id
stringlengths 16
20
| question
stringlengths 25
100
| short_answers
listlengths 1
50
| index:sentence
dict | ordered_index
listlengths 1
186
| n_chunks
listlengths 1
14
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6229275979490979874
|
is there a name for the at symbol
|
[
"at sign",
"commercial at",
"at symbol"
] |
{
"0": "At sign - wikipedia At sign Jump to : navigation , search `` @ '' and `` : @ '' redirect here . For the emoticon , see List of emoticons . For the letter A within a circle , see Enclosed A. For the album by John Zorn and Thurston Moore , see `` @ '' ( album ) . For technical reasons , `` @ # ! * '' redirects here . For the album , see @ ! * . @ At sign Punctuation apostrophe ' ' brackets ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma , ، 、 dash ‒ -- -- ― ellipsis ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop , period . guillemets `` '' `` '' hyphen ‐ hyphen - minus - question mark ? quotation marks ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' semicolon ; slash , stroke , solidus / ⁄ Word dividers interpunct space General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \\ bullet caret dagger † ‡ degree ° ditto mark '' inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ komejirushi , kome , reference mark ※ number sign , pound , hash , octothorpe # numero sign No obelus ÷ multiplication sign × ordinal indicator o a percent , per mil % ‰ plus and minus + − equals sign = basis point ‱ pilcrow ¶ prime ′ '' ′′′ section sign § tilde ~ underscore , understrike _ vertical bar , pipe ,",
"1": "broken bar ‖ ¦ Intellectual property copyright © sound - recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark SM trademark TM Currency currency sign ¤ currency symbols ؋ ₳ ฿ ₿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ ֏ ₠ € ƒ ₣ ₲ ₴ ₭ ₺ ₾ ₼ M ₥ ₦ ₧ ₱ ₰ £ 元 圆 圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ hedera ❧ index , fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀ Related Diacritics Logic symbols Whitespace characters In other scripts Chinese Hebrew Japanese Korean Portal Book The at sign , @ , normally read aloud as `` at '' , also commonly called the at symbol or commercial at . In contemporary use , it is most commonly used in email addresses and social media platform `` handles '' . Originally it was an accounting and commercial invoice abbreviation meaning `` at a rate of '' ( e.g. 7 widgets @ £ 2 = £ 14 ) . Although not included on the keyboard of the earliest commercially successful typewriters , it was on at least one 1889 model and the very successful Underwood models from the `` Underwood No. 5 '' in 1900 onward ; and is now universally included on computer keyboards . The fact that there is no single word in English for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the French arobase or Spanish and Portuguese arroba , or to coin new words such as asperand , ampersat and strudel , but none of these has achieved wide usage .",
"2": "The mark is encoded as U + 0040 @ Commercial AT ( HTML & # 64 ; ) , or &commat ; in HTML5 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theories of origin 2 History 3 Modern use 3.1 Commercial usage 3.2 Contemporary usage 3.3 Programming 3.4 Gender - neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese 3.5 Other uses and meanings 4 Names in other languages 5 Unicode variants 6 In culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Theories of origin ( edit ) @ symbol used as the initial `` a '' for the `` amin '' ( amen ) formula in the Bulgarian of the Manasses Chronicle ( c. 1345 ) . The Aragonese @ symbol used in the 1448 `` taula de Ariza '' registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to the Kingdom of Aragon . @ used to signify French `` à '' ( `` at '' ) from a 1674 protocol from a Swedish court ( Arboga rådhusrätt och magistrat ) The earliest yet discovered reference to the @ symbol is a religious one ; it features in a Bulgarian translation of a Greek chronicle written by Constantinos Manasses in 1345 ( See Figure left ) . Held today in the Vatican Apostolic Library , it features the @ symbol in place of the capital letter alpha ' A ' in the word Amen . Why it was used in this context is still a mystery . In terms of the commercial character of the at sign , there are several theories pending verification . One theory is that the symbol developed as a mercantile shorthand symbol of `` each at , '' the symbol resembling a small `` a '' inside a small `` e , '' to distinguish it from the different `` at '' ( symbolized by the mere letter `` a '' ) or `` per . '' For example , the cost of `` 12 apples @ $1 '' would be $12 , whereas the cost of `` 12 apples at $1 '' would be $1 , a crucial and necessary distinction . Another theory is that medieval monks abbreviated the Latin word ad ( at , toward , by , about ) next to a numeral . One reason for the abbreviation saving space and ink .",
"3": "Since thousands of pages of biblical manuscripts were copied onto expensive papyrus or hides , and the words at , toward , by and about repeated millions of times throughout the pages , a considerable amount of resources could be spared this way . A theory concerning this graphic puts forward the idea that the form derives from the Latin word ad , , using the older form of lower case d : ∂ , which persists as the partial derivative symbol . It has been theorized that it was originally an abbreviation of the Greek preposition ανά ( transliterated ana ) , meaning at the rate of or per . Another theory is that it derives from the Norman French `` à '' meaning `` at '' in the `` each '' sense , i.e. `` 2 widgets à £ 5.50 = £ 11.00 '' , comes the accountancy shorthand notation in English commercial vouchers and ledgers to the 1990s , when the email usage overtook the accountancy usage . It is also used like this in Modern French , Swedish or Czech ; in this view , the at - symbol is a stylised form of à , which avoids raising the writing hand from the page in drawing the symbol . The compromise between @ and à in French handwriting is found in street market signs . History ( edit ) Whatever the origin of the @ symbol , the history of its usage is more well - known : it has long been used in Spanish and Portuguese as an abbreviation of arroba , a unit of weight equivalent to 25 pounds , and derived from the Arabic expression of `` a quarter '' ( الربع pronounced ar - rubʿ ) . An Italian academic claims to have traced the @ symbol to the 16th century , in a mercantile document sent by Florentine Francesco Lapi from Seville to Rome on May 4 , 1536 . The document is about commerce with Pizarro , in particular the price of an @ of wine in Peru . In Italian , the symbol was interpreted to mean amphora ( anfora ) . Currently , the word arroba means both the at - symbol and a unit of weight . In Italian , the symbol represents one amphora , a unit of weight and volume based upon the capacity of the standard amphora jar .",
"4": "Until now the first historical document containing a symbol resembling a @ as a commercial one is the Spanish `` Taula de Ariza '' , a registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to Aragon in 1448 . Even though the oldest fully developed modern @ sign is the one found on the above - mentioned Florentine letter . Modern use ( edit ) Commercial usage ( edit ) In contemporary English usage , @ is a commercial symbol , called at site or at rate meaning at and at the rate of . It has rarely been used in financial documents or grocers ' price tags , and is not used in standard typography . Since 23 October 2012 , the At - sign is registered as a trade mark by the German Patent and Trade Mark Office -- DPMA ( registration number 302012038338 ) for @ T.E.L.L. While company promoters have claimed that it may from now on be illegal for other commercial interests to use the At - sign , this only applies to identical or confusingly similar goods and no court , German or otherwise , has yet ruled on this purported illegality . A cancellation request was filed in 2013 . Contemporary usage ( edit ) Further information : Mention ( blogging ) A common contemporary use of @ is in email addresses ( using the SMTP system ) , as in jdoe@example.com ( the user jdoe located at site the example.com domain ) . BBN Technologies ' Ray Tomlinson is credited with introducing this usage in 1971 . This idea of the symbol representing located at in the form user@host is also seen in other tools and protocols ; for example , the Unix shell command ssh jdoe@example.net tries to establish an ssh connection to the computer with the hostname example.net using the username jdoe . On web pages , organizations often obscure email addresses of their members or employees by omitting the @ . This practice , known as address munging , makes the email addresses less vulnerable to spam programs that scan the internet for them . On some online forums without threaded discussions , @ is used to denote a reply ; for instance : `` @ Jane '' to respond to a comment Jane made earlier . Similarly , in some cases , @ is used for `` attention '' in email messages originally sent to someone else .",
"5": "For example , if an email was sent from Catherine to Steve , but in the body of the email , Catherine wants to make Keirsten aware of something , Catherine will start the line `` @ Keirsten '' to indicate to Keirsten that the following sentence concerns her . This also helps with mobile email users who can not see bold or color in email . In microblogging ( such as Twitter and GNU social - based microblogs ) , @ before the user name is used to send publicly readable replies ( e.g. `` @ otheruser : Message text here '' ) . The blog and client software can automatically interpret these as links to the user in question . When included as part of a person 's or company 's contact details , an @ symbol followed by a name is normally understood to refer to a Twitter ID . A similar use of the @ symbol was also made available to Facebook users on September 15 , 2009 . In Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) , it is shown before users ' nicks to denote they have operator status on a channel . In American English the @ can be used to add information about a sporting event . Where opposing sports teams have their names separated by a `` v '' ( for versus ) , the away team can be written first - and the normal `` v '' replaced with @ to convey at which team 's home field the game will be played . This usage is not followed in British English , since conventionally the home team is written first . In some communities , @ is , against current trends , appended to the end of the nick , e.g. deraadt @ , to preserve its original meaning − `` < nick > at ( this site / community ) '' . Programming ( edit ) @ is used in various programming languages although there is not a consistent theme to its usage . For example : In ALGOL 68 , the @ symbol is brief form of the at keyword ; it is used to change the lower bound of an array . For example : arrayx ( @ 88 ) now refers to an array starting at index 88 . In ActionScript , @ is used in XML parsing and traversal as a string prefix to identify attributes in contrast to child elements . In CSS , @ is used in special statements outside of a CSS block .",
"6": "In C# , it denotes `` verbatim strings '' , where no characters are escaped and two double - quote characters represent a single double - quote . As a prefix it also allows keywords to be used as identifiers , a form of stropping . In DIGITAL Command Language , the @ character was the command used to execute a command procedure . To run the command procedure VMSINSTAL.COM , one would type @ VMSINSTAL at the command prompt . In the ASP.NET MVC Razor template markup syntax , the @ character denotes the start of code statement blocks or the start of text content . In Forth , it is used to fetch values from the address on the top of the stack . The operator is pronounced as `` fetch '' . In Haskell , it is used in so - called as - patterns . This notation can be used to give aliases to patterns , making them more readable . In Java , it has been used to denote annotations , a kind of metadata , since version 5.0 . In LiveCode , it is prefixed to a parameter to indicate that the parameter is passed by reference . In ML , it denotes list concatenation . In modal logic , specifically when representing possible worlds , @ is sometimes used as a logical symbol to denote the actual world ( the world we are ' at ' ) . In Objective - C , @ is prefixed to language - specific keywords such as @ implementation and to form string literals . In Pascal , @ is the `` address of '' operator ( it tells the location at which a variable is found ) . In Perl , @ prefixes variables which contain arrays @ array , including array slices @ array ( 2 ... 5 , 7 , 9 ) and hash slices @ hash ( ' foo ' , ' bar ' , ' baz ' ) or @ hash ( qw ( foo bar baz ) ) . This use is known as a sigil . In PHP , it is used just before an expression to make the interpreter suppress errors that would be generated from that expression . In Python 2.4 and up , it is used to decorate a function ( wrap the function in another one at creation time ) . In Python 3.5 and up , it is also used as an overloadable matrix multiplication operator . In Ruby , it functions as a sigil : @ prefixes instance variables , and @ @ prefixes class variables .",
"7": "In Scala , it is used to denote annotations ( as in Java ) , and also to bind names to subpatterns in pattern - matching expressions . In Swift , @ prefixes `` annotations '' that can be applied to classes or members . Annotations tell the compiler to apply special semantics to the declaration like keywords , without adding keywords to the language . In T - SQL , @ prefixes variables and @ @ prefixes niladic system functions . In several xBase - type programming languages , like DBASE , FoxPro / Visual FoxPro and Clipper , it is used to denote position on the screen . For example : @ 1 , 1 SAY `` HELLO '' to show the word `` HELLO '' in line 1 , column 1 . In FoxPro / Visual FoxPro , it is also used to indicate explicit pass by reference of variables when calling procedures or functions ( but it is not an address operator ) . In Windows PowerShell , @ is used as array operator for array and hash table literals and for enclosing here - string literals . In the Domain Name System , @ is used to represent the $ ORIGIN , typically the `` root '' of the domain without a prefixed sub-domain . ( Ex : wikipedia.org vs. www.wikipedia.org ) Gender - neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese ( edit ) Main article : Gender - neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese In Portuguese and Spanish , where many words end in ' - o ' when in the masculine gender and end ' - a ' in the feminine , @ is sometimes used as a gender - neutral substitute for the default ' o ' ending . For example , the word amigos traditionally represents not only male friends , but also a mixed group , or where the genders are not known . The proponents of gender - inclusive language would replace it with amig@s in these latter two cases , and use amigos only when the group referred to is all - male - and amigas only when the group is all female . The Real Academia Española disapproves of this usage . Other uses and meanings ( edit ) In ( especially English ) scientific and technical literature , @ is used to describe the conditions under which data are valid or a measurement has been made . E.g.",
"8": "the density of saltwater may read d = 1.050 g / cm @ 15 ° C ( read `` at '' for @ ) , density of a gas d = 0.150 g / L @ 20 ° C , 1 bar , or noise of a car 81 dB @ 80 km / h ( speed ) . As an abbreviation for alias in articles about missing persons , obituaries , brief reports - for instance : `` John Smith @ Jean Smyth '' ( a possible abbreviation of aka ) . For example , a Chinese Singaporean may use two transliterations of his or her Chinese name ( e.g. , Mao Tse - Tung @ Mao Zedong ) . In chemical formulae , @ is used to denote trapped atoms or molecules . For instance , La@C means lanthanum inside a fullerene cage . See article Endohedral fullerene for details . In Malagasy , @ is an informal abbreviation for the prepositional form amin'ny . In genetics , @ is the abbreviation for locus , as in IGL @ for immunoglobulin lambda locus . In the Koalib language of Sudan , @ is used as a letter in Arabic loanwords . The Unicode Consortium rejected a proposal to encode it separately as a letter in Unicode , but SIL International uses Private Use Area code points U + F247 and U + F248 for lowercase and capital versions . A schwa , as the actual schwa character `` ə '' may be difficult to produce on many computers . It is used in this capacity in the ASCII IPA schemes SAMPA , X-SAMPA and Kirshenbaum . In leet it may substitute for the letter `` A '' . It is frequently used in typing and text messaging as an abbreviation for `` at '' . In Portugal it may be used in typing and text messaging with the meaning `` french kiss '' ( linguado ) . In online discourse , @ is used by some anarchists as a substitute for the traditional circle - A . Names in other languages ( edit ) In many languages other than English , although most typewriters included the symbol , the use of @ was less common before email became widespread in the mid-1990s . Consequently , it is often perceived in those languages as denoting `` the Internet '' , computerization , or modernization in general .",
"9": "In Afrikaans , it is called aapstert , meaning `` monkey tail '' , similarly to the Dutch use of the word . In Arabic , it is آتْ ( at ) . In Armenian , it is շնիկ ( shnik ) , which means `` puppy '' . In Azeri , it is ət ( at ) , which means `` meat '' . In Basque , it is a bildua ( `` wrapped A '' ) . In Belarusian , it is called сьлімак ( ślimak , meaning `` helix '' or `` snail '' ) . In Bosnian , it is ludo a ( `` crazy A '' ) . In Bulgarian , it is called кльомба ( klyomba -- `` a badly written letter '' ) , маймунско а ( maymunsko a -- `` monkey A '' ) , маймунка ( maimunka -- `` little monkey '' ) , or баница ( `` banitsa '' - a pastry roll often made in a shape similar to the character ) In Catalan , it is called arrova ( `` a unit of measure '' ) or ensaïmada ( because of the similar shape of this food ) . In Chinese : In mainland China , it used to be called 圈 A ( pronounced quān A ) , meaning `` circled A / enclosed A '' , or 花 A ( pronounced huā A ) , meaning `` lacy A '' , and sometimes as 小 老鼠 ( pronounced xiǎo lǎoshǔ ) , meaning `` little mouse '' . Nowadays , for most of China 's youth , it is called 艾 特 ( pronounced ài tè ) , which is the phonetic transcription from `` at '' . In Taiwan , it is 小 老鼠 ( pronounced xiǎo lǎoshǔ ) , meaning `` little mouse '' . In Hong Kong and Macau , it is at . In Croatian , it is most often referred to by the English word `` at '' . Informally , it is called a manki , coming from the local pronunciation of the English word `` monkey '' .",
"10": "Note that the Croatian word for monkey , majmun , is not used to denote the symbol . In Czech and Slovak , it is called zavináč , which means `` rollmops '' . In Danish , it is snabel - a ( `` elephant 's trunk A '' ) . It is not used for prices , where in Danish a alone means at ( per piece ) . In Dutch , it is called apenstaartje ( `` ( little ) monkey tail '' ) . The `` a '' is the first character of the Dutch word `` aap '' which means `` monkey '' . However , the use of the English `` at '' has become increasingly popular in Dutch . In Esperanto , it is called ĉe - signo ( `` at '' -- for the email use , with an address like `` zamenhof@esperanto.org '' pronounced zamenhof ĉe esperanto punkto org ) , po - signo ( `` each '' -- refers only to the mathematical use ) , or heliko ( meaning `` snail '' ) . In Estonian , it is called ätt , from the English word `` at '' . In Faroese , it is kurla , hjá ( `` at '' ) , tranta , or snápil - a ( `` ( elephant 's ) trunk A '' ) . In Finnish , it was originally called taksamerkki ( `` fee sign '' ) or yksikköhinnan merkki ( `` unit price sign '' ) , but these names are long obsolete and now rarely understood . Nowadays , it is officially ät - merkki , according to the national standardization institute SFS ; frequently also spelled `` at - merkki '' . Other names include kissanhäntä ( `` cat 's tail '' ) and miukumauku ( `` miaow - meow '' ) . In French , it is now officially the arobase ( also spelled arrobase or arrobe ) , or a commercial ( though this is most commonly used in French - speaking Canada , and should normally only be used when quoting prices ; it should always be called arobase or , better yet , arobas when in an email address ) . Its origin is the same as that of the Spanish word , which could be derived from the Arabic ar - roub .",
"11": "In France , it is also common ( especially for younger generations ) to say the English word `` at '' when spelling out an email address . In everyday Québec French , one often hears a commercial when sounding out an e-mail address , while TV and radio hosts are more likely to use arobase . In Georgian , it is at , spelled ეთ -- ი ( კომერციული ეთ -- ი ) . In German , it has sometimes been referred to as Klammeraffe ( meaning `` spider monkey '' ) or Affenschwanz . Klammeraffe or Affenschwanz refer to the similarity of @ to the tail of a monkey grabbing a branch . Lately , it has mostly been called at , just like in English . In Greek , it is most often referred to as παπάκι ( papaki ) , meaning `` duckling '' , due to the similarity it bears with comic character designs for ducks . In Greenlandic , and Inuit language , it is called aajusaq meaning `` A-like '' or `` something that looks like A '' . In Hebrew , it is colloquially known as שטרודל ( shtrudel ) , due to the visual resemblance to a cross-section cut of a strudel cake . The normative term , invented by the Academy of the Hebrew Language , is כרוכית ( krukhit ) , which is another Hebrew word for `` strudel '' , but is rarely used . In Hindi , it is at , from the English word . In Hungarian , it is called kukac ( a playful synonym for `` worm '' or `` maggot '' ) . In Icelandic , it is referred to as atmerkið ( `` the at sign '' ) or hjá , which is a direct translation of the English word `` at '' . In Indian English , speakers often say at the rate of ( with e-mail addresses quoted as `` example at the rate of example.com '' ) . In Indonesian , it is usually et .",
"12": "Variations exist -- especially if verbal communication is very noisy -- such as a bundar and a bulat ( both meaning `` circled A '' ) , a keong ( `` snail A '' ) , and ( most rarely ) a monyet ( `` monkey A '' ) . In Irish , it is ag ( meaning `` at '' ) or comhartha @ / ag ( meaning `` at sign '' ) . In Italian , it is chiocciola ( `` snail '' ) or a commerciale , sometimes at ( pronounced more often ( ˈɛt ) and rarely ( ˈat ) ) or ad . In Japanese , it is called attomāku ( アット マーク , from the English words `` at mark '' ) . The word is wasei - eigo , a loan word from the English language . It is sometimes called Naruto , because of Naruto whirlpools or food ( Narutomaki ) . In Kazakh , it is officially called айқұлақ ( `` moon 's ear '' ) , sometimes unofficial as ит басы ( `` dog 's head '' ) . In Korean , it is called golbaeng - i ( 골뱅이 , meaning `` bai top shells '' ) , a dialectal form of whelk . In Kurdish , it is ئه ت at , from the English word . In Kyrgyz , it is officially called маймылча ( `` monkey '' ) , sometimes unofficially as собачка ( `` doggy '' ) , and et . In Latvian , it is pronounced the same as in English , but , since in Latvian ( æ ) is written as `` e '' ( not `` a '' as in English ) , it is sometimes written as et . In Lithuanian , it is et ( equivalent to the English `` at '' ) . In Luxembourgish it used to be called Afeschwanz ( `` monkey tail '' ) , but due to widespread use , it is now called at , as in English . In Macedonian , it is called мајмунче ( my - moon - cheh -- `` little monkey '' ) . In Malay , it is called alias when it is used in names and di when it is used in email addresses .",
"13": "It is also commonly used to abbreviate atau which means `` or '' or `` either '' . In Morse code ( not a language ) , it is known as a `` commat '' , consisting of the Morse code for the `` A '' and `` C '' which run together as one character : -- - . The symbol was added in 2004 for use with email addresses , the only official change to Morse code since World War I . In Nepali , the symbol is called `` at the rate . '' Commonly , people will give their email addresses by including the phrase `` at the rate . '' In Norwegian , it is officially called krøllalfa ( `` curly alpha '' or `` alpha twirl '' ) . ( The alternate alfakrøll is also common , but is not its official name . ) Sometimes snabel - a , the Swedish / Danish name ( which means `` trunk A '' , as in `` elephant 's trunk '' ) , is used . Commonly , people will call the symbol ( æt ) ( as in English ) , particularly when giving their email addresses . In Persian , it is at , from the English word . In Polish , it is called , both officially and commonly , małpa ( `` monkey '' ) . Rarely an English word `` at '' is used . In Portuguese , it is called arroba ( from the Arabic arrub ) . The word `` arroba '' is also used for a weight measure in Portuguese . One arroba is equivalent to 32 old Portuguese pounds , approximately 14.7 kg , and both the weight and the symbol are called arroba . In Brazil , cattle are still priced by the arroba -- now rounded to 15 kg . ( This occurs because the same sign was used to represent the same measure . ) In Romanian , it is most commonly called at , but also colloquially called Coadă de maimuţă ( `` monkey tail '' ) or a-rond . The latter is commonly used , and it comes from the word `` round '' ( from its shape ) , but that is nothing like the mathematical symbol A-rond ( rounded A ) . Others call it aron , or la ( Romanian word for at ) . @ on a DVK Soviet computer ( c.",
"14": "1984 ) In Russian , it is most commonly собака ( sobaka , meaning `` dog '' ) . The name `` dog '' has come from Soviet computers DVK where the symbol had a short tail and similarity to a dog . In Serbian , it is called лудо А ( ludo A -- `` crazy A '' ) , мајмунче ( majmunče -- `` little monkey '' ) , or мајмун ( majmun -- `` monkey '' ) . In Slovak , it is called zavináč ( `` pickled fish roll '' , as in Czech ) . In Slovenian , it is called afna ( `` monkey '' ( informally ) ) . In Spanish - speaking countries , it denotes a pre-metric unit of weight . While there are regional variations in Spain and Mexico , it is typically considered to represent approximately 25 pounds ( 11.5 kg ) , and both the weight and the symbol are called arroba . In Swedish , it is called snabel - a ( `` elephant 's trunk A '' ) or simply at , as in the English language . Less formally it is also known as kanelbulle ( `` cinnamon roll '' ) or alfakrull ( `` alpha curl '' ) . In Swiss German , it is commonly called Affenschwanz ( `` monkey - tail '' ) . However , the use of the English _́ at _́ has been coming increasingly popular in German . In Tagalog , the word at means `` and '' ; the symbol is thus used like an ampersand in colloquial writing such as text messages ( e.g. magluto @ kumain , `` cook and eat '' ) . In Thai , it is commonly called at , as in English . In Turkish , it is commonly called et , like in English but written in Turkish letters . In Ukrainian , it is commonly called ет ( et -- `` at '' ) , other names being равлик ( ravlyk -- `` snail '' ) , слимачок ( slymachok -- `` little slug '' ) , вухо ( vukho -- `` ear '' ) , and песик ( pesyk -- `` little dog '' ) . In Urdu , it is اٹ ( at ) .",
"15": "In Uzbek , it is called kuchukcha , which loosely means `` doggy '' -- a direct calque from Russian . In Vietnamese , it is called a còng ( `` bent A '' ) in the north and a móc ( `` hooked A '' ) in the south . In Welsh , it is sometimes known as a malwen or malwoden ( both meaning `` snail '' ) . Unicode variants ( edit ) U + 0040 @ Commercial AT ( HTML & # 64 ; ) U + FF20 @ Fullwidth commercial at ( HTML & # 65312 ; ) U + FE6B @ Small commercial at ( HTML & # 65131 ; ) In culture ( edit ) The Museum of Modern Art admitted the at sign to its architecture and design collection . Author Philip Pullman added the category of `` things that were invented for one purpose , but are used for another '' to his `` Museum of Curiosity '' collection with the @ as an example . John Lloyd , pledged on QI series A DVD to support widespread use of the term `` Astatine '' to refer to the symbol . This name was chosen as the chemical element astatine has the chemical symbol `` At '' . American R&B singer Usher used a version of the at sign in his career , where the `` a '' was replaced with the vowel `` u '' from his name . Puerto Rican artist Miguelito also uses his version of the at sign where the `` a '' is replaced by the letter `` m '' from his name in his own line of merchandise that includes clothes , school supplies , his studio albums , etc . A Chinese couple tried to name their son @ -- pronouncing it `` ai ta '' or `` love him '' -- according to the Chinese State Language Commission . In the 1980 video game Rogue , presented in ASCII graphics , the player character is represented by the @ . Many similar games , called Roguelikes , use the same presentation , and traditionally use the @ to represent the player character as well . See also ( edit ) Circle - A Enclosed A ( A , a ) ASCII Unicode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See , for example , Browns Index to Photocomposition Typography ( p.",
"16": "37 ) , Greenwood Publishing , 1983 , ISBN 0946824002 Jump up ^ `` The @ - symbol , part 2 of 2 '' , Shady Characters ⌂ The secret life of punctuation Jump up ^ `` Short Cuts '' , Daniel Soar , Vol. 31 No. 10 28 May 2009 page 18 , London Review of Books Jump up ^ `` New York 's Moma claims @ as a design classic '' , Jemima Kiss , 28 March 2010 , The Observer Jump up ^ `` ... Tim Gowens offered the highly logical `` ampersat '' ... `` , 05 February 1996 , The Independent Jump up ^ `` strudel '' . FOLDOC . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` La arroba no es de Sevilla ( ni de Italia ) '' . purnas.com . Jorge Romance . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Chronicle of Constantinus Manasses '' . www.worldcat.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` arroba '' . Diccionario de la Real Academia Española . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Willan , Philip ( 2000 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Merchant@Florence Wrote It First 500 Years Ago '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bringhurst , Robert ( 2002 ) . The Elements of Typographic Style ( version 2.5 ) , p. 272 . Vancouver : Hartley & Marks . ISBN 0 - 88179 - 133 - 4 . Jump up ^ Article 5 Trade Marks Directive , as interpreted in Case C - 251 / 95 Sabel BV v Puma AG ( 1997 ) ECR I - 6191 Jump up ^ same source Jump up ^ `` The First Email '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Tag Friends in Your Status and Posts - Facebook Blog '' .",
"17": "Jump up ^ For an example , see : http://www.nfl.com/schedules Jump up ^ 2.4. 4.5 String literals , Jump up ^ `` 2.4. 2 Identifiers '' . Jump up ^ Phil Haack . `` Razor syntax quick reference '' . Jump up ^ ASP.NET MVC 3 : Razor 's @ : and < text > syntax Jump up ^ PHP : Error Control Operators -- Manual Jump up ^ `` Visual FoxPro Programming Language Online Help : SET UDFPARMS ( Command ) , or MSDN Library ' How to : Pass Data to Parameters by Reference ' . '' . Microsoft , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Windows PowerShell Language Specification 3.0 ( PDF ) '' . Jump up ^ Martell - Otero , Loida ( Fall 2009 ) . `` Doctoral Studies as Llamamiento , or How We All Need to be ' Ugly Betty ' '' . Perspectivas : 84 -- 106 . Jump up ^ DPD 1_ͅ ediciσn , 2_ͅ tirada Jump up ^ Constable , Peter , and Lorna A. Priest ( October 12 , 2009 ) SIL Corporate PUA Assignments 5.2 a . SIL International . pp. 59 - 60 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why @ Is Held in Such High Design Esteem '' . The New York Times , Alice Rawsthorn , March 21 , 2010 . 2010 - 03 - 22 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` At last , France has a name for the @ sign '' , December 9 , 2002 , iol.co.za Jump up ^ Orthographe fixée par la Commission générale de terminologie et de néologie ( Journal officiel du 8 décembre 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` The ARRL Letter '' , Vol. 23 , No.",
"18": "18 , April 30 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Meeting Twelve -- P - 51 Mustang , Tempting Fate , Inventions Being Used for Things They Were n't Designed For '' . The Museum of Curiosity . Season 2 . Episode 6 . 8 June 2009 . Jump up ^ John Lloyd and John Mitchinson ( 6 November 2006 ) . QI -- The Complete First Series : `` Factoids '' ( Audio Commentary ) ( DVD ) . BBC and 2 Entertain . OCLC 271537078 . UPC 5014503232528 . Jump up ^ `` English invades Chinese language '' , August 17 , 2007 `` , People 's Daily Online Jump up ^ `` Couple try to name baby @ '' , August 17 , 2007 , NZ Herald External links ( edit ) Look up commercial - at or at sign in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to At sign . commercial - at at the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing `` The Accidental History of the @ Symbol `` , Smithsonian magazine , September 2012 , Retrieved June 2013 . The @ - symbol , part 1 , intermission , part 2 , addenda , Shady Characters ⌂ The secret life of punctuation August 2011 , Retrieved June 2013 . `` Daniel Soar on @ '' , London Review of Books , Vol. 31 No. 10 , 28 May 2009 , Retrieved June 2013 . ascii64 -- the @ book -- free download ( creative commons ) -- by patrik sneyd -- foreword by luigi colani ) November 2006 , Retrieved June 2013 . A Natural History of the @ Sign The many names of the at sign in various languages , 1997 , Retrieved June 2013 . Sum : the @ Symbol , LINGUIST List 7.968 July 1996 , Retrieved June 2013 . Where it 's At : names for a common symbol World Wide Words August 1996 , Retrieved June 2013 . UK Telegraph Article : Chinese parents choose to name their baby `` @ '' August 2007 , Retrieved June 2013 .",
"19": "Tom Chatfield tells the story of the @ sign on Medium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=At_sign&oldid=807053367 '' Categories : Punctuation Typographical symbols Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles containing Italian - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша",
"20": "Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 16 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
1,
2,
15,
18,
4,
0,
3,
13,
19,
11,
10,
12,
8,
14,
6,
5,
16,
7,
17,
9,
20
] |
[
1,
2,
15,
18,
4
] |
-9039648554073220655
|
who painted the world famous painting the last supper
|
[
"Leonardo da Vinci",
"Leonardo da Vinci",
"Leonardo da Vinci",
"Leonardo da Vinci",
"Leonardo da Vinci"
] |
{
"0": "The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) - wikipedia The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Leonardo da Vinci painting . For other uses , see The Last Supper ( disambiguation ) . The Last Supper Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena Artist Leonardo da Vinci Year 1490s ( Julian ) Medium fresco - secco 460 cm ( 180 in ) × 880 cm ( 350 in ) Location Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan Coordinates 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E / 45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 Coordinates : 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E / 45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 Website legraziemilano.it/il-cenacolo/ ( edit on Wikidata ) The Last Supper ( Italian : Il Cenacolo ( il tʃeˈnaːkolo ) or L'Ultima Cena ( ˈlultima ˈtʃeːna ) ) is a late 15th - century mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci housed by the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan . It is one of the world 's most recognizable paintings . The work is presumed to have been started around 1495 -- 96 and was commissioned as part of a plan of renovations to the church and its convent buildings by Leonardo 's patron Ludovico Sforza , Duke of Milan . The painting represents the scene of the Last Supper of Jesus with his apostles , as it is told in the Gospel of John , 13 : 21 . Leonardo has depicted the consternation that occurred among the Twelve Disciples when Jesus announced that one of them would betray him .",
"1": "Due to the methods used , a variety of environmental factors , and intentional damage , very little of the original painting remains today despite numerous restoration attempts , the last being completed in 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Painting 1.1 Important copies 2 Medium 3 Damage and restorations 3.1 Major restoration 4 The Last Supper in culture 4.1 Painting , mosaic , and photography 4.2 Modern art 4.3 Literature 4.4 Film and television 5 Other speculation 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links Painting ( edit ) Crucifixion , opposite Leonardo 's Last Supper The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , by Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli , called Giampietrino ( active 1508 -- 1549 ) , after Leonardo da Vinci , oil on canvas , in the collection of The Royal Academy of Arts , London ; full - scale copy that was the main source for the twenty - year restoration of the original ( 1978 - 1998 ) . It includes several lost details such as Christ 's feet and the salt cellar spilled by Judas . Giampietrino is thought to have worked closely with Leonardo when he was in Milan . The painting hung in the chapel of Magdalen College , Oxford from 1992 . The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , Andrea Solari , after Leonardo da Vinci , oil on canvas , in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum , Tongerlo Abbey . The Last Supper measures 460 cm × 880 cm ( 180 in × 350 in ) and covers an end wall of the dining hall at the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan , Italy . The theme was a traditional one for refectories , although the room was not a refectory at the time that Leonardo painted it . The main church building had only recently been completed ( in 1498 ) , but was remodeled by Bramante , hired by Ludovico Sforza to build a Sforza family mausoleum . The painting was commissioned by Sforza to be the centerpiece of the mausoleum .",
"2": "The lunettes above the main painting , formed by the triple arched ceiling of the refectory , are painted with Sforza coats - of - arms . The opposite wall of the refectory is covered by the Crucifixion fresco by Giovanni Donato da Montorfano , to which Leonardo added figures of the Sforza family in tempera . ( These figures have deteriorated in much the same way as has The Last Supper . ) Leonardo began work on The Last Supper in 1495 and completed it in 1498 -- he did not work on the painting continuously . The beginning date is not certain , as the archives of the convent for the period have been destroyed , and a document dated 1497 indicates that the painting was nearly completed at that date . One story goes that a prior from the monastery complained to Leonardo about the delay , enraging him . He wrote to the head of the monastery , explaining he had been struggling to find the perfect villainous face for Judas , and that if he could not find a face corresponding with what he had in mind , he would use the features of the prior who complained . A study for The Last Supper from Leonardo 's notebooks showing nine apostles identified by names written above their heads The Last Supper specifically portrays the reaction given by each apostle when Jesus said one of them would betray him . All twelve apostles have different reactions to the news , with various degrees of anger and shock . The apostles are identified from a manuscript ( The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci p. 232 ) with their names found in the 19th century . ( Before this , only Judas , Peter , John and Jesus were positively identified . ) From left to right , according to the apostles ' heads : Bartholomew , James , son of Alphaeus , and Andrew form a group of three ; all are surprised . Judas Iscariot , Peter , and John form another group of three . Judas is wearing green and blue and is in shadow , looking rather withdrawn and taken aback by the sudden revelation of his plan . He is clutching a small bag , perhaps signifying the silver given to him as payment to betray Jesus , or perhaps a reference to his role within the 12 disciples as treasurer . He is also tipping over the salt cellar .",
"3": "This may be related to the near - Eastern expression to `` betray the salt '' meaning to betray one 's Master . He is the only person to have his elbow on the table and his head is also horizontally the lowest of anyone in the painting . Peter looks angry and is holding a knife pointed away from Christ , perhaps foreshadowing his violent reaction in Gethsemane during Jesus ' arrest . The youngest apostle , John , appears to swoon . Jesus Apostle Thomas , James the Greater , and Philip are the next group of three . Thomas is clearly upset ; the raised index finger foreshadows his incredulity of the Resurrection . James the Greater looks stunned , with his arms in the air . Meanwhile , Philip appears to be requesting some explanation . Matthew , Jude Thaddeus , and Simon the Zealot are the final group of three . Both Jude Thaddeus and Matthew are turned toward Simon , perhaps to find out if he has any answer to their initial questions . In common with other depictions of the Last Supper from this period , Leonardo seats the diners on one side of the table , so that none of them has his back to the viewer . Most previous depictions excluded Judas by placing him alone on the opposite side of the table from the other eleven disciples and Jesus , or placing halos around all the disciples except Judas . Leonardo instead has Judas lean back into shadow . Jesus is predicting that his betrayer will take the bread at the same time he does to Saints Thomas and James to his left , who react in horror as Jesus points with his left hand to a piece of bread before them . Distracted by the conversation between John and Peter , Judas reaches for a different piece of bread not noticing Jesus too stretching out with his right hand towards it ( Matthew 26 : 23 ) . The angles and lighting draw attention to Jesus , whose turned right cheek is located at the vanishing point for all perspective lines ; his hands are located at the golden ratio of half the height of the composition . The painting contains several references to the number 3 , which represents the Christian belief in the Holy Trinity . The Apostles are seated in groupings of three ; there are three windows behind Jesus ; and the shape of Jesus ' figure resembles a triangle .",
"4": "The painting can also be interpreted using the Fibonacci series : 1 table , 1 central figure , 2 side walls , 3 windows and figures grouped in threes , 5 groups of figures , 8 panels on the walls and 8 table legs , and 13 individual figures . There may have been other references that have since been lost as the painting deteriorated . Important copies ( edit ) Two early copies of The Last Supper are known to exist , presumed to be work by Leonardo 's assistants . The copies are almost the size of the original , and have survived with a wealth of original detail still intact . One copy , by Giampietrino , is in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts , London , and the other , by Cesare da Sesto , is installed at the Church of St. Ambrogio in Ponte Capriasca , Switzerland . A third copy ( oil on canvas ) is painted by Andrea Solari ( ca . 1520 ) and is on display in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum of the Tongerlo Abbey , Belgium . Medium ( edit ) For this work , Leonardo sought a greater detail and luminosity than could be achieved with traditional fresco . He painted The Last Supper on a dry wall rather than on wet plaster , so it is not a true fresco . Because a fresco can not be modified as the artist works , Leonardo instead chose to seal the stone wall with a double layer of dried plaster . Then , borrowing from panel painting , he added an undercoat of white lead to enhance the brightness of the oil and tempera that was applied on top . This was a method that had been described previously , by Cennino Cennini in the 14th century . However , Cennini had recommended the use of secco for the final touches alone . These techniques were important for Leonardo 's desire to work slowly on the painting , giving him sufficient time to develop the gradual shading or chiaroscuro that was essential in his style . Damage and restorations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A protective structure was built in front of the da Vinci wall fresco .",
"5": "This photo shows the bombing damage in 1943 , suggesting the magnitude of the greater damage that was averted . Because the painting was on a thin exterior wall , the effects of humidity were felt more keenly , and the paint failed to properly adhere to the wall . Because of the method used , soon after the painting was completed on February 9 , 1498 it began to deteriorate . As early as 1517 , the painting was starting to flake , and in 1532 Gerolamo Cardano described it as `` blurred and colorless compared with what I remember of it when I saw it as a boy '' . By 1556 -- fewer than sixty years after it was finished -- Leonardo 's biographer Giorgio Vasari described the painting as already `` ruined '' and so deteriorated that the figures were unrecognizable . By the second half of the sixteenth century Gian Paolo Lomazzo stated that `` the painting is all ruined '' . In 1652 , a doorway was cut through the ( then unrecognisable ) painting , and later bricked up ; this can still be seen as the irregular arch shaped structure near the center base of the painting . It is believed , through early copies , that Jesus ' feet were in a position symbolizing the forthcoming crucifixion . In 1768 , a curtain was hung over the painting for the purpose of protection ; it instead trapped moisture on the surface , and whenever the curtain was pulled back , it scratched the flaking paint . A first restoration was attempted in 1726 by Michelangelo Bellotti , who filled in missing sections with oil paint then varnished the whole mural . This repair did not last well and another restoration was attempted in 1770 by an otherwise unknown artist named Giuseppe Mazza . Mazza stripped off Bellotti 's work then largely repainted the painting ; he had redone all but three faces when he was halted due to public outrage . In 1796 , French revolutionary anti-clerical troops used the refectory as an armory ; they threw stones at the painting and climbed ladders to scratch out the Apostles ' eyes . The refectory was then later used as a prison ; it is not known if any of the prisoners may have damaged the painting .",
"6": "In 1821 , Stefano Barezzi , an expert in removing whole frescoes from their walls intact , was called in to remove the painting to a safer location ; he badly damaged the center section before realizing that Leonardo 's work was not a fresco . Barezzi then attempted to reattach damaged sections with glue . From 1901 to 1908 , Luigi Cavenaghi first completed a careful study of the structure of the painting , then began cleaning it . In 1924 , Oreste Silvestri did further cleaning , and stabilised some parts with stucco . During World War II , on August 15 , 1943 , the refectory was struck by Allied bombing ; protective sandbagging prevented the painting from being struck by bomb splinters , but it may have been damaged further by the vibration . From 1951 to 1954 , another clean - and - stabilise restoration was undertaken by Mauro Pelliccioli . Major restoration ( edit ) The painting as it looked in the 1970s The painting 's appearance by the late 1970s had become badly deteriorated . From 1978 to 1999 , Pinin Brambilla Barcilon guided a major restoration project which undertook to stabilize the painting , and reverse the damage caused by dirt and pollution . The 18th - and 19th - century restoration attempts were also reverted . Since it had proved impractical to move the painting to a more controlled environment , the refectory was instead converted to a sealed , climate - controlled environment , which meant bricking up the windows . Then , detailed study was undertaken to determine the painting 's original form , using scientific tests ( especially infrared reflectoscopy and microscopic core - samples ) , and original cartoons preserved in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle . Some areas were deemed unrestorable . These were re-painted using watercolor in subdued colors intended to indicate they were not original work , while not being too distracting . This restoration took 21 years and , on 28 May 1999 , the painting was returned to display . Intending visitors were required to book ahead and could only stay for 15 minutes . When it was unveiled , considerable controversy was aroused by the dramatic changes in colors , tones , and even some facial shapes .",
"7": "James Beck , professor of art history at Columbia University and founder of ArtWatch International , had been a particularly strong critic . Michael Daley , director of ArtWatch UK , has also complained about the restored version of the painting . He has been critical of Christ 's right arm in the image which has been altered from a draped sleeve to what Daley calls `` muff - like drapery '' . The Last Supper in culture ( edit ) The Last Supper made in salt in Wieliczka Salt Mine ( Poland ) The Last Supper has frequently been referenced , reproduced , or parodied in Western culture . Some of the more notable examples are : Painting , mosaic , and photography ( edit ) A 16th - century oil on canvas copy is conserved in the abbey of Tongerlo , Antwerp , Belgium . It reveals many details that are no longer visible on the original . The Roman mosaic artist Giacomo Raffaelli made another life - sized copy ( 1809 -- 1814 ) in the Viennese Minoritenkirche . Modern art ( edit ) In 1955 , Salvador Dalí painted The Sacrament of the Last Supper , with Jesus portrayed as blond and clean shaven , pointing upward to a spectral torso while the apostles are gathered around the table heads bowed so that none may be identified . It is reputed to be one of the most popular paintings in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. In 1986 , Andy Warhol was commissioned to produce a series of paintings based on The Last Supper that were exhibited initially in Milan . This was his last series of paintings before his death . Sculptor Marisol Escobar rendered The Last Supper as a life - sized , three - dimensional , sculptural assemblage using painted and drawn wood , plywood , brownstone , plaster , and aluminum . This work , Self - Portrait Looking at The Last Supper , ( 1982 -- 84 ) is in New York 's Metropolitan Museum of Art . In 1988 , Susan Dorothea White painted The First Supper showing 13 women from all regions of the world , with the woman in the position of Leonardo 's Christ figure being an Australian aboriginal .",
"8": "In 2001 , Chinese artist Zeng Fanzhi painted Last Supper , showing 13 mask - wearing people seated at a table strewn with watermelon fragments . The oil painting was sold for $23.3 million at Sotheby 's auction on October 7 , 2013 , setting a new record for contemporary Asian artwork . In 1998 , modern artist Vik Muniz displayed a recreation of The Last Supper , made entirely out of Bosco Chocolate Syrup . Literature ( edit ) Author Mary Shelley describes her impression of the painting in her travel narrative , Rambles in Germany and Italy published in 1844 : First we visited the fading inimitable fresco of Leonardo da Vinci . How vain are copies ! not in one , nor in any print , did i ever see the slightest approach to the expression in our Savior 's face , such as it is in the original . Majesty and love -- these are the words that would describe it -- joined to an absence of all guile that expresses the divine nature more visibly than I ever saw it in any other picture . -- Mary Shelley , Travel Writing ( 1996 ) , Pages 131 -- 132 Film and television ( edit ) In Luis Buñuel 's Spanish film Viridiana , a tableau vivant of Leonardo 's painting is staged with beggars . Another beggar ' photographs ' the scene by flashing them . This scene contributed to its refusal by the Vatican who called it `` blasphemous . '' In Norman Jewison 's 1973 film version of `` Jesus Christ Superstar '' , in the Last Supper sequence , Jesus and the 12 apostles briefly mimic the posture of each character in Da Vinci 's painting The painting is parodied in Mel Brooks 's movie History of the World , Part I , making Leonardo a contemporary of Jesus . It is also parodied in the original movie MASH , in the scene where Hawkeye Pierce stages a `` last supper '' for Walt ( Painless ) Waldowski before his planned suicide . The various doctors , all in surgical scrubs , pose in imitation of the painting .",
"9": "Many parodies of the painting appear on the small screen , including The Simpsons ' Season 16 episode `` Thank God , It 's Doomsday , '' with Homer as Jesus and Moe and his other patrons as the disciples ; That ' 70s Show 's first - season episode `` Streaking , '' with Eric flanked by his friends ( and Jackie wondering why everyone is sitting on the same side of the table ) ; and South Park 's Season 13 episode `` Margaritaville , '' with Kyle and his friends eating at a pizza parlor . In one episode of the CBC drama Murdoch Mysteries called Barenaked Ladies , the suspects recreate the poses of Peter , Judas and Thomas in their victims . Other speculation ( edit ) The Last Supper has been the target of much speculation by writers and historical revisionists alike , usually centered on purported hidden messages or hints found within the painting , especially since the publication of the novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown in 2003 . Dan Brown proposed that the person to Jesus ' right ( left of Jesus from the viewer 's perspective ) , was not John the Apostle , but Mary Magdalene . This speculation originated in earlier books The Templar Revelation ( 1997 ) by Lynn Picknett and The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail by Michael Baigent , Henry Lincoln and Richard Leigh ( 1982 ) . These claims have been contested by other writers , such as Carl E. Olsen and Sandra Miesel in The Da Vinci Hoax , as well as by art historians . Christopher Hodapp and Alice Von Kannon commented `` If he ( John ) looks effeminate and needs a haircut , so does James , the second figure on the left , the one with the sort of Bette Midler look about him '' . Giovanni Maria Pala , an Italian musician , has indicated that the positions of hands and loaves of bread can be interpreted as notes on a musical staff and , if read from right to left , as was characteristic of Leonardo 's writing , form a musical composition . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leonardo Da Vinci 's ' The Last Supper ' reveals more secrets '' . sciencedaily.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci -- . `` Santa Maria delle Grazie -- Milan '' .",
"10": "Inexhibit . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chapel with return Renaissance painrefting '' . Oxford Times . 14 September 2017 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Maria delle Grazie & The Last Supper '' . Timeout.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Itinerary : Early maturity in Milan ( 1482 - 1499 ) '' . Museo Galileo . 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Clark. Leonardo da Vinci , Penguin Books 1939 , 1993 , p144 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Supper '' . lairweb.org.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` DaVinci '' . The Mark Steel Lectures . Series 2 . Episode 2 . The Open University . 7 October 2003 . BBC . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci -- Complete by Leonardo da Vinci '' . Gutenberg.org. 1 January 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cfr . Matthew 26 : 15 ; John 12 : 6 and 13 : 29 . ^ Jump up to : White , Susan D. ( 2006 ) . Draw Like Da Vinci . London : Cassell Illustrated , p. 132 . ISBN 9781844034444 . Jump up ^ `` Last Supper ( copy after Leonardo ) '' . University of the Arts , London . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leonardo 's Last Supper '' . Smart history presented by the Khan Academy . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Supper '' . The Last Supper . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wykes , Alan ( 1969 ) . Doctor Cardano , physician extraordinary . p. 26 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ Phillip William ( 24 May 1999 ) . `` The Last Supper or a dog 's dinner ? '' . The Guardian . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dayla Alberge ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` Have art restorers ruined Leonardo 's masterpiece ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Haden - Guest , Anthony ( 3 August 1999 ) . `` Warhol 's Last Supper '' . Artnet . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Self - Portrait Looking at The Last Supper '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Susan White - veelzijdig werk , Kunstbeeld ( Amsterdam ) Oct. 1990 , vol. 14 ( 10 ) p. 62 ( translation ) Jump up ^ Allen , Christopher . ' Ludicrous Leonardo ' , The Sydney Morning Herald , 23 December 1988 , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Zeng 's ' Last Supper ' Sells for Record $23.3 Million at Sotheby 's Auction '' . WSJ.com . October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Vicki ( 25 September 1998 ) . `` ART REVIEW ; It 's a Leonardo ? It 's a Corot ? Well , No , It 's Chocolate Syrup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Mary ( 1996 ) . Travel Writing . London : Pickering . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 1 - 85196 - 084 - 8 . Jump up ^ Christopher Hodapp , Alice Von Kannon , The Templar Code For Dummies , page 257 ( Wiley Publishing , Inc. , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12765 - 0 ) . Jump up ^ Rossella Lorenzi ( 9 November 2007 ) .",
"12": "`` Leonardo 's ' Last Supper ' Hides True Da Vinci Code '' . Discovery News . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Da Vinci 's `` Last Supper '' has hidden music ( includes link to recording ) `` . Extra.beloblog.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ mp3 file of the composition , hosted.ap.org Further reading ( edit ) Steinberg , Leo . Leonardo 's Incessant ' Last Supper ' `` . New York : Zone Books , 2001 . Detailed review of Steinberg 's ' Incessant Last Supper ' at 3 Pipe Problem Bertelli , Carlo ( November 1983 ) . `` Restoration Reveals The Last Supper '' . National Geographic . Vol. 164 no . 5 . pp. 664 -- 684 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci . Official website External video Leonardo 's Last Supper , video , Smarthistory Leonardo 's Last Supper and the three layers John the Apostle in Art Leonardo da Vinci : anatomical drawings from the Royal Library , Windsor Castle , exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art , which contains material on The Last Supper ( see index ) Zoomable version Tourist Information Tickets Last Supper in Christian art Barocci del Castagno Cranach Dali Ghirlandaio Perugino Rosselli Rubens Tintoretto da Vinci Visual arts portal Christianity portal Leonardo da Vinci List of works Science and inventions Personal life Paintings Medusa The Annunciation The Baptism of Christ The Madonna of the Carnation Ginevra de ' Benci Benois Madonna The Adoration of the Magi St. Jerome in the Wilderness Madonna Litta Virgin of the Rocks Portrait of a Musician Lady with an Ermine La Belle Ferronnière Salvator Mundi Madonna of the Yarnwinder The Virgin and Child with St.",
"13": "Anne Mona Lisa Head of a Woman ( La Scapigliata ) Leda and the Swan St. John the Baptist Works on walls The Last Supper Sala delle Asse The Battle of Anghiari Sculptures Sforza monument ( unexecuted ) Horse and Rider Rearing Horse and Mounted Warrior Works on paper Vitruvian Man Portrait of a Young Fiancée The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist Self - portrait Studies of the Fetus in the Womb Manuscripts Codex Arundel Codex Atlanticus Codex on the Flight of Birds Codex Leicester Codex Madrid Codex Trivulzianus A Treatise on Painting Other projects De divina proportione Architonnerre Leonardo 's crossbow Leonardo 's fighting vehicle Leonardo 's robot Leonardo 's self - propelled cart Viola organista Leonardeschi Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio Cesare da Sesto Giampietrino Giovanni Agostino da Lodi Bernardino Luini Cesare Magni Marco d'Oggiono Francesco Melzi Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis Salaì Andrea Solari Posthumous fame Cultural references Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Things named after da Vinci Tourism in Milan Religious sites Cathedral Milan Cathedral Basilica di Santa Tecla Basilicas S Ambrogio S Calimero S Carlo al Corso S. Eustorgio Portinari Chapel S. Lorenzo S. Marco S. Maria delle Grazie The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) S. Maria della Passione S. Nazaro in Brolo S. Simpliciano S. Stefano Maggiore S. Vincenzo in Prato S. Vittore al Corpo Churches Sant'Angelo S. Antonio Abate S. Barnaba S. Bernardino alle Ossa S. Cristoforo sul Naviglio S. Fedele S. Giorgio al Palazzo S. Giovanni in Conca S. Gottardo S. Maria del Carmine S.",
"14": "Maria della Pace S Maria Incoronata S. Maria presso San Celso S. Maria presso San Satiro S. Maurizio al Monastero Maggiore S. Pietro in Gessate S. Sebastiano S. Sepolcro Oratorio di San Protaso Rotonda della Besana Other Chiaravalle Abbey Garegnano Charterhouse Mirasole Abbey Museums and galleries Alfa Romeo Museum Armani / Silos Bagatti Valsecchi Museum Civic Aquarium Galleria d'Arte Moderna Gallerie di Piazza Scala Art collection of Fondazione Cariplo Palazzo Anguissola Palazzo Brentani Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano Museo del Novecento Museo del Risorgimento Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia `` Leonardo da Vinci '' Museo Diocesano Museo Poldi Pezzoli Museo Teatrale alla Scala Contemporary Art Pavilion Pinacoteca di Brera Sforza Castle Antique Furniture & Wooden Sculpture Museum Applied Arts Collection Archaeological Museum Egyptian Museum Museum of Musical Instruments Museo d'Arte Antica Pinacoteca Villas and palaces Casa Campanini Casa degli Omenoni Casa di Riposo per Musicisti Casa Manzoni Casa Panigarola Castello Cova Palazzo dell'Arengario Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana Palazzo Belgioioso Palazzo Borromeo Palazzo Carminati Palazzo Castiglioni Palazzo dei Giureconsulti Palazzo Mezzanotte Palazzo della Ragione Palazzo delle Scuole Palatine Palazzo del Senato Royal Palace of Milan Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte Libraries",
"15": "Biblioteca Ambrosiana Biblioteca di Brera Theatres La Scala Piccolo Teatro Teatro degli Arcimboldi Teatro Dal Verme Teatro Lirico Squares and public spaces Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II Piazza Cordusio Piazza del Duomo Piazza della Scala Piazza Mercanti Piazza Gae Aulenti Streets and canals Corso Buenos Aires Navigli Quadrilatero della moda Via della Spiga Via Monte Napoleone Gardens and parks Basilicas Park Giardini Pubblici Indro Montanelli Orto Botanico di Brera Orto Botanico di Cascina Rosa Parco Sempione Villa Litta Modignani Events and traditions EICMA Expo 2015 Milan Fashion Week Milan Furniture Fair Milan International ( 1906 ) Oh bej ! Oh bej ! Triennale Districts of Milan Trams in Milan VIAF : 175915680 GND : 4195043 - 4 SUDOC : 02850223X BNF : cb12032553h ( data ) Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Last Supper '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)&oldid=837890581 '' Categories : Tourist attractions in Milan 1498 paintings Last Supper Food and drink paintings Fresco paintings Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci Paintings depicting Jesus Roman Catholic Church paintings Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using Infobox artwork / wikidata using locally defined parameters Articles containing Italian - language text Articles needing additional references from May",
"16": "2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ilokano IsiZulu Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip",
"17": "Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 17 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
10,
4,
13,
12,
0,
11,
2,
9,
8,
5,
1,
3,
6,
15,
7,
16,
14,
17
] |
[
10,
4,
13,
12,
0
] |
1019325920722273987
|
when does wentworth season 6 start in australia
|
[
"19 June 2018",
"19 June 2018",
"2019",
"19 June 2018"
] |
{
"0": "Wentworth ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Wentworth ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Wentworth Prison '' redirects here . For other uses , see Wentworth ( disambiguation ) . Wentworth Also known as Wentworth Prison Genre Drama Created by Lara Radulovich David Hannam Reg Watson Starring Danielle Cormack Nicole da Silva Pamela Rabe Kate Atkinson Celia Ireland Shareena Clanton Katrina Milosevic Robbie J. Magasiva Aaron C. Jeffery Tammy MacIntosh Kate Jenkinson Socratis Otto Sigrid Thornton Bernard Curry Leeanna Walsman Kris McQuade Catherine McClements Opening theme Instrumental theme ( season 1 ) `` You Do n't Know Me '' by Pleasantville ( season 2 -- present ) Ending theme Closing instrumental theme ( season 1 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Richard Pleasance Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 58 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jo Porter Producer ( s ) Amanda Crittenden ( series producer ) Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia Australia Release Original network SoHo ( 2013 -- 16 ) Showcase ( 2017 -- ) Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release 1 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Prisoner External links Website Wentworth is an Australian television drama program . It was first broadcast on SoHo on 1 May 2013 . The series serves as a contemporary reimagining of Prisoner , which ran on Network Ten from 1979 to 1986 . Lara Radulovich and David Hannam developed Wentworth from Reg Watson 's original concept .",
"1": "The series is set in the modern day and initially focuses on Bea Smith 's ( Danielle Cormack ) early days in prison and her subsequent rise to the top of the prison 's hierarchy . Following Cormack 's departure from the show at the end of the fourth season , the series shifted it 's focus onto a more ensemble format . For the first three seasons , Wentworth was filmed on purpose - built sets in the suburbs of Clayton , Victoria . Production moved to Newport , Victoria , starting with the fourth season . The show has received a mostly positive reception from critics , and the first episode became the most watched Australian drama series premiere in Foxtel history . The series was picked up by several countries , including New Zealand and the UK , where it has been retitled Wentworth Prison . A sixth season was commissioned by Foxtel on 9 May 2017 , which will premiere on 19 June 2018 . A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018 , before the sixth season premiere , with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Streaming 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Accolades 6 Home media 7 Remakes 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Further information : List of Wentworth episodes Wentworth is set in modern - day Australia and focuses on Bea Smith ( Danielle Cormack ) when she first enters prison after being charged with the attempted murder of her husband . Bea is separated from her daughter and sent to Wentworth on remand , where she lives in `` an uncertain limbo '' until she is sentenced . Starting at the bottom of Wentworth 's hierarchy , Bea is forced to learn how to survive in prison .",
"2": "Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 10 1 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 3 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 03 ) SoHo 12 20 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) 5 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 05 ) 12 7 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) 23 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) 12 10 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 26 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) 5 12 4 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 20 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) Showcase Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Wentworth characters Main ( edit ) Nicole da Silva as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Francesca `` Franky '' Doyle Kate Atkinson as Governor Vera Bennett Celia Ireland as Inmate Elizabeth `` Liz '' Birdsworth Robbie J. Magasiva as Deputy Governor Will Jackson Katrina Milosevic as Inmate Sue `` Boomer '' Jenkins ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- ) Pamela Rabe as former Governor and Inmate Joan `` The Freak '' Ferguson ( seasons 2 -- ) Tammy Macintosh as `` Top Dog '' Inmate Karen `` Kaz '' Proctor ( recurring season 3 ; main season 4 -- ) Kate Jenkinson as Inmate Allie Novak ( season 4 -- ) Bernard Curry as Correctional Officer Jake Stewart ( season 4 -- ) Sigrid Thornton as Inmate Sonia Stevens ( special guest season 4 ;",
"3": "main season 5 -- ) Leah Purcell as Rita Connors ( season 6 -- ) Susie Porter as Marie Winter ( season 6 -- ) Rarriwuy Hick as Ruby Mitchell ( season 6 -- ) Catherine McClements as former Governor Meg Jackson ( season 1 ) Kris McQuade as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Jacqueline `` Jacs '' Holt ( season 1 ) Leeanna Walsman as former Governor Erica Davidson ( season 1 ) Aaron Jeffery as former Correctional Officer Matthew `` Fletch '' Fletcher ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Danielle Cormack as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Bea Smith ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Socratis Otto as Inmate Maxine Conway ( recurring seasons 2 -- 3 ; main seasons 4 -- 5 ) Shareena Clanton as former Inmate Doreen `` Dor '' Anderson ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Recurring ( edit ) Ra Chapman as Inmate Kim Chang ( seasons 1 -- ) Jacqueline Brennan as Correctional Officer Linda Miles ( season 1 -- ) Martin Sacks as Board Director new is now acting Governor Derek Channing ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Bessie Holland as Inmate Stella Radic ( seasons 2 -- ) Libby Tanner as Psychologist Bridget Westfall ( seasons 3 -- ) Charli Tjoe as Inmate Tina Mercado ( seasons 3 -- ) Sally - Anne Upton as Inmate Lucy Gambaro ( seasons 3 -- ) Madeleine Jevic as Nurse Lee Radcliffe ( seasons 4 -- ) Sophia Katos as Inmate Mel Barrett ( seasons 4 -- ) Steve Bastoni as Don Kaplan ( seasons 4 -- ) Hunter Page - Lochard as Shayne Butler ( seasons 4 -- ) Daniielle Alexis as Inmate Dana Malouf ( seasons 5 -- ) Zahra Newman as Inmate Iman Farah ( seasons 5 -- ) Louise Harris as Inmate Ronnie Katsis ( season 1 ) Rondah Dam as Inmate Phillipa `` Pip '' Turner ( season 1 ) John Bach as Jacs ' husband Vinnie Holt ( season 1 ) Melitta",
"4": "St Just as Inmate Megan Summers ( season 1 -- 2 ) Steve Le Marquand as Inmate Worker Colin Bates ( season 2 ) Tony Briggs as Correctional Officer Steve Faulkner ( season 2 ) Lynette Curran as Vera 's mother Rita Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Jada Alberts as Inmate Toni Goodes ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Annie Jones as Parole Officer Rachel Sanger ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Katherine Halliday as Inmate Sarah Briggs ( season 2 ) Kathryn Beck as Inmate Sky Pierson ( season 2 ) Reef Ireland as Jacs ' son Brayden Holt ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Benne Harrison as Inmate Rosalind `` Roz '' Jago ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Cassandra Magrath as Journalist Hayley Jovanka ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Kasia Kaczmarek as Inmate Lindsay Coulter ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Miles Paras as Inmate Cindy Lou ( season 3 ) Christen O'Leary as Inmate Kelly Bryant ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Pia Miranda as Inmate Jodie Spiteri ( season 3 ) Jake Ryan as Bea 's husband Harry Smith ( recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ; cameo season 3 ) Ally Fowler as Inmate Simone `` Simmo '' Slater ( recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ; cameo season 3 ) Alex Menglet as Joan 's father Ivan Ferguson ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Edwina Samuels as Inmate Sophie Donaldson ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Scott Parmeter as Correctional Officer Chris Bakula ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Damien Richardson as Detective Michael Mears ( season 3 ) Maggie Naouri as Nurse Rose Atkins ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Georgia Chara as Inmate Jess Warner ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Richard Sutherland as Franky 's father Alan Doyle ( seasons 1 , 4 , 5 ) Georgia Flood as Bea 's daughter Debbie Smith ( seasons 1 -- 2 ,",
"5": "cameo season 4 ) Tony Nikolakopoulos as Joan 's hired heavy Nils Jasper ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Katerina Kotsonis as Correctional Officer Brenda Murphy ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Luke McKenzie as Inmate Worker Nash Taylor ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) Marta Kaczmarek as Inmate Marge Nowak ( seasons 2 , 5 ) Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) In March 2012 , it was announced that a contemporary re-imagining of Prisoner had been commissioned by Foxtel . Brian Walsh , the executive director of television at Foxtel , stated that Wentworth would not be a remake of Prisoner , which ran for 692 episodes on Network Ten from 1979 to 1986 . He continued : `` Wentworth will be a dynamic and very confronting drama series , developed and stylised specifically for subscription television audiences . We have told producers to push all boundaries and honestly depict life on the inside as it is in 2012 . '' Lara Radulovich and David Hannam have developed Wentworth from Reg Watson 's original concept . FremantleMedia and director of drama Jo Porter will produce Wentworth . The first episode , and several subsequent episodes , were written by Pete McTighe . Television critic Michael Idato acted as series consultant and Kerry Tucker acted as consultant on authenticity . Porter commented that the series would explore `` the politics of women in a world with few men , and how the experience both challenges and changes them , sometimes for the better . '' Wentworth is set in the modern - day and centres on Bea Smith 's early days in prison . The storylines include a mix of original inmates and staff from Prisoner with characters developed especially for Wentworth . Foxtel told a reporter from The Sydney Morning Herald that the original characters from Prisoner would be a contemporary interpretation in the new series .",
"6": "It was initially reported that none of the original cast from Prisoner would appear in the first season of Wentworth , however Anne Charleston , who had a number of small roles in the original series , made a cameo appearance as Liz Birdsworth 's mother - in - law , also Alex Menglet and Gloria Ajenstat who played Ray Proctor and Tammy Fisher in the original series will have guest roles in the new series . Foxtel revealed that the producers were looking at how they might incorporate the Prisoner theme tune , `` On The Inside '' , into the new series . On 5 June 2013 , it was confirmed that Wentworth had been renewed for a second season . A reporter for the Australian Associated Press said production would begin later in the year , and the season would air in 2014 . Porter stated : `` We have assembled an extraordinary team of writers who ca n't wait to get started on series two . We have so many more stories to tell . '' In January 2014 , it was announced that a third season of Wentworth had been ordered , before the second had aired . In a similar manner , a 12 - episode fourth season was announced before the airing of the third season on 27 February 2015 . It began airing from 10 May 2016 . Cormack confirmed a fifth season had been commissioned on 19 July . The twelve - part series premiered on 4 April 2017 . On 9 May 2017 , Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season , which is set to premiere on 19 June 2018 . A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018 , before the sixth season premiere , with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019 . Casting ( edit ) On 4 October 2012 , a reporter for The West Australian revealed that Celia Ireland and Kate Atkinson had joined the cast of Wentworth , while Shareena Clanton would make her acting debut as Doreen Anderson . Danielle Cormack was cast in the role of Beatrice `` Queen Bea '' Smith and she stated `` I am absolutely rapt to be part of the reboot of such an iconic drama .",
"7": "Prisoner left an indelible mark on fans and I really hope that the re-imagining of this series will be just as popular with viewers now as it was back then . '' Actors Robbie Magasiva and Aaron Jeffery play corrections officers in the detention centre . David Knox from TV Tonight revealed that Nicole da Silva , Kris McQuade , Catherine McClements and Leeanna Walsman had also joined the cast . Following the end of the first season , it was revealed that iconic Prisoner character Joan `` The Freak '' Ferguson , a sadistic , lesbian prison officer , would be introduced in the second season . Porter commented `` Prisoner offered up a very rich well of amazing characters to draw upon and the Wentworth writers are very excited about revisiting the character of prison officer Joan ' The Freak ' Ferguson in our second season . '' Erin McWhirter from TV Week reported that former All Saints actress Tammy MacIntosh was one actress rumoured to have been offered the role . On 21 September 2013 , it was confirmed that Pamela Rabe had been cast as `` The Freak '' . McQuade , McClements and Walsman did not reprise their respective roles of Jacs Holt , Meg Jackson and Erica Davidson for the second season . Katrina Milosevic , who portrays Boomer Jenkins , was upgraded to the main cast . Actresses Pia Miranda , Libby Tanner and Tammy MacIntosh joined the cast from the third season as inmate Jodie Spiteri , psychologist Bridget Westfall and vigilante Karen Proctor respectively . Sigrid Thornton , who played Ros Coulson on Prisoner , will be joining the cast for season four . She will not be reprising her former role , but will play another Prisoner based character Sonia Stevens . In November 2015 , Kate Jenkinson and Bernard Curry were announced to be appearing in the show as Allie Novak , an inmate , and Jake Stewart , a correctional officer , respectively . In April 2018 , it was announced that Indigenous Australian actress Leah Purcell had joined the cast as Rita Connors , a role originally played by Glenda Linscott in Prisoner . Also joining the cast were Susie Porter as criminal matriarch Marie Winter , a role originally played by Maggie Millar in Prisoner , and Rarriwuy Hick as young boxer Ruby Mitchell .",
"8": "Filming ( edit ) Foxtel confirmed that Wentworth would not be shot at the original ATV - 10 studios in Nunawading , Victoria where Prisoner was filmed . Wentworth was instead filmed on a purpose built set in the suburb of Clayton . The shoot employed 300 cast and crew . The ten - part season began filming for four months from 10 October 2012 . Wentworth began airing on Foxtel 's SoHo channel from 1 May 2013 . Filming for the second season began on 23 September 2013 and wrapped on 13 February 2014 . The second season began airing on 20 May 2014 . Production for the third season resumed in March and filming was completed in late July . In the same month , it was announced that the property in which Wentworth was filmed had been sold , and the set would be knocked down . A new alternative was being sought and a TV Week reporter commented that it was unclear if the loss of the set would be written into future storylines . The third season began airing on 7 April 2015 . Production on the fourth season began in the second half of 2015 . The fifth season was filmed in Melbourne from August 2016 . On 9 May 2017 , Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season , which began filming a week later . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Wentworth has been sold to more than 90 countries . On 2 April 2013 , it was confirmed that TVNZ had signed a deal to broadcast Wentworth in New Zealand . Later that month , it was announced that Wentworth would be broadcast on Channel 5 in the UK . The head of acquisitions for the channel , Kate Keenan , commented `` Wentworth will be a great addition to Channel 5 's drama output this autumn . This compelling cast of female characters packs an emotional punch and will appeal to the Channel 5 viewers who love our range of crime output from dramas to factual series . '' A trailer for the series began airing on the channel and its website in August 2013 and premiered on Channel 5 on 28 August . Channel 5 also re-titled the show , Wentworth Prison .",
"9": "The second season began on Channel 5 on 3 September 2014 and season Three , which commenced broadcast on 22 July 2015 , concluded with a two - hour season finale which consisted of episodes 11 and 12 of the season on 30 September 2015 . Season four of Wentworth premiered on Channel 5 on 27 June 2016 . In July , following declining ratings , the series was moved from its Monday night timeslot on Channel 5 to Tuesday 's on sister channel 5Star . The series premiered in the Republic of Ireland broadcasting as Wentworth on TV3 from June 2014 . Season 2 premiered on TV3 on 15 January 2015 . In Canada the first two seasons broadcast on Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in late 2015 . Although the series has a strong fan base in many countries , Angela Perez of Australia Network News said Foxtel was considering cancelling the show due to audiences viewing new episodes via pirate websites following the Australian premiere . Foxtel stated that the piracy is `` a serious problem in terms of recouping money to help pay for future seasons '' . Streaming ( edit ) In December 2014 , Wentworth first premiered on Netflix in the United States and added seasons one and two to its streaming service . In April 2016 the third season was released to US audiences via the platform . Season 4 was released on Netflix in July 2016 . The show features on the `` 50 Best TV Shows on Netflix '' list according to Netflix Life . Seasons one to three are available to view via Amazon Video in the U.S. In the United Kingdom , all five seasons are available for streaming on Amazon Video , while additional services include Google Play and Youtube . In Australia , Foxtel Now provides a catch - up service for the Wentworth , while the series is made available for catch - up viewing via TVNZ OnDemand in New Zealand and My5 in the United Kingdom for a limited time . Reception ( edit ) The show has received critical acclaim throughout its run . Following a screening of the pilot episode for the media in February 2013 , Ben Pobjie from The Age called Wentworth `` a triumph '' .",
"10": "He praised the writing and the cast , saying `` So rarely in Australian TV do we see well - written characters collide with dead - on casting and tense , atmospheric direction as they have here . '' He added that Wentworth is `` a powerful , almost cinematic drama '' with its own identity , that incorporates `` echoes '' of the original Prisoner series . Holly Byrnes , writing for the Herald Sun , quipped `` this brilliant retelling picks up where the pioneering series left off and then takes the kind of shocking plot detours contemporary TV viewers would expect from award - winning US dramas like Breaking Bad or Sons of Anarchy . '' Byrnes also praised the cast 's performances , particularly Cormack . Following its North American debut the critics drew comparisons with US prison dramedy Orange Is the New Black , though Liz Raftery of TV Guide said she believed the show was more gritty and did not `` sugarcoat '' prison life . They branded it `` edge - of - your - seat television '' and singled out Sue ' Boomer ' Jenkins as one of the show 's standout characters and reasons to watch . Margaret Lyons from New York magazine called it a `` ruthlessly dark drama '' similar to Breaking Bad , a comparison which TV Guide 's critics also made . Lyons added that Wentworth 's careful plotting of storylines gave meaningful payoffs and triumphed into making it a `` smart and competent '' series . Gerard O'Donovan from The Daily Telegraph opined that the show has a cast of `` fabulously strong , variably humane female characters . '' They believed it did not try to appeal to `` mainstream tastes '' , adding `` the series sticks more closely to its violent , soapy , sexploitation Prisoner : Cell Block H roots than is strictly necessary in 2016 . '' O'Donovan branded it a rare example of fictional work portraying lesbianism as `` not only normal , but the norm . '' He concluded the show depicts a world in which `` women hold virtually all the power , albeit to no obviously edifying ends . '' Matt Baylis from the Daily Express criticised the show for not being original and having a `` mandatory number of unnecessary scenes '' . They preferred the original series Prisoner and accused Wentworth of being everything the original was not .",
"11": "The first episode of Wentworth attracted 244,000 viewers , making it the most watched Australian drama series premiere in Foxtel history . The UK premiere of the show attracted 1.67 million viewers , a 10.3 % share of the audience for the 10pm time slot . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( Australian ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 8 : 30 pm 10 1 May 2013 0.244 3 July 2013 0.125 2013 0.144 Tuesday 8 : 30 pm 12 20 May 2014 0.075 5 August 2014 0.103 2014 0.084 12 7 April 2015 0.100 23 June 2015 0.113 2015 0.107 12 10 May 2016 0.140 26 July 2016 0.095 2016 0.106 5 12 4 April 2017 0.101 20 June 2017 0.119 2017 0.086 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipients and nominees Result 2013 Australian Screen Editors Best Editing in a Television Drama Philip Watts Nominated 2014 AACTA Awards Best Guest or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama Kris McQuade Nominated Best Television Drama Series Wentworth -- Jo Porter ,",
"12": "Amanda Crittenden Nominated ASTRA Awards Most Outstanding Drama Wentworth Won Most Outstanding New Talent Shareena Clanton Nominated Most Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor Danielle Cormack Nominated Nicole da Silva Won Kris McQuade Nominated Most Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor Aaron Jeffery Nominated Robbie Magasiva Nominated Logie Awards Most Outstanding Drama Series Wentworth Nominated Most Outstanding Actress Danielle Cormack Nominated Most Outstanding Newcomer Shareena Clanton Nominated Equity Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Cast Nominated Australian Screen Editors Best Editing in a Television Drama Ben Joss Nominated 2015 AACTA Awards Best Lead Actress in a Television Drama Pamela Rabe Won Best Television Drama Series Wentworth -- Jo Porter ,",
"13": "Amanda Crittenden Nominated ASTRA Awards Most Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor Danielle Cormack Won Celia Ireland Nominated Nicole da Silva Nominated Pamela Rabe Nominated Most Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor Aaron Jeffrey Nominated Robbie Magasiva Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Wentworth Won Australian Directors Guild Awards Best Direction in a TV Drama Series Kevin Carlin for `` Into the Night '' Nominated Australian Writers Guild Awards Best Script for a Television Series Pete McTighe for `` Fear Her '' Nominated Best Script for a Television Series Stuart Page for `` The Governor 's Pleasure '' Won Logie Awards Most Outstanding Drama Series Wentworth Won Most Outstanding Actress Danielle Cormack Won Most Outstanding Actress Nicole da Silva Nominated 2016 AACTA Awards Best Direction in a Television Drama or Comedy Kevin Carlin for `` Seeing Red '' Nominated Best Editing In Television Ben Joss for `` Prisoner '' Won Best Lead Actress in a Television Drama Danielle Cormack Nominated Pamela Rabe Nominated Best Television Drama Series Wentworth -- Pino Amenta and Jo Porter Won Australian Writers Guild Awards Best Script for a Television Series Michael Lucas for `` Plan Bea '' Nominated Best Script for a Television Series Pete McTighe for `` Blood and Fire '' Nominated Logie Awards Most Outstanding Actress Pamela Rabe Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series Wentworth Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Celia Ireland Won 2017 Australian Writers Guild Awards Best Script for a Television Series or Miniseries Pete McTighe for `` Seeing Red '' Nominated Logie Awards Most Outstanding Actress Danielle Cormack Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Nicole da Silva Nominated Best Drama Program Wentworth Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series Wentworth Nominated 2018 Australian Directors ' Guild Awards Best Direction in a TV or SVOD Drama Series Fiona Banks for `` Belly of the Beast '' Pending Home Media ( edit ) In Australia , Wentworth is available on both DVD and Blu - ray formats ,",
"14": "where in 2013 the first season was released via Shock Records . The series was however acquired by Roadshow Entertainment in 2014 for distribution of subsequent seasons , and a re-release of the first season in 2016 . Fremantle Home Entertainment initially held the rights for distribution in the United Kingdom , where the series is only available on DVD , and under the `` Wentworth Prison '' title . The first season was made available in a standard set and a Deluxe Edition , for which it included special features ; both the second and third seasons received Deluxe Edition releases , after which , Network distribution acquired ownership of all home media rights for all previous seasons , and were the first company to release the fourth season in the United Kingdom . In the United States , the series commenced releasing on DVD in 2016 in which the first three seasons currently available from Acorn Media . Furthermore , multiple season sets are available on DVD and Blu - ray in Australia and on DVD in the United Kingdom . DVD and Blu - ray sets commenced releasing in Germany from early 2017 . From Season 4 onwards , the series will only receive DVD sets in Germany . Season Episodes Release date Rating Additional Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region B BBFC ACB Standard releases 10 15 November 2016 4 November 2013 18 November 2013 18 MA15+ Features 3 - DVD set ( Region 1 ) 3 - DVD standard set ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD Deluxe Edition ( Region 2 ) 5 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.",
"15": "1 ( Blu - ray ) Re-released on DVD and Blu - ray -- 28 September 2016 ( Region 4 / B ) 12 7 March 2017 24 November 2014 22 October 2014 18 MA15+ Features 4 - DVD set ( region 1 ) 4 - DVD Deluxe Edition ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) 12 6 June 2017 12 October 2015 14 October 2015 18 MA15+ Features 4 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) 12 TBA 24 October 2016 5 October 2016 18 MA15+ Features 4 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) 5 12 TBA 2 October 2017 4 October 2017 18 MA15+ Features 4 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.",
"16": "1 ( Blu - ray ) Multiple releases 1 -- 2 22 No release 24 November 2014 22 October 2014 18 MA15+ Features 8 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 9 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 6 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) ( See individual releases for additional information ) 1 -- 3 34 No release 12 October 2015 14 October 2015 18 MA15+ Features 12 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 13 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 9 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) ( See individual releases for additional information ) 1 -- 4 46 No release 24 October 2016 5 October 2016 18 MA15+ Features 16 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 17 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 12 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) ( See individual releases for additional information ) 1 -- 5 58 No release 2 October 2017 4 October 2017 18 MA15+ Features 20 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 21 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 15 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) ( See individual releases for additional information ) Remakes ( edit ) Block B : Under Arrest , a German remake was the first in 2014 which screened on RTL for one season . Celblok H , a Dutch remake of Wentworth for Dutch TV Network , SBS 6 , starring Isa Hoes , Eva van de Wijdeven , Bo Mearten , and Inge Ipenburg , began airing on 3 March 2014 . The series is virtually a scene - for - scene remake of Wentworth , with the exception of character name changes . Four seasons and 46 episodes were produced , and the final episode was broadcast on 27 March 2017 . A Belgian remake of `` Wentworth '' is being made by the Belgian TV channel Vier . Filming is scheduled to start in July 2016 , release is planned for 2018 .",
"17": "See also ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black , American drama with a similar premise References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gritty New Drama Series ' Wentworth Prison ' set to captivate audiences on TV3 '' . 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cronin , Seanna ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` Behind the razor wire '' . Sunshine Coast Daily . APN News & Media . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Wentworth spoiler warning : will The Freak escape being buried alive ? '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sigrid Throtn part of Foxtel 2016 line - up - The West Australian '' . Jump up ^ Sarah Thomas . `` Sigrid Thornton joins Wentworth as part of Foxtel 's home - grown roster for 2016 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 27 July 2016 ) . `` Spoiler : Wentworth has officially killed off the character no one thought they 'd ever kill off '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dallas , Sam ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Foxtel commissions new Prisoner series , titled Wentworth '' . If Magazine . The Intermedia Group . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Val Lehman wants to return to Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Leys , Nick ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` Ten questions for Jo Porter '' . The Australian . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Tucker '' . Australian Speakers Bureau . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prisoner re-make : Your questions answered '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ Watkins , Mike ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Neighbours ' Anne Charleston to guest in Cell Block H remake '' . ATV Today . ATV Network Limited . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Cast Gets Another Year In Jail '' . Australian Associated Press . Local Today . 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Foxtel announces second stretch for Prisoner re-boot Wentworth '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times . 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foxtel and FremantleMedia Australia lock in third season of the hit prison drama '' . FremantleMedia Australia . 28 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Renewed : Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coming soon to Foxtel '' . Foxtel . Archived from the original on 21 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ @ daniellecormack ( 19 July 2016 ) . `` An amazing / insightful trip so far with ChildFundAU and Season 5 wentworth confirmed ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 19 July 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Renewed : Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Season 6 Confirmed '' . Showcase. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New faces to join Wentworth in season six '' . The West Australian . 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth - Production commences on Wentworth Season 7 '' . Showcase. 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ `` Top cast locked in '' . The West Australian . Seven West Media . 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Glucina , Rachel ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` Kiwi actress in favourite role '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN News & Media . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Wentworth cast on the inside '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 4 July 2013 ) . `` Who will play The Freak ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Erin ( 20 -- 26 July 2013 ) . `` TV Insider '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 29 ) : 21 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 21 September 2013 ) . `` Pamela Rabe revives ' The Freak ' on Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth series 2 '' ( PDF ) . Screen Australia . 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly . `` The screen death of Alex Cook 's character Lou in Love My Way still holds strong emotions for fans '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aussie icon Sigrid Thornton joins the cast of Went ... - Foxtel Community '' . community.foxtel.com.au . Jump up ^ `` In Production '' . Film Victoria . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pobjie , Ben ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Back on the inside : Prisoner reboot a no - holds - barred triumph '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In production '' . Film Victoria . Retrieved 3 November 2013 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 March 2014 ) . `` Returning : Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 August 2014 ) . `` Must - see season finale of Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guerilla - style filming , Wentworth sets and 50th birthday celebrations '' . TV Week . 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth launch date and teaser '' . FremantleMedia Australia . 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Returning : Wentworth '' . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Waller , Ed ( 2 April 2013 ) . `` NZ sale for Prisoner reboot '' . C21Media.net . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffery , Morgan ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` ' Prisoner Cell Block H ' remake ' Wentworth ' to air on Channel 5 in UK '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Doug ( 15 August 2013 ) . `` Channel 5 Wentworth trailer '' . ATV Today UK . ATV Network Limited . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 Start Date Confirmed '' . Channel5.com . June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perez , Angela ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Wentworth Season 5 Cancelled Due to Piracy ? '' . Australia Network News . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Season 4 Available On Netflix , Bea Smith Really Dead '' . 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wentworth Prison ' returns to TV3 with explosive second series '' . tv3.ie . Retrieved 15 April 2015 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` About Wentworth '' . APTN.ca . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Do n't miss the APTN premiere of Wentworth on Sunday , September 13 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` Australian Prison Series Wentworth Is the Dark Drama You 've Been Waiting For '' . Vulture . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Dzikowski , Jennifer . `` Is ' Wentworth ' Season 3 on Netflix in the US Yet ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Amazon Video : `` Wentworth Season 1 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth Season 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth Season 4 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth Season 5 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Prison '' . Play.google.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Prison '' . Youtube . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Foxtel.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Tvnz.co.nz . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My5 '' . My5.tv . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Foxtel 's Prisoner remake Wentworth makes Underbelly look tame '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times .",
"22": "Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ; Gennis , Sadie ( 12 March 2015 ) . `` 9 Reasons You Need to Watch Wentworth on Netflix ASAP '' . TV Guide . ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` Australian Prison Series Wentworth Is the Dark Drama You 've Been Waiting For '' . New York . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Donovan , Gerard . `` Wentworth Prison : the Aussie prison drama better than Orange is the New Black - review '' . The Daily Telegraph . ( Telegraph Media Group ) . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Baylis , Matt ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` Last night 's TV reviewed : The Real Story and Wentworth Prison '' . Daily Express . ( Northern & Shell ) . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hardie , Giles ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` Wentworth breaks out with a bang as Arrow strikes for Nine '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` ' Celebrity MasterChef ' tops Wednesday ratings with 4.40 million '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 3 July 2013 '' . TV Tonight . 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 May 2014 ) . `` Tuesday 20 May 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` Tuesday 5 August 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Tuesday 7 April 2015 '' . TV Tonight .",
"23": "Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 23 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 10 May 2016 '' . TVTonight.com.au. 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 26 July 2016 '' . TVTonight.com.au. 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 4 April 2017 '' . 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 20 June 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2013 ASE Award Nominees and Winners were '' . Australian Screen Editors . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` AACTA Awards 2014 : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth dominates 2014 ASTRA Awards '' . FremantleMedia. 12 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Scott ( 21 March 2014 ) . `` ASTRA Awards honour Charlotte Dawson at Sydney ceremony '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Colin ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Nominees for the peer - reviewed categories in the Logie Awards announced '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Equity Ensemble Awards 2014 -- Voting Now Open ! '' . Equity Foundation ( Media , Entertainment and Arts Alliance ) . 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Awards 2014 - Australian Screen Editors '' . Jump up ^ `` 5th AACTA Awards nominees '' ( PDF ) . aacta.org . Retrieved 13 Nov 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Neala ( 9 December 2015 ) .",
"24": "`` George Miller named best director and Max Mad : Fury Road best film at AACTA Awards 2015 '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathon ( 10 February 2015 ) . `` Wentworth and Devil 's Playground dominate nominations for 2015 ASTRA Awards '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lallo , Michael ( 12 March 2015 ) . `` ASTRA Awards 2015 winners : Wentworth scoops best Australian drama for second year in a row '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 ADG Awards Nominations '' . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AWGIE nominations for FMA '' . FremantleMedia Australia . 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AWGIE win for Wentworth '' . FremantleMedia Australia . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Willis , Charlotte ( 22 March 2015 ) . `` Here 's the full List of 2015 Logies nominations '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` Logies 2015 : Carrie Bickmore claims Gold Logie '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 October 2016 ) . `` AACTA Awards 2016 : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full list of nominees for the 2016 AWGIE Awards '' ( PDF ) . Australian Writers ' Guild. 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Logie nominations announced '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Weir , James ( 9 May 2016 ) .",
"25": "`` Live blog : all the action from the 2016 TV Week Logie Awards '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` AWGIE Awards 2017 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 April 2018 ) . `` Australian Directors ' Guild Awards 2018 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Acornoline.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ DVD Region 2 ( Germany ) : `` Wentworth - Die komplette erste Staffel ( 3 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Die komplette zweite Staffel ( 4 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Staffel 3 - Nicht Du leitest dieses Gefängis , sondern ich ! ( 4 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Die komplette vierte Staffel ( 4 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray Region B ( Germany ) : `` Wentworth - Staffel 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Staffel 2 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Staffel 3 - Nicht Du leitest dieses Gefängnis , sondern ich ! ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Region 1 DVD sets : `` Wentworth , Season 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth : Season 1 '' . Acornoline.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth , Season 2 '' . Amazon.com .",
"26": "Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth : Season 2 '' . Acornoline.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth : Season 3 '' . Acornoline.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth , Season 3 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Region 2 DVD sets : `` Wentworth Prison Season One ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison : Season 1 ( Deluxe Edition ) ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison Season 2 Complete Deluxe ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . `` Wentworth Prison : Season Four ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . `` Wentworth Prison 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison - Season 1 - 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison Seasons 1 - 3 box set ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . `` Wentworth Prison : Season One to Four ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . `` Wentworth Prison : Season One To Five ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Region 4 DVD sets : `` Wentworth : The Complete Season One DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Season 2 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Series 3 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 24 October 2015 .",
"27": "`` Wentworth Series 4 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . `` Wentworth - Season 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . `` Wentworth Seasons 1 2 Boxset on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Series 1 3 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . `` Wentworth Series 1 4 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . `` Wentworth - Season 1 - 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Region B Australia Blu - ray sets : `` Wentworth : The Complete Season One Blu - ray '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Season 2 on Blu Ray '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth - Season 3 '' . sanity.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Series 4 on Blu Ray '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth - Season 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . `` Wentworth Seasons 1 And 2 Boxset on Blu Ray '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Series 1 3 on Blu Ray '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Series 1 4 on Blu Ray '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth - Season 1 - 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Season 1 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ `` Wentworth - Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Prison Drama Wentworth in German '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Biggest film set for new prison drama '' . VIER. 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wentworth on IMDb Prisoner General Episodes Theme song Home video Cast and characters Cast members Inmates Prison staff Background prison officers Miscellaneous characters Related shows Punishment Wentworth Wentworth Seasons 5 Notable episodes `` No Place Like Home '' `` Fear Her '' `` First Blood '' Characters Maxine Conway Franky Doyle Joan Ferguson Jacs Holt Will Jackson Allie Novak Kaz Proctor Bea Smith Jess Warner Bridget Westfall Related Prisoner Current Australian drama television series ABC Rake ( 2010 -- ) Jack Irish ( 2012 -- ) Glitch ( 2015 -- ) Cleverman ( 2016 -- ) Harrow ( 2018 -- ) ABC3 Nowhere Boys ( 2013 -- ) Seven Network Home and Away ( 1988 -- ) 800 Words ( 2015 -- ) Wanted ( 2016 -- ) Nine Network Doctor Doctor ( 2016 -- ) Network Ten Offspring ( 2010 -- ) The Wrong Girl ( 2016 -- ) Sisters ( 2017 -- ) Eleven Neighbours ( 1985 -- ) Showcase Wentworth ( 2013 -- 2016 on SoHo , 2017 -- on Showcase ) The Kettering Incident ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) A Place to Call Home ( 2013 -- 14 on Seven Network , 2015 on SoHo , 2016 -- on Showcase ) Secret City ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) Stan Wolf Creek ( 2016 -- ) Future shows Bite Club ( 2018 - on Nine Network ) Logie Award for Most Outstanding Drama Series Come in Spinner ( 1991 ) G.P.",
