in charge, please sign here. | <0>196<0>2152<0>645<0>2375<0>978<0>3972<0>2199<0>3310<0>3118<0>3297<0>2123<0>3974<0>3472<0>3434<0>443<0>1192<0>1680<0>1192<0>3808<0>1277<0>1552<0>3246<0>1442<0>1552<0>3328<0>2178<0>3516<0>2178<0>614<0>443<0>1488<0>1982<0>2357<0>900<0>3143<0>2848<0>2338<0>3253<0>1578<0>2338<0>2419<0>23<0>611<0>1007<0>900<0>3832<0>2152<0... |
But when these envoys returned to Trier, they did not have with them the specifics of a power sharing agreement between Theodosius and Maximus, so much as they had, well, nothing at all. Theodosius just ignored their demands. | <0>2324<0>417<0>1007<0>546<0>850<0>3927<0>3987<0>2626<0>1721<0>3277<0>3404<0>3187<0>1007<0>3057<0>956<0>691<0>2799<0>900<0>3798<0>1762<0>2700<0>2239<0>955<0>3237<0>2700<0>196<0>679<0>1547<0>1725<0>1501<0>2099<0>2581<0>3297<0>3987<0>1136<0>491<0>1190<0>3840<0>1981<0>3131<0>2921<0>3642<0>3297<0>3626<0>389<0>326<0>234<0>2... |
Not even bothering with a response, the Eastern Augustus had decided to just sort of pretend like the whole thing hadn't happened. So this left Maximus thoroughly vexed. | <0>3419<0>2748<0>291<0>1501<0>1957<0>2099<0>1981<0>1883<0>3404<0>807<0>2388<0>954<0>3516<0>1192<0>1578<0>3660<0>1883<0>3783<0>1981<0>2191<0>326<0>289<0>703<0>3143<0>3166<0>3509<0>1434<0>54<0>348<0>2038<0>2404<0>2687<0>2298<0>2538<0>1578<0>2756<0>2756<0>4073<0>3364<0>172<0>3041<0>4044<0>2338<0>3579<0>2338<0>1639<0>3705<... |
The Imperial officials down in Italy weren't supposed to be closing ranks around a 12 year old. | <0>3303<0>553<0>3359<0>83<0>3512<0>651<0>1618<0>3695<0>1386<0>1370<0>2338<0>3935<0>3695<0>3840<0>3297<0>440<0>2627<0>797<0>724<0>684<0>2239<0>2193<0>2700<0>196<0>1441<0>484<0>2295<0>3695<0>1734<0>1370<0>389<0>2038<0>294<0>1378<0>1973<0>1370<0>1114<0>2338<0>2924<0>1219<0>30<0>324<0>2354<0>2338<0>2338<0>3705<0>3733<0>297... |
And his old friend Theodosius wasn't supposed to be giving him the cold shoulder. What the hell was going on around here? | <0>3014<0>3642<0>2152<0>1978<0>2123<0>2921<0>1978<0>3297<0>234<0>1206<0>1206<0>1614<0>2151<0>2191<0>3379<0>432<0>2972<0>3665<0>955<0>2700<0>1989<0>2646<0>3003<0>196<0>1978<0>3277<0>147<0>1703<0>1846<0>1370<0>2338<0>2038<0>294<0>289<0>3609<0>649<0>1502<0>1899<0>1632<0>1639<0>1639<0>2338<0>651<0>2675<0>2354<0>616<0>1846<... |
Luckily for Maximus though, everyone else was pretty much as vexed as he was. | <0>3545<0>3135<0>2102<0>1039<0>2422<0>3840<0>2848<0>1857<0>1981<0>1981<0>3404<0>2354<0>5<0>432<0>446<0>5<0>1370<0>443<0>2178<0>740<0>1989<0>2646<0>3762<0>2325<0>1473<0>1230<0>978<0>3512<0>2745<0>1309<0>1007<0>3783<0>1552<0>2338<0>2338<0>3018<0>1218<0>475<0>3297<0>1117<0>1675<0>1301<0>2754<0>180<0>3904<0>2338<0>234<0>13... |