"29": "( 1992 ) Phoenix ( 1993 ) Phoenix ( 1994 ) Janus ( 1995 ) Blue Murder ( 1996 ) Water Rats ( 1997 ) Frontline ( 1998 ) SeaChange ( 1999 ) SeaChange ( 2000 ) SeaChange ( 2001 ) The Secret Life of Us ( 2002 ) The Secret Life of Us ( 2003 ) The Secret Life of Us ( 2004 ) Love My Way ( 2005 ) Love My Way ( 2006 ) Love My Way ( 2007 ) Curtin ( 2008 ) Underbelly ( 2009 ) East West 101 ( 2010 ) Underbelly : The Golden Mile ( 2011 ) The Slap ( 2012 ) Redfern Now ( 2013 ) Redfern Now ( 2014 ) Wentworth ( 2015 ) Glitch ( 2016 ) AACTA Award for Best Television Drama Series Embassy ( 1991 ) Phoenix ( 1992 ) Home and Away / Phoenix ( 1993 ) The Damnation of Harvey McHugh / Heartland ( 1994 ) Home and Away / Frontline ( 1995 ) Home and Away / Frontline ( 1996 ) Neighbours / Frontline ( 1997 ) Home and Away / Wildside ( 1998 ) All Saints / Wildside ( 1999 ) All Saints / Grass Roots ( 2000 ) Something in the Air / SeaChange ( 2001 ) Kath & Kim ( 2002 ) MDA ( 2003 ) Stingers ( 2004 ) Love My Way ( 2005 ) Love My Way ( 2006 ) Love My Way ( 2007 ) Underbelly ( 2008 ) East West 101 ( 2009 ) Rush ( 2010 ) East West 101 ( 2011 ) Puberty Blues ( 2012 ) Redfern Now ( 2013 ) The Code ( 2014 ) Glitch ( 2015 ) Wentworth ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"30": "php?title=Wentworth_(TV_series)&oldid=838169744 '' Categories : 2010s Australian television series 2010s LGBT drama television series 2013 Australian television series debuts Australian drama television series Australian LGBT - related television shows Australian prison television series Australian subscription television series English - language television programs Imprisonment and detention of women Lesbian - related television programs Rape in fiction SoHo ( Australian TV channel ) shows Television series by FremantleMedia Television series reboots Television shows set in Melbourne Transgender - related television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Australian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 10 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
23,
25,
15,
18,
21,
16,
20,
26,
19,
27,
30,
7,
22,
4,
6,
28,
24,
8,
3,
2,
13,
29,
14,
5,
9,
17,
12,
1,
11,
0,
10
] |
[
6,
23,
25,
15,
18
] |
-8299469566867123031
|
what is the name of india pakistan border
|
[
"known locally as the International Border (IB)",
"International Border (IB)",
"the International Border (IB)",
"the International Border (IB)",
"The India and Pakistan Border",
"India and Pakistan Border",
"International Border",
"IB"
] |
{
"0": "India -- Pakistan border - wikipedia India -- Pakistan border Jump to : navigation , search The India and Pakistan Border , known locally as the International Border ( IB ) , is an international border running between India and Pakistan that demarcates the Indian states and the four provinces of Pakistan . The border runs from the Line of Control ( LoC ) , which separates the Indian controlled Kashmir from Pakistan controlled Kashmir , in the north , to Wagah , which partitioned the Indian Punjab state and Punjab Province of Pakistan , in the east . The Zero Point separates the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to Sindh province of Pakistan , in the south . Drafted and created based upon the Radcliffe line in 1947 , the border , which divides Pakistan and India from each other , traverses a variety of terrains ranging from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts . From the Arabian sea , the naval border follows the course of Manora Island of Pakistan to the course of the Mumbai Harbour , in the South east . Since independence of India and Pakistan ( see British India ) , the border has been a site of numerous conflicts and wars between each country , and is one of the most complex borders in the world . The border 's total length is 2,900 km ( 1,800 mi ) , according to the figures given by the PBS ; it is also one of the most dangerous borders in the world , based on an article written in the Foreign Policy in 2011 . It can be seen from space at night due to the 150,000 flood lights installed by India on about 50 thousand poles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Working Boundary , Line of Control , and International Boundary 2 Border crossings 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Working boundary , line of Control , and international boundary ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The border between the two Nations is an internationally recognised frontier from Gujarat / Sindh only with exemption to the Line of Control that is not internationally accepted .",
"1": "The Kashmir disputed region is divided by the 1949 UN ceasefire line , established after the Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 , into two main parts and the de facto demarcation dividing Pakistan - administered Kashmir from Indian - administered Kashmir has been called the Line of Control since 1972 . Between Pakistan and India lies the Pakistani territories of AJK & Gilgit - Baltistan and , also the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . On the other side where the internal borders of the Pakistan 's Punjab provincial border , is officially called the Working Boundary by Pakistan ( which is a recent term ) and international border by the Government of India . Working boundary : The line between state of Pakistan along Sialkot and Indian held Kashmir . It is called a working boundary because on one side is an internationally recognised land ( Sialkot ) while on the other is a disputed territory ( J&K ) . LOC : Line of control is the boundary between the Pakistani Azad Kashmir and Indian Jammu and Kashmir . It was demarcated after the Simla pact in 1972 . International boundary : The demarcated line between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan recognised internationally . Sir Cyril Radcliffe Demarcated the land in 1947 . Border crossings ( edit ) Main articles : Designated border crossings of India , Borders of India , and Transport between India and Pakistan ICP Border crossings with designated Integrated Check Posts ( ICP ) with immigration and customs facilities are : Attari at Wagah , Punjab Munabao Other crossings ( closed ) Longewala Gallery ( edit ) Baba Chamliyal Mela '' at Indo - Pak international Border , Ramgarh sector , 45 km from Jammu , where people from both the nations take part . Evening flag lowering ceremony at the Wagah border . Nighttime panorama of the border , stretching from the Arabian Sea to the foothills of the Himalayas The floodlit border zone between India and Pakistan has a distinctly orange hue in this astronaut photograph . Trucks on National Highway 1 ( India ) , waiting to cross Wagah border . Punjab Rangers at the Wagah border . Women personnel of BSF taking part in the ceremonial retreat at the India - Pakistan border at Wagah , 2010 .",
"2": "See also ( edit ) Borders of India Radcliffe Line Wagah border ceremony 2014 -- 15 India -- Pakistan border skirmishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Khan , MH ( 5 March 2006 ) . `` Back on track '' . Dawn News archives . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : PBS Release ( July 26 , 2005 ) . `` Border Jumpers The World 's Most Complex Borders : Pakistan / India '' . PBS . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ PHILIP WALKER ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` The World 's Most Dangerous Borders '' . The Foreign Policy . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dailymail '' . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` India - Pakistan Borderlands at Night '' . India - Pakistan Border at Night . NASA . 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Annotated image from NASA External links ( edit ) Media related to Indo - Pakistani border at Wikimedia Commons India -- Pakistan relations Diplomacy High Commission of India to Pakistan High Commissioner of India to Pakistan High Commission of Pakistan to India High Commissioner of Pakistan to India Treaties and summits Jinnah -- Mountbatten Talks ( 1947 ) Karachi Agreement ( 1949 ) Liaquat - Nehru Treaty ( 1950 ) Indus Waters Treaty ( 1960 ) Tashkent Declaration ( 1965 ) Simla Agreement ( 1972 ) Delhi Agreement ( 1974 ) Islamabad Agreement ( 1988 ) Lahore summit ( 1999 ) Agra Summit ( 2001 ) Events and conflicts Partition of India Kashmir conflict Integration of Junagadh 1947 - 1948 War Sir Creek Operation Gibraltar 1965 War 1971 War",
"3": "Bangladesh Liberation War Pokhran -- I Kirana -- I Nuclear race Line of Control Maritime trespassing Siachen conflict Operation Brasstacks Pokhran - II / Chagai - I / Chagai - II Violence against Muslims in India Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Balochistan conflict Kargil conflict Atlantique incident Iran -- Pakistan -- India gas pipeline 2001 Indian Parliament attack 2001 -- 2002 military standoff 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings 2008 Mumbai attacks 2008 military standoff 2011 border skirmishes 2013 border skirmishes Sarabjit / Sanaullah murder incidents 2013 Pakistan Embassy attack 2014 - 2015 border skirmishes 2016 Kulbhushan Jadhav interception 2016 -- 17 unrest in Jammu and Kashmir 2016 Uri attack 2016 military confrontation Initiatives Aman ki Asha Hotline Transport Samjhauta Express Delhi -- Lahore Bus Srinagar -- Muzaffarabad Bus Thar Express Indo - Pak Confederation Indo - Pak Joint Judicial Committee Hindi in Pakistan Sports India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry India -- Pakistan field hockey rivalry Related templates Foreign relations of India Foreign relations of Pakistan Borders of Pakistan Afghanistan barrier China India Iran Borders of India Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan China Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"4": "php?title=India -- Pakistan_border&oldid = 832214428 '' Categories : India -- Pakistan border Borders of India Borders of Pakistan Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata India articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Português Русский Simple English தமிழ் ไทย اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
1,
4,
2,
3
] |
[
0,
1,
4,
2,
3
] |
3836952860113520670
|
atlantic ocean's shape is similar to which english alphabet
|
[
"S",
"S"
] |
{
"0": "Atlantic Ocean - Wikipedia Atlantic Ocean Jump to : navigation , search `` Atlantic '' , `` North Atlantic '' , `` South Atlantic '' , `` Atlantic Basin '' , and `` Atlantic coast '' redirect here . For other uses , see Atlantic ( disambiguation ) , North Atlantic ( disambiguation ) , South Atlantic ( disambiguation ) , Atlantic Basin ( disambiguation ) , and Atlantic Coast ( disambiguation ) . Atlantic Ocean Coordinates 0 ° N 25 ° W / 0 ° N 25 ° W / 0 ; - 25 Coordinates : 0 ° N 25 ° W / 0 ° N 25 ° W / 0 ; - 25 Basin countries List of countries , ports Surface area 106,460,000 km ( 41,100,000 sq mi ) North Atlantic : 41,490,000 km ( 16,020,000 sq mi ) , South Atlantic 40,270,000 km ( 15,550,000 sq mi ) Average depth 3,646 m ( 11,962 ft ) Max . depth 8,486 m ( 27,841 ft ) Water volume 310,410,900 km ( 74,471,500 cu mi ) Shore length 111,866 km ( 69,510 mi ) including marginal seas Islands List of islands Trenches Puerto Rico ; South Sandwich ; Romanche Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Play media This video was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the ISS . The pass starts from just northeast of the island of Newfoundland over the North Atlantic Ocean to central Africa , over South Sudan . The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world 's oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometers ( 41,100,000 square miles ) . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth 's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area . It separates the `` Old World '' from the `` New World '' . The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated , S - shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east , and the Americas to the west .",
"1": "As one component of the interconnected global ocean , it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean , to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest , the Indian Ocean in the southeast , and the Southern Ocean in the south ( other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica ) . The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and the South Atlantic Ocean at about 8 ° N . Scientific explorations of the Atlantic include the Challenger expedition , the German Meteor expedition , Columbia University 's Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Extent and data 3 Bathymetry 3.1 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 3.2 Ocean floor 4 Water characteristics 4.1 Salinity 4.2 Water masses 4.3 Gyres 4.4 Sargasso Sea 5 Climate 5.1 Natural hazards 6 Plate tectonics 6.1 Central Atlantic 6.2 Northern Atlantic 6.3 South Atlantic 6.4 Closure of the Atlantic 7 History 7.1 Human origin 7.2 Old World 7.3 New World 7.4 Atlantic World 8 Economy 8.1 Fisheries 9 Environmental issues 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) The Aethiopian Ocean in a 1710 French map of Africa The oldest known mentions of an `` Atlantic '' sea come from Stesichorus around mid-sixth century BC ( Sch . A.R. 1 . 211 ) : Atlantikoi pelágei ( Greek : Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει ; English : ' the Atlantic sea ' ; etym . ' Sea of Atlantis ' ) and in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC ( Hdt. 1.202.",
"2": "4 ) : Atlantis thalassa ( Greek : Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα ; English : ' Sea of Atlantis ' or ' the Atlantis sea ' ) where the name refers to `` the sea beyond the pillars of Heracles '' which is said to be part of the ocean that surrounds all land . Thus , on one hand , the name refers to Atlas , the Titan in Greek mythology , who supported the heavens and who later appeared as a frontispiece in Medieval maps and also lent his name to modern atlases . On the other hand , to early Greek sailors and in Ancient Greek mythological literature such as the Iliad and the Odyssey , this all - encompassing ocean was instead known as Oceanus , the gigantic river that encircled the world ; in contrast to the enclosed seas well - known to the Greeks : the Mediterranean and the Black Sea . In contrast , the term `` Atlantic '' originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast . The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of million years ago . The term `` Aethiopian Ocean '' , derived from Ancient Ethiopia , was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century . Extent and data ( edit ) For complete lists of marginal seas and borders of the Atlantic , see List of seas § Atlantic Ocean , and Borders of the oceans § Atlantic Ocean . For the extent of the Southern Ocean , see Southern Ocean § Definitions and use . Extent of the Atlantic Ocean according to the 2002 IHO definition , excluding Arctic and Antarctic regions The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) defined the limits of the oceans and seas in 1953 , but some of these definitions have been revised since then and some are not used by various authorities , institutions , and countries , see for example the CIA World Factbook . Correspondingly , the extent and number of oceans and seas varies . The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America . It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait , Greenland Sea , Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea .",
"3": "To the east , the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe : the Strait of Gibraltar ( where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea -- one of its marginal seas -- and , in turn , the Black Sea , both of which also touch upon Asia ) and Africa . In the southeast , the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean . The 20 ° East meridian , running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border . In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica , while in later maps it is bounded at the 60 ° parallel by the Southern Ocean . The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays , gulfs , and seas . These include the Baltic Sea , Black Sea , Caribbean Sea , Davis Strait , Denmark Strait , part of the Drake Passage , Gulf of Mexico , Labrador Sea , Mediterranean Sea , North Sea , Norwegian Sea , almost all of the Scotia Sea , and other tributary water bodies . Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km ( 69,510 mi ) compared to 135,663 km ( 84,297 mi ) for the Pacific . Including its marginal seas , the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km ( 41,100,000 sq mi ) or 23.5 % of the global ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km ( 74,471,500 cu mi ) or 23.3 % . Excluding its marginal seas , the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km ( 31,570,000 sq mi ) and has a volume of 305,811,900 km ( 73,368,200 cu mi ) . The North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km ( 16,020,000 sq mi ) ( 11.5 % ) and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km ( 15,550,000 sq mi ) ( 11.1 % ) . The average depth is 3,646 m ( 11,962 ft ) and the maximum depth , the Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench , is 8,486 m ( 27,841 ft ) .",
"4": "Bathymetry ( edit ) False color map of ocean depth in the Atlantic basin The bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( MAR ) . It runs from 87 ° N or 300 km ( 190 mi ) south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42 ° S . Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( edit ) Main article : Mid-Atlantic Ridge The MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves , in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary , transverse ridges . The MAR reaches above 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) along most of its length , but is interrupted by larger transform faults at two places : the Romanche Trench near the Equator and the Gibbs Fracture Zone at 53 ° N. The MAR is a barrier for bottom water , but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other . The MAR rises 2 -- 3 km ( 1.2 -- 1.9 mi ) above the surrounding ocean floor and its rift valley is the divergent boundary between the North American and Eurasian plates in the North Atlantic and the South American and African plates in the South Atlantic . The MAR produces basaltic volcanoes in Eyjafjallajökull , Iceland , and pillow lava on the ocean floor . The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 m ( 1,500 fathoms ; 8,900 ft ) in most places , while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep . The MAR is intersected by two perpendicular ridges : the Azores -- Gibraltar Transform Fault , the boundary between the Nubian and Eurasian plates , intersects the MAR at the Azores Triple Junction , on either side of the Azores microplate , near the 40 ° N. A much vaguer , nameless boundary , between the North American and South American plates , intersects the MAR near or just north of the Fifteen - Twenty Fracture Zone , approximately at 16 ° N .",
"5": "In the 1870s , the Challenger expedition discovered parts of what is now known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , or : An elevated ridge rising to an average height of about 1,900 fathoms ( 3,500 m ; 11,400 ft ) below the surface traverses the basins of the North and South Atlantic in a meridianal direction from Cape Farewell , probably its far south at least as Gough Island , following roughly the outlines of the coasts of the Old and the New Worlds . The remainder of the ridge was discovered in the 1920s by the German Meteor expedition using echo - sounding equipment . The exploration of the MAR in the 1950s led to the general acceptance of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics . Most of the MAR runs under water but where it reaches the surfaces it has produced volcanic islands . While nine of these have collectively been nominated a World Heritage Site for their geological value , four of them are considered of `` Outstanding Universal Value '' based on their cultural and natural criteria : Þingvellir , Iceland ; Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture , Portugal ; Gough and Inaccessible Islands , United Kingdom ; and Brazilian Atlantic Islands : Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves , Brazil . Ocean floor ( edit ) For a list of fracture zones in the Atlantic , see List of fracture zones § Atlantic Ocean . Continental shelves in the Atlantic are wide off Newfoundland , southern-most South America , and north - eastern Europe . In the western Atlantic carbonate platforms dominate large areas , for example the Blake Plateau and Bermuda Rise . The Atlantic is surrounded by passive margins except at a few locations where active margins form deep trenches : the Puerto Rico Trench ( 8,414 m or 27,605 ft maximum depth ) in the western Pacific and South Sandwich Trench ( 8,264 m or 27,113 ft ) in the South Atlantic . There are numerous submarine canyons off north - eastern North America , western Europe , and north - western Africa . Some of these canyons extend along the continental rises and farther into the abyssal plains as deep - sea channels . In 1922 a historic moment in cartography and oceanography occurred . The USS Stewart used a Navy Sonic Depth Finder to draw a continuous map across the bed of the Atlantic .",
"6": "This involved little guesswork because the idea of sonar is straight forward with pulses being sent from the vessel , which bounce off the ocean floor , then return to the vessel . The deep ocean floor is thought to be fairly flat with occasional deeps , abyssal plains , trenches , seamounts , basins , plateaus , canyons , and some guyots . Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11 % of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise . The mean depth between 60 ° N and 60 ° S is 3,730 m ( 12,240 ft ) , or close to the average for the global ocean , with a modal depth between 4,000 and 5,000 m ( 13,000 and 16,000 ft ) . In the South Atlantic the Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise form barriers to ocean currents . The Laurentian Abyss is found off the eastern coast of Canada . Water characteristics ( edit ) As the Gulf Stream meanders across the North Atlantic from the North American east coast to Western Europe its temperature drops by 20 ° C ( 36 ° F ) . Path of the thermohaline circulation . Purple paths represent deep - water currents , while blue paths represent surface currents . Surface water temperatures , which vary with latitude , current systems , and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy , range from below − 2 ° C ( 28 ° F ) to over 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator , and minimum values are found in the polar regions . In the middle latitudes , the area of maximum temperature variations , values may vary by 7 -- 8 ° C ( 13 -- 14 ° F ) . From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea , Denmark Strait , and Baltic Sea . The Coriolis effect circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction , whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise . The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal ; that is , two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours . In latitudes above 40 ° North some east - west oscillation , known as the North Atlantic oscillation , occurs .",
"7": "Salinity ( edit ) On average , the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean ; surface water salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand ( 3.3 -- 3.7 % ) by mass and varies with latitude and season . Evaporation , precipitation , river inflow and sea ice melting influence surface salinity values . Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator ( because of heavy tropical rainfall ) , in general the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter . Maximum salinity values occur at about 25 ° north and south , in subtropical regions with low rainfall and high evaporation . The high surface salinity in the Atlantic , on which the Atlantic thermohaline circulation is dependent , is maintained by two processes : the Agulhas Leakage / Rings , which brings salty Indian Ocean waters into the South Atlantic , and the `` Atmospheric Bridge '' , which evaporates subtropical Atlantic waters and exports it to the Pacific .",
"8": "Water masses ( edit ) Temperature - salinity characteristics for Atlantic water masses Water mass Temperature Salinity Upper waters ( 0 -- 500 m or 0 -- 1,600 ft ) Atlantic Subarctic Upper Water ( ASUW ) 0.0 -- 4.0 ° C 34.0 -- 35.0 Western North Atlantic Central Water ( WNACW ) 7.0 -- 20 ° C 35.0 -- 36.7 Eastern North Atlantic Central Water ( ENACW ) 8.0 -- 18.0 ° C 35.2 -- 36.7 South Atlantic Central Water ( SACW ) 5.0 -- 18.0 ° C 34.3 -- 35.8 Intermediate waters ( 500 -- 1,500 m or 1,600 -- 4,900 ft ) Western Atlantic Subarctic Intermediate Water ( WASIW ) 3.0 -- 9.0 ° C 34.0 -- 35.1 Eastern Atlantic Subarctic Intermediate Water ( EASIW ) 3.0 -- 9.0 ° C 34.4 -- 35.3 Mediterranean Water ( MW ) 2.6 -- 11.0 ° C 35.0 -- 36.2 Arctic Intermediate Water ( AIW ) − 1.5 -- 3.0 ° C 34.7 -- 34.9 Deep and abyssal waters ( 1,500 m -- bottom or 4,900 ft -- bottom ) North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) 1.5 -- 4.0 ° C 34.8 -- 35.0 Antarctic Bottom Water ( AABW ) − 0.9 -- 1.7 ° C 34.64 -- 34.72 Arctic Bottom Water ( ABW ) − 1.8 to − 0.5 ° C 34.85 -- 34.94 The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major , upper water masses with distinct temperature and salinity . The Atlantic Subarctic Upper Water in the northern-most North Atlantic is the source for Subarctic Intermediate Water and North Atlantic Intermediate Water .",
"9": "North Atlantic Central Water can be divided into the Eastern and Western North Atlantic central Water since the western part is strongly affected by the Gulf Stream and therefore the upper layer is closer to underlying fresher subpolar intermediate water . The eastern water is saltier because of its proximity to Mediterranean Water . North Atlantic Central Water flows into South Atlantic Central Water at 15 ° N . There are five intermediate waters : four low - salinity waters formed at subpolar latitudes and one high - salinity formed through evaporation . Arctic Intermediate Water , flows from north to become the source for North Atlantic Deep Water south of the Greenland - Scotland sill . These two intermediate waters have different salinity in the western and eastern basins . The wide range of salinities in the North Atlantic is caused by the asymmetry of the northern subtropical gyre and the large number of contributions from a wide range of sources : Labrador Sea , Norwegian - Greenland Sea , Mediterranean , and South Atlantic Intermediate Water . The North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) is a complex of four water masses , two that form by deep convection in the open ocean -- Classical and Upper Labrador Sea Water -- and two that form from the inflow of dense water across the Greenland - Iceland - Scotland sill -- Denmark Strait and Iceland - Scotland Overflow Water . Along its path across Earth the composition of the NADW is affected by other water masses , especially Antarctic Bottom Water and Mediterranean Overflow Water . The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe . Changes in the formation of NADW have been linked to global climate changes in the past . Since man - made substances were introduced into the environment , the path of the NADW can be traced throughout its course by measuring tritium and radiocarbon from nuclear weapon tests in the 1960s and CFCs . Gyres ( edit ) Map of the five major ocean gyres The clockwise warm - water North Atlantic Gyre occupies the northern Atlantic , and the counter-clockwise warm - water South Atlantic Gyre appears in the southern Atlantic .",
"10": "In the North Atlantic surface circulation is dominated by three inter-connected currents : the Gulf Stream which flows north - east from the North American coast at Cape Hatteras ; the North Atlantic Current , a branch of the Gulf Stream which flows northward from the Grand Banks ; and the Subpolar Front , an extension of the North Atlantic Current , a wide , vaguely defined region separating the subtropical gyre from the subpolar gyre . This system of currents transport warm water into the North Atlantic , without which temperatures in the North Atlantic and Europe would plunge dramatically . In the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic warm subtropical waters are transformed into colder subpolar and polar waters . In the Labrador Sea this water flows back to the subtropical gyre . North of the North Atlantic Gyre , the cyclonic North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre plays a key role in climate variability . It is governed by ocean currents from marginal seas and regional topography , rather than being steered by wind , both in the deep ocean and at sea level . The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global thermohaline circulation . Its eastern portion includes eddying branches of the North Atlantic Current which transport warm , saline waters from the subtropics to the north - eastern Atlantic . There this water is cooled during winter and forms return currents that merge along the eastern continental slope of Greenland where they form an intense ( 40 -- 50 Sv ) current which flows around the continental margins of the Labrador Sea . A third of this water become parts of the deep portion of the North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ) . The NADW , in its turn , feed the meridional overturning circulation ( MOC ) , the northward heat transport of which is threatened by anthropogenic climate change . Large variations in the subpolar gyre on a decade - century scale , associated with the North Atlantic oscillation , are especially pronounced in Labrador Sea Water , the upper layers of the MOC . The South Atlantic is dominated by the anti-cyclonic southern subtropical gyre . The South Atlantic Central Water originates in this gyre , while Antarctic Intermediate Water originates in the upper layers of the circumpolar region , near the Drake Passage and Falkland Islands . Both these currents receive some contribution from the Indian Ocean .",
"11": "On the African east coast the small cyclonic Angola Gyre lies embedded in the large subtropical gyre . The southern subtropical gyre is partly masked by a wind - induced Ekman layer . The residence time of the gyre is 4.4 -- 8.5 years . North Atlantic Deep Water flows southerward below the thermocline of the subtropical gyre . Sargasso Sea ( edit ) Main article : Sargasso Sea Approximate extent of the Sargasso Sea The Sargasso Sea in the western North Atlantic can be defined as the area where two species of Sargassum ( S. fluitans and natans ) float , an area 4,000 km ( 2,500 mi ) wide and encircled by the Gulf Stream , North Atlantic Drift , and North Equatorial Current . This population of seaweed probably originated from Tertiary ancestors on the European shores of the former Tethys Ocean and has , if so , maintained itself by vegetative growth , floating in the ocean for millions of years . Sargassum fish ( Histrio histrio ) Other species endemic to the Sargasso Sea include the sargassum fish , a predator with algae - like appendages who hovers motionless among the Sargassum . Fossils of similar fishes have been found in fossil bays of the former Tethys Ocean , in what is now the Carpathian region , that were similar to the Sargasso Sea . It is possible that the population in the Sargasso Sea migrated to the Atlantic as the Tethys closed at the end of the Miocene around 17 Ma . The origin of the Sargasso fauna and flora remained enigmatic for centuries . The fossils found in the Carpathians in the mid-20th century , often called the `` quasi-Sargasso assemblage '' , finally showed that this assemblage originated in the Carpathian Basin from were it migrated over Sicily to the Central Atlantic where it evolved into modern species of the Sargasso Sea . The location of the spawning ground for European eels remained unknown for decades .",
"12": "In the early 19th century it was discovered that the southern Sargasso Sea is the spawning ground for both the European and American eel and that the former migrate more than 5,000 km ( 3,100 mi ) and the latter 2,000 km ( 1,200 mi ) . Ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream transport eel larvae from the Sargasso Sea to foraging areas in North America , Europe , and Northern Africa . Recent but disputed research suggests that eels possibly use Earth 's magnetic field to navigate through the ocean both as larvae and as adults . Climate ( edit ) Waves in the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean -- areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind -- create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes . Climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds . Because of the ocean 's great capacity to store and release heat , maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates . Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures . The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation . Climatic zones vary with latitude ; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator . The coldest zones are in high latitudes , with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by sea ice . Ocean currents influence climate by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions . The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas . The Gulf Stream and its northern extension towards Europe , the North Atlantic Drift is thought to have at least some influence on climate . For example , the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America , keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas . The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on the Florida Peninsula . In the higher latitudes , the North Atlantic Drift , warms the atmosphere over the oceans , keeping the British Isles and north - western Europe mild and cloudy , and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude . The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada ( the Grand Banks of Newfoundland area ) and Africa 's north - western coast .",
"13": "In general , winds transport moisture and air over land areas . Natural hazards ( edit ) Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean Icebergs are common from February to August in the Davis Strait , Denmark Strait , and the northwestern Atlantic and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and Madeira . Ships are subject to superstructure icing in the extreme north from October to May . Persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September , as can hurricanes north of the equator ( May to December ) . The United States ' southeast coast , especially the Virginia and North Carolina coasts , has a long history of shipwrecks due to its many shoals and reefs . The Bermuda Triangle is popularly believed to be the site of numerous aviation and shipping incidents because of unexplained and supposedly mysterious causes , but Coast Guard records do not support this belief . Hurricanes are also a natural hazard in the Atlantic , but mainly in the northern part of the ocean , rarely tropical cyclones form in the southern parts . Hurricanes usually form annually between June and November . Plate tectonics ( edit ) The break - up of Pangaea resulted in the opening of the Atlantic Ocean in three stages Central Atlantic ( edit ) Opening of the Central Atlantic 200 - 170 Ma The break - up of Pangaea began in the Central Atlantic , between North America and Northwest Africa , where rift basins opened during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic . This period also saw the first stages of the uplift of the Atlas Mountains . The exact timing is controversial with estimates ranging from 200 to 170 Ma . The opening of the Atlantic Ocean coincided with the initial break - up of the supercontinent Pangaea , both of which were initiated by the eruption of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province ( CAMP ) , one of the most extensive and voluminous large igneous provinces in Earth 's history associated with the Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event , one of Earth 's major extinction events . Theoliitic dikes , sills , and lava flows from the CAMP eruption at 200 Ma have been found in West Africa , eastern North America , and northern South America .",
"14": "The extent of the volcanism has been estimated to 4.5 × 10 km ( 1.7 × 10 sq mi ) of which 2.5 × 10 km ( 9.7 × 10 sq mi ) covered what is now northern and central Brazil . The formation of the Central American Isthmus closed the Central American Seaway at the end of the Pliocene 2.8 Ma ago . The formation of the isthmus resulted in the migration and extinction of many land - living animals , known as the Great American Interchange , but the closure of the seaway resulted in a `` Great American Schism '' as it affected ocean currents , salinity , and temperatures in both the Atlantic and Pacific . Marine organisms on both sides of the isthmus became isolated and either diverged or went extinct . Northern Atlantic ( edit ) Main article : Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean Geologically the Northern Atlantic is the area delimited to the south by two conjugate margins , Newfoundland and Iberia , and to the north by the Arctic Eurasian Basin . The opening of the Northern Atlantic closely followed the margins of its predecessor , the Iapetus Ocean , and spread from the Central Atlantic in six stages : Iberia -- Newfoundland , Porcupine -- North America , Eurasia -- Greenland , Eurasia -- North America . Active and inactive spreading systems in this area are marked by the interaction with the Iceland hotspot . South Atlantic ( edit ) The opening of the South Atlantic West Gondwana ( South America and Africa ) broke up in the Early Cretaceous to form the South Atlantic . The apparent fit between the coastlines of the two continents was noted on the first maps that included the South Atlantic and it was also the subject of the first computer - assisted plate tectonic reconstructions in 1965 . This magnificent fit , however , has since then proven problematic and later reconstructions have introduced various deformation zones along the shorelines to accommodate the northward - propagating break - up . Intra-continental rifts and deformations have also been introduced to subdivide both continental plates into sub-plates .",
"15": "Geologically the South Atlantic can be divided into four segments : Equatorial segment , from 10 ° N to the Romanche Fracture Zone ( RFZ ) ; ; Central segment , from RFZ to Florianopolis Fracture Zone ( FFZ , north of Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise ) ; Southern segment , from FFZ to the Agulhas - Falkland Fracture Zone ( AFFZ ) ; and Falkland segment , south of AFFZ . In the southern segment the Early Cretaceous ( 133 -- 130 Ma ) intensive magmatism of the Paraná -- Etendeka Large Igneous Province produced by the Tristan hotspot resulted in an estimated volume of 1.5 × 10 to 2.0 × 10 km ( 3.6 × 10 to 4.8 × 10 cu mi ) . It covered an area of 1.2 × 10 to 1.6 × 10 km ( 4.6 × 10 to 6.2 × 10 sq mi ) in Brazil , Paraguay , and Uruguay and 0.8 × 10 km ( 3.1 × 10 sq mi ) in Africa . Dyke swarms in Brazil , Angola , eastern Paraguay , and Namibia , however , suggest the LIP originally covered a much larger area and also indicate failed rifts in all these areas . Associated offshore basaltic flows reach as far south as the Falkland Islands and South Africa . Traces of magmatism in both offshore and onshore basins in the central and southern segments have been dated to 147 -- 49 Ma with two peaks between 143 -- 121 Ma and 90 -- 60 Ma . In the Falkland segment rifting began with dextral movements between the Patagonia and Colorado sub-plates between the Early Jurassic ( 190 Ma ) and the Early Cretaceous ( 126.7 Ma ) . Around 150 Ma sea - floor spreading propagated northward into the southern segment . No later than 130 Ma rifting had reached the Walvis Ridge -- Rio Grande Rise . In the central segment rifting started to break Africa in two by opening the Benue Trough around 118 Ma .",
"16": "Rifting in the central segment , however , coincided with the Cretaceous Normal Superchron ( also known as the Cretaceous quiet period ) , a 40 Ma period without magnetic reversals , which makes it difficult to date sea - floor spreading in this segment . The equatorial segment is the last phase of the break - up , but , because it is located on the Equator , magnetic anomalies can not be used for dating . Various estimates date the propagation of sea - floor spreading in this segment to the period 120 -- 96 Ma . This final stage , nevertheless , coincided with or resulted in the end of continental extension in Africa . About 50 Ma the opening of the Drake Passage resulted from a change in the motions and separation rate of the South American and Antarctic plates . First small ocean basins opened and a shallow gateway appeared during the Middle Eocene. 34 -- 30 Ma a deeper seaway developed , followed by an Eocene -- Oligocene climatic deterioration and the growth of the Antarctic ice sheet . Closure of the Atlantic ( edit ) See also : Pangaea Ultima An embryonic subduction margin is potentially developing west of Gibraltar . The Gibraltar Arc in the western Mediterranean is migrating westward into the Central Atlantic where it joins the converging African and Eurasian plates . Together these three tectonic forces are slowly developing into a new subduction system in the eastern Atlantic Basin . Meanwhile , the Scotia Arc and Caribbean Plate in the western Atlantic Basin are eastward - propagating subduction systems that might , together with the Gibraltar system , represent the beginning of the closure of the Atlantic Ocean and the final stage of the Atlantic Wilson Cycle . History ( edit ) Main category : History of the Atlantic Ocean Human origin ( edit ) Humans evolved in Africa ; first by diverging from other apes around 7 Ma ; then developing stone tools around 2.6 Ma ; to finally evolve as modern humans around 100 kya . The earliest evidences for the complex behavior associated with this behavioral modernity has been found in the Greater Cape Floristic Region ( GCFR ) along the coast of South Africa . During the latest glacial stages the now - submerged plains of the Agulhas Bank were exposed above sea level , extending the South African coastline farther south by hundreds of kilometers .",
"17": "A small population of modern humans -- probably fewer than a thousand reproducing individuals -- survived glacial maxima by exploring the high diversity offered by these Palaeo - Agulhas plains . The GCFR is delimited to the north by the Cape Fold Belt and the limited space south of it resulted in the development of social networks out of which complex Stone Age technologies emerged . Human history thus begins on the coasts of South Africa where the Atlantic Benguela Upwelling and Indian Ocean Agulhas Current meet to produce an intertidal zone on which shellfish , fur seal , fishes and sea birds provided the necessary protein sources . The African origin of this modern behaviour is evidenced by 70,000 years - old engravings from Blombos Cave , South Africa . Old World ( edit ) Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) studies indicate that 80 -- 60,000 years ago a major demographic expansion within Africa , derived from a single , small population , coincided with the emergence of behavioral complexity and the rapid MIS 5 -- 4 environmental changes . This group of people not only expanded over the whole of Africa , but also started to disperse out of Africa into Asia , Europe , and Australasia around 65,000 years ago and quickly replaced the archaic humans in these regions . During the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) 20,000 years ago humans had to abandon their initial settlements along the European North Atlantic coast and retreat to the Mediterranean . Following rapid climate changes at the end of the LGM this region was repopulated by Magdalenian culture . Other hunter - gatherers followed in waves interrupted by large - scale hazards such as the Laacher See volcanic eruption , the inundation of Doggerland ( now the North Sea ) , and the formation of the Baltic Sea . The European coasts of the North Atlantic were permanently populated about 9 -- 8.5 thousand years ago . This human dispersal left abundant traces along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean . 50 ka - old , deeply stratified shell middens found in Ysterfontein on the western coast of South Africa are associated with the Middle Stone Age ( MSA ) . The MSA population was small and dispersed and the rate of their reproduction and exploitation was less intense than those of later generations .",
"18": "While their middens resemble 12 -- 11 ka - old Late Stone Age ( LSA ) middens found on every inhabited continent , the 50 -- 45 ka - old Enkapune Ya Muto in Kenya probably represents the oldest traces of the first modern humans to disperse out of Africa . Excavation of the Ertebølle middens in 1880 The same development can be seen in Europe . In La Riera Cave ( 23 -- 13 ka ) in Asturias , Spain , only some 26,600 molluscs were deposited over 10 ka . In contrast , 8 -- 7 ka - old shell middens in Portugal , Denmark , and Brazil generated thousands of tons of debris and artefacts . The Ertebølle middens in Denmark , for example , accumulated 2,000 m ( 71,000 cu ft ) of shell deposits representing some 50 million molluscs over only a thousand years . This intensification in the exploitation of marine resources has been described as accompanied by new technologies -- such as boats , harpoons , and fish - hooks -- because many caves found in the Mediterranean and on the European Atlantic coast have increased quantities of marine shells in their upper levels and reduced quantities in their lower . The earliest exploitation , however , took place on the now submerged shelves , and most settlements now excavated were then located several kilometers from these shelves . The reduced quantities of shells in the lower levels can represent the few shells that were exported inland . New World ( edit ) During the LGM the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of northern North America while Beringia connected Siberia to Alaska . In 1973 late U.S. geoscientist Paul S. Martin proposed a `` blitzkrieg '' colonization of America by which Clovis hunters migrated into North America around 13,000 years ago in a single wave through an ice - free corridor in the ice sheet and `` spread southward explosively , briefly attaining a density sufficiently large to overkill much of their prey . '' Others later proposed a `` three - wave '' migration over the Bering Land Bridge .",
"19": "These hypotheses remained the long - held view regarding the settlement of the Americas , a view challenged by more recent archaeological discoveries : the oldest archaeological sites in the Americas have been found in South America ; sites in north - east Siberia report virtually no human presence there during the LGM ; and most Clovis artefacts have been found in eastern North America along the Atlantic coast . Furthermore , colonisation models based on mtDNA , yDNA , and atDNA data respectively support neither the `` blitzkrieg '' nor the `` three - wave '' hypotheses but they also deliver mutually ambiguous results . Contradictory data from archaeology and genetics will most likely deliver future hypotheses that will , eventually , confirm each other . A proposed route across the Pacific to South America could explain early South American finds and another hypothesis proposes a northern path , through the Canadian Arctic and down the North American Atlantic coast . Early settlements across the Atlantic have been suggested by alternative theories , ranging from purely hypothetical to mostly disputed , including the Solutrean hypothesis and some of the Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories . Based on the medieval Íslendingasögur sagas , including the Grœnlendinga saga , this interpretative map of the `` Norse World '' shows that Norse knowledge of America and the Atlantic remained limited . The Norse settlement of the Faroe Islands and Iceland began during the 9th and 10th centuries . A settlement on Greenland was established before 1000 CE , but contact with it was lost in 1409 and it was finally abandoned during the early Little Ice Age . This setback was caused by a range of factors : an unsustainable economy resulted in erosion and denudation , while conflicts with the local Inuit resulted in the failure to adapt their Arctic technologies ; a colder climate resulted in starvation ; and the colony got economically marginalized as the Great Plague and Barbary pirates harvested its victims on Iceland in the 15th century . Iceland was initially settled 865 -- 930 CE following a warm period when winter temperatures hovered around 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) which made farming favorable at high latitudes . This did not last , however , and temperatures quickly dropped ; at 1080 CE summer temperatures had reached a maximum of 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) .",
"20": "The Landnámabók ( Book of Settlement ) records disastrous famines during the first century of settlement -- `` men ate foxes and ravens '' and `` the old and helpless were killed and thrown over cliffs '' -- and by the early 1200s hay had to be abandoned for short - season crops such as barley . See also : Brendan § Possible link to North America Atlantic World ( edit ) Main articles : Atlantic world and Atlantic history A century after Columbus ' first voyage , large parts of the New World had been included into the Spanish Empire . Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas in 1492 under Spanish flag . Six years later Vasco da Gama reached India under Portuguese flag , by navigating south around the Cape of Good Hope , thus proving that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are connected . In 1500 , in his voyage to India following Vasco da Gama , Pedro Alvares Cabral reached Brazil , taken by the currents of the South Atlantic Gyre . Following these explorations , Spain and Portugal quickly conquered and colonized large territories in the New World and forced the Native American population into slavery in order to explore the vast quantities of silver and gold they found . Spain and Portugal monopolized this trade in order to keep other European nations out , but conflicting interests nevertheless led to a series of Spanish - Portuguese wars . A peace treaty mediated by the Pope divided the conquered territories into Spanish and Portuguese sectors while keeping other colonial powers away . England , France , and the Dutch Republic enviously watched the Spanish and Portuguese wealth grow and allied themselves with pirates such as Henry Mainwaring and Alexandre Exquemelin . They could explore the convoys leaving America because prevailing winds and currents made the transport of heavy metals slow and predictable . Embarked and disembarked slaves in the Atlantic slave trade 1525 -- 1863 ( first and last slave voyages ) In the American colonies depredation , disease , and slavery quickly reduced the indigenous American population to the extent that the Atlantic slave trade had to be introduced to replace them -- a trade that became norm and an integral part of the colonization . Between the 15th century and 1888 , when Brazil became the last part of America to end slave trade , an estimated ten million Africans were exported as slaves , most of them destined for agricultural labour .",
"21": "The slave trade was officially abolished in the British Empire and the United States in 1808 , and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire in 1838 and in the U.S. in 1865 after the Civil War . From Columbus to the Industrial Revolution Trans - Atlantic trade , including colonialism and slavery , became crucial for Western Europe . For European countries with a direct access to the Atlantic ( including Britain , France , the Netherlands , Portugal , and Spain ) 1500 -- 1800 was a period of sustained growth during which these countries grew richer than those in Eastern Europe and Asia . Colonialism evolved as part of the Trans - Atlantic trade , but this trade also strengthened the position of merchant groups at the expense of monarchs . Growth was more rapid in non-absolutist countries , such as Britain and the Netherlands , and more limited in absolutist monarchies , such as Portugal , Spain , and France , where profit mostly or exclusively benefited the monarchy and its allies . Trans - Atlantic trade also resulted in an increasing urbanization : in European countries facing the Atlantic urbanization grew from 8 % in 1300 , 10.1 % in 1500 , to 24.5 % in 1850 ; in other European countries from 10 % in 1300 , 11.4 % in 1500 , to 17 % in 1850 . Likewise , GDP doubled in Atlantic countries but rose by only 30 % in the rest of Europe . By end of the 17th century the volume of the Trans - Atlantic trade had surpassed that of the Mediterranean trade . See also : List of notable crossings of the Atlantic Ocean Economy ( edit ) The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries . Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes , the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves . The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields , fish , marine mammals ( seals and whales ) , sand and gravel aggregates , placer deposits , polymetallic nodules , and precious stones . Gold deposits are a mile or two under water on the ocean floor , however the deposits are also encased in rock that must be mined through . Currently , there is no cost - effective way to mine or extract gold from the ocean to make a profit .",
"22": "Various international treaties attempt to reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills , marine debris , and the incineration of toxic wastes at sea . Fisheries ( edit ) The shelves of the Atlantic hosts one of the world 's richest fishing resources . The most productive areas include the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , the Scotian Shelf , Georges Bank off Cape Cod , the Bahama Banks , the waters around Iceland , the Irish Sea , the Bay of Fundy , the Dogger Bank of the North Sea , and the Falkland Banks . Fisheries have , however , undergone significant changes since the 1950s and global catches can now be divided into three groups of which only two are observed in the Atlantic : fisheries in the Eastern Central and South - West Atlantic oscillate around a globally stable value , the rest of the Atlantic is in overall decline following historical peaks . The third group , `` continuously increasing trend since 1950 '' , is only found in the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific . Banks of the North - East Atlantic In the North - East Atlantic total catches decreased between the mid-1970s and the 1990s and reached 8.7 million tons in 2013 . Blue whiting reached a 2.4 million tons peak in 2004 but was down to 628,000 tons in 2013 . Recovery plans for cod , sole , and plaice have reduced mortality in these species . Arctic cod reached its lowest levels in the 1960s -- 1980s but is now recovered . Arctic saithe and haddock are considered fully fished ; Sand eel is overfished as was capelin which has now recovered to fully fished . Limited data makes the state of redfishes and deep - water species difficult to assess but most likely they remain vulnerable to overfishing . Stocks of northern shrimp and Norwegian lobster are in good condition . In the North - East Atlantic 21 % of stocks are considered overfished . Banks of the North - West Atlantic In the North - West Atlantic landings have decreased from 4.2 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.9 million tons in 2013 .",
"23": "During the 21th century some species have shown weak signs of recovery , including Greenland halibut , yellowtail flounder , Atlantic halibut , haddock , spiny dogfish , while other stocks shown no such signs , including cod , witch flounder , and redfish . Stocks of invertebrates , in contrast , remain at record levels of abundance . 31 % of stocks are overfished in the North - west Atlantic . Capture of Atlantic north - west cod in million tons In 1497 John Cabot became the first to explore mainland North America and one of his major discoveries was the abundant resources of Atlantic cod off Newfoundland . Referred to as `` Newfoundland Currency '' this discovery supplied mankind with some 200 million tons of fish over five centuries . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries new fisheries started to exploit haddock , mackerel , and lobster . From the 1950s to the 1970s the introduction of European and Asian distant - water fleets in the area dramatically increased the fishing capacity and number of exploited species . It also expanded the exploited areas from near - shore to the open sea and to great depths to include deep - water species such as redfish , Greenland halibut , witch flounder , and grenadiers . Overfishing in the area was recognised as early as the 1960s but , because this was occurring on international waters , it took until the late 1970s before any attempts to regulate was made . In the early 1990s this finally resulted in the collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery . The population of a number of deep - sea fishes also collapsed in the process , including American plaice , redfish , and Greenland halibut , together with flounder and grenadier . In the Eastern Central Atlantic small pelagic fishes constitute about 50 % of landings with sardine reaching 0.6 -- 1.0 million tons per year . Pelagic fish stocks are considered fully fishes or overfished , with sardines south of Cape Bojador the notable exception . Almost half of stocks are fished at biologically unsustainable levels . Total catches have been fluctuating since the 1970s ; reaching 3.9 million tons in 2013 or slightly less than the peak production in 2010 .",
"24": "Bahama Banks In the Western Central Atlantic catches have been decreasing since 2000 and reached 1.3 million tons in 2013 . The most important species in the area , Gulf menhaden , reached a million tons in the mid-1980s but only half a million tons in 2013 and is now considered fully fished . Round sardinella was an important species in the 1990s but is now considered overfished . Groupers and snappers are overfished and northern brown shrimp and American cupped oyster are considered fully fished approaching overfished. 44 % of stocks are being fished at unsustainable levels . Agulhas Bank In the South - East Atlantic catches have decreased from 3.3 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.3 million tons in 2013 . Horse mackerel and hake are the most important species , together representing almost half of the landings . Off South Africa and Namibia deep - water hake and shallow - water Cape hake have recovered to sustainable levels since regulations were introduced in 2006 and the states of Southern African pilchard and anchovy have improved to fully fished in 2013 . In the South - West Atlantic a peak was reached in the mid-1980s and catches now fluctuate between 1.7 and 2.6 million tons . The most important species , the Argentine shortfin squid , which reached half a million tons in 2013 or half the peak value , is considered fully fished to overfished . Another important species was the Brazilian sardinella , with a production of 100,000 tons in 2013 it is now considered overfished . Half the stocks in this area are being fished at unsustainable levels : Whitehead 's round herring has not yet reached fully fished but Cunene horse mackerel is overfished . The sea snail perlemoen abalone is targeted by illegal fishing and remain overfished . See also : Ocean fisheries § Atlantic Ocean , and Fishing down the food web Environmental issues ( edit ) Marine debris strewn over the beaches of the South Atlantic Inaccessible Island Endangered marine species include the manatee , seals , sea lions , turtles , and whales .",
"25": "Drift net fishing can kill dolphins , albatrosses and other seabirds ( petrels , auks ) , hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes . Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States , southern Brazil , and eastern Argentina ; oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico , Lake Maracaibo , Mediterranean Sea , and North Sea ; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea , North Sea , and Mediterranean Sea . North Atlantic hurricane activity has increased over past decades because of increased sea surface temperature ( SST ) at tropical latitudes , changes that can be attributed to either the natural Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ( AMO ) or to anthropogenic climate change . A 2005 report indicated that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation ( AMOC ) slowed down by 30 % between 1957 and 2004 . If the AMO were responsible for SST variability , the AMOC would have increased in strength , which is apparently not the case . Furthermore , it is clear from statistical analyses of annual tropical cyclones that these changes do not display multidecadal cyclicity . Therefore , these changes in SST must be caused by human activities . The ocean mixed layer plays an important role heat storage over seasonal and decadal time - scales , whereas deeper layers are affected over millennia and has a heat capacity about 50 times that of the mixed layer . This heat uptake provides a time - lag for climate change but it also results in a thermal expansion of the oceans which contribute to sea - level rise . 21st century global warming will probably result in an equilibrium sea - level rise five times greater than today , whilst melting of glaciers , including that of the Greenland ice - sheet , expected to have virtually no effect during the 21st century , will probably result in a sea - level rise of 3 -- 6 m over a millennium . On 7 June 2006 , Florida 's wildlife commission voted to take the manatee off the state 's endangered species list . Some environmentalists worry that this could erode safeguards for the popular sea creature . Marine pollution is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles . The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture fertilizer chemicals as well as livestock and human waste .",
"26": "The excess of oxygen - depleting chemicals leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone . Marine debris , which is also known as marine litter , describes human - created waste floating in a body of water . Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines , frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter . See also : Environmental impact of shipping and Shutdown of thermohaline circulation See also ( edit ) Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal List of countries and territories bordering the Atlantic Ocean Seven Seas Gulf Stream shutdown Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic hurricanes Transatlantic crossing References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : CIA World Factbook : Atlantic Ocean ^ Jump up to : NOAA : How big is the Atlantic Ocean ? ^ Jump up to : `` Atlantic Ocean '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eakins & Sharman 2010 ^ Jump up to : U.S. Navy 2001 Jump up ^ SLG / ( Sch . A.R. 1 . 211 ) Archived 1 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 1 Ἀ . θάλασσα `` la mar Atlántida '' ( the Atlantis sea ) ... , DGE Dictionary , CSIC , 2006 . Archived 1 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hdt. 1.202. 4 ^ Jump up to : Oxford Dictionaries 2015 Jump up ^ Janni 2015 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Ripley & Anderson Dana 1873 ^ Jump up to : IHO 1953 Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook : Pacific Ocean Jump up ^ USGS : Mapping Puerto Rico Trench ^ Jump up to : World Heritage Centre : Mid-Atlantic Ridge ^ Jump up to : Levin & Gooday 2003 , Seafloor topography and physiography , pp.",
"27": "113 -- 114 Jump up ^ The Geological Society : Mid-Atlantic Ridge Jump up ^ Kenneth J. Hsü ( 1987 ) . The Mediterranean Was a Desert : A Voyage of the Glomar Challenger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 02406 - 6 . Jump up ^ DeMets , Gordon & Argus 2010 , The Azores microplate , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ DeMets , Gordon & Argus 2010 , Boundary between the North and South America plates , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Thomson 1877 , p. 290 Jump up ^ NOAA : Timeline Jump up ^ Hamilton - Paterson , James ( 1992 ) . The Great Deep . Jump up ^ Marsh et al. 2007 , Introduction , p. 1 Jump up ^ Emery & Meincke 1986 , Table , p. 385 ^ Jump up to : Emery & Meincke 1986 , Atlantic Ocean , pp. 384 -- 386 Jump up ^ Smethie et al. 2000 , Formation of NADW , pp. 14299 -- 14300 Jump up ^ Smethie et al. 2000 , Introduction , p. 14297 Jump up ^ Marchal , Waelbroeck & Colin de Verdière 2016 , Introduction , pp. 1545 -- 1547 Jump up ^ Tréguier et al. 2005 , Introduction , p. 757 Jump up ^ Böning et al. 2006 , Introduction , p. 1 ; Fig. 2 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Stramma & England 1999 , Abstract Jump up ^ Gordon & Bosley 1991 , Abstract ^ Jump up to : Lüning 1990 , pp. 223 -- 225 Jump up ^ Jerzmańska & Kotlarczyk 1976 , Abstract ; Biogeographic Significance of the `` Quasi-Sargasso '' Assemblage , pp. 303 -- 304 Jump up ^ Als et al. 2011 , p. 1334 Jump up ^ `` Do Baby Eels Use Magnetic Maps to Hitch a Ride on the Gulf Stream ? '' .",
"28": "Scientific American . 17 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Seton et al. 2012 , Central Atlantic , pp. 218 , 220 Jump up ^ Blackburn et al. 2013 , p. 941 Jump up ^ Marzoli et al. 1999 , p. 616 Jump up ^ Lessios 2008 , Abstract , Introduction , p. 64 Jump up ^ Seton et al. 2012 , Northern Atlantic , p. 220 ^ Jump up to : Eagles 2007 , Introduction , p. 353 Jump up ^ Bullard , Everett & Smith 1965 ^ Jump up to : Seton et al. 2012 , South Atlantic , pp. 217 -- 218 ^ Jump up to : Torsvik et al. 2009 , General setting and magmatism , pp. 1316 -- 1318 Jump up ^ Livermore et al. 2005 , Abstract Jump up ^ Duarte et al. 2013 , Abstract ; Conclusions , p. 842 Jump up ^ Marean et al. 2014 , pp. 164 -- 166 , fig . 8.2 , p. 166 Jump up ^ Marean 2011 , Environmental Context on the South Coast , pp. 423 -- 425 Jump up ^ Henshilwood et al. 2002 , Abstract Jump up ^ Mellars 2006 , Abstract Jump up ^ Riede 2014 , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Bjerck 2009 , Introduction , pp. 118 -- 119 Jump up ^ Avery et al. 2008 , Introduction , p. 66 Jump up ^ Bailey & Flemming 2008 , The Long - Term History of Marine Resources , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Martin 1973 , Abstract Jump up ^ Greenberg , Turner & Zegura 1986 Jump up ^ O'Rourke & Raff 2010 , Introduction , p. 202 Jump up ^ O'Rourke & Raff 2010 , Conclusions and Outlook , p.",
"29": "206 Jump up ^ O'Rourke & Raff 2010 , Beringian Scenarios , pp. 205 -- 206 Jump up ^ Dugmore , Keller & McGovern 2007 , Introduction , pp. 12 -- 13 ; The Norse in The North Atlantic , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Patterson et al. 2010 , pp. 5308 -- 5309 ^ Jump up to : Chambliss 1989 , Piracy , pp. 184 -- 188 Jump up ^ Lovejoy 1982 , Abstract Jump up ^ Bravo 2007 , The Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade , pp. 213 -- 215 ^ Jump up to : Acemoglu , Johnson & Robinson 2005 , Abstract ; pp. 546 -- 551 Jump up ^ Kubesh , K. ; McNeil , N. ; Bellotto , K. ( 2008 ) . Ocean Habitats . In the Hands of a Child . Archived from the original on 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Administration , US Department of Commerce , National Oceanic and Atmospheric . `` Is there gold in the ocean ? '' . oceanservice.noaa.gov . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : FOA 2016 , pp. 39 -- 41 Jump up ^ FAO 2011 , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Eisenbud , R. ( 1985 ) . `` Problems and Prospects for the Pelagic Driftnet '' . Michigan State University , Animal Legal & Historical Center . Archived from the original on 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mann & Emanuel 2006 , pp. 233 -- 241 Jump up ^ Bryden , Longworth & Cunningham 2005 , Abstract Jump up ^ Webster et al. 2005 Jump up ^ Bigg et al. 2003 , Sea - level change , pp.",
"30": "1128 -- 1129 Jump up ^ Sebastian A. Gerlach `` Marine Pollution '' , Springer , Berlin ( 1975 ) Sources ( edit ) Acemoglu , D. ; Johnson , S. ; Robinson , J. ( 2005 ) . `` The rise of Europe : Atlantic trade , institutional change and economic growth '' ( PDF ) . The American Economic Review . 95 ( 3 ) : 546 -- 579 . doi : 10.1257 / 0002828054201305 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Als , T.D. ; Hansen , M.M. ; Maes , G.E. ; Castonguay , M. ; Riemann , L. ; Aarestrup , K.I.M. ; Munk , P. ; Sparholt , H. ; Hanel , R. ; Bernatchez , L. ( 2011 ) . `` All roads lead to home : panmixia of European eel in the Sargasso Sea '' ( PDF ) . Molecular Ecology. 20 ( 7 ) : 1333 -- 1346 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294X. 2011.05011. x . PMID 21299662 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Armitage , D. ( 2001 ) . `` The Red Atlantic ( Review of ) '' ( PDF ) . Reviews in American History . 29 ( 4 ) : 479 -- 486 . doi : 10.1353 / rah. 2001.0060 . JSTOR 30031239 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Armitage , D. ; Braddick , M.J. ( 2009 ) . `` Three Concepts of Atlantic History '' . The British Atlantic World , 1500 -- 1800 ( PDF ) . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 9781137013415 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 .",
"31": "Avery , G. ; Halkett , D. ; Orton , J. ; Steele , T. ; Tusenius , M. ; Klein , R. ( 2008 ) . `` The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age rock shelter and the evolution of coastal foraging '' ( PDF ) . Goodwin Series . South African Archaeological Society . 10 : 66 -- 89 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Bailey , G.N. ; Flemming , N.C. ( 2008 ) . `` Archaeology of the continental shelf : marine resources , submerged landscapes and underwater archaeology '' ( PDF ) . Quaternary Science Reviews . 27 ( 23 ) : 2153 -- 2165 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2008.08. 012 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Bigg , G.R. ; Jickells , T.D. ; Liss , P.S. ; Osborn , T.J. ( 2003 ) . `` The role of the oceans in climate '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Climatology. 23 ( 10 ) : 1127 -- 1159 . doi : 10.1002 / joc. 926 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Bjerck , H.B. ( 2009 ) . `` Colonizing seascapes : comparative perspectives on the development of maritime relations in Scandinavia and Patagonia '' ( PDF ) . Arctic Anthropology. 46 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 118 -- 131 . doi : 10.1353 / arc. 0.0019 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Blackburn , T.J. ; Olsen , P.E. ; Bowring , S.A. ; McLean , N.M. ; Kent , D.V. ; Puffer , J. ; McHone , G. ; Rasbury , T. ; Et - Touhami , M. ( 2013 ) . `` Zircon U-Pb geochronology links the end - Triassic extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province '' ( PDF ) . Science .",
"32": "340 ( 6135 ) : 941 -- 945 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1234204 . PMID 23519213 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Böning , C.W. ; Scheinert , M. ; Dengg , J. ; Biastoch , A. ; Funk , A. ( 2006 ) . `` Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Research Letters. 33 ( 21 ) . Bibcode : 2006GeoRL ... 3321S01B . doi : 10.1029 / 2006GL026906 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Bravo , K.E. ( 2007 ) . `` Exploring the analogy between modern trafficking in humans and the trans - Atlantic slave trade '' ( PDF ) . Boston University International Law Journal . 25 ( 207 ) . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Bryden , H.L. ; Longworth , H.R. ; Cunningham , S.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25 N '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 438 ( 7068 ) : 655 -- 657 . doi : 10.1038 / nature04385 . PMID 16319889 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Bullard , E. ; Everett , J.E. ; Smith , A.G. ( 1965 ) . `` The fit of the continents around the Atlantic '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 258 ( 1088 ) : 41 -- 51 . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1965.0020 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Chambliss , W.J. ( 1989 ) . `` State - organized crime '' ( PDF ) . Criminology. 27 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 208 . doi : 10.1111 / j.",
"33": "1745 - 9125.1989. tb01028. x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 November 2016 . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . `` Atlantic Ocean '' . CIA World Factbook. 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . `` Pacific Ocean '' . CIA World Factbook. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . DeMets , C. ; Gordon , R.G. ; Argus , D.F. ( 2010 ) . `` Geologically current plate motions '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Journal International . 181 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 80 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 2009.04491. x . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Duarte , J.C. ; Rosas , F.M. ; Terrinha , P. ; Schellart , W.P. ; Boutelier , D. ; Gutscher , M.A. ; Ribeiro , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Are subduction zones invading the Atlantic ? Evidence from the southwest Iberia margin '' ( PDF ) . Geology. 41 ( 8 ) : 839 -- 842 . doi : 10.1130 / G34100 . Dugmore , A.J. ; Keller , C. ; McGovern , T.H. ( 2007 ) . `` Norse Greenland settlement : reflections on climate change , trade , and the contrasting fates of human settlements in the North Atlantic islands '' ( PDF ) . Arctic anthropology. 44 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 36 . doi : 10.1353 / arc. 2011.0038 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Eagles , G. ( 2007 ) . `` New angles on South Atlantic opening '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Journal International . 168 ( 1 ) : 353 -- 361 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 2006.03206. x .",
"34": "Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Eakins , B.W. ; Sharman , G.F. ( 2010 ) . `` Volumes of the World 's Oceans from ETOPO1 '' . Boulder , CO : NOAA National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Emery , W.J. ; Meincke , J. ( 1986 ) . `` Global water masses - summary and review '' ( PDF ) . Oceanologica Acta. 9 ( 4 ) : 383 -- 391 ( PDF pages scrambled ) . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FOA ) . 2016 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 5 - 109185 - 2 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . `` Mid-Atlantic Ridge '' . The Geological Society . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Greenberg , J.H. ; Turner , C.G. ; Zegura , S.L. ( 1986 ) . `` The settlement of the Americas : A comparison of the linguistic , dental and genetic evidence '' . Current Anthropology. 27 ( 5 ) : 477 -- 497 . doi : 10.1086 / 203472 . JSTOR 2742857 . Gordon , A.L. ; Bosley , K.T. ( 1991 ) . `` Cyclonic gyre in the tropical South Atlantic '' ( PDF ) . Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers. 38 : S323 -- S343 . doi : 10.1016 / S0198 - 0149 ( 12 ) 80015 - X . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Henshilwood , C.S. ; d'Errico , F. ; Yates , R. ; Jacobs , Z. ; Tribolo , C. ; Duller , G.A. ; Mercier , N. ; Sealy , J.C. ; Valladas , H. ; Watts , I. ; Wintle , A.G.",
"35": "( 2002 ) . `` Emergence of modern human behavior : Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa '' ( PDF ) . Science . 295 ( 5558 ) : 1278 -- 1280 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1067575 . PMID 11786608 . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Herodotus . `` Perseus Under Philologic : Hdt. 1.202. 4 '' . University of Chicago . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . `` Limits of Oceans and Seas '' ( PDF ) . Special Publication . International Hydrographic Organization . 23 . 1953 . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . map Janni , P. ( 2015 ) . `` The Sea of the Greeks and Romans '' . In Bianchetti , S. ; Cataudella , M. ; Gehrke , H. - J. Brill 's Companion to Ancient Geography : The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition . Brill . doi : 10.1163 / 9789004284715_003 . ISBN 9789004284715 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jerzmańska , A. ; Kotlarczyk , J. ( 1976 ) . `` The beginnings of the Sargasso assemblage in the Tethys ? '' ( PDF ) . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 20 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 306 . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 0182 ( 76 ) 90009 - 2 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Kulka , D. ( 2011 ) . `` B1 . Northwest Atlantic '' . Review of the state of world marine fishery resources ( PDF ) . FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper ( Report ) . 569 . Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . pp. 334 pp. ISBN 978 - 92 - 5 - 107023 - 9 .",
"36": "Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Lessios , H.A. ( 2008 ) . `` The great American schism : divergence of marine organisms after the rise of the Central American Isthmus '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Ecology , Evolution , and Systematics. 39 : 63 -- 91 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 38.091206. 095815 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Levin , L.A. ; Gooday , A.J. ( 2003 ) . `` The Deep Atlantic Ocean '' ( PDF ) . In Tyler , P.A. Ecosystems of the World . Ecosystems of the deep oceans . 28 . Amsterdam , The Netherlands : Elsevier . pp. 111 -- 178 . ISBN 044482619X . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Livermore , R. ; Nankivell , A. ; Eagles , G. ; Morris , P. ( 2005 ) . `` Paleogene opening of Drake passage '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 236 ( 1 ) : 459 -- 470 . Bibcode : 2005E&PSL. 236 ... 459L . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2005.03. 027 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Lovejoy , P.E. ( 1982 ) . `` The volume of the Atlantic slave trade : A synthesis '' . The Journal of African History . 23 ( 4 ) : 473 -- 501 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021853700021319 . Lüning , K. ( 1990 ) . `` Sargasso Sea '' . In Yarish , C. ; Kirkman , H. Seaweeds : Their Environment , Biogeography , and Ecophysiology . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 222 -- 225 . ISBN 9780471624349 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Mann , M.E. ; Emanuel , K.A. ( 2006 ) .",
"37": "`` Atlantic hurricane trends linked to climate change '' ( PDF ) . Eos , Transactions American Geophysical Union . 87 ( 24 ) : 233 -- 241 . Bibcode : 2006EOSTr ... 87 ... 233M . doi : 10.1029 / 2006eo240001 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Marchal , O. ; Waelbroeck , C. ; Colin de Verdière , A. ( 2016 ) . `` On the Movements of the North Atlantic Subpolar Front in the Preinstrumental Past '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Climate. 29 ( 4 ) : 1545 -- 1571 . doi : 10.1175 / JCLI - D - 15 - 0509.1 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Marean , C.W. ( 2011 ) . `` Coastal South Africa and the Coevolution of the Modern Human Lineage and the Coastal Adaptation '' ( PDF ) . In Bicho , N.F. ; Haws , J.A. ; Davis , L.G. Trekking the Shore : Changing Coastlines and the Antiquity of Coastal Settlement . Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology . Springer . pp. 421 -- 440 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 8219 - 3 . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Marean , C.W. ; Cawthra , H.C. ; Cowling , R.M. ; Esler , K.J. ; Fisher , E. ; Milewski , A. ; Potts , A.J. ; Singels , E. ; De Vynck , J. ( 2014 ) . `` Stone age people in a changing South African greater Cape Floristic Region '' ( PDF ) . In Allsopp , N. ; Colville , J.F. ; Verboom , G.A. Fynbos : Ecology , Evolution , and Conservation of a Megadiverse Region , 164 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199679584 . Retrieved 5 November 2016 .",
"38": "Marsh , R. ; Hazeleger , W. ; Yool , A. ; Rohling , E.J. ( 2007 ) . `` Stability of the thermohaline circulation under millennial CO2 forcing and two alternative controls on Atlantic salinity '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Research Letters. 34 ( 3 ) . Bibcode : 2007GeoRL ... 34.3605 M . doi : 10.1029 / 2006GL027815 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Martin , P.S. ( 1973 ) . `` The Discovery of America : The first Americans may have swept the Western Hemisphere and decimated its fauna within 1000 years '' ( PDF ) . Science . 179 ( 4077 ) : 969 -- 974 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 179.4077. 969 . PMID 17842155 . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Marzoli , A. ; Renne , P.R. ; Piccirillo , E.M. ; Ernesto , M. ; Bellieni , G. ; De Min , A. ( 1999 ) . `` Extensive 200 - million - year - old continental flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province '' ( PDF ) . Science . 284 ( 5414 ) : 616 -- 618 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 284.5414. 616 . PMID 10213679 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Mellars , P. ( 2006 ) . `` Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca . 60,000 years ago ? A new model '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 ( 25 ) : 9381 -- 9386 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0510792103 . PMC 1480416 . PMID 16772383 . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . `` History of NOAA Ocean Exploration : Timeline '' . NOAA. 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 .",
"39": "`` How big is the Atlantic Ocean ? '' . NOAA. 15 May 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . O'Rourke , D.H. ; Raff , J.A. ( 2010 ) . `` The human genetic history of the Americas : the final frontier '' ( PDF ) . Current Biology . 20 ( 4 ) : R202 -- R207 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2009.11. 051 . PMID 20178768 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Patterson , W.P. ; Dietrich , K.A. ; Holmden , C. ; Andrews , J.T. ( 2010 ) . `` Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 107 ( 12 ) : 5306 -- 5310 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0902522107 . PMC 2851789 . PMID 20212157 . Retrieved 12 November 2016 . Riede , F. ( 2014 ) . `` The resettlement of northern Europe '' . In Cummings , V. ; Jordan , P. ; Zvelebil , M. Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter - Gatherers ( PDF ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199551224.013. 059 . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Ripley , G. ; Anderson Dana , C. ( 1873 ) . The American cyclopaedia : a popular dictionary of general knowledge . Appleton . pp. 69 -- . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Seton , M. ; Müller , R.D. ; Zahirovic , S. ; Gaina , C. ; Torsvik , T. ; Shephard , G. ; Talsma , A. ; Gurnis , M. ; Maus , S. ; Chandler , M. ( 2012 ) .",
"40": "`` Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma '' ( PDF ) . Earth - Science Reviews . 113 ( 3 ) : 212 -- 270 . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2012.03. 002 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Smethie , W.M. ; Fine , R.A. ; Putzka , A. ; Jones , E.P. ( 2000 ) . `` Tracing the flow of North Atlantic Deep Water using chlorofluorocarbons '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans. 105 ( C6 ) : 14297 -- 14323 . Bibcode : 2000JGR ... 10514297S . doi : 10.1029 / 1999JC900274 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Stramma , L. ; England , M. ( 1999 ) . `` On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 104 ( C9 ) : 20863 -- 20883 . Bibcode : 1999JGR ... 10420863S . doi : 10.1029 / 1999JC900139 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Thomas , S. ( 8 June 2015 ) . `` How the oceans got their names '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Thomson , W. ( 1877 ) . The Voyage of the ' Challenger . ' The Atlantic : A Preliminary Account of the General Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. ' Challenger ' During the Year 1873 and the Early Part of the Year 1876 ( PDF , 384 MB ) . London : Macmillan . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Torsvik , T.H. ; Rousse , S. ; Labails , C. ; Smethurst , M.A. ( 2009 ) . `` A new scheme for the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the dissection of an Aptian salt basin '' ( PDF ) .",
"41": "Geophysical Journal International . 177 ( 3 ) : 1315 -- 1333 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 2009.04137. x . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Tréguier , A.M. ; Theetten , S. ; Chassignet , E.P. ; Penduff , T. ; Smith , R. ; Talley , L. ; Beismann , J.O. ; Böning , C. ( 2005 ) . `` The North Atlantic subpolar gyre in four high - resolution models '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Physical Oceanography. 35 ( 5 ) : 757 -- 774 . doi : 10.1175 / JPO2720. 1 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . `` Mapping of the Puerto Rico Trench , the Deepest Part of the Atlantic , is Nearing Completion '' . USGS . October 2003 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . `` Atlantic Ocean Facts '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on 2 March 2001 . Retrieved 12 November 2001 . Weaver , D. ( 2001 ) . The Red Atlantic : American Indigenes and the Making of the Modern World , 1000 -- 1927 . Reviews in American History . 29 . pp. 479 -- 486 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Webster , P.J. ; Holland , G.J. ; Curry , J.A. ; Chang , H.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Changes in tropical cyclone number , duration , and intensity in a warming environment '' ( PDF ) . Science . 309 ( 5742 ) : 1844 -- 1846 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1116448 . PMID 16166514 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . `` The Mid-Atlantic Ridge '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . 2007 -- 2008 .",
"42": "Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Winchester , Simon ( 2010 ) . Atlantic : A Vast Ocean of a Million Stories . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 734137 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAtlantic Oceanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Atlantic Ocean . Cartage.org.lb . `` Map of Atlantic Coast of North America from the Chesapeake Bay to Florida '' from 1639 via the World Digital Library Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete",
"43": "Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Ocean",
"44": "currents and gyres Currents Arctic Ocean East Greenland North Icelandic Norwegian Transpolar Drift Stream Atlantic Ocean Angola Antilles Azores Baffin Island Benguela Brazil Canary Cape Horn Caribbean East Greenland East Iceland Falkland Florida Guinea Gulf Stream Irminger Labrador Lomonosov Loop North Atlantic North Brazil North Equatorial Norwegian Portugal Slope Jet South Atlantic South Equatorial West Greenland West Spitsbergen Indian Ocean Agulhas Agulhas Return East Madagascar Equatorial Counter Indian Monsoon Indonesian Throughflow Leeuwin Madagascar Mozambique North Madagascar Somali South Australian South Equatorial West Australian Pacific Ocean Alaska Aleutian California Cromwell Davidson East Australian East Korea Warm Equatorial Counter Humboldt Indonesian Throughflow Kamchatka Kuroshio Mindanao North Equatorial North Korea Cold North Pacific Oyashio South Equatorial Tasman Front Southern Ocean Antarctic Circumpolar Tasman Outflow Gyres Major gyres Indian Ocean Gyre North Atlantic Gyre South Atlantic Gyre North Pacific Gyre South Pacific Gyre Other gyres Beaufort Gyre Ross Gyre Weddell Gyre Related Atmospheric circulation Boundary current Coriolis force Ekman transport Marine debris Marine garbage patches Great Pacific Indian Ocean North Atlantic South Pacific",
"45": "Thermohaline circulation VIAF : 152295726 GND : 4003388 - 0 NDL : 00572558 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&oldid=818125729 '' Categories : Atlantic Ocean Oceans History of the Atlantic Ocean Landforms of the Atlantic Ocean Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use American English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from August 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú",
"46": "Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu",
"47": "Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем Коми ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa",
"48": "संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 19 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
35,
40,
34,
31,
48,
38,
41,
28,
32,
17,
47,
30,
39,
37,
33,
46,
36,
15,
24,
6,
3,
18,
42,
19,
23,
5,
44,
29,
12,
22,
13,
27,
0,
4,
25,
43,
14,
8,
11,
10,
45,
16,
7,
2,
1,
20,
26,
21,
9
] |
[
35,
40,
34,
31,
48
] |
970104939222709777
|
who is credited with creating the gothic art movement
|
[
"Abbot Suger"
] |
{
"0": "Gothic art - wikipedia Gothic art Jump to : navigation , search The Western ( Royal ) Portal at Chartres Cathedral ( ca . 1145 ) - these architectural statues are the earliest Gothic sculptures and were a revolution in style and the model for a generation of sculptors . Later Gothic depiction of the Adoration of the Magi from Strasbourg Cathedral . Gothic sculpture , late 15th century , Amiens Cathedral . Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD , led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture . It spread to all of Western Europe , and much of Southern and Central Europe , never quite effacing more classical styles in Italy . In the late 14th century , the sophisticated court style of International Gothic developed , which continued to evolve until the late 15th century . In many areas , especially Germany , Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century , before being subsumed into Renaissance art . Primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture , panel painting , stained glass , fresco and illuminated manuscripts . The easily recognizable shifts in architecture from Romanesque to Gothic , and Gothic to Renaissance styles , are typically used to define the periods in art in all media , although in many ways figurative art developed at a different pace . The earliest Gothic art was monumental sculpture , on the walls of Cathedrals and abbeys . Christian art was often typological in nature ( see Medieval allegory ) , showing the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side . Saints ' lives were often depicted . Images of the Virgin Mary changed from the Byzantine iconic form to a more human and affectionate mother , cuddling her infant , swaying from her hip , and showing the refined manners of a well - born aristocratic courtly lady . Secular art came into its own during this period with the rise of cities , foundation of universities , increase in trade , the establishment of a money - based economy and the creation of a bourgeois class who could afford to patronize the arts and commission works resulting in a proliferation of paintings and illuminated manuscripts . Increased literacy and a growing body of secular vernacular literature encouraged the representation of secular themes in art .",
"1": "With the growth of cities , trade guilds were formed and artists were often required to be members of a painters ' guild -- as a result , because of better record keeping , more artists are known to us by name in this period than any previous ; some artists were even so bold as to sign their names . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Etymology 3 Painting 3.1 Frescoes 3.2 Stained glass 3.3 Manuscripts and printmaking 3.4 Altarpiece and panel painting 4 Sculpture 4.1 Monumental sculpture 4.2 Portable sculpture 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Origins ( edit ) 14th Century International Gothic Mary Magdalene in St. John Cathedral in Toruń . Gothic art emerged in Île - de-France , France , in the early 12th century at the Abbey Church of St Denis built by Abbot Suger . The style rapidly spread beyond its origins in architecture to sculpture , both monumental and personal in size , textile art , and painting , which took a variety of forms , including fresco , stained glass , the illuminated manuscript , and panel painting . Monastic orders , especially the Cistercians and the Carthusians , were important builders who disseminated the style and developed distinctive variants of it across Europe . Regional variations of architecture remained important , even when , by the late 14th century , a coherent universal style known as International Gothic had evolved , which continued until the late 15th century , and beyond in many areas . Although there was far more secular Gothic art than is often thought today , as generally the survival rate of religious art has been better than for secular equivalents , a large proportion of the art produced in the period was religious , whether commissioned by the church or by the laity . Gothic art was often typological in nature , reflecting a belief that the events of the Old Testament pre-figured those of the New , and that this was indeed their main significance . Old and New Testament scenes were shown side by side in works like the Speculum Humanae Salvationis , and the decoration of churches . The Gothic period coincided with a great resurgence in Marian devotion , in which the visual arts played a major part .",
"2": "Images of the Virgin Mary developed from the Byzantine hieratic types , through the Coronation of the Virgin , to more human and initimate types , and cycles of the Life of the Virgin were very popular . Artists like Giotto , Fra Angelico and Pietro Lorenzetti in Italy , and Early Netherlandish painting , brought realism and a more natural humanity to art . Western artists , and their patrons , became much more confident in innovative iconography , and much more originality is seen , although copied formulae were still used by most artists . Iconography was affected by changes in theology , with depictions of the Assumption of Mary gaining ground on the older Death of the Virgin , and in devotional practices such as the Devotio Moderna , which produced new treatments of Christ in subjects such as the Man of Sorrows , Pensive Christ and Pietà , which emphasized his human suffering and vulnerability , in a parallel movement to that in depictions of the Virgin . Even in Last Judgements Christ was now usually shown exposing his chest to show the wounds of his Passion . Saints were shown more frequently , and altarpieces showed saints relevant to the particular church or donor in attendance on a Crucifixion or enthroned Virgin and Child , or occupying the central space themselves ( this usually for works designed for side - chapels ) . Over the period many ancient iconographical features that originated in New Testament apocrypha were gradually eliminated under clerical pressure , like the midwives at the Nativity , though others were too well - established , and considered harmless . Etymology ( edit ) The word `` Gothic '' for art was initially used as a synonym for `` Barbaric '' , and was therefore used pejoratively . Its critics saw this type of Medieval art as unrefined and too remote from the aesthetic proportions and shapes of Classical art . Renaissance authors believed that the Sack of Rome by the Gothic tribes in 410 had triggered the demise of the Classical world and all the values they held dear . In the 15th century , various Italian architects and writers complained that the new ' barbarian ' styles filtering down from north of the Alps posed a similar threat to the classical revival promoted by the early Renaissance . The `` Gothic '' qualifier for this art was first used in Raphael 's letter to Pope Leo X c.",
"3": "1518 and was subsequently popularised by the Italian artist and writer Giorgio Vasari , who used it as early as 1530 , calling Gothic art a `` monstrous and barbarous '' `` disorder '' . Raphael claimed that the pointed arches of northern architecture were an echo of the primitive huts the Germanic forest dwellers formed by bending trees together - a myth which would resurface much later in a more positive sense in the writings of the German Romantic movement . `` Gothic art '' was strongly criticized by French authors such as Boileau , La Bruyère , Rousseau , before becoming a recognized form of art , and the wording becoming fixed . Molière would famously comment on Gothic : The besotted taste of Gothic monuments , These odious monsters of ignorant centuries , Which the torrents of barbary spewed forth . In its beginning , Gothic art was initially called `` French work '' ( Opus Francigenum ) , thus attesting the priority of France in the creation of this style . Painting ( edit ) Simone Martini ( 1285 -- 1344 ) . French late Gothic frescos . Painting in a style that can be called Gothic did not appear until about 1200 , nearly 50 years after the origins of Gothic architecture and sculpture . The transition from Romanesque to Gothic is very imprecise and not at all a clear break , and Gothic ornamental detailing is often introduced before much change is seen in the style of figures or compositions themselves . Then figures become more animated in pose and facial expression , tend to be smaller in relation to the background of scenes , and are arranged more freely in the pictorial space , where there is room . This transition occurs first in England and France around 1200 , in Germany around 1220 and Italy around 1300 . Painting during the Gothic period was practiced in four primary media : frescos , panel paintings , manuscript illumination and stained glass . Frescoes ( edit ) Frescoes continued to be used as the main pictorial narrative craft on church walls in southern Europe as a continuation of early Christian and Romanesque traditions . An accident of survival has given Denmark and Sweden the largest groups of surviving church wall paintings in the Biblia pauperum style , usually extending up to recently constructed cross vaults .",
"4": "In both Denmark and Sweden , they were almost all covered with limewash after the Reformation which has preserved them , but some have also remained untouched since their creation . Among the finest examples from Denmark are those of the Elmelunde Master from the Danish island of Møn who decorated the churches of Fanefjord , Keldby and Elmelunde . Albertus Pictor is arguably the most well - known fresco artist from the period working in Sweden . Examples of Swedish churches with well - preserved frescos include Tensta , Gökhem and Anga churches . Stained glass ( edit ) In northern Europe , stained glass was an important and prestigious form of painting until the 15th century , when it became supplanted by panel painting . Gothic architecture greatly increased the amount of glass in large buildings , partly to allow for wide expanses of glass , as in rose windows . In the early part of the period mainly black paint and clear or brightly coloured glass was used , but in the early 14th century the use of compounds of silver , painted on glass which was then fired , allowed a number of variations of colour , centred on yellows , to be used with clear glass in a single piece . By the end of the period designs increasingly used large pieces of glass which were painted , with yellows as the dominant colours , and relatively few smaller pieces of glass in other colours . Manuscripts and printmaking ( edit ) Illuminated manuscripts represent the most complete record of Gothic painting , providing a record of styles in places where no monumental works have otherwise survived . The earliest full manuscripts with French Gothic illustrations date to the middle of the 13th century . Many such illuminated manuscripts were royal bibles , although psalters also included illustrations ; the Parisian Psalter of Saint Louis , dating from 1253 to 1270 , features 78 full - page illuminations in tempera paint and gold leaf . Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux , by Jean Pucelle , Paris , 1320s . During the late 13th century , scribes began to create prayer books for the laity , often known as books of hours due to their use at prescribed times of the day . The earliest known example seems to have written for an unknown laywoman living in a small village near Oxford in about 1240 .",
"5": "Nobility frequently purchased such texts , paying handsomely for decorative illustrations ; among the most well - known creators of these is Jean Pucelle , whose Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux was commissioned by King Charles IV as a gift for his queen , Jeanne d'Évreux . Elements of the French Gothic present in such works include the use of decorative page framing reminiscent of the architecture of the time with elongated and detailed figures . The use of spatial indicators such as building elements and natural features such as trees and clouds also denote the French Gothic style of illumination . From the middle of the 14th century , blockbooks with both text and images cut as woodcut seem to have been affordable by parish priests in the Low Countries , where they were most popular . By the end of the century , printed books with illustrations , still mostly on religious subjects , were rapidly becoming accessible to the prosperous middle class , as were engravings of fairly high - quality by printmakers like Israhel van Meckenem and Master E.S. . In the 15th century , the introduction of cheap prints , mostly in woodcut , made it possible even for peasants to have devotional images at home . These images , tiny at the bottom of the market , often crudely coloured , were sold in thousands but are now extremely rare , most having been pasted to walls . Altarpiece and panel painting ( edit ) Painting with oil on canvas did not become popular until the 15th and 16th centuries and was a hallmark of Renaissance art . In Northern Europe the important and innovative school of Early Netherlandish painting is in an essentially Gothic style , but can also be regarded as part of the Northern Renaissance , as there was a long delay before the Italian revival of interest in classicism had a great impact in the north . Painters like Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck , made use of the technique of oil painting to create minutely detailed works , correct in perspective , where apparent realism was combined with richly complex symbolism arising precisely from the realistic detail they could now include , even in small works . In Early Netherlandish painting , from the richest cities of Northern Europe , a new minute realism in oil painting was combined with subtle and complex theological allusions , expressed precisely through the highly detailed settings of religious scenes .",
"6": "The Mérode Altarpiece ( 1420s ) of Robert Campin , and the Washington Van Eyck Annunciation or Madonna of Chancellor Rolin ( both 1430s , by Jan van Eyck ) are examples . For the wealthy , small panel paintings , even polyptychs in oil painting were becoming increasingly popular , often showing donor portraits alongside , though often much smaller than , the Virgin or saints depicted . These were usually displayed in the home . Sculpture ( edit ) Monumental sculpture ( edit ) French ivory Virgin and Child , end of the 13th century , 25 cm high , curving to fit the shape of the ivory tusk . The Gothic period is essentially defined by Gothic architecture , and does not entirely fit with the development of style in sculpture in either its start or finish . The facades of large churches , especially around doors , continued to have large tympanums , but also rows of sculpted figures spreading around them . The statues on the Western ( Royal ) Portal at Chartres Cathedral ( c. 1145 ) show an elegant but exaggerated columnar elongation , but those on the south transept portal , from 1215 -- 20 , show a more naturalistic style and increasing detachment from the wall behind , and some awareness of the classical tradition . These trends were continued in the west portal at Rheims Cathedral of a few years later , where the figures are almost in the round , as became usual as Gothic spread across Europe . Bamberg Cathedral has perhaps the largest assemblage of 13th century sculpture , culminating in 1240 with the Bamberg Rider , the first life - size equestrian statue in Western art since the 6th century . In Italy Nicola Pisano ( 1258 -- 78 ) and his son Giovanni developed a style that is often called Proto - Renaissance , with unmistakable influence from Roman sarcophagi and sophisticated and crowded compositions , including a sympathetic handling of nudity , in relief panels on their pulpit of Siena Cathedral ( 1265 -- 68 ) , the Fontana Maggiore in Perugia , and Giovanni 's pulpit in Pistoia of 1301 . Another revival of classical style is seen in the International Gothic work of Claus Sluter and his followers in Burgundy and Flanders around 1400 .",
"7": "Late Gothic sculpture continued in the North , with a fashion for very large wooden sculpted altarpieces with increasingly virtuoso carving and large numbers agitated expressive figures ; most surviving examples are in Germany , after much iconoclasm elsewhere . Tilman Riemenschneider , Veit Stoss and others continued the style well into the 16th century , gradually absorbing Italian Renaissance influences . Life - size tomb effigies in stone or alabaster became popular for the wealthy , and grand multi-level tombs evolved , with the Scaliger Tombs of Verona so large they had to be moved outside the church . By the 15th century there was an industry exporting Nottingham alabaster altar reliefs in groups of panels over much of Europe for economical parishes who could not afford stone retables . South portal of Chartres Cathedral ( c. 1215 - 20 ) . West portal at Rheims Cathedral , Annunciation group . Nicola Pisano , Nativity and Adoration of the Magi from the pulpit of the Pisa Baptistery . Claus Sluter , David and a prophet from the Well of Moses . Base of the Holy Thorn Reliquary , French ( Paris ) , 1390s , a Resurrection of the Dead in gold , enamel and gems . Man of Sorrows on the main portal of Ulm Münster by Hans Multscher , 1429 . Panelled altarpiece section with Resurrection of Christ , English Nottingham alabaster , 1450 -- 90 , with remains of colour . Detail of the Last Supper from Tilman Riemenschneider 's Altar of the Holy Blood , 1501 -- 05 , carved limewood , Rothenburg ob der Tauber , Bavaria . Portable sculpture ( edit ) Lid of the Walters Casket , with the Siege of the Castle of Love at left , and jousting . Paris , 1330 - 1350 . Image of Cristo de La Laguna ( Tenerife , Spain ) from Flanders and dated between 1510 - 1514 . Small carvings , for a mainly lay and often female market , became a considerable industry in Paris and some other centres .",
"8": "Types of ivories included small devotional polyptychs , single figures , especially of the Virgin , mirror - cases , combs , and elaborate caskets with scenes from Romances , used as engagement presents . The very wealthy collected extravagantly elaborate jewelled and enamelled metalwork , both secular and religious , like the Duc de Berry 's Holy Thorn Reliquary , until they ran short of money , when they were melted down again for cash . Gothic sculptures independent of architectural ornament were primarily created as devotional objects for the home or intended as donations for local churches. , although small reliefs in ivory , bone and wood cover both religious and secular subjects , and were for church and domestic use . Such sculptures were the work of urban artisans , and the most typical subject for three dimensional small staues is the Virgin Mary alone or with child . Paris was the main centre of ivory workshops , and exported to most of northern Europe , though Italy also had a considerable production . An exemplar of these independent sculptures is among the collections of the Abbey Church of St Denis ; the silver - gilt Virgin and Child dates to 1339 and features Mary enveloped in a flowing cloak holding an infantile Christ figure . Both the simplicity of the cloak and the youth of the child presage other sculptures found in northern Europe dating to the 14th century and early 15th century . Such sculpture shows an evolution from an earlier stiff and elongated style , still partly Romanesque , into a spatial and naturalistic feel in the late 12th and early 13th century . Other French Gothic sculptural subjects included figures and scenes from popular literature of the time . Imagery from the poetry of the troubadours was particularly popular among artisans of mirror - cases and small boxes presumably for use by women . The Casket with Scenes of Romances ( Walters 71264 ) of 1330 - 50 is an unusually large example with space for a number of scenes from different literary sources . Souvenirs of pilgrimages to shrines , such as clay or lead badges , medals and ampullae stamped with images were also popular and cheap . Their secular equivalent , the livery badge , were signs of feudal and political loyalty or alliance that came to be regarded as a social menace in England under bastard feudalism .",
"9": "The cheaper forms were sometimes given away free , as with the 13,000 badges ordered in 1483 by King Richard III of England in fustian cloth with his emblem of a white boar for the investiture of his son Edward as Prince of Wales , a huge number given the population at the time . The Dunstable Swan Jewel , modelled fully in the round in enamelled gold , is a far more exclusive version , that would have been given to someone very close or important to the donor . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gothic art . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gothic painters . List of Gothic artists Pleurants Renaissance of the 12th century Blackletter ( also known as Gothic script ) The Ten Virgins Danse Macabre History of Painting Western painting Church frescos in Denmark Church frescos in Sweden Timeline of Italian artists to 1800 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stokstad ( 2005 ) , 516 . Jump up ^ Stokstad ( 2005 ) , 544 . Jump up ^ Émile Mâle , The Gothic Image , Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century , p 165 - 8 , English trans of 3rd edn , 1913 , Collins , London ( and many other editions ) is a classic work on French Gothic church art Jump up ^ `` Gothic art '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : History of Architecture Fiske Kimball , George Harold Edgell p. 275 Jump up ^ E.S. de Beer , Gothic : Origin and Diffusion of the Term ; The Idea of Style in Architecture in Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes , Vol. 11 , 1948 , pp. 143 - 62 Jump up ^ Vasari on technique p. 135 Jump up ^ The art of the sublime : principles of Christian art and architecture by Roger Homan p. 70 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ History of Architecture Fiske Kimball , George Harold Edgell p. 275 Jump up ^ Kirsten Trampedach : Introduction to Danish Wall Paintings - Conservation Ethics and Methods of Treatment .",
"10": "National Museum of Denmark Archived 24 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 6 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Coe , 8 - 11 Jump up ^ Stokstad ( 2005 ) , 540 . ^ Jump up to : Stokstad ( 2005 ) , 541 . Jump up ^ Stokstad ( 2005 ) , 542 . Jump up ^ Lane , Barbara G , The Altar and the Altarpiece , Sacramental Themes in Early Netherlandish Painting , Harper & Row , 1984 , ISBN 0 - 06 - 430133 - 8 analyses all these works in detail . See also the references in the articles on the works . Jump up ^ Honour and Fleming , 297 -- 300 ; Henderson , 55 , 82 - 84 Jump up ^ Olson , 11 -- 24 ; Honour and Fleming , 304 ; Henderson , 41 Jump up ^ Snyder , 65 - 69 Jump up ^ Snyder , 305 - 311 Jump up ^ V&A Museum feature on the Nottingham alabaster Swansea Altarpiece Jump up ^ Calkins , 193 - 198 Jump up ^ Cherry , 25 - 48 ; Henderson , 134 - 141 Jump up ^ Stokstad ( 2005 ) , 537 . ^ Jump up to : Stokstad ( 2005 ) , 539 . Jump up ^ Cherry ( 2003 ) , 204 References ( edit ) Calkins , Robert G. ; Monuments of Medieval Art , Dutton , 1979 , ISBN 0525475613 Cherry , John . The Holy Thorn Reliquary , 2010 , British Museum Press ( British Museum objects in focus ) , ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2820 - 1 Cherry , John , in Marks , Richard and Williamson , Paul , eds . Gothic : Art for England 1400 - 1547 , 2003 , V&A Publications , London , ISBN 1 - 85177 - 401 - 7 Henderson , George .",
"11": "Gothic , 1967 , Penguin , ISBN 0 - 14 - 020806 - 2 Hugh Honour and John Fleming , A World History of Art , 1st edn. 1982 ( many later editions ) , Macmillan , London , page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn . paperback . ISBN 0333371852 Olson , Roberta J.M. , Italian Renaissance Sculpture , 1992 , Thames & Hudson ( World of Art ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 20253 - 1 Robinson , James , Masterpieces of Medieval Art , 2008 , British Museum Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7141 - 2815 - 3 Rudolph , Conrad , ed. , A Companion to Medieval Art : Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1405198783 Rudolph , Conrad , `` Inventing the Gothic Portal : Suger , Hugh of Saint Victor , and the Construction of a New Public Art at Saint - Denis , '' Art History 33 ( 2010 ) 568 - 595 Rudolph , Conrad , `` Inventing the Exegetical Stained - Glass Window : Suger , Hugh , and a New Elite Art , '' Art Bulletin 93 ( 2011 ) 399 - 422 Snyder , James . Northern Renaissance Art , 1985 , Harry N. Abrams , ISBN 0136235964 External links ( edit ) art portal Gothic Art and Architecture Gothic art , from ArtCyclopedia.com Gothic art , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Gothic art ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) , from Microsoft Encarta . Gothic art , from The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition . 2001 . Gothic art , Museumsportal Schleswig - Holstein Gothic art , from `` A World History of Art '' and ( 2 ) . `` Gothic : Art for England 1400 -- 1547 '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . The Pietà in French late Gothic sculpture : regional variations , a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries ( fully available online as PDF ) , which contains material",
"12": "on Gothic art Art movements Medieval Early Christian Migration Period Anglo - Saxon Visigothic Pre-Romanesque Insular Viking Byzantine Merovingian Carolingian Ottonian Romanesque Norman - Sicilian Gothic ( International Gothic ) Renaissance Italian Renaissance Early Netherlandish German Renaissance Antwerp Mannerists Danube school High Renaissance Romanism Mannerism Fontainebleau Northern Mannerism Flemish Baroque 17th century Baroque Caravaggisti Classicism Dutch Golden Age 18th century Rococo Neoclassicism Romanticism 19th century Naïve Nazarene Realism / Realism Historicism Biedermeier Gründerzeit Barbizon school Pre-Raphaelites Academic Aestheticism Decadent Macchiaioli Art Nouveau Peredvizhniki Impressionism Post-Impressionism Neo-impressionism Divisionism Pointillism Cloisonnism Les Nabis Synthetism Kalighat painting Symbolism Hudson River School 20th century Arts and Crafts Fauvism Die Brücke Cubism Expressionism Neue Künstlervereinigung München Futurism Metaphysical art Rayonism Der Blaue Reiter Orphism Synchromism Vorticism Suprematism Ashcan Dada De Stijl Purism Bauhaus Kinetic art New Objectivity Neues Sehen Surrealism",
"13": "Neo-Fauvism Precisionism Scuola Romana Art Deco International Typographic Style Social realism Abstract expressionism Vienna School of Fantastic Realism Color Field Lyrical abstraction Tachisme COBRA Action painting New media art Letterist International Pop art Situationist International Lettrism Neo-Dada Op art Nouveau réalisme Art & Language Conceptual art Land art Systems art Video art Minimalism Fluxus Photorealism Performance art Installation art Endurance art Outsider art Neo-expressionism Lowbrow Young British Artists Amazonian pop art 21st century Art intervention Hyperrealism Neo-futurism Stuckism Sound art Superstroke Superflat Relational art Related articles List of art movements Feminist art movement ( in the US ) Modern art Modernism Late modernism Postmodern art Avant - garde Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_art&oldid=837584320 '' Categories : Gothic art Medieval art Roman Catholic Church art by period Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés",
"14": "Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Seeltersk Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 65 more Edit links This page was",
"15": "last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 19 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
11,
10,
9,
14,
7,
6,
4,
12,
8,
2,
1,
5,
0,
3,
13,
15
] |
[
1,
11,
10,
9,
14
] |
-5394236012912538924
|
what happens to the body during the fight or flight response
|
[
"the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially norepinephrine and epinephrine"
] |
{
"0": "Fight - or - flight response - wikipedia Fight - or - flight response Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fight or Flight . Fight or flight ? The fight - or - flight response ( also called hyperarousal , or the acute stress response ) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event , attack , or threat to survival . It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon . His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system , preparing the animal for fighting or fleeing . More specifically , the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines , especially norepinephrine and epinephrine . The hormones estrogen , testosterone , and cortisol , as well as the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin , also affect how organisms react to stress . This response is recognized as the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 1.1 Autonomic nervous system 1.1. 1 Sympathetic nervous system 1.1. 2 Parasympathetic nervous system 1.2 Reaction 1.3 Function of physiological changes 2 Emotional components 2.1 Emotion regulation 2.2 Emotional reactivity 3 Cognitive components 3.1 Content specificity 3.2 Perception of control 3.3 Social information processing 4 Other animals 4.1 Evolutionary perspective 4.2 Examples 4.3 Varieties of responses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading Physiology ( edit ) Autonomic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates heart rate , digestion , respiratory rate , pupillary response , urination , and sexual arousal . This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight - or - flight response and its role is mediated by two different components : the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system .",
"1": "Sympathetic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Sympathetic nervous system The sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord and its main function is to activate the physiological changes that occur during the fight - or - flight response . This component of the autonomic nervous system utilizes and activates the release of norepinephrine in the reaction . Parasympathetic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Parasympathetic nervous system The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the sacral spinal cord and medulla , physically surrounding the sympathetic origin , and works in concert with the sympathetic nervous system . Its main function is to activate the `` rest and digest '' response and return the body to homeostasis after the fight or flight response . This system utilizes and activates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . Reaction ( edit ) The fight - or - flight response The reaction begins in the amygdala , which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus . The initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH . The adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously , via the sympathetic nervous system , and releases the hormone epinephrine . The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol , which increases blood pressure , blood sugar , and suppresses the immune system . The initial response and subsequent reactions are triggered in an effort to create a boost of energy . This boost of energy is activated by epinephrine binding to liver cells and the subsequent production of glucose . Additionally , the circulation of cortisol functions to turn fatty acids into available energy , which prepares muscles throughout the body for response .",
"2": "Catecholamine hormones , such as adrenaline ( epinephrine ) or noradrenaline ( norepinephrine ) , facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action and : Acceleration of heart and lung action Paling or flushing , or alternating between both Inhibition of stomach and upper - intestinal action to the point where digestion slows down or stops General effect on the sphincters of the body Constriction of blood vessels in many parts of the body Liberation of metabolic energy sources ( particularly fat and glycogen ) for muscular action Dilation of blood vessels for muscles Inhibition of the lacrimal gland ( responsible for tear production ) and salivation Dilation of pupil ( mydriasis ) Relaxation of bladder Inhibition of erection Auditory exclusion ( loss of hearing ) Tunnel vision ( loss of peripheral vision ) Disinhibition of spinal reflexes Shaking . Function of physiological changes ( edit ) The physiological changes that occur during the fight or flight response are activated in order to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running . Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include : Increased blood flow to the muscles activated by diverting blood flow from other parts of the body . Increased blood pressure , heart rate , blood sugars , and fats in order to supply the body with extra energy . The blood clotting function of the body speeds up in order to prevent excessive blood loss in the event of an injury sustained during the response . Increased muscle tension in order to provide the body with extra speed and strength . Emotional components ( edit ) Emotion regulation ( edit ) See also : Emotional self - regulation In the context of the fight or flight response , emotional regulation is used proactively to avoid threats of stress or to control the level of emotional arousal . Emotional reactivity ( edit ) During the reaction , the intensity of emotion that is brought on by the stimulus will also determine the nature and intensity of the behavioral response . Individuals with higher levels of emotional reactivity may be prone to anxiety and aggression , which illustrates the implications of appropriate emotional reaction in the fight or flight response . Cognitive components ( edit ) Content specificity ( edit ) The specific components of cognitions in the fight or flight response seem to be largely negative .",
"3": "These negative cognitions may be characterized by : attention to negative stimuli , the perception of ambiguous situations as negative , and the recurrence of recalling negative words . There also may be specific negative thoughts associated with emotions commonly seen in the reaction . Perception of control ( edit ) See also : Control ( psychology ) Perceived control relates to an individual 's thoughts about control over situations and events . Perceived control should be differentiated from actual control because an individual 's beliefs about their abilities may not reflect their actual abilities . Therefore , overestimation or underestimation of perceived control can lead to anxiety and aggression . Social information processing ( edit ) See also : Social information processing ( cognition ) The social information processing model proposes a variety of factors that determine behavior in the context of social situations and preexisting thoughts . The attribution of hostility , especially in ambiguous situations , seems to be one of the most important cognitive factors associated with the fight or flight response because of its implications towards aggression . Other animals ( edit ) Evolutionary perspective ( edit ) An evolutionary psychology explanation is that early animals had to react to threatening stimuli quickly and did not have time to psychologically and physically prepare themselves . The fight or flight response provided them with the mechanisms to rapidly respond to threats against survival . Examples ( edit ) A typical example of the stress response is a grazing zebra . If the zebra sees a lion closing in for the kill , the stress response is activated as a means to escape its predator . The escape requires intense muscular effort , supported by all of the body 's systems . The sympathetic nervous system 's activation rarely provides for these needs . A similar example involving fight is of a cat about to be attacked by a dog . The cat shows accelerated heartbeat , piloerection ( hair standing on end , normally to dissipate heat ) , and pupil dilation , all signs of sympathetic arousal . Note that the zebra and cat still maintain homeostasis in all states . Varieties of responses ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bison hunted by dogs Animals respond to threats in many complex ways .",
"4": "Rats , for instance , try to escape when threatened , but will fight when cornered . Some animals stand perfectly still so that predators will not see them . Many animals freeze or play dead when touched in the hope that the predator will lose interest . Other animals have alternative self - protection methods . Some species of cold - blooded animals change color swiftly , to camouflage themselves . These responses are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system , but , in order to fit the model of fight or flight , the idea of flight must be broadened to include escaping capture either in a physical or sensory way . Thus , flight can be disappearing to another location or just disappearing in place . And often both fight and flight are combined in a given situation . The fight or flight actions also have polarity -- the individual can either fight or flee against something that is threatening , such as a hungry lion , or fight for or fly towards something that is needed , such as the safety of the shore from a raging river . A threat from another animal does not always result in immediate fight or flight . There may be a period of heightened awareness , during which each animal interprets behavioral signals from the other . Signs such as paling , piloerection , immobility , sounds , and body language communicate the status and intentions of each animal . There may be a sort of negotiation , after which fight or flight may ensue , but which might also result in playing , mating , or nothing at all . An example of this is kittens playing : each kitten shows the signs of sympathetic arousal , but they never inflict real damage . See also ( edit ) Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis Coping ( psychology ) Defense physiology Emotional dysregulation Freezing behavior Escape distance The Relaxation Response Rest and digest Vasoconstriction Workplace bullying Yerkes -- Dodson law Acute stress reaction Anxiety Anxiety disorder Panic attack Phobia Social anxiety Social anxiety disorder Tend and befriend Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some references say he first described the response in 1914 in The American Journal of Physiology . Others in the 1915 edition of Bodily Changes in Pain , Hunger , Fear and Rage . Other sources say that he first used the term in 1929 or in 1932 edition of the same book .",
"5": "The issue needs further research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cannon , Walter ( 1932 ) . Wisdom of the Body . United States : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393002055 . Jump up ^ Walter Bradford Cannon ( 1929 ) . Bodily changes in pain , hunger , fear , and rage . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Jump up ^ Jansen , A ; Nguyen , X ; Karpitsky , V ; Mettenleiter , M ( 27 October 1995 ) . `` Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System : Basis of the Fight - or - Flight Response '' . Science Magazine . 5236 ( 270 ) . Jump up ^ Walter Bradford Cannon ( 1915 ) . Bodily Changes in Pain , Hunger , Fear and Rage : An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement . Appleton - Century - Crofts . Jump up ^ `` Adrenaline , Cortisol , Norepinephrine : The Three Major Stress Hormones , Explained '' . Hufflington Post . April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gozhenko , A ; Gurkalova , I.P. ; Zukow , W ; Kwasnik , Z ( 2009 ) . PATHOLOGY -- Theory . Medical Student 's Library . Radom . pp. 270 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , A ; Thews , G ( 1989 ) . `` Autonomic Nervous System '' . In Janig , W. Human Physiology ( 2 ed . ) . New York , NY : Springer - Verlag . pp. 333 -- 370 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Chudler , Eric . `` Neuroscience For Kids '' . University of Washington . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Margioris , Andrew ; Tsatsanis , Christos ( April 2011 ) . `` ACTH Action on the Adrenal '' . Endotext.org .",
"6": "Archived from the original on 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Padgett , David ; Glaser , R ( August 2003 ) . `` How stress influences the immune response '' . Trends in Immunology. 24 ( 8 ) : 444 -- 448 . doi : 10.1016 / S1471 - 4906 ( 03 ) 00173 - X . PMID 12909458 . Jump up ^ King , Michael . `` PATHWAYS : GLYCOGEN & GLUCOSE '' . Washington University , St. Louis . Jump up ^ `` HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE DURING THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE '' . University of Utah . Archived from the original on 8 August 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Gleitman , Alan J. Fridlund and Daniel Reisberg ( 2004 ) . Psychology ( 6 ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97767 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stress Management for Health Course . `` The Fight Flight Response '' . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Olpin , Michael . `` The Science of Stress '' . Weber State University . Jump up ^ Cistler , Josh ; Bunmi O. Olatunji ; Matthew T. Feldner ; John P. Forsyth ( 2010 ) . `` Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders : An Integrative Review '' . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment . 32 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s10862 - 009 - 9161 - 1 . PMC 2901125 . PMID 20622981 . Jump up ^ Gross , James ( 1998 ) . `` Sharpening the Focus : Emotion Regulation , Arousal , and Social Competence '' . Psychological Inquiry. 9 ( 4 ) : 287 -- 290 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327965pli0904_8 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Avero , Pedro ; Calvo , M ( 1 July 1999 ) . `` Emotional reactivity to social - evaluative stress : genderdifferences in response systems concordance '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 27 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 170 . doi : 10.1016 / S0191 - 8869 ( 98 ) 00229 - 3 . Jump up ^ Carthy , T ; Horesh N ; Apter A ; Edge MD ; Gross JJ ( May 2010 ) . `` Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children '' . Behavior Research and Therapy . 48 ( 5 ) : 384 -- 393 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brat. 2009.12. 013 . Jump up ^ Valiente , C ; Eisenberg N ; Smith CL ; Reiser M ; Fabes RA ; Losoya S ; Guthrie IK ; Murphy BC ( December 2003 ) . `` The relations of effortful control and reactive control to children 's externalizing problems : A longitudinal assessment '' . Personality . 71 ( 6 ) : 1171 -- 1196 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 6494.7106011 . PMID 14633062 . Jump up ^ Reid , Sophie C. ; Salmon , Karen ; Peter F. Lovibond ( October 2006 ) . `` Cognitive Biases in Childhood Anxiety , Depression , and Aggression : Are They Pervasive or Specific ? '' . Cognitive Therapy and Research . 30 ( 5 ) : 531 -- 549 . doi : 10.1007 / s10608 - 006 - 9077 - y . Jump up ^ Beck , Aaron ( 1979 ) . Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders . United States : Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Weems , CF ; Silverman , WK ( April 2006 ) . `` An integrative model of control : implications for understanding emotion regulation and dysregulation in childhood anxiety '' . Journal of Affective disorders . 91 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 124 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jad. 2006.01. 009 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Brendgen , M ; Vitaro F ; Turgeon L ; Poulin F ; Wanner B ( June 2004 ) . `` Is there a dark side of positive illusions ? Overestimation of social competence and subsequent adjustment in aggressive and nonaggressive children '' . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology . 32 ( 3 ) : 305 -- 320 . doi : 10.1023 / B : JACP.0000026144.08470.cd . PMID 15228179 . Jump up ^ Crick , Nicki ; Dodge , Kenneth ( January 1994 ) . `` A review and reformulation of social information - processing mechanisms in children 's social adjustment '' . Psychological Bulletin . 115 ( 1 ) : 74 -- 101 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.115. 1.74 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Kenneth ( March 1980 ) . `` Social cognition and children 's aggressive behavior '' . Journal of Child Development . 51 ( 1 ) : 162 -- 170 . doi : 10.2307 / 1129603 . Jump up ^ Grohol , John . `` What 's the purpose of the fight or flight response ? '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , David ; Kopin , I ( 2007 ) . `` Evolution of concepts of stress '' . Stress. 10 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 20 . doi : 10.1080 / 10253890701288935 . PMID 17514579 . Jump up ^ Gill , A.C. ( 2004 ) . Revision of the Indo - Pacific dottyback fish subfamily Pseudochrominae ( Perciformes : Pseudochromidae ) . Smithiana Monographs . pp. 1 -- 123 . Further reading ( edit ) Sapolsky , Robert M. , 1994 . Why Zebras Do n't Get Ulcers . W.H. Freeman and Company .",
"9": "This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document `` http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter4/sec2_1.html '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight-or-flight_response&oldid=816975993 '' Categories : Sympathetic nervous system Aggression Fear Dichotomies Psychological theories Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Scots Simple English Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 04 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
1,
2,
0,
4,
9,
6,
5,
3,
7,
8
] |
[
1,
2,
0,
4,
9,
6
] |
-596804930624080314
|
what is the central idea of the poem the rime of ancient mariner
|
[
"a violation of nature and the resulting psychological effects on the mariner and on all those who hear him",
"a violation of nature"
] |
{
"0": "The Rime of the Ancient mariner - wikipedia The Rime of the Ancient mariner Jump to : navigation , search For the 1975 film , see Rime of the Ancient Mariner ( film ) . For the 1925 silent film , see The Ancient Mariner ( film ) . The mariner up on the mast in a storm . One of the wood - engraved illustrations by Gustave Doré of the poem . The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ( originally The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere ) is the longest major poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge , written in 1797 -- 98 and published in 1798 in the first edition of Lyrical Ballads . Some modern editions use a revised version printed in 1817 that featured a gloss . Along with other poems in Lyrical Ballads , it is often considered a signal shift to modern poetry and the beginning of British Romantic literature . The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ( 1800 edition ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Rime of the Ancient Mariner relates the experiences of a sailor who has returned from a long sea voyage . The mariner stops a man who is on the way to a wedding ceremony and begins to narrate a story . The wedding - guest 's reaction turns from bemusement to impatience to fear to fascination as the mariner 's story progresses , as can be seen in the language style : Coleridge uses narrative techniques such as personification and repetition to create a sense of danger , the supernatural , or serenity , depending on the mood in different parts of the poem . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Inspiration for the poem 3 Coleridge 's comments 4 Wordsworth 's comments 5 Early criticisms 6 Interpretations 7 In popular culture 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The mariner 's tale begins with his ship departing on its journey . Despite initial good fortune , the ship is driven south by a storm and eventually reaches Antarctic waters .",
"1": "An albatross appears and leads them out of the ice jam where they are stuck , but even as the albatross is praised by the ship 's crew , the mariner shoots the bird : With my cross-bow , I shot the albatross . The crew is angry with the mariner , believing the albatross brought the south wind that led them out of the Antarctic . However , the sailors change their minds when the weather becomes warmer and the mist disappears : ' Twas right , said they , such birds to slay , That bring the fog and mist . They soon find that they made a grave mistake in supporting this crime , as it arouses the wrath of spirits who then pursue the ship `` from the land of mist and snow '' ; the south wind that had initially led them from the land of ice now sends the ship into uncharted waters near the equator , where it is becalmed . Day after day , day after day , We stuck , nor breath nor motion ; As idle as a painted ship Upon a painted ocean . Water , water , every where , And all the boards did shrink ; Water , water , every where , Nor any drop to drink . The very deep did rot -- Oh Christ ! That ever this should be . Yea , slimy things did crawl with legs , Upon the slimy sea . Engraving by Gustave Doré for an 1876 edition of the poem . `` The Albatross , '' depicts 17 sailors on the deck of a wooden ship facing an albatross . Icicles hang from the rigging . The sailors change their minds again and blame the mariner for the torment of their thirst . In anger , the crew forces the mariner to wear the dead albatross about his neck , perhaps to illustrate the burden he must suffer from killing it , or perhaps as a sign of regret : Ah ! Well a-day ! What evil looks Had I from old and young ! Instead of the cross , the albatross About my neck was hung . Eventually , the ship encounters a ghostly hulk . On board are Death ( a skeleton ) and the `` Night - mare Life - in - Death '' , a deathly - pale woman , who are playing dice for the souls of the crew .",
"2": "With a roll of the dice , Death wins the lives of the crew members and Life - in - Death the life of the mariner , a prize she considers more valuable . Her name is a clue to the mariner 's fate : he will endure a fate worse than death as punishment for his killing of the albatross . One by one , all of the crew members die , but the mariner lives on , seeing for seven days and nights the curse in the eyes of the crew 's corpses , whose last expressions remain upon their faces . Eventually , this stage of the mariner 's curse is lifted after he appreciates the sea creatures swimming in the water . Despite his cursing them as `` slimy things '' earlier in the poem , he suddenly sees their true beauty and blesses them ( `` a spring of love gush 'd from my heart , and I bless 'd them unaware '' ) ; suddenly , as he manages to pray , the albatross falls from his neck and his guilt is partially expiated . The bodies of the crew , possessed by good spirits , rise again and help steer the ship . In a trance , the mariner hears two spirits discussing his voyage and penance , and learns that the ship is being powered preternaturally : The air is cut away before , And closes from behind . Finally the mariner comes in sight of his homeland , but is initially uncertain as to whether or not he is hallucinating . Oh ! Dream of joy ! Is this indeed The light - house top I see ? Is this the hill ? Is this the kirk ? Is this mine own countree ? We drifted o'er the harbour - bar , And I with sobs did pray -- O let me be awake , my God ! Or let me sleep alway . The rotten remains of the ship sink in a whirlpool , leaving only the mariner behind . A hermit on the mainland had seen the approaching ship and had come to meet it with a pilot and his boy , in a boat . When they pull him from the water , they think he is dead , but when he opens his mouth , the pilot has a fit . The hermit prays , and the mariner picks up the oars to row .",
"3": "The pilot 's boy goes crazy and laughs , thinking the mariner is the devil , and cries , `` The Devil knows how to row '' . As penance for shooting the albatross , the mariner , driven by guilt , is forced to wander the earth , telling his story over and over , and teaching a lesson to those he meets : He prayeth best , who loveth best All things both great and small ; For the dear God who loveth us , He made and loveth all . After relaying the story , the mariner leaves , and the wedding guest returns home , and wakes the next morning `` a sadder and a wiser man '' . The poem received mixed reviews from critics , and Coleridge was once told by the publisher that most of the book 's sales were to sailors who thought it was a naval songbook . Coleridge made several modifications to the poem over the years . In the second edition of Lyrical Ballads , published in 1800 , he replaced many of the archaic words . Inspiration for the poem ( edit ) Commemorative statue at Watchet , Somerset : the albatross hangs on a rope looped around the ancient mariner 's neck . `` Ah ! well a-day ! what evil looks Had I from old and young ! Instead of the cross , the Albatross About my neck was hung . '' The poem may have been inspired by James Cook 's second voyage of exploration ( 1772 -- 1775 ) of the South Seas and the Pacific Ocean ; Coleridge 's tutor , William Wales , was the astronomer on Cook 's flagship and had a strong relationship with Cook . On this second voyage Cook crossed three times into the Antarctic Circle to determine whether the fabled great southern continent existed . Critics have also suggested that the poem may have been inspired by the voyage of Thomas James into the Arctic . According to William Wordsworth , the poem was inspired while Coleridge , Wordsworth , and Wordsworth 's sister Dorothy were on a walking tour through the Quantock Hills in Somerset . The discussion had turned to a book that Wordsworth was reading , A Voyage Round The World by Way of the Great South Sea ( 1726 ) by Captain George Shelvocke .",
"4": "In the book , a melancholy sailor , Simon Hatley , shoots a black albatross : We all observed , that we had not the sight of one fish of any kind , since we were come to the Southward of the streights of le Mair , nor one sea - bird , except a disconsolate black Albatross , who accompanied us for several days ... till Hattley , ( my second Captain ) observing , in one of his melancholy fits , that this bird was always hovering near us , imagin 'd , from his colour , that it might be some ill omen ... He , after some fruitless attempts , at length , shot the Albatross , not doubting we should have a fair wind after it . As they discussed Shelvocke 's book , Wordsworth proffers the following developmental critique to Coleridge , which importantly contains a reference to tutelary spirits : `` Suppose you represent him as having killed one of these birds on entering the south sea , and the tutelary spirits of these regions take upon them to avenge the crime . '' By the time the trio finished their walk , the poem had taken shape . Bernard Martin argues in The Ancient Mariner and the Authentic Narrative that Coleridge was also influenced by the life of Anglican clergyman John Newton , who had a near - death experience aboard a slave ship . The poem may also have been inspired by the legends of the Wandering Jew , who was forced to wander the earth until Judgement Day for a terrible crime , found in Charles Maturin 's Melmoth the Wanderer , M.G. Lewis ' The Monk ( a novel Coleridge reviewed ) and the Flying Dutchman . It is claimed that the harbour at Watchet in Somerset was the primary inspiration for the poem , although some time before , John Cruikshank , a local acquaintance of Coleridge 's , had related a dream about a skeleton ship manned by spectral sailors . In September 2003 , a commemorative statue , by Alan B Herriot of Penicuik , Scotland , was unveiled at Watchet harbour . Coleridge 's comments ( edit ) `` The Albatross about my Neck was Hung , '' etching by William Strang . Poem illustration published 1896 .",
"5": "In Biographia Literaria , Coleridge wrote : The thought suggested itself ( to which of us I do not recollect ) that a series of poems might be composed of two sorts . In the one , incidents and agents were to be , in part at least , supernatural , and the excellence aimed at was to consist in the interesting of the affections by the dramatic truth of such emotions , as would naturally accompany such situations , supposing them real . And real in this sense they have been to every human being who , from whatever source of delusion , has at any time believed himself under supernatural agency . For the second class , subjects were to be chosen from ordinary life ... In this idea originated the plan of the ' Lyrical Ballads ' ; in which it was agreed , that my endeavours should be directed to persons and characters supernatural , or at least Romantic ; yet so as to transfer from our inward nature a human interest and a semblance of truth sufficient to procure for these shadows of imagination that willing suspension of disbelief for the moment , which constitutes poetic faith ... With this view I wrote the ' Ancient Mariner ' . In Table Talk , Coleridge wrote : Mrs Barbauld once told me that she admired The Ancient Mariner very much , but that there were two faults in it -- it was improbable , and had no moral . As for the probability , I owned that that might admit some question ; but as to the want of a moral , I told her that in my own judgement the poem had too much ; and that the only , or chief fault , if I might say so , was the obtrusion of the moral sentiment so openly on the reader as a principle or cause of action in a work of such pure imagination . It ought to have had no more moral than the Arabian Nights ' tale of the merchant 's sitting down to eat dates by the side of a well , and throwing the shells aside , and lo ! a genie starts up , and says he must kill the aforesaid merchant , because one of the date shells had , it seems , put out the eye of the genie 's son .",
"6": "Wordsworth 's comments ( edit ) Wordsworth wrote to Joseph Cottle in 1799 : From what I can gather it seems that the Ancient Mariner has upon the whole been an injury to the volume , I mean that the old words and the strangeness of it have deterred readers from going on . If the volume should come to a second Edition I would put in its place some little things which would be more likely to suit the common taste . However , when Lyrical Ballads was reprinted , Wordsworth included it despite Coleridge 's objections , writing : The Poem of my Friend has indeed great defects ; first , that the principal person has no distinct character , either in his profession of Mariner , or as a human being who having been long under the control of supernatural impressions might be supposed himself to partake of something supernatural ; secondly , that he does not act , but is continually acted upon ; thirdly , that the events having no necessary connection do not produce each other ; and lastly , that the imagery is somewhat too laboriously accumulated . Yet the Poem contains many delicate touches of passion , and indeed the passion is every where true to nature , a great number of the stanzas present beautiful images , and are expressed with unusual felicity of language ; and the versification , though the metre is itself unfit for long poems , is harmonious and artfully varied , exhibiting the utmost powers of that metre , and every variety of which it is capable . It therefore appeared to me that these several merits ( the first of which , namely that of the passion , is of the highest kind ) gave to the Poem a value which is not often possessed by better Poems . Early criticisms ( edit ) Illustration by Gustave Doré , 1878 Upon its release , the poem was criticized for being obscure and difficult to read . The use of archaic spelling of words was seen as not in keeping with Wordsworth 's claims of using common language . Criticism was renewed again in 1815 -- 16 , when Coleridge added marginal notes to the poem that were also written in an archaic style . These notes or glosses , placed next to the text of the poem , ostensibly interpret the verses much like marginal notes found in the Bible . There were many opinions on why Coleridge inserted the gloss .",
"7": "Charles Lamb , who had deeply admired the original for its attention to `` Human Feeling '' , claimed that the gloss distanced the audience from the narrative , weakening the poem 's effects . The entire poem was first published in the collection of Lyrical Ballads . Another version of the poem was published in the 1817 collection entitled Sibylline Leaves ( see 1817 in poetry ) . Interpretations ( edit ) On a surface level the poem explores a violation of nature and the resulting psychological effects on the mariner and on all those who hear him . According to Jerome McGann the poem is like a salvation story . The poem 's structure is multi-layered text based on Coleridge 's interest in Higher Criticism . `` Like the Iliad or Paradise Lost or any great historical product , the Rime is a work of transhistorical rather than so - called universal significance . This verbal distinction is important because it calls attention to a real one . Like The Divine Comedy or any other poem , the Rime is not valued or used always or everywhere or by everyone in the same way or for the same reasons . '' George Whalley , in his 1946 -- 47 essay , `` The Mariner and the Albatross '' , suggests that the Ancient Mariner is an autobiographical portrait of Coleridge himself , comparing the mariner 's loneliness with Coleridge 's own feelings of loneliness expressed in his letters and journals . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in popular culture In addition to being referred to in several other notable works , due to the popularity of the poem the phrase `` albatross around one 's neck '' has become an English language idiom referring to `` a heavy burden of guilt that becomes an obstacle to success '' . The phrase `` Water , water , every where , Nor any drop to drink '' has appeared widely in popular culture , but usually given in a more natural modern phrasing as `` Water , water , everywhere But not a drop to drink '' ; some such appearances have , in turn , played on the frequency with which these lines are misquoted . The poem is referenced in the script of the 1939 film The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes .",
"8": "The Iron Maiden song `` The Rime of the Ancient Mariner '' from their fifth studio album Powerslave , was inspired by and based on the poem . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andrew C.F. David , ' Cook , James ( 1728 -- 1779 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 ; online edn , Jan 2008 : ' On 26 January 1774 he crossed into the Antarctic Circle for the third time ( having done so a second time the previous month ) and four days later , at 71 ° 10 ' S , 106 ° 54 ' W , achieved his farthest south . ' Jump up ^ Cooke , Alan ( 2000 ) . `` Thomas James '' . Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online . Retrieved 5 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Keach , William ( ed . ) : `` The Complete Poems / Samuel Taylor Coleridge '' , pages 498 -- 99 . Penguin , 1997 . Jump up ^ Fulmer , O. Bryan ( October 1969 ) . `` The Ancient Mariner and the Wandering Jew '' . Studies in Philology. 66 ( 5 ) : 797 -- 815 . JSTOR 4173656 . ( pay site ) Jump up ^ John Clute and John Grant , eds. ( 1999 ) . The encyclopedia of fantasy . Macmillan . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 19869 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Excerpt available at Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Samuel Taylor Coleridge '' . poetryfoundation.org. 11 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coleridge and Watchet -- Watchet Museum '' . watchetmuseum.co.uk . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleridge , Samuel Taylor . `` Chapter XIV '' . Biographia Literaria . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ TableTalks , p. 106 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 .",
"9": "Retrieved 1 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Duncan Wu , A Companion to Romanticism , Blackwell Publishing , 1998 , p 137 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21877 - 7 Jump up ^ `` GradeSaver : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner - Study Guide -- About The Rime of the Ancient Mariner '' . Jump up ^ McGann , Jerome J. The Beauty of Inflections : Clarendon Press , 1985 . Jump up ^ Whalley , George ( July 1947 ) . `` The Mariner and the Albatross '' . The University of Toronto Quarterly . 16 : 381 -- 398 . doi : 10.3138 / utq. 16.4. 381 . Reprinted in Kathleen Coburn , eds. ( 1967 ) . Coleridge : A Collection of Critical Essays . Prentice - Hall . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` albatross around one 's neck '' . Houghton Mifflin. 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Ten literary quotes we all get wrong '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) References ( edit ) Gardner , Martin , The Annotated Ancient Mariner , New York : Clarkson Potter , 1965 ; Reprinted by Prometheus Books , 19 ? ? , ISBN 1 - 59102 - 125 - 1 John Livingston Lowes , The Road to Xanadu -- A Study in the Ways of the Imagination , Houghton Mifflin , 1927 Scott , Grant F. `` ' The Many Men so Beautiful ' : Gustave Doré 's Illustrations to ' The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , ' '' Romanticism 16.1 ( 2010 ) : 1 -- 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Rime of the Ancient Mariner . Illustrations from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ,",
"10": "Gustave Doré illustrations from the University at Buffalo Libraries ' Rare & Special Books collection The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , text from Project Gutenberg The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , audiobook ( Jane Aker ) from Project Gutenberg The Rime of the Ancient Mariner : Critical Analysis and Summary The Rime of the Ancient Mariner public domain audiobook at LibriVox Abstracts of literary criticism of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ( hide ) Samuel Taylor Coleridge Topics Early life Opium use Albatross metaphor Lake Poets Pantisocracy Coleridge 's theory of life Early poetry `` The Destruction of the Bastile '' `` Dura Navis '' `` Easter Holidays '' `` Monody on the Death of Chatterton '' `` On Quitting School '' `` Pain : Composed in Sickness '' `` Songs of the Pixies '' Plays The Fall of Robespierre Remorse ( Osorio ) Zapolya Cambridge and Bristol poetry The Destiny of Nations Lines on an Autumnal Evening Lines Written at Shurton Bars On Receiving an Account Ode on the Departing Year Religious Musings To a Young Ass To Fortune To the River Otter Eminent Characters `` To Erskine '' `` To Burke '' `` To Priestley '' `` To Fayette '' `` To Kosciusko '' `` To Pitt '' `` To Bowles '' `` To Mrs Siddons '' `` To Godwin '' `` To Southey '' `` To Sheridan '' `` To Lord Stanhope '' Conversation poems Dejection : An Ode The Eolian Harp Fears in Solitude Frost at Midnight The Nightingale : A Conversation Poem Reflections on Having Left a Place of Retirement This",
"11": "Lime - Tree Bower My Prison To William Wordsworth Late poetry and Lyrical Ballads Christabel `` France : An Ode '' `` Hymn Before Sunrise '' `` Kubla Khan '' The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Biographical and other works Biographia Literaria The Watchman Notebooks Family Sara Coleridge ( daughter ) Derwent Coleridge ( son ) Hartley Coleridge ( son ) Christabel Rose Coleridge ( granddaughter ) Ernest Hartley Coleridge ( grandson ) Herbert Coleridge ( grandson ) James Coleridge ( brother ) Henry Nelson Coleridge ( nephew and son - in - law ) John Taylor Coleridge ( nephew ) Arthur Coleridge ( great - nephew ) Henry James Coleridge ( great - nephew ) John Coleridge , 1st Baron Coleridge ( great - nephew ) BNE : XX2171367 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner&oldid=821720723 '' Categories : Poetry by Samuel Taylor Coleridge British poems Maritime folklore 1798 poems Antarctica in fiction Narrative poems Birds in popular culture Poems adapted into films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Pages containing citation needed template with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Asturianu Български Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 06 : 12 . About Wikipedia",
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
2,
7,
1,
3,
4,
5,
0,
6,
10,
12,
9,
8,
11
] |
[
7,
2,
1,
3,
4
] |
6645756083765359472
|
what is the name given to the common currency to the european union
|
[
"The euro",
"The euro",
"euro",
"euro",
"euro"
] |
{
"0": "Currencies of the European Union - wikipedia Currencies of the European Union Jump to : navigation , search EU GDP by currency group Eurozone ( 72.9 % ) Non-Eurozone ( Minus UK ) ( 12 % ) United Kingdom ( 15.1 % ) There are eleven currencies of the European Union as of 2015 used officially by member states . The euro accounts for the majority of the member states with the remainder operating independent monetary policies . Those European Union states that have adopted it are known as the eurozone and share the European Central Bank ( ECB ) . The ECB and the national central banks of all EU countries , including those who operate an independent currency , are part of the European System of Central Banks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Euro 2 Current currencies 3 Historic currencies 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Euro ( edit ) Further information : Eurozone , Opt - outs in the European Union , and Enlargement of the eurozone The euro is the result of the European Union 's project for economic and monetary union which came fully into being on 1 January 2002 and it is now the currency used by the majority of European Union 's member states , with all but two bound to adopt it . It is the currency used by the institutions of the European Union and in the failed European Constitution it was to be included with the symbols of Europe as the formal currency of the European Union . The euro is also widely used by other states outside the EU . Except for the two states with opt outs , all current and future members of the EU are obliged to adopt the Euro as their currency , thus replacing their current ones . The relationship between euro and non-euro states has been on debate both during the UK 's membership ( as a large opt - out state ) and in light of withdrawal from the EU and how that impacts the balance of power between those in and out of the euro ; namely avoiding a eurozone caucus out - voting non-euro states . The UK had called for the EU treaties to recognise the EU as a `` multicurrency union '' , which sparked concerns about undermining euro adoption in remaining countries .",
"1": "Current currencies ( edit ) Map of currencies used within the EU and dates of Euro adoption States which used the euro from 1999 ( currency entered circulation 2002 ) States which subsequently adopted the euro States using other currencies The following are official and unofficial currencies used within the borders of the European Union ; Currency Region Symbol ISO Peg Notes Bulgarian lev Bulgaria лв BGN Currency board British pound sterling Gibraltar pound United Kingdom Gibraltar £ GBP GIP Floating Pegged to pound sterling Croatian kuna Croatia kn HRK Floating Czech koruna Czech Republic Kč CZK Floating Danish krone Denmark kr DKK ERM II Euro Eurozone ( show ) Austria Belgium Cyprus Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain € EUR Floating Also used by EU institutions Hungarian forint Hungary Ft HUF Floating Polish złoty Poland zł PLN Floating Romanian leu Romania Leu RON Floating Swedish krona Sweden kr SEK Floating Swiss franc Campione d'Italia ( Italy ) Büsingen am Hochrhein ( Germany ) Fr . CHF Floating Swiss franc is issued by Switzerland . Turkish lira Northern Cyprus ( Cyprus ) TL TRY Floating Turkish lira is issued by Turkey Note that there are other currencies used in overseas territories of member states . Those territories however are not part of the European Union proper ( legally subject to all its law ) so are not listed here . Historic currencies ( edit ) Further information : History of the euro Currency State Symbol ISO Completely Yielded on Rate to euro Notes Austrian schilling Austria S or öS ( ATS ) 1999 / 2002 13.7603 Belgian franc Belgium fr . ( BEF ) 1999 / 2002 40.3399 Interchangeable with Luxembourgian franc ( BLEU ) Cypriot pound Cyprus £ ( CYP ) 2008 0.585274 Dutch guilder Netherlands ƒ or fl .",
"2": "( NLG ) 1999 / 2002 2.20371 Estonian kroon Estonia Kr ( EEK ) 2011 15.6466 Finnish markka Finland mk ( FIM ) 1999 / 2002 5.94573 French franc France ₣ , F or FF ( FRF ) 1999 / 2002 6.55957 Linked to Monegasque franc , both valid in France , Andorra and Monaco . German mark Germany DM ( DEM ) 1999 / 2002 1.95583 Greek drachma Greece Δρχ. , Δρ. or ₯ ( GRD ) 2001 / 2002 340.75 Irish pound Ireland £ ( IEP ) 1999 / 2002 0.787564 Italian lira Italy ₤ , L. or LIT ( ITL ) 1999 / 2002 1,936.27 Linked to Sammarinese & Vatican lira , all valid in Italy , San Marino and the Vatican City . Latvian lats Latvia Ls ( LVL ) 2014 0.702804 Lithuanian litas Lithuania Lt ( LTL ) 2015 3.4528 Luxembourgian franc Luxembourg fr. or F ( LUF ) 1999 / 2002 40.3399 Interchangeable with Belgian franc ( BLEU ) . Maltese lira Malta ₤ or Lm ( MTL ) 2008 0.4293 Portuguese escudo Portugal S ‖ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathrm ( S ) \\ ! \\ ! \\ !",
"3": "\\ Vert ) or $ ( PTE ) 1999 / 2002 200.482 Slovak koruna Slovakia Sk ( SKK ) 2009 30.126 Slovenian tolar Slovenia SIT ( SIT ) 2007 239.64 Spanish peseta Spain ₧ ( ESP ) 1999 / 2002 166.386 European Currency Unit Accounting only ₠ , ECU or XEU ( XEU ) 1999 / 2002 Accounting currency alongside national currencies until the euro introduction . See also ( edit ) Economy of the European Union List of currencies in Europe Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Eurozone seeks a post-Brexit balance , European Data Journalism Network 15 December 2017 Jump up ^ The euro , European Commission Jump up ^ UK call for ' multicurrency ' EU triggers ECB alarm , Financial Times 4 December 2015 Jump up ^ The Great British Euro Conundrum , Handelsblatt 20 June 2016 Jump up ^ What a fair relationship between ' euro ins ' and ' euro outs ' could look like , London School of Economics 26 January 2016 Jump up ^ Swiss franc is the official currency and euro is widely accepted . Jump up ^ The euro is the official currency but the Swiss franc is more widely used due to it being a Swiss enclave . Jump up ^ EU law is suspended in Northern Cyprus , and the Turkish Cypriot government who use the Turkish lira are not recognised as the legitimate government of the region . Nevertheless , the euro does circulate widely . Jump up ^ Replaced alongside French franc with euro Jump up ^ Replaced alongside Italian lira with euro ( hide ) Euro topics General Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union Euro sign Eurozone Linguistic issues Administration European Central Bank ECB President European System of Central Banks Eurosystem Ecofin Eurogroup Euro summit Fiscal provisions Stability and Growth Pact European Financial",
"4": "Stability Facility European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism European Stability Mechanism Euro Plus Pact Six pack European Fiscal Compact History `` Snake in the tunnel '' European Monetary System I ECU II ERM III EMU European Monetary Cooperation Fund European Monetary Institute Enlargement Black Wednesday Economy Economy of Europe Economy of the European Union Eonia Euro calculator Euro Interbank Offered Rate ( Euribor ) Single Euro Payments Area ( SEPA ) International status Proposed eurobonds Reserve currency Petroeuro World currency Denominations coins 1c 2c 5c 10c 20c 50c € 1 € 2 € 2 commemorative coins Other commemorative coins Identifying marks Starter kits Europa coin programme Euro mint banknotes € 5 € 10 € 20 € 50 € 100 € 200 € 500 Coins by issuing country EU Austria Belgium Cyprus Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Non-EU Andorra Monaco San Marino Vatican Potential adoption by other countries EU Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Hungary Poland Romania Sweden Non-EU Kosovo Montenegro Currencies yielded European Currency Unit Austrian schilling Belgian",
"5": "franc Cypriot pound Dutch guilder Estonian kroon Finnish markka French franc German mark Greek drachma Irish pound Italian lira Latvian lats Lithuanian litas Luxembourgish franc Maltese lira Monégasque franc Portuguese escudo Sammarinese lira Slovak koruna Slovenian tolar Spanish peseta Vatican lira Currencies remaining ERM II Danish krone other ( EU ) British pound sterling ( incl . Gibraltar pound ) Bulgarian lev Croatian kuna Czech koruna Hungarian forint Polish złoty Romanian leu Swedish krona European Union portal Numismatics portal Economy of the European Union Market European Single Market Lisbon Strategy Europe 2020 2008 European Union stimulus plan Sapir Report Aho report European Employment Strategy Institutions & Offices Euro Group Ecofin Central Bank Investment Bank Investment Fund Economic and Financial Affairs Commissioner Taxation and Customs Union Commissioner EFSF EFSM European Economic and Social Committee Policies Agricultural ( CAP ) Energy Fisheries Regional development Law Competition Labour Merger Finance NYSE Euronext London Stock Exchange Deutsche Börse Currencies British pound sterling ( inc .",
"6": "Gibraltar pound ) Bulgarian lev Croatian kuna Czech koruna Danish krone Euro Hungarian forint Polish złoty Romanian leu Swedish krona State economies Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Dependencies of Denmark Faroe Islands Greenland of France French Polynesia Mayotte New Caledonia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna of the Netherlands Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten of the United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena Turks and Caicos Islands R&D EU patent EIIT Knowledge triangle International Largest trading partners Free trade agreements Third - country economic relationships European Economic Area Customs Union Transatlantic Economic Council Associations BUSINESSEUROPE European Trade Union Confederation Euro Banking Association Economics Portal European Union Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Currencies_of_the_European_Union&oldid=837877458 '' Categories : Economy of the European Union Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Italiano Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 15 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
3,
5,
0,
2,
1,
4,
6
] |
[
3,
5,
0,
2,
1,
4
] |
3878236736039065278
|
what type of reproduction do whiptail lizards use
|
[
"parthenogenesis",
"Parthenogenesis",
"Parthenogenesis",
"parthenogenic",
"parthenogenesis"
] |
{
"0": "New Mexico whiptail - wikipedia New Mexico whiptail Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) New Mexico whiptail Three species of whiptail : little striped whiptail , ( C. inornatus ) , New Mexico whiptail ( C. neomexicanus ) and western whiptail ( C. tigris ) . Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Squamata Family : Teiidae Genus : Cnemidophorus Species : C. neomexicanus Binomial name Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Lowe & Zweifel , 1952 Synonyms Cnemidophorus perplexus Baird & Girard , 1852 Aspidoscelis neomexicana Reeder , 2002 The New Mexico whiptail ( Cnemidophorus neomexicanus ) is a female - only species of lizard found in the southern United States in New Mexico and Arizona , and in northern Mexico in Chihuahua . It is the official state reptile of New Mexico . It is one of many lizard species known to be parthenogenic . Individuals of the species can be created either through the hybridization of the little striped whiptail ( C. inornatus ) and the western whiptail ( C. tigris ) , or through the parthenogenic reproduction of an adult New Mexico whiptail . The hybridization of these species prevents healthy males from forming , whereas males exist in both parent species ( see Sexual differentiation ) . Parthenogenesis allows the resulting all - female population to reproduce and thus evolve into a unique species capable of reproduction . This combination of interspecific hybridization and parthenogenesis exists as a reproductive strategy in several species of whiptail lizard within the Cnemidophorus genus to which the New Mexico whiptail belongs .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Behavior 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 References Description ( edit ) The New Mexico whiptail grows from 16.5 to 23 cm ( 6.5 to 9.1 in ) in length , and is typically overall brown or black in color with seven pale yellow stripes from head to tail . Light colored spots often occur between the stripes . They have a white or pale blue underside , with a blue or blue - green colored throat . They are slender bodied , with a long tail . Behavior ( edit ) Like most other whiptail lizards , the New Mexico whiptail is diurnal and insectivorous . They are wary , energetic , and fast moving , darting for cover if approached . They are found in a wide variety of semi-arid habitats , including grassland , rocky areas , shrubland , or mountainside woodlands . Reproduction occurs through parthenogenesis , with up to four unfertilized eggs being laid in mid summer , and hatching approximately eight weeks later . The New Mexico whiptail lizard is a crossbreed of a western whiptail , which lives in the desert , and the little striped whiptail , which favours grasslands . The lizard is a female - only species that reproduces by producing an egg through parthenogenesis . Despite reproducing asexually , and being an all - female species , the whiptail still engages in mating behavior with other females of its own species , giving rise to the common nickname `` lesbian lizards '' . A common theory is that this behavior stimulates ovulation , as those that do not `` mate '' do not lay eggs . See also ( edit ) New Mexico Whiptail Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter VIII . New Mexico state animals '' ( PDF ) . New Mexico Envirothon . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Charles H. , and John W. Wright . `` Evolution of parthenogenetic species of Cnemidophorus ( whiptail lizards ) in western North America . ''",
"2": "Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science ( 1966 ) : 81 - 87 . Jump up ^ Crews , David ( 1987 ) . `` Courtship in unisexual lizards : A model for brain evolution '' . Scientific American . 257 : 116 -- 121 . References ( edit ) Herps of Texas : Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Taxon identifiers Wd : Q934175 iNaturalist : 73681 IUCN : 64278 uBio : 8062226 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Mexico_whiptail&oldid=834011278 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Teiidae Vertebrate parthenogenesis Reptiles described in 1852 Lizards of North America Reptiles of the United States Biota of New Mexico Endemic fauna of the United States Symbols of New Mexico Taxa named by Richard G. Zweifel Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Cebuano Euskara Français Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 13 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"3": null,
"4": null,
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
2,
0,
1
] |
[
2,
0,
1
] |
-6413223102332441255
|
who created the borders of africa's countries
|
[
"European imperial powers"
] |
{
"0": "Africa - wikipedia Africa Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Africa ( disambiguation ) . Africa Area 30,370,000 km ( 11,730,000 sq mi ) ( 2nd ) Population 1,225,080,510 ( 2016 ; 2nd ) Population density 36.4 / km ( 94 / sq mi ) GDP ( nominal ) $2.19 trillion ( 2017 ; 5th ) GDP ( PPP ) $6.36 trillion ( 2017 ; 5th ) GDP per capita $1,820 ( 2017 ; 6th ) Demonym African Countries 54 ( and 2 disputed ) Dependencies External ( 3 ) ( show ) Mayotte Réunion Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Internal ( 4 ) ( show ) Canary Islands Ceuta Madeira Melilla Largest cities List of cities in Africa Lagos Cairo Kinshasa Johannesburg Abuja Khartoum Dar es Salaam Alexandria Abidjan Algiers Kano Casablanca Ibadan Nairobi Addis Ababa Accra Africa is the world 's second largest and second most - populous continent ( the first being Asia in both categories ) . At about 30.3 million km ( 11.7 million square miles ) including adjacent islands , it covers 6 % of Earth 's total surface area and 20 % of its total land area . With 1.2 billion people as of 2016 , it accounts for about 16 % of the world 's human population . The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast , the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west . The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos . It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states ( countries ) , nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition . The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere , with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere .",
"1": "Africa 's average population is the youngest amongst all the continents ; the median age in 2012 was 19.7 , when the worldwide median age was 30.4 . Algeria is Africa 's largest country by area , and Nigeria is its largest by population . Africa , particularly central Eastern Africa , is widely accepted as the place of origin of humans and the Hominidae clade ( great apes ) , as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors as well as later ones that have been dated to around 7 million years ago , including Sahelanthropus tchadensis , Australopithecus africanus , A. afarensis , Homo erectus , H. habilis and H. ergaster -- with the earliest Homo sapiens ( modern human ) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago . Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas ; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones . Africa hosts a large diversity of ethnicities , cultures and languages . In the late 19th century , European countries colonised almost all of Africa ; most present states in Africa originated from a process of decolonisation in the 20th century . African nations cooperate through the establishment of the African Union , which is headquartered in Addis Ababa .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory 2.2 Early civilizations 2.3 Ninth to eighteenth centuries 2.4 Height of slave trade 2.5 Colonialism and the `` Scramble for Africa '' 2.6 Berlin Conference 2.7 Independence struggles 2.8 Post-colonial Africa 3 Geology and geography 3.1 African plate 3.2 Climate 3.3 Fauna 3.4 Ecology and biodiversity 4 Politics 4.1 The African Union 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Languages 8 Culture 8.1 Visual art and architecture 8.2 Music and dance 8.3 Sports 9 Religion 10 Territories and regions 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology Statue representing Africa at Palazzo Ferreria , in Valletta , Malta Afri was a Latin name used to refer to the inhabitants of Africa , which in its widest sense referred to all lands south of the Mediterranean ( Ancient Libya ) . This name seems to have originally referred to a native Libyan tribe ; see Terence for discussion . The name is usually connected with Hebrew or Phoenician ʿafar ' dust ' , but a 1981 hypothesis has asserted that it stems from the Berber ifri ( plural ifran ) `` cave '' , in reference to cave dwellers . The same word may be found in the name of the Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania , a Berber tribe originally from Yafran ( also known as Ifrane ) in northwestern Libya . Under Roman rule , Carthage became the capital of the province of Africa Proconsularis , which also included the coastal part of modern Libya . The Latin suffix - ica can sometimes be used to denote a land ( e.g. , in Celtica from Celtae , as used by Julius Caesar ) . The later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya , located in modern - day Tunisia , also preserved a form of the name .",
"3": "According to the Romans , Africa lay to the west of Egypt , while `` Asia '' was used to refer to Anatolia and lands to the east . A definite line was drawn between the two continents by the geographer Ptolemy ( 85 -- 165 AD ) , indicating Alexandria along the Prime Meridian and making the isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea the boundary between Asia and Africa . As Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent , the idea of `` Africa '' expanded with their knowledge . Other etymological hypotheses have been postulated for the ancient name `` Africa '' : The 1st - century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus ( Ant . 1.15 ) asserted that it was named for Epher , grandson of Abraham according to Gen. 25 : 4 , whose descendants , he claimed , had invaded Libya . Isidore of Seville in his 7th - century Etymologiae XIV. 5.2. suggests `` Africa comes from the Latin aprica , meaning `` sunny '' . Massey , in 1881 , stated that Africa is derived from the Egyptian af - rui - ka , meaning `` to turn toward the opening of the Ka . '' The Ka is the energetic double of every person and the `` opening of the Ka '' refers to a womb or birthplace . Africa would be , for the Egyptians , `` the birthplace . '' Michèle Fruyt in 1976 proposed linking the Latin word with africus `` south wind '' , which would be of Umbrian origin and mean originally `` rainy wind '' . Robert R. Stieglitz of Rutgers University in 1984 proposed : `` The name Africa , derived from the Latin * Aphir - ic - a , is cognate to Hebrew Ophir . '' History Main article : History of Africa Further information : History of North Africa , History of West Africa , History of Central Africa , History of East Africa , and History of Southern Africa Prehistory Main article : Recent African origin of modern humans Lucy , an Australopithecus afarensis skeleton discovered 24 November 1974 in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia 's Afar Depression Africa is considered by most paleoanthropologists to be the oldest inhabited territory on Earth , with the human species originating from the continent .",
"4": "During the mid-20th century , anthropologists discovered many fossils and evidence of human occupation perhaps as early as 7 million years ago ( BP = before present ) . Fossil remains of several species of early apelike humans thought to have evolved into modern man , such as Australopithecus afarensis ( radiometrically dated to approximately 3.9 -- 3.0 million years BP , Paranthropus boisei ( c. 2.3 -- 1.4 million years BP ) and Homo ergaster ( c. 1.9 million -- 600,000 years BP ) have been discovered . After the evolution of Homo sapiens sapiens approximately 150,000 to 100,000 years BP in Africa , the continent was mainly populated by groups of hunter - gatherers . These first modern humans left Africa and populated the rest of the globe during the Out of Africa II migration dated to approximately 50,000 years BP , exiting the continent either across Bab - el - Mandeb over the Red Sea , the Strait of Gibraltar in Morocco , or the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt . Other migrations of modern humans within the African continent have been dated to that time , with evidence of early human settlement found in Southern Africa , Southeast Africa , North Africa , and the Sahara . The size of the Sahara has historically been extremely variable , with its area rapidly fluctuating and at times disappearing depending on global climatic conditions . At the end of the Ice ages , estimated to have been around 10,500 BC , the Sahara had again become a green fertile valley , and its African populations returned from the interior and coastal highlands in Sub-Saharan Africa , with rock art paintings depicting a fertile Sahara and large populations discovered in Tassili n'Ajjer dating back perhaps 10 millennia . However , the warming and drying climate meant that by 5000 BC , the Sahara region was becoming increasingly dry and hostile . Around 3500 BC , due to a tilt in the earth 's orbit , the Sahara experienced a period of rapid desertification . The population trekked out of the Sahara region towards the Nile Valley below the Second Cataract where they made permanent or semi-permanent settlements . A major climatic recession occurred , lessening the heavy and persistent rains in Central and Eastern Africa .",
"5": "Since this time , dry conditions have prevailed in Eastern Africa and , increasingly during the last 200 years , in Ethiopia . The domestication of cattle in Africa preceded agriculture and seems to have existed alongside hunter - gatherer cultures . It is speculated that by 6000 BC , cattle were domesticated in North Africa . In the Sahara - Nile complex , people domesticated many animals , including the donkey and a small screw - horned goat which was common from Algeria to Nubia . Around 4000 BC , the Saharan climate started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace . This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink significantly and caused increasing desertification . This , in turn , decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and helped to cause migrations of farming communities to the more tropical climate of West Africa . By the first millennium BC , ironworking had been introduced in Northern Africa and quickly spread across the Sahara into the northern parts of sub-Saharan Africa , and by 500 BC , metalworking began to become commonplace in West Africa . Ironworking was fully established by roughly 500 BC in many areas of East and West Africa , although other regions did n't begin ironworking until the early centuries AD . Copper objects from Egypt , North Africa , Nubia , and Ethiopia dating from around 500 BC have been excavated in West Africa , suggesting that Trans - Saharan trade networks had been established by this date . Early civilizations Main article : Ancient African history Colossal statues of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel , Egypt , date from around 1400 BC . At about 3300 BC , the historical record opens in Northern Africa with the rise of literacy in the Pharaonic civilization of Ancient Egypt . One of the world 's earliest and longest - lasting civilizations , the Egyptian state continued , with varying levels of influence over other areas , until 343 BC . Egyptian influence reached deep into modern - day Libya and Nubia , and , according to Martin Bernal , as far north as Crete . An independent centre of civilization with trading links to Phoenicia was established by Phoenicians from Tyre on the north - west African coast at Carthage . European exploration of Africa began with Ancient Greeks and Romans . In 332 BC , Alexander the Great was welcomed as a liberator in Persian - occupied Egypt .",
"6": "He founded Alexandria in Egypt , which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic dynasty after his death . Following the conquest of North Africa 's Mediterranean coastline by the Roman Empire , the area was integrated economically and culturally into the Roman system . Roman settlement occurred in modern Tunisia and elsewhere along the coast . The first Roman emperor native to North Africa was Septimius Severus , born in Leptis Magna in present - day Libya -- his mother was Italian Roman and his father was Punic . Christianity spread across these areas at an early date , from Judaea via Egypt and beyond the borders of the Roman world into Nubia ; by AD 340 at the latest , it had become the state religion of the Aksumite Empire . Syro - Greek missionaries , who arrived by way of the Red Sea , were responsible for this theological development . In the early 7th century , the newly formed Arabian Islamic Caliphate expanded into Egypt , and then into North Africa . In a short while , the local Berber elite had been integrated into Muslim Arab tribes . When the Umayyad capital Damascus fell in the 8th century , the Islamic centre of the Mediterranean shifted from Syria to Qayrawan in North Africa . Islamic North Africa had become diverse , and a hub for mystics , scholars , jurists , and philosophers . During the above - mentioned period , Islam spread to sub-Saharan Africa , mainly through trade routes and migration . Ninth to eighteenth centuries African horseman of Baguirmi in full padded armour suit The intricate 9th - century bronzes from Igbo - Ukwu , in Nigeria displayed a level of technical accomplishment that was notably more advanced than European bronze casting of the same period . Pre-colonial Africa possessed perhaps as many as 10,000 different states and polities characterized by many different sorts of political organization and rule .",
"7": "These included small family groups of hunter - gatherers such as the San people of southern Africa ; larger , more structured groups such as the family clan groupings of the Bantu - speaking peoples of central , southern , and eastern Africa ; heavily structured clan groups in the Horn of Africa ; the large Sahelian kingdoms ; and autonomous city - states and kingdoms such as those of the Akan ; Edo , Yoruba , and Igbo people in West Africa ; and the Swahili coastal trading towns of Southeast Africa . By the ninth century AD , a string of dynastic states , including the earliest Hausa states , stretched across the sub-Saharan savannah from the western regions to central Sudan . The most powerful of these states were Ghana , Gao , and the Kanem - Bornu Empire . Ghana declined in the eleventh century , but was succeeded by the Mali Empire which consolidated much of western Sudan in the thirteenth century . Kanem accepted Islam in the eleventh century . In the forested regions of the West African coast , independent kingdoms grew with little influence from the Muslim north . The Kingdom of Nri was established around the ninth century and was one of the first . It is also one of the oldest kingdoms in present - day Nigeria and was ruled by the Eze Nri . The Nri kingdom is famous for its elaborate bronzes , found at the town of Igbo - Ukwu . The bronzes have been dated from as far back as the ninth century . Ashanti yam ceremony , nineteenth century by Thomas E. Bowdich The Kingdom of Ife , historically the first of these Yoruba city - states or kingdoms , established government under a priestly oba ( ' king ' or ' ruler ' in the Yoruba language ) , called the Ooni of Ife . Ife was noted as a major religious and cultural centre in West Africa , and for its unique naturalistic tradition of bronze sculpture . The Ife model of government was adapted at the Oyo Empire , where its obas or kings , called the Alaafins of Oyo , once controlled a large number of other Yoruba and non-Yoruba city - states and kingdoms ; the Fon Kingdom of Dahomey was one of the non-Yoruba domains under Oyo control .",
"8": "The Almoravids were a Berber dynasty from the Sahara that spread over a wide area of northwestern Africa and the Iberian peninsula during the eleventh century . The Banu Hilal and Banu Ma'qil were a collection of Arab Bedouin tribes from the Arabian Peninsula who migrated westwards via Egypt between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries . Their migration resulted in the fusion of the Arabs and Berbers , where the locals were Arabized , and Arab culture absorbed elements of the local culture , under the unifying framework of Islam . Ruins of Great Zimbabwe ( flourished eleventh to fifteenth centuries ) Following the breakup of Mali , a local leader named Sonni Ali ( 1464 -- 1492 ) founded the Songhai Empire in the region of middle Niger and the western Sudan and took control of the trans - Saharan trade . Sonni Ali seized Timbuktu in 1468 and Jenne in 1473 , building his regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants . His successor Askia Mohammad I ( 1493 -- 1528 ) made Islam the official religion , built mosques , and brought to Gao Muslim scholars , including al - Maghili ( d. 1504 ) , the founder of an important tradition of Sudanic African Muslim scholarship . By the eleventh century , some Hausa states -- such as Kano , jigawa , Katsina , and Gobir -- had developed into walled towns engaging in trade , servicing caravans , and the manufacture of goods . Until the fifteenth century , these small states were on the periphery of the major Sudanic empires of the era , paying tribute to Songhai to the west and Kanem - Borno to the east . 1803 Cedid Atlas , showing the Africa from the perspective of the Ottoman Empire . The Ottomans controlled much of Northern Africa between the 14th and 19th centuries , and had vassal arrangements with a number of Saharan states . Mansa Musa ruled the Mali Empire in the 14th century . Height of slave trade See also : Arab slave trade and Atlantic slave trade Arab -- Swahili slave traders and their captives along the Ruvuma River ( in today 's Tanzania and Mozambique ) as witnessed by David Livingstone Slavery had long been practiced in Africa .",
"9": "Between the 7th and 20th centuries , Arab slave trade ( also known as slavery in the East ) took 18 million slaves from Africa via trans - Saharan and Indian Ocean routes . Between the 15th and the 19th centuries , the Atlantic slave trade took an estimated 7 -- 12 million slaves to the New World . More than 1 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa between the 16th and 19th centuries . In West Africa , the decline of the Atlantic slave trade in the 1820s caused dramatic economic shifts in local polities . The gradual decline of slave - trading , prompted by a lack of demand for slaves in the New World , increasing anti-slavery legislation in Europe and America , and the British Royal Navy 's increasing presence off the West African coast , obliged African states to adopt new economies . Between 1808 and 1860 , the British West Africa Squadron seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard . Slave being inspected , from Captain Canot ; or , Twenty Years of an African Slaver Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade , for example against `` the usurping King of Lagos '' , deposed in 1851 . Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers . The largest powers of West Africa ( the Asante Confederacy , the Kingdom of Dahomey , and the Oyo Empire ) adopted different ways of adapting to the shift . Asante and Dahomey concentrated on the development of `` legitimate commerce '' in the form of palm oil , cocoa , timber and gold , forming the bedrock of West Africa 's modern export trade . The Oyo Empire , unable to adapt , collapsed into civil wars . Colonialism and the `` scramble for Africa '' Main article : Colonization of Africa Further information : Scramble for Africa The Mahdist War was a colonial war fought between the Mahdist Sudanese and the British forces . Areas of Africa under the sovereignty or influence of the colonial powers in 1913 , along with modern borders .",
"10": "Belgium Germany Spain France United Kingdom Italy Portugal independent In the late 19th century , the European imperial powers engaged in a major territorial scramble and occupied most of the continent , creating many colonial territories , and leaving only two fully independent states : Ethiopia ( known to Europeans as `` Abyssinia '' ) , and Liberia . Egypt and Sudan were never formally incorporated into any European colonial empire ; however , after the British occupation of 1882 , Egypt was effectively under British administration until 1922 . Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference held in 1884 -- 85 was an important event in the political future of African ethnic groups . It was convened by King Leopold II of Belgium , and attended by the European powers that laid claim to African territories . The Berlin Conference sought to end the European powers ' Scramble for Africa , by agreeing on political division and spheres of influence . They set up the political divisions of the continent , by spheres of interest , that exist in Africa today . Independence struggles Imperial rule by Europeans would continue until after the conclusion of World War II , when almost all remaining colonial territories gradually obtained formal independence . Independence movements in Africa gained momentum following World War II , which left the major European powers weakened . In 1951 , Libya , a former Italian colony , gained independence . In 1956 , Tunisia and Morocco won their independence from France . Ghana followed suit the next year ( March 1957 ) , becoming the first of the sub-Saharan colonies to be granted independence . Most of the rest of the continent became independent over the next decade . Portugal 's overseas presence in Sub-Saharan Africa ( most notably in Angola , Cape Verde , Mozambique , Guinea - Bissau and São Tomé and Príncipe ) lasted from the 16th century to 1975 , after the Estado Novo regime was overthrown in a military coup in Lisbon . Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom in 1965 , under the white minority government of Ian Smith , but was not internationally recognized as an independent state ( as Zimbabwe ) until 1980 , when black nationalists gained power after a bitter guerrilla war . Although South Africa was one of the first African countries to gain independence , the state remained under the control of the country 's white minority through a system of racial segregation known as apartheid until 1994 .",
"11": "Post-colonial Africa Mobutu Sese Seko , Zaire 's longtime dictator , embezzled over $5 billion from his country . Today , Africa contains 54 sovereign countries , most of which have borders that were drawn during the era of European colonialism . Since colonialism , African states have frequently been hampered by instability , corruption , violence , and authoritarianism . The vast majority of African states are republics that operate under some form of the presidential system of rule . However , few of them have been able to sustain democratic governments on a permanent basis , and many have instead cycled through a series of coups , producing military dictatorships . Great instability was mainly the result of marginalization of ethnic groups , and graft under these leaders . For political gain , many leaders fanned ethnic conflicts , some of which had been exacerbated , or even created , by colonial rule . In many countries , the military was perceived as being the only group that could effectively maintain order , and it ruled many nations in Africa during the 1970s and early 1980s . During the period from the early 1960s to the late 1980s , Africa had more than 70 coups and 13 presidential assassinations . Border and territorial disputes were also common , with the European - imposed borders of many nations being widely contested through armed conflicts . South African paratroops on a raid in Angola during the South African Border War Cold War conflicts between the United States and the Soviet Union , as well as the policies of the International Monetary Fund , also played a role in instability . When a country became independent for the first time , it was often expected to align with one of the two superpowers . Many countries in Northern Africa received Soviet military aid , while others in Central and Southern Africa were supported by the United States , France or both . The 1970s saw an escalation of Cold War intrigues , as newly independent Angola and Mozambique aligned themselves with the Soviet Union , and the West and South Africa sought to contain Soviet influence by supporting friendly regimes or insurgency movements . In Rhodesia , Soviet and Chinese - backed leftist guerrillas of the Zimbabwe Patriotic Front waged a brutal guerrilla war against the country 's white government . There was a major famine in Ethiopia , when hundreds of thousands of people starved . Some claimed that Marxist economic policies made the situation worse .",
"12": "The most devastating military conflict in modern independent Africa has been the Second Congo War ; this conflict and its aftermath has killed an estimated 5.5 million people . Since 2003 there has been an ongoing conflict in Darfur which has become a humanitarian disaster . Another notable tragic event is the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which an estimated 800,000 people were murdered . AIDS in post-colonial Africa has also been a prevalent issue . In the 21st century , however , the number of armed conflicts in Africa has steadily declined . For instance , the civil war in Angola came to an end in 2002 after nearly 30 years . This has coincided with many countries abandoning communist - style command economies and opening up for market reforms . The improved stability and economic reforms have led to a great increase in foreign investment into many African nations , mainly from China , which has spurred quick economic growth in many countries , seemingly ending decades of stagnation and decline . Several African economies are among the world 's fastest growing as of 2016 . A significant part of this growth , which is sometimes referred to as Africa Rising , can also be attributed to the facilitated diffusion of information technologies and specifically the mobile telephone . Geology and Geography Main article : Geography of Africa Satellite photo of Africa . The Sahara Desert in the north can be clearly seen . A composite satellite image of Africa ( centre ) with North America ( left ) and Eurasia ( right ) , to scale Africa is the largest of the three great southward projections from the largest landmass of the Earth . Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea , it is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez ( transected by the Suez Canal ) , 163 km ( 101 mi ) wide . ( Geopolitically , Egypt 's Sinai Peninsula east of the Suez Canal is often considered part of Africa , as well . )",
"13": "From the most northerly point , Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia ( 37 ° 21 ' N ) , to the most southerly point , Cape Agulhas in South Africa ( 34 ° 51'15 '' S ) , is a distance of approximately 8,000 km ( 5,000 mi ) ; from Cape Verde , 17 ° 33'22 '' W , the westernmost point , to Ras Hafun in Somalia , 51 ° 27'52 '' E , the most easterly projection , is a distance of approximately 7,400 km ( 4,600 mi ) . The coastline is 26,000 km ( 16,000 mi ) long , and the absence of deep indentations of the shore is illustrated by the fact that Europe , which covers only 10,400,000 km ( 4,000,000 sq mi ) -- about a third of the surface of Africa -- has a coastline of 32,000 km ( 20,000 mi ) . Africa 's largest country is Algeria , and its smallest country is Seychelles , an archipelago off the east coast . The smallest nation on the continental mainland is The Gambia . African Plate Africa Type Major Approximate area 61,300,000 km ( 23,700,000 sq mi ) Features Africa , Atlantic Ocean , Mediterranean Sea Main article : African plate The African Plate is a major tectonic plate straddling the equator as well as the prime meridian . It includes much of the continent of Africa , as well as oceanic crust which lies between the continent and various surrounding ocean ridges . Between 60 million years ago and 10 million years ago , the Somali Plate began rifting from the African Plate along the East African Rift . Since the continent of Africa consists of crust from both the African and the Somali plates , some literature refers to the African Plate as the Nubian Plate to distinguish it from the continent as a whole . Geologically , Africa includes the Arabian Peninsula ; the Zagros Mountains of Iran and the Anatolian Plateau of Turkey mark where the African Plate collided with Eurasia . The Afrotropic ecozone and the Saharo - Arabian desert to its north unite the region biogeographically , and the Afro - Asiatic language family unites the north linguistically .",
"14": "Climate Main article : Climate of Africa Africa map of Köppen climate classification The climate of Africa ranges from tropical to subarctic on its highest peaks . Its northern half is primarily desert , or arid , while its central and southern areas contain both savanna plains and dense jungle ( rainforest ) regions . In between , there is a convergence , where vegetation patterns such as sahel and steppe dominate . Africa is the hottest continent on earth and 60 % of the entire land surface consists of drylands and deserts . The record for the highest - ever recorded temperature , in Libya in 1922 ( 58 ° C ( 136 ° F ) ) , was discredited in 2013 . Fauna Main article : Fauna of Africa Savanna at Ngorongoro Conservation Area , Tanzania Africa boasts perhaps the world 's largest combination of density and `` range of freedom '' of wild animal populations and diversity , with wild populations of large carnivores ( such as lions , hyenas , and cheetahs ) and herbivores ( such as buffalo , elephants , camels , and giraffes ) ranging freely on primarily open non-private plains . It is also home to a variety of `` jungle '' animals including snakes and primates and aquatic life such as crocodiles and amphibians . In addition , Africa has the largest number of megafauna species , as it was least affected by the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna . Ecology and biodiversity Tropical beach in Trou - aux - Biches , Mauritius Africa has over 3,000 protected areas , with 198 marine protected areas , 50 biosphere reserves , and 80 wetlands reserves . Significant habitat destruction , increases in human population and poaching are reducing Africa 's biological diversity and arable land . Human encroachment , civil unrest and the introduction of non-native species threaten biodiversity in Africa . This has been exacerbated by administrative problems , inadequate personnel and funding problems . Deforestation is affecting Africa at twice the world rate , according to the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) .",
"15": "According to the University of Pennsylvania African Studies Center , 31 % of Africa 's pasture lands and 19 % of its forests and woodlands are classified as degraded , and Africa is losing over four million hectares of forest per year , which is twice the average deforestation rate for the rest of the world . Some sources claim that approximately 90 % of the original , virgin forests in West Africa have been destroyed . Over 90 % of Madagascar 's original forests have been destroyed since the arrival of humans 2000 years ago . About 65 % of Africa 's agricultural land suffers from soil degradation . See also : Afrotropic ecozone and Palearctic ecozone Politics See also : List of political parties in Africa by country There are clear signs of increased networking among African organizations and states . For example , in the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( former Zaire ) , rather than rich , non-African countries intervening , neighbouring African countries became involved ( see also Second Congo War ) . Since the conflict began in 1998 , the estimated death toll has reached 5 million . The African Union Member states of the African Union Main article : African Union The African Union ( AU ) is a 55 - member federation consisting of all of Africa 's states . The union was formed , with Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , as its headquarters , on 26 June 2001 . The union was officially established on 9 July 2002 as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ) . In July 2004 , the African Union 's Pan-African Parliament ( PAP ) was relocated to Midrand , in South Africa , but the African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights remained in Addis Ababa . There is a policy in effect to decentralize the African Federation 's institutions so that they are shared by all the states . The African Union , not to be confused with the AU Commission , is formed by the Constitutive Act of the African Union , which aims to transform the African Economic Community , a federated commonwealth , into a state under established international conventions . The African Union has a parliamentary government , known as the African Union Government , consisting of legislative , judicial and executive organs . It is led by the African Union President and Head of State , who is also the President of the Pan-African Parliament .",
"16": "A person becomes AU President by being elected to the PAP , and subsequently gaining majority support in the PAP . The powers and authority of the President of the African Parliament derive from the Constitutive Act and the Protocol of the Pan-African Parliament , as well as the inheritance of presidential authority stipulated by African treaties and by international treaties , including those subordinating the Secretary General of the OAU Secretariat ( AU Commission ) to the PAP . The government of the AU consists of all - union ( federal ) , regional , state , and municipal authorities , as well as hundreds of institutions , that together manage the day - to - day affairs of the institution . Political associations such as the African Union offer hope for greater co-operation and peace between the continent 's many countries . Extensive human rights abuses still occur in several parts of Africa , often under the oversight of the state . Most of such violations occur for political reasons , often as a side effect of civil war . Countries where major human rights violations have been reported in recent times include the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Sierra Leone , Liberia , Sudan , Zimbabwe , and Côte d'Ivoire . Euler diagram showing the relationships between various multinational African entities v d e Economy Map of the African Economic Community . CEN - SAD COMESA EAC ECCAS ECOWAS IGAD SADC UMA Satellite image of city lights in Africa showing the lack of modern development on the continent during the mid-1990s .",
"17": "Main articles : Economy of Africa , List of African countries by GDP ( nominal ) , and List of African countries by GDP ( PPP ) See also : Economy of the African Union Rank Country GDP ( PPP , Peak Year ) millions of USD Peak Year Egypt 1,292,745 2018 Nigeria 1,168,399 2018 South Africa 794,706 2018 Algeria 666,960 2018 5 Morocco 314,742 2018 6 Ethiopia 222,258 2018 7 Angola 198,821 2018 8 Sudan 198,356 2018 9 Libya 187,842 10 Tanzania 176,465 2018 Rank Country GDP ( nominal , Peak Year ) millions of USD Peak Year Nigeria 568,496 2014 South Africa 416,879 2011 Egypt 332,484 2016 Algeria 213,810 2014 5 Angola 126,730 2014 6 Morocco 120,997 2018 7 Kenya 88,271 2018 8 Ethiopia 85,664 2018 9 Libya 79,759 2012 10 Sudan 75,410 2011 Although it has abundant natural resources , Africa remains the world 's poorest and most underdeveloped continent , the result of a variety of causes that may include corrupt governments that have often committed serious human rights violations , failed central planning , high levels of illiteracy , lack of access to foreign capital , and frequent tribal and military conflict ( ranging from guerrilla warfare to genocide ) . According to the United Nations ' Human Development Report in 2003 , the bottom 24 ranked nations ( 151st to 175th ) were all African . Poverty , illiteracy , malnutrition and inadequate water supply and sanitation , as well as poor health , affect a large proportion of the people who reside in the African continent .",
"18": "In August 2008 , the World Bank announced revised global poverty estimates based on a new international poverty line of $1.25 per day ( versus the previous measure of $1.00 ) . 80.5 % of the Sub-Saharan Africa population was living on less than $2.50 ( PPP ) per day in 2005 , compared with 85.7 % for India . Sub-Saharan Africa is the least successful region of the world in reducing poverty ( $1.25 per day ) ; some 50 % of the population living in poverty in 1981 ( 200 million people ) , a figure that rose to 58 % in 1996 before dropping to 50 % in 2005 ( 380 million people ) . The average poor person in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to live on only 70 cents per day , and was poorer in 2003 than in 1973 , indicating increasing poverty in some areas . Some of it is attributed to unsuccessful economic liberalization programmes spearheaded by foreign companies and governments , but other studies have cited bad domestic government policies more than external factors . From 1995 to 2005 , Africa 's rate of economic growth increased , averaging 5 % in 2005 . Some countries experienced still higher growth rates , notably Angola , Sudan and Equatorial Guinea , all of which had recently begun extracting their petroleum reserves or had expanded their oil extraction capacity . The continent is believed to hold 90 % of the world 's cobalt , 90 % of its platinum , 50 % of its gold , 98 % of its chromium , 70 % of its tantalite , 64 % of its manganese and one - third of its uranium . The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) has 70 % of the world 's coltan , a mineral used in the production of tantalum capacitors for electronic devices such as cell phones . The DRC also has more than 30 % of the world 's diamond reserves . Guinea is the world 's largest exporter of bauxite . As the growth in Africa has been driven mainly by services and not manufacturing or agriculture , it has been growth without jobs and without reduction in poverty levels . In fact , the food security crisis of 2008 which took place on the heels of the global financial crisis pushed 100 million people into food insecurity .",
"19": "In recent years , the People 's Republic of China has built increasingly stronger ties with African nations and is Africa 's largest trading partner . In 2007 , Chinese companies invested a total of US $1 billion in Africa . A Harvard University study led by professor Calestous Juma showed that Africa could feed itself by making the transition from importer to self - sufficiency . `` African agriculture is at the crossroads ; we have come to the end of a century of policies that favoured Africa 's export of raw materials and importation of food . Africa is starting to focus on agricultural innovation as its new engine for regional trade and prosperity . '' During US President Barack Obama 's visit to Africa in July 2013 , he announced a US $ 7 billion plan to further develop infrastructure and work more intensively with African heads of state . He also announced a new programme named Trade Africa , designed to boost trade within the continent as well as between Africa and the US . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Africa Woman from Benin Africa 's population has rapidly increased over the last 40 years , and consequently , it is relatively young . In some African states , more than half the population is under 25 years of age . The total number of people in Africa increased from 229 million in 1950 to 630 million in 1990 . As of 2016 , the population of Africa is estimated at 1.2 billion . Africa 's total population surpassing other continents is fairly recent ; African population surpassed Europe in the 1990s , while the Americas was overtaken sometime around the year 2000 ; Africa 's rapid population growth is expected to overtake the only two nations currently larger than its population , at roughly the same time -- India and China 's 1.4 billion people each will swap ranking around the year 2022 . San Bushman man from Botswana Speakers of Bantu languages ( part of the Niger -- Congo family ) are the majority in southern , central and southeast Africa . The Bantu - speaking peoples from The Sahel progressively expanded over most of Sub-Saharan Africa .",
"20": "But there are also several Nilotic groups in South Sudan and East Africa , the mixed Swahili people on the Swahili Coast , and a few remaining indigenous Khoisan ( `` San '' or `` Bushmen '' ) and Pygmy peoples in southern and central Africa , respectively . Bantu - speaking Africans also predominate in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea , and are found in parts of southern Cameroon . In the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa , the distinct people known as the Bushmen ( also `` San '' , closely related to , but distinct from `` Hottentots '' ) have long been present . The San are physically distinct from other Africans and are the indigenous people of southern Africa . Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of central Africa . The peoples of West Africa primarily speak Niger -- Congo languages , belonging mostly to its non-Bantu branches , though some Nilo - Saharan and Afro - Asiatic speaking groups are also found . The Niger -- Congo - speaking Yoruba , Igbo , Fulani , Akan and Wolof ethnic groups are the largest and most influential . In the central Sahara , Mandinka or Mande groups are most significant . Chadic - speaking groups , including the Hausa , are found in more northerly parts of the region nearest to the Sahara , and Nilo - Saharan communities , such as the Songhai , Kanuri and Zarma , are found in the eastern parts of West Africa bordering Central Africa . The peoples of North Africa consist of three main indigenous groups : Berbers in the northwest , Egyptians in the northeast , and Nilo - Saharan - speaking peoples in the east . The Arabs who arrived in the 7th century AD introduced the Arabic language and Islam to North Africa . The Semitic Phoenicians ( who founded Carthage ) and Hyksos , the Indo - Iranian Alans , the Indo - European Greeks , Romans , and Vandals settled in North Africa as well . Significant Berber communities remain within Morocco and Algeria in the 21st century , while , to a lesser extent , Berber speakers are also present in some regions of Tunisia and Libya . The Berber - speaking Tuareg and other often - nomadic peoples are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa .",
"21": "In Mauritania , there is a small but near - extinct Berber community in the north and Niger -- Congo - speaking peoples in the south , though in both regions Arabic and Arab culture predominates . In Sudan , although Arabic and Arab culture predominate , it is mostly inhabited by groups that originally spoke Nilo - Saharan , such as the Nubians , Fur , Masalit and Zaghawa , who , over the centuries , have variously intermixed with migrants from the Arabian peninsula . Small communities of Afro - Asiatic - speaking Beja nomads can also be found in Egypt and Sudan . Beja bedouins from Northeast Africa In the Horn of Africa , some Ethiopian and Eritrean groups ( like the Amhara and Tigrayans , collectively known as Habesha ) speak languages from the Semitic branch of the Afro - Asiatic language family , while the Oromo and Somali speak languages from the Cushitic branch of Afro - Asiatic . Prior to the decolonization movements of the post-World War II era , Europeans were represented in every part of Africa . Decolonization during the 1960s and 1970s often resulted in the mass emigration of white settlers -- especially from Algeria and Morocco ( 1.6 million pieds - noirs in North Africa ) , Kenya , Congo , Rhodesia , Mozambique and Angola . Between 1975 and 1977 , over a million colonials returned to Portugal alone . Nevertheless , white Africans remain an important minority in many African states , particularly Zimbabwe , Namibia , Réunion , and the Republic of South Africa . The country with the largest white African population is South Africa . Dutch and British diasporas represent the largest communities of European ancestry on the continent today . European colonization also brought sizable groups of Asians , particularly from the Indian subcontinent , to British colonies . Large Indian communities are found in South Africa , and smaller ones are present in Kenya , Tanzania , and some other southern and southeast African countries . The large Indian community in Uganda was expelled by the dictator Idi Amin in 1972 , though many have since returned . The islands in the Indian Ocean are also populated primarily by people of Asian origin , often mixed with Africans and Europeans .",
"22": "The Malagasy people of Madagascar are an Austronesian people , but those along the coast are generally mixed with Bantu , Arab , Indian and European origins . Malay and Indian ancestries are also important components in the group of people known in South Africa as Cape Coloureds ( people with origins in two or more races and continents ) . During the 20th century , small but economically important communities of Lebanese and Chinese have also developed in the larger coastal cities of West and East Africa , respectively . Languages Main article : Languages of Africa Map showing the traditional language families represented in Africa : Afroasiatic ( Semitic - Hamitic ) Austronesian ( Malay - Polynesian ) Indo - European Khoisan Niger - Congo : Bantu Central and Eastern Sudanese Central Bantoid Eastern Bantoid Guinean Mande Western Bantoid Nilo - Saharan : Kanuri Nilotic Songhai By most estimates , well over a thousand languages ( UNESCO has estimated around two thousand ) are spoken in Africa . Most are of African origin , though some are of European or Asian origin . Africa is the most multilingual continent in the world , and it is not rare for individuals to fluently speak not only multiple African languages , but one or more European ones as well . There are four major language families indigenous to Africa : The Afroasiatic languages are a language family of about 240 languages and 285 million people widespread throughout the Horn of Africa , North Africa , the Sahel , and Southwest Asia . The Nilo - Saharan language family consists of more than a hundred languages spoken by 30 million people . Nilo - Saharan languages are spoken by ethnic groups in Chad , Ethiopia , Kenya , Nigeria , Sudan , South Sudan , Uganda , and northern Tanzania . The Niger - Congo language family covers much of Sub-Saharan Africa . In terms of number of languages , it is the largest language family in Africa and perhaps the largest in the world . The Khoisan languages number about fifty and are spoken in Southern Africa by approximately 400,000 people . Many of the Khoisan languages are endangered . The Khoi and San peoples are considered the original inhabitants of this part of Africa .",