All three imperial power centers had enough troops to fend off an attack from one of the others. | <0>1218<0>1765<0>1765<0>2221<0>3987<0>3439<0>954<0>3822<0>3974<0>3974<0>2669<0>559<0>2697<0>3151<0>2354<0>3579<0>2730<0>1747<0>3973<0>1614<0>2239<0>2985<0>746<0>898<0>3927<0>3447<0>1973<0>2708<0>3385<0>2034<0>2338<0>1578<0>63<0>2199<0>3695<0>3297<0>3705<0>3151<0>3151<0>2338<0>1114<0>517<0>280<0>3239<0>611<0>1578<0>3151... |
But none of the three could muster a force large enough to overrun one of the others. | <0>2700<0>1675<0>2348<0>3837<0>3297<0>1157<0>3443<0>2191<0>2338<0>2338<0>3239<0>2416<0>2627<0>978<0>3307<0>2054<0>2898<0>2354<0>2338<0>1136<0>3982<0>1370<0>2354<0>3168<0>1680<0>2338<0>3733<0>1502<0>3579<0>326<0>2531<0>2054<0>1370<0>1219<0>2339<0>3135<0>1618<0>196<0>1488<0>3516<0>2338<0>1486<0>2054<0>3579<0>3991<0>3023<... |
So Theodosius could refuse to recognize Maximus, but he couldn't yet march into Gaul and displace him. | <0>3534<0>2151<0>2921<0>2848<0>3560<0>3472<0>3840<0>1658<0>3378<0>2404<0>3545<0>807<0>3307<0>2338<0>1747<0>1206<0>289<0>3837<0>3166<0>1192<0>1820<0>1499<0>684<0>1502<0>1804<0>3660<0>679<0>1010<0>3509<0>2354<0>1639<0>2178<0>3665<0>2105<0>2700<0>3466<0>3237<0>2239<0>3097<0>1981<0>256<0>289<0>833<0>1309<0>3906<0>3837<0>47... |
Maximus could hold the western provinces, but he couldn't yet push his way into Italy without a heavy fight. | <0>196<0>807<0>807<0>3867<0>3798<0>517<0>3665<0>2338<0>1488<0>2994<0>2020<0>2020<0>1370<0>1578<0>1951<0>1639<0>1218<0>2541<0>1304<0>2099<0>1578<0>432<0>5<0>1541<0>2104<0>2104<0>1001<0>2293<0>1025<0>807<0>2848<0>3695<0>820<0>3837<0>2848<0>3663<0>3212<0>3180<0>2848<0>538<0>2705<0>3516<0>1377<0>826<0>1277<0>2007<0>459<0>3... |
Sure, in the spring of 384, Theodosius marched to forest horde Illyria, but that was mostly a PR stunt to show that he was doing something about the problem of Maximus. | <0>3540<0>379<0>1729<0>1618<0>690<0>2152<0>2199<0>2921<0>475<0>3297<0>2420<0>3614<0>3840<0>1011<0>3776<0>3861<0>103<0>3029<0>1488<0>2338<0>1578<0>2032<0>1486<0>1762<0>1723<0>3076<0>2338<0>1502<0>1311<0>175<0>3902<0>2972<0>1578<0>1488<0>3470<0>3354<0>3151<0>1370<0>443<0>2339<0>475<0>2176<0>552<0>3579<0>2639<0>1743<0>229... |
Clearly though, he never had any intention of crossing the mountains. | <0>3310<0>3987<0>291<0>3840<0>1671<0>1762<0>2178<0>1649<0>2987<0>390<0>353<0>2152<0>807<0>1304<0>1007<0>219<0>3642<0>4037<0>3409<0>623<0>1206<0>2581<0>2185<0>1938<0>2419<0>1300<0>1667<0>3307<0>1632<0>2178<0>2456<0>1136<0>1578<0>2278<0>1502<0>1502<0>2034<0>2898<0>2038<0>1455<0>1578<0>1172<0>602<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>20... |
But that didn't mean that Theodosius was actually doing nothing. | <0>1442<0>2151<0>513<0>643<0>1446<0>1547<0>3353<0>1238<0>289<0>3297<0>3840<0>3760<0>1206<0>2581<0>3404<0>2338<0>2821<0>2404<0>283<0>2239<0>2675<0>2531<0>2265<0>1213<0>3379<0>2312<0>3253<0>1277<0>1667<0>2568<0>3918<0>324<0>324<0>3882<0>324<0>807<0>348<0>326<0>361<0>1639<0>1031<0>3981<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0>2068<0... |