"23": "Following the end of colonialism , nearly all African countries adopted official languages that originated outside the continent , although several countries also granted legal recognition to indigenous languages ( such as Swahili , Yoruba , Igbo and Hausa ) . In numerous countries , English and French ( see African French ) are used for communication in the public sphere such as government , commerce , education and the media . Arabic , Portuguese , Afrikaans and Spanish are examples of languages that trace their origin to outside of Africa , and that are used by millions of Africans today , both in the public and private spheres . Italian is spoken by some in former Italian colonies in Africa . German is spoken in Namibia , as it was a former German protectorate . Culture The rock - hewn Church of Saint George in Lalibela , Ethiopia is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Main article : Culture of Africa Some aspects of traditional African cultures have become less practised in recent years as a result of neglect and suppression by colonial and post-colonial regimes . For example , African customs were discouraged , and African languages were prohibited in mission schools . Leopold II of Belgium attempted to `` civilize '' Africans by discouraging polygamy and witchcraft . Obidoh Freeborn posits that colonialism is one element that has created the character of modern African art . According to authors Douglas Fraser and Herbert M. Cole , `` The precipitous alterations in the power structure wrought by colonialism were quickly followed by drastic iconographic changes in the art . '' Fraser and Cole assert that , in Igboland , some art objects `` lack the vigor and careful craftsmanship of the earlier art objects that served traditional functions . Author Chika Okeke - Agulu states that `` the racist infrastructure of British imperial enterprise forced upon the political and cultural guardians of empire a denial and suppression of an emergent sovereign Africa and modernist art . '' In Soweto , the West Rand Administrative Board established a Cultural Section to collect , read , and review scripts before performances could occur . Editors F. Abiola Irele and Simon Gikandi comment that the current identity of African literature had its genesis in the `` traumatic encounter between Africa and Europe . ''",
"24": "On the other hand , Mhoze Chikowero believes that Africans deployed music , dance , spirituality , and other performative cultures to ( re ) asset themselves as active agents and indigenous intellectuals , to unmake their colonial marginalization and reshape their own destinies . '' There is now a resurgence in the attempts to rediscover and revalue African traditional cultures , under such movements as the African Renaissance , led by Thabo Mbeki , Afrocentrism , led by a group of scholars , including Molefi Asante , as well as the increasing recognition of traditional spiritualism through decriminalization of Vodou and other forms of spirituality . Visual art and architecture African art and architecture reflect the diversity of African cultures . The region 's oldest known beads were made from Nassarius shells and worn as personal ornaments 72,000 years ago . The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt was the world 's tallest structure for 4,000 years , until the completion of Lincoln Cathedral around the year 1300 . The stone ruins of Great Zimbabwe are also noteworthy for their architecture , as are the monolithic churches at Lalibela , Ethiopia , such as the Church of Saint George . A musician from South Africa Music and dance Main article : Music of Africa The Namibia rugby team Egypt has long been a cultural focus of the Arab world , while remembrance of the rhythms of sub-Saharan Africa , in particular West Africa , was transmitted through the Atlantic slave trade to modern samba , blues , jazz , reggae , hip hop , and rock . The 1950s through the 1970s saw a conglomeration of these various styles with the popularization of Afrobeat and Highlife music . Modern music of the continent includes the highly complex choral singing of southern Africa and the dance rhythms of the musical genre of soukous , dominated by the music of the Democratic Republic of Congo . Indigenous musical and dance traditions of Africa are maintained by oral traditions , and they are distinct from the music and dance styles of North Africa and Southern Africa . Arab influences are visible in North African music and dance and , in Southern Africa , Western influences are apparent due to colonization . Sports Fifty - four African countries have football ( soccer ) teams in the Confederation of African Football . Egypt has won the African Cup seven times , and a record - making three times in a row .",
"25": "Cameroon , Nigeria , Senegal , Ghana , and Algeria have advanced to the knockout stage of recent FIFA World Cups . South Africa hosted the 2010 World Cup tournament , becoming the first African country to do so . Cricket is popular in some African nations . South Africa and Zimbabwe have Test status , while Kenya is the leading non-test team and previously had One - Day International cricket ( ODI ) status ( from 10 October 1997 , until 30 January 2014 ) . The three countries jointly hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup . Namibia is the other African country to have played in a World Cup . Morocco in northern Africa has also hosted the 2002 Morocco Cup , but the national team has never qualified for a major tournament . Rugby is a popular sport in South Africa , Namibia , and Zimbabwe . Religion Main article : Religion in Africa See also : African divination Africans profess a wide variety of religious beliefs , and statistics on religious affiliation are difficult to come by since they are often a sensitive a topic for governments with mixed religious populations . According to the World Book Encyclopedia , Islam is the largest religion in Africa , followed by Christianity . According to Encyclopædia Britannica , 45 % of the population are Christians , 40 % are Muslims , and 10 % follow traditional religions . A small number of Africans are Hindu , Buddhist , Confucianist , Baha'i , or Jewish . There is also a minority of people in Africa who are irreligious .",
"26": "The Holy Trinity Cathedral , in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia The Great Mosque of Kairouan , founded in 670 , is the oldest mosque in North Africa ; it is located in Kairouan , Tunisia Vodun altar in Abomey , Benin National Church of Nigeria , Abuja A map showing religious distribution in Africa Territories and regions Main articles : List of regions of Africa and List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa Algeria Togo Benin Botswana Cameroon Cent Afr Rep Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Cape * Verde Libya Mali Ghana Sierra Leone Ivory Coast Burkina Faso Mauritania Morocco São Tomé and Príncipe * Gabon Namibia Niger Nigeria Congo Somalia South Africa Sudan South Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara Senegal Gambia Guinea Bissau Guinea Kenya Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mozambique Burundi Rwanda Uganda Tanzania Angola Saint Helena ( UK ) Lesotho Swaziland Zambia Zimbabwe Mauritius * Réunion * * Comoros Seychelles Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Strait of Gibraltar Mediterranean Sea Red Sea The countries in this table are categorized according to the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations , and data included are per sources in cross-referenced articles . Where they differ , provisos are clearly indicated . Regions of Africa : Northern Africa Western Africa Central Africa Eastern Africa Southern Africa Horn of Africa Physical map of Africa Political map of Africa Arms Flag Name of region and territory , with flag Area ( km2 ) Population Year Density ( per km2 ) Capital Northern Africa Algeria 2,381,740 34,178,188 2009 14 Algiers Canary Islands ( Spain ) 7,492 2,154,905 2017 226 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Santa Cruz de Tenerife Ceuta ( Spain ) 20 85,107 2017 3,575 -- Egypt 1,001,450 82,868,000 2012 83 Cairo Libya 1,759,540 6,310,434 2009 Tripoli Madeira ( Portugal ) 797 245,",
"27": "000 307 Funchal Melilla ( Spain ) 12 85,116 2017 5,534 -- Morocco 446,550 34,859,364 2009 78 Rabat Sudan 1,861,484 30,894,000 2008 17 Khartoum Tunisia 163,610 10,486,339 2009 64 Tunis Western Sahara 266,000 405,210 2009 El Aaiún Eastern Africa Burundi 27,830 8,988,091 2009 323 Bujumbura British Indian Ocean Territory -- Chagos Archipelago ( United Kingdom ) 56.13 3,000 2012 53.4 Diego Garcia Comoros 2,170 752,438 2009 347 Moroni Djibouti 23,000 828,324 2015 22 Djibouti Eritrea 121,320 5,647,168 2009 47 Asmara Ethiopia 1,127,127 84,320,987 2012 75 Addis Ababa Kenya 582,650 39,002,772 2009 66 Nairobi Madagascar 587,040 20,653,556 2009 35 Antananarivo Malawi 118,480 14,268,711 2009 120 Lilongwe Mauritius 2,040 1,284,264 2009 630 Port Louis Mayotte ( France ) 374 223,765 2009 490 Mamoudzou Mozambique 801,590 21,669,278 2009 27 Maputo Réunion ( France ) 2,512 743,981 2002 296 Saint - Denis Rwanda 26,338 10,473,",
"28": "282 2009 398 Kigali Seychelles 455 87,476 2009 192 Victoria Somalia 637,657 9,832,017 2009 15 Mogadishu South Sudan 619,745 8,260,490 2008 13 Juba Tanzania 945,087 44,929,002 2009 43 Dodoma Uganda 236,040 32,369,558 2009 137 Kampala Zambia 752,614 11,862,740 2009 16 Lusaka Zimbabwe 390,580 11,392,629 2009 29 Harare Central Africa Angola 1,246,700 12,799,293 2009 10 Luanda Cameroon 475,440 18,879,301 2009 40 Yaoundé Central African Republic 622,984 4,511,488 2009 7 Bangui Chad 1,284,000 10,329,208 2009 8 N'Djamena Republic of the Congo 342,000 4,012,809 2009 12 Brazzaville Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,345,410 69,575,000 2012 30 Kinshasa Equatorial Guinea 28,051 633,441 2009 23 Malabo Gabon 267,667 1,514,993 2009 6 Libreville São Tomé and Príncipe 1,001 212,679 2009 212 São Tomé Southern Africa Botswana 600,370 1,990,876 2009 Gaborone Lesotho 30,355 2,130,819 2009 70 Maseru Namibia 825,418 2,108,",
"29": "665 2009 Windhoek South Africa 1,219,912 51,770,560 2011 42 Bloemfontein , Cape Town , Pretoria Swaziland 17,363 1,123,913 2009 65 Mbabane Western Africa Benin 112,620 8,791,832 2009 78 Porto - Novo Burkina Faso 274,200 15,746,232 2009 57 Ouagadougou Cape Verde 4,033 429,474 2009 107 Praia The Gambia 11,300 1,782,893 2009 158 Banjul Ghana 239,460 23,832,495 2009 100 Accra Guinea 245,857 10,057,975 2009 41 Conakry Guinea - Bissau 36,120 1,533,964 2009 43 Bissau Ivory Coast 322,460 20,617,068 2009 64 Abidjan , Yamoussoukro Liberia 111,370 3,441,790 2009 31 Monrovia Mali 1,240,000 12,666,987 2009 10 Bamako Mauritania 1,030,700 3,129,486 2009 Nouakchott Niger 1,267,000 15,306,252 2009 12 Niamey Nigeria 923,768 166,629,000 2012 180 Abuja Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) 420 7,728 2012 13 Jamestown Senegal 196,190 13,711,597 2009 70 Dakar Sierra Leone 71,740 6,440,",
"30": "053 2009 90 Freetown Togo 56,785 6,019,877 2009 106 Lomé Africa Total 30,368,609 1,001,320,281 2009 33 See also Africa portal Geography portal Book : Africa Afro - Eurasia Index of Africa - related articles List of African millionaires List of highest mountain peaks of Africa Lists of cities in Africa Outline of Africa Urbanization in Africa References ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMF ( WEO April 2017 Edition ) GDP nominal per capita -- international dollar '' . ^ Jump up to : Sayre , April Pulley ( 1999 ) , Africa , Twenty - First Century Books . ISBN 0 - 7613 - 1367 - 2 . Jump up ^ See List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ana ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` 5 ways the world will look dramatically different in 2100 '' -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Harry , Njideka U. ( 11 September 2013 ) . `` African Youth , Innovation and the Changing Society '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Abdoulie Janneh ( April 2012 ) . `` item , 4 of the provisional agenda -- General debate on national experience in population matters : adolescents and youth '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Economic Commission for Africa . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Homo sapiens : University of Utah News Release : 16 February 2005 Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Visual Geography . `` Africa . General info '' . Retrieved 24 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Georges , Karl Ernst ( 1913 -- 1918 ) . `` Afri '' . In Georges , Heinrich .",
"31": "Ausführliches lateinisch - deutsches Handwörterbuch ( in German ) ( 8th ed . ) . Hannover . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton T. ; Short , Charles ( 1879 ) . `` Afer '' . A Latin Dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Names of countries , Decret and Fantar , 1981 ^ Jump up to : Geo . Babington Michell , `` The Berbers '' , Journal of Royal African Society , Vol. 2 , No. 6 ( January 1903 ) , pp. 161 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Edward Lipinski , Itineraria Phoenicia , Peeters Publishers , 2004 , p. 200 . ISBN 90 - 429 - 1344 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Consultos.com etymology '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Nile Genesis : the opus of Gerald Massey ' '' . Gerald-massey.org.uk. 29 October 1907 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ in Revue de Philologie 50 , 1976 : pp. 221 -- 38 . Jump up ^ `` Long - Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East . '' Robert R. Stieglitz . The Biblical Archaeologist , Vol. 47 , No. 3 ( September 1984 ) Jump up ^ Genetic study roots humans in Africa , BBC News , SCI / TECH Jump up ^ Migration of Early Humans From Africa Aided By Wet Weather , sciencedaily.com Jump up ^ Kimbel , William H. and Yoel Rak and Donald C. Johanson. ( 2004 ) The Skull of Australopithecus Afarensis , Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515706 - 0 Jump up ^ Tudge , Colin. ( 2002 ) The Variety of Life. , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860426 - 2 Jump up ^ van Sertima , Ivan .",
"32": "( 1995 ) Egypt : Child of Africa / S V12 ( Ppr ) , Transaction Publishers . pp. 324 -- 25 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 792 - 3 Jump up ^ Mokhtar , G. ( 1990 ) UNESCO General History of Africa , Vol. II , Abridged Edition : Ancient Africa , University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 85255 - 092 - 8 Jump up ^ Eyma , A.K. and C.J. Bennett . ( 2003 ) Delts - Man in Yebu : Occasional Volume of the Egyptologists ' Electronic Forum No. 1 , Universal Publishers . p. 210 . ISBN 1 - 58112 - 564 - X Jump up ^ Spencer Wells , The Journey of Man Jump up ^ Stephen Oppenheimer . The Gates of Grief Jump up ^ Winters C. The Gibraltar Out of Africa Exit for Anatomically Modern Humans . WebmedCentral BIOLOGY 2011 ; 2 ( 10 ) : WMC002319 , Webmedcentral.com Jump up ^ Robin Derricourt , `` Getting ' Out of Africa ' : Sea Crossings , Land Crossings and Culture in the Hominin Migrations '' , 7 July 2006 Jump up ^ Candice Goucher ; Linda Walton ( 2013 ) . World History : Journeys from Past to Present . Routledge . pp. 2 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 72354 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Keenan ( 2013 ) . The Sahara : Past , Present and Future . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 97001 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mercier , Norbert ; et . al. ( 2012 ) . `` OSL dating of quaternary deposits associated with the parietal art of the Tassili - n - Ajjer plateau ( Central Sahara ) '' . Quaternary Geochronology. 10 : 367 -- 73 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quageo. 2011.11. 010 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ `` Sahara 's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth 's Orbit , Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks '' Archived 2014 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Science Daily Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared. ( 1999 ) `` Guns , Germs and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies . New York : Norton , p. 167 ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Patrick K. ( General Editor ) . Oxford Atlas of World History . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Martin and O'Meara , `` Africa , 3rd Ed . '' Archived 2007 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Indiana : Indiana University Press , 1995 Jump up ^ Were Egyptians the first scribes ? , BBC News Sci / Tech Jump up ^ Hassan , Fekri A. ( 2002 ) Droughts , Food and Culture , Springer . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 46755 - 0 Jump up ^ McGrail , Sean . ( 2004 ) Boats of the World , Oxford University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927186 - 0 Jump up ^ Shavit , Jacob ; Shavit , Yaacov ( 2001 ) . History in Black : African - Americans in Search of an Ancient Past . Taylor & Francis . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8216 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fage , J.D. ( 1979 ) , The Cambridge History of Africa , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21592 - 7 Jump up ^ Fage , J.D. , et al. ( 1986 ) , The Cambridge History of Africa , Cambridge University Press . Vol. 2 , p. 118 Jump up ^ Oliver , Roland and Anthony Atmore ( 1994 ) , Africa Since 1800 , Cambridge University Press .",
"34": "ISBN 0 - 521 - 42970 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt : 332 BC -- 395 AD '' . Wsu.edu. 6 June 1999 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New exhibition about Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at the Yorkshire Museum '' . The Press . 2 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Africa -- Christianity '' . BBC World Service . BBC . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Mussie Tesfagiorgis G. Ph. D. ( 2010 ) . Eritrea . ABC - CLIO . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 232 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ayoub , Mahmoud M. ( 2004 ) . Islam : Faith and History . Oxford : Oneworld . pp. 76 , 92 -- 93 , 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Honour , Hugh ; Fleming , John ( 2005 ) . A world history of art ( 7th ed . ) . London : Laurence King . ISBN 9781856694513 . Jump up ^ Meredith , Martin ( 20 January 2006 ) . `` The Fate of Africa -- A Survey of Fifty Years of Independence '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 23 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Igbo - Ukwu ( c. 9th century ) Thematic Essay Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . Metmuseum.org . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Glick , Thomas F. Islamic And Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages . ( 2005 ) Brill Academic Publishers , p. 37 Jump up ^ `` Mauritania -- Arab Invasions '' . countrystudies.us . Jump up ^ Nebel , A ; et . al. ( 1 April 2010 ) .",
"35": "`` Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 70 ( 6 ) : 1594 -- 96 . doi : 10.1086 / 340669 . PMC 379148 . PMID 11992266 . Jump up ^ Ira M. Lapidus , A History of Islamic Societies , Cambridge , 1988 Jump up ^ Cambridge History of Africa , Volume 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Historical survey : Slave societies , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Swahili Coast , National Geographic Jump up ^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica 's Guide to Black History , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ `` Focus on the slave trade '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC News -- Africa . Jump up ^ Paul E. Lovejoy ( 2000 ) . Transformations in Slavery : A History of Slavery in Africa . Cambridge University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78430 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rees Davies , `` British Slaves on the Barbary Coast '' , BBC , 1 July 2003 Jump up ^ Jo Loosemore , Sailing against slavery . BBC Jump up ^ `` The West African Squadron and slave trade '' . Pdavis.nl . Archived from the original on 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Simon , Julian L. ( 1995 ) State of Humanity , Blackwell Publishing . p. 175 . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 585 - X Jump up ^ Lucien Bély ( 2001 ) . The History of France . Editions Jean - paul Gisserot . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87747 - 563 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ernest Aryeetey ; Jane Harrigan ; Machiko Nissanke ( 2000 ) . Economic Reforms in Ghana : The Miracle and the Mirage . Africa World Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86543 - 844 - 6 .",
"36": "Jump up ^ `` BBC : 1984 famine in Ethiopia '' . BBC News . 6 April 2000 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert G. Patman , The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa 1990 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 36022 - 6 , pp. 295 -- 96 Jump up ^ Steven Varnis , Reluctant aid or aiding the reluctant ? : U.S. food aid policy and the Ethiopian Famine Relief 1990 , ISBN 0 - 88738 - 348 - 3 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Rayner , Gordon ( 27 September 2011 ) . `` Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . ^ Jump up to : Malia Politzer , `` China and Africa : Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration '' , Migration Information Source . August 2008 Jump up ^ Jenny Aker , Isaac Mbiti , `` Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa '' SSRN Jump up ^ Drysdale , Alasdair and Gerald H. Blake . ( 1985 ) The Middle East and North Africa , Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503538 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Atlas -- Xpeditions '' . National Geographic Society . 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Lewin , Evans . ( 1924 ) Africa , Clarendon press ^ Jump up to : ( 1998 ) Merriam - Webster 's Geographical Dictionary ( Index ) , Merriam - Webster , pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 546 - 0 Jump up ^ Hoare , Ben . ( 2002 ) The Kingfisher A -- Z Encyclopedia , Kingfisher Publications . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 7534 - 5569 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates '' . About.com . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Somali Plate '' . Ashten Sawitsky .",
"37": "Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Chu , D. ; Gordon , R.G. ( 1999 ) . `` Evidence for motion between Nubia and Somalia along the Southwest Indian ridge '' . Nature . 398 : 64 -- 67 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 398 ... 64C . doi : 10.1038 / 18014 . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Africa : Environmental Atlas , 06 / 17 / 08 . '' Archived 2012 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . African Studies Center , University of Pennsylvania . Accessed June 2011 . Jump up ^ El Fadli , KI ; et al. ( September 2012 ) . `` World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 ° C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia , Libya ( 13 September 1922 ) '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 94 ( 2 ) : 199 . Bibcode : 2013BAMS ... 94 ... 199E . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - D - 12 - 00093.1 . ( The 136 ° F ( 57.8 ° C ) , claimed by ' Aziziya , Libya , on 13 September 1922 , has been officially deemed invalid by the World Meteorological Organization . ) Jump up ^ `` World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Deforestation reaches worrying level -- UN Archived December 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... AfricaNews. 11 June 2008 Jump up ^ Forests and deforestation in Africa -- the wasting of an immense resource Archived May 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... afrol News Jump up ^ World Wildlife Fund ( 2001 ) . `` Madagascar subhumid forests '' . WildWorld Ecoregion Profile . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 08 .",
"38": "Jump up ^ `` Nature laid waste : The destruction of Africa '' , The Independent , 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Thabo Mbeki ( 9 July 2002 ) . `` Launch of the African Union , 9 July 2002 : Address by the chairperson of the AU , President Thabo Mbeki '' . ABSA Stadium , Durban , South Africa : africa-union.org . Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 . Retrieved 8 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard Sandbrook , The Politics of Africa 's Economic Stagnation , Cambridge University Press , 1985 passim Jump up ^ `` Human Development Reports -- United Nations Development Programme '' . hdr.undp.org . Jump up ^ `` World Bank Updates Poverty Estimates for the Developing World '' . World Bank . 26 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The developing world is poorer than we thought , but no less successful in the fight against poverty '' . World Bank . Jump up ^ Economic report on Africa 2004 : unlocking Africa 's potential in the global economy ( Substantive session 28 June -- 23 July 2004 ) , United Nations Jump up ^ `` Neo-Liberalism and the Economic and Political Future of Africa '' . Globalpolitician.com. 19 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Capitalism -- Africa -- Neoliberalism , Structural Adjustment , And The African Reaction '' . Science.jrank.org . Archived from the original on 20 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Number of the Poor Increasing Worldwide while Sub-Saharan Africa is the Worst of All '' . Turkish Weekly . 29 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2008 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Africa : Developed Countries ' Leverage On the Continent '' . AllAfrica.com. 7 February 2008 Jump up ^ Africa , China 's new frontier . Times Online .",
"39": "10 February 2008 Jump up ^ DR Congo poll crucial for Africa . BBC News . 16 November 2006 Jump up ^ China tightens grip on Africa with $4.4 bn lifeline for Guinea junta . The Times . 13 October 2009 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ The African Decade ? . Ilmas Futehally . Strategic Foresight Group . Jump up ^ `` Africa Can Feed Itself in a Generation , Experts Say '' , Science Daily , 3 December 2010 Jump up ^ Olga Khazan ( 3 July 2013 ) . `` The three reasons why the US is so interested in Africa right now '' . Quartz . Quartz . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Africa Population Dynamics '' . Jump up ^ Past and future population of Africa Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Source : United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Gladstone , Rick ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` India Will Be Most Populous Country Sooner Than Thought , U.N. Says '' -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ Luc - Normand Tellier ( 2009 ) . Urban world history : an economic and geographical perspective . PUQ . p. 204 . ISBN 2 - 7605 - 1588 - 5 Jump up ^ Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine . Times Online . 16 December 2004 Jump up ^ `` Q&A : The Berbers '' . BBC News . 12 March 2004 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` We Want Our Country '' ( 3 of 10 ) . Time , 5 November 1965 Jump up ^ Raimondo Cagiano De Azevedo ( 1994 ) . Migration and development co-operation ... Council of Europe , p. 25 . ISBN 92 - 871 - 2611 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Jungle Shipwreck '' .",
"40": "Time 25 July 1960 Jump up ^ `` Flight from Angola '' , The Economist , 16 August 1975 Jump up ^ Portugal -- Emigration , Eric Solsten , ed . Portugal : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , 1993 Jump up ^ Holm , John A. ( 1989 ) . Pidgins and Creoles : References survey . Cambridge University Press . p. 394 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 35940 - 6 . Jump up ^ South Africa : People : Ethnic Groups . CIA World Factbook Jump up ^ `` Africa '' . World Book Encyclopedia . Chicago : World Book , Inc. 1989 . ISBN 0 - 7166 - 1289 - 5 . Jump up ^ Naomi Schwarz , `` Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce '' , VOANews.com , 10 July 2007 Jump up ^ `` Africa '' . UNESCO . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Khoisan Languages '' . The Language Gulper . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pearsonhighered.com Archived 2015 - 05 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Crisis of Appropriating Identity for African Art and Artists : The Abayomi Barber School Responsorial Paradigm '' . quod.lib.umich.edu . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Douglas ; Cole , Herbert M. ( 1 September 2004 ) . `` African Art and Leadership '' . Univ of Wisconsin Press . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 05824 - 1 . Jump up ^ Okeke - Agulu , Chika ( 9 February 2015 ) . `` Postcolonial Modernism : Art and Decolonization in Twentieth - Century Nigeria '' . Duke University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 7630 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sirayi , Mzo ( 26 September 2017 ) .",
"41": "`` South African Drama and Theatre from Pre-colonial Times to the 1990s : An Alternative Reading : An Alternative Reading '' . Xlibris Corporation . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4771 - 2082 - 8 . Jump up ^ Universitypublishingonline.org Jump up ^ Chikowero , Mhoze ( 24 November 2015 ) . `` African Music , Power , and Being in Colonial Zimbabwe '' . Indiana University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology ( 2013 , ISBN 0191626147 ) , p. 375 Jump up ^ `` African Religion on the Internet '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Onishi , Normitsu ( 1 November 2001 ) . `` Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Kng , Hans ( 2006 ) . Hans Kung , Tracing the Way : Spiritual Dimensions of the World Religions . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9423 - 8 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Continental regions as per UN categorizations / map . Jump up ^ `` IDB : Countries Ranked by Population '' . 28 November 1999 . Archived from the original on 28 November 1999 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ The Spanish Canary Islands , of which Las Palmas de Gran Canaria are Santa Cruz de Tenerife are co-capitals , are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco and Western Sahara ; population and area figures are for 2001 . Jump up ^ The Spanish exclave of Ceuta is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa ; population and area figures are for 2001 . Jump up ^ Egypt is generally considered a transcontinental country in Northern Africa ( UN region ) and Western Asia ; population and area figures are for African portion only , west of the Suez Canal .",
"42": "Jump up ^ The Portuguese Madeira Islands are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco ; population and area figures are for 2001 . Jump up ^ The Spanish exclave of Melilla is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa ; population and area figures are for 2001 . Jump up ^ The territory of Western Sahara is claimed by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and Morocco . The SADR is recognized as a sovereign state by the African Union . Morocco claims the entirety of the country as its Southern Provinces . Morocco administers 4 / 5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1 / 5 . Morocco 's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally . Jump up ^ Bloemfontein is the judicial capital of South Africa , while Cape Town is its legislative seat , and Pretoria is the country 's administrative seat . Jump up ^ Yamoussoukro is the official capital of Côte d'Ivoire , while Abidjan is the de facto seat . Further Reading Asante , Molefi ( 2007 ) . The History of Africa . US : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 77139 - 0 . Clark , J. Desmond ( 1970 ) . The Prehistory of Africa . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 02069 - 2 . Crowder , Michael ( 1978 ) . The Story of Nigeria . London : Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 04947 - 9 . Davidson , Basil ( 1966 ) . The African Past : Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern Times . Harmondsworth : Penguin . OCLC 2016817 . Gordon , April A. ; Donald L. Gordon ( 1996 ) . Understanding Contemporary Africa . Boulder : Lynne Rienner Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55587 - 547 - 3 . Khapoya , Vincent B. ( 1998 ) . The African experience : an introduction . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 745852 - 3 .",
"43": "Moore , Clark D. , and Ann Dunbar ( 1968 ) . Africa Yesterday and Today , in series , The George School Readings on Developing Lands . New York : Praeger Publishers . Naipaul , V.S. . The Masque of Africa : Glimpses of African Belief . Picador , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 47205 - 0 Wade , Lizzie ( 2015 ) . `` Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places '' . Science . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaa7864 . External links Find more aboutAfricaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity General information Africa at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) African & Middle Eastern Reading Room from the United States Library of Congress Africa South of the Sahara from Stanford University The Index on Africa from The Norwegian Council for Africa Aluka Digital library of scholarly resources from and about Africa Africa Interactive Map from the United States Army Africa History African Kingdoms The Story of Africa from BBC World Service Africa Policy Information Center ( APIC ) Hungarian military forces in Africa News media allAfrica.com current news , events and statistics Focus on Africa magazine from BBC World Service Articles Related to Africa Africa articles History Chronology Antiquity North Africa Archaeology Pre-colonial kingdoms Bantu expansion Arab conquest Exploration European colonisation Slavery Atlantic Arab Scramble for Africa Decolonisation By topic Economy Empires Historiography Military conflicts By region Central East North South West Geography",
"44": "Countries and territories Highest points Impact craters Islands Natural history Regions Central East North South West Rivers Politics African Union Elections Heads of government Heads of state Human rights LGBT rights Linguistic rights Religious rights Women 's rights International organisations Pan-African Parliament Pan-Africanism Politics parties United States of Africa Economy Central banks and currencies Countries by GDP ( nominal ) Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Education Internet Millionaires Natural resources Poverty Renewable energy Stock exchanges Society Caste systems Etiquette Health Circumcision Infrastructure Languages Philosophy Culture Architecture Art contemporary Cinema films film festivals Cuisine Literature writers by country Media Newspapers Radio TV Music musicians guitarists Religion Irreligion World Heritage Sites Sport African Cricket Association African Games Afro - Asian Games Australian - rules football Confederation of African Football Africa Cup of Nations FIBA Africa Rugby Africa Africa Cup Stadiums by capacity Tour d'Afrique Demographics Countries by population density Emigration Ethnic groups HIV / AIDS Urbanization cities metropolitan areas Youth in Africa By year 2005 2006 2007 2008",
"45": "2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Outline Index Book Category Portal Countries and territories of Africa Sovereign states entirely / mostly in Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe partly in Africa France Mayotte Réunion Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Portugal Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Yemen Socotra Territories and dependencies Îles Éparses France Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha UK Southern Provinces ( Western Sahara ) States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Unclear sovereignty . Continents of the world",
"46": "Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Afro - Eurasia America Eurasia Oceania Former supercontinents Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur Vaalbara Historical continents Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East Antarctica India Submerged continents Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia Possible future supercontinents Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea Mythical and hypothesised continents Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis See also Regions of the world Continental fragment Book Category Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa",
"47": "African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa",
"48": "Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau",
"49": "Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel",
"50": "Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast",
"51": "Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus",
"52": "Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Northern Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast",
"53": "West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama",
"54": "Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French",
"55": "Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of",
"56": "Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska",
"57": "Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Category Regional economic communities in Africa Continental African Union Organization of African Unity ( OAU ) African Economic Community ( AEC ) Inter-regional Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) Community of Sahel - Saharan States ( CEN / SAD ) Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS / EEAC ) Southern Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) Southern African Customs Union ( SACU ) Northern Arab Maghreb Union ( AMU ) Greater Arab Free Trade Area ( GAFTA ) Eastern East African Community ( EAC ) Intergovernmental Authority on Development ( IGAD ) Western Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS )",
"58": "West African Monetary Zone ( WAMZ ) West African Economic and Monetary Union ( UEMOA ) Central Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) VIAF : 173744536 LCCN : sh85001531 GND : 4000695 - 5 SELIBR : 138939 BNF : cb153236036 ( data ) NDL : 00560082 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa&oldid=838501152 '' Categories : Africa Continents Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Articles containing Phoenician - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia",
"59": "Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz",
"60": "Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Gĩkũyũ گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kirundi Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лезги ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála",
"61": "Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Luganda Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем Коми ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi",
"62": "Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Lea faka - Tonga ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Thuɔŋjäŋ Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga",
"63": "ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 257 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 12 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
10,
41,
9,
42,
35,
21,
34,
51,
11,
44,
43,
7,
6,
16,
45,
46,
52,
1,
20,
27,
8,
49,
57,
55,
56,
58,
26,
36,
0,
3,
23,
50,
33,
25,
15,
12,
54,
13,
47,
24,
2,
31,
4,
40,
32,
60,
5,
39,
59,
48,
30,
22,
61,
63,
37,
18,
53,
19,
28,
38,
17,
62,
29,
14
] |
[
10,
41,
9,
42,
35
] |
2368852318321824139
|
when was the peak to peak gondola built
|
[
"in 2007 and 2008"
] |
{
"0": "Peak 2 Peak gondola - wikipedia Peak 2 Peak gondola Jump to : navigation , search One of the 28 cabins on the Peak 2 Peak Gondola The Peak 2 Peak Gondola is a tri-cable gondola lift located in Whistler , British Columbia that links Whistler Mountain 's Roundhouse Lodge with Blackcomb Mountain 's Rendezvous Lodge . It is the first lift to join the two side - by - side mountains . It held the world record for the longest free span between ropeway towers -- 3.03 kilometres ( 1.88 miles ) until 2017 when the Eibsee Cable Car exceeded it by 189m . It is still the highest point above the ground -- 436 metres ( 1,430 feet . ) ( A temporary aerial tramway in Switzerland used between 1979 and 1986 had larger span . ) The Peak 2 Peak Gondola was built by the Doppelmayr Garaventa Group in 2007 and 2008 at a cost of CDN $51 million . The Peak 2 Peak Gondola is the first Doppelmayr `` 3S '' tri-cable lift in North America ; there are four similar but smaller lifts in Europe which were built in 1991 , 1994 , 2002 , 2004 and 2010 in Switzerland , Austria , France and Germany . Whistler - Blackcomb has touted the gondola as an iconic attraction and uses it to transport skiers in the winter months as well as sightseers year round . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and planning 2 Construction 3 Criticism 4 Features 4.1 Statistics 4.2 Cables 4.3 Terminals 4.4 Towers 4.5 Cabins 4.6 Safety systems 5 In the media 6 See also 7 References History and planning ( edit ) Whistler Mountain was opened by the Garibaldi Lift Company in 1965 and Blackcomb opened under separate ownership in 1980 . It was n't until 1997 when Intrawest , the owner of Blackcomb Mountain , bought Whistler Mountain and brought both mountains together on a single lift ticket .",
"1": "Ever since , many skiers wanted a way to be able to ski both mountains in one day without having to ski down to the village and ride multiple lifts to get back to the alpine . In 1997 , Whistler - Blackcomb 's Director of Mountain Operations , Hugh Smythe , and Paul Mathews , president of Ecosign Mountain Resort Planners , took a trip to Zermatt , Switzerland . After seeing the number of lifts connecting resorts around the Matterhorn , they got the idea of connecting Whistler and Blackcomb Mountains with a ropeway . A number of problems prevented a connection for years . Fitzsimmons Creek and the steep faces on either side were unsuitable as ski terrain and are protected land . A traditional chairlift or gondola would have had to go all the way down one mountain , across Fitzsimmons Creek , and up the other side , resulting in a long lift ride and environmental impacts . A gondola that could cross the valley without going to the bottom was the best option . Whistler - Blackcomb had to consider the extremely high cost of building such a lift . The resort conducted research that indicated 92 % of winter visitors and 86 % of summer visitors would use the gondola at least once . HSBC Bank Canada and Scotia Capital agreed to provide Intrawest with financing for the project , allowing it to move forward . Intrawest announced the gondola project to employees and the Municipality of Whistler 's Council on September 19 , 2005 , and held a community open house shortly thereafter . At the time , construction was expected to start in the summer of 2006 and continue for 2 years for an opening for the 2007 - 2008 ski season . On March 30 , 2006 , it was announced that construction would be delayed by one year . Whistler Blackcomb announced on April 17 , 2007 , that groundbreaking would occur in May 2007 . Construction ( edit ) The Peak 2 Peak Gondola 's Blackcomb Terminal under construction in July 2008 . The Peak 2 Peak Gondola 's Whistler Terminal under construction in July 2008 .",
"2": "Whistler - Blackcomb broke ground for the Peak 2 Peak Gondola in a ceremony on May 21 , 2007 . The Doppelmayr Garaventa Group would supply the gondola itself and Timberline Construction was the general contractor and Glotman Simpson were the Consulting Engineers . Fatzer AG of Switzerland would make the four track cables and one haul rope that would carry the gondolas across the valley while CWA , also of Switzerland , would build the 28 gondola cabins . 80 workers from Whistler Blackcomb , Doppelmayr Garaventa , Timberline Construction and North Construction worked throughout the summer of 2007 . Work completed on the Blackcomb side by that summer included the relocation of the top terminals of the Solar Coaster Express and Catskinner chairlifts on Blackcomb , excavation of both terminal locations , foundations for both terminals , foundations for all four intermediate towers , and steel erection of towers 2 and 3 . Construction stopped for the winter in November 2007 . During the winter , the remaining two gondola towers and each terminal 's machinery were built at the Garaventa factory in Goldau , Switzerland and the Doppelmayr factories in Wolfurt , Austria and St. Jerome , Quebec . Fatzer AG manufactured the four track cables and haul rope that would suspend the gondola cabins . The five spools of cable left Europe by ship on April 10 , 2008 . By the time construction started again in the spring of 2008 , ten feet of snow still covered the mountains and concrete had to be transported up the mountain by helicopter . Towers 4 and 1 were completed in early spring using mobile cranes . The five cables arrived in the Port of Vancouver , Washington , USA on June 9 and were shipped to Whistler via train , arriving on June 16 . Vancouver , Washington was used because it owns the largest mobile harbour crane on the West Coast of North America . To handle the 90 - tonne reels , a German - made Goldhofer heavy - haulage trailer and tractor made its way from Montreal , QC to Whistler to take care of the transport from the train yard up the mountain . The Goldhofer trailer has four sections with six axles , each . Each axle has eight wheels .",
"3": "The trailer also features a hydraulic sliding system , which enabled the reels to be unloaded from the railcars in Whistler without a crane . Since there is no crane to lift each reel onto the truck , this trailer features sliding steel plates that essentially scoop the load from the train and set it onto the trailer deck . The five cables were trucked up Blackcomb Mountain for pulling across the valley starting June 19 . Their entire 18,000 - mile ( 29,000 km ) journey from Switzerland to the top of Blackcomb Mountain was coordinated by OmniTrans Corporation . Each track cable was winched down Blackcomb Mountain to the valley floor , then up Whistler Mountain . While the cables were pulled for twelve straight weeks , terminal construction continued with the gondola machinery being mounted on concrete foundations . The drive terminal on Whistler Mountain had the gondola 's motors installed in an underground vault . After the gondola machinery was installed , steel enclosures were constructed and covered with a blue , translucent material . On August 29 and 30 , the two ends of the haul rope were spliced together in a 220 - foot ( 67 m ) braid to form a continuous loop that could pull the cabins . The splice was performed by Norm Duke of Wyoming , who is one of only a few splicers in North America . The splicing process took 14 workers from Whistler - Blackcomb and Doppelmayr Garaventa over 15 hours to complete . The 28 sky cabins arrived in Whistler starting on August 26 . The first twelve cabins crossed the span on September 19 , 2008 with a single Doppelmayr engineer , Mathias Zudrell , aboard . The remaining cabins were put on line and the system underwent extensive testing until its Grand Opening on December 12 , 2008 . Criticism ( edit ) Inside the Peak 2 Peak Gondola 's Blackcomb Terminal The impact of such an expensive project on lift ticket prices was always a concern , especially because the gondola would not open any new ski terrain . When the project was announced in 2005 , residents were promised that Peak 2 Peak access would be an optional add - on to a lift ticket or season pass .",
"4": "In a 2005 open house , the resort estimated the additional cost on a season pass would be CDN $59 . At the time , Whistler - Blackcomb was attempting to secure a tax exemption from the municipality of Whistler for the increased assessments caused by the new terminal buildings . When season pass prices were announced for the Peak 2 Peak 's inaugural season in August 2008 , only early bird passes were allowed to decline the Peak 2 Peak option . Whistler - Blackcomb said it was `` not specific '' about the Spirit Pass when it had said the Peak 2 Peak access would be optional . In May 2007 , Whistler - Blackcomb announced the naming rights to the gondola were for sale for an undisclosed price . Presumably they were never sold because the gondola has retained the Peak 2 Peak name . Features ( edit ) Statistics ( edit ) Length : 4.4 km / 2.73 mi Capacity : 4,100 people per hour Line Speed : 7.5 metres per second ( 16.8 miles per hour ) Ride Time : 11 minutes Cables ( edit ) The cables were manufactured by Fatzer AG , a Swiss company that develops , manufactures and markets wire ropes worldwide . The Peak 2 Peak cables include four stationary track ropes , two in each direction , which act like railroad tracks for the cabins . Each track rope weighs approximately 90 metric tonnes . There is a single haul rope which moves in a continuous loop and pulls the cabins . This cable weighs more than 80 metric tonnes . There are a total of 26.5 kilometres ( 87,000 ft ) of cable on the Peak 2 Peak Gondola . Terminals ( edit ) The Peak 2 Peak Gondola terminal buildings are the two largest lift terminals in the world . To create the concrete footings , platforms , masts , and columns , 4,000 cubic metres ( 5,200 cu yd ) of concrete had to be trucked and helicoptered up the mountains .",
"5": "The 12,000 - square - foot ( 1,100 m ) Whistler terminal , which houses the drive motors and backup engines in an underground vault is 26 metres ( 85 feet ) wide and 42 metres ( 138 feet ) long and has 228 tonnes of steel . The 14,000 - square - foot ( 1,300 m ) Blackcomb Terminal is 26 metres ( 85 feet ) wide and 48 metres ( 158 feet ) long and contains 279 tonnes of steel . The Blackcomb terminal can house 15 cabins , the Whistler terminal 13 cabins in a cabin parking area when the system is not in use . Towers ( edit ) One of the Peak 2 Peak Gondola 's four towers There are four intermediate towers , two on Whistler Mountain and two on Blackcomb Mountain that support the cables , which range in height from 30 to 65 metres ( 100 to 210 feet ) . Combined , they contain 400 metric tonnes of steel . Cabins ( edit ) One of the 28 carriers on the Peak 2 Peak Gondola The 28 CWA - manufactured gondola cabins hold 28 people each , with 22 seated and 6 standing . 26 of the cabins are painted red while 2 are painted silver and have glass floors . Safety systems ( edit ) The Peak 2 Peak Gondola has a number of unique safety systems beyond what a normal ski lift features . The gondola has high wind stability and is designed to operate in winds up to 80 km / h . Whistler - Blackcomb has called the Peak 2 Peak Gondola the most wind tolerant lift on Whistler Blackcomb . Testing at other Doppelmayr 3S installations have measured sustained winds at 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) with no decrease in performance . The lift is powered by an electric motor on Whistler Mountain ; however an auxiliary diesel engine can take over in the case of primary engine failure or if there is a power outage . The lift also has a redundant braking system . Both bullwheels have emergency brakes to stop the gondola if there is a primary braking system failure . In the event of a catastrophic failure , an evacuation can be performed .",
"6": "For cabins that are near the terminals , passengers are lowered down by rope from the cabins . For cabins that are too high off the ground for a rope evacuation , cabins are winched along the track cables to towers 2 and 3 where passengers are then lowered to the ground by rope by Ski Patrol members . In addition , the gondola is equipped with a state of the art Obstacle Collision Avoidance System that uses radar to alert aircraft of the gondola as an obstacle . Strobe lights and loud noises over all radio frequencies are used to alert pilots who come too close to the gondola . In the media ( edit ) The grand opening ceremony on December 12 , 2008 featured Steve Podborski as emcee and Red Bull Air Force members BASE jumping from the middle of the gondola . The Peak 2 Peak Gondola was the subject of a 2009 Discovery Channel documentary . Crews began filming the project during groundbreaking in May 2007 . The documentary aired at 9 pm on December 23 and at 2 am on December 24 , 2009 , on Discovery Channel Canada . It was titled `` Peak 2 Peak : Building the Worlds Biggest Gondola '' . The gondola was also featured in the History Channel 's show Modern Marvels in the episode `` Winter Tech , '' which showed the technology behind the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games . On February 6 , 2014 , a man carried out an illegal BASE jump from the highest point of the Peak 2 Peak Gondola and landed safely in the valley below . In order to exit the gondola , he and a female accomplice had to pry open the doors causing an estimated $10,000 worth of damage . They posted a video of the jump on YouTube as a tribute to Shane McConkey . On February 13 , 2014 , the RCMP announced that they had arrested the woman and recommended charges of obstruction and mischief over $5,000 . One day later , BASE jumper Mike Douglas condemned the stunt saying `` This guy seems to have gone about it in all the wrong ways . He caused a lot of damage in the process which I think is not cool . '' See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peak 2 Peak Gondola .",
"7": "List of spans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Zugspitze - Eibsee Cable Car -- One Ropeway , Three World Records '' . Gondola Project . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical Details '' . Whistler Blackcomb . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Getting high and staying high , Whistler 's Peak 2 Peak gondola '' . Blackcomb Peaks. 2013 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Lift Database '' . Lift World . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` History , from fishing to freeskiing '' . Whistler Blackcomb . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All about the Whistler Peak 2 Peak 3S gondola '' . Skiing BC . 2005 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peak 2 Peak Gondola Opens at Whistler '' . Great Outdoors. 2007 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Griff , Martin ( 2008 - 06 - 19 ) . `` 18 miles of cable arrive for Whistler Blackcomb 's Peak 2 Peak gondola '' . The Times . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Question of the week '' . Whistler Blackcomb . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peak 2 Peak Gondola - Tower Construction '' . Whistler Blackcomb. 2013 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peak 2 Peak Gondola - Cable Installation '' . Whistler Blackcomb. 2013 - 06 - 04 .",
"8": "Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss ropes shipped across the Atlantic '' ( PDF ) . Fatzer AG . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peak 2 Peak Gondola - Construction Blog '' . Whistler Blackcomb. 2008 - 08 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lomax , Becky ( 2008 - 10 - 14 ) . `` When Can Public Ride Whistler Blackcomb 's New Gondola ? '' . On The Snow . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kristin ( 2007 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Coming to Whistler : gondola on an epic scale '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Andrew ( 2008 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Pass prices up , but Peak 2 Peak included '' . Pique . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Constantineau , Bruce ( 2007 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Whistler to sell naming rights to new gondola '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Nowlin , Mark ( 2007 - 04 - 19 ) . `` The Peak to Peak Gondola '' ( PDF ) . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peak 2 Peak Gondola - Facts and Figures '' . Whistler Blackcomb. 2013 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peak 2 Peak FAQ '' ( PDF ) . Whistler Blackcomb . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Jenni ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) .",
"9": "`` Illegal BASE jump from Whistler Peak 2 Peak Gondola probed '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Jenni ( 2014 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Whistler Peak 2 Peak BASE jump leads to woman 's arrest '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sheppard , Jenni ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) . `` BASE jumpers condemn illegal Whistler Peak 2 Peak stunt '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Coordinates : 50 ° 04 ′ 10 '' N 122 ° 56 ′ 45 '' W / 50.06944 ° N 122.94583 ° W / 50.06944 ; - 122.94583 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peak_2_Peak_Gondola&oldid=830822477 '' Categories : Ski lifts Sea - to - Sky Corridor Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2010 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 04 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
2,
1,
4,
8,
3,
5,
7,
0,
6,
9
] |
[
0,
2,
1,
4,
8
] |
-4286683773864967352
|
who has won the most united states championships
|
[
"Ric Flair",
"Ric Flair",
"Lex Luger"
] |
{
"0": "List of WWE United States Champions - wikipedia List of WWE United States Champions Jump to : navigation , search Current champion Jeff Hardy The WWE United States Championship is a professional wrestling championship contested in the American promotion WWE on the SmackDown brand . It was originally known as the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship and began as a regional championship created by and defended in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling , run by Jim Crockett Jr . Harley Race became the inaugural champion on the title 's introduction on January 1 , 1975 . Turner Broadcasting bought the company in November 1988 and renamed it World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) after its primary television program . In March 2001 , the then - WWF bought selected assets of WCW . This resulted in the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship becoming a championship for the WWF , who referred to it as the WCW United States Championship . At Survivor Series in November 2001 , the WCW United States and WWF Intercontinental Championships were unified , resulting in the United States Championship being deactivated . In July 2003 , the title was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship . Since the 2018 WWE Superstar Shake - up , it is exclusively contested on the SmackDown brand . The championship is contested in professional wrestling matches , in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition . Some reigns were held by champions using a ring name , while others used their real name . Jeff Hardy is the current champion in his first reign . He defeated former champion Jinder Mahal on Raw on April 16 , 2018 . Overall , there have been 91 different champions . Ric Flair holds the record for having the most reigns at six , while John Cena holds the record for most reigns under the WWE banner at five . Lex Luger holds the record for the longest reign , with his third reign lasting a total of 523 days , while Dean Ambrose holds the longest reign under the WWE banner , at 351 days ( overall the third longest in the title 's history ) . Only two men , Lex Luger and Rick Rude , have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year ( 365 days ) or more .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Title history 1.1 Names 1.2 Reigns 2 Combined reigns 2.1 Notes 3 References 4 External links Title history ( edit ) Names ( edit ) Name Years NWA United States Heavyweight Championship ( Mid-Atlantic version ) January 1 , 1975 -- January 27 , 1981 NWA United States Heavyweight Championship ( Undisputed version ) January 27 , 1981 -- 1991 WCW United States ( Heavyweight ) Championship 1991 -- 2001 WWE United States Championship 2003 -- present Reigns ( edit ) As of April 26 , 2018 . Reign The reign number for the specific champion listed Location The city in which the title was won Event The event promoted by the respective promotion in which the title was won † Indicates the title changes not recognized by the WWE + Indicates the current reign is changing daily No . Wrestler Reign Date Days held Location Event Notes Ref . National Wrestling Alliance / Jim Crockett Promotions Harley Race 000000001975 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1975 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 Tallahassee , FL House show Defeated Johnny Weaver in a tournament final to become the inaugural NWA United States Heavyweight Champion for Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling . WWE recognizes Race 's reign as lasting 184 days . Johnny Valentine 000000001975 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1975 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Greensboro , NC House show -- Vacated -- 000000001975 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1975 -- -- -- Vacated when Johnny Valentine suffered a career - ending injury in a plane crash .",
"2": "Terry Funk 000000001975 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1975 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Greensboro , NC House show Defeated Paul Jones in a tournament final for the vacant title . WWE recognizes Funk 's reign as lasting 19 days . Paul Jones 000000001975 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 1975 7002107000000000000 ♠ 107 Greensboro , NC House show 5 Blackjack Mulligan 000000001976 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1976 7002217000000000000 ♠ 217 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Mulligan 's reign as lasting 218 days . 6 Paul Jones 000000001976 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1976 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Jones ' reign as ending on November 28 , 1976 .",
"3": "-- Blackjack Mulligan 000000001976 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1976 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Charlotte , NC House show -- Paul Jones 000000001976 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1976 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Winston - Salem , NC House show 7 Blackjack Mulligan 000000001976 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1976 7002204000000000000 ♠ 204 Raleigh , NC House show 8 Bobo Brazil 000000001977 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1977 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Norfolk , VA House show 9 Ric Flair 000000001977 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1977 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Richmond , VA House show 10 Ricky Steamboat 000000001977 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 1977 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 Charleston , SC House show WWE recognizes Steamboat 's reign as lasting 73 days . 11 Blackjack Mulligan 000000001978 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1978 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Mulligan 's reign as lasting 78 days . 12 Mr. Wrestling 000000001978 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1978 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Mr. Wrestling 's reign as lasting 22 days .",
"4": "13 Ric Flair 000000001978 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1978 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 Charlotte , NC House show WWE recognizes Flair 's reign as lasting 252 days , ending on December 17 , 1978 14 Ricky Steamboat 000000001978 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1978 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Steamboat 's reign as lasting 105 days . 15 Ric Flair 000000001979 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1979 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Flair 's reign as lasting 134 days . -- Vacated -- 000000001979 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1979 -- -- -- Vacated when Ric Flair won the NWA World Tag Team Championship four days prior . 16 Jimmy Snuka 000000001979 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1979 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 Charlotte , NC House show Defeated Ricky Steamboat in a tournament final for the vacant title . WWE recognizes Snuka 's reign as lasting 233 days , ending on April 20 , 1980 , although in reality , the end date was April 19 , 1980 . 17 Ric Flair 000000001980 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1980 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Flair 's reign as beginning on April 20 , 1980 and ending on July 26 , 1980 , although in reality , he won the title on April 19 , 1980 .",
"5": "-- Greg Valentine 000000001980 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1980 7002121000000000000 ♠ 121 Charlotte , NC House show -- Ric Flair 5 000000001980 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 1980 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 Greenville , SC House show Although this reign is not recognized , a WWE.com article recognized Flair as a six - time champion . 18 Roddy Piper 000000001981 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1981 7002193000000000000 ♠ 193 Raleigh , NC House show The title became the undisputed NWA United States Heavyweight Championship in January 1981 after the NWA San Francisco office , the last other promotion to recognize its own United States Heavyweight Champion , closed . WWE recognizes Piper 's reign as lasting 194 days . 19 Wahoo McDaniel 000000001981 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 1981 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes McDaniel 's reign as lasting 32 days . -- Vacated -- 000000001981 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 1981 -- -- -- Vacated when Wahoo McDaniel was injured by Abdullah the Butcher . 20 Sgt . Slaughter 000000001981 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1981 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 Charlotte , NC House show Defeated Ricky Steamboat in a tournament final for the vacant title . 21 Wahoo McDaniel 000000001982 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1982 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Richmond , VA House show WWE recognizes McDaniel 's reign as lasting 18 days . 22 Sgt .",
"6": "Slaughter 000000001982 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1982 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Greenville , SC House show Awarded the title due to Wahoo McDaniel being injured by Don Muraco and Roddy Piper before the match . 23 Wahoo McDaniel 000000001982 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 , 1982 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 Charlotte , NC House show WWE recognizes McDaniel 's reign as lasting 75 days . 24 Greg Valentine 000000001982 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1982 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 Norfolk , VA House show 25 Roddy Piper 000000001983 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1983 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Greensboro , NC House show WWE recognizes Piper 's reign as lasting 15 days . 26 Greg Valentine 000000001983 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1983 7002228000000000000 ♠ 228 Greensboro , NC House show Valentine won when Roddy Piper suffered a large cut over his left ear and the referee stopped the match . WWE recognizes Valentine 's reign as lasting 229 days .",
"7": "27 Dick Slater 000000001983 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1983 7002129000000000000 ♠ 129 Shelby , NC House show 28 Ricky Steamboat 000000001984 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1984 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 Greensboro , NC House show 29 Wahoo McDaniel 000000001984 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1984 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Greensboro , NC House show -- Vacated -- 000000001984 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1984 -- -- -- Wahoo McDaniel was stripped of the title due to Tully Blanchard interfering in McDaniel 's title defense . 30 Wahoo McDaniel 5 000000001984 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1984 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 Charlotte , NC House show Defeated Manny Fernandez in a tournament final for the vacant title . WWE recognizes McDaniel 's reign as lasting 168 days . 31 Magnum T.A. 000000001985 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1985 7002120000000000000 ♠ 120 Charlotte , NC House show 32 Tully Blanchard 000000001985 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1985 7002130000000000000 ♠ 130 Charlotte , NC House show 33 Magnum T.A. 000000001985 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1985 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 Greensboro , NC Starrcade This was an `` I Quit '' steel cage match . WWE recognizes Magnum T.A. 's reign as lasting 154 days , with Magnum T.A. being stripped of the title on May 1 , 1986 .",
"8": "-- Vacated -- 000000001986 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1986 -- -- -- Magnum T.A. was stripped of the title for attacking NWA president Bob Geigel . 34 Nikita Koloff 000000001986 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1986 7002328000000000000 ♠ 328 Charlotte , NC House show Defeated Magnum T.A. in a best of seven series for the vacant title , though WWE officially says it was a tournament final . Koloff defeated Wahoo McDaniel on September 28 , 1986 to unify the NWA National Heavyweight Championship into the U.S. title . 35 Lex Luger 000000001987 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1987 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 Greensboro , NC House show This was a steel cage match . 36 Dusty Rhodes 000000001987 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1987 7002141000000000000 ♠ 141 Chicago , IL Starrcade This was a steel cage match . -- Vacated -- 000000001988 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1988 -- -- -- Dusty Rhodes was stripped of the title for attacking NWA President Jim Crockett . 37 Barry Windham 000000001988 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 1988 7002283000000000000 ♠ 283 Houston , TX House show Defeated Nikita Koloff in a tournament final for the vacant title .",
"9": "World Championship Wrestling 38 Lex Luger 000000001989 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1989 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Chicago , IL Chi - Town Rumble 39 Michael Hayes 000000001989 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1989 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Nashville , TN WrestleWar 40 Lex Luger 000000001989 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1989 7002523000000000000 ♠ 523 Bluefield , WV House show 41 Stan Hansen 000000001990 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 1990 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Chicago , IL Halloween Havoc 42 Lex Luger 000000001990 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1990 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 St. Louis , MO Starrcade This was a Texas Bullrope match . During Luger 's reign in 1991 , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) split from the NWA and the title was renamed as the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship . -- Vacated -- 000000001991 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1991 -- Baltimore , MD The Great American Bash Vacated when Lex Luger won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship . 43 Sting 000000001991 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 1991 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 Atlanta , GA House show Defeated Steve Austin in a tournament final for the vacant title .",
"10": "44 Rick Rude 000000001991 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1991 7002378000000000000 ♠ 378 Savannah , GA Clash of the Champions XVII -- Vacated -- 000000001992 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1992 -- -- -- Vacated due to Rick Rude suffering an injury . 45 Dustin Rhodes 000000001993 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1993 7002110000000000000 ♠ 110 Atlanta , GA Saturday Night Defeated Ricky Steamboat in a match that was originally made to determine the No. 1 contender , but upon Rick Rude 's vacation of the title , it was instead made to decide the new champion . Aired on tape delay on January 16 , 1993 . -- Vacated -- 000000001993 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1993 -- -- WorldWide Vacated following a title defense against Rick Rude that ended in a double pinfall . Aired on tape delay on May 15 , 1993 . 46 Dustin Rhodes 000000001993 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1993 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 Atlanta , GA Saturday Night Defeated Rick Rude in a rematch for the vacant title . Aired on tape delay on September 11 , 1993 . 47 Steve Austin 000000001993 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1993 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 Charlotte , NC Starrcade ' 93 : 10th Anniversary This was a two out of three falls match .",
"11": "48 Ricky Steamboat 000000001994 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1994 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Cedar Rapids , IA Clash of the Champions XXVIII 49 Steve Austin 000000001994 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1994 < 1 Roanoke , VA Fall Brawl 1994 : War Games Awarded the title due to Ricky Steamboat being injured . 50 Jim Duggan 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 51 Vader 000000001994 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1994 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 Nashville , TN Starrcade -- Vacated -- 000000001995 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1995 -- Atlanta , GA Saturday Night Vader was stripped of the title by WCW commissioner Nick Bockwinkel for hospitalizing Dave Sullivan one week prior . 52 Sting 000000001995 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 1995 7002148000000000000 ♠ 148 Dayton , OH The Great American Bash Defeated Meng in a tournament final for the vacant title . 53 Kensuke Sasaki 000000001995 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 1995 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Tokyo , Japan WCW World in Japan Won the title at a New Japan Pro-Wrestling event . 54 One Man Gang 000000001995 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1995 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Nashville , TN Starrcade : World Cup of Wrestling Won in a post-PPV dark match . Although the match was restarted and Kensuke Sasaki subsequently retained the title , it was never acknowledged by WCW , nor is it acknowledged by WWE .",
"12": "55 Konnan 000000001996 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1996 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 Canton , OH Main Event 56 Ric Flair 5 000000001996 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1996 7002141000000000000 ♠ 141 Daytona Beach , FL Bash at the Beach -- Vacated -- 000000001996 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1996 -- -- -- Vacated due to Ric Flair suffering a shoulder injury . 57 Eddie Guerrero 000000001996 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1996 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Nashville , TN Starrcade Defeated Diamond Dallas Page in a tournament final for the vacant title . 58 Dean Malenko 000000001997 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1997 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 North Charleston , SC Uncensored 59 Jeff Jarrett 000000001997 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1997 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 Boston , MA Monday Nitro 60 Steve McMichael 000000001997 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1997 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Nashville , TN Clash of the Champions XXXV 61 Curt Hennig 000000001997 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1997 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 Charlotte , NC Monday Nitro 62 Diamond Dallas Page 000000001997 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1997 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 Washington , D.C.",
"13": "Starrcade 63 Raven 000000001998 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1998 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Denver , CO Spring Stampede This was a `` Raven 's Rules '' match . 64 Goldberg 000000001998 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1998 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Colorado Springs , CO Monday Nitro This was a `` Raven 's Rules '' match . WWE.com mistakenly lists Goldberg 's reign as lasting 91 days , ending on July 20 , 1998 . -- Vacated -- 000000001998 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 1998 -- Atlanta , GA Monday Nitro Vacated when Goldberg won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship . 65 Bret Hart 000000001998 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1998 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Salt Lake City , UT Monday Nitro Defeated Diamond Dallas Page for the vacant title . 66 Lex Luger 5 000000001998 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1998 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Rapid City , SD Monday Nitro WWE recognizes Luger 's reign as lasting 3 days , ending on August 13 , 1998 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 67 Bret Hart 000000001998 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1998 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Fargo , ND Thunder WWE recognizes Hart 's reign as lasting 74 days , beginning on August 13 , 1998 , when the episode aired on tape delay .",
"14": "68 Diamond Dallas Page 000000001998 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 1998 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Phoenix , AZ Monday Nitro 69 Bret Hart 000000001998 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 1998 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Chattanooga , TN Monday Nitro This was a no disqualification match . 70 Roddy Piper 000000001999 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1999 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Buffalo , NY Monday Nitro 71 Scott Hall 000000001999 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1999 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Oakland , CA SuperBrawl IX -- Vacated -- 000000001999 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1999 -- Lexington , KY Thunder Scott Hall was stripped of the title by WCW President Ric Flair . 72 Scott Steiner 000000001999 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1999 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 Tacoma , WA Spring Stampede Defeated Booker T in a tournament final for the vacant title . -- Vacated -- 000000001999 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1999 -- Atlanta , GA Monday Nitro Scott Steiner was stripped of the title by WCW President Ric Flair . 73 David Flair 000000001999 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1999 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Atlanta , GA Monday Nitro Awarded the title by his father and WCW President Ric Flair .",
"15": "74 Chris Benoit 000000001999 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1999 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Boise , ID Monday Nitro 75 Sid Vicious 000000001999 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 1999 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Winston - Salem , NC Fall Brawl 76 Goldberg 000000001999 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1999 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Paradise , NV Halloween Havoc Won the title when Sid Vicious suffered excessive bleeding and the referee stopped the match . 77 Bret Hart 000000001999 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 1999 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Phoenix , AZ Monday Nitro 78 Scott Hall 000000001999 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1999 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Indianapolis , IN Monday Nitro This was a four - way ladder match , also involving Sid Vicious and Goldberg . 79 Chris Benoit 000000001999 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1999 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Washington , D.C. Starrcade Awarded the title when Scott Hall suffered a knee injury during the match . 80 Jeff Jarrett 000000001999 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1999 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Baltimore , MD Monday Nitro This was a ladder match . -- Vacated -- 000000002000 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2000 -- Cincinnati , OH Souled Out Vacated due to Jeff Jarrett suffering an injury .",
"16": "81 Jeff Jarrett 000000002000 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 2000 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Columbus , OH Monday Nitro Awarded by WCW Commissioner Kevin Nash . -- Vacated -- 000000002000 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2000 -- Denver , CO Monday Nitro All WCW titles were declared vacant by Vince Russo and Eric Bischoff after WCW was rebooted . 82 Scott Steiner 000000002000 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2000 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Chicago , IL Spring Stampede Defeated Sting in a tournament final for the vacant title . -- Vacated -- 000000002000 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2000 -- Daytona Beach , FL Bash at the Beach Scott Steiner was stripped of the title when he used the banned Steiner Recliner submission hold on Mike Awesome . 83 Lance Storm 000000002000 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2000 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Auburn Hills , MI Monday Nitro Defeated Mike Awesome in a tournament final for the vacant title . Storm unofficially renamed the title the WCW Canadian Heavyweight Championship . 84 Terry Funk 000000002000 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2000 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Amarillo , TX House show Title change was not recognized by WCW , but is recognized by WWE . 85 Lance Storm 000000002000 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2000 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Lubbock , TX House show Title change was not recognized by WCW , but is recognized by WWE . 86 Gen.",
"17": "Rection 000000002000 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2000 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Paradise , NV Halloween Havoc Defeated Lance Storm and Jim Duggan in a handicap match . 87 Lance Storm 000000002000 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2000 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 London , England Monday Nitro 88 Gen. Rection 000000002000 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2000 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Milwaukee , WI Mayhem 89 Shane Douglas 000000002001 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2001 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Indianapolis , IN Sin This was a First Blood Chain match . 90 Rick Steiner 000000002001 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2001 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Tupelo , MS Monday Nitro 91 Booker T 000000002001 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2001 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 Jacksonville , FL Greed Title and other selected assets of WCW were purchased by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . Title was subsequently referred to as the WCW United States Championship and was defended on WWF programming . World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment 92 Chris Kanyon 000000002001 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 2001 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Pittsburgh , PA SmackDown ! Given the title by Booker T as he was also the WCW Champion . WWE recognizes Kanyon 's reign as lasting 46 days , beginning on July 26 , 2001 , when the episode aired on tape delay .",
"18": "93 Tajiri 000000002001 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 2001 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 San Antonio , TX Raw is War 94 Rhyno 000000002001 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2001 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Pittsburgh , PA Unforgiven 95 Kurt Angle 000000002001 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2001 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Kansas City , MO Raw 96 Edge 000000002001 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2001 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Boston , MA Raw -- Unified -- 000000002001 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2001 -- Greensboro , NC Survivor Series Edge defeated WWF Intercontinental Champion Test to unify the two titles . Edge became the Intercontinental Champion while the United States title was deactivated . In May 2002 , the WWF became the WWE . 97 Eddie Guerrero 000000002003 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2003 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Denver , CO Vengeance Title was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship as an exclusive title of the SmackDown brand . Guerrero defeated Chris Benoit in a tournament final for the revived title . 98 Big Show 000000002003 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2003 7002147000000000000 ♠ 147 Baltimore , MD No Mercy 99 John Cena 000000002004 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2004 7002114000000000000 ♠ 114 New York , NY WrestleMania XX WWE mistakenly lists Cena 's reign as lasting 137 days , ending on July 29 , 2004 .",
"19": "The match description for Booker T 's title win states that Cena was stripped of the title `` a few weeks prior '' to the July 29 , 2004 tape delay episode of SmackDown ! -- Vacated -- 000000002004 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2004 -- Winnipeg , MB SmackDown ! John Cena was stripped of the title after attacking SmackDown ! General Manager Kurt Angle . Aired on tape delay on July 8 , 2004 . 100 Booker T 000000002004 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2004 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 Cincinnati , OH SmackDown ! This was an eight - way elimination match , also involving John Cena , René Duprée , Kenzo Suzuki , Rob Van Dam , Billy Gunn , Charlie Haas , and Luther Reigns . WWE recognizes Booker T 's reign as lasting 66 days , beginning on July 29 , 2004 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 101 John Cena 000000002004 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2004 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 East Rutherford , NJ No Mercy This was the fifth match of a Best of Five series . WWE recognizes Cena 's reign as lasting 4 days , ending on October 7 , 2004 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 102 Carlito Caribbean Cool 000000002004 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2004 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Boston , MA SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Carlito 's reign as beginning on October 7 , 2004 and ending on November 18 , 2004 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 103 John Cena 000000002004 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2004 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 Dayton , OH SmackDown !",
"20": "WWE recognizes Cena 's reign as beginning on November 18 , 2004 and ending on March 3 , 2005 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 104 Orlando Jordan 000000002005 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2005 7002173000000000000 ♠ 173 Albany , NY SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Jordan 's reign as lasting 171 days , beginning on March 3 , 2005 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 105 Chris Benoit 000000002005 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2005 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Washington , D.C. SummerSlam WWE recognizes Benoit 's reign as lasting 61 days , ending on October 21 , 2005 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 106 Booker T 000000002005 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2005 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Reno , NV SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Booker T 's reign as beginning on October 21 , 2005 and ending on November 25 , 2005 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . -- Vacated -- 000000002005 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2005 -- Sheffield , England SmackDown ! Vacated when Booker T 's title defense against Chris Benoit ended in a double pinfall . Aired on tape delay on November 25 , 2005 . 107 Booker T 000000002006 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2006 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Philadelphia , PA SmackDown ! Booker T faced Chris Benoit in a Best of Seven series , winning the first three matches ; Randy Orton substituted for Booker T after that due to injury , losing the next three matches , but winning the final for the vacant title .",
"21": "WWE recognizes Booker T 's reign as lasting 37 days , beginning on January 13 , 2006 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 108 Chris Benoit 000000002006 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2006 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Baltimore , MD No Way Out 109 John Bradshaw Layfield 000000002006 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2006 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Rosemont , IL WrestleMania 22 WWE recognizes JBL 's reign as lasting 54 days , ending on May 26 , 2006 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 110 Bobby Lashley 000000002006 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2006 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Bakersfield , CA SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Lashley 's reign as beginning on May 26 , 2006 and ending on July 14 , 2006 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 111 Finlay 000000002006 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2006 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Minneapolis , MN SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Finlay 's reign as beginning on July 14 , 2006 and ending on September 1 , 2006 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay . 112 Mr. Kennedy 000000002006 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2006 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Reading , PA SmackDown ! This was a triple threat match , also involving Bobby Lashley . WWE recognizes Kennedy 's reign as beginning on September 1 , 2006 and ending on October 13 , 2006 , both episodes of which aired on tape delay .",
"22": "113 Chris Benoit 5 000000002006 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2006 7002222000000000000 ♠ 222 Jacksonville , FL SmackDown ! WWE recognizes Benoit 's reign as lasting 219 days , beginning on October 13 , 2006 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 114 Montel Vontavious Porter 000000002007 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2007 7002343000000000000 ♠ 343 St. Louis , MO Judgment Day This was a two out of three falls match . 115 Matt Hardy 000000002008 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2008 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Baltimore , MD Backlash The title became exclusive to the ECW brand following the 2008 WWE draft . 116 Shelton Benjamin 000000002008 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 2008 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 Uniondale , NY The Great American Bash The title was returned to SmackDown due to Benjamin 's status as a SmackDown wrestler . WWE recognizes Benjamin 's reign as lasting 243 days , ending on March 20 , 2009 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 117 Montel Vontavious Porter 000000002009 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2009 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Corpus Christi , TX SmackDown The title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2009 WWE draft . WWE recognizes Porter 's reign as lasting 73 days , beginning on March 20 , 2009 , when the episode aired on tape delay .",
"23": "118 Kofi Kingston 000000002009 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2009 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 Birmingham , AL Raw 119 The Miz 000000002009 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2009 7002224000000000000 ♠ 224 Wilkes - Barre , PA Raw 120 Bret Hart 5 000000002010 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2010 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Toronto , ON Raw This was a no disqualification , no countout match . -- Vacated -- 000000002010 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2010 -- Toledo , OH Raw Vacated when Bret Hart became the Raw General Manager . 121 R - Truth 000000002010 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2010 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Toledo , OH Raw Defeated The Miz to win the vacant title . 122 The Miz 000000002010 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2010 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 Charlotte , NC Raw This was a fatal four - way match , also involving John Morrison and Zack Ryder . 123 Daniel Bryan 000000002010 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 2010 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 Rosemont , IL Night of Champions WWE recognizes Bryan 's reign as lasting 177 days . 124 Sheamus 000000002011 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2011 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 St. Louis , MO Raw If Sheamus lost , he would have quit the WWE . Title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2011 WWE draft .",
"24": "125 Kofi Kingston 000000002011 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2011 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Tampa , FL Extreme Rules This was a tables match . The title became exclusive to Raw due to Kingston 's status as a Raw wrestler . 126 Dolph Ziggler 000000002011 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 2011 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 Washington , D.C. Capitol Punishment On August 29 , 2011 , the brand extension ended , allowing the United States Champion to appear on both Raw and SmackDown . 127 Zack Ryder 000000002011 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2011 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Baltimore , MD TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs 128 Jack Swagger 000000002012 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2012 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Anaheim , CA Raw WWE recognizes Swagger 's reign as lasting 50 days . 129 Santino Marella 000000002012 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2012 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 Boston , MA Raw 130 Antonio Cesaro 000000002012 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2012 7002239000000000000 ♠ 239 Los Angeles , CA SummerSlam Match aired live on YouTube and WWE.com as part of the SummerSlam pre-show . WWE recognizes Cesaro 's reign as lasting 240 days .",
"25": "131 Kofi Kingston 000000002013 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2013 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Greenville , SC Raw 132 Dean Ambrose 000000002013 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2013 7002351000000000000 ♠ 351 St. Louis , MO Extreme Rules 133 Sheamus 000000002014 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2014 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 Albany , NY Raw This was a 20 - man battle royal . Sheamus lastly eliminated Dean Ambrose to win the match and the title . WWE recognizes Sheamus ' reign as lasting 183 days . 134 Rusev 000000002014 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2014 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 Buffalo , NY Raw Backstage Pass 135 John Cena 000000002015 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2015 7002147000000000000 ♠ 147 Santa Clara , CA WrestleMania 31 136 Seth Rollins 000000002015 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2015 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Brooklyn , NY SummerSlam This was a Winner Takes All match , in which Rollins also defended the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . WWE recognizes Rollins ' reign as lasting 29 days . 137 John Cena 5 000000002015 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2015 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Houston , TX Night of Champions 138 Alberto Del Rio 000000002015 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2015 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 Los Angeles , CA Hell in a Cell This was an open challenge .",
"26": "WWE recognizes Del Rio 's reign as lasting 79 days . 139 Kalisto 000000002016 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2016 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 New Orleans , LA Raw WWE recognizes Kalisto 's reign as lasting 3 days , ending on January 14 , 2016 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 140 Alberto Del Rio 000000002016 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2016 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Lafayette , LA SmackDown WWE recognizes Del Rio 's reign as lasting 10 days , beginning on January 14 , 2016 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 141 Kalisto 000000002016 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2016 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 Orlando , FL Royal Rumble 142 Rusev 000000002016 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2016 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 Newark , NJ Extreme Rules The brand extension returned and the title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2016 WWE draft . WWE recognizes Rusev 's reign as lasting 127 days . 143 Roman Reigns 000000002016 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2016 7002106000000000000 ♠ 106 Indianapolis , IN Clash of Champions WWE recognizes Reigns ' reign as lasting 107 days . 144 Chris Jericho 000000002017 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2017 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 New Orleans , LA Raw This was a 2 - on - 1 handicap match , also involving Kevin Owens , who teamed with Jericho . Jericho pinned Roman Reigns to win the title .",
"27": "145 Kevin Owens 000000002017 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2017 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Orlando , FL WrestleMania 33 The title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake - up . WWE recognizes Owens ' reign as lasting 29 days . 146 Chris Jericho 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2017 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 San Jose , CA Payback Since Jericho won , he was transferred to the SmackDown brand . WWE recognizes Jericho 's reign as lasting 3 days . 147 Kevin Owens 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 Fresno , CA SmackDown Live 148 AJ Styles 000000002017 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2017 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 New York , NY House show WWE recognizes Styles ' reign as lasting 17 days . 149 Kevin Owens 000000002017 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 2017 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Philadelphia , PA Battleground WWE recognizes Owens ' reign as lasting 3 days . 150 AJ Styles 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 Richmond , VA SmackDown Live This was a triple threat match also involving Chris Jericho . 151 Baron Corbin 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2017 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Detroit , MI Hell in a Cell This was a triple threat match also involving Tye Dillinger .",
"28": "152 Dolph Ziggler 000000002017 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2017 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Boston , MA Clash of Champions This was a triple threat match also involving Bobby Roode . -- Vacated -- 000000002017 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 2017 -- Rosemont , IL SmackDown Live SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan ruled that Dolph Ziggler vacated the title after he left it in the ring on the December 19 episode of SmackDown . 153 Bobby Roode 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Laredo , TX SmackDown Live Defeated Jinder Mahal in a tournament final to win the vacant title . 154 Randy Orton 000000002018 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2018 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Columbus , OH Fastlane 155 Jinder Mahal 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2018 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 New Orleans , LA WrestleMania 34 This was a Fatal 4 - Way match also involving Bobby Roode and Rusev . The title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2018 WWE Superstar Shake - up . 156 Jeff Hardy 000000002018 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2018 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 + Hartford , CT Raw The title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2018 WWE Superstar Shake - up .",
"29": "Combined Reigns ( edit ) Inaugural champion Harley Race Record six - time champion Ric Flair Lex Luger is the longest reigning champion in history , with a record of 523 days Dean Ambrose is the longest reigning champion under the WWE banner , with a record of 351 days As of April 26 , 2018 . † Indicates the current champion Rank Wrestler No. of reigns Combined days Combined days recognized by WWE Luger , Lex Lex Luger 5 948 950 Flair , Ric Ric Flair 6 773 709 Valentine , Greg Greg Valentine 512 392 Mulligan , Blackjack Blackjack Mulligan 509 500 5 Porter , Montel Vontavious Montel Vontavious Porter 419 416 6 Cena , John John Cena 5 403 405 7 Rude , Rick Rick Rude 378 8 Benoit , Chris Chris Benoit 5 357 9 Ambrose , Dean Dean Ambrose 351 10 Koloff , Nikita Nikita Koloff 328 11 Miz ! The Miz 321 12 Sgt . Slaughter ! Sgt . Slaughter 305 13 Magnum T.A. ! Magnum T.A. 302 274 14 McDaniel , Wahoo Wahoo McDaniel 5 296 300 15 Windham , Barry Barry Windham 283 16 Rusev ! Rusev 272 273 17 Booker T ! Booker T 271 266 18 Steamboat , Ricky Ricky Steamboat 265 267 19 Austin , Steve Steve Austin 240 Benjamin , Shelton Shelton Benjamin 240 243 21 Cesaro , Antonio Antonio Cesaro 239 240 22 Sting ! Sting 234 23 Snuka , Jimmy Jimmy Snuka 231 233 24 Sheamus !",
"30": "Sheamus 230 231 25 Rhodes , Dustin Dustin Rhodes 229 26 Piper , Roddy Roddy Piper 220 222 27 Kingston , Kofi Kofi Kingston 209 28 Ziggler , Dolph Dolph Ziggler 191 29 Hart , Bret Bret Hart 5 188 186 30 Jarrett , Jeff Jeff Jarrett 184 31 Race , Harley Harley Race 183 184 32 Bryan , Daniel Daniel Bryan 176 177 33 Jordan , Orlando Orlando Jordan 173 171 34 Steiner , Scott Scott Steiner 169 35 Marella , Santino Santino Marella 167 36 Guerrero , Eddie Eddie Guerrero 161 37 Konnan ! Konnan 160 38 Jones , Paul Paul Jones 156 150 39 Page , Diamond Dallas Diamond Dallas Page 147 Big Show ! Big Show 147 41 Rhodes , Dusty Dusty Rhodes 141 42 Blanchard , Tully Tully Blanchard 130 43 Slater , Dick Dick Slater 129 44 Kalisto ! Kalisto 120 122 45 Storm , Lance Lance Storm 115 46 Reigns , Roman Roman Reigns 106 107 47 Hennig , Curt Curt Hennig 104 48 Duggan , Jim Jim Duggan 100 49 Owens , Kevin Kevin Owens 96 98 50 Valentine , Johnny Johnny Valentine 93 51 AJ Styles ! AJ Styles 91 92 52 Del Rio , Alberto Alberto Del Rio 90 89 53 Vader , Big Van Big Van Vader 88 54 Jericho , Chris Chris Jericho 85 86 Malenko , Dean Dean Malenko 85 56 Hardy , Matt Matt Hardy 84 57 Goldberg !",
"31": "Goldberg 78 92 58 Corbin , Baron Baron Corbin 70 59 Hall , Scott Scott Hall 66 60 Rection ! Gen. Rection 64 61 Roode , Bobby Bobby Roode 54 62 Layfield , John Bradshaw John Bradshaw Layfield 51 54 63 Hansen , Stan Stan Hansen 50 64 Lashley , Bobby Bobby Lashley 49 Finlay ! Finlay 49 Swagger , Jack Jack Swagger 49 50 67 Kanyon ! Chris Kanyon 48 46 68 Sasaki , Kensuke Kensuke Sasaki 44 69 Carlito ! Carlito Caribbean Cool 42 Kennedy , Mr.Mr . Kennedy 42 Sid Vicious ! Sid Vicious 42 72 Steiner , Rick Rick Steiner 41 73 Flair , David David Flair 35 74 One Man Gang ! One Man Gang 33 75 Rhyno ! Rhyno 29 Ryder , Zack Zack Ryder 29 77 Orton , Randy Randy Orton 28 Rollins , Seth Seth Rollins 28 29 79 McMichael , Steve Steve McMichael 25 80 Bobo Brazil ! Bobo Brazil 22 Douglas , Shane Shane Douglas 22 82 Angle , Kurt Kurt Angle 21 Wrestling , Mr.Mr . Wrestling 21 22 R - Truth ! R - Truth 21 85 Funk , Terry Terry Funk 19 20 86 Hayes , Michael Michael Hayes 15 87 Tajiri ! Tajiri 13 88 Jeff Hardy † 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 + 89 Jinder Mahal 8 90 Edge ! Edge 6 91 Raven !",
"32": "Raven Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ric Flair 's fifth reign is not recognized by WWE , but a WWE.com article recognized him as a 6 - time champion . Jump up ^ WWE recognizes Greg Valentine as a 2 - time champion . His first reign is not recognized by WWE . Jump up ^ WWE recognizes Blackjack Mulligan as a 3 - time champion . His second reign is not recognized by WWE . Jump up ^ WWE recognizes Paul Jones as a 2 - time champion . His third reign is not recognized by WWE . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WWE Entertainment , Inc . Acquires WCW from Turner Broadcasting '' . WWE. 2001 - 03 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Father / Son Champions '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ambrose 's record U.S. Title reign '' . WWE . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` NWA / WCW United States Heavyweight Championship history '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE United States Championship history '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE United States Championship official history '' . WWE . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Sempervive , Mike ( 2003 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Bring The Pain : Detailed history of U.S. Heavyweight Title '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The plane crash that changed wrestling '' . Slam ! Wrestling . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoops , Brian ( July 29 , 2015 ) .",
"33": "`` On this day in pro wrestling history ( July 29 ) : Ric Flair vs. Bobo Brazil , Nick Bockwinkel vs. Mil Mascaras '' . Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WCW / WWE U.S. Heavyweight Title '' . Pro Wrestling Illustrated . 29 ( 5 ) : 93 -- 94 . 2008 . ISSN 1043 - 7576 . Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Ric Flair and David Flair -- United States Championship '' . WWE . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . The Dirtiest Player in the Game also had six stints with the United States Title , which is enough to build a legacy on in and of itself ^ Jump up to : `` Sgt . Slaughter 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Sgt . Slaughter 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ PWI 2002 Wrestling Almanac and Book of Facts . Ambler , PA : London Publishing . 2002 . p. 120 . ISSN 1043 - 7576 . Greg Valentine was awarded the title when the match was halted due to a bloody gash over Roddy Piper 's left ear that rendered him unable to continue . Jump up ^ `` Magnum T.A. 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tully Blanchard 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magnum T.A. 's second reign '' . WWE .",
"34": "Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Starrcade 1985 results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Magnum TA beat Tully Blanchard ( 16 : 00 ) in a `` steel cage I quit '' match to win the NWA U.S. Title . Jump up ^ 2002 Wrestling Almanac and Book of Facts . Ambler , PA : London Publishing . 2002 . p. 120 . ISSN 1043 - 7576 . This match was the final bout in a best - of - seven series to fill the vacancy created in May 1986 when Magnum T.A. was stripped of the title for attacking NWA president Bob Geigel . ^ Jump up to : `` Nikita Koloff 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NWA National Heavyweight Championship history '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Great American Bash 87 results '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 29 . Lex Luger ( w / JJ Dillon ) defeated NWA U.S. Champion Nikita Koloff in a steel cage match via knockout with the Torture Rack after hitting him in the back with a steel chair thrown in the ring by Dillon while referee Earl Hebner was knocked out . Jump up ^ `` Lex Luger 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Starrcade 1987 results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Dusty Rhodes pinned Lex Luger ( 16 : 23 ) in a `` steel cage '' match to win the NWA US Title . Jump up ^ `` Dusty Rhodes ' first reign '' . WWE .",
"35": "Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Windham 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hoops , Brian ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` On this day in pro wrestling history ( May 13 ) : Rick Martel wins AWA gold , Kurt Angle wins TNA title , Nash & Hall beat one man to win tag titles '' . Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lex Luger 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Hayes ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ F4W Staff ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` On this day in pro wrestling history ( May 7 ) : Jeff Jarrett ends David Arquette 's WCW title reign , Nick Bockwinkel Vs. Ray Stevens '' . Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Hansen 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lex Luger 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Sting 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rick Rude 's first reign '' . WWE .",
"36": "Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dustin Rhodes ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dustin Rhodes ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Starrcade 1993 results '' . Wrestling Supercards and Tournaments . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Steve Austin beat Dustin Rhodes ( 15 : 00 ) in two straight falls to win the WCW US Title . Jump up ^ `` Steve Austin 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Steamboat 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Austin 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Duggan 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Vader 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Sting 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NJPW : WCW World in Japan results '' . Strong Style Spirit .",
"37": "Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . New Japan vs. WCW -- WCW U.S. Heavyweight Title : Kensuke Sasaki beat Sting ( c ) ( 12 : 47 ) with a Northern Light bomb to become the 57th champion . Jump up ^ `` One Man Gang 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Konnan 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ric Flair 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Guerrero 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dean Malenko 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Steve McMichael 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Hennig 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Dallas Page 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Raven 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 .",
"38": "Jump up ^ `` Goldberg 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hoops , Brian ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` On this day in pro wrestling history : Brisco beats Race for NWA title , Gagne beats Crusher for AWA title , Robinson vs. Gagen '' . Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lex Luger 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Dallas Page 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Roddy Piper 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Hall 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Steiner 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 .",
"39": "Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Flair 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sid Vicious ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Goldberg 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bret Hart 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Hall 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeff Jarrett 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Jarrett 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Steiner 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2000 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Stampede : Spring back in WCW 's step '' . Slam ! Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2000 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Booker new champ at the Bash '' . Slam !",
"40": "Wrestling . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Storm 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Funk 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Storm 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gen. Rection 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Storm 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gen. Rection 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Douglas ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Steiner 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Kanyon 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 25 .",
"41": "Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tajiri 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rhyno 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Angle 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edge 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Guerrero 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Big Show 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Booker T 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Carlito 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 .",
"42": "Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Oxqf6gmQqw Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Jordan 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` WWE SummerSlam 2005 results '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Booker T 's third reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` WWE No Way Out 2006 results '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` JBL 's first reign '' . WWE.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Lashley 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Finlay 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Kennedy 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 26 .",
"43": "Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Smackdown Results -- 9 / 1 / 06 -- Reading , PA -- ( NEW U.S. Champion ... ) '' . Wrestle View . 2006 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Friday Night SmackDown ! results , 2006 '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Andy . `` Smackdown : Batista is # 1 '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MVP 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Caldwell 's Judgment Day Report 5 / 20 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV `` . PW Torch . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Hardy 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) . `` Keller 's WWE Backlash PPV Report 4 / 27 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV event `` . PW Torch . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Shelton Benjamin 's first reign '' . WWE. 2008 - 07 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( 2008 - 06 - 20 ) .",
"44": "`` Keller 's WWE Great American Bash PPV Report 7 / 20 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV `` . PW Torch . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MVP 's second reign '' . WWE. 2009 - 03 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike ( 2009 - 03 - 21 ) . `` Smackdown Results -- 3 / 20 / 09 '' . Wrestle View . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Kofi Kingston 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Golden , Hunter ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Raw Results -- 6 / 1 / 09 '' . Wrestle View . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Miz 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Golden , Hunter ( 2009 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Raw Results -- 10 / 5 / 09 '' . Wrestle View . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bret Hart 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Raw Results -- 5 / 17 / 10 '' . WrestleView.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 .",
"45": "^ Jump up to : Martin , Adam ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Raw Results -- 5 / 24 / 10 '' . WrestleView.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` R - Truth 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Miz 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( 2010 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Raw Results -- 6 / 14 / 10 '' . WrestleView.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Noble 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Sheamus ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Kofi Kingston 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Dolph Ziggler 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Zack Ryder 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Raw SuperShow results : Laurinaitis snaps ! '' .",
"46": "WWE . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Santino Marella ` s first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Antonio Cesaro 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Del Rio 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Ambrose 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sheamus ' second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Rusev 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's fourth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rollins ' first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 26 August 2015 . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena 's fifth reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Del Rio 's first reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalisto 's first reign '' . WWE .",
"47": "Archived from the original on 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Del Rio 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kalisto 's second reign '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` 5 / 22 WWE Extreme Rules PPV Results -- CALDWELL 'S Complete Live Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` 9 / 25 WWE C. of Champions Results -- CALDWELL 'S Complete Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE MONDAY NIGHT RAW REPORT 1 / 9 : Reigns vs. Owens & Jericho , Shawn Michaels , Foley 's Performance Review , Undertaker `` rumored '' to appear `` . pwtorch.com . TDH Communications Inc . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WrestleMania 33 live review : Undertaker vs. Roman Reigns , Goldberg vs. Brock Lesnar for the WWE Universal Championship , AJ Styles vs. Shane McMahon , Seth Rollins vs. Triple H in an unsanctioned match '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 4 / 30 Powell 's WWE Payback Live Review : Roman Reigns vs. Braun Strowman , Kevin Owens vs. Chris Jericho for the U.S. Championship , Samoa Joe vs. Seth Rollins , Randy Orton vs. Bray Wyatt in a House of Horrors match '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Jake .",
"48": "`` 5 / 2 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : Chris Jericho vs. Kevin Owens for the U.S. Championship , Charlotte and Naomi vs. Natalya and Carmella '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melok , Bobby . `` AJ Styles wins United States Championship from Kevin Owens at Madison Square Garden Live Event '' . WWE . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 7 / 23 Powell 's WWE Battleground Live Review : Jinder Mahal vs. Randy Orton in a Punjabi Prison match for the WWE Championship , AJ Styles vs. Kevin Owens for the U.S. Championship , John Cena vs. Rusev in a flag match '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 7 / 25 : Surprise return , Owens gloats and Styles wants rematch , Nakamura vs. Corbin '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Hell in a Cell 2017 live review : Kevin Owens vs. Shane McMahon in a Falls Count Anywhere HIAC match , New Day vs. The Usos in an HIAC match for the Smackdown Tag Titles , Jinder Mahal vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Clash of Champions 2017 live review : AJ Styles vs. Jinder Mahal for the WWE Championship , Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn put their WWE careers on the line vs. Randy Orton and Shinsuke Nakamura with Shane McMahon and Daniel Bryan as referees '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Jake . `` 12 / 26 Barnett 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : WWE Champion AJ Styles vs.",
"49": "Kevin Owens , the final edition of 2017 '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 1 / 16 : U.S. Title Tournament semi-finals with Xavier vs. Jinder , Roode vs. Mojo , Shane - Bryan drama continues '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` WWE Fastlane 2018 live review : AJ Styles vs. Kevin Owens vs. Sami Zayn vs. Baron Corbin vs. Dolph Ziggler vs. John Cena in a six - way for the WWE Championship , The Usos vs. New Day for the Smackdown Tag Titles , Charlotte Flair vs. Ruby Riott for the Smackdown Women 's Championship '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WrestleMania 34 live review : AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship , Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE Universal Championship , Charlotte Flair vs. Asuka for the Smackdown Women 's Championship , Ronda Rousey and Kurt Angle vs. Triple H and Stephanie McMahon '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : The Superstar Shakeup Night One , Sasha Banks vs. Bayley , Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt vs. The Revival for a shot at the vacant Raw Tag Titles '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 .",
"50": "Professional wrestling portal External links ( edit ) Official WWE United States Championship Title History NWA / WCW United States Heavyweight Championship Title History at Wrestling-Titles.com ( 1975 -- 2001 ) WWE United States Championship Title History at Wrestling-Titles.com ( 2001 -- present ) Current championships in WWE Championships Raw Universal Intercontinental reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns Cruiserweight reigns SmackDown WWE reigns United States reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns NXT NXT reigns North American Women 's Tag Team reigns United Kingdom Accomplishments André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Triple Crown Grand Slam King of the Ring Money in the Bank Royal Rumble Slammy Award WWE tournaments Former championships World Championship Wrestling championships World World Heavyweight ( reigns ) ( 1991 -- 2001 ) International World Heavyweight ( reigns ) ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Secondary United States ( reigns ) ( 1991 -- 2001 ) World Television ( reigns ) ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Tag Team World Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 1991 -- 2001 ) World Six - Man Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 1991 ) United States Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Cruiserweight Tag Team ( reigns ) ( 2001 ) Divisional Light Heavyweight ( reigns ) ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Cruiserweight ( reigns ) ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Hardcore ( reigns ) ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Women 's ( reigns ) ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Women 's Cruiserweight ( reigns ) ( 1997 ) Other Triple Crown WWE United States Champions MACW / JCP ( 1975 -- 1988 ) Harley Race Johnny Valentine Terry Funk Paul Jones Blackjack Mulligan Bobo Brazil Ric Flair Ricky Steamboat Mr.",
"51": "Wrestling Jimmy Snuka Roddy Piper Wahoo McDaniel Sgt . Slaughter Greg Valentine Dick Slater Magnum T.A. Tully Blanchard Nikita Koloff Lex Luger Dusty Rhodes Barry Windham WCW ( 1988 -- 2001 ) Michael Hayes Stan Hansen Sting Rick Rude Dustin Rhodes Steve Austin Jim Duggan Big Van Vader Kensuke Sasaki One Man Gang Konnan Eddy Guerrero Dean Malenko Jeff Jarrett Steve McMichael Curt Hennig Diamond Dallas Page Raven Goldberg Bret Hart Scott Hall Scott Steiner David Flair Chris Benoit Sid Vicious Lance Storm Gen. Rection Shane Douglas Rick Steiner Booker T WWF / E ( 2001 , 2003 -- present ) Kanyon Tajiri Rhyno Kurt Angle Edge Eddie Guerrero Big Show John Cena Carlito Caribbean Cool Orlando Jordan Chris Benoit John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield Bobby Lashley Finlay Mr. Kennedy Montel Vontavious Porter Matt Hardy Shelton Benjamin Kofi Kingston The Miz Bret Hart R - Truth Daniel Bryan Sheamus Dolph Ziggler Zack Ryder Jack Swagger Santino Marella Antonio Cesaro Dean Ambrose Rusev Seth Rollins Alberto Del Rio Kalisto Roman Reigns Chris Jericho Kevin Owens AJ Styles Baron Corbin Bobby Roode Randy Orton Jinder Mahal Jeff Hardy ( current ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_WWE_United_States_Champions&oldid=838293115 '' Categories : National Wrestling Alliance championships Jim Crockett Promotions championships World Championship Wrestling championships WWE championships Professional wrestling champion lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 03 : 21 .",
"52": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
9,
31,
4,
30,
13,
29,
12,
34,
16,
11,
14,
15,
35,
2,
0,
17,
32,
5,
8,
39,
33,
51,
47,
3,
6,
37,
7,
40,
49,
23,
24,
22,
10,
50,
36,
1,
45,
42,
38,
28,
46,
18,
48,
27,
41,
20,
25,
26,
19,
21,
44,
43,
52
] |
[
9,
31,
4,
30,
13
] |
1823053967207989806
|
who played harley in harley davidson and the marlboro man
|
[
"Mickey Rourke",
"Mickey Rourke",
"Mickey Rourke",
"Mickey Rourke",
"Mickey Rourke"
] |
{
"0": "Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man - Wikipedia Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man Jump to : navigation , search Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man Theatrical release poster Directed by Simon Wincer Produced by Jere Henshaw Written by Don Michael Paul Starring Mickey Rourke Don Johnson Chelsea Field Tom Sizemore Giancarlo Esposito Vanessa Williams Music by Basil Poledouris Cinematography David Eggby Edited by Corky Ehlers Distributed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Release date August 23 , 1991 ( 1991 - 08 - 23 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $23 million Box office $7,434,726 ( United States ) Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man is a 1991 action biker film starring Mickey Rourke and Don Johnson . The film was written by Don Michael Paul and directed by Simon Wincer . The film was a critical and financial failure , earning only $7 million at the domestic box office ( the budget was estimated at $23 million ) . It became a cult classic following its release to video . It promoted a `` male biker '' stereotype . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Reception 5 DVD 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This article needs an improved plot summary . ( October 2015 ) The film is set in Los Angeles in the then - future of 1996 . Harley Davidson ( Mickey Rourke ) , dressed in biker gear , with ultra-short dyed hair , hears from the radio about a dangerous new street drug named `` Crystal Dream '' . ( The significance of this street drug does not become clear until later . ) Harley goes into a rough bar and sees a cowboy - looking fellow ( Don Johnson wearing a beard , cowboy hat and boots ) . He has scammed a fellow in a pool game but has to use strong measures when the fellow refuses payment . Harley helps him in this . We learn that they are old friends ( later we learn the name he goes by is The Marlboro Man . )",
"1": "They visit a blues ( old jazz ? ) bar in Burbank , which they both hold special . They go into a back room and meet Jack Daniels , an extremely - heavily - muscled lad , who immediately goes to fight Harley due to an old feud over a woman . After a manly exchange of blows and body slams , Harley tells him that he knows that the woman loves Jack and they make friends . Soon it is revealed that the bar is about to be demolished as the lease will not be renewed . `` Suits '' at Great Trust bank plan to replace it with a skyscraper . Harley , Marlboro , Jack and two friends decide to rob a bank to raise the money to ensure the bar 's survival . A comely waitress hooks up with Harley . Marlboro borrows Harley 's Harley and baits a motorcycle cop , with interesting results . In a bit of psychological revelation , we learn that he is in an intermittent amorous relationship with a beautiful woman , who tells him that she is going to settle down with another man , as she is not getting enough loving from him . He is conflicted by the news but later tells Harley that he is not the kind of man who has a wife . Harley arrives and takes her out for breakfast . An armored car is going down a street and meets a detour sign . Marlboro jumps on its back door and climbs to its roof ( a visual parallel of train robbers crawling on the roofs of boxcars in old western movies ) . The contents of the armored car is heisted in a well - thought - out scheme , but the escape of Harley / Marlboro 's gang is almost foiled by the appearance of a squad of black - trenchcoat - wearing ( a la Matrix ) machinepistol - firing soldiers . Jack drives a fiery motorcycle into the fray and allows them to escape . But they discover the goods they have stolen are a large amount of `` Crystal Dream '' , not money . Chance Wilder ( Tom Sizemore ) , president of the Great Trust branch , is obviously involved in drug dealing . Harley and Marlboro go to the bank .",
"2": "Showing considerable balls , Harley negotiates an exchange - the drugs for $2.5 M. The exchange goes down smoothly in a visually - fascinating airplane graveyard , but then the bank 's squad of soldiers finds them celebrating at the bar and it is not pretty , although Harley and Marlboro manage to escape with the money . In a running battle , Harley and Marlboro alternately flee and face off with steadily - declining elements of the squad until a final showdown in the penthouse suite of the Great Trust bank . The closing scene : Marlboro has gone back to rodeo bull - riding and Harley on his bike takes to the road , stopping only temporarily to pick up a ravishing and shapely hitchhiker who tells him she is going `` no place special '' , a destination that Harley promises to take her . Much of the film was filmed in and around Tucson , Arizona and the `` Boneyard '' at Davis - Monthan Air Force Base . Cast ( edit ) Mickey Rourke as Harley Davidson Don Johnson as The Marlboro Man ( Robert Lee Anderson ) Chelsea Field as Virginia Slim Daniel Baldwin as Alexander Giancarlo Esposito as Jimmy Jiles Vanessa Williams as Lulu Daniels Tom Sizemore as Chance Wilder Tia Carrere as Kimiko Big John Studd as Jack Daniels Julius Harris as `` The Old Man '' Jiles Eloy Casados as Jose Cuervo Kelly Hu as Suzi Robert Ginty as Thom Branscombe Richmond as Big Indian Sean `` Hollywood '' Hamilton as himself ( Radio Personality ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man Soundtrack album by various artists Released 1991 Genre Rock , Hard rock Length 42 : 46 Label Mercury Records No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer Length 1 . `` Long Way from Home '' Loyd Neil Carswell Copperhead 7 : 15 2 . `` The Bigger They Come '' Frampton , Marriott , John Regan Peter Frampton , Steve Marriott 4 : 26 3 . `` Tower of Love '' ( from the album Roadhouse , 1991 ) Paul Jackson , Richard Day , Frank Noon Roadhouse 3 : 56 4 .",
"3": "`` I Mess Around '' ( from the album Shooting Gallery , 1991 ) Billy G. Bang , Andy McCoy Shooting Gallery 4 : 19 5 . `` Wild Obsession '' ( from the album Hollywood Vampires , 1991 ) Mick Cripps , Tracii Guns , Phil Lewis , Kelly Nickels , Steve Riley L.A. Guns 4 : 14 6 . `` C'mon '' ( from the album All for One , 1991 ) Dave Gleeson , Richard Lara The Screaming Jets 2 : 48 7 . `` Let 's Work Together '' Wilbert Harrison The Kentucky Headhunters 2 : 14 8 . `` Hardline '' Tom Kimmel , Dennis Morgan Waylon Jennings 4 : 09 9 . `` Ride with Me '' Dean Davidson Blackeyed Susan 5 : 10 10 . `` What Will I Tell My Heart ? '' ( from the album The Comfort Zone , 1991 ) Peter Tinturin , Irving Gordon , Jack Lawrence Vanessa Williams 4 : 15 Total length : 42 : 46 Other songs in the film , but not included on the soundtrack are `` Stop the World '' by The Screaming Jets , `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' by Bon Jovi , and `` Work to Do '' and `` The Better Part of Me '' by Vanessa Williams . An early scene around a pool table seems to have originally featured AC / DC 's `` Hells Bells , '' but has been replaced by a sound - alike . Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , reports that 22 % of 18 surveyed critics gave it a positive review ; the average rating was 3.6 / 10 . Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it `` a mindless cobbling from countless buddy movies '' . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly rated it C+ and called it `` a kinetic formula shoot - ' em - up '' that is `` engagingly junky entertainment with a healthy sense of its own ludicrousness . '' Variety called it `` a dopey , almost poignantly bad actioner about two legends - in - their - own - minds '' .",
"4": "Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote , `` Mr. Rourke and Mr. Johnson handle their roles with more ease and humor than can be accommodated by a movie so stuffed with mindless fistfights , gunfights , helicopter chases , explosions and leaps from tall buildings . '' Time Out London called it `` utter rubbish , and badly dressed at that . '' Kim Newman of Empire wrote , `` For a while , its crassness is amusing , but as the plot sets in , it gradually turns into a stultifying bore . '' Johnson and Rourke have spoken negatively of the film . Rourke cited the film as the beginning of his decline in mainstream Hollywood . Johnson , while promoting the film gave a tonge in cheek interview where he was quoted as saying `` If your a fan of mindless action . If you do n't have a single brain cell in your head , this is the film for you . '' DVD ( edit ) Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man was released to DVD by MGM Home Entertainment on February 23st , 2001 as a Region 1 widescreen DVD and to Blu - Ray disc by Shout Factory ( under license from MGM ) on May 19th , 2015 . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1991 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Rollin , Bernard E. ( 2006 ) . Harley - Davidson and Philosophy . Open Court . p. 174 . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9595 - X . Jump up ^ `` Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` MOVIE REVIEW : ' Harley Davidson , Marlboro ' ... Lively but Ludicrous '' . Los Angeles Times . 1991 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 1991 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man Review '' . Entertainment Weekly .",
"5": "Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 1991 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man ( 1991 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man '' . Time Out London . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Newman , Kim . `` Harley Davidson And The Marlboro Man '' . Empire . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man on IMDb Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man at AllMovie Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Simon Wincer Snapshot ( 1979 ) Harlequin ( 1980 ) Phar Lap ( 1983 ) D.A.R.Y.L.",
"6": "( 1985 ) The Lighthorsemen ( 1987 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Quigley Down Under ( 1990 ) Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man ( 1991 ) Free Willy ( 1993 ) Lightning Jack ( 1994 ) Operation Dumbo Drop ( 1995 ) The Phantom ( 1996 ) Flash ( 1997 ) The Echo of Thunder ( 1998 ) Crossfire Trail ( 2001 ) Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles ( 2001 ) Monte Walsh ( 2003 ) The Young Black Stallion ( 2003 ) The Cup ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harley_Davidson_and_the_Marlboro_Man&oldid=805234635 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s action films 1990s Western ( genre ) films American action films American films American buddy films Film scores by Basil Poledouris Films about drugs Films directed by Simon Wincer Films set in 1996 Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley Films shot in Nevada Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in California Films shot in Arizona Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Motorcycling films Neo-Western films American road movies 1990s road movies Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 23 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"7": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
4,
3,
0,
1,
2,
5,
7,
6
] |
[
0,
4,
3,
1,
2
] |
5067137362908844976
|
when did the eagles win last super bowl
|
[
"2017"
] |
{
"0": "Philadelphia Eagles - Wikipedia Philadelphia Eagles Jump to : navigation , search Philadelphia Eagles Current season Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Midnight green , Silver , Black , White Fight song Fly , Eagles Fly Mascot Swoop Personnel Owner ( s ) Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie Chairman Jeffrey Lurie CEO Jeffrey Lurie President Don Smolenski General manager Howie Roseman Head coach Doug Pederson Team history Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) Team nicknames The Birds Championships League championships ( 4 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII ) Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Eastern : 1960 NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017 Division championships ( 13 ) NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Playoff appearances ( 25 ) NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 ,",
"1": "2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Home fields Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present ) The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season .",
"2": "In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1931 -- 1960 1.2 1961 -- 1975 1.3 1976 -- 1984 1.4 1985 -- 1993 1.5 Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) 1.5. 1 Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) 1.5. 1.1 2004 Season and Super Bowl XXXIX 1.5. 1.2 2005 - 2012 1.5. 2 Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 1.5. 2.1 Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 1.5. 3 2016 1.5.",
"3": "3.1 2017 : First Super Bowl championship 2 Season records 3 Rivalries 3.1 New York Giants 3.2 Dallas Cowboys 3.3 Washington Redskins 3.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 4 Logo and uniforms 5 Training camp 6 Fight song 7 Fans 7.1 Devotion 7.2 Bad behavior 8 Eagles cheerleaders 9 Current roster 10 List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) 11 Awards and honors 11.1 Retired numbers 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 11.3 Eagles Hall of Fame 11.4 75th anniversary team 11.5 John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) 11.6 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame 11.7 Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame 12 Franchise records 12.1 Passing 12.2 Rushing 12.3 Receiving 12.4 Other 12.5 Returning 12.6 Defense 12.7 Exceptional performances 13 Coaches of note 13.1 Current staff 14 Radio and television 14.1 Eagles radio affiliates 15 Media and cultural reference 16 See also 17 Notes and references 18 Sources 19 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles 1931 -- 1960 `` Concrete Charlie '' Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $40,230 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy .",
"4": "Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams . In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 . To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 . The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from Bell , his longtime friend . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) . In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 .",
"5": "After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf . In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers in the playoffs . Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982 1961 -- 1975 The Eagles had a decent 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962 . Jerry Wolman , after consulting his longtime friend Brandon Sturrock , bought the franchise in 1963 from the `` Happy Hundred '' , a group of investors who owned the team from 1949 -- 1963 , for $5,505,000 ( equal to $44,004,098 today ) . In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the Eagles from Wolman for $16,155,000 ( equal to $107,807,505 today ) , then a record for a professional sports franchise . Tose 's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24 -- 41 -- 1 record during his five - year reign . He followed this by naming former Eagles receiving great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager and Jerry Williams as coach . The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance . With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with their archrivals the New York Giants , the Washington Redskins , and the Dallas Cowboys . Their heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 and is often named as one of the best rivalries in the NFL .",
"6": "1976 -- 1984 In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the Eagles , who had only one winning season from 1962 -- 1975 . Starting in 1978 , head coach Dick Vermeil and quarterback Ron Jaworski led the team to four consecutive playoff appearances . Vermeil 's 1980 team won their first NFC East title . They were matched up against their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship game , which they won 20 -- 7 . However , the Eagles lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . The following year , the Eagles were eliminated in the wildcard round at home against the New York Giants . In the aftermath of the disappointing and strike - shortened season of 1982 , head coach Dick Vermeil resigned , claiming that he was `` burned out '' . Vermeil was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell . In January 1983 , Tose announced that his daughter , Susan Fletcher , the Eagles ' vice president and legal counsel , would eventually succeed him as primary owner of the Eagles . Then in 1984 , rumors were circulating that Leonard Tose was thinking about moving the team to Phoenix , Arizona due to financial reasons . 1985 -- 1993 This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz , highly successful automobile dealers from Florida , for a reported $65 million ( equal to $147,899,134 today ) to pay off his more than $25 million ( equal to $56,884,282 today ) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos . Philadelphia football struggled through the Marion Campbell years of the mid-1980s and was marked by a malaise in fan participation . However , in the 1985 Supplemental draft , the Eagles acquired the rights to Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude rejuvenated team performance and ignited the fan base , but the Eagles failed to win a playoff game during Ryan 's tenure .",
"7": "Possibly the worst of these losses was the so - called Fog Bowl in 1988 against the Chicago Bears , which happened to be Ryan 's former team that he helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator . Ryan was fired on January 7 , 1991 , after an upset home playoff loss to the Redskins . Offensive coordinator Rich Kotite was promoted to head coach three days later . After All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident , the team and fanbase became dedicated to `` bring it home for Jerome '' in the 1992 season . Kotite did lead the Eagles to a playoff victory against the New Orleans Saints during the 1992 season , but they lost all - time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the offseason . Kotie 's contract was not renewed after a disappointing 1994 season in which the Eagles went 7 -- 9 , losing their last seven games after starting the season 7 -- 2 . From 1988 to 1996 , the Eagles qualified for the playoffs during six out of those nine seasons , but they won the NFC East only once , in 1988 . Among the team 's offensive stars during that period were quarterback Randall Cunningham , tight end Keith Jackson , and running back Herschel Walker . But the `` Gang Green '' defense is possibly what defined the team , led by Reggie White , Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Wes Hopkins , Mike Golic , Byron Evans , Eric Allen , Andre Waters and Mark McMillian . Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andy Reid speaks with Jeff Garcia in a game against the Redskins . Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6 , 1994 from then - owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million . The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team , worth $1.314 billion , as valuated in 2014 by Forbes .",
"8": "In Lurie 's first season as owner , the team only had 7 wins , but that was followed by a 10 win season in 1995 . Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth , 1996 was an eventful year . The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight green , quarterback Randall Cunningham left after 11 seasons , and future fan favorite 13 - year starter Brian Dawkins was drafted in the 2nd round . After slipping to 6 -- 9 -- 1 , and then to 3 -- 13 , head coach Ray Rhodes was fired after four seasons . Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Jeffrey Lurie has been owner since 1994 . In 1999 , the Eagles hired head coach Andy Reid and drafted quarterback Donovan McNabb . From 1999 until 2004 , the team continually improved , going from 5 -- 11 in 1999 , returning to the playoffs in with an 11 -- 5 record in 2000 , surpassing the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round before losing in the divisional . Moreover , the Eagles played in four straight NFC Championship Games between 2001 and 2004 . In 2001 , the Eagles stayed at 11 -- 5 , beating the Buccaneers and Bears to advance to the NFC championship , where they lost to the St. Louis Rams . In 2002 , the Eagles drafted running back Brian Westbrook , got the 1st round bye with the 2nd seed in the NFC with a 12 -- 4 record , but the Tampa Bay Buccaneers got their revenge in the Championship and eliminated the Eagles . In 2003 , they won the NFC first seed , but Westbrook went down in Week 17 , culminating in a loss to the Carolina Panthers in their 3rd straight NFC Championship . 2004 season and Super Bowl XXXIX In 2004 , the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960 , going 13 -- 1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2 , clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row . McNabb set career highs , completing 64 % of his passes for 3,875 yards , though he did n't play all 16 games .",
"9": "McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver , Terrell Owens , who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games . After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they dueled the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game , and the score was tied 14 -- 14 going into the fourth quarter , the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points . McNabb completed a 30 - yard touchdown pass , and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out , but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate . 2005 - 2012 Brian Dawkins was one of the premier safeties in the NFL , and earned him the role of Eagles ' defensive captain , and a mainstay on the Eagles . The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6 -- 10 record . McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb , starting 4 -- 2 but losing three in a row , before McNabb finally succumbs to injury and is out for the rest of the season . For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb , Owens was suspended after 7 games , eventually being cut . In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil , but Westbrook stepped up , and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under Coach Reid , with a 10 -- 6 record and a win in the wild card round , but they had an 8 -- 8 2007 season . In 2008 , the team won their 500th game , and they also drafted DeSean Jackson , a receiving threat when paired with McNabb . On January 11 , 2009 , the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23 -- 11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid .",
"10": "In the 2008 NFC Championship Game , the Eagles made a rally , going from 24 -- 6 at halftime to 25 -- 24 with three minutes left in the 4th , but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32 -- 25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown . As of the conclusion of the 2016 season , during the Lurie era , the Eagles are 1 -- 4 in conference championship games and 0 -- 1 in Super Bowls . On August 13 , 2009 , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . On December 6 , 2009 , Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade . The other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick , all Super Bowl winners . McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps , between first round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson 's 1,000 yard season , and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league . Without Brian Dawkins , defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks , earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All - Pro honors . In 2009 , the Eagles started 5 -- 4 , but moved up to 11 -- 4 , and could clinch the NFC 2nd seed if they won their next game . After a shutout at the hands of the Dallas Cowboys in week 17 , the Eagles missed the 1st round bye. but with a record of 11 -- 5 , but they were the NFC 6th seed and they narrowly made the playoffs . In the 2009 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles played against the Cowboys for the second consecutive week and lost 34 -- 14 . Despite many errors from many players , and a great season before the breakdown in Dallas , McNabb took the brunt of the blow and was heavily criticized . Coach Andy Reid said up until April 1 , 2010 , that McNabb would remain the starter . On March 5 , 2010 , Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team .",
"11": "On April 4 , 2010 , the team traded long - time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second round draft pick . Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers , Vick took over as the starter . Vick led the Eagles to its sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons . With a record of 10 -- 6 the Eagles clinched the 3rd seed and had to play a Wild Card Playoff Game . During the 2010 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles faced off against the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers and lost 21 -- 16 . The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment , as they only managed to finish 8 -- 8 and did not qualify for the playoffs , although they did win the last 4 games of the season . Because of several free agent acquisitions , Vince Young , a back up quarterback , stated that the Eagles were a Dream Team . The Philadelphia fan base and faithful never did concur with the comment as some national outlets may comment . Many Eagles fans believe that Vince Young saying that the Eagles were a ' Dream Team ' is the reason that the Eagles had such a horrible season . Eagles fans had high expectations going into the 2012 season . The Eagles started off winning three out of their four first games , but that changed when they lost the next eight games , and were eliminated from the playoff hunt . They only won one out of their last four games . After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30 , 2012 , longtime head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team . Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) On January 16 , 2013 , the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach after a 4 -- 12 season . The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly 's fast - paced spread offense . The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles .",
"12": "A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1 -- 3 start , but his backup , Nick Foles , led the team to a 10 -- 6 regular season record , and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons . Before throwing his first interception in Week 14 , Foles threw 19 touchdowns , which was just one shy of the all - time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season , set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single - game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game . Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions , giving him the then - best TD - INT ratio in NFL history . ( That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season . ) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004 . He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating . LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league 's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards ( also a franchise record ) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage , also best in the NFL . As a whole , the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns , most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948 . The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win . Nick Foles struggled with turnovers , but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6 -- 2 record , before breaking his collarbone , resulting in his job getting taken over by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles despite facing more playoff teams . The Eagles held the divisional title from week one to week 15 against the Cowboys .",
"13": "After going 9 -- 3 with their crucial win over the Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next 3 , and a week after losing the NFC East title , they lost an upset against the 3 -- 11 Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys ' win over the Colts . Following the 2014 season , Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial moves . He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team 's all - time leading rusher after the 2014 season , for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season . He also cut ten - year veteran and starter , Trent Cole , who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all - time sack list . He also made a trade where the highly successful Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with an ACL tear . Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin , who had stepped up as the team 's leading wide receiver , but he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead . However , the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , which not only helped the Eagles , but hurt their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six - year , $63 million contract . The first two games of the season were disastrous , as they started 0 -- 2 . Bradford had a 2 -- 4 TD - INT ratio , Maxwell was constantly beaten by Falcons receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries . After Murray was injured , Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray 's play improved over the season , he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career low 3.6 yards per carry average . On December 29 , 2015 , with one game left in the season , head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles . Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur was named Interim Coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35 -- 30 .",
"14": "Former player and current running backs coach Duce Staley was the first coach to be interviewed for the opening head coaching job on January 2 , 2016 . Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 Carson Wentz made his debut in the 2016 season The Eagles hired Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach . The team made the official announcement on January 18 , 2016 . Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie said in a statement : `` Doug is a strategic thinker , a compelling leader and communicator , and someone who truly knows how to get the best out of his players . All of these factors were what initially attracted us to Doug and we believe that he is the right man to help us achieve our ultimate goal . '' Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after spending the four seasons previous to those with the Eagles . He served as a quality control assistant for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons , particularly 2015 , as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense . At the end of the 2015 season , the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft . They traded Byron Maxwell , Kiko Alonso , and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the # 8 pick . Later , they traded the # 8 pick , their third - round pick , their fourth - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the # 2 pick and a 2017 fourth - round pick . They used the # 2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . On September 3 , 2016 , the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season , for a 2017 first - round pick and a 2018 fourth - round pick . Following the trade , the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . First - time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3 -- 0 start to the season .",
"15": "His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns , no interceptions and over 255 yards per game . The Week 4 bye took a toll on the Eagles , and they lost four out of the next five games , including a loss to every rival team in their division . They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10 - game suspension following the Week 5 loss againist the Lions which damaged Carson Wentz 's hot start . In those four games , their average margin of loss was just under 5 points . Pederson and the Eagles won just 3 of their last 7 games . Those included gruesome road losses against the Seattle Seahawks , the Cincinnati Bengals , and the Baltimore Ravens . Although Wentz started off the season well , the 6 -- 5 quarterback finished with a TD -- INT ratio of 16 : 14 . The rookie head coach and rookie quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a disappointing year , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record and coming in last in the division . 2017 : first Super Bowl Championship During the following offseason , the team made several acquisitions on the offensive side of the ball . The Eagles either traded or released notable players from the Chip Kelly era like Ryan Mathews , Matt Tobin , Allen Barbre , Jordan Matthews and Marcus Smith II . They signed more notable players to improve its wide receiver corps that have struggled the last two seasons like Alshon Jeffery , and Torrey Smith as well as 2016 Super Bowl champion , Legarrette Blount . They also added veterans on defense such as Patrick Robinson , Chris Long , Corey Graham , Tim Jernigan and Ronald Darby . The team addressed its defense mostly in the draft , using its top three picks on defensive players . The Eagles drafted Derek Barnett with the 14th overall pick . The Eagles had completely revamped their offense and strengthened their defense heading into the 2017 season . They opened the season on the road versus the Washington Redskins and won the game 30 -- 17 . The team lost to the Kansas City Chiefs the following week , 27 -- 20 , in Pederson 's return to face Andy Reid . The Eagles then won six consecutive games , including signature wins at the Carolina Panthers , 28 -- 23 , and versus the Washington Redskins , 34 -- 24 , in a Monday Night contest .",
"16": "On the morning of October 31 , 2017 , just before the NFL trade deadline , the Eagles made a blockbuster move sending a fourth - round pick to the Miami Dolphins for star running back Jay Ajayi . The move immediately paid dividends for the Eagles heading into their next game versus the Denver Broncos as Ajayi rushed for 77 yards on just eight attempts including a 46 - yard TD near the end of the second quarter . Ajayi and Wentz led the Eagles to a 51 -- 23 rout of the top defense in the NFL . Foles in the Huddle before leaving the field before Super Bowl LII . The Eagles headed into their bye week with the best record in the NFL ( 8 -- 1 ) , and with Wentz leading the NFL MVP discussion with an NFL - leading 23 touchdowns to 5 interceptions . During their bye , the Eagles signed former Giants offensive tackle Will Beatty and former Saints linebacker Dannell Ellerbe to not only add depth but also players with Super Bowl experiences . Coming off of the bye week , the Philadelphia Eagles entered a Sunday night showdown with the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles came out sluggish and trailed 9 -- 7 at the half . The team exploded in the second half though , rattling off 30 unanswered points to soundly defeat their rival by a final score of 37 -- 9 . The Eagles were rolling on a nine - game winning streak after a huge blowout win over the Chicago Bears . The Eagles traveled to Seattle in Week 13 in a huge Sunday Night showdown against Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks . The Eagles struggled throughout the whole game , blowing many scoring opportunities and allowing Wilson to throw 3 touchdowns . The Eagles lost 24 -- 10 , ending their win streak . However , the Eagles bounced back in Week 14 win over the Los Angeles Rams in a tough 43 -- 35 win . However , Carson Wentz left the game in the third quarter with a knee injury . It was later found out that Wentz tore his ACL , ending his MVP caliber season . Backup Nick Foles would once again take over as starting quarterback . In Foles 's first start against the New York Giants , he would lead them back from a 20 -- 7 deficit and score 4 touchdowns and win the game 34 -- 29 .",
"17": "Foles struggled in the last two games of the season against the Oakland Raiders and the Dallas Cowboys , and threw a touchdown and 2 interceptions in that span . Despite this , the Eagles finished 13 -- 3 and secured the top seed in the NFC . The Eagles opened as the underdogs , the first time in history that a No. 1 seed has opened up the postseason as an underdog . Despite this , Foles would lead the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round 15 -- 10 . In the next game Foles and the Eagles annihilated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship nicknamed the Minneapolis Massacre , mocking the Minneapolis Miracle from their previous playoff victory . Foles had his best game since week 15 and threw for 352 passing yards and 3 touchdowns including an impressive flea flicker touchdown pass . This win marked the franchise 's third Super Bowl appearance and a berth in Super Bowl LII for a 2005 rematch against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots . With Foles at the helm , the Eagles started off the game strong , leading the Patriots 22 -- 12 at halftime . In the second half the Patriots gained momentum and for the first time took the lead in the 4th quarter 33 -- 32 . The Eagles rallied back and scored an 11 - yard Touchdown to tight end Zach Ertz . Later the Eagles converted on a 46 - yard field goal by Jake Elliott to lead 41 -- 33 . On the final play of the game with 9 seconds left , Brady threw a hail - mary pass directed toward tight end Rob Gronkowski which was bobbled by Patrick Robinson before being dropped in the end - zone as time expired , securing the win for the Eagles 41 -- 33 , and ending the 58 - year long championship drought . This would be Philadelphia 's first Super Bowl win and their fourth league championship ( their first championship since 1960 ) . Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 -- 43 with 373 passing yards , 3 touchdowns , and an interception . Nick Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2001 .",
"18": "Season records Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons Regular season record ( all - time ) : 568 -- 594 -- 26 Playoff record ( all - time ) : 22 -- 21 ( last appearance after beating New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII ) Most points in a season : 474 points ( 2014 ) NFL championships won : 4 ( 3 before the 1967 NFL - AFL merger created the Super Bowl ) Super Bowls won : 1 out of 3 appearances Passing leader ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 32,873 yards Rushing leader ( all - time ) : LeSean McCoy -- 6,792 yards Receiving leader ( all - time ) : Harold Carmichael -- 8,978 yards Winningest coach ( all - time ) : Andy Reid -- 130 wins Top player by approximate value ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 126 AV Rivalries New York Giants Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry One of the NFL 's oldest , this rivalry began on October 15 , 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56 -- 0 . The Giants lead the all - time series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as `` Miracle In The Meadowlands -- Herm Edwards '' , `` Miracle In The Meadowlands II -- Brian Westbrook '' and `` Miracle In The New Meadowlands -- DeSean Jackson '' . Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles ' biggest rivals . The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27 -- 25 on September 30 , 1960 . Dallas leads the all - time series 63 -- 51 -- 0 . They have been close in recent years , with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have also won 12 . There is much hostility between the two teams ' fan bases , with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl . Washington Redskins Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys , that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce .",
"19": "It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskin ; the Redskins defeated the Eagles 6 -- 0 , and lead the all - time series 85 -- 76 -- 6 . The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall . However , the Eagles swept the Redskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Eagles -- Steelers rivalry The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933 . From that season , through 1966 , this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division . In 1967 , they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years . Finally , in 1970 , the Steelers ( along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts ) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old - line NFL teams in the National Football Conference . As a result , the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year . Currently they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season , the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Philadelphia , with the Eagles winning 34 - 3 . The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966 , which was also the start of the Super Bowl era . The Eagles lead the all - time series 47 -- 28 -- 3 . Logo and uniforms See also : Uniform ( American football ) and footnote about Eagles ' uniform numbers . For several decades , the Eagles ' colors were kelly green , silver , and white . In 1954 , the Eagles , along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet . In 1969 , the team wore two helmet versions : Kelly green with white wings in road games , and white with kelly green wings at home . From 1970 to ' 73 , they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings . By 1974 , Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr.",
"20": "designed the silver wings took on a white outline , and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades . From 1948 -- 95 , the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws , although from ' 69 -- 72 , the eagle took on a more stylized look . As the design was similar to the Apollo 11 emblem , and its moon - landing craft was dubbed Eagle , players wore the flight 's mission patch on their jerseys during 1969 . In 1973 , the team 's name was added below the eagle , which returned to its pre - ' 69 look . However , both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996 . The primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade , officially described as `` midnight green . '' Silver was practically abandoned , as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green . The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color , with silver and black accents . The team 's logo combination ( the eagle and club name lettering ) also changed in 1996 , with the eagle itself limited to a white ( bald eagle ) head , drawn in a less realistic , more cartoon - based style , and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters . Since the 1996 alterations , the team has made only minor alterations , mostly relating to jersey / pant combinations worn during specific games . For example , in 1997 , against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history . The second occasion was in 2002 , during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division - rival Washington Redskins . A year later , in the first two games of the 2003 season ( both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ) , the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants . Since 2003 , the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games . The 2003 season also saw the first ( though only subtle ) change to the 1996 - style uniform . On both white and green jerseys , black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering .",
"21": "The stripe on the pants changed from black - green - black to black - silver - green on the white pants , and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black , another of silver , with one small white stripe in between for the midnight blue pants . The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys , with a green ( instead of black ) shadow on white numbers , and silver trim . These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season ( usually the first home game after bye week and the season finale ) . In the 2003 and 2004 regular season home finales , the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys , but lost each game . Since then , the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants . However , due to the special 75th anniversary uniforms serving as the `` alternates '' for one game in 2007 , the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules ( alternate uniforms are permitted twice per season but only one can be used ) . The black jerseys with white pants , however , re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21 , 2016 game against the New York Giants , in which they won 24 - 19 . From 2006 -- 2013 , the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game , but did not use them in 2007 , 2010 , and 2011 . For the 2007 and 2010 seasons , the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams . The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively in 2004 . Since 2014 , the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season . In 2016 , they wore the black jersey three times . To celebrate the team 's 75th anniversary , the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th - season logo patch on the left shoulder . In addition , the team wore `` throwback '' jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions .",
"22": "The yellow and blue jerseys , the same colors found on Philadelphia 's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team 's inaugural season , and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931 . The Eagles beat Detroit , 56 -- 21 . The Philadelphia Eagles wear their white jerseys at home for preseason games and daytime games in the first half of the regular season from September to mid-October when the temperature is warmer . In night contests in the first half of the regular season , the Eagles do not need to wear white at home since the temperature is cooler . However , there have been exceptions , such as the home opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003 and the Washington Redskins in 2007 that were played at night . In late October or beginning in November , the Eagles start to wear their colors at home ( although they have done it earlier before ) , be it the midnight green jerseys or a third jersey . On one occasion the Eagles wore white at home after October in a meeting against the Dallas Cowboys on November 4 , 2007 to make the Cowboys wear their road blue jerseys . Since moving to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003 , the Eagles have worn white at home for at least their home opener , with the exceptions for the 2010 home opener ( see next paragraph ) , the 2011 home opener against the New York Giants , the 2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns , and the 2017 home opener against the Giants . In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers , on September 12 , 2010 , the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team . In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season , the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match - up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games . For the 2011 season , the Eagles did not wear white for any of their home games . For the 2012 season Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL 's official apparel licensee but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' uniform technology .",
"23": "Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo , the only other change is the league - wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform ( replacing the NFL Equipment logo ) , other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged . The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey . For the 2013 season , the Eagles started to wear white pants , as an alternate to their green pants , with their white jerseys , in the regular season . For the 2014 season the Eagles have officially adopted the `` Elite 51 '' style uniform from Nike . Recently the team has discussed bringing back the `` Kelly Green '' uniforms similar to the uniforms worn in the 1960 NFL Championship season and which were last worn in the 2010 season opener vs. Green Bay . Traditionally kelly green , silver and white had been the official team color until 1996 season when it switched to the current `` Midnight Green '' uniforms . But due to the NFL rules and restrictions having a team go through a waiting period before any major uniform changes and alterations can be made , it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made . In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants , the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys , giving them a blackout uniform set , the Eagles won the game 27 -- 0 . The victory was their first shutout in 18 years . The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory , 19 - 10 , against the Raiders in 2017 . The Eagles are 6 -- 3 in their blackout uniforms : winning three times against the Giants and once against each of the Minnesota Vikings , Denver Broncos , and Oakland Raiders , and losing against the Seattle Seahawks , Arizona Cardinals , and Green Bay Packers . Training camp The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley . With the addition of new head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles recently moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia .",
"24": "Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935 , Saint Joseph 's University in 1939 and 1943 , Saranac Lake from 1946 -- 1948 , Hershey from 1951 -- 1967 , Albright College from 1968 -- 1972 , Widener University from 1973 -- 1979 , and West Chester University from 1980 -- 1995 . Fight song Further information : Fly , Eagles Fly This fight song is heard during Eagles ' home games after touchdowns and before the team is introduced prior to kickoff . Fans Full house at `` The Linc '' for a playoff game in January 2011 An Eagles fan in attendance at U.S. Bank Stadium celebrates following the team 's victory at Super Bowl LII . Eagles fans celebrating along Benjamin Franklin Parkway at the Eagles victory parade Devotion Although the method may vary , studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league , noting their `` unmatched fervor . '' Eagles fans have numerous dedicated web communities , ranking the Eagles just behind the Phillies as the dominant Philadelphia sports presence on the web . The American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL , evaluates fans based primarily on attendance - related factors , and ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 and 2006 . The 2006 study called the fans `` incredibly loyal '' , noting that they filled 99.8 % of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade . Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey , which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance . ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey , citing the connection between the team 's performance and the mood of the city . The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday , September 12 , 1999 , which was Andy Reid 's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles . The studies note that -- win or lose -- Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium .",
"25": "As of August 2008 , the team had sold out 71 consecutive games , and 70,000 were on the team 's waiting list for season tickets . Despite finishing with a 6 -- 10 record in the 2005 season , the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales , and single - game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened . Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous , `` E-A-G-L-E-S -- Eagles ! ! '' at Flyers , Phillies , and 76ers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable , signifying their displeasure with the given team 's performance , and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles . Bad behavior Along with their fierce devotion , Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports - related violence , especially when the team plays its rivals . In If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? , Jereé Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for `` hostile taunting , fighting , public urination and general strangeness . '' So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game , Judge Seamus McCaffery began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium ; 20 suspects came before him that day . Fan behavior improved after the team 's move to Lincoln Financial Field , and `` Eagles Court '' ended in December 2003 . Eagles Cheerleaders Eagles Cheerleaders doing a routine in 2008 . Main article : Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders The team also has its own cheerleading squad , which performs a variety of dance moves for the fans and the Eagles on the sideline . The squad also releases a swimsuit calendar each year , and is the first squad in the league to release the calendar on the Android and iOS mobile systems .",
"26": "Current roster Philadelphia Eagles roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Nick Foles 7 Nate Sudfeld 11 Carson Wentz Running backs 26 Jay Ajayi 30 Corey Clement 34 Donnel Pumphrey 28 Wendell Smallwood Wide receivers 13 Nelson Agholor 19 Rashard Davis 18 Shelton Gibson 10 Mack Hollins 17 Alshon Jeffery 16 Bryce Treggs 14 Mike Wallace 89 Greg Ward Jr . -- Dom Williams -- Marquess Wilson Tight ends 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz -- Joshua Perkins -- Richard Rodgers -- Adam Zaruba Offensive linemen 79 Brandon Brooks G 78 Darrell Greene G -- Taylor Hart T 65 Lane Johnson T 62 Jason Kelce C 71 Jason Peters T 73 Isaac Seumalo G -- Jon Toth C 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T 67 Chance Warmack G 61 Stefen Wisniewski G Defensive linemen 96 Derek Barnett DE 77 Michael Bennett DE 91 Fletcher Cox DT -- Winston Craig DT 55 Brandon Graham DE 93 Timmy Jernigan DT 56 Chris Long DE 51 Steven Means DE 94 Haloti Ngata DT 98 Elijah Qualls DT -- Aziz Shittu DT 97 Destiny Vaeao DT Linebackers 53 Nigel Bradham OLB 47 Nathan Gerry OLB 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill OLB 58 Jordan Hicks MLB 95 Mychal Kendricks OLB -- Corey Nelson OLB 59 Joe Walker MLB -- Paul Worrilow OLB Defensive backs -- De'Vante Bausby CB -- Elie Bouka CB 21 Ronald Darby CB 32 Rasul Douglas CB -- Randall Goforth CB 27 Malcolm Jenkins SS 22 Sidney Jones CB 35 D.J.",
"27": "Killings CB 23 Rodney McLeod FS 42 Chris Maragos FS 31 Jalen Mills CB 49 Tre Sullivan S Special teams 4 Jake Elliott K -- Cameron Johnston P 45 Rick Lovato LS Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 16 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 68 Active , Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles players Awards and honors Retired numbers Philadelphia Eagles retired numbers No . Player Position Years played 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1953 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff RB , WR , TE 1956 -- 1966 60 Chuck Bednarik LB , C 1949 -- 1962 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 Notes : Posthumous honors . Despite not being retired , no one has worn Randall Cunningham 's No. 12 since he left the Eagles . Pro Football Hall of Famers Eagles legend Steve Van Buren Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No .",
"28": "Name Positions Seasons Inducted 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 1967 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 1972 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1998 80 Cris Carter WR 1987 -- 1989 2013 85 James Arthur `` Art '' Monk WR 1995 2008 95 Richard Dent DE 1997 2011 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 1970 89 Mike Ditka TE 1967 -- 1968 1988 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 1981 86 Bud Grant WR -- DE 1951 -- 1952 1994 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 1971 56 Bill Hewitt End - FB 1937 -- 1939 ,",
"29": "1943 1971 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 1965 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1979 -- 1981 2014 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2006 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1968 80 James Lofton WR 1993 2003 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 - 2008 2018 Coaches and Executives Name Positions Seasons Inducted Bert Bell Owner / Founder 1933 -- 1940 1963 Wayne Millner Assistant Coach 1951 1968 Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 1969 Mike McCormack Head Coach 1973 -- 1975 1984 Eagles Hall of Fame See also : Category : American football museums and halls of fame . In 1987 , the Eagles Honor Roll was established . Every Eagles player who had by then been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame was among the inaugural induction class . By 2012 , the Honor Roll had been retitled as the Eagles Hall of Fame . Players are considered for induction three years after their retirement from the NFL , and there have been 41 inductees into the Eagles Hall of Fame as of 2015 . Eagles Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 -- Bert Bell Founder - Owner 1933 -- 1940 17 Harold Carmichael WR 1971 -- 1983 56 Bill Hewitt TE -- DE 1936 -- 1939 , 1943 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 33 Ollie Matson RB",
"30": "1964 -- 1966 31 Wilbert Montgomery RB 1977 -- 1984 -- Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1988 66 Bill Bergey LB 1974 -- 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1989 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1954 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff TE 1956 -- 1966 1990 22 Timmy Brown RB 1960 -- 1967 1991 76 Jerry Sisemore OT 1973 -- 1987 75 Stan Walters OT 1975 -- 1983 1992 7 Ron Jaworski QB 1977 -- 1986 1993 28 Bill Bradley S -- P 1969 -- 1976 1994 -- Dick Vermeil Head Coach 1976 -- 1982 1995 -- Jim Gallagher Team Executive 1949 -- 1995 82 Mike Quick WR 1982 --",
"31": "1990 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 1999 -- Otho Davis Head Trainer 1973 -- 1995 1948 NFL Championship team 1949 NFL Championship team 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 2005 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2009 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 12 Randall Cunningham QB -- P 1985 -- 1995 2011 21 Eric Allen CB 1988 -- 1994 -- Jim Johnson Defensive Coordinator 1999 -- 2008 2012 -- Leo Carlin Ticket Manager 1960 -- 2015 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 23 Troy Vincent CB 1996 -- 2003 2013 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 2015 36 Brian Westbrook RB 2002 -- 2009 55 Maxie Baughan LB 1960 -- 1965 2016 54 Jeremiah Trotter LB 1998 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 ,",
"32": "2009 - Merrill Reese Radio Play by Play 1977 -- Present 2017 David Akers 1999 - 2010 75th anniversary team Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team ( 2007 ) Offense McNabb ( QB ) Van Buren ( RB ) Byars ( FB ) Carmichael ( WR ) McDonald ( WR ) Pihos ( TE ) Thomas ( LT ) Key ( LG ) Bednarik ( C ) Andrews ( RG ) Runyan ( RT ) Defense Simmons ( DE ) White ( DE ) J. Brown ( DT ) Johnson ( DT ) Bednarik ( MLB ) Joyner ( OLB ) Wojciechowicz ( OLB ) Allen ( CB ) Vincent ( CB ) Waters ( SS ) Dawkins ( FS ) Special teams T. Brown ( KR ) Westbrook ( PR ) Akers ( PK ) Landeta ( P ) Papale ( ST ) Coach Andy Reid John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) See footnote Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame See : Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame # Football Franchise records Source : pro-football-reference.com Eagles Franchise Page Passing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Completions 2801 Donovan McNabb 379 Carson Wentz 2016 37 Mark Sanchez 2014 - 12 - 20 @ WAS Sam Bradford 2015 - 12 - 26 WAS 341 Donovan McNabb 73 Donovan McNabb 2008 30 Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 379 Carson Wentz 2016 36 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Pass Attempts 4746 Donovan McNabb 607 Carson Wentz 2016 62 Randall Cunningham 1989 - 10 - 02 @ CHI Nick Foles",
"33": "2014 - 10 - 26 @ ARI 577 Donovan McNabb 121 Donovan McNabb 2008 54 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 607 Carson Wentz 2016 60 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Passing Yards 32873 Donovan McNabb 3916 Donovan McNabb 2008 464 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 12 - 05 GNB 3752 Donovan McNabb 892 Donovan McNabb 2008 407 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 3782 Carson Wentz 2016 381 Nick Foles 2012 - 12 - 09 @ TAM Passing TDs 216 Donovan McNabb 33 Carson Wentz 2017 7 Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 24 Donovan McNabb 7 Donovan McNabb Ron Jaworski 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI / > Nick Foles 2018 - 01 - 21 MIN 2018 - 02 - 04 NNWE 16 Carson Wentz 2016 Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Donovan McNabb 2000 - 01 - 02 STL Intercepted 151 Ron Jaworski 26 Sonny Jurgensen 1962 6 Bobby Thomason 1956 - 10 - 21 CRD Pete Liske 1971 - 09 - 26 DAL 17 Donovan McNabb 7 Ron Jaworski 1980 Ron Jaworski 1981 - 01 - 25 NOAK Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 18 CAR 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 17 Davey",
"34": "O'Brien 1939 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 15 RAM Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 18 @ GNB Brad Goebel 1991 - 10 - 13 NOR Passer Rating 94.2 + Nick Foles 119.2 # Nick Foles 2013 158.3 * Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 23 DET Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 83.6 # Jeff Garcia 132.4 * Rodney Peete 1995 143.3 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 79.3 # Carson Wentz 2016 131.7 * Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Sacked 422 Randall Cunningham 72 Randall Cunningham 1986 12 Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 30 @ NYG 48 Donovan McNabb 12 Donovan McNabb 2003 8 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 11 GNB 38 John Reaves 1972 7 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 29 NYG Yds / Pass Att 8.71 + Sonny Jurgensen 9.12 # Nick Foles 2013 16.29 * Sonny Jurgensen 1962 - 11 - 25 DAL 6.5 # Donovan McNabb Randall Cunningham 10.2 * Norm Van Brocklin 1960 10.8 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 6.73 # John Reaves 1972 12.47 * Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 22 @ WAS Pass Yds / Game 266.1 + Sam Bradford 278.6 # Donovan McNabb 2005 - 234.5 # Donovan McNabb 407 * Randall Cunningham 1988 - 242.7 # Nick Foles 2012 - + = min . 500 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , ∗ = minimum 15 attempts ,",
"35": "Rushing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Rush Attempts 1465 Wilbert Montgomery 353 Ricky Watters 35 Heath Sherman 1990 - 11 - 12 WAS 141 Wilbert Montgomery 68 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 26 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 182 Po James 1972 28 Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 09 WAS Rush Yards 6792 LeSean McCoy 1607 LeSean McCoy 2013 217 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 12 - 08 DET 591 Brian Westbrook 312 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 194 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 637 LeSean McCoy 2009 178 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rush Yds / Att 6.62 Randall Cunningham 7.98 Randall Cunningham 1990 11.63 Timmy Brown 1965 - 11 - 07 @ CLE 5.86 Donovan McNabb 7.79 Brian Westbrook 2006 7.46 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 4.9 Bryce Brown 2012 9.",
"36": "37 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rushing TDs 69 Steve Van Buren 17 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS 1982 - 12 - 19 HOU LeSean McCoy 2010 - 09 - 19 @ DET 6 Wilbert Montgomery Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Brian Westbrook 2006 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 12 - 27 NYG Ken Keller 1956 LeSean McCoy 2009 Bryce Brown 2012 Wilbert Montgomery 1977 - 12 - 18 NYJ James Joseph 1991 - 11 - 04 NYG Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 02 @ SFO Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR 2012 - 12 - 02 @ DAL Rush Yds / Game 79 Ricky Watters 100.4 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 74 Wilbert Montgomery 128.5 Brian Westbrook 2006 - 70.1 Mike Hogan 1976 - ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , + = min . 500 attempts Receiving Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Receptions 589 Harold Carmichael 90 Brian Westbrook 2007 13 Jeremy Maclin 2011 - 09 - 18 @ ATL Zach Ertz 2017 - 01 - 01 DAL 38 Chad Lewis 19 Brent Celek 2008 10 Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 81 Keith Jackson 1988 11 Junior Tautalatasi 1986 - 11 - 09 NYG Receiving Yds 8,",
"37": "978 Harold Carmichael 1409 Mike Quick 237 Tommy McDonald 1961 - 12 - 10 NYG 465 Harold Carmichael 211 Kevin Curtis 2008 146 Jeremy Maclin 2010 - 01 - 09 @ DAL 912 DeSean Jackson 2008 177 Hank Baskett 2006 - 12 - 31 ATL Yds / Rec 19.16 + Tommy McDonald 21.44 # Ben Hawkins 1967 52.5 * DeSean Jackson 2010 - 12 - 12 @ DAL 16.03 # Harold Carmichael 23.5 * Donte ' Stallworth 2006 30.5 * Kevin Curtis 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 21.09 # Hank Baskett 2006 28.5 * Fred Barnett 1990 - 10 - 15 MIN Receiving TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 14 Terrell Owens Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT 6 Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Brent Celek 2008 Harold Carmichael 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Fred Barnett 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Chad Lewis 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 9 Calvin Williams 1990 ( 9 times ) Rec Yds / Game 70.3 + DeSean Jackson 90.4 # Ben Hawkins 1967 - 66.4 # Harold Carmichael 146 * Jeremy Maclin 2009 - 64.3 # Don Looney 1940 - ∗ = minimum 4 receptions , # = min . 20 receptions , + = min .",
"38": "200 receptions Other Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Total TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 20 LeSean McCoy 2011 Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT Wilbert Montgomery 1978 - 09 - 10 @ WAS 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS Brian Westbrook 2008 - 11 - 27 ARI 6 Brian Westbrook Wilbert Montgomery Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Duce Staley 2001 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brent Celek 2008 ( 8 times ) 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Corey Clement 2017 - 11 - 05 DEN Yds from Scrimmage 9,785 Brian Westbrook 2146 LeSean McCoy 2013 249 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 925 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 878 Charle Young 1973 189 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR All Purpose Yds 12,049 Timmy Brown 2428 Timmy Brown 1963 341 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 953 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 940 Steve Van Buren 1944 231 Kevin Bowman 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Returning Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Kick Returns 169 Timmy Brown 54 Allen Rossum 1999 8 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI Allen Rossum 1999 - 11 - 21 IND Quintin Demps 2008 - 11 - 09 NYG 22 Brian Mitchell 11 Brian Mitchell 2001 6 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Kick Ret Yds 4,",
"39": "483 Timmy Brown 1347 Allen Rossum 1999 253 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI 522 Brian Mitchell 239 Brian Mitchell 2001 128 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Yds / KR 27.74 Josh Huff 33.25 Steve Van Buren 1944 61 Jake Elliott 2017 - 09 - 24 25.29 J.R. Reed 26.8 Brian Mitchell 2002 31.25 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Kick Ret TDs 5 Timmy Brown Timmy Brown 1966 Derrick Witherspoon Timmy Brown 1966 - 11 - 06 DAL 0 Punt Returns 148 Wally Henry 54 Wally Henry 1981 9 Larry Marshall 1977 - 09 - 18 TAM 16 Brian Mitchell 8 Wally Henry 1979 John Sciarra 1980 6 John Sciarra 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL Punt Ret Yds 1369 Brian Mitchell 567 Brian Mitchell 2002 140 Alvin Haymond 1968 - 10 - 06 @ WAS 174 DeSean Jackson 122 DeSean Jackson 2008 109 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Yds / PR 14.71 Ernie Steele 20.44 Ernie Steele 1942 33 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 11 - 25 @ SFO 15.82 DeSean Jackson 17.43 DeSean Jackson 2008 21.8 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Punt Ret TDs DeSean Jackson Darren Sproles Brian Westbrook 2003 DeSean Jackson 2009 Darren Sproles 2014 , 2015 ( 8 times ) 0 Total Return Yds 4,",
"40": "997 Timmy Brown 1729 Brian Mitchell 2002 234 Vai Sikahema 1992 - 11 - 22 @ NYG 657 Brian Mitchell 296 Brian Mitchell 2001 159 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Defense Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Interceptions 34 Bill Bradley Brian Dawkins Eric Allen 11 Bill Bradley 1971 Don Burroughs 1961 - 12 - 03 @ PIT Nate Ramsey 1965 - 11 - 28 @ STL Jim Nettles 1965 - 12 - 12 @ PIT Joe Scarpati 1966 - 10 - 23 @ NYG 5 Herm Edwards Roynell Young 1980 Damon Moore 2001 Herm Edwards 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Roynell Young 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Eric Allen 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret Yds 536 Bill Bradley 248 Bill Bradley 1971 114 Frank LeMaster 1975 - 12 - 21 @ WAS 77 Damon Moore 77 Damon Moore 2001 59 Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret TDs 5 Eric Allen Eric Allen 1993 Eric Allen 1993 - 12 - 26 NOR ( 6 times ) Sacks ( since 1982 ) 124 Reggie White 21 Reggie White 4.",
"41": "5 Clyde Simmons 1991 - 09 - 15 @ DAL Hugh Douglas 1998 - 10 - 18 @ SDG Derrick Burgess Hugh Douglas Carl Hairston Reggie White Carl Hairston 1980 Derrick Burgess Carl Hairston 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Hugh Douglas 2000 - 12 - 31 TAM Derrick Burgess 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Darwin Walker 2007 - 01 - 13 @ NOR Exceptional performances Statistic Career Season Playoff Games Rookie Games 300 + yard passing games 30 Donovan McNabb 6 Donovan McNabb Donovan McNabb Carson Wentz 2016 100 + yard rushing games 26 Wilbert Montgomery 8 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brian Westbrook Don Johnson 1953 Mike Hogan 1976 Charlie Garner 1994 Bryce Brown 2012 100 + yard receiving games 23 Pete Retzlaff 8 Terrell Owens Fred Barnett Keith Jackson Charle Young 1973 Games with 1 + TD scored 69 Harold Carmichael 13 LeSean McCoy 2011 5 Harold Carmichael Duce Staley Brian Westbrook 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Games with 2 + TD scored 18 Brian Westbrook 6 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery Bryce Brown 2012 Jordan Matthews 2014 Games with 3 + TD scored 7 Brian Westbrook Pete Retzlaff 1965 Wilbert Montgomery 1982 Terrell Owens Brian Westbrook 2007 ,",
"42": "2008 - - Coaches of note Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Current staff Philadelphia Eagles staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Jeffrey Lurie President -- Don Smolenski Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Howie Roseman Senior Football Advisor -- Tom Donahoe Vice President of Player Personnel -- Joe Douglas Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Weidl Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy -- Alec Halaby Senior Director of College Scouting -- Anthony Patch Director of College Scouting -- Ian Cunningham Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Mike Bradway Director of Pro Scouting -- Dwayne Joseph Assistant Director of Pro Scouting -- Brandon Brown Director of Football Administration -- Jake Rosenberg Football Operations Executive -- Brian Dawkins Player Personnel Executive -- T.J. McCreight Player Personnel Executive College / Pro -- Trey Brown Assistant Director of Football Analytics -- Taylor Rajack Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Pederson Assistant Head Coach / Running Backs -- Duce Staley Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Groh Quarterbacks -- Press Taylor Wide Receivers -- Gunter Brewer Assistant Wide Receivers - Carson Walch Tight Ends -- Justin Peelle Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- Jeff Stoutland Assistant Offensive Line / Tight Ends / Run Game -- Eugene Chung Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Spencer Phillips Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Running Backs - Trent Miles Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Offensive Line -- T.J.",
"43": "Paganetti Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Schwartz Defensive Line -- Chris Wilson Linebackers -- Ken Flajole Secondary -- Cory Undlin Safeties -- Tim Hauck Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Defensive Line -- Phillip Daniels Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Linebackers - Ryan Paganetti Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Secondary -- Dino Vasso Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Dave Fipp Assistant Special Teams -- Matthew Harper Strength and Conditioning Head Strength Coach -- Josh Hingst Assistant Strength Coach -- Keith Gray Perfomance Nutrition Coordinator / Assistant Strength Coach - Michael Minnis Strength Assistant -- Ben Wagner Director of High Performance -- Shaun Huls → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles broadcasters Eagles Radio affiliates Map of radio affiliates .",
"44": "City Call Sign Frenquency Atlantic City , New Jersey WPGG 1450 AM Easton , Pennsylvania WCTO 96.1 FM Levittown , Pennsylvania WBCB 1490 AM Milford , Delaware WAFL 97.7 FM Millville , New Jersey WENJ 97.3 FM Philadelphia WTEL 610 AM WIP - FM 94.1 FM Pottsville , Pennsylvania WPPA 1360 AM Reading , Pennsylvania WEEU 830 AM Scranton , Pennsylvania WEJL 630 AM Sunbury , Pennsylvania WEGH 107.3 FM Williamsport , Pennsylvania WBZD - FM 93.3 FM Wilmington , Delaware WDEL 1150 AM York , Pennsylvania WSOX 96.1 FM From 2008 through 2010 , Eagles games were broadcast on both rock - formatted WYSP and sports - talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations are owned and operated by CBS Radio . In 2011 , CBS dropped the music on WYSP , renaming it WIP - FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP . Later , 610 AM became a CBS Sports Radio national broadcast , and 94 WIP was broadcast on WIP FM . The Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP - FM through 2024 . Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976 , is the play - by - play announcer , and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced the offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998 , is the color analyst . The post game show , which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities , as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley , a former Eagles linebacker and special - teamer , and Rob Ellis . Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over ; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6 -- 10 on 94.1 WIP - FM . No announcement was made prior to the start of preseason regarding who would be the host ( s ) for 2015 .",
"45": "In 2015 , the preseason games are being televised on WCAU , the local NBC owned and operated station . Television announcers for these preseason games were not announced prior to the start of preseason . During the regular season , games are governed by the NFL 's master broadcasting contract with FOX , CBS , NBC , and ESPN . Most games can be seen on FOX - owned WTXF - TV . When hosting an AFC team , those games can be seen on CBS - owned KYW - TV . Media and cultural reference In the book MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors , the character Captain Oliver Wendell `` Spearchucker '' Jones fictionally played for the Philadelphia Eagles , though in the movie this was changed to San Francisco . The 1976 draw was the subject of the movie Invincible . The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a 30 - year - old bartender and part - time school teacher , and also a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player . The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation only , and Papale had at least some previous playing experience . The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season . The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards . In the 1978 Academy Award - winning movie The Deer Hunter , the Eagles are referenced when Nick talks to Stan in the bar , saying : `` Hey , I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Oakland wins by 20 ! '' Stan responds ; `` And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles ' quarterback wears a dress ! '' The award - winning comedy series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia starring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles , most notably Season 3 , Episode 2 -- `` The Gang Gets Invincible , '' the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film . See also Philadelphia portal Sports portal South Philadelphia Sports Complex Sports in Philadelphia The Michael Vick Project Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Information '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Training Camp Media Guide . Philadelphia Eagles .",
"46": "September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time : No. 4 Giants - Eagles '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dave ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` After 8 Straight Losses , Steelers Looking For Philadelphia Freedom Sunday Against Eagles '' . SteelersDepot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Ashley ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fans always have Eagles ' back '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kevin ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Game Changer : NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Players Poll : Most Intimidating Fans '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 pg. 81 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 pg. 82 Jump up ^ Kuklick , Bruce ( 1993 ) . To Every Thing a Season : Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia , 1909 -- 1976 . Princeton University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02104 - X . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : See : History of the Pittsburgh Steelers # 1940 -- 41 : A new name and a `` new '' team .",
"47": "^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles search ends with Vermeil '' . St Petersburg Times . February 9 , 1976 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams No. 11 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Forbes.com . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heath , John . `` Denver 's Brian Dawkins : An Ageless Wolverine '' . BroncoTalk . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Gelston ( Oct 26 , 2008 ) . `` Westbrook Helps Eagles Soar Above Falcons , Win 500th Game '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal '' . ESPN.com . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles sign Reid through 2013 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 .",
"48": "Jump up ^ `` Eagles fire Reid '' . USA Today . Philadelphia . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach '' . ESPN.com . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sports . Rocky Mount Telegram . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eagles Acquire LB Alonso For RB McCoy '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Rams trading Sam Bradford to Eagles for Nick Foles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : RB Murray Signs With Eagles '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CB Byron Maxwell joins Eagles via FA '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Release Head Coach Chip Kelly '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duce Staley interviews for Philadelphia Eagles ' vacant coaching job . Espn.go.com ( January 2 , 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Eagles . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reimer , Alex ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Carson Wentz will start for Eagles '' . sbnation.com .",
"49": "Jump up ^ Pennington , Tom ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Eagles Should Be Better Than 4 - 4 '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Legacy.philadelphiaeagles.com . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` What 's in a number ? Eagles tell their stories : Some are chosen , some are random '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . See also : National Football League uniform numbers . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans '' . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Announce Plans to Honor 1960 Title Team '' . Csnphilly.com . May 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Training Camp , '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eagles move training camp from Lehigh . Foxnews.com ( March 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Reuben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles to keep training camp at Lehigh in 2013 '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` In Depth : America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillies Pass Eagles In Google Ranking .",
"50": "myfoxphilly.com ( July 2 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Loyalty : Methodology '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George , John ( February 5 , 1999 ) . `` Proven : Eagles ' fans are fanatics '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Full fan loyalty rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Support Rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans : Methodology '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers barely '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zack ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Single Game Tickets Sold Out ! '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` To Eagles , Shockey Is Public Enemy No. 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 .",
"51": "Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2006 ) . If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084373 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Court at Eagles ' games is out of session Sunday '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 6 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders -- Swimsuit Calendar '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Cheerleaders Swimsuit -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ray 's QB Notes 4 : Randall 's No. 12 retired ? '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , David ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Leo Carlin , Troy Vincent headed to Eagles Hall of Fame '' . pressofatlanticcity.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Hall of Fame Inductees '' ( PDF ) . philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ And The Winners Were ... See all the John Wanamaker Athletic Award - recipients since 1961 Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . webpage . Philadelphia Sports Congress website ( Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsradio WIP - Entercom Communications CEO David Field '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 .",
"52": "Jump up ^ Invincible on IMDb Jump up ^ Cimino , Michael . `` The Deer Hunter Final Screenplay '' ( PDF ) . drexel.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Savage , Fred ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Sources Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday : A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 . OCLC 607553558 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Eagles . Official website Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960",
"53": "1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000",
"54": "2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history",
"55": "Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Sports teams based in Pennsylvania Baseball MLB Philadelphia Phillies Pittsburgh Pirates IL Lehigh Valley IronPigs Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders EL Altoona Curve Erie SeaWolves Harrisburg Senators Reading Fightin Phils NYPL State College Spikes Williamsport Crosscutters ALPB Lancaster Barnstormers York Revolution FL Washington Wild Things Basketball NBA Philadelphia 76ers G League Erie BayHawks Cricket Lehigh Valley Cricket Club Philadelphia Cricket Club Football NFL Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers AFL",
"56": "Philadelphia Soul NAL Lehigh Valley Steelhawks WFA Keystone Assault Philadelphia Phantomz Pittsburgh Passion IWFL Philadelphia Firebirds WSFL Erie Illusion Hockey NHL Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins AHL Hershey Bears Lehigh Valley Phantoms Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins ECHL Reading Royals OHL Erie Otters NAHL Johnstown Tomahawks Philadelphia Rebels Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Knights EHL Central Penn Panthers Philadelphia Little Flyers Philadelphia Junior Flyers Philadelphia Revolution NA3HL Pittsburgh Vengeance Inline hockey PIHA Harrisburg Lunatics Pennsylvania Typhoon AIHL Delco Demons Philadelphia Liberty Pittsburgh Bandits Pottstown Team Blue Scottdale Inferno Lacrosse NLL Philadelphia Wings Roller derby WFTDA Black Rose Rollers Brandywine Roller Derby Dutchland Rollers Harrisburg Area Roller Derby Lehigh Valley Rollergirls Philly Roller Derby Steel City Roller Derby Penn Jersey Roller Derby MRDA Penn Jersey Roller Derby RDCL Penn Jersey Roller Derby Rugby league USARL Bucks County Sharks Philadelphia Fight Pittsburgh Sledgehammers Soccer MLS Philadelphia Union USL Bethlehem Steel FC Penn FC Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC NPSL Buxmont Torch FC Electric City Shock SC Erie Commodores FC Fort Pitt Regiment Hershey FC Junior Lone Star FC West Chester United SC PDL Lehigh Valley United Reading United AC ASL AFC Lancaster Lions Philadelphia Fury WPSL Lancaster Torch FC FC Bucks Hershey FC Steel",
"57": "City FC UWS Lancaster Inferno Indoor soccer MASL Harrisburg Heat Softball NPF Pennsylvania Rebellion Tennis WTT Philadelphia Freedoms Ultimate AUDL Philadelphia Phoenix Pittsburgh Thunderbirds Sports in Pennsylvania Sports teams based in and around Philadelphia Baseball MLB Philadelphia Phillies IL Lehigh Valley IronPigs EL Reading Fightin Phils Trenton Thunder CL Wilmington Blue Rocks Basketball NBA Philadelphia 76ers G League Delaware Blue Coats Football NFL Philadelphia Eagles AFL Philadelphia Soul NAL Lehigh Valley Steelhawks WFA Philadelphia Phantomz IWFL Philadelphia Firebirds Hockey NHL Philadelphia Flyers AHL Lehigh Valley Phantoms ECHL Reading Royals NAHL Philadelphia Rebels EHL Philadelphia Little Flyers Philadelphia Junior Flyers Philadelphia Revolution Rugby league USARL Bucks County Sharks Delaware Black Foxes Philadelphia Fight Roller derby WFTDA Diamond State Roller Girls Philly Roller Derby Soccer MLS Philadelphia Union USL Bethlehem Steel FC NPSL Junior Lone Star FC PDL Lehigh Valley United Sonic Reading United A.C. ASL Philadelphia Fury Tennis WTT Philadelphia Freedoms Lacrosse NLL Philadelphia Wings College athletics ( NCAA Div .",
"58": "I ) Drexel University Dragons La Salle University Explorers Saint Joseph 's University Hawks Temple University Owls University of Pennsylvania Quakers Villanova University Wildcats Lafayette College Leopards Lehigh University Mountain Hawks Rider University Broncs University of Delaware Blue Hens Princeton University Tigers See also : Philadelphia Big 5 and City 6 College athletics ( NCAA Div. II ) Philadelphia University Rams University of the Sciences Devils West Chester University Golden Rams Wilmington University Wildcats Currently defunct teams Further information : Template : Defunct Philadelphia sports teams Main article : Sports in Philadelphia City of Philadelphia Nickname ( s ) : City of Brotherly Love Topics History Timeline Accent Architecture Bibliography Companies Cuisine Culture Demographics Economy Education Media Music Notable people Sites of interest Historic Landmarks Skyscrapers Transit Government City Hall Mayors City Council District Attorney Airport Fire Department Free Library Police Department School district Sister cities Federal : U.S. Mint U.S. District Court for the Eastern Dist. of Pa . U.S.",
"59": "Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit Neighborhoods Center City North Philadelphia Lower North Upper North Northwest Northeast Philadelphia South Philadelphia Southwest Philadelphia West Philadelphia Museums Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University African American Museum in Philadelphia American Philosophical Society American Swedish Historical Museum Athenaeum of Philadelphia Barnes Foundation Bartram 's Garden Belmont Mansion Betsy Ross House Civil War Museum Cliveden Eastern State Penitentiary Ebenezer Maxwell Mansion Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site Elfreth 's Alley Fabric Workshop and Museum Fairmount Water Works Fort Mifflin Franklin Institute Germantown White House Glen Foerd on the Delaware Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Museum and Library Grumblethorpe Hill - Physick - Keith House Historic Strawberry Mansion Historical Society of Frankford Historical Society of Pennsylvania Independence National Historical Park Independence Seaport Museum Insectarium Institute of Contemporary Art John Johnson House John Ruan House La Salle University Art Museum Lemon Hill Marian Anderson Residence Museum Masonic Temple , Library ,",
"60": "and Museum Museum of the American Revolution Mütter Museum National Constitution Center National Liberty Museum National Museum of American Jewish History Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Philadelphia History Museum Philadelphia Museum of Art Philadelphia 's Magic Gardens Please Touch Museum Powel House RittenhouseTown Rodin Museum Rosenbach Museum and Library Ryerss Museum and Library Science History Institute Shofuso Japanese House and Garden Stenton Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Wagner Free Institute of Science Woodmere Art Museum Wyck House Sports 76ers Eagles Flyers Phillies Soul Union Squares Centre Franklin Logan Rittenhouse Washington Wards 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Related articles Delaware Valley Independence Hall Liberty Bell Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"61": "php?title=Philadelphia_Eagles&oldid=837324291 '' Categories : Philadelphia Eagles National Football League teams Culture of Philadelphia Steagles Sports in Philadelphia Sports clubs established in 1933 1933 establishments in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from August 2016 Use American English from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 03 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
54,
53,
61,
56,
16,
21,
0,
26,
1,
46,
28,
48,
49,
59,
25,
55,
19,
15,
51,
32,
38,
57,
3,
22,
50,
24,
29,
2,
58,
37,
41,
31,
44,
43,
27,
47,
14,
34,
36,
13,
5,
40,
17,
12,
33,
52,
20,
23,
30,
39,
60,
7,
42,
8,
35,
4,
45,
6,
11,
10,
18,
9
] |
[
54,
53,
61,
56,
16,
21
] |
-5736299522961322133
|
the actual name of the confederate force at gettysburg was
|
[
"Confederate States Army",
"The Confederate States Army (C.S.A.)"