In fact, as the emperor headed west for his not very serious photo op, | <0>2492<0>1022<0>3695<0>3695<0>256<0>2324<0>3310<0>1243<0>2683<0>2293<0>1243<0>2639<0>807<0>2769<0>1206<0>3642<0>1639<0>1370<0>30<0>2137<0>1667<0>1502<0>2092<0>2151<0>807<0>3143<0>3310<0>2499<0>1981<0>3642<0>3297<0>234<0>1219<0>2769<0>2151<0>1973<0>1639<0>3579<0>1320<0>1849<0>2404<0>3705<0>2497<0>1578<0>2921<0>1981<0>4... |
An embassy was headed east on a very serious mission to convince the Sasanids to remain peaceful so Theodosius could turn his full attention to Maximus without worrying about his rear. The leader of this embassy? | <0>2307<0>1981<0>2353<0>3496<0>746<0>679<0>1211<0>2199<0>3123<0>2338<0>554<0>2454<0>2338<0>3183<0>3386<0>703<0>2848<0>2355<0>446<0>3052<0>2700<0>290<0>3151<0>432<0>1756<0>1502<0>1701<0>516<0>291<0>2848<0>2199<0>1494<0>2054<0>1951<0>2404<0>3299<0>1779<0>1849<0>1502<0>3307<0>2700<0>2980<0>955<0>703<0>1756<0>3328<0>3297<0... |
A Senior Staff Officer of Vandal Origin who we will all shortly come to know and love. Stillico. | <0>1048<0>3118<0>1962<0>1494<0>1857<0>2152<0>679<0>2716<0>3748<0>3695<0>3695<0>2324<0>2898<0>3151<0>3151<0>165<0>1578<0>2927<0>2338<0>443<0>1762<0>3027<0>2338<0>2419<0>1667<0>443<0>3977<0>1147<0>2541<0>3404<0>500<0>1502<0>3307<0>2700<0>2700<0>2239<0>3147<0>443<0>3135<0>3906<0>2626<0>2123<0>2548<0>2548<0>2548<0>19<0>136... |
Meanwhile, back in Italy, Valentini and the Second's generals were similarly engaged in PR stunts backed by serious behind-the-scenes diplomacy. | <0>3837<0>807<0>546<0>3297<0>3783<0>3404<0>3783<0>2548<0>229<0>2151<0>43<0>1348<0>2099<0>3284<0>1547<0>1955<0>1168<0>3353<0>2239<0>2899<0>725<0>2640<0>2676<0>1025<0>3949<0>679<0>2151<0>651<0>2199<0>1730<0>1858<0>1206<0>2152<0>3910<0>3695<0>1562<0>679<0>1545<0>2538<0>1363<0>3579<0>1649<0>2697<0>3029<0>103<0>1025<0>1238<... |
The Milan court decided that some alimani near the border with Raetia posed too great a threat to the empire to be ignored. | <0>3277<0>2799<0>2541<0>651<0>2898<0>611<0>2541<0>2541<0>2575<0>517<0>1205<0>1902<0>2648<0>2207<0>1434<0>2921<0>934<0>2258<0>3695<0>1007<0>1883<0>3297<0>3253<0>432<0>3579<0>1885<0>2088<0>2485<0>3798<0>234<0>1488<0>3403<0>2178<0>2054<0>175<0>2338<0>951<0>1899<0>3574<0>3107<0>287<0>1565<0>2700<0>3310<0>2396<0>611<0>3840<... |
A Maximus took those exercises for what he believed they were, which was a show of force directed at him. | <0>2700<0>2921<0>679<0>2530<0>2335<0>2354<0>3840<0>2152<0>326<0>1026<0>2324<0>3027<0>3840<0>2176<0>2191<0>2471<0>811<0>1849<0>1747<0>1578<0>3579<0>2338<0>2338<0>3239<0>978<0>1488<0>1488<0>3579<0>103<0>2627<0>1277<0>2675<0>3328<0>3328<0>2649<0>3328<0>324<0>2185<0>3401<0>1973<0>5<0>3882<0>2676<0>2700<0>2700<0>3237<0>1376... |