] |
{
"0": "Confederate States Army - Wikipedia Confederate States Army Jump to : navigation , search Confederate States Army Active February 28 , 1861 -- May 26 , 1865 ( 4 years , 2 months and 4 weeks ) Country Confederate States Type Army Size 500,000 -- 1,500,000 Part of C.S. War Department Colors Cadet gray March `` Dixie '' Engagements American Indian Wars Cortina Troubles American Civil War Sumter First Manassas Wilson 's Creek Henry and Donelson Shenandoah South Mills Richmond Harpers Ferry Munfordville Shepherdstown Chambersburg Raid Mississippi River Peninsula Shiloh Jackson 's Valley Campaign Second Manassas Sharpsburg Hartsville Fredericksburg Murfreesborough Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Corydon Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Atlanta Spotsylvania New Hope Church Pickett 's Mill Cold Harbor Sabine Pass Plymouth Fort Pillow Petersburg St. Albans Kennesaw Mountain Jonesborough Franklin Nashville Appomattox Court House Commanders Commander - in - Chief Jefferson Davis , ( President of the Confederate States ) General - in - Chief Robert E. Lee ( General - in - Chief - January 1865 ) Insignia Flag The Confederate States Army ( C.S.A. ) was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis ( 1808 - 1889 ) . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy on the Hudson River at West Point , New York , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 - 1848 ) . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S.",
"1": "Secretary of War in the administration of 14th President Franklin Pierce ( 1853 - 1857 ) . On March 1 , 1861 , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina on behalf of the Confederate States government , where South Carolina state militia threatened to seize Fort Sumter , an island fortification in Charleston harbor from the small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; all but extremely improbable estimates of the total number of Confederate soldiers range between 600,000 and 1,500,000 men . The better estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts . Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable . The best estimates of the number of deaths of Confederate soldiers are about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded in battle , 164,000 deaths from disease and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in United States prison camps . One estimate of Confederate wounded , which is considered incomplete , is 194,026 . These numbers do not include men who died from other causes such as accidents , which would add several thousand to the death toll . The main Confederate armies , the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee and the remnants of the Army of Tennessee and various other units under General Joseph E. Johnston , surrendered to the U.S.",
"2": "on April 9 , 1865 ( officially April 12 ) , and April 18 , 1865 ( officially April 26 ) . Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16 , 1865 and June 28 , 1865 . By the end of the war , more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had deserted . The Confederacy 's government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond in April and exerted no control of the remaining armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 2 Establishment 2.1 Control and conscription 3 Morale and motivations 3.1 Religion 3.2 Slavery and white supremacism 3.3 Desertion 4 Organization 4.1 Command 4.2 Personnel organization 4.3 Ranks and insignia 4.4 Armies and prominent leaders 5 Supply and logistics 6 Native Americans and the Confederate army 6.1 Cherokee 6.2 Choctaw 7 African Americans and the Confederate Army 7.1 Using slaves as soldiers 7.1. 1 Opposition from Confederates 7.2 Treatment of black civilians 7.3 Treatment of black prisoners of war 7.3. 1 Prisoner exchanges with the United States 8 Statistics and size 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 11.1 Historiography 11.2 Primary sources 12 External links Prelude ( edit ) By the time Abraham Lincoln took office as President of the United States on March 4 , 1861 , the seven seceding slave states had formed the Confederate States . The Confederacy seized federal property , including nearly all U.S. Army forts , within its borders . Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U.S. control when he took office , especially Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston , South Carolina . By the time Lincoln was sworn in as president , the Provisional Confederate Congress had authorized the organization of a large Provisional Army of the Confederate States ( PACS ) . Under orders from Confederate President Jefferson Davis , C.S. troops under the command of General P.G.T.",
"3": "Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12 -- 13 , 1861 , forcing its capitulation on April 14 . The United States were outraged by the Confederacy 's attack and demanded war . It rallied behind Lincoln 's call on April 15 , for all the states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists , to put down the rebellion and to preserve the United States intact . Four more slave states then joined the Confederacy . Both the United States and the Confederate States began in earnest to raise large , mostly volunteer , armies with the objectives of putting down the rebellion and preserving the Union , on the one hand , or of establishing independence from the United States , on the other . Establishment ( edit ) Private Edwin Francis Jemison , whose image became one of the most famous portraits of the young soldiers of the war . The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army . It was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army . The provisional , volunteer army was established by an act of the Provisional Confederate Congress passed on February 28 , 1861 , one week before the act which established the permanent regular army organization , passed on March 6 . Although the two forces were to exist concurrently , very little was done to organize the Confederate regular army . The Provisional Army of the Confederate States ( PACS ) began organizing on April 27 . Virtually all regular , volunteer , and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a higher rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army . If the war had ended successfully for them , the Confederates intended that the PACS would be disbanded , leaving only the ACSA . The Army of the Confederate States of America ( ACSA ) was the regular army and was authorized to include 15,015 men , including 744 officers , but this level was never achieved . The men serving in the highest rank as Confederate States generals , such as Samuel Cooper and Robert E. Lee , were enrolled in the ACSA to ensure that they outranked all militia officers . ACSA ultimately existed only on paper . The organization of the ACSA did not proceed beyond the appointment and confirmation of some officers .",
"4": "Three state regiments were later denominated `` Confederate '' regiments but this appears to have had no practical effect on the organization of a regular Confederate Army and no real effect on the regiments themselves . Members of all the Confederate States military forces ( the army , the navy , and the marine corps ) are often referred to as `` Confederates '' , and members of the Confederate army were referred to as `` Confederate soldiers '' . Supplementing the Confederate army were the various state militias of the Confederacy : Confederate States State Militias were organized and commanded by the state governments , similar to those authorized by the United States ' Militia Act of 1792 . Control and Conscription ( edit ) A cartoon from the war , showing the Confederates forcibly drafting a Unionist man into the Confederate army . The Unionist man objects , with the Confederates threatening to lynch him if he does not comply . Control and operation of the Confederate army was administered by the Confederate States War Department , which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21 , 1861 . The Confederate Congress gave control over military operations , and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the President of the Confederate States of America on February 28 , 1861 , and March 6 , 1861 . On March 8 the Confederate Congress passed a law that authorized Davis to issue proclamations to call up no more than 100,000 men . The War Department asked for 8,000 volunteers on March 9 , 20,000 on April 8 , and 49,000 on and after April 16 . Davis proposed an army of 100,000 men in his message to Congress on April 29 . On August 8 , 1861 , the Confederacy called for 400,000 volunteers to serve for one or three years . In April 1862 , the Confederacy passed the first conscription law in either C.S. or U.S. history , the Conscription Act , which made all able bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 liable for a three - year term of service in the PACS . It also extended the terms of enlistment for all one - year soldiers to three years .",
"5": "Men employed in certain occupations considered to be most valuable for the home front ( such as railroad and river workers , civil officials , telegraph operators , miners , druggists and teachers ) were exempt from the draft . The act was amended twice in 1862 . On September 27 , the maximum age of conscription was extended to 45 . On October 11 , the Confederate Congress passed the so - called `` Twenty Negro Law '' , which exempted anyone who owned 20 or more slaves , a move that caused deep resentment among conscripts who did not own slaves . The Confederate Congress made several more amendments over the course of the war to address losses suffered in battle as well as the United States ' greater supply of manpower . In December 1863 , they abolished the practice of allowing a rich drafted man to hire a substitute to take his place in the ranks . Substitution had also been practiced in the United States , leading to similar resentment from the lower classes . In February 1864 , the age limits were extended to between 17 and 50 . Challenges to the subsequent acts came before five state supreme courts ; all five upheld them . Morale and motivations ( edit ) An 1861 Confederate recruiting poster from Virginia , urging men to join the Confederate cause and fight off the U.S. Army , which it refers to as a `` brutal and desperate foe '' . In his 2010 book Major Problems in the Civil War , historian Michael Perman says that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight , suffer and die over four years : Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology , holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty , Union , or state rights , or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery . Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight , such as the defense of one 's home and family , or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men . Most historians agree that , no matter what he thought about when he went into the war , the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight . -- Michael Perman , Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2010 ) , p. 178 . Educated soldiers drew upon their knowledge of American history to justify their costs .",
"6": "McPherson says : Confederate and Union soldiers interpreted the heritage of 1776 in opposite ways . Confederates professed to fight for liberty and independence from a too radical government ; Unionists said they fought to preserve the nation conceived in liberty from dismemberment and destruction ... The rhetoric of liberty that had permeated the letters of Confederate volunteers in 1861 , grew even stronger as the war progressed . '' The most popular press coming out of Richmond before and during the Civil War sought to inspire a sense of patriotism , Confederate identity , and moral high ground in the southern population though newspaper media . Religion ( edit ) The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries . The Southern Baptists started in 1862 and had a total of 78 missionaries . Presbyterians were even more active with 112 missionaries and early 1865 . Other missionaries were funded and supported by the Episcopalians , Methodists , and Lutherans . One result was wave after wave of revivals in the Army . Religion played a major part in the lives of Confederate soldiers . Some men with a weak religious affiliation became committed Christians , and saw their military service in terms of God 's wishes . Religion strengthened the soldiers ' loyalty to comrades and the Confederacy . Military historian Samuel J. Watson argues that Christian faith was a major factor in combat motivation . The soldiers ' faith was consoling for the loss of comrades ; it was a shield against fear ; it helped cut down on drinking and fighting ; it enlarged the soldiers community of close friends and helped make up for long - term separation from home . Slavery and white supremacism ( edit ) In his 1997 book For Cause and Comrades , which examines the motivations of the American Civil War 's soldiers , historian James M. McPherson contrasts the views of Confederate soldiers regarding slavery to that of the colonial American revolutionaries of the 18th century . He stated that while the American colonists of the 1770s saw an incongruity with slave ownership and proclaiming to be fighting for liberty , Confederacy 's soldiers did not , as the Confederate ideology of white supremacy negated any contradiction between the two : Unlike many slaveholders in the age of Thomas Jefferson , Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their own liberty while holding other people in slavery .",
"7": "Indeed , white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers fought . -- James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , p. 106 , emphasis added . McPherson states that Confederate soldiers did not discuss the issue of slavery as often as United States soldiers did , because most Confederate soldiers readily accepted as an obvious fact that they were fighting to perpetuate slavery and thus did not feel the need to debate over it : ( O ) nly 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries . As one might expect , a much higher percentage of soldiers from slaveholding families than from nonslaveholding families expressed such a purpose : 33 percent , compared with 12 percent . Ironically , the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater , as the next chapter will show . There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox . Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial . Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial . They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern ' rights ' and institutions for which they fought , and did not feel compelled to discuss it . -- James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , pp. 109 -- 110 , emphasis added . Continuing , McPherson also stated that of the hundreds of Confederate soldiers ' letters he had examined , none of them contained any anti-slavery sentiment whatsoever : Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries , none at all dissented from that view . -- James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , p. 110 , emphasis in original . But McPherson admits flaws in his sampling of letters . Soldiers from slaveholding families were overrepresented by 100 % : Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample .",
"8": "Indeed , while about one - third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families , slightly more than two - thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did so . -- James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , p. ix . In some cases , Confederate men were motivated to join the army in response to the Unitard States ' actions in regards to opposition to slavery . After U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , some Confederate soldiers welcomed the move , as they believed it would strengthen pro-slavery sentiment in the Confederacy and thus , lead to greater enlistment of white men into the Confederate army . One Confederate soldier from Texas gave his reasons for fighting for the Confederacy , stating that `` we are fighting for our property '' , contrasting this with the motivations of Union soldiers , who he claimed were fighting for the `` flimsy and abstract idea that a negro is equal to an Anglo '' . One Louisianan artillery soldier stated , `` I never want to see the day when a negro is put on an equality with a white person . There is too many free niggers ... now to suit me , let alone having four millions . '' A North Carolinian soldier stated , `` ( A ) white man is better than a nigger . '' In 1894 , Virginian and former Confederate soldier John S. Mosby , reflecting back on his role in the war , stated in a letter to a friend that `` I 've always understood that we went to war on account of the thing we quarreled with the North about . I 've never heard of any other cause than slavery . '' Desertion ( edit ) Further information : Desertion § American Civil War At many points during the war , and especially near the end , Confederate armies were very poorly fed . Back home their families were in worsening condition and faced starvation and marauders . Many soldiers went home temporarily ( `` absent without official leave '' ) and quietly returned when their family problems had been resolved . By September 1864 , however , President Davis publicly admitted that two thirds of the soldiers were absent , `` most of them without leave . '' The problem escalated rapidly after that , and fewer and fewer men returned .",
"9": "Soldiers who were fighting in defense of their homes realized that they had to desert to fulfill that duty . Historian Mark Weitz argues that the official count of 103,400 deserters is too low . He concludes that most of the desertions came because the soldier felt he owed a higher duty to his own family than to the Confederacy . Confederate policies generally were severe . For example , on August 19 , 1862 General Stonewall Jackson approved the court - martial sentence of execution for three soldiers for desertion . He rejected pleas for clemency from the soldier 's regimental commander . Jackson 's goal was to maintain discipline in a volunteer army whose homes were under threat of enemy occupation . Historians have emphasized how soldiers from poor families deserted because they were urgently needed at home . Local pressures mounted as United States forces occupied more and more of the Confederacy , putting more and more families at risk . One Confederate officer at the time noted , `` The deserters belong almost entirely to the poorest class of non slave - holders whose labor is indispensable to the daily support of their families '' and that `` When the father , husband or son is forced into the service , the suffering at home with them is inevitable . It is not in the nature of these men to remain quiet in the ranks under such circumstances . '' Some soldiers also deserted from ideological motivations . A growing threat to the solidarity of the Confederacy was dissatisfaction in the Appalachian mountain districts caused by lingering unionism and a distrust of the slave power . Many of their soldiers deserted , returned home , and formed a military force that fought off regular army units trying to punish them . North Carolina lost 23 % of its soldiers ( 24,122 ) to desertion . The state provided more soldiers per capita than any other Confederate state , and had more deserters as well . Young Mark Twain deserted long before he became a famous writer and lecturer , but he often commented upon the episode in comic fashion . Beneath his desertion from a Missouri State Guard unit was his deep unease about losing his personal honor , his fear of facing death as a soldier , and his rejection of a Southern identity as a professional author .",
"10": "Organization ( edit ) CSA M1857 Napoleon Artillery Piece Because of the destruction of any central repository of records in Richmond in 1865 and the comparatively poor record - keeping of the time , there can be no definitive number that represents the strength of the Confederate States Army . Estimates range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 men who were involved at any time during the war . Reports from the War Department began at the end of 1861 ( 326,768 men ) , 1862 ( 449,439 ) , 1863 ( 464,646 ) , 1864 ( 400,787 ) , and `` last reports '' ( 358,692 ) . Estimates of enlistments throughout the war were 1,227,890 to 1,406,180 . The following calls for men were issued : March 6 , 1861 : 100,000 volunteers and militia January 23 , 1862 : 400,000 volunteers and militia April 16 , 1862 , the First Conscription Act : conscripted white men ages 18 to 35 for the duration of hostilities September 27 , 1862 , the Second Conscription Act : expanded the age range to 18 to 45 , with implementation beginning on July 15 , 1863 February 17 , 1864 , the Third Conscription Act : ages 17 to 50 March 13 , 1865 , authorized up to 300,000 African American troops but was never fully implemented . The CSA was initially a ( strategically ) defensive army , and many soldiers were resentful when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the Antietam Campaign . Command ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see General officers in the Confederate States Army . General Robert Edward Lee , the Confederacy 's most famous general . The army did not have a formal overall military commander , or general - in - chief , until late in the war . The Confederate President , Jefferson Davis , himself a former U.S. Army officer and U.S. Secretary of War , served as commander - in - chief and provided the strategic direction for Confederate land and naval forces .",
"11": "The following men had varying degrees of control : Robert E. Lee was `` charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy '' from March 13 to May 31 , 1862 . He was referred to as Davis ' military adviser but exercised broad control over the strategic and logistical aspects of the Army , a role similar in nature to the current Chief of Staff of the United States Army . On June 1 , he assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia , which was considered the most important of all the Confederate field armies . Braxton Bragg was similarly `` charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy '' from February 24 , 1864 ( after he was relieved of field command following the Battle of Chattanooga ) to January 31 , 1865 . This role was a military advisory position under Davis . Lee was formally designated general - in - chief by an act of Congress ( January 23 , 1865 ) and served in this capacity from January 31 to April 9 , 1865 . The lack of centralized control was a strategic weakness for the Confederacy , and there are few instances of multiple armies acting in concert across multiple theaters to achieve a common objective . ( An exception to this was in late 1862 when Lee 's invasion of Maryland was coincident with two other actions : Bragg 's invasion of Kentucky and Earl Van Dorn 's advance against Corinth , Mississippi . All three initiatives were unsuccessful , however . ) Likewise , an extreme example of `` States Rights '' control of C.S. soldiers was Georgia Governor Joseph E. Brown , who not only reportedly tried to keep Georgia troops from leaving the State of Georgia in 1861 but also tried to keep them from C.S. government control when U.S. forces entered Georgia in 1864 . Many of the Confederacy 's senior military leaders ( including Robert E. Lee , Albert Sidney Johnston , James Longstreet ) and even President Jefferson Davis were former U.S. Army and , in smaller numbers , U.S. Navy officers who had been opposed to , disapproved of , or were at least unenthusiastic about secession but resigned their U.S. commissions upon hearing that their states had left the Union . They felt that they had no choice but to help defend their homes .",
"12": "President Abraham Lincoln was exasperated to hear of such men who professed to love their country but were willing to fight against it . Personnel organization ( edit ) As in the U.S. Army , the Confederate army 's soldiers were organized by military specialty . The combat arms included infantry , cavalry and artillery . Although fewer soldiers might comprise a squad or platoon , the smallest infantry maneuver unit in the Army was a company of 100 soldiers . Ten companies were organized into an infantry regiment , which theoretically had 1,000 men . In reality , as disease , desertions and casualties took their toll , and the common practice of sending replacements to form new regiments took hold , most regiments were greatly reduced in strength . By the mid-war , most regiments averaged 300 -- 400 men , with Confederate units slightly smaller on average than their U.S. counterparts . For example , at the pivotal Battle of Chancellorsville , the average U.S. Army infantry regiment 's strength was 433 men , versus 409 for Confederate infantry regiments . Regiments , which were the basic units of army organization through which soldiers were supplied and deployed , were raised by individual states . They were generally referred by number and state , for example 1st Texas , 12th Virginia . To the extent the word `` battalion '' was used to describe a military unit , it referred to a multi-company task force of a regiment or a near - regimental size unit . Throughout the war , the Confederacy raised the equivalent of 1,010 regiments in all branches , including militias , versus 2,050 regiments for the U.S. Army . Four regiments usually formed a brigade , although as the number of men in many regiments became greatly reduced , especially later in the war , more than four were often assigned to a brigade . Occasionally , regiments would be transferred between brigades . Two to four brigades usually formed a division . Two to four divisions usually formed a corps . Two to four corps usually formed an army . Occasionally , a single corps might operate independently as if it were a small army . The Confederate States Army consisted of several field armies , named after their primary area of operation .",
"13": "The largest Confederate field army was the Army of Northern Virginia , whose surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865 marked the end of major combat operations in the US Civil War . Companies were commanded by captains and had two or more lieutenants . Regiments were commanded by colonels . Lieutenant colonels were second in command . At least one major was next in command . Brigades were commanded by brigadier generals although casualties or other attrition sometimes meant that brigades would be commanded by senior colonels or even a lower grade officer . Barring the same type of circumstances which might leave a lower grade officer in temporary command , divisions were commanded by major generals and corps were commanded by lieutenant generals . A few corps commanders were never confirmed as lieutenant generals and exercised corps command for varying periods of time as major generals . Armies of more than one corps were commanded by ( full ) generals . Corporal of the Artillery division of the Confederate States of America Army . Confederate mortar crew at Warrington , Florida in 1861 , across from Fort Pickens . Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor , 1863 . Ranks and insignia ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Ranks and insignia of the Confederate States . Officer rank structure of the Confederate Army General Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant An 1895 illustration showing the uniforms of the Confederate army contrasted with those of the U.S. Army . General ( CSA ) Colonel ( Infantry shown ) Lieutenant - colonel ( Headquarters shown ) Major ( Medical Corps shown ) Captain ( Marine Corps shown ) 1st Lieutenant ( Artillery shown ) 2nd Lieutenant ( Cavalry shown ) There were four grades of general officer ( general , lieutenant general , major general , and brigadier general ) , but all wore the same insignia regardless of grade . This was a decision made early in the conflict . The Confederate Congress initially made the rank of brigadier general the highest rank . As the war progressed , the other general - officer ranks were quickly added , but no insignia for them was created . ( Robert E. Lee was a notable exception to this . He chose to wear the rank insignia of a colonel . )",
"14": "Only seven men achieved the rank of ( full ) general ; the highest ranking ( earliest date of rank ) was Samuel Cooper , Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Confederate States Army . Officers ' uniforms bore a braid design on the sleeves and kepi , the number of adjacent strips ( and therefore the width of the lines of the design ) denoting rank . The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch . The braid was sometimes left off by officers since it made them conspicuous targets . The kepi was rarely used , the common slouch hat being preferred for its practicality in the Southern climate . Enlisted rank structure Sergeant Major Quartermaster Sergeant Ordnance Sergeant First Sergeant Sergeant Corporal Musician Private no insignia no insignia Branch colors were used for color of chevrons -- blue for infantry , yellow for cavalry , and red for artillery . This could differ with some units , however , depending on available resources or the unit commander 's desire . Cavalry regiments from Texas , for example , often used red insignia and at least one Texas infantry regiment used black . The CSA differed from many contemporaneous armies in that all officers under the rank of brigadier general were elected by the soldiers under their command . The Confederate Congress authorized the awarding of medals for courage and good conduct on October 13 , 1862 , but war time difficulties prevented the procurement of the needed medals . To avoid postponing recognition for their valor , those nominated for the awards had their names placed on a Roll of Honor , which would be read at the first dress parade after its receipt and be published in at least one newspaper in each state . Armies and prominent leaders ( edit ) The C.S. Army was composed of independent armies and military departments that were constituted , renamed , and disbanded as needs arose , particularly in reaction to offensives launched by the United States . These major units were generally named after states or geographic regions ( in comparison to the U.S. Army 's custom of naming armies after rivers ) . Armies were usually commanded by full generals ( there were seven in the C.S. Army ) or lieutenant generals . Some of the more important armies and their commanders were : A painting of Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia fighting the U.S.",
"15": "Army at Spotsylvania in 1864 . Army of Arkansas -- Sterling Price , Edmund Kirby Smith Army of Central Kentucky -- Simon B. Buckner , Albert Sidney Johnston Army of East Tennessee -- Edmund Kirby Smith ( later renamed Army of Kentucky ) Army of Eastern Kentucky -- Humphrey Marshall Army of the Kanawha -- Henry A. Wise , John B. Floyd , Robert E. Lee Army of Kentucky -- Edmund Kirby Smith ( eventually commander of all forces West of the Mississippi ) Army of Louisiana -- Braxton Bragg . Paul O. Hébert Army of Mississippi March 1862 -- November 1862 : P.G.T.",
"16": "Beauregard , Albert Sidney Johnston , Braxton Bragg , William J. Hardee , Leonidas Polk , ( also known as the Army of the Mississippi ; redesignated Army of Tennessee on November 20 , 1862 ) December 1862 -- July 1863 : John C. Pemberton , Earl Van Dorn , ( 1863 ) William W. Loring ( also known as Army of Vicksburg ) July 1863 -- June 1864 : William J. Hardee , Leonidas Polk , William W. Loring ( also known as the Army of the Mississippi ; redesignated III Corps , Army of Tennessee in May 1864 , but continued to use its old name ) Army of Middle Tennessee -- John C. Breckinridge Army of Missouri -- Sterling Price Army of Mobile -- Jones M. Withers , Braxton Bragg , John B. Villepigue , Samuel Jones , William L. Powell , John H. Forney Army of New Mexico -- Henry H. Sibley Army of Northern Virginia -- Joseph E. Johnston , Gustavus W. Smith , Robert E. Lee First Corps , Army of Northern Virginia Second Corps , Army of Northern Virginia Third Corps , Army of Northern Virginia Fourth Corps , Army of Northern Virginia , often styled `` Anderson 's Corps '' Cavalry Corps , Army of Northern Virginia Army of the Northwest -- Robert S. Garnett , Henry R. Jackson , William W. Loring , Edward Johnson Army of the Peninsula -- John B. Magruder , Daniel H. Hill Army of Pensacola -- Adley H. Gladden , Braxton Bragg , Samuel Jones Army of the Potomac -- P.G.T.",
"17": "Beauregard , Joseph E. Johnston Army of the Shenandoah -- Joseph E. Johnston Army of Tennessee -- Braxton Bragg , Samuel Gibbs French , William J. Hardee , Daniel H. Hill , John Bell Hood , Joseph E. Johnston , Richard Taylor First Corps , Army of Tennessee Second Corps , Army of Tennessee Third Corps , Army of Tennessee Forrest 's Cavalry Corps -- Nathan Bedford Forrest Army of the Trans - Mississippi -- Thomas C. Hindman , Theophilus Holmes , Edmund Kirby Smith ( also known as the Army of the Southwest ) Army of the Valley ( also known as Second Corps , Army of Northern Virginia ) -- Jubal Early Army of the West -- Earl van Dorn , John P. McCown , Dabney H. Maury , Sterling Price Army of West Tennessee -- Earl Van Dorn Army of Western Louisiana -- Richard Taylor , John G. Walker Some other prominent Confederate generals who led significant units operating sometimes independently in the CSA included Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson , James Longstreet , J.E.B. Stuart , Gideon Pillow , and A.P. Hill . Supply and logistics ( edit ) A group of Confederate soldiers - possibly an artillery unit captured at Island No. 10 and taken at POW Camp Douglas ( Chicago ) ; photograph possibly by D.F. Brandon . Main article : Confederate States of America § Transportation systems The supply situation for most Confederate armies was dismal , even when they were victorious on the battlefield . The central government was short of money so each state government had to supply its own regiments . The lack of central authority and the ineffective railroads , combined with the frequent unwillingness or inability of Southern state governments to provide adequate funding , were key factors in the Confederate army 's demise . The Confederacy early on lost control of most of its major river and ocean ports to capture or blockade . The road system was poor , and it relied more and more on a heavily overburdened railroad system . U.S. forces destroyed track , engines , cars , bridges and telegraph lines as often as possible , knowing that new equipment was unavailable to the Confederacy . Occasional raids into the North were designed to bring back money and supplies .",
"18": "In 1864 , the Confederates burned down Chambersburg , a Pennsylvania city they had raided twice in the years before , due to its failure to pay an extortion demand . As a result of severe supply problems , as well as the lack of textile factories in the Confederacy and the successful U.S. naval blockade of Southern ports , the typical Confederate soldier was rarely able to wear the standard regulation uniform , particularly as the war progressed . While on the march or in parade formation , Confederate armies often displayed a wide array of dress , ranging from faded , patched - together regulation uniforms ; rough , homespun uniforms colored with homemade dyes such as butternut ( a yellow - brown color ) , and even soldiers in a hodgepodge of civilian clothing . After a successful battle , it was not unusual for victorious Confederate troops to procure U.S. Army uniform parts from captured supplies and dead U.S. soldiers ; this would occasionally cause confusion in later battles and skirmishes . Individual states were expected to supply their soldiers , which led to a lack of uniformity . Some states ( such as North Carolina ) were able to better supply their soldiers , while other states ( such as Texas ) were unable for various reasons to adequately supply their troops as the war continued . Furthermore , each state often had its own uniform regulations and insignia , which meant that the `` standard '' Confederate uniform often featured a variety of differences based on the state the soldier came from . For example , uniforms for North Carolina regiments often featured a colored strip of cloth on their shoulders to designate what part of the service the soldier was in . Confederate soldiers also frequently suffered from inadequate supplies of shoes , tents , and other gear , and would be forced to innovate and make do with whatever they could scrounge from the local countryside . While Confederate officers were generally better - supplied and were normally able to wear a regulation officer 's uniform , they often chose to share other hardships -- such as the lack of adequate food -- with their troops . Confederate troops marching west on East Patrick Street , Frederick , Maryland , September 12 , 1862 . Confederate soldiers were also faced with inadequate food rations , especially as the war progressed . There was plenty of meat in the Confederacy .",
"19": "The unsolvable problem was shipping it to the armies , especially when Lee 's army in Virginia was at the end of a long , tenuous supply line . United States victory at Vicksburg in 1863 shut off supplies from Texas and the west . By 1863 Confederate generals such as Robert E. Lee often spent as much time and effort searching for food for their men as they did in planning strategy and tactics . Individual commanders often had to `` beg , borrow or steal '' food and ammunition from whatever sources were available , including captured U.S. depots and encampments , and private citizens regardless of their loyalties . Lee 's campaign against Gettysburg and southern Pennsylvania ( a rich agricultural region ) was driven in part by his desperate need of supplies , especially food . General Sherman 's total warfare reduced the ability of the South to produce food and ship it to the armies or its cities . Coupled with the U.S. blockade of all ports the devastation of plantations , farms and railroads meant the Confederacy increasingly lost the capacity to feed its soldiers and civilians . Native Americans and the Confederate Army ( edit ) Main article : Native Americans in the American Civil War Native Americans served in both the United States and Confederate military during the American Civil War . They fought knowing they might jeopardize their freedom , unique cultures , and ancestral lands if they ended up on the losing side of the Civil War . During the Civil War 28,693 Native Americans served in the U.S. and Confederate armies , participating in battles such as Pea Ridge , Second Manassas , Antietam , Spotsylvania , Cold Harbor , and in Federal assaults on Petersburg . Many Native American tribes , such as the Creek and the Choctaw , were slaveholders themselves , and thus , found a political and economic commonality with the Confederacy . At the beginning of the war , Albert Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans . In this capacity he negotiated several treaties , one such treaty was the Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws conducted in July 1861 . The treaty covered sixty - four terms covering many subjects like Choctaw and Chickasaw nation sovereignty , Confederate States of America citizenship possibilities , and an entitled delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America .",
"20": "The Cherokee , Choctaw , Seminole , Catawba , and Creek tribes were the only tribes to fight on the Confederate side . The Confederacy wanted to recruit Indians east of the Mississippi River in 1862 , so they opened up a recruiting camp in Mobile , Alabama `` at the foot of Stone Street '' . The Mobile Advertiser and Register would advertise for a chance at military service . A Chance for Active Service . The Secretary of War has authorized me to enlist all the Indians east of the Mississippi River into the service of the Confederate States , as Scouts . In addition to the Indians , I will receive all white male citizens , who are good marksmen . To each member , Fifty Dollars Bounty , clothes , arms , camp equipage &c : furnished . The weapons shall be Enfield Rifles . For further information address me at Mobile , Ala . ( Signed ) S.G. Spann , Comm'ing Choctaw Forces . -- Jacqueline Anderson Matte , They Say the Wind Is Red Cherokee ( edit ) Main article : Cherokee in the American Civil War Cherokee confederates reunion in New Orleans , 1903 . Stand Watie , along with a few Cherokee , sided with the Confederate army , in which he was made colonel and commanded a battalion of Cherokee . Reluctantly , on October 7 , 1861 , Chief Ross signed a treaty transferring all obligations due to the Cherokee from the United States to the Confederate States . In the treaty , the Cherokee were guaranteed protection , rations of food , livestock , tools and other goods , as well as a delegate to the Confederate Congress at Richmond . In exchange , the Cherokee would furnish ten companies of mounted men , and allow the construction of military posts and roads within the Cherokee Nation . However , no Indian regiment was to be called on to fight outside Indian Territory . As a result of the Treaty , the 2nd Cherokee Mounted Rifles , led by Col. John Drew , was formed . Following the Battle of Pea Ridge , Arkansas , March 7 -- 8 , 1862 , Drew 's Mounted Rifles defected to the United States forces in Kansas , where they joined the Indian Home Guard . In the summer of 1862 , U.S.",
"21": "troops captured Chief Ross , who was paroled and spent the remainder of the war in Washington and Philadelphia proclaiming Cherokee loyalty to the Union army . William Holland Thomas , the only white chief of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians , recruited hundreds of Cherokees for the Confederate army , particularly for Thomas ' Legion . The Legion , raised in September 1862 , fought until the end of the War . Choctaw ( edit ) Jackson McCurtain , Lieutenant Colonel of the First Choctaw Battalion in Oklahoma , CSA . Choctaw Confederate battalions were formed in Indian Territory and later in Mississippi in support of the southern cause . The Choctaws , who were expecting support from the Confederates , got little . Webb Garrison , a Civil War historian , describes their response : when Confederate Brigadier General Albert Pike authorized the raising of regiments during the fall of 1860 , Creeks , Choctaws , and Cherokees responded with considerable enthusiasm . Their zeal for the Confederate cause , however , began to evaporate when they found that neither arms nor pay had been arranged for them . A disgusted officer later acknowledged that `` with the exception of a partial supply for the Choctaw regiment , no tents , clothing , or camp and garrison equipage was furnished to any of them . '' African Americans and the Confederate Army ( edit ) An 1862 illustration showing Confederates escorting kidnapped African American civilians south into slavery . A similar instance occurred in Pennsylvania , when the Army of Northern Virginia invaded it in 1863 to fight the U.S. at Gettysburg . An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves at gunpoint to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers in battle . A similar instance occurred at the first Battle of Bull Run , where slaves were forced by the Confederates to load and fire a cannon at U.S. forces . An 1864 cartoon lampooning the Confederacy 's deliberating on the use of black soldiers , showing them defecting en masse towards U.S. lines if such proposals were adopted . `` Marlboro '' , an African - American bodyservant to a white Confederate soldier .",
"22": "Main article : Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War § Confederacy With so many white males conscripted into the army and roughly 40 % of its population unfree , the work required to maintain a functioning society in the Confederacy ended up largely on the backs of slaves . Even Georgian governor Joseph E. Brown noted that `` the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support . '' African American slave labor was used in a wide variety of logistical support roles for the Confederacy , from infrastructure and mining , to teamster and medical roles such as hospital attendants and nurses . Using slaves as soldiers ( edit ) The Confederacy did not allow African Americans to join the army , including both free blacks and slaves . The idea of arming the Confederacy 's slaves for use as soldiers was speculated on from the onset of the war , but such proposals were not seriously considered by Jefferson Davis or others in the Confederate administration until late in the war , when severe manpower shortages were faced . Gary Gallagher says , `` When Lee publicly advocated arming slaves in early 1865 , he did so as a desperate expedient that might prolong Southern military resistance . '' . After acrimonious debate the Confederate Congress agreed in March , 1865 . The war was nearly over by then and very few slaves ended up being enlisted before the Confederate armies all surrendered . Opposition from Confederates ( edit ) As early as November 1864 , some Confederates knew that the chance of securing victory against the U.S. was slim . Despite lacking foreign assistance and recognition and facing slim chances of victory against superior U.S. assets , Confederate newspapers such as the Georgian Atlanta Southern Confederacy continued to maintain their position and oppose the idea of armed black men in the Confederate army , even late in the war as January 1865 . They stated that it was incongruous with the Confederacy 's goals and views regarding African Americans and slavery . The Georgian newspaper opined that using black men as soldiers would be an embarrassment to Confederates and their children , saying that although African Americans should be used for slave labor , they should not be used as armed soldiers , opining that : Such an act on our part , would be a stigma on the imperishable pages of history , of which all future generations of Southrons would be ashamed .",
"23": "These are some of the additional considerations which have suggested themselves to us . Let us put the negro to work , but not to fight . Atlanta Southern Confederacy ( January 20 , 1865 ) Macon , Georgia . Prominent Confederates such as R.M.T. Hunter and Georgian Democrat Howell Cobb opposed arming slaves , saying that it was `` suicidal '' and would run contrary to the Confederacy 's ideology . Opposing such a move , Cobb stated that African Americans were untrustworthy and innately lacked the qualities to make good soldiers , and that using them would cause many Confederates to quit the army . The overwhelming support most Confederates had for maintaining black slavery was the primary cause of their strong opposition to using African Americans as armed soldiers . Maintaining the institution of slavery was the primary goal of the Confederacy 's existence , and thus , using their slaves as soldiers was incongruous with that goal . According to historian Paul D. Escott : ( F ) or a great many of the most powerful southerners the idea of arming and freeing the slaves was repugnant because the protection of slavery had been and still remained the central core of Confederate purpose ... Slavery was the basis of the planter class 's wealth , power , and position in society . The South 's leading men had built their world upon slavery and the idea of voluntarily destroying that world , even in the ultimate crisis , was almost unthinkable to them . Such feelings moved Senator R.M.T. Hunter to deliver a long speech against the bill to arm the slaves . Though most Confederates were opposed to the idea of using black soldiers , a small number suggested the idea . An acrimonious and controversial debate was raised by a letter from Patrick Cleburne urging the Confederacy to raise black soldiers by offering emancipation ; Jefferson Davis refused to consider the proposal and issued instructions forbidding the matter from being discussed . It would not be until Robert E. Lee wrote the Confederate Congress urging them that the idea would take serious traction . On March 13 , 1865 , the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14 by a single vote in the Confederate senate , and Jefferson Davis signed the order into law . The order was issued March 23 , but as it was late in the war , only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before the town was captured by the U.S.",
"24": "Army and placed back under U.S. control . According to historian James M. McPherson in 1994 , `` no black soldiers fought in the Confederate army , unless they were passing as white . '' He noted that some Confederates brought along `` their body servants , who in many cases had grown up with them '' and that `` on occasion some of those body servants were known to have picked up a rifle ... But there was no official recruitment of black soldiers in the Confederate army until the very end of the war '' , when it was brought about only by a `` desperate shortage of manpower . '' Treatment of black civilians ( edit ) In some cases , the Confederates forced their African American slaves to fire upon U.S. soldiers at gunpoint , such as at the first Battle of Bull Run . According to John Parker , one such slave who was forced by the Confederates to fight U.S. soldiers , `` Our masters tried all they could to make us fight ... They promised to give us our freedom and money besides , but none of us believed them ; we only fought because we had to . '' Parker stated that had he been given an opportunity , he would have turned against his Confederate captors , and `` could do it with pleasure '' . According to abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet in 1862 , he had met a slave who `` had unwillingly fought on the side of Rebellion '' , but said slave had since defected to `` the side of Union and universal liberty . '' During the Siege of Yorktown ( 1862 ) , The Union 's elite sniper unit , the 1st United States Sharpshooters , was devastatingly effective at shooting Confederate artillerymen defending the city . In response , some Confederate artillery crews started forcing slaves to load the cannons . `` They forced their negroes to load their cannon , '' reported a U.S. officer . `` They shot them if they would not load the cannon , and we shot them if they did . '' In other cases , under explicit orders from their commanders , Confederate armies would often forcibly kidnap free African American civilians during their incursions into U.S. territory , sending them south into Confederate territory and thus enslaving them , as was the case with the Army of Northern Virginia when it invaded Pennsylvania in 1863 .",
"25": "Treatment of black prisoners of War ( edit ) The usage of black men as U.S. soldiers by the Union , combined with Abraham Lincoln 's issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation , profoundly angered the Confederacy , with the Confederates calling it uncivilized . As a response , in May 1863 the Confederacy passed a law demanding `` full and ample retaliation '' against the United States , stating that any black person captured in `` arms against the Confederate States '' or giving aid and comfort to their enemies would be turned over to state authorities , where they could be tried as slave insurrectionists ; a capital offense punishable with a sentence of death . However , Confederate authorities feared retaliation , and as such no black prisoner was ever put on trial and executed . James McPherson states that `` Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender . In most cases , though , Confederate officers returned captured black soldiers to slavery or put them to hard labor on southern fortifications . '' African American USCT soldiers were often singled out by the Confederates and suffered extra violence when captured by them . They were often the victims of battlefield massacres and atrocities at the hands of the Confederates , most notably at Fort Pillow in Tennessee and at the Battle of the Crater in Virginia . Prisoner exchanges with the United States ( edit ) The Confederate law declaring black U.S. soldiers as being insurrectionist slaves , combined with the Confederacy 's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. soldiers , became a stumbling block for prisoner exchanges between the United States and the Confederacy , as the U.S. government in the Lieber Code officially objected to the Confederacy 's discriminatory mistreatment of prisoners of war on basis of color . The Republican Party 's platform of the 1864 presidential election reflected this view , as it too condemned the Confederacy 's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. soldiers . According to the authors of Liberty , Equality , Power , `` Expressing outrage at this treatment , in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike . The Confederacy refused . '' Statistics and size ( edit ) Julian Scott 's 1873 painting , Surrender of a Confederate Soldier .",
"26": "Incomplete and destroyed records make an accurate count of the number of men who served in the Confederate army impossible . Historians provide estimates of the actual number of individual Confederate soldiers between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . The exact number is unknown . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served in each army at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the armies at any given date . Confederate casualty figures are as incomplete and unreliable as the figures on the number of Confederate soldiers . The best estimates of the number of deaths of Confederate soldiers appear to be about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded in battle , 164,000 deaths from disease and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in U.S. prison camps . In contrast , about 25,000 U.S. soldiers died as a result of accidents , drowning , murder , killed after capture , suicide , execution for various crimes , execution by the Confederates ( 64 ) , sunstroke , other and not stated . Confederate casualties for all these reasons are unavailable . Since some Confederate soldiers would have died for these reasons , more total deaths and total casualties for the Confederacy must have occurred . One estimate of Confederate wounded , which is considered incomplete , is 194,026 ; another is 226,000 . At the end of the war 174,223 men of the Confederate forces surrendered to the U.S. Army . Compared to the U.S. Army at the time , the Confederate army was not very ethnically diverse . Ninety - one percent of Confederate soldiers were native - born white men and only 9 % were foreign - born white men , Irishmen being the largest group with others including Germans , French , Mexicans , and British . A small number of Asian men were forcibly inducted into the Confederate army against their will when they arrived in Louisiana from overseas .",
"27": "See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Confederate States Navy Blockade runners of the American Civil War General - in - Chief of the Confederate States Army Confederate Government Civil War units Confederate Regular Army officers , list of Confederate States Marine Corps Military of the Confederate States of America Uniforms of the American Civil War Uniforms of the Confederate military Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ C.S. War Dept. , p. 402 . Jump up ^ On February 8 , 1861 , delegates from the first seven Deep South slave states which had already declared their secession from the Union of the United States of America met at Montgomery , the state capital of Alabama , adopted the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States . Jump up ^ Records of the number of individuals who served in the United States Army are more extensive and reliable , but still are not entirely accurate . Estimates of the number of individual Union soldiers range between 1,550,000 and 2,400,000 , with a number between 2,000,000 and 2,200,000 most likely . Union Army records show slightly more than 2,677,000 enlistments but this number apparently includes many re-enlistments . These numbers do not include sailors who served in United States Navy or United States Marine Corps . These figures represent the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , not the size of the army at any given date . Jump up ^ Albert Burton Moore , Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy ( 1924 ) . Jump up ^ In comparison , the best estimates of the number of deaths of United States soldiers are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded in battle , 224,580 deaths from disease and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps , although some historians also dispute these figures . The best conjecture for United States Army wounded is 275,175 . Jump up ^ Confederate forces at Mobile , Alabama , and Columbus , Georgia , also had already surrendered on April 14 , 1865 , and April 16 , 1865 , respectively . U.S.",
"28": "and Confederate units fought a battle at Columbus , Georgia , before surrender on April 16 , 1865 , and a small final battle at Palmito Ranch , Texas , on May 12 , 1865 . In areas more distant from the main theaters of operations , Confederate forces in Alabama and Mississippi under Lieutenant General Richard Taylor , in Arkansas under Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson , in Louisiana and Texas under General E. Kirby Smith and in Indian Territory under Brigadier General Stand Watie surrendered on May 4 , 1865 , May 12 , 1865 , May 26 , 1865 ( officially June 2 , 1865 ) , and June 28 , 1865 , respectively . Jump up ^ Eric Foner ( 1988 ) . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 - 1877 . p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Eicher , pp. 70 , 66 . Jump up ^ United States . War Dept ( 1900 ) . Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . p. 134 . Jump up ^ John George Nicolay ; John Hay ( 1890 ) . Abraham Lincoln : A History . The Century Co. p. 264 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ; Lamb , Brian ( May 22 , 1994 ) . `` James McPherson : What They Fought For , 1861 - 1865 '' . Booknotes . National Cable Satellite Corporation . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( 1988 ) . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 . United States of America : Harper & Row . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093716 - 5 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ( T ) he Confederacy enacted the first conscription laws in American history ... Jump up ^ Civil War Conscription Laws : November 15 , 2012 by Margaret Wood .",
"29": "Jump up ^ Faust , Patricia L. ed Historical Times Encyclopedia of the Civil War : New York , 1986 Jump up ^ Loewen , James W. ( 2007 ) . Lies My Teacher Told Me : Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong . New York : The New Press . pp. 224 -- 226 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 100 - 0 . OCLC 29877812 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Civil War Conscription Laws `` : November 15 , 2012 by Margaret Wood . '' Jump up ^ Mississippi Law Journal ( 2000 ) . `` ' Necessity Knows No Law ' : Vested Rights and Styles of Reasoning in the Confederate Conscription Cases '' ( PDF ) . Mississippi Law Journal . Mississippi ... Jump up ^ Perman , Michael ; Taylor , Amy Murrell ( 2010 ) . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction . Cengage . p. 178 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1998 ) pp 104 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ayers , edited by Edward L. ; Gallagher , , Gary W. ; Torget , Andrew J. ( 2006 ) . Crucible of the Civil War Virginia from secession to commemoration . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 3049 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ W. Harrison Daniel , `` Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy . '' Mississippi Quarterly 17.4 ( 1964 ) : 179 + . Jump up ^ Dollar , Kent T. ( 2005 ) . Soldiers of the Cross : Soldier - Christians and the Impact of the War on their Faith . Mercer University Press . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Steven E. ( 2001 ) . While God is Marching On . Jump up ^ Wilson , Charles Reagan ( 1980 ) .",
"30": "Baptized in Blood . Jump up ^ Miller , Randall ; Stout , Harry ; Wilson , Reagan ( 1998 ) . `` Religion and the American Civil War '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Samuel J. Watson , `` Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies . '' Journal of Military History 58 # 1 ( 1994 ) : 29 + . Jump up ^ Sheehan - Dean , Aaron ( 2009 ) . Why Confederates Fought : Family and Nation in Civil War Virginia . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 106 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . OCLC 34912692 . Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their own liberty while holding other people in slavery . Indeed , white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers fought . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York : Oxford University Press , Inc . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . It would be wrong , however , to assume that Confederate soldiers were constantly preoccupied with this matter . In fact , only 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries . As one might expect , a much higher percentage of soldiers from slaveholding families than from nonslaveholding families expressed such a purpose : 33 percent , compared with 12 percent . Ironically , the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater , as the next chapter will show . There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox . Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial . Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial .",
"31": "They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern ' rights ' and institutions for which they fought , and did not feel compelled to discuss it . Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries , none at all dissented from that view . Jump up ^ James M. McPherson , For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War ( 1997 ) , p. ix . `` In both the Union and Confederate samples , foreign - born soldiers are substantially underrepresented . In the Union sample only 9 percent of the men were born abroad compared with 24 percent of all Union soldiers . Unskilled and even skilled laborers are underrepresented in both samples . Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample . Indeed , while about one - third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families , slightly more than two - thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did so ... Officers are overrepresented in both samples . While some 10 percent of Civil War soldiers served as officers for at least half of their time in the army , 47 percent of the Confederate sample and 35 percent of the Union sample did so . Both samples are also skewed toward those who volunteered in 1861 -- 62 and therefore contain disproportionately few draftees ... '' ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York . p. 107 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . OCLC 34912692 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . The Proclamation is worth three hundred thousand soldiers to our Government at least ... It shows exactly what this war was brought about for and the intention of its damnable authors . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York : Oxford University Press , Inc. p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . OCLC 34912692 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 .",
"32": "^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . New York City , New York : Oxford University Press , Inc. p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509 - 023 - 3 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coski , John M. ( 2005 ) . The Confederate Battle Flag : America 's Most Embattled Emblem . United States of America : First Harvard University Press . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01722 - 6 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lozada , Carlos ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` How people convince themselves that the Confederate flag represents freedom , not slavery : Historian John M. Coski examines the fights over the symbol 's meaning in ' The Confederate Battle Flag : America 's Most Embattled Emblem . ' '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C. : Graham Holdings Company . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Williams ( 2011 ) . Rich Man 's War : Class , Caste , and Confederate Defeat in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley . University of Georgia Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Mark A. Weitz , A higher duty : desertion among Georgia troops during the Civil War ( U of Nebraska Press , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ K.M.L. `` Stonewall 's Rush to Judgment , '' Civil War Times ( 2010 ) 49 # 2 pp 51 + . Jump up ^ Ella Lonn , Desertion during the Civil War ( 1928 ) . Jump up ^ Peter S. Bearman , `` Desertion as localism : Army unit solidarity and group norms in the US Civil War . '' Social Forces 70 # 2 ( 1991 ) : 321 - 342 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( March 1989 ) . `` The South 's Inner Civil War : The more fiercely the Confederacy fought for its independence , the more bitterly divided it became .",
"33": "To fully understand the vast changes the war unleashed on the country , you must first understand the plight of the Southerners who did n't want secession '' . American Heritage . Vol. 40 no . 2 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick J. ( 2013 ) . `` Understanding the Desertion of South Carolinian Soldiers during the Final Years of the Confederacy '' . Historical Journal . 56 ( 03 ) : 657 -- 679 . doi : 10.1017 / s0018246x13000046 . Jump up ^ Rand Dotson , `` ' The grave and scandalous evil infected to your people ' : The erosion of Confederate loyalty in Floyd County , Virginia . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 2000 ) : 393 - 434 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Otten , James T. ( 1974 ) . `` Disloyalty in the Upper Districts of South Carolina During the Civil War '' . South Carolina Historical Magazine . 75 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 110 . JSTOR 27567243 . Jump up ^ Scott King - Owen , `` Conditional Confederates : Absenteeism among Western North Carolina Soldiers , 1861 -- 1865 . '' Civil War History 2011 ; 57 ( 4 ) : 349 - 379 . online Jump up ^ Giuffre , Katherine A. ( 1997 ) . `` First in Flight : Desertion as Politics in the North Carolina Confederate Army '' . Social Science History . 21 ( 02 ) : 245 -- 263 . doi : 10.2307 / 1171275 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Neil ( 2007 ) . `` Mark Twain , Traitor '' . Arizona Quarterly . 63 ( 4 ) : 25 -- 37 . doi : 10.1353 / arq. 2007.0025 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 29 .",
"34": "Jump up ^ Official Records , Series IV , Vol . III , pp. 1161 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Historical times illustrated encyclopedia of the Civil War . Faust , Patricia L. , Delaney , Norman C. , Frank and Virginia Williams Collection of Lincolniana ( Mississippi State University . Libraries ) ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Harper & Row. 1986 . ISBN 0061812617 . OCLC 13796662 . Jump up ^ 1921 - , Boatner , Mark Mayo , ( 1959 ) . The Civil War dictionary . Northrop , Allen C. , , Miller , Lowell I. , . New York : D. McKay Co . ISBN 0679500138 . OCLC 445154 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 807 . There were seven full generals in the CSA ; John Bell Hood held `` temporary full general '' rank , which was withdrawn by the Confederate Congress . Jump up ^ `` The Civil War News & Views Open Discussion Forum '' . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George Edgar Turner , Victory rode the rails : the strategic place of the railroads in the Civil War ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Everard H. Smith , `` Chambersburg : Anatomy of a Confederate Reprisal . '' American Historical Review 96 # 2 ( 1991 ) : 432 - 455 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Steven G. Collins , `` System in the South : John W. Mallet , Josiah Gorgas , and uniform production at the confederate ordnance department . '' Technology and culture ( 1999 ) 40 # 3 pp : 517 -- 544 in Project MUSE . Jump up ^ Vandiver , Frank E. ( 1944 ) . `` Texas and the Confederate Army 's Meat Problem '' . Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 47 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 233 . JSTOR 30236034 .",
"35": "Jump up ^ Larry J. Daniel , Soldiering in the Army of Tennessee : A Portrait of Life in a Confederate Army ( 2003 ) ch 4 on inadequate rations ^ Jump up to : W. David Baird ; et al. ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` '' We are all Americans `` , Native Americans in the Civil War '' . Native Americans.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rodman , Leslie . The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War ( PDF ) . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Native Americans in the Civil War '' . Ethic Composition of Civil War Forces ( C.S & U.S.A. ) . January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Leslie . The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War ( PDF ) . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Matte , Jacqueline ( 2002 ) . `` Refugees - Six Towns Choctaw , 1830 -- 1890 '' . They Say the Wind is Red . New South Books . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58838 - 079 - 1 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Webb ( 1995 ) . `` Padday Some Day '' . More Civil War Curiosities . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55853 - 366 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Loewen , James W. ( 2007 ) . Lies My Teacher Told Me : Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong . New York : The New Press . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 100 - 0 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . White Southerners founded the Confederacy on the ideology of white supremacy . Confederate soldiers on their way to Antietam and Gettysburg , their two main forays into U.S.",
"36": "states , put this ideology into practice : they seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sold them south into slavery . Confederates maltreated black U.S. troops when they captured them . Jump up ^ Symonds , Craig L. ( 2001 ) . American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg . New York : HarperCollins . pp. 49 -- 54 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019474 - X . Jump up ^ Loewen , James W. ( 1999 ) . Lies Across America : What American Historic Sites Get Wrong . New York City , New York : Touchstone , Simon & Schuster , Inc. p. 350 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87067 - 3 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Lee 's troops seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sent them south into slavery . This was in keeping with Confederate national policy , which virtually re-enslaved free people of color into work gangs on earthworks throughout the south . Jump up ^ Simpson , Brooks D. ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` The Soldiers ' Flag ? '' . Crossroads . WordPress . ( T ) he Army of Northern Virginia was under orders to capture and send south supposed escaped slaves during that army 's invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863 . ^ Jump up to : Masur , Kate ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Slavery and Freedom at Bull Run '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Andy ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Memory : Frederick Douglass ' Black Confederate '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levine , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate at an Extra Session of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia , Convened under the Proclamation of the Governor , March 25 , 1863 , p. 6 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ Levine , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Jaime Amanda Martinez , Confederate Slave Impressment in the Upper South ( U. North Carolina Press , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Levine , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Gary W. Gallagher ( 2002 ) . Lee and His Army in Confederate History . p. 169 . Jump up ^ Davis , William C. ( 2002 ) . Look Away ! : A History of the Confederate States of America . New York : The Free Press . p. 402 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2771 - 9 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Durden , Robert F. ( 1875 ) . The Gray and the Black : The Confederate Debate on Emancipation . Louisiana State University . pp. 156 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Howell Cobb letter to James A. Seddon January 1865 , Cobb , Howell ( January 8 , 1865 ) . `` Letter to James A. Seddon '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Real Confederates Did n't Know About Black Confederates '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ( E ) arnest and vituperative opposition to the enlistment of slaves in Confederate service was widespread , even as the concussion of U.S. artillery rattled the panes in the windows of the capitol in Richmond . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levin , Kevin M. ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Pernicious Idea : 150 Years Later '' . Civil War Memory .",
"38": "Archived from the original on January 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul D. Escott , After Secession : Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism ( 1992 ) , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Vol . LII , Part 2 , pp. 586 -- 92 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 1991 ) . `` Chapter 17 : The Decision to Raise a Negro Army , 1864 -- 1865 '' . The Negro 's Civil War : How American Blacks Felt and Acted During the War for the Union . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 48860 - 2 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Durden , Robert F. ( 2000 ) . The Gray and the Black : The Confederate Debate on Emancipation . Louisiana : LSU Press . Jump up ^ `` General Orders No. 14 '' . Civil War on the Western Border : The Missouri - Kansas Conflict , 1855 -- 1865 . Kansas City : The Kansas City Public Library . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . ( I ) t does not extend freedom to the slaves who serve , giving them little personal motivation to support the Southern cause . Ultimately , very few blacks serve in the Confederate armed forces , as compared to hundreds of thousands who serve for the Union . Jump up ^ Arnold , James R. ; Wiener , Roberta ; Weitz , Seth A. ( 2011 ) . `` Congress , Confederate '' . American Civil War : The Essential Reference Guide . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , LLC . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 905 - 9 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate Law authorizing the enlistment of black soldiers , March 13 , 1865 , as promulgated in a military order '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 .",
"39": "Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter ( 1950 ) . The Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 . LSU Press . pp. 267 -- 68 . Jump up ^ http://www.historynet.com/killers-in-green-coats.htm Jump up ^ David G. Smith , `` Race and Retaliation : The Capture of African Americans During the Gettysburg Campaign . '' in Peter Wallenstein and Bertram Wyatt - Brown , ed. , Virginia 's Civil War ( 2004 ) pp : 122 - 37 . online Jump up ^ Ted Alexander , `` ' A Regular Slave Hunt ' : The Army of Northern Virginia and Black Civilians in the Gettysburg Campaign , '' North & South 4 ( September 2001 ) : 82 -- 89 Jump up ^ Grant , Ulysses ( August 23 , 1863 ) . `` Letter to Abraham Lincoln '' . Cairo , Illinois . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . I have given the subject of arming the Negro my hearty support . This , with the emancipation of the Negro , is the heaviest blow yet given the Confederacy . The South rave a greatdeel about it and profess to be very angry . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Understanding Fort Pillow : ' Full and Ample Retaliation ' '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , George W. , History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880 : Negros as Slaves , as Soldiers , and as Citizens , vol. II , New York : G.P. Putnam Son 's , 1883 , pp. 351 -- 352 . Jump up ^ Congress of the Confederate States of America ( May 1 , 1863 ) . `` No. 5 '' . Joint Resolution on the Subject of Retaliation . Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ Carolyn L. Karcher , First Woman in the Republic ... , p. 725 ( n. 153 ) Jump up ^ Murrin , John ; McPherson , James M. ; Johnson , Paul ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2009 ) . Liberty , Liberty , Equality , Power . Cengage Learning . p. 433 . Jump up ^ Cornish , Dudley Taylor ( 1965 ) . The Sable Arm : Negro Troops in the Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : W.W. Norton . pp. 173 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Robertson , James I. , Jr. ; Pegram , William . `` The Boy Artillerist '' : Letters of Colonel William Pegram , C.S.A . Jump up ^ The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 98 , no . 2 ( The Trumpet Unblown : The Old Dominion in the Civil War ) , ( 1990 ) , pp. 242 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Murrin , John ; McPherson , James M. ; Johnson , Paul ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2009 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : Enhanced Concise Fourth Edition . Belmont , California : Cengage Learning . p. 433 . Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender . In most cases , though , Confederate officers returned captured black soldiers to slavery or put them to hard labor on southern fortifications ... Expressing outrage at this treatment , in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike . The Confederacy refused . Jump up ^ Townsend , E.D. ( April 24 , 1863 ) . `` SECTION III. -- Deserters -- Prisoners of war -- Hostages -- Booty on the battle - field '' . INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD . Washington . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2001 . Retrieved April 7 , 2001 . 58 .",
"41": "The law of nations knows of no distinction of color , and if an enemy of the United States should enslave and sell any captured persons of their Army , it would be a case for the severest retaliation , if not redressed upon complaint . Jump up ^ Republican Party of the United States ( June 7 , 1864 ) . `` Republican Party Platform of 1864 '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . ( T ) he Government owes to all men employed in its armies , without regard to distinction of color , the full protection of the laws of war -- and that any violation of these laws , or of the usages of civilized nations in time of war , by the Rebels now in arms , should be made the subject of prompt and full redress . Jump up ^ Long , E.B. The Civil War Day by Day : An Almanac , 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1971 . OCLC 68283123 . p. 705 Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : America 's Wars '' . United States Department of Veterans Affairs . November 2008 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Long , 1971 , p. 711 Jump up ^ Davis , Burke ( 1960 ) . Civil War : Strange and Fascinating Facts . Random House . Jump up ^ Inglish , Patty ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Chinese Soldiers Who Fought in the American Civil War for the Union and the Confederacy '' . HubPages . Interestingly , some Chinese were ' Shanghaied ' into the Confederate Army in New Orleans when they disembarked ships coming into port . They thought they were being invited to games and fun ; and , they were not alone -- other ethnic groups were mustered into the Confederate forces this way ... This seems to have been usual for the 14th Louisiana Infantry , tricking Chinese and Filipino men into service . Because many of the Filipino men had Hispanic surnames , many are lost to history as having been Asian servicemen . In fact , many of them had lived in Mexico .",
"42": "Missing or empty url = ( help ) Further reading ( edit ) Adams , George Worthington ( 1940 ) . `` Confederate Medicine '' . Journal of Southern History . 6 # 2 . JSTOR 2191203 . Allardice , Bruce ( 1997 ) . West Points of the Confederacy : Southern Military Schools and the Confederate Army . Civil War History . 43 # 4 . Bledsoe , Andrew S. Citizen - Officers : The Union and Confederate Volunteer Junior Officer Corps in the American Civil War ( LSU Press , 2015 ) . PhD dissertation version , 2012 ; bibliography on pp 400 -- 439 . Crawford , Martin ( 1991 ) . `` Confederate Volunteering and Enlistment in Ashe County , North Carolina , 1861 -- 1862 '' . Civil War History . 37 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 50 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 1991.0031 . Crute Jr , Joseph H. ( 1987 ) . Units of the Confederate States Army ( 2nd ed . ) . Gaithersburg : Olde Soldier Books . ISBN 0 - 942211 - 53 - 7 . Daniel , Larry J. ( 2003 ) . Soldiering in the Army of Tennessee : A Portrait of Life in a Confederate Army . Eicher , David J. ( 2001 ) . Civil War High Commands . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 1 . Freemon , Frank R. ( 1987 ) . `` Administration of the Medical Department of the Confederate States Army , 1861 to 1865 '' . Southern Medical Journal . 80 : 630 -- 637 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 198705000 - 00019 . Faust , Drew ( 1987 ) . Christian Soldiers : The Meaning of Revivalism in the Confederate Army . Haughton , Andrew ( 2000 ) . Training , Tactics and Leadership in the Confederate Army of Tennessee : Seeds of Failure . Jones , Adam Matthew .",
"43": "`` ' The land of my birth and the home of my heart ' : Enlistment Motivations for Confederate Soldiers in Montgomery County , Virginia , 1861 -- 1862 . ' '' ( MA thesis Virginia Tech , 2014 ) . online bibliography , pp 123 -- 30 . Levine , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Confederate Emancipation : Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War . Logue , Larry M. ( 1993 ) . `` Who Joined the Confederate Army ? Soldiers , Civilians , and Communities in Mississippi '' . Journal of Social History . 26 # 3 . JSTOR 3788629 . Sheehan - Dean , Aaron . `` Justice Has Something to Do with It : Class Relations and the Confederate Army . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 113 ( 2005 ) : 340 - 377 . Sheehan - Dean , Aaron . Why Confederates Fought : Family and Nation in Civil War Virginia ( 2007 ) . online Warner , Ezra J. Generals in Gray : Lives of the Confederate Commanders ( LSU Press , 1959 ) . Weinert , Richard P. , Jr. ( 1991 ) . The Confederate Regular Army . White Mane Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 942597 - 27 - 1 . Weitz , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . More Damning than Slaughter : Desertion in the Confederate Army . U of Nebraska Press . Wiley , Bell Irvin . The Life of Johnny Reb : The Common Soldier of the Confederacy ( 1943 ) . Watson , Samuel J ( 1994 ) . `` Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies '' . Journal of Military History . 58 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 55 . doi : 10.2307 / 2944178 . Wright , Marcus J. ( 1983 ) . General Officers of the Confederate Army . J.M. Carroll & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8488 - 0009 - 3 . Historiography ( edit ) Sheehan - Dean , Aaron .",
"44": "`` The Blue and Gray in Black and White : Assessing the Scholarship on Civil War Soldiers , '' in ' Aaron Sheehan - Dean , ed. , ' The View from the Ground : Experiences of Civil War Soldiers ( University Press of Kentucky , 2007 ) pp 9 -- 30 . Primary sources ( edit ) Confederate States . War Dept . Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States . Richmond : J.W. Randolph . 1863 . Robson , John S. ( 2007 ) . How A One - Legged Rebel Lives : Reminiscences of the Civil War ; The Story of the Campaigns of Stonewall Jackson . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84685 - 665 - 5 . U.S. War Department ( 1880 -- 1901 ) , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies , U.S. Government Printing Office External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Confederate States Army . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Confederate States of America Confederate soldiers The American Civil War 's rank insignia A Manual of Military Surgery ( 1863 ) . The manual used by doctors in the CSA . U.S. Civil War Era Uniforms and Accouterments Duke University Libraries Digital Collections -- William Emerson Strong Photograph Album 200 cartes - de-visite depicting officers in the Confederate army and navy , officials in the Confederate government , famous Confederate wives , and other notable figures of the Confederacy . Also included are 64 photographs attributed to Mathew Brady . Confederate and State Regulations at confederateuniforms.org 1st Confederate Battalion , Forney 's Regiment ( Living History Organization ) Black soldiers in the U.S.",
"45": "Civil War Confederate Enlistment Oaths and Discharges of the Army of the State of Georgia Field armies of the Confederate States Central Kentucky Kanawha Kentucky Mississippi Missouri New Mexico Northern Virginia Northwest Peninsula Potomac Shenandoah Tennessee Trans - Mississippi Valley West West Tennessee Western Louisiana Commons American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J.",
"46": "Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K.",
"47": "Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S.",
"48": "Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S.",
"49": "Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S.",
"50": "Sanitary Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederate_States_Army&oldid=822231166 '' Categories : 1861 establishments in the Confederate States of America 1865 disestablishments in the Confederate States of America Confederate States Army Disbanded armies Military history of the United States Military units and formations established in 1861 Military units and formations disestablished in 1865 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Use mdy dates from January 2018 Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages incorrectly using the quote template All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 04 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
3,
12,
42,
0,
10,
45,
18,
1,
2,
4,
23,
27,
43,
11,
44,
37,
50,
22,
14,
46,
15,
38,
34,
17,
16,
39,
41,
13,
28,
26,
21,
33,
20,
6,
19,
24,
48,
7,
8,
32,
31,
36,
30,
35,
49,
40,
29,
9,
5,
25,
47
] |
[
12,
3,
42,
0,
10
] |
-1947142937640704956
|
what is upstream project in oil and gas
|
[
"searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface",
"searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields",
"drilling exploratory wells",
"drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface"
] |
{
"0": "Upstream ( petroleum industry ) - wikipedia Upstream ( petroleum industry ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Upstream ( disambiguation ) . The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors : upstream ( or exploration and production - E&P ) , midstream and downstream . The upstream sector includes searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields , drilling exploratory wells , and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface . There has been a significant shift toward including unconventional gas as a part of the upstream sector , and corresponding developments in liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) processing and transport . Upstream Industry has traditionally experienced the highest number of Mergers , Acquisitions and Divestitures . M&A activity for upstream oil and gas deals in 2012 totaled $254 billion in 679 deals . A large chunk of this M&A , 33 % in 2012 , was driven by the unconventional / shale boom especially in the US followed by the Russian Federation and Canada . The aggregate value of Upstream E&P assets available for sale ( Deals in Play ) reached a record - high of $135 billion in Q3 - 2013 . The value of Deals in Play doubled from $46 billion in 2009 to $90 billion in 2010 . With ongoing M&A activity the level remained almost the same reaching $85 billion in Dec - 2012 . However , the first half of 2013 saw approximately $48 billion of net new assets coming on the market . Remarkably , the total value of Deals in Play in Q3 - 2013 nearly tripled over 2009 at $46 billion , in less than four years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Business 2 Upstream in ISO 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Business ( edit ) This categorization comes from value chain concepts , even before formal development Value Chain Management . Integrated Oil & Gas Company : A company that has upstream as well as downstream operations . Examples include ExxonMobil , BP , Royal Dutch Shell and ChevronTexaco . Independent Oil & Gas Company : A company that has either upstream or downstream operations , but not both .",
"1": "Examples include Anadarko , Sunoco , Phillips 66 , ConocoPhillips , and Murphy . Oil Service Company : A company that provides products and / or services to the oil and gas industry . Usually a combination of labor , equipment , and / or other support services . Examples include Baker Hughes , Haliburton , and Schlumberger . Oil Equipment Manufacturer : A company that specializes in the sale and distribution of equipment to the oil and gas industry . Security Many major security companies take part in securing the industry . Other : Any other oil and gas related business not defined above . Upstream in iso ( edit ) In ISO 20815 define Upstream in definition section as : 3.1. 48 upstream business category of the petroleum industry involving exploration and production . Example : Offshore oil / gas production facilities , Drilling rigs , intervention vessel . See also ( edit ) Coal bed methane Downstream ( petroleum industry ) Extraction of petroleum Gas field Hydrocarbon exploration Midstream Natural Gas Natural gas condensate Natural - gas processing Petroleum Oil production plant Oil refinery Oil well List of oil exploration and production companies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Upstream , midstream & downstream Archived 2014 - 01 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Industry Overview from the website of the Petroleum Services Association of Canada ( PSAC ) Jump up ^ Coalbed Methane Basic Information Jump up ^ http://www.1derrick.com/oil-and-gas-ma-values-reach-record-254-billion-in-2012/5232/ Jump up ^ http://www.1derrick.com/135-billion-worth-oil-and-gas-assets-on-the-market/11420/ ^ Jump up to : American Petroleum Institute Definition Of Upstream Company and description Jump up ^ `` Eyal Mesika - Security Issues in the Upstream Oil Industry - OilVoice '' . www.oilvoice.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ ISO 20815 Petroleum industry Petroleum Primary energy Benchmarks Argus Sour Bonny Light Brent Dubai",
"2": "Indian Basket Indonesian Isthmus - 34 Light Japan Cocktail OPEC Reference Basket Tapis Urals West Texas Intermediate Western Canadian Select Data Natural gas Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price Petroleum Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price ( of gasoline and diesel ) Exploration Core sampling Geophysics Integrated asset modelling Petroleum engineering Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation Petroleum geology Petrophysics Reflection seismology ( Seismic inversion ) Seismic source Drilling Blowout Completion ( Squeeze job ) Differential sticking Directional drilling ( Geosteering ) Drilling engineering Drilling fluid ( invasion ) Drill stem test Lost circulation Measurement Tracers Underbalanced drilling Well logging Production Petroleum fiscal regime Concessions Production sharing agreements Artificial lift Pumpjack Submersible pump ( ESP ) Gas lift Downstream Enhanced oil recovery ( EOR ) Steam injection Gas reinjection Midstream Petroleum product Pipeline transport Refining Upstream Water injection Well intervention XT History 1967 Oil Embargo 1973 oil crisis 1979 energy crisis 1980s oil glut 1990 oil price shock 2000s energy crisis 2010s oil glut Founders History of the petroleum industry Nationalization OPEC GECF Seven Sisters Standard Oil Oil market timelines Provinces and fields List of natural gas fields List of oil fields East Midlands Oil Province East Texas Gulf of",
"3": "Mexico Niger Delta North Sea Permian Basin Persian Gulf Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Russia Venezuela Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Other topics Acronyms Oil shale gas Peak oil mitigation timing People Petrocurrency Petrodollar recycling Shale band Shale gas Swing producer Unconventional oil heavy crude oil sands oil shale Companies and organisations Major petroleum companies Supermajors BP Chevron Eni ExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell Total National oil companies ADNOC ( UAE ) CNOOC ( China ) CNPC ( China ) Ecopetrol ( Colombia ) Gazprom ( Russia ) Iraq National Oil Company Indian Oil Corporation KazMunayGas ( Kazakhstan ) Kuwait Petroleum Corporation Lotos ( Poland ) Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NIOC ( Iran ) NISOC ( Iran ) OGDCL ( Pakistan ) ONGC ( India ) PDVSA ( Venezuela ) PKN Orlen ( Poland ) Pemex ( Mexico ) Pertamina ( Indonesia ) PetroBangla ( Bangladesh ) Petrobras ( Brazil ) PetroChina Petronas ( Malaysia ) Petrovietnam PTT ( Thailand ) Qatar Petroleum Rosneft ( Russia ) Saudi Aramco ( Saudi Arabia ) Sinopec ( China ) SOCAR ( Azerbaijan ) Sonangol ( Angola ) Sonatrach ( Algeria ) Statoil ( Norway ) TPAO ( Turkey ) YPF ( Argentina ) Energy trading Glencore Gunvor Mercuria Naftiran Intertrade Trafigura Vitol Other Anadarko",
"4": "Apache BG Group Cenovus Energy Compañía Española de Petróleos ConocoPhillips Devon Galp Energia Hess Husky Energy Imperial Oil Lukoil Marathon Oil Nippon Oil Occidental OMV Port Harcourt Refining Company Reliance Industries Repsol Suncor Energy Surgutneftegas TNK - BP Tullow Oil Tüpraş Major services companies Amec Foster Wheeler Baker Hughes Cameron CGG CH2M Hill Chicago Bridge & Iron Company China Oilfield Services Enbridge Ensco GE Oil & Gas Halliburton Nabors Industries Naftiran Intertrade National Oilwell Varco Petrofac Saipem Schlumberger Snam Subsea 7 TransCanada Transocean Weatherford Wood Group Other International Association of Oil & Gas Producers International Energy Agency International Petroleum Exchange OPEC Society of Petroleum Engineers World Petroleum Council Commons External links ( edit ) Upstream innovations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upstream_(petroleum_industry)&oldid=818881251 '' Categories : Natural gas Petroleum production Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 04 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"5": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
2,
3,
1,
4,
5
] |
[
0,
2,
3,
1,
4,
5
] |
-590834235052106634
|
what is the name for the ch3coo- ion
|
[
"hydrogen acetate (called acetic acid)",
"hydrogen acetate (called acetic acid)",
"polyatomic anion"
] |
{
"0": "Acetate - wikipedia Acetate Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Acetate ( disambiguation ) . Acetate Names IUPAC name Acetate Systematic IUPAC name Ethanoate Identifiers CAS Number 71 - 50 - 1 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChemSpider 170 PubChem CID 175 InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C2H4O2 / c1 - 2 ( 3 ) 4 / h1H3 , ( H , 3 , 4 ) / p - 1 Key : QTBSBXVTEAMEQO - UHFFFAOYSA - M InChI = 1 / C2H4O2 / c1 - 2 ( 3 ) 4 / h1H3 , ( H , 3 , 4 ) / p - 1 Key : QTBSBXVTEAMEQO - REWHXWOFAL SMILES ( show ) CC ( = O ) ( O - ) Properties Chemical formula 3O − Molar mass 59.04 g mol Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Infobox references An acetate / ˈæsɪteɪt / is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with an alkaline , earthy , or metallic base . `` Acetate '' also describes the conjugate base or ion ( specifically , the negatively charged ion called an anion ) typically found in aqueous solution and written with the chemical formula C H O . The neutral molecules formed by the combination of the acetate ion and a positive ion ( called a cation ) are also commonly called `` acetates '' ( hence , acetate of lead , acetate of aluminum , etc . ) . The simplest of these is hydrogen acetate ( called acetic acid ) with corresponding salts , esters , and the polyatomic anion CH CO , or CH COO .",
"1": "Most of the approximately 5 billion kilograms of acetic acid produced annually in industry are used in the production of acetates , which usually take the form of polymers . In nature , acetate is the most common building block for biosynthesis . For example , the fatty acids are produced by connecting the two carbon atoms from acetate to a growing fatty acid . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature and common formula 2 Salts 3 Esters 4 Acetate in biology 5 Fermentation of acetate 6 Structures 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Nomenclature and common formula ( edit ) When part of a salt , the formula of the acetate ion is written as CH CO , C H O , or CH COO . Chemists abbreviate acetate as OAc or , less commonly , AcO . Thus , HOAc is the abbreviation for acetic acid , NaOAc for sodium acetate , and EtOAc for ethyl acetate . The abbreviation `` Ac '' ( or `` AC '' ) is also sometimes encountered in chemical formulas to indicate the acetate ion ( CH CO ) , or the acetyl group ( CH CO ) . This abbreviation is not to be confused with the symbol of actinium , the first element of the actinide series . For example , the formula for sodium acetate might be abbreviated as `` NaAc '' , rather than `` NaC H O '' . Care should also be taken to avoid confusion with peracetic acid when using the OAc abbreviation ; for clarity and to avoid errors when translated , HOAc should be avoided in literature mentioning both compounds . Although its systematic name is ethanoate , the common acetate remains the preferred IUPAC name . Salts ( edit ) acetate anion The acetate anion , ( CH COO ) , ( or ( C H O ) ) is one of the carboxylate family . It is the conjugate base of acetic acid . Above a pH of 5.5 , acetic acid converts to acetate : CH COOH ⇌ CH COO + H Many acetate salts are ionic , indicated by their tendency to dissolve well in water .",
"2": "A commonly encountered acetate in the home is sodium acetate , a white solid that can be prepared by combining vinegar and sodium bicarbonate ( `` bicarbonate of soda '' ) : CH COOH + NaHCO → CH COO Na + H O + CO Transition metals can be complexed by acetate . Examples of acetate complexes include chromium ( II ) acetate and basic zinc acetate . Commercially important acetate salts are aluminium acetate , used in dyeing , ammonium acetate , a precursor to acetamide , and potassium acetate , used as a diuretic . All three salts are colourless and highly soluble in water . Esters ( edit ) acetate ester Acetate esters have the general formula CH CO R , where R is an organyl group . The esters are the dominant forms of acetate in the marketplace . Unlike the acetate salts , acetate esters are often liquids , lipophilic , and sometimes volatile . They are popular because they have inoffensive , often sweet odors , they are inexpensive , and they are usually of low toxicity . Almost half of acetic acid production is consumed in the production of vinyl acetate , precursor to polyvinyl alcohol , which is a component of many paints . The second largest use of acetic acid is consumed in the production of cellulose acetate . In fact , `` acetate '' is jargon for cellulose acetate , which is used in the production of fibres or diverse products , e.g. the acetate discs used in audio record production . Cellulose acetate can be found in many household products . Many industrial solvents are acetates , including methyl acetate , ethyl acetate , isopropyl acetate , ethylhexyl acetate . Butyl acetate is a fragrance used in food products . Acetate in biology ( edit ) Acetate is a common anion in biology . It is mainly utilized by organisms in the form of acetyl coenzyme A . Intraperitoneal injection of sodium acetate ( 20 or 60 mg per kg body mass ) was found to induce headache in sensitized rats , and it has been proposed that acetate resulting from oxidation of ethanol is a major factor in causing hangovers .",
"3": "Increased serum acetate levels lead to accumulation of adenosine in many tissues including the brain , and administration of the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine to rats after ethanol was found to decrease nociceptive behavior . Fermentation of acetate ( edit ) Acetic acid can also undergo a dismutation reaction to produce methane and carbon dioxide : CH COO + H → CH + CO ΔG ° = − 36 kJ / mol This disproportionation reaction is catalysed by methanogen archaea in their fermentative metabolism . One electron is transferred from the carbonyl function ( e donor ) of the carboxylic group to the methyl group ( e acceptor ) of acetic acid to respectively produce CO and methane gas . Structures ( edit ) Space - filling model of the acetate anion resonance hybrid of the acetate anion canonical forms of the acetate anion See also ( edit ) Acetylation Cellulose acetate Copper ( II ) acetate Fermentation ( biochemistry ) Sodium acetate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ March , J. `` Advanced Organic Chemistry '' 4th Ed . J. Wiley and Sons , 1992 : New York . ISBN 0 - 471 - 60180 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Zumdahl , S.S. `` Chemistry '' Heath , 1986 : Lexington , MA . ISBN 0 - 669 - 04529 - 2 . Jump up ^ R - 9.1 Trivial and semisystematic names retained for naming organic compounds , A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds , IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry ^ Jump up to : Hosea Cheung , Robin S. Tanke , G. Paul Torrence `` Acetic acid '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Weinheim , Germany : Wiley - VCH , 2005 . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a01 045 Jump up ^ Nelson , D.L. ; Cox , M.M. `` Lehninger , Principles of Biochemistry '' 3rd Ed . Worth Publishing : New York , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 57259 - 153 - 6 .",