And he sent envoys down to Milan protesting that these troops were coming dangerously close to violating what he now considered to be his airspace. | <0>3419<0>2152<0>368<0>1449<0>3695<0>807<0>2626<0>1114<0>1219<0>2054<0>135<0>389<0>1639<0>5<0>2178<0>2548<0>1981<0>2865<0>1981<0>954<0>196<0>4075<0>54<0>283<0>2137<0>348<0>103<0>1502<0>1502<0>1639<0>289<0>289<0>3166<0>1180<0>2034<0>2054<0>978<0>2178<0>1778<0>3579<0>1502<0>1277<0>2980<0>1562<0>3592<0>1007<0>4028<0>2178<... |
This back and forth wound up opening the door for a normalization of relations. | <0>2129<0>368<0>1196<0>234<0>2151<0>644<0>3916<0>1022<0>3927<0>2499<0>2548<0>321<0>3946<0>3212<0>2551<0>2339<0>3642<0>2332<0>2594<0>679<0>3150<0>443<0>3052<0>3135<0>207<0>2129<0>3297<0>3297<0>1262<0>210<0>1192<0>1648<0>1370<0>5<0>446<0>1484<0>1883<0>1293<0>2595<0>3328<0>756<0>2615<0>3962<0>3702<0>1117<0>5<0>2338<0>1173... |
Valentinian in the end agreed to stay out of Gaul, Britain, and Spain, while Maximus agreed to leave Italy alone for now. | <0>196<0>807<0>3404<0>3840<0>3837<0>3118<0>3297<0>1206<0>1206<0>724<0>3697<0>552<0>1982<0>756<0>196<0>1370<0>951<0>3328<0>2553<0>1578<0>3660<0>2687<0>4054<0>1136<0>1762<0>614<0>2566<0>1680<0>3543<0>3543<0>457<0>1734<0>559<0>1277<0>2538<0>648<0>2762<0>2921<0>516<0>289<0>3114<0>648<0>955<0>3164<0>955<0>2700<0>2700<0>2239... |
And they both agreed to keep an eye on the frontier and defend the empire from mutual barbarian enemies. | <0>3095<0>2152<0>1654<0>3184<0>2517<0>3404<0>1777<0>361<0>5<0>1519<0>684<0>2924<0>2239<0>1614<0>2700<0>3832<0>3837<0>3143<0>3837<0>3840<0>1973<0>2338<0>2178<0>1639<0>1849<0>3579<0>1502<0>2038<0>3143<0>926<0>3888<0>2178<0>955<0>1025<0>2239<0>365<0>1117<0>2185<0>4044<0>807<0>2129<0>1306<0>2830<0>1639<0>1639<0>1311<0>1192... |
It is tough to say through all of this what degree of recognition Maximus managed to win for himself. | <0>965<0>1547<0>2375<0>1578<0>2038<0>691<0>2898<0>2551<0>3927<0>1880<0>839<0>3776<0>3614<0>2338<0>651<0>651<0>443<0>2178<0>2020<0>5<0>349<0>2020<0>2566<0>3135<0>1883<0>1060<0>3439<0>2338<0>2531<0>1951<0>384<0>1192<0>2338<0>628<0>500<0>3307<0>3328<0>1747<0>1747<0>1688<0>1502<0>3705<0>3614<0>1578<0>1639<0>175<0>1667<0>33... |
But from here on out, he does seem to have moved beyond unrecognized usurper and into a more official Augustus status. | <0>1031<0>3404<0>1978<0>1981<0>361<0>2716<0>1902<0>3404<0>3798<0>1639<0>1639<0>2700<0>2700<0>2984<0>3143<0>289<0>2099<0>3935<0>1978<0>2762<0>978<0>2848<0>2152<0>679<0>3840<0>1442<0>1502<0>2338<0>1502<0>1639<0>3808<0>1756<0>1192<0>1370<0>1632<0>1538<0>998<0>1007<0>3297<0>2339<0>2756<0>25<0>2924<0>552<0>2416<0>4020<0>166... |
Whichever it was, the three sides made no aggressive moves over the next four years, and everyone seemed temporarily satisfied with the power sharing agreement. | <0>998<0>1007<0>3277<0>2507<0>787<0>2898<0>1902<0>2020<0>1370<0>2947<0>2338<0>2191<0>2239<0>2700<0>2239<0>679<0>679<0>3840<0>2569<0>1480<0>166<0>850<0>3927<0>1777<0>1883<0>3642<0>3438<0>3310<0>196<0>3297<0>3194<0>361<0>3297<0>3840<0>2921<0>3840<0>1973<0>2898<0>1618<0>1578<0>2032<0>3165<0>1502<0>2568<0>3918<0>2338<0>233... |