"4": "Jump up ^ Maxwell , Christina ; et al. `` Acetate Causes Alcohol Hangover Headache in Rats '' . PLoS ONE . 5 ( 12 ) : e15963 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 515963M . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0015963 . PMC 3013144 . PMID 21209842 . Jump up ^ ' Is coffee the real cure for a hangover ? ' by Bob Holmes , New Scientist , Jan. 15 2011 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Ferry , J.G. ( 1992 ) . `` Methane from acetate '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 174 ( 17 ) : 5489 -- 5495 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Vogels , G.D. ; Keltjens , J.T. ; Van Der Drift , C. ( 1988 ) . `` Biochemistry of methane production '' . In Zehnder A.J.B. Biology of anaerobic microorganisms . New York : Wiley . pp. 707 -- 770 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acetates . Salts and the ester of the acetate ion AcOH He LiOAc Be ( OAc ) BeAcOH B ( OAc ) ROAc NH OAc AcOAc FAc Ne NaOAc Mg ( OAc ) Al ( OAc ) ALSOL Al ( OAc ) OH Al SO ( OAc ) Si ClAc Ar KOAc Ca ( OAc ) Sc ( OAc ) Ti ( OAc ) VO ( OAc ) Cr ( OAc ) Mn ( OAc ) Mn ( OAc ) Fe ( OAc ) Fe ( OAc ) Co ( OAc ) ,",
"5": "Co ( OAc ) Ni ( OAc ) Cu ( OAc ) Zn ( OAc ) Ga ( OAc ) Ge As ( OAc ) Se BrAc Kr RbOAc Sr ( OAc ) Y ( OAc ) Zr ( OAc ) Nb Mo ( OAc ) Tc Ru ( OAc ) Ru ( OAc ) Ru ( OAc ) Rh ( OAc ) Pd ( OAc ) AgOAc Cd ( OAc ) In Sn ( OAc ) Sn ( OAc ) Sb ( OAc ) Te IAc Xe CsOAc Ba ( OAc ) Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt ( OAc ) Au Hg ( OAc ) , Hg ( OAc ) TlOAc Tl ( OAc ) Pb ( OAc ) Pb ( OAc ) Bi ( OAc ) Po At Rn Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og ↓ La ( OAc ) Ce ( OAc ) Pr Nd Pm Sm ( OAc ) Eu ( OAc ) Gd ( OAc ) Tb Dy ( OAc ) Ho ( OAc ) Er Tm Yb ( OAc ) Lu ( OAc ) Ac Th Pa UO ( OAc ) Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"6": "php?title=Acetate&oldid=809653414 '' Categories : Acetates Carboxylate anions Hidden categories : Articles without EBI source Articles without KEGG source Articles without UNII source Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 15 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
1,
6,
2,
4,
3,
5
] |
[
0,
1,
6,
2,
4
] |
-6137128706340485777
|
what is the written dialogue portion of a musical called
|
[
"libretto",
"script",
"libretto"
] |
{
"0": "Rent ( musical ) - wikipedia Rent ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search `` RENT '' redirects here . For other uses , see RENT ( disambiguation ) . `` Goodbye Love '' redirects here . For the 1933 film , see Goodbye Love ( film ) . This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . The source `` Larson , Jonathan ; Interviews and text : McDonnell , Evelyn , with Silberger , Katherine ( 1997 ) '' is defined multiple times . See Wikipedia : Citing sources # Citing multiple pages of the same source .",
"1": "( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rent Broadway promotional poster Music Jonathan Larson Lyrics Jonathan Larson Book Jonathan Larson Basis La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini Premiere January 25 , 1996 : New York Theatre Workshop , New York City Productions 1993 Workshop 1996 Off - Broadway 1996 Broadway 1996 Angel Tour 1997 Benny Tour 1997 Collins Tour 1998 West End 1998 Tokyo 1998 Sydney 1999 Düsseldorf 1999 Mexico City 1999 São Paulo 1999 Barcelona 2000 Dublin 2001 UK Tour 2001 Non-Equity Tour 2001 West End 2002 Gothenburg 2005 International Tour 2005 Film 2007 West End 2008 Buenos Aires 2009 US Tour 2010 Hollywood Bowl 2011 Off - Broadway 2016 Barcelona 2016 20th - Anniversary UK Tour 2016 São Paulo 2017 20th - Anniversary US Tour 2017 20th - Anniversary Germany , Austria , Switzerland Tour 2019 Live television broadcast Awards Pulitzer Prize for Drama Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical Tony Award for Best Original Score Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics Original Broadway cast , 1996 Rent is a rock musical with music , lyrics , and book by Jonathan Larson , loosely based on Giacomo Puccini 's opera La Bohème . It tells the story of a group of impoverished young artists struggling to survive and create a life in New York City 's East Village in the thriving days of Bohemian Alphabet City , under the shadow of HIV / AIDS . The musical was first seen in a workshop production at New York Theatre Workshop in 1993 . This same Off - Broadway theatre was also the musical 's initial home following its official 1996 opening .",
"2": "The show 's creator , Jonathan Larson , died suddenly of an aortic dissection , believed to have been caused by undiagnosed Marfan syndrome , the night before the Off - Broadway premiere . The musical moved to Broadway 's larger Nederlander Theatre on April 29 , 1996 . On Broadway , Rent gained critical acclaim and won several awards . The Broadway production closed on September 7 , 2008 after a 12 - year run of 5,123 performances . On February 14 , 2016 , the musical Wicked surpassed Rent 's number of performances with a 2pm matinee , pushing Rent from the tenth - to eleventh - longest - running Broadway show . The production grossed over $280 million . The success of the show led to several national tours and numerous foreign productions . In 2005 , it was adapted into a motion picture featuring most of the original cast members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and genesis 2 Sources and inspiration 2.1 Lynn Thomson law suit 3 Synopsis 3.1 Act I 3.2 Act II 4 Musical numbers 5 Roles 5.1 Main characters 5.2 Minor characters 6 Reception 7 Cultural impact and legacy 7.1 RENT - heads 7.2 Popular culture references 8 Cast 9 Productions 9.1 New York workshops and off - Broadway production 9.2 Original Broadway production 9.3 North American touring productions 9.4 UK productions 9.5 Off - Broadway revival 9.6 Additional Productions 9.7 Rent : School Edition 9.8 International productions 10 Recordings and adaptations 10.1 Audio recordings 10.2 2005 film 10.3 2008 live filming 10.4 Upcoming documentary 10.5 Rent Live !",
"3": "11 Awards and honors 11.1 Original Broadway production 11.2 Original West End production 11.3 20th - Anniversary UK Tour 12 References 13 External links Concept and genesis ( edit ) In 1988 , playwright Billy Aronson wanted to create `` a musical based on Puccini 's La Bohème , in which the luscious splendor of Puccini 's world would be replaced with the coarseness and noise of modern New York . '' In 1989 , Jonathan Larson , a 29 - year - old composer , began collaborating with Aronson on this project , and the two composed together `` Santa Fe '' , `` Splatter '' ( later re-worked into the song `` Rent '' ) , and `` I Should Tell You '' . Larson suggested setting the play `` amid poverty , homelessness , spunky gay life , drag queens and punk '' in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan , which happened to be down the street from his Greenwich Village apartment . He also came up with the show 's ultimate title ( a decision that Aronson was unhappy with , at least until Larson pointed out that `` rent '' also means torn apart ) . In 1991 , he asked Aronson if he could use Aronson 's original concept and make Rent his own . Larson had ambitious expectations for Rent ; his ultimate dream was to write a rock opera `` to bring musical theater to the MTV generation . '' Aronson and Larson made an agreement that if the show went to Broadway , Aronson would share in the proceeds and be given credit for `` original concept & additional lyrics '' . Jonathan Larson focused on composing Rent in the early 1990s , waiting tables at the Moondance Diner to support himself . Over the course of years , Larson wrote hundreds of songs and made many drastic changes to the show , which in its final incarnation contained 42 songs . In the fall of 1992 , Larson approached James Nicola , artistic director of New York Theatre Workshop , with a tape and copy of Rent 's script . When Rent had its first staged reading at New York Theatre Workshop in March 1993 , it became evident that , despite its very promising material and moving musical numbers , many structural problems needed to be addressed , including its cumbersome length and overly complex plot .",
"4": "As of 1994 , the New York Theatre Workshop version of Rent featured songs that never made it to the final version , such as : `` You 're a Fool '' `` Do a Little Business '' , the predecessor of `` You 'll See '' , featuring Benny , Mark , Roger , Collins and Angel `` Female to Female A & B '' , featuring Maureen and Joanne `` He 's a Fool '' `` He Says '' `` Right Brain '' , later rewritten as `` One Song Glory '' , featuring Roger `` You 'll Get Over It '' , the predecessor of `` Tango : Maureen '' , featuring Mark and Maureen `` Real Estate '' , a number wherein Benny tries to convince Mark to become a real estate agent and drop his filmmaking `` Open Road '' , the predecessor of `` What You Own '' , with a backing track similar to this in `` Your Eyes '' This workshop version of Rent starred Anthony Rapp as Mark and Daphne Rubin - Vega as Mimi . Larson continued to work on Rent , gradually reworking its flaws and staging more workshop productions . On January 24 , 1996 , after the musical 's final dress rehearsal before its off - Broadway opening , Larson had his first ( and only ) newspaper interview with music critic Anthony Tommasini of The New York Times , attracted by the coincidence that the show was debuting exactly 100 years after Puccini 's opera . Larson would not live to see Rent 's success ; he died from an undiagnosed aortic aneurysm ( believed to have resulted from Marfan syndrome ) in the early morning of January 25 , 1996 . Friends and family gathered at the New York Theatre Workshop , and the first preview of Rent became a sing - through of the musical in Larson 's memory . The show premiered as planned and quickly gained popularity fueled by enthusiastic reviews and the recent death of its composer . It proved extremely successful during its off - Broadway run , selling out all its shows at the 150 - seat New York Theater Workshop . Due to such overwhelming popularity and a need for a larger theater , Rent moved to Broadway 's recently remodeled Nederlander Theatre on 41st Street on April 29 , 1996 . Sources and inspiration ( edit ) Larson 's inspiration for Rent 's content came from several different sources .",
"5": "Many of the characters and plot elements are drawn directly from Giacomo Puccini 's opera La Bohème , the world premiere of which was in 1896 , a century before Rent 's premiere . La Bohème was also about the lives of poor young artists . Tuberculosis , the plague of Puccini 's opera , is replaced by HIV / AIDS in Rent ; 1800s Paris is replaced by New York 's East Village in the late 1980s or early 1990s . The names and identities of Rent 's characters also heavily reflect Puccini 's original characters , though they are not all direct adaptations . For example , Joanne in Rent represents the character of Alcindoro in Bohème , but is also partially based on Marcello . Also , Joanne is the only Rent character whose predecessor in La Bohème is the opposite sex . La Bohème Rent Mimì , a seamstress with tuberculosis Mimi Márquez , an erotic dancer with HIV and Roger 's girlfriend Rodolfo , a poet Roger Davis , a songwriter - musician who is HIV positive and Mimi 's boyfriend Marcello , a painter Mark Cohen , an independent Jewish - American filmmaker and Roger 's roommate Musetta , a singer Maureen Johnson , a bisexual performance artist and Joanne 's girlfriend Schaunard , a musician Angel Dumott Schunard , a drag queen percussionist with AIDS , who is Collins ' partner .",
"6": "Colline , a philosopher Tom Collins , a gay , part - time philosophy professor at New York University and anarchist with AIDS and Angel 's partner Alcindoro , a state counselor Joanne Jefferson , a lesbian lawyer , who is Maureen 's girlfriend ( Also partially based on Marcello ) Benoît , their landlord Benjamin ' Benny ' Coffin III , the local landlord and a former roommate of Roger , Mark , Collins , and Maureen Other examples of parallels between Larson 's and Puccini 's work include Larson 's song `` Light My Candle '' , which draws melodic content directly from `` Che gelida manina '' ; `` Quando me'n vo ' '' ( `` Musetta 's Waltz '' ) , a melody taken directly from Puccini 's opera ; and `` Goodbye Love '' , a long , painful piece that reflects a confrontation and parting between characters in both Puccini 's and Larson 's work . `` Quando me'n vo ' '' is paralleled in the first verse of `` Take Me or Leave Me , '' when Maureen describes the way people stare when she walks in the street . It is also directly referred to in the scene where the characters are celebrating their bohemian life . Mark says , `` Roger will attempt to write a bittersweet , evocative song ... '' Roger plays a quick piece , and Mark adds , `` ... that does n't remind us of ' Musetta 's Waltz ' . '' This part of `` Musetta 's Waltz '' is also later used in `` Your Eyes '' , a song Roger writes . Rent is also a somewhat autobiographical work , as Larson incorporated many elements of his life into his show . Larson lived in New York for many years as a starving artist with an uncertain future . He sacrificed a life of stability for his art , and shared many of the same hopes and fears as his characters . Like his characters he endured poor living conditions , and some of these conditions ( e.g. illegal wood - burning stove , bathtub in the middle of his kitchen , broken buzzer ( his guests had to call from the pay phone across the street and he would throw down the keys , as in `` Rent '' ) ) made their way into the play .",
"7": "Part of the motivation behind the storyline in which Maureen leaves Mark for a woman ( Joanne ) is based on the fact that Larson 's own girlfriend left him for a woman . The Mark Cohen character is based on Larson 's friends , cinematographer and producer Jonathan Burkhart and documentary filmmaker Eddie Rosenstein . Playwright Sarah Schulman alleged that Rent bore striking similarities to her novel People in Trouble . The line , `` I 'm more of a man than you 'll ever be ... and more of a woman than you 'll ever get ! '' , attributed to Angel Dumott Schunard at her funeral , was previously used by the character Hollywood Montrose , who appeared in the films Mannequin ( 1987 ) and Mannequin Two : On the Move ( 1991 ) . Like Angel , Hollywood performs a song and dance number and sometimes wears women 's clothing . This line was originally in the film Car Wash ( 1976 ) , delivered by Antonio Fargas as a flamboyant homosexual cross dresser . The earliest concepts of the characters differ largely from the finished products . Everyone except Mark had AIDS , including Maureen and Joanne ; Maureen was a serious , angry character who played off Oedipus in her performance piece instead of Hey Diddle Diddle ; Mark was , at one point , a painter instead of a filmmaker ; Roger was named Ralph and wrote musical plays ; Angel was a jazz philosopher , while Collins was a street performer ; Angel and Collins were both originally described as Caucasian ; and Benny had a somewhat enlarged role in the story , taking part in songs like `` Real Estate '' , which was later cut . Life Café Many actual locations and events are included in , or are the inspiration for , elements of the musical . Life Café , where the `` La Vie Bohème '' numbers are set , was an actual restaurant ( closed 2013 ) on 10th Street and Avenue B in the East Village of New York City . The riot at the end of the first act is based on the East Village riot in 1988 that arose as a result of the city - imposed curfew in Tompkins Square Park . `` Will I ? '' , a song which takes place during a Life Support meeting and expresses the pain and fear of living a life with AIDS , was inspired by a real event .",
"8": "Larson attended a meeting of Friends in Deed , an organization that helps people deal with illness and grief , much like Life Support . After that first time , Larson attended the meetings regularly . During one meeting , a man stood up and said that he was not afraid of dying . He did say , however , that there was one thing of which he was afraid : Would he lose his dignity ? From this question stemmed the first line of this song . The people present at the Life Support meeting in the show , such as Gordon , Ali and Pam , carry the names of Larson 's friends who died . In the Broadway show , the names of the characters in that particular scene ( they introduce themselves ) were changed nightly to honor the friends of the cast members who were living with or have died from AIDS . The scene and song `` Life Support '' were also based on Friends in Deed , as well as on Gordon , Pam , and Ali . Originally , the members of Life Support had a solid block of the `` forget regret '' refrain , and they talked about remembering love . When Jonathan 's HIV positive friends heard this scene , they told him that having AIDS was not so easy to accept : it made you angry and resentful too , and the song did not match that . Jonathan then added a part where Gordon says that he has a problem with this `` credo ... my T - cells are low , I regret that news , okay ? '' Paul , the leader of the meeting , replies , `` Okay ... but , Gordon , how do you feel today ? '' Gordon admits that he is feeling the best that he has felt all year . Paul asks , `` Then why choose fear ? '' Gordon says , `` I 'm a New Yorker . Fear 's my life . '' Lynn Thomson law suit ( edit ) Lynn Thomson was a dramaturg who was hired by New York Theatre Workshop to help rework Rent . She claimed that between early May and the end of October 1995 , she and Larson co-wrote a `` new version '' of the musical . She sued the Larson estate for $40 million USD and sought 16 % of the show 's royalties , claiming she had written a significant portion of the lyrics and the libretto of the `` new version '' of Rent .",
"9": "During the trial , Thomson could not recall the lyrics to the songs that she allegedly wrote , nor the structures of the libretto she claimed to have created . The judge ruled against her and gave the Jonathan Larson Estate full credit and right to Rent . A federal appellate court upheld the original ruling on appeal . In August 1998 , the case was settled out of court . The terms of the settlement were not disclosed . Synopsis ( edit ) Rent at David Nederlander Theatre in Manhattan , New York City Act I ( edit ) On Christmas Eve in Manhattan 's East Village , two roommates -- Mark , a filmmaker , and Roger , a rock musician -- struggle to stay warm and produce their art ( `` Tune Up # 1 '' ) . Mark 's mother leaves him a voicemail wishing him a merry Christmas and trying to comfort him since his ex-girlfriend Maureen dumped him ( `` Voice Mail # 1 '' ) . Their friend Collins , a bisexual anarchist Ivy League professor , calls and plans to surprise them at their apartment , but is mugged before entering . At the same time , Mark and Roger 's former roommate Benny , who has since become their harsh new landlord , has reneged on an earlier agreement and now demands last year 's rent , before shutting down their electrical power ( `` Tune Up # 2 '' ) . However , Mark and Roger rebel and pledge to not pay the rent they were promised would n't be a problem ( `` Rent '' ) . Meanwhile , a cross-dressing street drummer ( currently out of drag ) named Angel finds Collins wounded in an alley and tends to him ( `` You Okay Honey ? '' ) . The two are immediately attracted to each other , and learn that they are both HIV positive . Roger also has HIV which he contracted from his last girlfriend , who committed suicide , causing Roger to fall into a deep depression . Mark goes looking for Collins ( `` Tune Up # 3 '' ) , while Roger wishes to write one last song to be remembered by before he dies ( `` One Song Glory '' ) . An exotic dancer , junkie , and neighbor , Mimi , shows up to flirt with Roger , but he is clearly hesitant to start a new relationship ( `` Light My Candle '' ) .",
"10": "Meanwhile , Joanne , a lawyer and Maureen 's girlfriend , receives a voicemail from her parents ( `` Voice Mail # 2 '' ) . At last , the missing Collins enters the apartment , presenting Angel , who is now in full drag and shares the money she made and the amusing story of how she killed a dog to earn it ( `` Today 4 U '' ) . Benny arrives , speaking of Maureen 's upcoming protest against his plans to evict the homeless from a lot where he is hoping to build a cyber arts studio . Benny offers that , if they convince Maureen to cancel the protest , then Mark and Roger can officially remain rent - free tenants . However , the two rebuff Benny 's offer and he leaves ( `` You 'll See '' ) . Mark must leave to fix Maureen 's sound equipment for the protest , but he unexpectedly meets Joanne at the stage . They overcome their awkwardness by connecting over their shared distrust of Maureen 's promiscuous behaviors ( `` Tango : Maureen '' ) . Mark joins Collins and Angel to film their HIV support group meeting ( `` Life Support '' ) , while Mimi attempts to seduce Roger alone in his apartment ( `` Out Tonight '' ) . Roger is clearly upset by Mimi 's intrusion and he demands she leave him alone ( `` Another Day '' ) . After Mimi leaves , Roger reflects on his fear of dying from AIDS , while the Life Support group echoes his thoughts ( `` Will I ? '' ) . Collins , Mark , and Angel protect a homeless woman from police harassment , but she chastises them ( `` On the Street '' ) . To lighten the mood , Collins talks about his dream of escaping New York City to open a restaurant in Santa Fe ( `` Santa Fe '' ) . Soon , Mark leaves to check up on Roger and while alone , Collins and Angel confess their love for each other ( `` I 'll Cover You '' ) . Joanne hectically prepares for Maureen 's show , trying to balance all of the people calling her at once ( `` We 're Okay '' ) . Before the performance , Roger apologizes to Mimi , inviting her to come to the protest and the dinner party his friends are having afterwards . At the same time , police , vendors , and homeless people prepare for the protest ( `` Christmas Bells '' ) .",
"11": "Maureen begins her avant - garde , if not over the top , performance based on `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' ( `` Over the Moon '' ) . At Life Café after the show , Benny criticizes the protest and the group 's bohemian lifestyle . In response , Mark and all the café 's bohemian patrons defiantly rise up to celebrate their way of living ( `` La Vie Boheme '' ) . Mimi and Roger each discover that the other is HIV - positive and hesitantly decide to move forward with their relationship ( `` I Should Tell You '' ) . Joanne explains that Mark and Roger 's building has been padlocked and a riot has broken out , just before Roger and Mimi share their first kiss . The celebration then continues ( `` La Vie Boheme B '' ) . Act ii ( edit ) Cast of Rent performing `` Seasons of Love '' at Broadway on Broadway , 2005 The cast lines up to sing together before the plot of the second act begins ( `` Seasons of Love '' ) . Afterwards , Mark and Roger gather to break back into their locked apartment with their friends ( `` Happy New Year '' ) . A new voicemail reveals that Mark 's footage of the riot has earned him a job offering at a tabloid news company called Buzzline ( `` Voice Mail # 3 '' ) . The others finally break through the door just as Benny arrives , saying he wants to call a truce and revealing that Mimi , a former girlfriend of his , convinced him to change his mind . Mimi denies rekindling her relationship with Benny , but Roger is upset , and although they apologize to each other , Mimi goes to her drug dealer for a fix ( `` Happy New Year B '' ) . Around Valentine 's Day , Mark tells the audience that Roger and Mimi have been living together , but they are tentative with each other . It is also told that Maureen and Joanne are preparing another protest , and during rehearsal , Maureen criticizes Joanne 's controlling behavior and Joanne criticizes Maureen 's promiscuous mannerisms . They break up dramatically coming up with an ultimatum ( `` Take Me or Leave Me '' ) .",
"12": "Time speeds on to spring ( `` Seasons of Love B '' ) , but Roger and Mimi 's relationship is strained by Mimi 's escalating heroin usage and Roger 's lasting jealousy and suspicion of Benny . Each alone , Roger and Mimi sing of love and loneliness , telling each other how they feel , as they watch Collins nurse Angel , whose health is declining due to AIDS ( `` Without You '' ) . By the end of the summer , Mark continues to receive calls offering a corporate job at Buzzline ( `` Voice Mail # 4 '' ) . A dance is performed representing all the couples ' sex lives ( `` Contact '' ) . At the climax of the number , the two former couples break up , and Angel suddenly dies . At the funeral , the friends briefly come together to share their memories with Collins being the last to reminisce ( `` I 'll Cover You ( Reprise ) '' ) . Mark expresses his fear of being the only one left surviving when the rest of his friends die of AIDS , and he finally accepts the corporate job offer ( `` Halloween '' ) . Roger reveals that he is leaving for Santa Fe , which sparks an argument about commitment between him and Mimi , and between Maureen and Joanne . Collins arrives and admonishes the entire group for fighting on the day of Angel 's funeral , causing Maureen and Joanne to reconcile , but not Mimi and Roger . The group shares a sad moment , knowing that between deaths and leaving , their close - knit friendships will be breaking up . Everyone leaves except Mark and Roger , and so Mark tries to convince Roger to stay in New York . Roger , unable to handle Mimi 's declining health , becomes angry with Mark and leaves . Mimi returns to say goodbye , overhears everything Roger says , and , terrified , agrees to go to rehab ( `` Goodbye Love '' ) . Collins is forcibly removed from the church for being unable to pay for Angel 's funeral . Benny shows compassion by paying , causing him and Collins to recuperate their old friendship . A short time later , both Mark and Roger are simultaneously reaching an artistic epiphany , as Roger finds his song in Mimi and Mark finds his film in Angel 's memory .",
"13": "Roger returns to New York just in time for Christmas , and Mark quits his job to work on his own film once more ( `` What You Own '' ) . The characters ' parents leave several worried messages on their phones ( `` Voice Mail # 5 '' ) , and on Christmas Eve , exactly one year having passed , Mark prepares to screen his now - completed film to his friends . Roger has written his song , but no one can find Mimi for him to play it to . Benny 's wife , discovering Benny 's relationship with Mimi , has pulled Benny out of the East Village . The power suddenly blows and Collins enters with handfuls of cash , revealing that he reprogrammed an ATM at a grocery store to provide money to anybody with the code ( A-N-G-E-L ) . Maureen and Joanne abruptly enter carrying Mimi , who has been homeless and is now weak and close to death . She begins to fade , but not before telling Roger that she loves him ( `` Finale '' ) . Roger tells her to hold on as he plays her the song he wrote for her , which reveals the depths of his feelings for her ( `` Your Eyes '' ) . Mimi appears to die , but abruptly awakens , claiming to have been heading into a white light , except that a vision of Angel told her to go back . The remaining friends gather together in a final moment of shared happiness and resolve to enjoy whatever time they have left with each other , affirming that there is `` no day but today '' ( `` Finale B '' ) . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act 1 `` Tune Up # 1 '' -- Mark and Roger `` Voice Mail # 1 '' -- Mark 's Mother `` Tune Up # 2 '' -- Mark , Roger , Collins , and Benny `` Rent '' -- Mark , Roger , Benny , Collins , Joanne , and Company `` You Okay Honey ? '' -- Homeless Man , Angel , and Collins `` Tune Up # 3 '' -- Mark and Roger `` One Song Glory '' -- Roger `` Light My Candle '' -- Mimi and Roger `` Voice Mail # 2 '' -- Mr. and Mrs.",
"14": "Jefferson `` Today 4 U '' -- Collins , Roger , Mark , and Angel `` You 'll See '' -- Benny , Mark , Roger , Collins , and Angel `` Tango : Maureen '' -- Joanne and Mark `` Life Support '' -- Gordon , Paul , Mark , and Company `` Out Tonight '' -- Mimi `` Another Day '' -- Mimi , Roger , and Company `` Will I ? '' -- Steve and Company `` On the Street '' -- Three Homeless People , Squeegee Man , Mark , Collins , Angel , and Homeless Woman `` Santa Fe '' -- Collins , Angel , Mark , and Company `` I 'll Cover You '' -- Angel and Collins `` We 're Okay '' -- Joanne `` Christmas Bells '' -- Company `` Over the Moon '' -- Maureen `` La Vie Bohème A '' -- Mark , Waiter , Roger , Benny , Mimi , Collins , Angel , Maureen , Joanne , Mr. Grey , and Company `` I Should Tell You '' -- Mimi and Roger `` La Vie Bohème B '' -- Maureen , Collins , Joanne , Mark , Angel , and Company Act 2 `` Seasons of Love A '' -- Company `` Happy New Year A '' -- Mark , Roger , Mimi , Collins , Angel , Maureen , and Joanne `` Voice Mail # 3 '' -- Mark 's Mother and Alexi Darling `` Happy New Year B '' -- Mark , Roger , Mimi , Collins , Angel , Maureen , Joanne , and Benny `` Take Me or Leave Me '' -- Maureen and Joanne `` Seasons of Love B '' -- Company `` Without You '' -- Roger and Mimi `` Voice Mail # 4 '' -- Alexi Darling `` Contact '' -- Angel and Company `` I 'll Cover You ( Reprise ) '' -- Collins and Company `` Halloween '' -- Mark `` Goodbye Love '' -- Mark , Roger , Mimi , Collins , Maureen , Joanne , and Benny `` What You Own '' -- Mark and Roger `` Voice Mail # 5 '' -- Roger 's Mother , Mimi 's Mother , Mr.",
"15": "Jefferson , and Mark 's Mother `` Finale A '' -- Homeless People , Mark , Roger , Collins , Maureen , Joanne , and Mimi `` Your Eyes '' -- Roger `` Finale B '' -- Company Roles ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Mark Cohen ( Lead ) : A struggling Jewish - American documentary filmmaker and the narrator of the show . He is Roger 's roommate ; at the start of the show , he was recently dumped by Maureen . Roger Davis ( Lead ) : A once - successful - but - now - struggling musician and ex-lead singer and rock guitarist who is HIV - positive and an ex-junkie . He hopes to write one last meaningful song before he dies . He is having a hard time coping with the fact that he , along with many others around him , knows that he is going to die . His girlfriend , April , killed herself after finding out that she was HIV - positive . He is roommates with Mark . Mimi Márquez ( Lead ) : A Hispanic - American club dancer and drug addict . She lives downstairs from Mark and Roger , is Roger 's love interest , and , like him , has HIV . She is also Benny 's ex-lover . Tom Collins ( Support ) : An anarchist professor with AIDS . He is described by Mark as a `` computer genius , teacher , and vagabond anarchist who ran naked through the Parthenon . '' Collins dreams of opening a restaurant in Santa Fe , where the problems in New York will not affect him and his friends . He was formerly a roommate of Roger , Mark , Benny , and Maureen , then just Roger and Mark , until he moves out . Angel Dumott Schunard ( Support ) : A young drag queen who uses both she / her pronouns when in drag and he / him pronouns when out of drag . Angel is a street percussionist with a generous disposition , who has AIDS ; Collins ' love interest . Maureen Johnson ( Support ) : A performance artist who is Mark 's ex-girlfriend and Joanne 's current girlfriend . She is very flirtatious and cheated on Mark ( presumably with Joanne ) . Larson considered Maureen a lesbian , despite her relationships with men , and he specifically identified her as `` lesbian '' in the script itself .",
"16": "However , an old lesbian friend of Larson told him it was wrong to call Maureen a lesbian because of her attraction to men , and that is where the idea of her being bisexual started . Joanne Jefferson ( Support ) : An Ivy League - educated public interest lawyer and a lesbian . Joanne is the woman for whom Maureen left Mark . Joanne has very politically powerful parents ( one is undergoing confirmation to be a judge , the other is a government official ) . Benjamin `` Benny '' Coffin III ( Support ) : Landlord of Mark , Roger , and Mimi 's apartment building and ex-roommate of Mark , Collins , Roger , and Maureen . Now married to Alison Grey of the Westport Greys , a very wealthy family involved in real estate , and he is considered yuppie scum and a sell - out by his ex-roommates . He at one time had a relationship with Mimi . Minor characters ( edit ) Mrs. Cohen : Mark 's stereotypical Jewish mother . Her voicemail messages are the basis for the songs Voicemail # 1 , Voicemail # 3 , and Voicemail # 5 . Alexi Darling : The producer of Buzzline , a sleazy tabloid company that tries to employ Mark after his footage of the riot makes primetime . Sings Voicemail # 3 and Voicemail # 4 . Mr. and Mrs. Jefferson : The wealthy parents of Joanne Jefferson , they leave her Voicemail # 2 . Mr. Jefferson is also one of the a cappella singers in Voicemail # 5 . Mr. and Mrs. Jefferson usually sing the solos in Seasons of Love . Mrs. Davis : Roger 's confused mother who calls in Voicemail # 5 , asking continuously , `` Roger , where are you ? '' Mrs. Marquez : Mimi 's Spanish - speaking mother who sings in Voicemail # 5 , wondering , in Spanish , where she is . Mr. Grey : Benny 's father - in - law who wants to buy out the lot . The Man : The local drug dealer whom Mimi buys from and Roger used to buy from . Based on the character Parpignol from La Bohème . Paul : The man in charge of the Life Support group .",
"17": "Gordon : One of the Life Support members . Steve : One of the Life Support members . Ali : One of the Life Support members Pam : One of the Life Support members Sue : One of the Life Support members . As notated in the script by Larson , the roles of all of the Life Support members are encouraged to take on the name that someone in the cast ( or production ) knows or has known to have succumbed to AIDS . In the final Broadway performance , Sue is renamed Lisa . Squeegee Man : A homeless person who chants `` Honest living ! '' over and over during `` Christmas Bells '' . The Waiter : A waiter at Life Cafe . The Woman With Bags or Homeless Woman : A woman who attacks Mark for trying to help her during `` On The Street '' . The Preacher or The Pastor : The Preacher kicks Collins out of the church because he ca n't pay for Angel 's funeral . There are also many other non-named roles such as Cops , Bohemians , Vendors , Homeless People . Reception ( edit ) Rent received several awards including a Pulitzer Prize and four Tony Awards . Critical reception of Rent was positive not only for its acting and musical components , but for its representation of HIV positive individuals . Many critics praised the portrayal of characters such as Angel and Collins as being happy , with positive outlooks on life , rather than being resigned to death . While critics and theatre patrons had largely positive reviews of the show , criticism was given to the show for the stereotypically negative portrayal of lesbian characters and the `` glamourization '' of the East Village in the late 1980s . Billy Aronson said , `` For the record , although I was ambivalent about Jonathan 's ideas for Rent when we were working together on it , I have come to love the show . And as tragic as it is that he did n't live to see his work become a huge success , I believe he knew it would be . In our last conversation I asked how the show was going and he said , with complete assurance , that it was incredible . '' Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) The song `` Seasons of Love '' became a successful pop song and often is performed on its own .",
"18": "Because of its connection to New Years and looking back at times past , it is sometimes performed at graduations or school holiday programs . Rent - heads ( edit ) Rent gathered a following of fans who refer to themselves as `` RENT - heads . '' The name originally referred to people who would camp out at the Nederlander Theater for hours in advance for the discounted $20 rush tickets to each show , though it generally refers to anyone who is obsessed with the show . These discounted tickets were for seats in the first two rows of the theater reserved for sale by lottery two hours prior to each show . Other Broadway shows have followed Rent 's example and now also offer cheaper tickets in efforts to make Broadway theater accessible to people who would otherwise be unable to afford the ticket prices . The term originated in Rent 's first months on Broadway . The show 's producers offered 34 seats in the front two rows of the orchestra for $20 each , two hours before the performance . Fans and others interested in tickets would camp out for hours in front of the Nederlander Theater -- which is on 41st Street , just outside Times Square -- to buy these tickets . Popular culture references ( edit ) The television series The Simpsons , Family Guy , Friends , Will and Grace , Scrubs , Glee , The Big Bang Theory , Gilmore Girls , Felicity , Saturday Night Live , The Office , Franklin & Bash , 2 Broke Girls , Girls , Seinfeld , The Neighbors , Modern Family , Smash , Supernatural , Superstore , and Bob 's Burgers have included references to the show . The film Team America : World Police includes a character who plays a lead role in Lease , a Broadway musical parody of Rent ; the finale song is `` Everyone has AIDS ! '' . Yitzhak in Hedwig and the Angry Inch wears a Rent T - shirt and speaks of his aspiration to play the role of Angel . The off - Broadway musical revue Forbidden Broadway Strikes Back includes parodies of Rent songs such as `` Rant '' ( `` Rent '' ) , `` Ouch !",
"19": "They 're Tight '' ( `` Out Tonight '' ) , `` Season of Hype '' ( `` Seasons of Love '' ) , `` Too Gay 4 U ( Too Het'ro 4 Me ) '' ( `` Today 4 U '' ) , `` Pretty Voices Singing '' ( `` Christmas Bells '' ) and `` This Ai n't Boheme '' ( `` La Vie Bohème '' ) . In the film Deadpool , Wade Wilson is seen wearing a Rent T - shirt . Lin - Manuel Miranda , the composer and writer of the Broadway show Hamilton , has cited Rent as a main source of inspiration . He also referenced the show in a verse of the song `` Wrote My Way Out '' on The Hamilton Mixtape in the line `` Running out of time like I 'm Jonathan Larson 's rent check '' . Cast ( edit ) Role 1994 New York Theatre Workshop Original Broadway Cast 2005 film 2008 Final Performance Film 2011 Off - Broadway Revival 2016 20th Anniversary National Tour Mark Cohen Anthony Rapp Adam Kantor Adam Chanler - Berat Danny Kornfeld Roger Davis Tony Hoylen Adam Pascal Will Chase Matt Shingledecker Kaleb Wells Mimi Márquez Daphne Rubin - Vega Rosario Dawson Renée Elise Goldsberry Arianda Fernandez Skyler Volpe Tom Collins Pat Briggs Jesse L. Martin Michael McElroy Nicholas Christopher Aaron Harrington Angel Dumott Schunard Mark Setlock Wilson Jermaine Heredia Justin Johnston MJ Rodriguez David Merino Maureen Johnson Sarah Knowlton Idina Menzel Eden Espinosa Annaleigh Ashford Katie LeMark Joanne Jefferson Shelley Dickenson Fredi Walker Tracie Thoms Corbin Reid Jasmine Easler Benjamin Coffin III Michael Potts Taye Diggs Rodney Hicks Ephraim Sykes Christian Thompson Productions ( edit ) New York workshops and off - Broadway production ( edit ) Rent had its first staged reading at New York Theatre Workshop in March 1993 .",
"20": "A further two - week New York Theatre Workshop version was performed in 1994 starring Anthony Rapp as Mark and Daphne Rubin - Vega as Mimi , and more workshops followed . The show opened on 1996 , again at New York Theatre Workshop , and quickly gained popularity off - Broadway , receiving enthusiastic reviews . The New York Times theater critic Ben Brantley called it an `` exhilarating , landmark rock opera '' with a `` glittering , inventive score '' that `` shimmers with hope for the future of the American musical . '' Another reviewer wrote , `` Rent speaks to Generation X the way that the musical Hair spoke to the baby boomers or those who grew up in the 1960s , '' while the New York Times similarly called it `` a rock opera for our time , a Hair for the 90s . '' The show proved extremely successful off - Broadway , selling out all of its performances at the 150 - seat theatre . Original Broadway production ( edit ) Due to its overwhelming popularity and the need for a larger theater , Rent moved to Broadway 's previously derelict Nederlander Theatre on 41st Street on April 29 , 1996 . On Broadway , the show achieved critical acclaim and word - of - mouth popularity . The production 's ethnically diverse principal cast originally included Taye Diggs , Wilson Jermaine Heredia , Jesse L. Martin , Idina Menzel , Adam Pascal , Anthony Rapp , Daphne Rubin - Vega and Fredi Walker . The production 's controversial topics and innovative pricing , including same day - of - performance $20 tickets , helped to increase the popularity of musical theater amongst the younger generation . The production was nominated for ten Tony Awards in 1996 and won four : Best Musical , Best Book , Best Original Score and Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical ( Heredia ) On April 24 , 2006 , the original Broadway cast reunited for a one - night performance of the musical at the Nederlander Theatre . This performance raised over $2,000,000 for the Jonathan Larson Performing Arts Foundation , Friends In Deed and New York Theatre Workshop . Former cast members were invited , and many from prior tours and former Broadway casts appeared , performing an alternate version of `` Seasons of Love '' as the finale of the performance .",
"21": "Rent closed on September 7 , 2008 , after a 12 - year run and 5,123 performances , making it the eleventh - longest - running Broadway show . The production grossed over $280 million . Original cast ensemble members Rodney Hicks and Gwen Stewart returned to the cast at the time of the Broadway closing . Hicks played Benny and Stewart played the role she created , the soloist in the song `` Seasons of Love '' . In addition , actress Tracie Thoms joined the cast at the end of the run playing Joanne , the role she portrayed in the 2005 film version . The last Broadway performance was filmed and screened in movie theaters as Rent : Filmed Live on Broadway in September 2008 . It was released on DVD and Blu - ray formats on February 3 , 2009 . North American touring productions ( edit ) Successful United States national tours , the `` Angel Tour '' and the `` Benny Tour '' , launched in the 1990s . Later , the non-Equity tour started its run . There was also a Canadian tour ( often referred to as the `` Collins Tour '' ) . The Angel tour began in November 1996 in Boston . Anthony Rapp joined the cast for the Chicago run , and Daphne Rubin - Vega joined for the Los Angeles run . The tour finished in San Francisco in September 1999 . Other members of the Angel Cast included Carrie Hamilton , Amy Spanger , Luther Creek , Kristoffer Cusick , Tony Vincent . The Benny Tour began in July 1997 in San Diego , CA at the LaJolla Playhouse . Michael Grief , the original director of the Broadway show was also the artistic director of the LaJolla Playhouse and was instrumental in arranging for the Benny tour to begin in the smaller city of San Diego rather than Los Angeles , CA . It originally featured Neil Patrick Harris in the role of Mark Cohen . The Benny tour generally played shorter stops and often - smaller markets than the Angel Tour did . Other cast members included Wilson Cruz and d'Monroe . Tours ran each season from 2005 to 2008 . Cast members throughout the run included Aaron Tveit , Ava Gaudet , Declan Bennett , Rebecca Naomi Jones , Heinz Winckler , Anwar Robinson and Karen Olivo .",
"22": "In 2009 , a national tour starring Adam Pascal and Anthony Rapp , reprising their original Broadway roles , launched in Cleveland , OH . Original Broadway Cast member Gwen Steward also appeared , alongside Michael McElroy as Collins , The tour ended on February 7 , 2010 , in Sacramento , CA . A 20th Anniversary touring production of Rent began in Dallas on September 20 , 2016 . In the 20th Anniversary Tour , Danny Kornfeld has been known to dab during La Vie Bohème . That moment is often referred to as `` the best part of the show '' . UK productions ( edit ) The show made its UK premiere on April 21 , 1998 at the West End 's Shaftesbury Theatre and officially opened on May 12 , 1998 . The original cast included Krysten Cummings as Mimi Marquez , Wilson Jermaine Heredia as Angel Schunard , Bonny Lockhart as Benjamin Coffin III , Jesse L. Martin as Tom Collins , Adam Pascal as Roger Davis , Anthony Rapp as Mark Cohen , and Jessica Tezier as Maureen Johnson . The show closed on October 30 , 1999 after one - and - a-half years . Limited revivals took place at the Prince of Wales Theatre from December 4 , 2001 to January 6 , 2002 ; December 6 , 2002 to March 1 , 2003 ( featuring Adam Rickett as Mark and Caprice as Maureen ) . There was also a successful production for a limited run in Manchester in 2006 with an additional ' goodbye ' performance in 2008 from the Manchester cast . On October 16 , 2007 , the heavily revised production titled Rent Remixed opened at the Duke of York 's Theatre in London 's West End . Directed by William Baker , it was set in the present day . The cast included Oliver Thornton ( Mark ) , Luke Evans ( Roger ) , Craig Stein ( Benny ) , Leon Lopez ( Collins ) , Francesca Jackson ( Joanne ) , Jay Webb ( Angel ) , Siobhán Donaghy ( Mimi ) , and Denise Van Outen ( Maureen ) . From December 24 , 2007 , the role of Maureen was played by Jessie Wallace . The production received generally unfavorable reviews .",
"23": "The Guardian gave it only one out of five stars , writing , `` They call this ' Rent Remixed ' . I 'd dub it ' Rent Reduced ' , in that the late Jonathan Larson 's reworking of La Bohème , while never a great musical , has been turned into a grisly , synthetic , pseudo pop concert with no particular roots or identity . '' The production closed on February 2 , 2008 . The production radically altered elements of the musical including defining the characters of Mimi , Angel and Mark as British . Songs were reordered ( including Maureen 's first appearance as the Act I finale ) . The rehaul of the score was masterminded by Steve Anderson and featured radically rearranged versions of Out Tonight , Today 4 U , Over the Moon and Happy New Year . A one off Rent - The 20th Anniversary Concert was held at the Blackpool Opera house Monday November 11 , 2013 A 20th anniversary tour opened at Theatr Clwyd in October 2016 before playing a two - month run at the St James Theatre , London . The cast included Layton Williams as Angel and Lucie Jones as Maureen . The production then continued to tour the UK . Off - Broadway Revival ( edit ) The show was revived Off - Broadway at Stage 1 of New World Stages with previews starting July 14 , 2011 and a scheduled opening of August 11 , 2011 . This was the first New York Revival of the show since the original production closed less than three years earlier . The production was directed by Rent 's original director Michael Greif . Almost the entire show was different from the original yet the reinvention did not please the critics , who complained that the new actors did not have a feel for the characters they were playing and it made the show feel contrived . The Off - Broadway production of RENT closed on September 9 , 2012 . Additional productions ( edit ) In 1999 , an Australian production featured Justin Smith as Mark , Rodger Corser as Roger and Christine Anu as Mimi . The tour began in Sydney and finished in Melbourne . A production in Perth , Western Australia was mounted in 2007 and featured Anthony Callea as Mark , Tim Campbell as Roger , Courtney Act as Angel and Nikki Webster as Maureen .",
"24": "The Dublin production had an extended run at the Olympia Theatre , Dublin in 2000 . It starred Sean Pol McGreevy as Mark , Rachel Tucker as Maureen and Allyson Brown as Mimi under the direction of Phil Willmot . The Swedish production premiered on May 15 , 2002 at The Göteborg Opera in Gothenburg , Sweden , playing until June 8 , 2003 . Sarah Dawn Finer played Joanne . Rent veteran Neil Patrick Harris directed a production at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles , CA . The production played a three night engagement , August 6 -- 8 , 2010 . The cast included Vanessa Hudgens as Mimi , Aaron Tveit as Roger , Skylar Astin as Mark , Wayne Brady as Collins , Telly Leung as Angel , Tracie Thoms as Joanne , Nicole Scherzinger as Maureen , Collins Pennie as Benny , and Gwen Stewart as Seasons of Love soloist ( and additional roles ) . In 2017 , the first tour for the German speaking countries was mounted by Berlin theatrical producer Boris Hilbert . The production travelled Germany , Austria and Switzerland and was directed by the British opera director Walter Sutcliffe . Rent : school Edition ( edit ) In 2007 , an abridged edition of Rent was made available to five non-professional acting groups in the United States for production . Billed as Rent : School Edition , this version omits the song `` Contact '' and eliminates some of the coarse language and tones down some public displays of affection of the original . Shorewood High School in Shorewood , WI became the first high school to perform an early version of the adaptation in May 2006 . The high school was selected to present a workshop performance as part of Music Theatre International 's work to adapt the musical for younger actors and potentially more conservative audiences . As of 2008 , Music Theatre International began licensing `` Rent School Edition '' for performances by schools and non-professional amateur theaters in the United States and around the world .",
"25": "International productions ( edit ) Rent has been performed in countries around the world , including Denmark , Estonia , Finland , Iceland , Norway , Sweden , Belgium , the Netherlands , Ireland , United Kingdom , France , Germany , Switzerland , Portugal , Spain , Italy , Hungary , Poland , Slovakia , Greece , Canada , the United States , Mexico , Panama , Bolivia , Brazil , Argentina , Russia , China , Hong Kong , South Korea , Taiwan , Japan , Philippines , Singapore , Thailand , South Africa , Australia , Guam , New Zealand , Israel , Puerto Rico , Austria , Peru , Trinidad and Tobago , Dominican Republic , Cuba and the Czech Republic . The musical has been performed in twenty - five languages : Danish , Estonian , Finnish , Icelandic , Norwegian , Swedish , Dutch , English , French , German , Portuguese , Spanish , Italian , Hungarian , Polish , Slovak , Greek , Russian , Mandarin Chinese , Cantonese Chinese , Korean , Japanese , Hebrew , Czech , and Catalan . Recordings and adaptations ( edit ) Audio recordings ( edit ) Main article : Rent ( albums ) The original Broadway cast recording features the musical material in the show on a double - disc `` complete recording '' collection with a remixed version of the song `` Seasons of Love '' featuring Stevie Wonder . The label later issued a single - disc `` best of '' highlights . The film version also yielded a double - disc soundtrack recording of the complete score , and single CD of highlights . There are also many foreign cast recordings . 2005 film ( edit ) Main article : Rent ( film ) Rent was adapted into a movie directed by Chris Columbus with a screenplay by Stephen Chbosky . With the exception of Daphne Rubin - Vega and Fredi Walker , the original Broadway cast members reprised the principal roles . Rosario Dawson played Mimi and Tracie Thoms was cast as Joanne , as Rubin - Vega ( Mimi ) was pregnant at the time of filming and Walker ( Joanne ) felt she was too old for the part . Released on November 23 , 2005 , the film remained in the box office top ten for three weeks . Several plot elements were changed slightly , and some of the songs were changed to spoken dialogue in the film . The soundtrack was produced by Rob Cavallo , engineered by Doug McKean and features renowned session musicians Jamie Muhoberac , Tim Pierce and Dorian Crozier .",
"26": "The film received mixed reviews . 2008 Live filming ( edit ) Main article : Rent : Filmed Live on Broadway On September 7 , 2008 , the final performance of the Broadway production of Rent was filmed live and ( also using footage shot at a live performance in August 2008 ) released as Rent : Filmed Live on Broadway in cinemas with high definition digital projection systems in the U.S. and Canada between September 24 and 28 , 2008 . Rent : Filmed Live on Broadway was released on February 3 , 2009 on DVD & Blu - ray formats . Upcoming documentary ( edit ) Filmmaker and Rent alum Andy Señor , Jr. is currently producing a documentary , following his journey producing the musical in Cuba in late 2014 . This production of Rent was the first Broadway musical to premiere in Cuba since diplomatic relations between the two countries became strained during the Cold War . Rent Live ! ( edit ) In May 2017 , Fox announced plans to air a live television production of Rent in late 2018 . However , on September 25 , 2017 , Fox announced the official air date for Rent Live ! would be Sunday , January 27 , 2019 . Marc Platt is set to serve as executive producer along with the estate of Jonathan Larson .",
"27": "Awards and honors ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Outcome Tony Award Best Musical Won Best Book of a Musical Jonathan Larson Won Best Original Score Won Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Adam Pascal Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Daphne Rubin - Vega Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Wilson Jermaine Heredia Won Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Idina Menzel Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Michael Greif Nominated Best Choreography Marlies Yearby Nominated Best Lighting Design Blake Burba Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Book of a Musical Jonathan Larson Won Outstanding Actor in a Musical Adam Pascal Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Daphne Rubin - Vega Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Wilson Jermaine Heredia Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Michael Greif Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Steve Skinner Won Outstanding Lyrics Jonathan Larson Won Outstanding Music Won Outstanding Costume Design Angela Wendt Nominated Pulitzer Prize for Drama Won Theatre World Award Adam Pascal Won Daphne Rubin - Vega Won Grammy Award Best Musical Show Album Nominated Original West End production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1999 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Krysten Cummings Nominated Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Wilson Jermaine Heredia Nominated 20th - Anniversary UK Tour ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2017 WhatsOnStage Awards Best Regional Production Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Larson , Jonathan ; McDonnell , Evelyn ; Silberger , Katherine ( 1997 ) . Rent . New York , New York : HarperEntertainment / HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 688 - 15437 - 9 .",
"28": "^ Jump up to : Larson , Jonathan ; McDonnell , Evelyn ; Silberger , Katherine ( 1997 ) . Rent . New York , New York : HarperEntertainment / HarperCollins . pp. 54 -- 64 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 15437 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Time Magazine , March 10 , 2008 issue , p. 66 ^ Jump up to : `` Musicals '' . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tommasini , Anthony ( 1996 - 03 - 17 ) . `` The Seven - Year Odyssey That Led to Rent '' . The New York Times : Section 2 Page 7 . Jump up ^ Rapp , Anthony ( 2006 ) . Without You : A Memoir of Love , Loss , and the Musical Rent . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6976 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Rent star tells story of show 's first preview , after Jonathan Larson died '' . April 11 , 2017 : Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Larson , Jonathan ; McDonnell , Evelyn ; Silberger , Katherine ( 1997 ) . Rent ( `` Leap of Faith '' ) . New York , New York : HarperEntertainment / HarperCollins . pp. 18 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 15437 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nisbet , Ian ( 2012 ) . `` Transposition in Jonathan Larson 's RENT '' . Studies in Musical Theatre . 5 ( 3 ) : 237 . doi : 10.1386 / smt. 5.3. 225_1 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Puccini , Giacomo . `` La Bohème -- Libretto in English '' . Kernkonzepte : Impresario . Jump up ^ Beals , Gregory ( 1996 - 05 - 13 ) . `` The World of Rent '' . Newsweek . CXXVII ( 20 ) : 58 -- 59 .",
"29": "( Abstract ) Jump up ^ Thomas , June ( November 23 , 2005 ) . `` Sarah Schulman : the writer Rent ripped off '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ SiteforRent.com accessed April 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ben Lerman ; Andrew Jacobs ( 1998 ) . `` Making Rent ; A Spell for Alphabet City '' . Life Press . Life Cafe . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Jonathan ; McDonnell , Evelyn ; Silberger , Katherine ( 1997 ) . Rent ( `` Connection '' ) . New York , New York : HarperEntertainment / HarperCollins . pp. 138 -- 141 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 15437 - 9 . Jump up ^ Larson , Jonathan ; McDonnell , Evelyn ; Silberger , Katherine ( 1997 ) . Rent ( `` Leap of Faith : Friends in Deed '' ) . New York , New York : HarperEntertainment / HarperCollins . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 15437 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 147 f3d 195 Thomson v. S Larson '' . OpenJurist.com. 1998 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Larson , Jonathan ; McDonnell , Evelyn ; Silberger , Katherine ( 1997 ) . Rent ( no day but today ) . New York , New York : HarperEntertainment / HarperCollins . pp. 188 -- 189 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 15437 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.mtishows.com/full-cast-info/1157 Jump up ^ Rapp , p. 19 Jump up ^ http://earbirding.com/3020summer2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Over-The-Moon.pdf Jump up ^ `` Where the cast of `` Rent '' is now `` . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` No Day But Today : The Critical Reception of RENT '' . prezi.com .",
"30": "Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hymowitz , Kay S. ( 2008 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Among the ' Rentheads ' '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Bob . `` Time for ' Rent ' '' , The Philadelphia Gay News , August 14 , 1998 Jump up ^ Riedel , Michael ( 1997 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Every Day a ' Rent ' Party : hardcore fans of the hit musical form a squatters camp at the box office '' : 27 . New York Daily News Jump up ^ Riedel , Michael ( March 3 , 1997 ) . `` Every Day a ' Rent ' Party : hardcore fans of the hit musical form a squatters camp at the box office '' : 27 . New York Daily News ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons Archive : The Simpsons Song Lyrics '' . The Simpsons Archive . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Subtitle Scripts '' . Planet Family Guy . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of The One with the Dirty Girl '' . TKtv . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Unsinkable Mommy Adler `` '' . TWIZ TV . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The best medicine '' . Time Out Chicago . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Depths '' accessed October 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca , `` ' Team America : World Police ' Movie Review , '' accessed July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hedwig and the Angry Inch '' . Reelingreviews.com .",
"31": "Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Forbidden Broadway , Gerard Alessandrini - Forbidden Broadway Strikes Back ! : Another Unoriginal Cast Recording , Volume 4 ( 1996 New York Cast ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Lin - Manuel Miranda and Leslie Odom , Jr . Reveal How Rent Shaped History and Hamilton '' . Playbill . February 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Larson , Jonathan ; McDonnell , Evelyn ; Silberger , Katherine ( 1997 ) . Rent ( `` The Libretto '' ) . New York , New York : HarperEntertainment / HarperCollins . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 15437 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rent ( 2005 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Rent : Filmed Live on Broadway ( 2008 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` RENT RETURNS -- July 14th -- New World Stages -- Buy tickets NOW ! '' siteforrent.com , June 9 , 2011 Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Ensemble Cast to Bring RENT 20th Anniversary Tour to the Fabulous Fox '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben . `` Rock Opera A la ' Boheme ' And ' Hair ' '' , The New York Times , February 14 , 1996 Jump up ^ `` The Birth of a Theatrical Comet '' . The New York Times : Section 2 page 1 . 1996 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( February 26 , 1996 ) . `` Looking on Broadway For Ramshackle Home '' . The New York Times : C9 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners Search '' . The Official Website of the American Theatre Wing 's Tony Awards . IBM Corp. , Tony Award Productions . Retrieved November 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 2006 - 03 - 30 ) .",
"32": "`` Rent 's 10th Anniversary Celebration Will Reunite Past Bohemians , for Three Good Causes '' . Playbill , Inc . Retrieved November 30 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Kuchwara , Michael . `` ' Rent ' brings down the curtain on Broadway run . '' Associated Press , September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved on 2015 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio ( 2008 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Long Runs on Broadway '' . Celebrity Buzz : Insider Info . Playbill , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` C'est La Vie : Rent Tour , With Pascal , Rapp and Stewart , Shutters Feb. 7 '' , playbill.com , February 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Dates and Cities Announced for Rent 's 20th Anniversary Tour . Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jessie Wallace joins cast of RENT -- IndieLondon , 2007 Jump up ^ Rent Theatre story Guardian Unlimited Arts Jump up ^ `` New London Production of Rent to Close in February 2008 '' . Playbill . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New production of Rent to tour UK '' . WhatsOnStage.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Reviewed by LewisLoves : Rent The Musical at the Malvern Theatre '' . Lewis Loves. 2017 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Rent ' Revival at New World Stages -- Review '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Off - Broadway 's Rent Closes Sept. 9 '' . Jump up ^ `` Rent '' . opera.se . Retrieved 23 November 2015 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ `` Pussycat Doll Nicole Scherzinger to Tango as Maureen in Hollywood Bowl Rent '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rent produced by Hilbert Productions GmbH Berlin '' . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Deyoung , Bill ( 2007 - 06 - 30 ) . `` With ' Rent , ' local theater finally fulfills promise '' . Scripps Treasure Coast Newspapers . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 02 . Hopper , R : ( 4 ) . National Youth Theatre review , accessed March 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Elaine ( May 19 , 2006 ) . `` Students Tackle Tough Topics of ' Rent ' '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Wisconsin . pp. 8B . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rent ( 1996 Original Broadway Cast ) ( August 27 , 1996 ) Dreamworks . Retrieved on November 30 , 2006 Jump up ^ The Best of Rent : Highlights From The Original Cast Album ( 1996 Original Broadway Cast ) ( September 7 , 1999 ) . Dreamworks . Retrieved on November 30 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Larson , Rosario Dawson , Wilson Jermaine Heredia , Taye Diggs , Idina Menzel , Adam Pascal , Jesse L. Martin , Anthony Rapp , Tracie Thoms -- Rent ( 2005 Movie Soundtrack ) '' . amazon.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Larson , Idina Menzel , Rosario Dawson -- Rent ( Highlights from the Original 2005 Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . amazon.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rent '' . castalbumcollector.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward III , Aubrey ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Movie Review : RENT -- Filmed Live On Broadway ( 2008 ) '' . Firefox News .",
"34": "Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rent ( musical ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rent Rent Musical on Broadway.com Rent at the Internet Broadway Database Rent on IMDb Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical The Wiz ( 1975 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1983 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1986 ) Les Miserables ( 1987 ) Into the Woods ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) The Life ( 1997 ) Ragtime ( 1998 ) Parade ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Wicked ( 2004 ) Spamalot ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) Passing Strange ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Hamilton ( 2015 ) Shuffle Along ( 2016 ) Come from Away ( 2017 ) Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1918 -- 1950 Why Marry ?",
"35": "( 1918 ) Beyond the Horizon ( 1920 ) Miss Lulu Bett ( 1921 ) Anna Christie ( 1922 ) Icebound ( 1923 ) Hell - Bent Fer Heaven ( 1924 ) They Knew What They Wanted ( 1925 ) Craig 's Wife ( 1926 ) In Abraham 's Bosom ( 1927 ) Strange Interlude ( 1928 ) Street Scene ( 1929 ) The Green Pastures ( 1930 ) Alison 's House ( 1931 ) Of Thee I Sing ( 1932 ) Both Your Houses ( 1933 ) Men in White ( 1934 ) The Old Maid ( 1935 ) Idiot 's Delight ( 1936 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1937 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) Abe Lincoln in Illinois ( 1939 ) The Time of Your Life ( 1940 ) There Shall Be No Night ( 1941 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1943 ) Harvey ( 1945 ) State of the Union ( 1946 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Shrike ( 1952 ) Picnic ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Look Homeward , Angel ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) Fiorello !",
"36": "( 1960 ) All the Way Home ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1967 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) No Place to be Somebody ( 1970 ) The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man - in - the - Moon Marigolds ( 1971 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) Seascape ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) The Gin Game ( 1978 ) Buried Child ( 1979 ) Talley 's Folly ( 1980 ) Crimes of the Heart ( 1981 ) A Soldier 's Play ( 1982 ) ' night , Mother ( 1983 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1984 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1985 ) Fences ( 1987 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Piano Lesson ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) The Kentucky Cycle ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Three Tall Women ( 1994 ) The Young Man from Atlanta ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) How I Learned to Drive ( 1998 ) Wit ( 1999 ) Dinner with Friends ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Proof ( 2001 ) Topdog / Underdog ( 2002 ) Anna in the Tropics ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) Rabbit Hole ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) Ruined ( 2009 ) Next to Normal ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Water by the Spoonful ( 2012 ) Disgraced ( 2013",
"37": ") The Flick ( 2014 ) Between Riverside and Crazy ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Sweat ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Musical ( 1976 -- 2000 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) Complete list ( 1949 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Original Score ( 1976 -- 2000 ) A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban ( 1976 ) Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden ,",
"38": "and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim ( 1979 ) Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1981 ) Nine by Maury Yeston ( 1982 ) Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Jerry Herman ( 1984 ) Big River by Roger Miller ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Claude - Michel Schönberg , Herbert Kretzmer , and Alain Boublil ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim ( 1988 ) City of Angels by Cy Coleman and David Zippel ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by John Kander and Fred Ebb / The Who 's Tommy by Pete Townshend ( 1993 ) Passion by Stephen Sondheim ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Don Black , and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Maury Yeston ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens ( 1998 ) Parade by Jason Robert Brown ( 1999 ) Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice ( 2000 ) Complete list ( 1947 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical ( 1976 -- 2000 ) A Chorus Line by James Kirkwood Jr.",
"39": "and Nicholas Dante ( 1976 ) Annie by Thomas Meehan ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Betty Comden and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Hugh Wheeler ( 1979 ) Evita by Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by Peter Stone ( 1981 ) Dreamgirls by Tom Eyen ( 1982 ) Cats by T.S.",
"40": "Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Harvey Fierstein ( 1984 ) Big River by William Hauptman ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by James Lapine ( 1988 ) no award ( 1989 ) City of Angels by Larry Gelbart ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden by Marsha Norman ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn and James Lapine ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by Terrence McNally ( 1993 ) Passion by James Lapine ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Don Black and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Peter Stone ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Terrence McNally ( 1998 ) Parade by Alfred Uhry ( 1999 ) James Joyce 's The Dead by Richard Nelson ( 2000 ) Complete list ( 1950 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Henri Murger 's La Vie de Bohème Opera La bohème ( Puccini ) La bohème ( Leoncavallo ) Film La Bohème ( 1926 silent ) Mimi ( 1935 ) La Bohème ( 1965 Italian ) La Vie de Bohème ( 1992 ) Rent Rent ( 1996 musical ) Rent ( 2005 film ) Rent : Filmed Live on Broadway ( 2008 film ) Album Music La Vie de Bohème ( 1969 album ) La bohème discography `` La Vie Bohème '' `` Seasons of Love '' `` Finale B '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"41": "php?title=Rent_(musical)&oldid=821606795 '' Categories : Off - Broadway musicals Rock operas 1996 musicals HIV / AIDS in theatre Broadway musicals LGBT - related musicals Musicals based on operas Obie Award - winning plays Pulitzer Prize for Drama - winning works Rock musicals West End musicals Pulitzer Prize for Drama - winning musicals Works published posthumously Plays set in New York City Plays set in the 20th century Tony Award for Best Musical Plays set in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia references cleanup from May 2015 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages with timeline metadata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 14 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
11,
14,
28,
1,
10,
41,
5,
6,
40,
9,
31,
15,
13,
12,
0,
29,
34,
3,
19,
38,
7,
30,
4,
18,
17,
39,
8,
25,
23,
33,
37,
24,
22,
36,
35,
2,
32,
20,
27,
16,
26,
21
] |
[
9,
11,
14,
28,
1
] |
-3039386069198797209
|
when was the titanic started to be built
|
[
"31 March 1909",
"31 March 1909",
"31 March 1909",
"31 March 1909"
] |
{
"0": "RMS Titanic - wikipedia RMS Titanic Jump to : navigation , search `` Titanic '' redirects here . For the film by James Cameron , see Titanic ( 1997 film ) . For other uses , see Titanic ( disambiguation ) . RMS Titanic departing Southampton on 10 April 1912 History United Kingdom Name : RMS Titanic Owner : White Star Line Port of registry : Liverpool , UK Route : Southampton to New York City Ordered : 17 September 1908 Builder : Harland and Wolff , Belfast Cost : $7.5 million ( $300 million in 2017 ) Yard number : 401 Laid down : 31 March 1909 Launched : 31 May 1911 Completed : 2 April 1912 Maiden voyage : 10 April 1912 In service : 10 -- 15 April 1912 Identification : Radio call sign `` MGY '' Fate : Hit an iceberg 11 : 40 p.m. ( ship 's time ) 14 April 1912 on her maiden voyage and sank 2 h 40 min later Status : Wreck General characteristics Class and type : Olympic - class ocean liner Tonnage : 46,328 GRT Displacement : 52,310 tons Length : 882 ft 9 in ( 269.1 m ) Beam : 92 ft 6 in ( 28.2 m ) Height : 175 ft ( 53.3 m ) ( keel to top of funnels ) Draught : 34 ft 7 in ( 10.5 m ) Depth : 64 ft 6 in ( 19.7 m ) Decks : 9 ( A -- G ) Installed power : 24 double - ended and five single - ended boilers feeding two reciprocating steam engines for the wing propellers , and a low - pressure turbine for the centre propeller ; output : 46,000 HP Propulsion : Two three - blade wing propellers and one four - blade centre propeller Speed : Cruising : 21 kn ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) .",
"1": "Max : 24 kn ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) Capacity : Passengers : 2,435 , crew : 892 . Total : 3,327 ( or 3,547 according to other sources ) Notes : Lifeboats : 20 ( sufficient for 1,178 people ) RMS Titanic ( / taɪˈtænɪk / ) was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning hours of 15 April 1912 , after it collided with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City . There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard the ship , and more than 1,500 died , making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history . The RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic - class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line . The Titanic was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast . Thomas Andrews , her architect , died in the disaster . Titanic was under the command of Edward Smith , who also went down with the ship . The ocean liner carried some of the wealthiest people in the world , as well as hundreds of emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland , Scandinavia and elsewhere throughout Europe who were seeking a new life in the United States . The first - class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury , with an on - board gymnasium , swimming pool , libraries , high - class restaurants and opulent cabins . A high - powered radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending passenger `` marconigrams '' and for the ship 's operational use . Although Titanic had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors , there were not enough lifeboats to accommodate all of those aboard , due to outdated maritime safety regulations . Titanic only carried enough lifeboats for 1,178 people -- slightly more than half of the number on board , and one third of her total capacity . The ship carried a total of 16 lifeboat davits which could lower three lifeboats each , for a total of 48 boats . However , Titanic carried only a total of 20 lifeboats , four of which were collapsible and proved to be hard to launch during the sinking .",
"2": "After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912 , Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown ( now Cobh ) in Ireland before heading west to New York . On 14 April , four days into the crossing and about 375 miles ( 600 km ) south of Newfoundland , she hit an iceberg at 11 : 40 p.m. ship 's time . The collision caused the ship 's hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard ( right ) side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea ; she could only survive four flooding . Meanwhile , passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats , many of which were launched only partially loaded . A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a `` women and children first '' protocol for loading lifeboats . At 2 : 20 a.m. , she broke apart and foundered -- with well over one thousand people still aboard . Just under two hours after the Titanic sank , the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived at the scene , where she brought aboard an estimated 705 survivors . The disaster was met with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and the regulatory and operational failures that had led to it . Public inquiries in Britain and the United States led to major improvements in maritime safety . One of their most important legacies was the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) , which still governs maritime safety today . Additionally , several new wireless regulations were passed around the world in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless communications -- which could have saved many more passengers . The wreck of Titanic was first discovered in 1985 ( more than 70 years after the disaster ) , and the vessel remains on the seabed . The ship was split in two and is gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet ( 3,784 m ) . Since her discovery in 1985 , thousands of artefacts have been recovered and put on display at museums around the world . Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history ; her memory is kept alive by numerous works of popular culture , including books , folk songs , films , exhibits , and memorials .",
"3": "Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world , only beaten by her sister HMHS Britannic , the largest ever sunk . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Dimensions and layout 3 Features 3.1 Power 3.2 Technology 3.2. 1 Watertight compartments and funnels 3.2. 2 Rudder and steering engines 3.2. 3 Water , ventilation and heating 3.2. 4 Radio communications 3.3 Passenger facilities 3.4 Mail and cargo 3.5 Lifeboats 4 Building and preparing the ship 4.1 Construction , launch and fitting - out 4.2 Sea trials 5 Maiden voyage 5.1 Crew 5.2 Passengers 5.3 Collecting passengers 5.4 Atlantic crossing 5.5 Sinking 6 Aftermath of sinking 6.1 Arrival of Carpathia in New York 6.2 Insurance and aid for survivors 6.3 Investigations into the disaster 6.3. 1 Role of the SS Californian 6.4 Survivors and victims 6.5 Retrieval and burial of the dead 7 Wreck 8 Legacy 8.1 Safety 8.2 Cultural 9 Appendix 10 Titanic replicas 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Background The name Titanic was derived from Greek mythology and meant gigantic . Built in Belfast , Ireland , in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( as it was then known ) , the RMS Titanic was the second of the three Olympic - class ocean liners -- the first was the RMS Olympic and the third was the HMHS Britannic . They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Line 's fleet , which comprised 29 steamers and tenders in 1912 . The three ships had their genesis in a discussion in mid-1907 between the White Star Line 's chairman , J. Bruce Ismay , and the American financier J.P. Morgan , who controlled the White Star Line 's parent corporation , the International Mercantile Marine Co . ( IMM ) .",
"4": "The White Star Line faced an increasing challenge from its main rivals Cunard , which had recently launched the Lusitania and the Mauretania -- the fastest passenger ships then in service -- and the German lines Hamburg America and Norddeutscher Lloyd . Ismay preferred to compete on size rather than speed and proposed to commission a new class of liners that would be larger than anything that had gone before as well as being the last word in comfort and luxury . The company sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response to the Cunard giants but also to replace their oldest pair of passenger ships still in service , being the SS Teutonic of 1889 and SS Majestic of 1890 . Teutonic was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic . Majestic would be brought back into her old spot on White Star 's New York service after Titanic 's loss . The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff , who had a long - established relationship with the White Star Line dating back to 1867 . Harland and Wolff were given a great deal of latitude in designing ships for the White Star Line ; the usual approach was for the latter to sketch out a general concept which the former would take away and turn into a ship design . Cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships , plus a five percent profit margin . In the case of the Olympic - class ships , a cost of £ 3 million ( £ 250 million in 2015 money ) for the first two ships was agreed plus `` extras to contract '' and the usual five percent fee . Harland and Wolff put their leading designers to work designing the Olympic - class vessels . The design was overseen by Lord Pirrie , a director of both Harland and Wolff and the White Star Line ; naval architect Thomas Andrews , the managing director of Harland and Wolff 's design department ; Edward Wilding , Andrews ' deputy and responsible for calculating the ship 's design , stability and trim ; and Alexander Carlisle , the shipyard 's chief draughtsman and general manager . Carlisle 's responsibilities included the decorations , equipment and all general arrangements , including the implementation of an efficient lifeboat davit design .",
"5": "On 29 July 1908 , Harland and Wolff presented the drawings to J. Bruce Ismay and other White Star Line executives . Ismay approved the design and signed three `` letters of agreement '' two days later , authorising the start of construction . At this point the first ship -- which was later to become Olympic -- had no name , but was referred to simply as `` Number 400 '' , as it was Harland and Wolff 's four hundredth hull . Titanic was based on a revised version of the same design and was given the number 401 . Dimensions and layout Titanic in 1912 Titanic was 882 feet 9 inches ( 269.06 m ) long with a maximum breadth of 92 feet 6 inches ( 28.19 m ) . Her total height , measured from the base of the keel to the top of the bridge , was 104 feet ( 32 m ) . She measured 46,328 gross register tons and with a draught of 34 feet 7 inches ( 10.54 m ) , she displaced 52,310 tons . All three of the Olympic - class ships had ten decks ( excluding the top of the officers ' quarters ) , eight of which were for passenger use . From top to bottom , the decks were : The Boat Deck , on which the lifeboats were housed . It was from here during the early hours of 15 April 1912 that Titanic 's lifeboats were lowered into the North Atlantic . The bridge and wheelhouse were at the forward end , in front of the captain 's and officers ' quarters . The bridge stood 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) above the deck , extending out to either side so that the ship could be controlled while docking . The wheelhouse stood directly behind and above the bridge . The entrance to the First Class Grand Staircase and gymnasium were located midships along with the raised roof of the First Class lounge , while at the rear of the deck were the roof of the First Class smoke room and the relatively modest Second Class entrance . The wood - covered deck was divided into four segregated promenades : for officers , First Class passengers , engineers , and Second Class passengers respectively .",
"6": "Lifeboats lined the side of the deck except in the First Class area , where there was a gap so that the view would not be spoiled . A Deck , also called the Promenade Deck , extended along the entire 546 feet ( 166 m ) length of the superstructure . It was reserved exclusively for First Class passengers and contained First Class cabins , the First Class lounge , smoke room , reading and writing rooms and Palm Court . B Deck , the Bridge Deck , was the top weight - bearing deck and the uppermost level of the hull . More First Class passenger accommodations were located here with six palatial staterooms ( cabins ) featuring their own private promenades . On Titanic , the À La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien provided luxury dining facilities to First Class passengers . Both were run by subcontracted chefs and their staff ; all were lost in the disaster . The Second Class smoking room and entrance hall were both located on this deck . The raised forecastle of the ship was forward of the Bridge Deck , accommodating Number 1 hatch ( the main hatch through to the cargo holds ) , numerous pieces of machinery and the anchor housings . Aft of the Bridge Deck was the raised Poop Deck , 106 feet ( 32 m ) long , used as a promenade by Third Class passengers . It was where many of Titanic 's passengers and crew made their last stand as the ship sank . The forecastle and Poop Deck were separated from the Bridge Deck by well decks . C Deck , the Shelter Deck , was the highest deck to run uninterrupted from stem to stern . It included both well decks ; the aft one served as part of the Third Class promenade . Crew cabins were housed below the forecastle and Third Class public rooms were housed below the Poop Deck . In between were the majority of First Class cabins and the Second Class library . D Deck , the Saloon Deck , was dominated by three large public rooms -- the First Class Reception Room , the First Class Dining Saloon and the Second Class Dining Saloon . An open space was provided for Third Class passengers . First , Second and Third Class passengers had cabins on this deck , with berths for firemen located in the bow . It was the highest level reached by the ship 's watertight bulkheads ( though only by eight of the fifteen bulkheads ) .",
"7": "E Deck , the Upper Deck , was predominantly used for passenger accommodation for all three classes plus berths for cooks , seamen , stewards and trimmers . Along its length ran a long passageway nicknamed Scotland Road , in reference to a famous street in Liverpool . Scotland Road was used by Third Class passengers and crew members . F Deck , the Middle Deck , was the last complete deck and mainly accommodated Second and Third Class passengers and several departments of the crew . The Third Class dining saloon was located here , as were the swimming pool and Turkish bath . G Deck , the Lower Deck , was the lowest complete deck that carried passengers , and had the lowest portholes , just above the waterline . The squash court was located here along with the traveling post office where letters and parcels were sorted ready for delivery when the ship docked . Food was also stored here . The deck was interrupted at several points by orlop ( partial ) decks over the boiler , engine and turbine rooms . The Orlop Decks and the Tank Top below that were on the lowest level of the ship , below the waterline . The orlop decks were used as cargo spaces , while the Tank Top -- the inner bottom of the ship 's hull -- provided the platform on which the ship 's boilers , engines , turbines and electrical generators were housed . This area of the ship was occupied by the engine and boiler rooms , areas which passengers would have been prohibited from seeing . They were connected with higher levels of the ship by flights of stairs ; twin spiral stairways near the bow provided access up to D Deck . Features Power Rudder with central and port wing propellers for scale note the man at bottom of the photo Titanic was equipped with three main engines -- two reciprocating four - cylinder , triple - expansion steam engines and one centrally placed low - pressure Parsons turbine -- each driving a propeller . The two reciprocating engines had a combined output of 30,000 hp and a further 16,000 hp was contributed by the turbine . The White Star Line had used the same combination of engines on an earlier liner , the SS Laurentic , where it had been a great success .",
"8": "It provided a good combination of performance and speed ; reciprocating engines by themselves were not powerful enough to propel an Olympic - class liner at the desired speeds , while turbines were sufficiently powerful but caused uncomfortable vibrations , a problem that affected the all - turbine Cunard liners Lusitania and Mauretania . By combining reciprocating engines with a turbine , fuel usage could be reduced and motive power increased , while using the same amount of steam . The two reciprocating engines were each 63 feet ( 19 m ) long and weighed 720 tons , with their bedplates contributing a further 195 tons . They were powered by steam produced in 29 boilers , 24 of which were double - ended and five single - ended , which contained a total of 159 furnaces . The boilers were 15 feet 9 inches ( 4.80 m ) in diameter and 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) long , each weighing 91.5 tons and capable of holding 48.5 tons of water . They were heated by burning coal , 6,611 tons of which could be carried in Titanic 's bunkers , with a further 1,092 tons in Hold 3 . The furnaces required over 600 tons of coal a day to be shovelled into them by hand , requiring the services of 176 firemen working around the clock . 100 tons of ash a day had to be disposed of by ejecting it into the sea . The work was relentless , dirty and dangerous , and although firemen were paid relatively generously there was a high suicide rate among those who worked in that capacity . Exhaust steam leaving the reciprocating engines was fed into the turbine , which was situated aft . From there it passed into a surface condenser , to increase the efficiency of the turbine and so that the steam could be condensed back into water and reused . The engines were attached directly to long shafts which drove the propellers . There were three , one for each engine ; the outer ( or wing ) propellers were the largest , each carrying three blades of manganese - bronze alloy with a total diameter of 23.5 feet ( 7.2 m ) . The middle propeller was slightly smaller at 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) in diameter , and could be stopped but not reversed .",
"9": "Titanic 's electrical plant was capable of producing more power than an average city power station of the time . Immediately aft of the turbine engine were four 400 kW steam - driven electric generators , used to provide electrical power to the ship , plus two 30 kW auxiliary generators for emergency use . Their location in the stern of the ship meant they remained operational until the last few minutes before the ship sank . Technology Watertight compartments and funnels The interiors of the Olympic - class ships were subdivided into 16 primary compartments divided by 15 bulkheads which extended well above the waterline . Eleven vertically closing watertight doors could seal off the compartments in the event of an emergency . The ship 's exposed decking was made of pine and teak , while interior ceilings were covered in painted granulated cork to combat condensation . Standing above the decks were four funnels , each painted buff with black tops , ( though only three were functional -- the last one was a dummy , installed for aesthetic purposes and also for kitchen ventilation ) -- and two masts , each 155 feet ( 47 m ) high , which supported derricks for working cargo . Rudder and steering engines Titanic 's rudder was so large -- at 78 feet 8 inches ( 23.98 m ) high and 15 feet 3 inches ( 4.65 m ) long , weighing over 100 tons -- that it required steering engines to move it . Two steam - powered steering engines were installed though only one was used at any one time , with the other one kept in reserve . They were connected to the short tiller through stiff springs , to isolate the steering engines from any shocks in heavy seas or during fast changes of direction . As a last resort , the tiller could be moved by ropes connected to two steam capstans . The capstans were also used to raise and lower the ship 's five anchors ( one port , one starboard , one in the centreline and two kedging anchors ) . Water , ventilation and heating The ship was equipped with her own waterworks , capable of heating and pumping water to all parts of the vessel via a complex network of pipes and valves .",
"10": "The main water supply was taken aboard while Titanic was in port , but in an emergency the ship could also distil fresh water from seawater , though this was not a straightforward process as the distillation plant quickly became clogged by salt deposits . A network of insulated ducts conveyed warm air , driven by electric fans , around the ship , and First Class cabins were fitted with additional electric heaters . Radio communications Marconi company receiving equipment for a 5 kilowatt ocean liner station . Titanic 's radiotelegraph equipment ( then known as wireless telegraphy ) was leased to the White Star Line by the Marconi International Marine Communication Company , which also supplied two of its employees , Jack Phillips and Harold Bride , as operators . The service maintained a 24 - hour schedule , primarily sending and receiving passenger telegrams , but also handling navigation messages including weather reports and ice warnings . The radio room was located on the Boat Deck , in the officers ' quarters . A soundproofed `` Silent Room '' , next to the operating room , housed loud equipment , including the transmitter and a motor - generator used for producing alternating currents . The operators ' living quarters were adjacent to the working office . The ship was equipped with a ' state of the art ' 5 kilowatt rotary spark - gap transmitter , operating under the radio callsign MGY , and communication was conducted in Morse code . This transmitter was one of the first Marconi installations to use a rotary spark gap , which gave Titanic a distinctive musical tone that could be readily distinguished from other signals . The transmitter was one of the most powerful in the world , and guaranteed to broadcast over a radius of 350 miles ( 563 km ) . An elevated T - antenna that spanned the length of the ship was used for transmitting and receiving . The normal operating frequency was 500 kHz ( 600 m wavelength ) , however the equipment could also operate on the `` short '' wavelength of 1000 kHz ( 300 m wavelength ) that was employed by smaller vessels with shorter antennas . Passenger facilities This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"11": "( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : First class facilities of the RMS Titanic and Second and Third - Class Facilities on the RMS Titanic The passenger facilities aboard Titanic aimed to meet the highest standards of luxury . According to Titanic 's general arrangement plans , the ship could accommodate 833 First Class Passengers , 614 in Second Class and 1,006 in Third Class , for a total passenger capacity of 2,453 . In addition , her capacity for crew members exceeded 900 , as most documents of her original configuration have stated that her full carrying capacity for both passengers and crew was approximately 3,547 . Her interior design was a departure from that of other passenger liners , which had typically been decorated in the rather heavy style of a manor house or an English country house . Titanic was laid out in a much lighter style similar to that of contemporary high - class hotels -- the Ritz Hotel was a reference point -- with First Class cabins finished in the Empire style . A variety of other decorative styles , ranging from the Renaissance to Louis XV , were used to decorate cabins and public rooms in First and Second Class areas of the ship . The aim was to convey an impression that the passengers were in a floating hotel rather than a ship ; as one passenger recalled , on entering the ship 's interior a passenger would `` at once lose the feeling that we are on board ship , and seem instead to be entering the hall of some great house on shore '' . Among the more novel features available to first - class passengers was a 7 ft. deep saltwater swimming pool , a gymnasium , a squash court , and a Turkish bath which comprised electric bath , steam room , cool room , massage room , and hot room . First - class common rooms were impressive in scope and lavishly decorated . They included a Lounge in the style of the Palace of Versailles , an enormous Reception Room , a men 's Smoking Room , and a Reading and Writing Room . There was an À la Carte Restaurant in the style of the Ritz Hotel which was run as a concession by the famous Italian restaurateur Gaspare Gatti . A Café Parisien decorated in the style of a French sidewalk café , complete with ivy covered trellises and wicker furniture , was run as an annex to the restaurant .",
"12": "For an extra cost , first - class passengers could enjoy the finest French haute cuisine in the most luxurious of surroundings . There was also a Verandah Café where tea and light refreshments were served , that offered grand views of the ocean . At 114 ft. long X 92 ft. wide , the Dining Saloon on D - Deck was the largest room afloat and could seat almost 600 passengers at a time . Third Class ( commonly referred to as Steerage ) accommodations aboard Titanic were not as luxurious as First or Second Class , but even so were better than on many other ships of the time . They reflected the improved standards which the White Star Line had adopted for trans - Atlantic immigrant and lower - class travel . On most other North Atlantic passenger ships at the time , Third Class accommodations consisted of little more than open dormitories in the forward end of the vessels , in which hundreds of people were confined , often without adequate food or toilet facilities . The White Star Line had long since broken that mould . As seen aboard Titanic , all White Star Line passenger ships divided their Third Class accommodations into two sections , always at opposite ends of the vessel from one another . The established arrangement was that single men were quartered in the forward areas , while single women , married couples and families were quartered aft . In addition , while other ships provided only open berth sleeping arrangements , White Star Line vessels provided their Third Class passengers with private , small but comfortable cabins capable of accommodating two , four , six , eight and 10 passengers . Third Class accommodations also included their own dining rooms , as well as public gathering areas including adequate open deck space , which aboard Titanic comprised the Poop Deck at the stern , the forward and aft well decks , and a large open space on D Deck which could be used as a social hall . This was supplemented by the addition of a smoking room for men and a General Room on C Deck which women could use for reading and writing . Although they were not as glamorous in design as spaces seen in upper class accommodations , they were still far above average for the period . Leisure facilities were provided for all three classes to pass the time . As well as making use of the indoor amenities such as the library , smoking rooms , and gymnasium , it was also customary for passengers to socialise on the open deck , promenading or relaxing in hired deck chairs or wooden benches .",
"13": "A passenger list was published before the sailing to inform the public which members of the great and good were on board , and it was not uncommon for ambitious mothers to use the list to identify rich bachelors to whom they could introduce their marriageable daughters during the voyage . One of Titanic 's most distinctive features was her First Class staircase , known as the Grand Staircase or Grand Stairway . Built of solid English oak with a sweeping curve , the staircase descended through seven decks of the ship , between the Boat Deck to E deck , before terminating in a simplified single flight on F Deck . It was capped with a dome of wrought iron and glass that admitted natural light to the stairwell . Each landing off the staircase gave access to ornate entrance halls paneled in the William & Mary style and lit by ormolu and crystal light fixtures . At the uppermost landing was a large carved wooden panel containing a clock , with figures of `` Honour and Glory Crowning Time '' flanking the clock face . The Grand Staircase was destroyed during the sinking and is now just a void in the ship which modern explorers have used to access the lower decks . During the filming of James Cameron 's Titanic in 1997 , his replica of the Grand Staircase was ripped from its foundations by the force of the inrushing water on the set . It has been suggested that during the real event , the entire Grand Staircase was ejected upwards through the dome . The gymnasium on the Boat Deck , which was equipped with the latest exercise machines The famous Grand Staircase , which connected Boat Deck and E Deck Swimming Pool on Titanic Mail and cargo La Circassienne au Bain ; the most highly valued item of cargo lost on the Titanic . Although Titanic was primarily a passenger liner , she also carried a substantial amount of cargo . Her designation as a Royal Mail Ship ( RMS ) indicated that she carried mail under contract with the Royal Mail ( and also for the United States Post Office Department ) . For the storage of letters , parcels and specie ( bullion , coins and other valuables ) , 26,800 cubic feet ( 760 m ) of space in her holds was allocated .",