But that did not mean that they stopped trying to position themselves for an inevitable showdown. | <0>1777<0>2543<0>1469<0>193<0>1206<0>3297<0>2151<0>1902<0>1973<0>294<0>289<0>2353<0>3297<0>234<0>1624<0>2009<0>1857<0>3840<0>3404<0>3164<0>1026<0>3642<0>1684<0>1812<0>2178<0>4044<0>4044<0>2454<0>2338<0>1502<0>1639<0>2199<0>1578<0>3579<0>592<0>1578<0>1578<0>2020<0>3543<0>443<0>3434<0>3968<0>3297<0>2185<0>3579<0>1502<0>1... |
And one of the key flanks everyone was trying to shore up was the religious flank with Ambrose of Milan once again right smack dab in the middle of everything. | <0>2980<0>724<0>3974<0>1119<0>3837<0>3392<0>2199<0>919<0>386<0>1026<0>2102<0>1007<0>2848<0>1562<0>1552<0>867<0>1010<0>3404<0>2922<0>1981<0>1981<0>1981<0>1026<0>1180<0>3404<0>2388<0>3143<0>161<0>3695<0>2123<0>1883<0>3579<0>443<0>2178<0>1038<0>955<0>955<0>2907<0>290<0>2178<0>1370<0>2016<0>2921<0>1981<0>1981<0>3297<0>3135... |
At first, it seems a little weird that the emperors would choose this of all moments to begin taking extreme religious positions that undermine social stability. | <0>226<0>4074<0>4074<0>1157<0>1618<0>2338<0>3385<0>326<0>1348<0>1547<0>1213<0>1205<0>2485<0>1442<0>3840<0>2669<0>2626<0>1955<0>2092<0>614<0>951<0>951<0>2178<0>234<0>234<0>1501<0>3097<0>3695<0>229<0>3018<0>2338<0>2034<0>4028<0>1675<0>1502<0>407<0>3166<0>649<0>1486<0>4028<0>2338<0>2769<0>3194<0>1578<0>1578<0>1805<0>3151<... |
But when viewed in the larger political context, it does begin to make some sense. | <0>3973<0>679<0>1819<0>1883<0>1957<0>561<0>3143<0>1409<0>1957<0>3022<0>2469<0>1501<0>2152<0>3297<0>1206<0>3297<0>2176<0>1311<0>1370<0>4028<0>1370<0>1639<0>2178<0>724<0>2016<0>1973<0>2054<0>1973<0>3151<0>3579<0>2178<0>2170<0>30<0>3614<0>1301<0>3762<0>3237<0>3466<0>405<0>3118<0>3297<0>2099<0>2151<0>3840<0>3837<0>1957<0>2... |
Both Maximus and Theodosius knew that Ambrose was a huge power broker in Milan. | <0>196<0>3404<0>3840<0>3370<0>3347<0>1371<0>2708<0>2762<0>1328<0>746<0>3665<0>3296<0>1011<0>3840<0>3837<0>1501<0>2581<0>627<0>2338<0>1510<0>1114<0>2404<0>1056<0>3297<0>386<0>1957<0>546<0>2783<0>3118<0>2927<0>2054<0>1370<0>2338<0>2972<0>234<0>2338<0>2419<0>2038<0>2353<0>289<0>289<0>3143<0>2987<0>1136<0>3543<0>443<0>1370... |
So much of a power broker that he could be seen as something of a kingmaker. | <0>3052<0>1026<0>3840<0>1117<0>1981<0>147<0>3935<0>3798<0>1675<0>2648<0>1680<0>443<0>443<0>2054<0>2551<0>2338<0>977<0>2700<0>2700<0>2193<0>2700<0>63<0>2959<0>3075<0>3131<0>1409<0>3880<0>1205<0>1300<0>3123<0>3389<0>3991<0>517<0>446<0>3579<0>1632<0>1688<0>1639<0>3798<0>3043<0>3968<0>3297<0>196<0>3991<0>3165<0>2178<0>1805... |
With the bishop's support, Theodosius might just be able to intertwine the Valentinian and Theodosian families to the point that they became indistinguishable. | <0>2575<0>3798<0>234<0>1277<0>2454<0>234<0>3665<0>3665<0>234<0>1488<0>2339<0>1319<0>3882<0>384<0>1287<0>955<0>2676<0>3665<0>368<0>3353<0>2748<0>2837<0>858<0>3837<0>2199<0>1639<0>1738<0>104<0>4028<0>175<0>3328<0>3697<0>614<0>2178<0>2984<0>2152<0>3987<0>1657<0>3052<0>797<0>1639<0>234<0>234<0>2338<0>2178<0>290<0>234<0>244... |
Which meant that Theodosius' sons would be in line to inherit the empire. | <0>196<0>1945<0>2338<0>1827<0>2185<0>3774<0>995<0>1723<0>3300<0>2866<0>3840<0>3762<0>2848<0>2581<0>3935<0>2338<0>1723<0>2897<0>4044<0>1114<0>2404<0>2762<0>3404<0>1777<0>432<0>2404<0>2176<0>234<0>289<0>3194<0>1117<0>2178<0>552<0>3328<0>2338<0>432<0>2909<0>3120<0>1639<0>1885<0>919<0>954<0>611<0>1974<0>3579<0>1649<0>602<0... |
So, playing to an audience of one, Maximus and Theodosius began to go back and forth in a game of who could be the stronger, more radical defender of the Nicene Creed. | <0>1545<0>3927<0>697<0>1620<0>2499<0>614<0>2178<0>1981<0>623<0>3297<0>3472<0>3840<0>3404<0>1218<0>1883<0>1206<0>2023<0>446<0>2338<0>2178<0>1441<0>3563<0>1442<0>3307<0>977<0>2700<0>2193<0>2239<0>3466<0>3913<0>3297<0>1010<0>3187<0>934<0>3347<0>3592<0>3840<0>1579<0>3497<0>2581<0>3194<0>1675<0>1723<0>2705<0>2199<0>1899<0>9... |
Of course, in virtue of having been in power for five years already, Theodosia's had a head start. | <0>3404<0>2102<0>2541<0>2436<0>2295<0>725<0>3018<0>2987<0>725<0>2521<0>304<0>690<0>1007<0>2837<0>3379<0>3131<0>2837<0>3840<0>746<0>595<0>3297<0>3297<0>2099<0>623<0>2353<0>1206<0>294<0>1136<0>1311<0>443<0>2642<0>2642<0>1578<0>2648<0>1370<0>3253<0>1701<0>2054<0>2564<0>1311<0>1311<0>321<0>1846<0>1434<0>294<0>2239<0>2239<0... |
I didn't want to get sidetracked into this when discussing the gothic war, but in the middle of the conflict, Theodosius decided to stake out a position in the great Christian war between the Aryans and the Nicaeans. | <0>3314<0>3560<0>254<0>1484<0>2332<0>1957<0>1501<0>1026<0>3927<0>2221<0>3642<0>1026<0>628<0>2648<0>3284<0>919<0>3328<0>135<0>3253<0>934<0>3297<0>1442<0>234<0>3927<0>2038<0>1136<0>1578<0>2398<0>1639<0>1639<0>1370<0>1370<0>2178<0>2178<0>614<0>651<0>3151<0>3946<0>955<0>3237<0>1989<0>2700<0>3310<0>2575<0>229<0>1020<0>1797<... |
By this point in history, the battle lines between the two sides had been drawn, very roughly drawn, between the Latin-speaking West and the Greek-speaking East. | <0>954<0>1157<0>1020<0>1547<0>1805<0>3783<0>2837<0>3297<0>2161<0>2152<0>2921<0>2569<0>2531<0>437<0>2178<0>1614<0>1989<0>955<0>1571<0>3310<0>3840<0>196<0>2748<0>3671<0>2879<0>2548<0>1883<0>3695<0>2096<0>147<0>3391<0>1331<0>229<0>3297<0>3297<0>3297<0>1959<0>3297<0>3837<0>1578<0>1370<0>3151<0>648<0>554<0>1982<0>2338<0>312... |
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