"14": "The Sea Post Office on G Deck was manned by five postal clerks ; three Americans and two Britons , who worked 13 hours a day , seven days a week sorting up to 60,000 items daily . The ship 's passengers brought with them a huge amount of baggage ; another 19,455 cubic feet ( 550.9 m ) was taken up by first - and second - class baggage . In addition , there was a considerable quantity of regular cargo , ranging from furniture to foodstuffs , and a 1912 Renault Type CE Couple de Ville motor car . Despite later myths , the cargo on Titanic 's maiden voyage was fairly mundane ; there was no gold , exotic minerals or diamonds , and one of the more famous items lost in the shipwreck , a jewelled copy of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam , was valued at only £ 405 ( £ 36,800 today ) . According to the claims for compensation filed with Commissioner Gilchrist , following the conclusion of the Senate Inquiry , the single most highly valued item of luggage or cargo was a large neoclassical oil painting entitled La Circassienne au Bain by French artist Merry - Joseph Blondel . The painting 's owner , first class passenger Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson , filed a claim for $100,000 ( $2.4 million equivalent in 2014 ) in compensation for the loss of the artwork . Titanic was equipped with eight electric cranes , four electric winches and three steam winches to lift cargo and baggage in and out of the hold . It is estimated that the ship used some 415 tons of coal whilst in Southampton , simply generating steam to operate the cargo winches and provide heat and light . Lifeboats Main article : Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic A collapsible lifeboat with canvas sides Titanic carried a total of 20 lifeboats : 14 standard wooden Harland and Wolff lifeboats with a capacity of 65 people each and four Englehardt `` collapsible '' ( wooden bottom , collapsible canvas sides ) lifeboats ( identified as A to D ) with a capacity of 47 people each . In addition , she had two emergency cutters with a capacity of 40 people each . Olympic herself did not even carry the four collapsibles A -- D during the 1911 -- 12 season .",
"15": "All of the lifeboats were stowed securely on the boat deck and , except for collapsible lifeboats A and B , connected to davits by ropes . Those on the starboard side were odd - numbered 1 -- 15 from bow to stern , while those on the port side were even - numbered 2 -- 16 from bow to stern . Both cutters were kept swung out , hanging from the davits , ready for immediate use , while collapsible lifeboats C and D were stowed on the boat deck ( connected to davits ) immediately inboard of boats 1 and 2 respectively . A and B were stored on the roof of the officers ' quarters , on either side of number 1 funnel . There were no davits to lower them and their weight would make them difficult to launch by hand . Each boat carried ( among other things ) food , water , blankets , and a spare life belt . Lifeline ropes on the boats ' sides enabled them to save additional people from the water if necessary . Titanic had 16 sets of davits , each able to handle four lifeboats . This gave Titanic the ability to carry up to 64 wooden lifeboats which would have been enough for 4,000 people -- considerably more than her actual capacity . However , the White Star Line decided that only 16 wooden lifeboats and four collapsibles would be carried , which could accommodate 1,178 people , only one - third of Titanic 's total capacity . At the time , the Board of Trade 's regulations required British vessels over 10,000 tons to only carry 16 lifeboats with a capacity of 990 occupants . Therefore , the White Star Line actually provided more lifeboat accommodation than was legally required . At the time , lifeboats were intended to ferry survivors from a sinking ship to a rescuing ship -- not keep afloat the whole population or power them to shore . Had the SS Californian responded to Titanic 's distress calls , the lifeboats may have been adequate to ferry the passengers to safety as planned . Building and preparing the ship Construction , launch and fitting - out Play media Titanic Disaster -- Genuine Footage ( 1911 -- 1912 ) The sheer size of Titanic and her sister ships posed a major engineering challenge for Harland and Wolff ; no shipbuilder had ever before attempted to construct vessels this size .",
"16": "The ships were constructed on Queen 's Island , now known as the Titanic Quarter , in Belfast Harbour . Harland and Wolff had to demolish three existing slipways and build two new ones , the largest ever constructed up to that time , to accommodate both ships . Their construction was facilitated by an enormous gantry built by Sir William Arrol & Co. , a Scottish firm responsible for the building of the Forth Bridge and London 's Tower Bridge . The Arrol Gantry stood 228 feet ( 69 m ) high , was 270 feet ( 82 m ) wide and 840 feet ( 260 m ) long , and weighed more than 6,000 tons . It accommodated a number of mobile cranes . A separate floating crane , capable of lifting 200 tons , was brought in from Germany . The construction of Olympic and Titanic took place virtually in parallel , with Olympic 's keel laid down first on 16 December 1908 and Titanic 's on 31 March 1909 . Both ships took about 26 months to build and followed much the same construction process . They were designed essentially as an enormous floating box girder , with the keel acting as a backbone and the frames of the hull forming the ribs . At the base of the ships , a double bottom 5 feet 3 inches ( 1.60 m ) deep supported 300 frames , each between 24 inches ( 61 cm ) and 36 inches ( 91 cm ) apart and measuring up to about 66 feet ( 20 m ) long . They terminated at the bridge deck ( B Deck ) and were covered with steel plates which formed the outer skin of the ships . The 2,000 hull plates were single pieces of rolled steel plate , mostly up to 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) wide and 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) long and weighing between 2.5 and 3 tons . Their thickness varied from 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) to 1.5 inches ( 3.8 cm ) . The plates were laid in a clinkered ( overlapping ) fashion from the keel to the bilge .",
"17": "Above that point they were laid in the `` in and out '' fashion , where strake plating was applied in bands ( the `` in strakes '' ) with the gaps covered by the `` out strakes '' , overlapping on the edges . Commercial oxy - fuel and electric arc welding methods , ubiquitous in fabrication today , were still in their infancy ; like most other iron and steel structures of the era , the hull was held together with over three million iron and steel rivets , which by themselves weighed over 1,200 tons . They were fitted using hydraulic machines or were hammered in by hand . In the 1990s some material scientists concluded that the steel plate used for the ship was subject to being especially brittle when cold , and that this brittleness exacerbated the impact damage and hastened the sinking . It is believed that , by the standards of the time , the steel plate 's quality was good , not faulty , but that it was inferior to what would be used for shipbuilding purposes in later decades , owing to advances in the metallurgy of steelmaking . As for the rivets , considerable emphasis has also been placed on their quality and strength . One of the last items to be fitted on Titanic before the ship 's launch was her two side anchors and one centre anchor . The anchors themselves were a challenge to make with the centre anchor being the largest ever forged by hand and weighing nearly 16 tons . Twenty Clydesdale draught horses were needed to haul the centre anchor by wagon from the Noah Hingley & Sons Ltd forge shop in Netherton , near Dudley , United Kingdom to the Dudley railway station two miles away . From there it was shipped by rail to Fleetwood in Lancashire before being loaded aboard a ship and sent to Belfast . The work of constructing the ships was difficult and dangerous . For the 15,000 men who worked at Harland and Wolff at the time , safety precautions were rudimentary at best ; a lot of the work was dangerous and was carried out without any safety equipment like hard hats or hand guards on machinery . As a result , deaths and injuries were to be expected . During Titanic 's construction , 246 injuries were recorded , 28 of them `` severe '' , such as arms severed by machines or legs crushed under falling pieces of steel .",
"18": "Six people died on the ship herself while she was being constructed and fitted out , and another two died in the shipyard workshops and sheds . Just before the launch a worker was killed when a piece of wood fell on him . Titanic was launched at 12 : 15 p.m. on 31 May 1911 in the presence of Lord Pirrie , J. Pierpoint Morgan , J. Bruce Ismay and 100,000 onlookers. 22 tons of soap and tallow were spread on the slipway to lubricate the ship 's passage into the River Lagan . In keeping with the White Star Line 's traditional policy , the ship was not formally named or christened with champagne . The ship was towed to a fitting - out berth where , over the course of the next year , her engines , funnels and superstructure were installed and her interior was fitted out . Although Titanic was virtually identical to the class 's lead ship Olympic , a few changes were made to distinguish both ships . The most noticeable of these was that Titanic ( and the third vessel in class , Britannic ) had a steel screen with sliding windows installed along the forward half of the A Deck promenade . This was installed as a last minute change at the personal request of Bruce Ismay , and was intended to provide additional shelter to first class passengers . These changes made Titanic slightly heavier than her sister , and thus she could claim to be the largest ship afloat . The work took longer than expected due to design changes requested by Ismay and a temporary pause in work occasioned by the need to repair Olympic , which had been in a collision in September 1911 . Had Titanic been finished earlier , she might well have missed her collision with an iceberg . Construction in gantry , 1909 -- 11 Launch , 1911 ( unfinished superstructure ) Fitting - out , 1911 -- 12 Sea trials RMS Titanic leaving Belfast for her sea trials on 2 April 1912 Titanic 's sea trials began at 6 a.m. on Tuesday , 2 April 1912 , just two days after her fitting out was finished and eight days before she was due to leave Southampton on her maiden voyage . The trials were delayed for a day due to bad weather , but by Monday morning it was clear and fair .",
"19": "Aboard were 78 stokers , greasers and firemen , and 41 members of crew . No domestic staff appear to have been aboard . Representatives of various companies travelled on Titanic 's sea trials , Thomas Andrews and Edward Wilding of Harland and Wolff and Harold A. Sanderson of IMM . Bruce Ismay and Lord Pirrie were too ill to attend . Jack Phillips and Harold Bride served as radio operators , and performed fine - tuning of the Marconi equipment . Francis Carruthers , a surveyor from the Board of Trade , was also present to see that everything worked , and that the ship was fit to carry passengers . The sea trials consisted of a number of tests of her handling characteristics , carried out first in Belfast Lough and then in the open waters of the Irish Sea . Over the course of about 12 hours , Titanic was driven at different speeds , her turning ability was tested and a `` crash stop '' was performed in which the engines were reversed full ahead to full astern , bringing her to a stop in 850 yd ( 777 m ) or 3 minutes and 15 seconds . The ship covered a distance of about 80 nautical miles ( 92 mi ; 150 km ) , averaging 18 knots ( 21 mph ; 33 km / h ) and reaching a maximum speed of just under 21 knots ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) . On returning to Belfast at about 7 p.m. , the surveyor signed an `` Agreement and Account of Voyages and Crew '' , valid for 12 months , which declared the ship seaworthy . An hour later , Titanic departed Belfast to head to Southampton , a voyage of about 570 nautical miles ( 660 mi ; 1,060 km ) . After a journey lasting about 28 hours she arrived about midnight on 4 April and was towed to the port 's Berth 44 , ready for the arrival of her passengers and the remainder of her crew . Maiden voyage Both Olympic and Titanic registered Liverpool as their home port .",
"20": "The offices of the White Star Line as well as Cunard were in Liverpool , and up until the introduction of the Olympic , most British ocean liners for both Cunard and White Star , such as Lusitania and Mauretania , sailed out of Liverpool followed by a port of call in Queenstown , Ireland . Since the company 's founding in 1871 , a vast majority of their operations had taken place out of Liverpool . However , in 1907 White Star established another service out of the port of Southampton on England 's south coast , which became known as White Star 's `` Express Service '' . Southampton had many advantages over Liverpool , the first being its proximity to London . In addition , Southampton , being on the south coast , allowed ships to easily cross the English Channel and make a port of call on the northern coast of France , usually at Cherbourg . This allowed British ships to pick up clientele from continental Europe before recrossing the channel and picking up passengers at Queenstown . The Southampton - Cherbourg - New York run would become so popular that most British ocean liners began using the port after World War I. Out of respect for Liverpool , ships continued to be registered there until the early 1960s . Queen Elizabeth 2 was one of the first ships registered in Southampton when introduced into service by Cunard in 1969 . Titanic 's maiden voyage was intended to be the first of many trans - Atlantic crossings between Southampton and New York via Cherbourg and Queenstown on westbound runs , returning via Plymouth in England while eastbound . Indeed , her entire schedule of voyages through to December 1912 still exists . When the route was established , four ships were assigned to the service . In addition to Teutonic and Majestic , the RMS Oceanic and the brand new RMS Adriatic sailed the route . When the Olympic entered service in June 1911 , she replaced Teutonic , which after completing her last run on the service in late April was transferred to the Dominion Line 's Canadian service . The following August , Adriatic was transferred to White Star 's main Liverpool - New York service , and in November , Majestic was withdrawn from service impending the arrival of Titanic in the coming months , and was mothballed as a reserve ship .",
"21": "White Star 's initial plans for Olympic and Titanic on the Southampton run followed the same routine as their predecessors had done before them . Each would sail once every three weeks from Southampton and New York , usually leaving at noon each Wednesday from Southampton and each Saturday from New York , thus enabling the White Star Line to offer weekly sailings in each direction . Special trains were scheduled from London and Paris to convey passengers to Southampton and Cherbourg respectively . The deep - water dock at Southampton , then known as the `` White Star Dock '' , had been specially constructed to accommodate the new Olympic - class liners , and had opened in 1911 . Edward Smith , captain of Titanic , in 1911 Titanic at Southampton docks , prior to departure Display ad for Titanic 's first but never made sailing from New York on 20 April 1912 Crew Main article : Crew of the RMS Titanic Titanic had around 885 crew members on board for her maiden voyage . Like other vessels of her time , she did not have a permanent crew , and the vast majority of crew members were casual workers who only came aboard the ship a few hours before she sailed from Southampton . The process of signing up recruits had begun on 23 March and some had been sent to Belfast , where they served as a skeleton crew during Titanic 's sea trials and passage to England at the start of April . Captain Edward John Smith , the most senior of the White Star Line 's captains , was transferred from Olympic to take command of Titanic . Henry Tingle Wilde also came across from Olympic to take the post of Chief Mate . Titanic 's previously designated Chief Mate and First Officer , William McMaster Murdoch and Charles Lightoller , were bumped down to the ranks of First and Second Officer respectively . The original Second Officer , David Blair , was dropped altogether . The Third Officer was Herbert Pitman MBE , the only deck officer who was not a member of the Royal Naval Reserve . Pitman was the second to last surviving officer . Titanic 's crew were divided into three principal departments : Deck , with 66 crew ; Engine , with 325 ; and Victualling ( pronounced vi - tal - ling ) , with 494 .",
"22": "The vast majority of the crew were thus not seamen , but were either engineers , firemen , or stokers , responsible for looking after the engines , or stewards and galley staff , responsible for the passengers . Of these , over 97 % were male ; just 23 of the crew were female , mainly stewardesses . The rest represented a great variety of professions -- bakers , chefs , butchers , fishmongers , dishwashers , stewards , gymnasium instructors , laundrymen , waiters , bed - makers , cleaners , and even a printer , who produced a daily newspaper for passengers called the Atlantic Daily Bulletin with the latest news received by the ship 's wireless operators . Most of the crew signed on in Southampton on 6 April ; in all , 699 of the crew came from there , and 40 % were natives of the town . A few specialist staff were self - employed or were subcontractors . These included the five postal clerks , who worked for the Royal Mail and the United States Post Office Department , the staff of the First Class A La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien , the radio operators ( who were employed by Marconi ) and the eight musicians , who were employed by an agency and travelled as second - class passengers . Crew pay varied greatly , from Captain Smith 's £ 105 a month ( equivalent to £ 9,500 today ) to the £ 3 10 s ( £ 320 today ) that stewardesses earned . The lower - paid victualling staff could , however , supplement their wages substantially through tips from passengers . Passengers Main article : Passengers of the RMS Titanic John Jacob Astor IV in 1909 . He was the wealthiest person aboard Titanic . Titanic 's passengers numbered approximately 1,317 people : 324 in First Class , 284 in Second Class , and 709 in Third Class . Of these , 869 ( 66 % ) were male and 447 ( 34 % ) female . There were 107 children aboard , the largest number of which were in Third Class . The ship was considerably under capacity on her maiden voyage , as she could accommodate 2,453 passengers -- 833 First Class , 614 Second Class , and 1,006 Third Class . Usually , a high prestige vessel like Titanic could expect to be fully booked on its maiden voyage .",
"23": "However , a national coal strike in the UK had caused considerable disruption to shipping schedules in the spring of 1912 , causing many crossings to be cancelled . Many would - be passengers chose to postpone their travel plans until the strike was over . The strike had finished a few days before Titanic sailed ; however , that was too late to have much of an effect . Titanic was able to sail on the scheduled date only because coal was transferred from other vessels which were tied up at Southampton , such as SS City of New York and RMS Oceanic , as well as coal Olympic had brought back from a previous voyage to New York , which had been stored at the White Star Dock . Some of the most prominent people of the day booked a passage aboard Titanic , travelling in First Class . Among them were the American millionaire John Jacob Astor IV and his wife Madeleine Force Astor , industrialist Benjamin Guggenheim , painter and sculptor Francis Davis Millet , Macy 's owner Isidor Straus and his wife Ida , Denver millionairess Margaret `` Molly '' Brown , Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon and his wife , couturière Lucy ( Lady Duff - Gordon ) , Lieut . Col. Arthur Peuchen , writer and historian Archibald Gracie , cricketer and businessman John B. Thayer with his wife Marian and son Jack , George Dunton Widener with his wife Eleanor and son Harry , Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes , Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Hays , Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Harper , Mr. and Mrs. Walter D. Douglas , Mr. and Mrs. George D. Wick , Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Harris , Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. Ryerson , Mr. and Mrs. Hudson J.C. Allison , Mr. and Mrs.",
"24": "Dickinson Bishop , noted architect Edward Austin Kent , brewery heir Harry Molson , tennis players Karl Behr and Dick Williams , author and socialite Helen Churchill Candee , future lawyer and suffragette Elsie Bowerman and her mother Edith , journalist and social reformer William Thomas Stead , journalist and fashion buyer Edith Rosenbaum , Philadelphia and New York socialtie Edith Corse Evans , wealthy divorcée Charlotte Drake Cardeza , French sculptor Paul Chevré , author Jacques Futrelle with his wife May , silent film actress Dorothy Gibson with her mother Pauline , Alfons Simonius - Blumer , Swiss Army Colonel and Banker , President of the Swiss Bankverein , James A. Hughes 's daughter Eloise , banker Robert Williams Daniel , the chairman of the Holland America Line , Johan Reuchlin , Arthur Wellington Ross 's son John H. Ross , Washington Roebling 's nephew Washington A. Roebling II , Andrew Saks 's daughter Leila Saks Meyer with her husband , senator William A. Clark 's nephew Walter M. Clark with his wife Virginia , great - great - grandson of soap manufacturer Andrew Pears , Thomas C. Pears , with wife , John S. Pillsbury 's honeymooning grandson John P. Snyder and wife , Nelle , Dorothy Parker 's New York manufacturer uncle Martin Rothschild with his wife , Elizabeth , among others . Titanic 's owner J.P. Morgan was scheduled to travel on the maiden voyage but cancelled at the last minute . Also aboard the ship were the White Star Line 's managing director J. Bruce Ismay and Titanic 's designer Thomas Andrews , who was on board to observe any problems and assess the general performance of the new ship . The exact number of people aboard is not known , as not all of those who had booked tickets made it to the ship ; about 50 people cancelled for various reasons , and not all of those who boarded stayed aboard for the entire journey . Fares varied depending on class and season . Third Class fares from London , Southampton , or Queenstown cost £ 7 5s ( equivalent to £ 700 today ) while the cheapest First Class fares cost £ 23 ( £ 2,100 today ) . The most expensive First Class suites were to have cost up to £ 870 in high season ( £ 79,000 today ) .",
"25": "Collecting passengers On Wednesday 10 April 1912 Titanic 's maiden voyage began . Following the embarkation of the crew the passengers began arriving from 9 : 30 a.m. , when the London and South Western Railway 's boat train from London Waterloo station reached Southampton Terminus railway station on the quayside , alongside Titanic 's berth . In all , 923 passengers boarded Titanic at Southampton , 179 First Class , 247 Second Class and 494 Third Class . The large number of Third Class passengers meant they were the first to board , with First and Second Class passengers following up to an hour before departure . Stewards showed them to their cabins , and First Class passengers were personally greeted by Captain Smith on boarding . Third Class passengers were inspected for ailments and physical impairments that might lead to their being refused entry to the United States -- a prospect the White Star Line wished to avoid , as it would have to carry anyone who failed the examination back across the Atlantic . 922 passengers were recorded as having embarked Titanic at Southampton . Additional passengers were to be picked up at Cherbourg and Queenstown . The maiden voyage began on time , at noon . An accident was narrowly averted only a few minutes later as Titanic passed the moored liners SS City of New York of the American Line and what would have been her running mate on the service from Southampton , White Star 's Oceanic . Her huge displacement caused both of the smaller ships to be lifted by a bulge of water and then drop into a trough . New York 's mooring cables could not take the sudden strain and snapped , swinging her around stern - first towards Titanic . A nearby tugboat , Vulcan , came to the rescue by taking New York under tow , and Captain Smith ordered Titanic 's engines to be put `` full astern '' . The two ships avoided a collision by a matter of about 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) . The incident delayed Titanic 's departure for about an hour , while the drifting New York was brought under control . After making it safely through the complex tides and channels of Southampton Water and the Solent , Titanic headed out into the English Channel . She headed for the French port of Cherbourg , a journey of 77 nautical miles ( 89 mi ; 143 km ) . The weather was windy , very fine but cold and overcast .",
"26": "Because Cherbourg lacked docking facilities for a ship the size of Titanic , tenders had to be used to transfer passengers from shore to ship . The White Star Line operated two at Cherbourg , the SS Traffic and the SS Nomadic . Both had been designed specifically as tenders for the Olympic - class liners and were launched shortly after Titanic . ( Nomadic is today the only White Star Line ship still afloat . ) Four hours after Titanic left Southampton , she arrived at Cherbourg and was met by the tenders. 274 additional passengers were taken aboard , 142 First Class , 30 Second Class , and 102 Third Class . Twenty - four passengers who had booked passage only cross-channel from Southampton left aboard the tenders to be conveyed to shore . The process was completed within only 90 minutes and at 8 p.m. Titanic weighed anchor and left for Queenstown with the weather continuing cold and windy . At 11 : 30 a.m. on Thursday 11 April , Titanic arrived at Cork Harbour on the south coast of Ireland . It was a partly cloudy but relatively warm day , with a brisk wind . Again , the dock facilities were not suitable for a ship of Titanic 's size , and tenders were used to bring passengers aboard . In all , 123 passengers boarded Titanic at Queenstown , 3 First Class , 7 Second Class and 113 Third Class . In addition to the 24 cross-channel passengers who had disembarked at Cherbourg , another seven passengers had booked an overnight passage from Southampton to Queenstown . Among the seven was Father Francis Browne , a Jesuit trainee , who was a keen photographer and took many photographs aboard Titanic , including the last - ever known photograph of the ship . A decidedly unofficial departure was that of a crew member , stoker John Coffey , a Queenstown native who sneaked off the ship by hiding under mail bags being transported to shore . Titanic weighed anchor for the last time at 1 : 30 p.m. and departed on her westward journey across the Atlantic .",
"27": "Titanic ( right ) after the near - collision with City of New York ( left , together with Oceanic at the far left ) Titanic in Cork harbour , 11 April 1912 The route of Titanic 's maiden voyage , with the coordinates of its sinking Atlantic crossing Titanic was planned to arrive at New York Pier 54 on the morning of 17 April . After leaving Queenstown Titanic followed the Irish coast as far as Fastnet Rock , a distance of some 55 nautical miles ( 63 mi ; 102 km ) . From there she travelled 1,620 nautical miles ( 1,860 mi ; 3,000 km ) along a Great Circle route across the North Atlantic to reach a spot in the ocean known as `` the corner '' south - east of Newfoundland , where westbound steamers carried out a change of course . Titanic sailed only a few hours past the corner on a rhumb line leg of 1,023 nautical miles ( 1,177 mi ; 1,895 km ) to Nantucket Shoals Light when she made her fatal contact with an iceberg . The final leg of the journey would have been 193 nautical miles ( 222 mi ; 357 km ) to Ambrose Light and finally to New York Harbor . From 11 April to local apparent noon the next day , Titanic covered 484 nautical miles ( 557 mi ; 896 km ) ; the following day , 519 nautical miles ( 597 mi ; 961 km ) ; and by noon on the final day of her voyage , 546 nautical miles ( 628 mi ; 1,011 km ) . From then until the time of her sinking she travelled another 258 nautical miles ( 297 mi ; 478 km ) , averaging about 21 knots ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) . The weather cleared as she left Ireland under cloudy skies with a headwind . Temperatures remained fairly mild on Saturday 13 April , but the following day Titanic crossed a cold weather front with strong winds and waves of up to 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) . These died down as the day progressed until , by the evening of Sunday 14 April , it became clear , calm and very cold . The first three days of the voyage from Queenstown had passed without apparent incident .",
"28": "A fire had begun in one of Titanic 's coal bunkers approximately 10 days prior to the ship 's departure , and continued to burn for several days into its voyage , but passengers were unaware of this situation . Fires occurred frequently on board steamships of that day due to spontaneous combustion of the coal . The fires had to be extinguished with fire hoses , by moving the coal on top to another bunker and by removing the burning coal and feeding it into the furnace . Fortunately , the fire was over on 14 April . Titanic received a series of warnings from other ships of drifting ice in the area of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . One of the ships to warn Titanic was the Atlantic Line 's Mesaba . Nevertheless , the ship continued to steam at full speed , which was standard practice at the time . Although the ship was not trying to set a speed record , timekeeping was a priority , and under prevailing maritime practices , ships were often operated at close to full speed , with ice warnings seen as advisories and reliance placed upon lookouts and the watch on the bridge . It was generally believed that ice posed little danger to large vessels . Close calls with ice were not uncommon , and even head - on collisions had not been disastrous . In 1907 SS Kronprinz Wilhelm , a German liner , had rammed an iceberg but still had been able to complete her voyage , and Captain Smith himself had declared in 1907 that he `` could not imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder . Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that . '' Sinking Main article : Sinking of the RMS Titanic At 11 : 40 p.m. ( ship 's time ) on 14 April , lookout Frederick Fleet spotted an iceberg immediately ahead of Titanic and alerted the bridge . First Officer William Murdoch ordered the ship to be steered around the obstacle and the engines to be stopped , but it was too late ; the starboard side of Titanic struck the iceberg , creating a series of holes below the waterline . The hull was not punctured by the iceberg , but rather dented such that the hull 's seams buckled and separated , allowing water to seep in . Five of the ship 's watertight compartments were breached . It soon became clear that the ship was doomed , as she could not survive more than four compartments being flooded .",
"29": "Titanic began sinking bow - first , with water spilling from compartment to compartment as her angle in the water became steeper . Those aboard Titanic were ill - prepared for such an emergency . In accordance with accepted practices of the time , where ships were seen as largely unsinkable and lifeboats were intended to transfer passengers to nearby rescue vessels , Titanic only had enough lifeboats to carry about half of those on board ; if the ship had carried her full complement of about 3,339 passengers and crew , only about a third could have been accommodated in the lifeboats . The crew had not been trained adequately in carrying out an evacuation . The officers did not know how many they could safely put aboard the lifeboats and launched many of them barely half - full . Third - class passengers were largely left to fend for themselves , causing many of them to become trapped below decks as the ship filled with water . The `` women and children first '' protocol was generally followed when loading the lifeboats , and most of the male passengers and crew were left aboard . At 2 : 20 a.m. , two hours and 40 minutes after Titanic struck the iceberg , her rate of sinking suddenly increased as her forward deck dipped underwater , and the sea poured in through open hatches and grates . As her unsupported stern rose out of the water , exposing the propellers , the ship began to break in two between the third and fourth funnels , due to the immense forces on the keel . With the bow underwater , and air trapped in the stern , the stern remained afloat and buoyant for a few minutes longer , rising to a nearly vertical angle with hundreds of people still clinging to it , before sinking . For many years it was generally believed the ship sank in one piece ; however , when the wreck was located many years later , it was discovered that the ship had fully broken in two . All remaining passengers and crew were immersed into lethally cold water with a temperature of 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) . Sudden immersion into freezing water typically causes death within minutes , either from cardiac arrest , uncontrollable breathing of water , or cold incapacitation ( not , as commonly believed , from hypothermia ) , and almost all of those in the water died of cardiac arrest or other bodily reactions to freezing water , within 15 -- 30 minutes .",
"30": "Only 13 of them were helped into the lifeboats , though these had room for almost 500 more people . Distress signals were sent by wireless , rockets , and lamp , but none of the ships that responded was near enough to reach Titanic before she sank . A radio operator on board the Birma , for instance , estimated that it would be 6 a.m. before the liner could arrive at the scene . Meanwhile , the SS Californian , which was the last to have been in contact before the collision , saw Titanic 's flares but failed to assist . Around 4 a.m. , RMS Carpathia arrived on the scene in response to Titanic 's earlier distress calls . About 710 people survived the disaster and were conveyed by Carpathia to New York , Titanic 's original destination , while at least 1,500 people lost their lives . Carpathia 's captain described the place as an ice field that had included 20 large bergs measuring up to 200 feet ( 61 m ) high and numerous smaller bergs , as well as ice floes and debris from Titanic ; passengers described being in the middle of a vast white plain of ice , studded with icebergs . This area is now known as Iceberg Alley . The sinking , according to J. Thayer , sketched onboard Carpathia , based on his description The iceberg thought to have been hit by Titanic , photographed on the morning of 15 April 1912 . `` Untergang der Titanic '' , as conceived by Willy Stöwer , 1912 Aftermath of sinking Arrival of Carpathia in New York London newsboy Ned Parfett with news of the disaster . RMS Carpathia took three days to reach New York after leaving the scene of the disaster . Her journey was slowed by pack ice , fog , thunderstorms and rough seas . She was , however , able to pass news to the outside world by wireless about what had happened . The initial reports were confused , leading the American press to report erroneously on 15 April that Titanic was being towed to port by the SS Virginian . Later that day , confirmation came through that Titanic had been lost and that most of her passengers and crew had died .",
"31": "The news attracted crowds of people to the White Star Line 's offices in London , New York , Montreal , Southampton , Liverpool and Belfast . It hit hardest in Southampton , whose people suffered the greatest losses from the sinking . Four out of every five crew members came from this town . Carpathia docked at 9 : 30 p.m. on 18 April at New York 's Pier 54 and was greeted by some 40,000 people waiting at the quayside in heavy rain . Immediate relief in the form of clothing and transportation to shelters was provided by the Women 's Relief Committee , the Travelers Aid Society of New York , and the Council of Jewish Women , among other organisations . Many of Titanic 's surviving passengers did not linger in New York but headed onwards immediately to relatives ' homes . Some of the wealthier survivors chartered private trains to take them home , and the Pennsylvania Railroad laid on a special train free of charge to take survivors to Philadelphia . Titanic 's 214 surviving crew members were taken to the Red Star Line 's steamer SS Lapland , where they were accommodated in passenger cabins . Carpathia was hurriedly restocked with food and provisions before resuming her journey to Fiume , Austria - Hungary . Her crew were given a bonus of a month 's wages by Cunard as a reward for their actions , and some of Titanic 's passengers joined together to give them an additional bonus of nearly £ 900 ( £ 82,000 today ) , divided among the crew members . The ship 's arrival in New York led to a frenzy of press interest , with newspapers competing to be the first to report the survivors ' stories . Some reporters bribed their way aboard the pilot boat New York , which guided Carpathia into harbour , and one even managed to get onto Carpathia before she docked . Crowds gathered outside newspaper offices to see the latest reports being posted in the windows or on billboards . It took another four days for a complete list of casualties to be compiled and released , adding to the agony of relatives waiting for news of those who had been aboard Titanic .",
"32": "Arrival of Titanic 's survivors at New York ( artist concept ) Cartoon demanding better safety from shipping companies , 1912 Carpathia 's captain Arthur Rostron awarded by Margaret Brown , 1912 Insurance and Aid for survivors In January 1912 , the hulls and equipment of Titanic and Olympic had been insured through Lloyd 's of London . The total coverage was £ 1,000,000 ( £ 91,000,000 today ) per ship . The policy was to be `` free from all average '' under £ 150,000 , meaning that the insurers would only pay for damage in excess of that sum . The premium , negotiated by brokers Willis Faber & Company ( now Willis Group ) , was 15 s ( 75 p ) per £ 100 , or £ 7,500 ( £ 680,000 today ) for the term of one year . Lloyd 's paid the White Star Line the full sum owed to them within 30 days . Many charities were set up to help the victims and their families , many of whom lost their sole breadwinner , or , in the case of many Third Class survivors , everything they owned . On 29 April opera stars Enrico Caruso and Mary Garden and members of the Metropolitan Opera raised $12,000 ( $300,000 in 2014 ) in benefits for victims of the disaster by giving special concerts in which versions of `` Autumn '' and `` Nearer My God To Thee '' were part of the programme . In Britain , relief funds were organised for the families of Titanic 's lost crew members , raising nearly £ 450,000 ( £ 41,000,000 today ) . One such fund was still in operation as late as the 1960s . Investigations into the disaster Main articles : United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic and British Wreck Commissioner 's inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic Even before the survivors arrived in New York , investigations were being planned to discover what had happened , and what could be done to prevent a recurrence . Inquiries were held in both the United States and United Kingdom , the former more robustly critical of traditions and practices , and scathing of the failures involved , and the latter broadly more technical and expert - oriented . The U.S.",
"33": "Senate 's inquiry into the disaster was initiated on 19 April , a day after Carpathia arrived in New York . The chairman , Senator William Alden Smith , wanted to gather accounts from passengers and crew while the events were still fresh in their minds . Smith also needed to subpoena all surviving British passengers and crew while they were still on American soil , which prevented them from returning to the UK before the American inquiry was completed on 25 May . The British press condemned Smith as an opportunist , insensitively forcing an inquiry as a means of gaining political prestige and seizing `` his moment to stand on the world stage '' . Smith , however , already had a reputation as a campaigner for safety on U.S. railroads , and wanted to investigate any possible malpractices by railroad tycoon J.P. Morgan , Titanic 's ultimate owner . The British Board of Trade 's inquiry into the disaster was headed by Lord Mersey , and took place between 2 May and 3 July . Being run by the Board of Trade , who had previously approved the ship , it was seen by some as having little interest in its own or White Star 's conduct being found negligent . Each inquiry took testimony from both passengers and crew of Titanic , crew members of Leyland Line 's Californian , Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia and other experts . The British inquiry also took far greater expert testimony , making it the longest and most detailed court of inquiry in British history up to that time . The two inquiries reached broadly similar conclusions : the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate , Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings , the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed , and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a dangerous area at too high a speed . Neither inquiry 's findings listed negligence by IMM or the White Star Line as a factor . The American inquiry concluded that since those involved had followed standard practice the disaster was an act of God . The British inquiry concluded that Smith had followed long - standing practice that had not previously been shown to be unsafe , noting that British ships alone had carried 3.5 million passengers over the previous decade with the loss of just 10 lives , and concluded that Smith had done `` only that which other skilled men would have done in the same position '' .",
"34": "Lord Mersey did however find fault with the `` extremely high speed ( twenty - two knots ) which was maintained '' following numerous ice warnings , noting that without hindsight , `` what was a mistake in the case of the Titanic would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future '' . The recommendations included strong suggestions for major changes in maritime regulations to implement new safety measures , such as ensuring that more lifeboats were provided , that lifeboat drills were properly carried out and that wireless equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock . An International Ice Patrol was set up to monitor the presence of icebergs in the North Atlantic , and maritime safety regulations were harmonised internationally through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ; both measures are still in force today . On 18 June 1912 , Guglielmo Marconi gave evidence to the Court of Inquiry regarding the telegraphy . Its final report recommended that all liners carry the system and that sufficient operators maintain a constant service . Role of the SS Californian The SS Californian , which had tried to warn Titanic of the danger from pack - ice One of the most controversial issues examined by the inquiries was the role played by SS Californian , which had been only a few miles from Titanic but had not picked up her distress calls or responded to her signal rockets . Californian had warned Titanic by radio of the pack ice that was the reason Californian had stopped for the night , but was rebuked by Titanic 's senior wireless operator , Jack Phillips . Testimony before the British inquiry revealed that at 10 : 10 p.m. , Californian observed the lights of a ship to the south ; it was later agreed between Captain Stanley Lord and Third Officer C.V. Groves ( who had relieved Lord of duty at 11 : 10 p.m. ) that this was a passenger liner . At 11 : 50 p.m. , the officer had watched that ship 's lights flash out , as if she had shut down or turned sharply , and that the port light was now visible . Morse light signals to the ship , upon Lord 's order , were made between 11 : 30 p.m. and 1 : 00 a.m. , but were not acknowledged .",
"35": "If Titanic were as far from the Californian as Lord claimed , then he knew , or should have known , that Morse signals would not be visible . A reasonable and prudent course of action would have been to awaken the wireless operator and to instruct him to attempt to contact Titanic by that method . Had Lord done so , it is possible he could have reached Titanic in time to save additional lives . Captain Lord had gone to the chartroom at 11 : 00 p.m. to spend the night ; however , Second Officer Herbert Stone , now on duty , notified Lord at 1 : 10 a.m. that the ship had fired five rockets . Lord wanted to know if they were company signals , that is , coloured flares used for identification . Stone said that he did not know and that the rockets were all white . Captain Lord instructed the crew to continue to signal the other vessel with the Morse lamp , and went back to sleep . Three more rockets were observed at 1 : 50 a.m. and Stone noted that the ship looked strange in the water , as if she were listing . At 2 : 15 a.m. , Lord was notified that the ship could no longer be seen . Lord asked again if the lights had had any colours in them , and he was informed that they were all white . Californian eventually responded . At around 5 : 30 a.m. , Chief Officer George Stewart awakened wireless operator Cyril Furmstone Evans , informed him that rockets had been seen during the night , and asked that he try to communicate with any ship . He got news of Titanic 's loss , Captain Lord was notified , and the ship set out to render assistance . She arrived well after Carpathia had already picked up all the survivors . The inquiries found that the ship seen by Californian was in fact Titanic and that it would have been possible for Californian to come to her rescue ; therefore , Captain Lord had acted improperly in failing to do so . Survivors and victims Main article : List of Titanic passengers The number of casualties of the sinking is unclear , due to a number of factors . These include confusion over the passenger list , which included some names of people who cancelled their trip at the last minute , and the fact that several passengers travelled under aliases for various reasons and were therefore double - counted on the casualty lists .",
"36": "The death toll has been put at between 1,490 and 1,635 people . The tables below use figures from the British Board of Trade report on the disaster . While the use of Marconi wireless system did not achieve the result of bringing a rescue ship to the Titanic before it sank , the use of wireless did bring the Carpathia in time to rescue some of the survivors who otherwise would have perished due to exposure . The water temperature in the area where Titanic sank , which was well below normal , also contributed to the rapid death of many passengers during the sinking . Water temperature readings taken around the time of the accident were reported to be 28 ° F. Typical water temperatures were normally in the mid-40 ° F range during mid-April . The coldness of the water was a critical factor , often causing death within minutes for many of those in the water . Fewer than a third of those aboard Titanic survived the disaster . Some survivors died shortly afterwards ; injuries and the effects of exposure caused the deaths of several of those brought aboard Carpathia . The figures show stark differences in the survival rates of the different classes aboard Titanic . Although only 3 % of first - class women were lost , 54 % of those in third class died . Similarly , five of six first - class and all second - class children survived , but 52 of the 79 in third class perished . The differences by gender were even bigger : nearly all female crew members , first and second class passengers were saved . Men from the First Class died at a higher rate than women from the Third Class . In total , 50 % of the children survived , 20 % of the men and 75 % of the women . The last living survivor , Millvina Dean from England , who at only nine weeks old was the youngest passenger on board , died aged 97 on 31 May 2009 . A special survivor was crew member Violet Jessop who survived the sinkings of both Titanic and Britannic and was aboard Olympic when she was rammed in 1911 .",
"37": "Age / sex Class / crew Number aboard Number saved Number lost Percentage saved Percentage lost Children First Class 6 5 83 % 17 % Second Class 24 24 0 100 % 0 % Third Class 79 27 52 34 % 66 % Women First Class 144 140 97 % 3 % Second Class 93 80 13 86 % 14 % Third Class 165 76 89 46 % 54 % Crew 23 20 87 % 13 % Men First Class 175 57 118 33 % 67 % Second Class 168 14 154 8 % 92 % Third Class 462 75 387 16 % 84 % Crew 885 192 693 22 % 78 % Total 2224 710 1514 32 % 68 % Retrieval and burial of the dead Markers of Titanic victims , Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Once the massive loss of life became known , White Star Line chartered the cable ship CS Mackay - Bennett from Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada , to retrieve bodies . Three other Canadian ships followed in the search : the cable ship Minia , lighthouse supply ship Montmagny and sealing vessel Algerine . Each ship left with embalming supplies , undertakers , and clergy . Of the 333 victims that were eventually recovered , 328 were retrieved by the Canadian ships and five more by passing North Atlantic steamships . The first ship to reach the site of the sinking , the CS Mackay - Bennett , found so many bodies that the embalming supplies aboard were quickly exhausted . Health regulations required that only embalmed bodies could be returned to port . Captain Larnder of the Mackay - Bennett and undertakers aboard decided to preserve only the bodies of first class passengers , justifying their decision by the need to visually identify wealthy men to resolve any disputes over large estates .",
"38": "As a result , many third class passengers and crew were buried at sea . Larnder identified many of those buried at sea as crew members by their clothing , and stated that as a mariner , he himself would be contented to be buried at sea . Bodies recovered were preserved for transport to Halifax , the closest city to the sinking with direct rail and steamship connections . The Halifax coroner , John Henry Barnstead , developed a detailed system to identify bodies and safeguard personal possessions . Relatives from across North America came to identify and claim bodies . A large temporary morgue was set up in the curling rink of the Mayflower Curling Club and undertakers were called in from all across eastern Canada to assist . Some bodies were shipped to be buried in their home towns across North America and Europe . About two - thirds of the bodies were identified . Unidentified victims were buried with simple numbers based on the order in which their bodies were discovered . The majority of recovered victims , 150 bodies , were buried in three Halifax cemeteries , the largest being Fairview Lawn Cemetery followed by the nearby Mount Olivet and Baron de Hirsch cemeteries . In mid-May 1912 , RMS Oceanic recovered three bodies over 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the site of the sinking who were among the original occupants of Collapsible A. When Fifth Officer Harold Lowe and six crewmen returned to the wreck site sometime after the sinking in a lifeboat to pick up survivors , they rescued a dozen males and one female from Collapsible A , but left the dead bodies of three of its occupants . After their retrieval from Collapsible A by Oceanic , the bodies were buried at sea . The last Titanic body recovered was steward James McGrady , Body No. 330 , found by the chartered Newfoundland sealing vessel Algerine on 22 May and buried at Fairview Lawn Cemetery in Halifax on 12 June . Only 333 bodies of Titanic victims were recovered , one in five of the over 1500 victims . Some bodies sank with the ship while currents quickly dispersed bodies and wreckage across hundreds of miles making them difficult to recover . By June one of the last search ships reported that life jackets supporting bodies were coming apart and releasing bodies to sink .",
"39": "Wreck Main article : Wreck of the RMS Titanic The bow of the wrecked RMS Titanic , photographed in June 2004 Titanic was long thought to have sunk in one piece and , over the years , many schemes were put forward for raising the wreck . None came to fruition . The fundamental problem was the sheer difficulty of finding and reaching a wreck that lies over 12,000 feet ( 3,700 m ) below the surface , in a location where the water pressure is over 6,500 pounds per square inch ( 450 bar ) . A number of expeditions were mounted to find Titanic but it was not until 1 September 1985 that a Franco - American expedition led by Robert Ballard succeeded . The team discovered that Titanic had in fact split apart , probably near or at the surface , before sinking to the seabed . The separated bow and stern sections lie about a third of a mile ( 0.6 km ) apart in Titanic Canyon off the coast of Newfoundland . They are located 13.2 miles ( 21.2 km ) from the inaccurate coordinates given by Titanic 's radio operators on the night of her sinking , and approximately 715 miles ( 1,151 km ) from Halifax and 1,250 miles ( 2,012 km ) from New York . Both sections struck the sea bed at considerable speed , causing the bow to crumple and the stern to collapse entirely . The bow is by far the more intact section and still contains some surprisingly intact interiors . In contrast , the stern is completely wrecked ; its decks have pancaked down on top of each other and much of the hull plating was torn off and lies scattered across the sea floor . The much greater level of damage to the stern is probably due to structural damage incurred during the sinking . Thus weakened , the remainder of the stern was flattened by the impact with the sea bed . The two sections are surrounded by a debris field measuring approximately 5 by 3 miles ( 8.0 km × 4.8 km ) . It contains hundreds of thousands of items , such as pieces of the ship , furniture , dinnerware and personal items , which fell from the ship as she sank or were ejected when the bow and stern impacted on the sea floor . The debris field was also the last resting place of a number of Titanic 's victims .",
"40": "Most of the bodies and clothes were consumed by sea creatures and bacteria , leaving pairs of shoes and boots -- which have proved to be inedible -- as the only sign that bodies once lay there . Since its initial discovery , the wreck of Titanic has been revisited on numerous occasions by explorers , scientists , filmmakers , tourists and salvagers , who have recovered thousands of items from the debris field for conservation and public display . The ship 's condition has deteriorated significantly over the years , particularly from accidental damage by submersibles but mostly because of an accelerating rate of growth of iron - eating bacteria on the hull . It has been estimated that within the next 50 years the hull and structure of Titanic will eventually collapse entirely , leaving only the more durable interior fittings of the ship intermingled with a pile of rust on the sea floor . Bell from the Titanic Many artefacts from Titanic have been recovered from the sea bed by RMS Titanic Inc. , which exhibits them in touring exhibitions around the world and in a permanent exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . A number of other museums exhibit artefacts either donated by survivors or retrieved from the floating bodies of victims of the disaster . On 16 April 2012 , the day after the 100th anniversary of the sinking , photos were released showing possible human remains resting on the ocean floor . The photos , taken by Robert Ballard during an expedition led by NOAA in 2004 , show a boot and a coat close to Titanic 's stern which experts called `` compelling evidence '' that it is the spot where somebody came to rest , and that human remains could be buried in the sediment beneath them . The wreck of the Titanic falls under the scope of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage . This means that all states party to the convention will prohibit the pillaging , commercial exploitation , sale and dispersion of the wreck and its artefacts . Because of the location of the wreck in international waters and the lack of any exclusive jurisdiction over the wreckage area , the convention provides a state co-operation system , by which states inform each other of any potential activity concerning ancient shipwreck sites , like the Titanic , and co-operate to prevent unscientific or unethical interventions .",
"41": "Legacy Safety Main article : Changes in safety practices after the sinking of the RMS Titanic An ice patrol aircraft inspecting an iceberg After the disaster , recommendations were made by both the British and American Boards of Inquiry stating that ships should carry enough lifeboats for all aboard , mandated lifeboat drills would be implemented , lifeboat inspections would be conducted , etc . Many of these recommendations were incorporated into the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea passed in 1914 . The convention has been updated by periodic amendments , with a completely new version adopted in 1974 . Signatories to the convention followed up with national legislation to implement the new standards . For example in Britain , new `` Rules for Life Saving Appliances '' were passed by the Board of Trade on 8 May 1914 and then applied at a meeting of British steamship companies in Liverpool in June 1914 . Further , the United States government passed the Radio Act of 1912 . This act , along with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea , stated that radio communications on passenger ships would be operated 24 hours a day , along with a secondary power supply , so as not to miss distress calls . Also , the Radio Act of 1912 required ships to maintain contact with vessels in their vicinity as well as coastal onshore radio stations . In addition , it was agreed in the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea that the firing of red rockets from a ship must be interpreted as a sign of need for help . Once the Radio Act of 1912 was passed it was agreed that rockets at sea would be interpreted as distress signals only , thus removing any possible misinterpretation from other ships . Finally , the disaster led to the formation and international funding of the International Ice Patrol , an agency of the United States Coast Guard that to the present day monitors and reports on the location of North Atlantic Ocean icebergs that could pose a threat to transatlantic sea traffic . Coast Guard aircraft conduct the primary reconnaissance . In addition , information is collected from ships operating in or passing through the ice area . Except for the years of the two World Wars , the International Ice Patrol has worked each season since 1913 . During the period there has not been a single reported loss of life or property due to collision with an iceberg in the patrol area .",
"42": "In 1912 , the Board of Trade chartered the barque Scotia to act as a weather ship in the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , keeping a look - out for icebergs . A Marconi wireless was installed to enable her to communicate with stations on the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland . Cultural Main article : Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic Titanic Belfast , 2012 Titanic has gone down in history as the ship that was called unsinkable . For more than 100 years , she has been the inspiration of fiction and non-fiction . She is commemorated by monuments for the dead and by museums exhibiting artefacts from the wreck . Just after the sinking memorial postcards sold in huge numbers together with memorabilia ranging from tin candy boxes to plates , whiskey jiggers , and even black mourning teddy bears . Several survivors wrote books about their experiences but it was not until 1955 the first historically accurate book A Night to Remember was published . The first film about the disaster , Saved from the Titanic , was released only 29 days after the ship sank and had an actual survivor as its star -- the silent film actress Dorothy Gibson . The British film A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) is still widely regarded as the most historically accurate movie portrayal of the sinking . The most financially successful by far has been James Cameron 's Titanic ( 1997 ) , which became the highest - grossing film in history up to that time , as well as the winner of 11 Oscars at the 70th Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Cameron . The Titanic disaster was commemorated through a variety of memorials and monuments to the victims , erected in several English - speaking countries and in particular in cities that had suffered notable losses . These included Southampton , Liverpool and Belfast in the United Kingdom ; New York and Washington , D.C. in the United States ; and Cobh ( formerly Queenstown ) in Ireland . A number of museums around the world have displays on Titanic . In Northern Ireland , the ship is commemorated by the Titanic Belfast visitor attraction , opened on 31 March 2012 , that stands on the site of the shipyard where Titanic was built . RMS Titanic Inc.",
"43": ", which is authorised to salvage the wreck site , has a permanent Titanic exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Nevada which features a 22 - ton slab of the ship 's hull . It also runs an exhibition which travels around the world . In Nova Scotia , Halifax 's Maritime Museum of the Atlantic displays items that were recovered from the sea a few days after the disaster . They include pieces of woodwork such as panelling from the ship 's First Class Lounge and an original deckchair , as well as objects removed from the victims . In 2012 the centenary was marked by plays , radio programmes , parades , exhibitions and special trips to the site of the sinking together with commemorative stamps and coins . In a frequently commented - on literary coincidence , Morgan Robertson authored a novel called Futility in 1898 about a fictional British passenger liner with the plot bearing a number of similarities to the Titanic disaster . In the novel the ship is the SS Titan , a four - stacked liner , the largest in the world and considered unsinkable . But like the Titanic , she sinks after hitting an iceberg and does not have enough lifeboats . Appendix Diagrams of RMS Titanic ( show ) Diagram of RMS Titanic showing the arrangement of the bulkheads in red . Compartments in the engineering area at the bottom of the ship are noted in blue . Names of decks are listed to the right ( starting at top on Boat deck , going from A through F and ending on Lower deck at the waterline ) . Areas of damage made by the iceberg are shown in green . The scale 's smallest unit is 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) and its total length is 400 feet ( 120 m ) . A cutaway diagram of Titanic 's midship section . S : Sun deck . A : Upper promenade deck . B : Promenade deck , glass - enclosed . C : Saloon deck . E : Main deck . F : Middle deck . G : Lower deck : cargo , coal bunkers , boilers , engines . ( a ) Welin davits with lifeboats , ( b ) Bilge , ( c ) Double bottom Comparison of Titanic in size to modern means of transport and a person Timeline of RMS Titanic ( show ) 17 September 1908 : Ship ordered .",
"44": "31 May 1911 : Ship launched . 1 April 1912 : Trials completed . 10 April , noon : Maiden voyage starts . Leaves Southampton dock , narrowly escaping collision with American liner New York . 10 April , 19 : 00 : Stops at Cherbourg for passengers . 10 April , 21 : 00 : Leaves Cherbourg for Queenstown . 11 April , 12 : 30 : Stops at Queenstown for passengers and mail . 11 April , 14 : 00 : Leaves Queenstown for New York . 14 April , 23 : 40 : Collision with iceberg ( Latitude 41 ° 46 ′ N , Longitude 50 ° 14 ′ W ) . 15 April , 00 : 45 : First boat , No. 7 , lowered . 15 April , 02 : 05 : Last boat , Collapsible D , lowered . 15 April , 02 : 20 : Foundering . 15 April , 03 : 30 -- 08 : 50 : Rescue of survivors . 19 April -- 25 May : U.S. inquiry . 2 May -- 3 July : British inquiry . 1 September 1985 : Discovery of wreck . Titanic replicas See also : Replica Titanic , Titanic II , and Romandisea Titanic First Class Lounge of the Olympic which was almost identical to that of the Titanic , seen today as a dining room in the White Swan Hotel , Alnwick There have been several proposals and studies for a project to build a replica ship based on the Titanic . A project by South African businessman Sarel Gaus was abandoned in 2006 , and a project by Australian businessman Clive Palmer was announced in 2012 , known as the Titanic II . A Chinese shipbuilding company known as Wuchang Shipbuilding Industry Group Co. , Ltd commenced construction in January 2014 to build a replica ship of the Titanic for use in a resort . The vessel will house many features of the original , such as a ballroom , dining hall , theatre , first - class cabins , economy cabins and swimming pool . Tourists will be able to reside inside the Titanic during their time at the resort . It will be permanently docked at the resort and feature an audiovisual simulation of the sinking , which has caused some criticism . The RMS Olympic was the sister ship of the Titanic .",
"45": "The interior decoration of the dining salon and the grand staircase were in identical style and created by the same craftsmen . Large parts of the interior of the Olympic were later sold and are now in the White Swan Hotel , Alnwick , which gives an impression of how the interior of the Titanic looked . See also Disaster portal Nautical portal United Kingdom portal International Maritime Organization Lists of shipwrecks RMS Titanic alternative theories , alternative explanations for the fate of the Titanic ( rather than it hitting an iceberg ) The Wreck of the Titan : Or , Futility Notes Jump up ^ Carlisle would leave the project in 1910 , before the ships were launched , when he became a shareholder in Welin Davit & Engineering Company Ltd , the firm making the ship 's davits . Wilding was sacked following the Titanic disaster , having apparently been blamed by Pirrie , unfairly , for the ship 's loss . Jump up ^ It was kept off - limits to passengers ; the famous `` flying '' scene at the ship 's bow from the 1997 film Titanic would not have been permitted in real life . Jump up ^ This photo is probably of Titanic 's sister ship , Olympic . Jump up ^ Copy of the neoclassical oil painting by Merry - Joseph Blondel Jump up ^ Measurement of lifeboats : 1 -- 2 : 25'2 '' long by 7'2 '' wide by 3'2 '' deep ; 326.6 cubic feet ( 9.25 m ) ; 3 -- 16 : 30 ' long by 9'1 '' wide by 4 ' deep ; 655.2 cubic feet ( 18.55 m ) and A -- D : 27'5 '' long by 8 ' wide by 3 ' deep ; 376.6 cubic feet ( 10.66 m ) Jump up ^ Since 1894 , when the largest passenger ship under consideration was the Cunard Line 's 13,000 - ton Lucania , the Board of Trade had made no provision to increase the existing scale regarding the number of required lifeboats for larger ships , such as the 46,000 - ton Titanic .",
"46": "Sir Alfred Chalmers , nautical adviser to the Board of Trade from 1896 to 1911 , had considered the matter of adjusting the scale `` from time to time '' , but because he not only assumed that experienced sailors would need to be carried `` uselessly '' aboard ship only to lower and man the extra lifeboats , but also anticipated the difficulty in getting away a greater number than 16 boats in any emergency , he `` did not consider it necessary to increase ( the scale ) '' . Jump up ^ He expressed deep disappointment about the decision before the voyage , but was presumably greatly relieved afterwards . Jump up ^ Titanic also had a ship 's cat , Jenny , who gave birth to a litter of kittens shortly before the ship 's maiden voyage ; all perished in the sinking . Jump up ^ Known afterward as the `` Unsinkable Molly Brown '' due to her efforts in helping other passengers while the ship sank Jump up ^ Captain Edward Smith had been in command of Titanic 's sister Olympic when she in 1911 collided with a warship . Even though that ship was designed to sink others by ramming them , it suffered greater damage than Olympic , thereby strengthening the image of the class being unsinkable . Jump up ^ The official enquiry found that damage extended about 300 feet , but both Edward Wilding 's testimony and modern ultrasound surveys of the wreck suggest the total area was perhaps a few narrow openings totalling perhaps no more than 12 to 13 square feet ( 1.1 to 1.2 m ) . Jump up ^ An incident confirmed this philosophy while Titanic was under construction : the White Star liner Republic was involved in a collision and sank . Even though she did not have enough lifeboats for all passengers , they were all saved because the ship was able to stay afloat long enough for them to be ferried to ships coming to assist . Jump up ^ Life expectancy in such temperatures is often under 15 minutes even for people who are young and fit . The victims would have died from bodily reactions to freezing water rather than hypothermia ( loss of core temperature ) .",
"47": "Immersed into freezing seas , around 20 % of victims die within two minutes from cold shock ( uncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping causing water inhalation , massive increase in blood pressure , cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest , and panic ) , another 50 % die within 15 -- 30 minutes from cold incapacitation ( inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping , as the body ' protectively ' shuts down peripheral muscles to protect its core ) , and exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning , claiming the rest within a similar time . Jump up ^ The Salvation Army newspaper , The War Cry , reported that `` none but a heart of stone would be unmoved in the presence of such anguish . Night and day that crowd of pale , anxious faces had been waiting patiently for the news that did not come . Nearly every one in the crowd had lost a relative . '' It was not until 17 April that the first incomplete lists of survivors came through , delayed by poor communications . Jump up ^ On 23 April , the Daily Mail reported : `` Late in the afternoon hope died out . The waiting crowds thinned , and silent men and women sought their homes . In the humbler homes of Southampton there is scarcely a family who has not lost a relative or friend . Children returning from school appreciated something of tragedy , and woeful little faces were turned to the darkened , fatherless homes . '' Jump up ^ According to an eyewitness report , there `` were many pathetic scenes '' when Titanic 's survivors disembarked at New York Jump up ^ Lord protested his innocence to the end of his life , and many researchers have asserted that the known positions of Titanic and Californian make it impossible that the former was the infamous `` mystery ship '' , a topic which has `` generated ... millions of words and ... hours of heated debates '' and continues to do so . Jump up ^ Most of the bodies were numbered , however , the five passengers buried at sea by Carpathia went unnumbered . Jump up ^ Thomas Beattie , a first class passenger , and two crew members , a fireman and a seaman .",
"48": "Jump up ^ An example is Daniel Butler 's book about RMS Titanic , titled Unsinkable ^ Jump up to : Ship 's time ; at the time of the collision , Titanic 's clocks were set to 2 hours 2 minutes ahead of Eastern Time Zone and 2 hours 58 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time . References Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2004 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Official investigation report - the sinking of RMS Titanic ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) . London : The final board of inquiry . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hsu , J. ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` How Marconi 's Wireless Tech Helped Save Titanic Passengers '' , New York : NBC NEWS . Assessed at : http://www.nbcnews.com/id/47046053/ns/technology_and_science-innovation/t/how-marconis-wireless-tech-helped-save-titanic-passengers/#.WgSS4Fu3z3g Jump up ^ Vander Hook , S. ( 2008 ) . Titanic . Edina , Minnesota : ABDO Publishing Company. , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Ship Listing '' . Chris ' Cunard Page . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Second Officer Lightoller insisted on excluding men , while First Officer Murdoch , on the other side of the ship , permitted men and women to board the lifeboats . Jump up ^ `` Patrick S. Ryan , The ITU and the Internet 's Titanic Moment '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2011 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Outgoing Steamships -- Sail Saturday October 26 , 1912 : Majestic ( Southampton ) '' . The Sun . 24 October 1912 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 25 .",
"49": "^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Alexander Carlisle '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . Jump up ^ McCluskie 1998 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : McCluskie 1998 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. efn319 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 229 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Beveridge 2008 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 127 .",
"50": "^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Bruce Beveridge et al. , edited by Art Braunschweiger ( 2008 ) . Titanic : the ship magnificent ( 3rd ed . ) . Stroud , Gloucestershire : History Press . ISBN 0752446061 . Jump up ^ Hsu , J. ( Apr 17 , 2012 ) `` How Marconi 's Wireless Tech Helped Save Titanic Passengers , '' New York : NBC News . Accessed on 11 / 9 / 17 at : http://www.nbcnews.com/id/47046053/ns/technology_and_science-innovation/t/how-marconis-wireless-tech-helped-save-titanic-passengers/#.WgSS4Fu3z3g Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ `` Gaspare Antonio Pietro Gatti : Titanic Victim '' . Jump up ^ `` 1st Class Cafe Parisien '' . National Museums Northern Ireland . 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Brewster , Hugh & Coulter , Laurie. 882 1 / 2 Answers to Your Questions About The Titanic , Scholastic Press , 1998 ; 32 . Jump up ^ ( Bruce Beveridge 2008 , p. 15 ) Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 189 .",
"51": "^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Merideth 2003 , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , Thursday 16 January 1913 , Titanic Survivors Asking $6,000,000 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Staff . ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` The car that went down with the Titanic , '' New York : Fox News. , Accessed on ( 11 / 9 / 18 ) at : http://www.foxnews.com/auto/2012/04/13/car-that-went-down-with-titanic.html Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ The Titanic : The Memorabilia Collection , by Michael Swift , Igloo Publishing 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85780 - 251 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 1997 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Trade 's Administration '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Archived from the original on 10 December 2008 . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Berg , Chris ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` The Real Reason for the Tragedy of the Titanic '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Conspiracies '' . Titanic Conspiracies Stuff They Do n't Want You to Know . 2017 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 42 .",
"52": "Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Felkins , Leighly & Jankovic 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Broad 1997 . Jump up ^ Materials Today , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarty & Foecke 2012 , p. . Jump up ^ Broad 2008 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven 2007 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jonathan . `` Titanic : The Hingley Anchors '' . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Marriott , Leo ( 1997 ) . TITANIC . PRC Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 85648 - 433 - 5 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 1998 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , pp. 44 , 46 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : McCluskie 1998 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Eaton and Haas ; The Misadventures of the White Star Line , c. 1990 Jump up ^ De Kerbrech , Richard , `` Ships of the White Star Line '' , p. 50 , 53 , 112 ^ Jump up to : Southampton -- Cherbourg -- New York Service , White Star Line leaflet of circa January 1912 . Jump up ^ `` Southampton in 1912 '' . Southampton City Council .",
"53": "Archived from the original on 22 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mersey 1912 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2009 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2009 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 43 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2009 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 238 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2009 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2009 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Howells 1999 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Passenger List First Class Passengers '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Chernow 2010 , Chapter 8 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic -- Passenger and Crew statistics '' . Historyonthenet.com . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2009 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern 2011 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Portanova .",
"54": "`` Memory and Monuments : Some Sites Connected with the Titanic in Manhattan '' ( PDF ) . New York University . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ John Lang ( 2012 ) . Titanic : A Fresh Look at the Evidence by a Former Chief Inspector of Marine Accidents . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 124 . ISBN 1442218924 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Fire Down Below -- by Samuel Halpern . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2011 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Titanic Research & Modeling Association : Coal Bunker Fire Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2011 , pp. 122 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Titanic : Fire & Ice ( Or What You Will ) Various Authors . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1985 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Winifreda '' . The Yard . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray 1912 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic and co , RMS Olympic The Old Reliable '' . Titanicandco.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ James Donahue ( 20 September 1911 ) . `` The Titanic 's Sister Ship Olympic '' . Perdurabo10.tripod.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Report 1912 , p. question 20422 , Day 19 .",
"55": "Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Truth About The Cold Water '' . Mario Vittone . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hypothermia safety '' . United States Power Squadrons. 23 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Aldridge 2008 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , pp. 45 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 242 , 245 . Jump up ^ `` A trip down Canada 's Iceberg Alley - EarthSky.org '' . earthsky.org . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ The Whatley Design Group , 2000 ( 15 April 1912 ) . `` A Walking Tour of Montreal -- Sites Related to the Titanic Disaster '' . Vehiculepress.com . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerins , Dan ( 2012 ) . `` White Star Offices , Canute Chambers , Canute Road , Southampton '' . Titanic trail .",
"56": "Southern Daily Echo . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ In His Court . Mike Yorkey ( 2002 ) p. 127 ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic anniversary : the day Southampton went silent '' . The Telegraph . 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , pp. 170 , 172 . Jump up ^ Landau 2001 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Lloyd 's . `` Titanic Information Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ from Bing.com -- Dave Manuel 's Inflation Calculator Retrieved 21 May 2015 Jump up ^ The New York Times ; Tuesday 30 April 1912 `` GEORGE VANDERBILT 'S ESCAPE. ; Mrs. Dresser Persuaded Him Not to Sail on Titanic -- Footman Lost '' . ( in PDF format ) Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , pp. 70 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic -- The Senatorial Investigation '' . United States Senate Inquiry . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 180 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , pp. 70 -- 71 , 182 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 192 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 194 .",
"57": "^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1992 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Mersey 's Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic '' `` . Nature . 89 ( 2232 ) : 581 -- 584 . April 25 , 1912 . doi : 10.1038 / 089581d0 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Court of Inquiry Loss of the S.S. Titanic 1912 ^ Jump up to : Butler 2002 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , pp. 191 , 196 . Jump up ^ Paul Rogers . `` The Titanic and the Indifferent Stranger '' . Encyclopedia-titanica.org . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hsu , J. ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` How Marconi 's Wireless Tech Helped Save Titanic Passengers '' , New York : NBC News . Accessed at : http://www.nbcnews.com/id/47046053/ns/technology_and_science-innovation/t/how-marconis-wireless-tech-helped-save-titanic-passengers/#.WgSS4Fu3z3g Jump up ^ Lipman , D. ( Apr 11 , 2012 ) . `` The weather during the Titanic disaster : looking back 100 years '' , Washington Post .",
"58": "Accessed at : https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/the-weather-during-the-titanic-disaster-looking-back-100-years/2012/04/11/gIQAAv6SAT_blog.html Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Howells 1999 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Last Titanic survivor , a baby put in a lifeboat , dies at 97 The Guardian . Retrieved 31 March 2012 Jump up ^ `` Titanic and other White Star ships Titanic Crew Member Profile : Violet Constance Jessop , Ship Stewardess '' . Titanic-whitestarships.com. 19 July 1958 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ `` RMS Titanic : List of Bodies and Disposition of Same '' . Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maritime Museum of the Atlantic Titanic Research Page -- Victims '' . Museum.gov.ns.ca. 8 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . `` Chapter xxi . the funeral ship and its dead '' . The sinking of the Titanic ( 1912 ) . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 242 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Alan Ruffman , Titanic Remembered : The Unsinkable Ship and Halifax Formac Publishing ( 1999 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Why So Few ? '' . Museum.gov.ns.ca .",
"59": "Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Ward 2012 , pp. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ `` Paper says Titanic discovered '' . The San Bernardino County Sun . 1 September 1985 . p. 3 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , pp. 126 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Canfield & 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Crosbie & Mortimer 2006 , p. last page ( no page number specified ) . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , pp. 248 , 251 . Jump up ^ `` Human remains pictured at Titanic shipwreck site '' . Herald Sun . Jump up ^ `` Titanic United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . Unesco.org . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 's remains to come under Unesco 's protection '' . 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 6 April 2012 ) . `` Titanic wreck to be protected by UN maritime convention '' . The Guardian . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Captainsvoyage - forum , lifeboat requirements '' . Captainsvoyage-forum.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . International Maritime Organization , 1974 . Jump up ^ Conlin , Dan ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` A Titanic Report that Changed History '' . Marinecurator.blogspot.ca . Retrieved 28 May 2013 .",
"60": "^ Jump up to : Minichiello , P.E. , Ray . `` TITANIC Tragedy Spawns Wireless Advancements '' . The Guglielmo Marconi Foundation , U.S.A. , Inc . Archived from the original on 3 December 1998 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Navigation Center , Ice Patrol '' . Navcen.uscg.gov . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ice danger in the North Atlantic '' . The Times ( 40136 ) . London . 15 February 1913 . col C , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` 45p SY Scotia '' . Mike Skidmore . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , pp. 329 -- 330 . Jump up ^ Maniera 2003 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Rasor 2001 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. xii . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Heyer 2012 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Parisi 1998 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` The Oscars 2015 News , Blogs & Articles - Academy Awards â € '' Oscars 2015 `` . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , pp. 262 -- 263 . Jump up ^ BBC News & 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ ITV : Titanic Archived 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 13 January 2012 Jump up ^ Iceberg Right Ahead ! -- review The Guardian . Retrieved 1 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` Cruise to mark Titanic centenary '' . BBC News . 15 April 2009 .",
"61": "Jump up ^ `` Gibraltar Titanic stamps '' . Gibraltar-stamps.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic -- Futility '' . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Bruce ; Andrews , Scott ; Hall , Steve ; Klistorner , Daniel ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Inception & Construction Plans '' . In Braunschweiger , Art . Titanic : The Ship Magnificent . I. Gloucestershire , United Kingdom : History Press . ISBN 9780752446066 . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Launch of Titanic '' . National Museums Northern Ireland . 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 2005 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 2005 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry Report . Titanic Inquiry Project . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Australian News Channel Pty . `` China to build full - size Titanic replica '' . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Xuequan , Mu . `` Chinese manufacturer builds Titanic replica '' . news.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full size Titanic replica will stage ' simulation ' of iceberg collision in China '' . The Independent . 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Bibliography Books : Aldridge , Rebecca ( 2008 ) . The Sinking of the Titanic . New York : Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9643 - 7 . Ballard , Robert D. ( 1987 ) . The Discovery of the Titanic . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 51385 - 2 . Barczewski , Stephanie ( 2006 ) .",
"62": "Titanic : A Night Remembered . London : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 500 - 0 . Barratt , Nick ( 2009 ) . Lost Voices From the Titanic : The Definitive Oral History . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84809 - 151 - 1 . Bartlett , W.B. ( 2011 ) . Titanic : 9 Hours to Hell , the Survivors ' Story . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 0482 - 4 . Beveridge , Bruce ; Hall , Steve ( 2004 ) . Olympic & Titanic : The Truth Behind the Conspiracy . Haverford , Pennsylvania : Infinity Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7414 - 1949 - 1 . Beveridge , Bruce ( 2008 ) . Titanic -- The Ship Magnificent Volume One : Design & Construction . Stroud : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4606 - 6 . Beveridge , Bruce ; Hall , Steve ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Brewster , Hugh ; Coulter , Laurie ( 1998 ) . 8821⁄2 Amazing Answers to your Questions about the Titanic . Madison Press Book . ISBN 978 - 0 - 590 - 18730 - 5 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : the full story of the RMS Titanic . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 2002 ) ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : the full story of the RMS Titanic . USA : Da Capo Press .",
"63": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81110 - 4 . Chernow , Ron ( 2010 ) . The House of Morgan : An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4465 - 2 . Chirnside , Mark ( 2004 ) . The Olympic - Class Ships . Stroud , England : Tempus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2868 - 0 . Crosbie , Duncan ; Mortimer , Sheila ( 2006 ) . Titanic : The Ship of Dreams . New York , NY : Orchard Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 89995 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1987 ) . Titanic : Destination Disaster : The Legends and the Reality . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 732164 - 3 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1994 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 493 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1995 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03697 - 8 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1999 ) . Titanic : A Journey Through Time . Sparkford , Somerset : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 575 - 9 . Gill , Anton ( 2010 ) . Titanic : the real story of the construction of the world 's most famous ship . Channel 4 Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905026 - 71 - 5 . Halpern , Samuel ( 2011 ) . `` Account of the Ship 's Journey Across the Atlantic '' .",
"64": "In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Halpern , Samuel ; Weeks , Charles ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the Damage to the Ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Heyer , Paul ( 2012 ) . Titanic Century : Media , Myth , and the Making of a Cultural Icon . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39815 - 5 . Howells , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Myth of the Titanic . United Kingdom : MacMillan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 72597 - 9 . Hutchings , David F. ; de Kerbrech , Richard P. ( 2011 ) . RMS Titanic 1909 -- 12 ( Olympic Class ) : Owners ' Workshop Manual . Sparkford , Yeovil : Haynes . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84425 - 662 - 4 . Landau , Elaine ( 2001 ) . Heroine of the Titanic : The Real Unsinkable Molly Brown . New York . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 93912 - 3 . Lord , Walter ( 1976 ) . A Night to Remember . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 004757 - 8 . Lord , Walter ( 1997 ) ( 1955 ) . A Night to Remember ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 27827 - 9 . Lord , Walter ( 2005 ) ( 1955 ) . A Night to Remember . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin .",
"65": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7764 - 3 . Lynch , Don ( 1992 ) . Titanic : An Illustrated History . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56282 - 918 - 6 . Maniera , Leyla ( 2003 ) . Christie 's Century of Teddy Bears . London : Pavilion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86205 - 595 - 7 . McCarty , Jennifer Hooper ; Foecke , Tim ( 2012 ) ( 2008 ) . What Really Sank The Titanic -- New Forensic Evidence . New York : Citadel . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2895 - 3 . McCluskie , Tom ( 1998 ) . Anatomy of the Titanic . London : PRC Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85648 - 482 - 4 . Merideth , Lee W. ( 2003 ) . 1912 Facts About Titanic . Sunnyvale , CA : Rocklin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9626237 - 9 - 0 . Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . Sinking of the Titanic . Harrisburg , PA : The Minter Company . OCLC 9176732 . Parisi , Paula ( 1998 ) . Titanic and the Making of James Cameron . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55704 - 364 - 1 . Rasor , Eugene L. ( 2001 ) . The Titanic : historiography and annotated bibliography . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31215 - 1 . Reade , Leslie ( 1993 ) . The Ship That Stood Still : The Californian and Her Mysterious Role in the Titanic Disaster . Edited by Edward de Groot . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393035377 . Spignesi , Stephen J. ( 1998 ) .",
"66": "The Complete Titanic : From the Ship 's Earliest Blueprints to the Epic Film . Secaucus , New Jersey : Birch Lane Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55972 - 483 - 8 . Spignesi , Stephen J. ( 2012 ) . The Titanic For Dummies . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 20651 - 5 . Verhoeven , John D. ( 2007 ) . Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist . Materials Park , OH : ASM International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 858 - 8 . Ward , Greg ( 2012 ) . The Rough Guide to the Titanic . London : Rough Guides Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8699 - 9 . Wels , Susan ( 1997 ) . Titanic : Legacy of the World 's Greatest Ocean Liner . Del Mar , California : Tehabi Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7835 - 5261 - 3 . Journals and news articles : Broad , William J. ( 8 April 1997 ) . `` Toppling Theories , Scientists Find 6 Slits , Not Big Gash , Sank Titanic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Broad , William J. ( 15 April 2008 ) . `` In Weak Rivets , a Possible Key to Titanic 's Doom '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Canfield , Clarke ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Full Titanic site mapped for 1st time '' . The Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Felkins , Katherine ; Leighly , HP ; Jankovic , A ( 1998 ) , `` The Royal Mail Ship Titanic : Did a Metallurgical Failure Cause a Night to Remember ? ''",
"67": ", JOM , Minerals , Metals & Materials Society , 50 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 18 , doi : 10.1007 / s11837 - 998 - 0062 - 7 Ryan , Paul R. ( Winter 1985 -- 1986 ) . `` The Titanic Tale '' . Oceanus . Woods Hole , MA : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 4 ( 28 ) . `` New Titanic Belfast complex opens '' . BBC News . 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Investigations : `` Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic . '' ( s.s. ) `` . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry , Final Report ( Watertight Compartments ) . 30 July 1912 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Mersey , Lord ( 1999 ) ( 1912 ) . The Loss of the Titanic , 1912 . The Stationery Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 702403 - 8 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` RMS Titanic '' dated 2005 - 12 - 10 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikiquote has quotations related to : RMS Titanic Wikimedia Commons has media related to RMS Titanic . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titanic ( ship , 1912 ) . Wikisource has original text related to this article : RMS Titanic Wikivoyage has a travel guide for RMS Titanic . RMS Titanic , Inc , exclusive steward of RMS Titanic Titanic Historical Society RMS Titanic at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) RMS Titanic on Facebook Collection of Marconigram radio messages related to the Titanic `` Titanic collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian .",
"68": "New York Times coverage of the Titanic RMS Titanic : 100 Years Later -- An Online Newspaper Exhibition at Library of Virginia Titanic Footage and Survivors Interviews -- YouTube Titanic Footage : Leaving Belfast - British Pathé References to the Titanic in European Historic Newspapers Rare Postcard from the Titanic RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr .",
"69": "George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Madeleine Astor Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Henry S. Harper Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Margaret Mannion Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer R. Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. )",
"70": "Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Tentacolino ( 2004 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2018 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax ,",
"71": "Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II Olympic - class ocean liners RMS Olympic ( 1910 ) RMS Titanic ( 1911 ) HMHS Britannic ( 1914 ) See also : Replica Titanic , Titanic II Last remaining survivors of the RMS Titanic disaster 2000 -- 2009 Millvina Dean ( 1912 -- 2009 ) Barbara West ( 1911 -- 2007 ) Lillian Asplund ( 1906 -- 2006 ) Winnifred Quick ( 1904 -- 2002 ) Michel Navratil ( 1908 -- 2001 ) 1995 -- 1999 Eleanor Johnson ( 1910 -- 1998 ) Louise Laroche ( 1910 -- 1998 ) Edith Brown ( 1896 -- 1997 ) Eva Hart ( 1905 -- 1996 ) Beatrice Sandström ( 1910 -- 1995 ) 1990 -- 1994 Robertha `` Bertha '' Watt ( 1899 -- 1993 ) Ellen Shine ( 1891 -- 1993 ) Marjorie Newell ( 1889 -- 1992 ) Louise Kink ( 1908 -- 1992 ) Bertram Dean ( 1910 -- 1992 ) Alden Caldwell ( 1911 -- 1992 ) Michael Joseph ( 1907 -- 1991 ) Frank `` Philip '' Aks ( 1911 -- 1991 ) George Touma ( 1904 -- 1991 ) Anna `` Annie '' McGowan ( 1897 -- 1990 ) Ruth Becker ( 1899 -- 1990 ) Ocean liners with four funnels SS",
"72": "Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse ( 1897 ) SS Deutschland ( 1900 ) SS Kronprinz Wilhelm ( 1901 ) SS Kaiser Wilhelm II ( 1902 ) RMS Lusitania ( 1906 ) RMS Mauretania ( 1906 ) SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie ( 1906 ) SS France ( 1910 ) RMS Olympic ( 1910 ) RMS Titanic ( 1911 ) RMS Aquitania ( 1913 ) HMHS Britannic ( 1914 ) RMS Arundel Castle ( 1921 ) RMS Windsor Castle ( 1922 ) Timeline of the world 's largest passenger ships Syracusia ( 240 BC ) Thalamegos ( 200 BC ) Caravel ships ( 1400s ) SS Royal William ( 1831 ) SS Great Western ( 1837 ) SS British Queen ( 1839 ) SS President ( 1840 ) SS Great Britain ( 1845 ) HMS Himalaya ( 1854 ) RMS Atrato ( 1854 ) SS Great Eastern ( 1858 ) RMS Celtic ( 1901 ) RMS Baltic ( 1903 ) RMS Empress of Scotland ( 1906 ) RMS Lusitania ( 1907 ) RMS Mauretania ( 1907 ) RMS Olympic ( 1911 ) RMS Titanic ( 1912 ) SS Imperator ( 1913 ) SS Leviathan ( 1913 ) RMS Majestic ( 1914 ) SS Normandie ( 1935 ) RMS Queen Mary ( 1936 ) RMS Queen Elizabeth ( 1940 ) MS Sovereign of the Seas ( 1987 ) MS Sun Princess ( 1995 ) MS Carnival Sunshine ( 1996 ) MS Grand Princess ( 1997 ) MS Voyager of the Seas ( 1999 ) MS Explorer of the Seas ( 2000 ) MS Navigator of the",
"73": "Seas ( 2002 ) RMS Queen Mary 2 ( 2004 ) MS Freedom of the Seas / MS Liberty of the Seas / MS Independence of the Seas ( 2006 ) MS Oasis of the Seas ( 2009 ) MS Allure of the Seas ( 2010 ) MS Harmony of the Seas ( 2016 ) White Star Line ships Surviving ships Nomadic ( 1911 ) Planned Olympic ( order cancelled ) Oceanic ( never completed ) Former ships Red Jacket ( 1853 ) Blue Jacket ( 1854 ) Tayleur ( 1854 ) Oceanic ( 1870 ) Atlantic ( 1871 ) Baltic ( 1871 ) Tropic ( 1871 ) Asiatic ( 1871 ) Republic ( 1872 ) Adriatic ( 1872 ) Celtic ( 1872 ) Traffic ( 1872 ) Gaelic ( 1872 ) Belgic ( 1873 ) Britannic ( 1874 ) Germanic ( 1875 ) Arabic ( 1881 ) Coptic ( 1881 ) Ionic ( 1883 ) Doric ( 1883 ) Belgic ( 1885 ) Gaelic ( 1885 ) Cufic ( 1888 ) Runic ( 1889 ) Teutonic ( 1889 ) Majestic ( 1890 ) Tauric ( 1891 ) Magnetic ( 1891 ) Nomadic ( 1891 ) Naronic ( 1892 ) Bovic ( 1892 ) Gothic ( 1893 ) Cevic ( 1894 ) Pontic ( 1894 ) Georgic ( 1895 ) Delphic ( 1897 ) Cymric ( 1898 ) Afric ( 1899 ) Medic ( 1899 ) Persic (",
"74": "1899 ) Oceanic Runic ( 1900 ) Suevic ( 1901 ) Celtic ( 1901 ) Athenic ( 1902 ) Corinthic ( 1902 ) Ionic ( 1903 ) Cedric ( 1903 ) Victorian ( 1903 ) Armenian ( 1903 ) Arabic ( 1903 ) Romanic ( 1903 ) Cretic ( 1903 ) Republic ( 1903 ) Canopic ( 1904 ) Cufic ( 1904 ) Baltic ( 1904 ) Tropic ( 1904 ) Gallic ( 1907 ) Adriatic ( 1907 ) Laurentic ( 1909 ) Megantic ( 1909 ) Zeeland ( 1910 ) Traffic ( 1911 ) Olympic ( 1911 ) Belgic ( 1911 ) Zealandic ( 1911 ) Titanic ( 1912 ) SS Ceramic ( 1913 ) Lapland ( 1914 ) Britannic ( 1914 ) Belgic ( 1917 ) Justicia ( 1918 ) Vedic ( 1918 ) Bardic ( 1919 ) Gallic ( 1920 ) Mobile ( 1920 ) Arabic ( 1920 ) Homeric ( 1920 ) Haverford ( 1921 ) Poland ( 1922 ) Majestic ( 1922 ) Pittsburgh ( 1922 ) Doric ( 1923 ) Delphic ( 1925 ) Regina ( 1925 ) Albertic ( 1927 ) Calgaric ( 1927 ) Laurentic ( 1927 ) Britannic ( 1929 ) Georgic ( 1931 ) Ships that were lost on their maiden voyage Naval ships Vasa ( 1628 ) Galera Victoria ( 1729 )",
"75": "Georgiana ( 1863 ) Flach ( 1866 ) Grosser Kurfürst ( 1878 ) Posidonia ( 1940 ) Bismarck ( 1941 ) Dinsdale ( 1942 ) Shinano ( 1944 ) Passenger ships and cargo liners Amazon ( 1851 ) City of Philadelphia ( 1854 ) New Era ( 1854 ) Tayleur ( 1854 ) Castilian ( 1899 ) Titanic ( 1912 ) Georges Philippar ( 1932 ) Magdalena ( 1949 ) Hans Hedtoft ( 1959 ) Zenobia ( 1980 ) Cargo ships Batavia ( 1629 ) Vansittart ( 1719 ) Fortuyn ( 1723 ) Zeewijk ( 1727 ) Amsterdam ( 1749 ) Royal Captain ( 1773 ) Hartwell ( 1787 ) Carrier Pigeon ( 1852 ) Crescent City ( 1871 ) Catherine Griffiths ( 1875 ) Queensmore ( 1889 ) Irex ( 1890 ) Brecknockshire ( 1916 ) Dumaru ( 1918 ) Mecanicien Donzel ( 1918 ) Hastier ( 1919 ) Treveal ( 1920 ) Adolf Vinnen ( 1923 ) Île de Los ( 1935 ) Joseph Medill ( 1935 ) Mim ( 1939 ) Empire Thunder ( 1941 ) Michael E ( 1941 ) Alexander Macomb ( 1942 ) Derryheen ( 1942 ) Empire Clough ( 1942 ) Empire Drum ( 1942 ) Empire Dryden ( 1942 ) Empire Spenser ( 1942 ) Fort Good Hope ( 1942 ) Fort la Reine ( 1942 ) George Calvert ( 1942 )",
"76": "George Thatcher ( 1942 ) Sam Houston ( 1942 ) San Victorio ( 1942 ) Stangarth ( 1942 ) Stephen Hopkins ( 1942 ) Bloody Marsh ( 1943 ) Empire Florizel ( 1943 ) Fort Cedar Lake ( 1943 ) Haakon Jarl ( 1943 ) John Morgan ( 1943 ) J. Pinckney Henderson ( 1943 ) Kherzon ( 1943 ) Matt W. Ransom ( 1943 ) Molly Pitcher ( 1943 ) Fort Crevier ( 1944 ) John A. Treutlen ( 1944 ) Union Star ( 1981 ) Ranga ( 1982 ) Reijin ( 1988 ) Racing yachts Mohawk ( 1876 ) 1 = Due to enemy action . 2 = Maiden revenue - earning voyage . 3 = Constructive total loss Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1912 Shipwrecks 2 Feb : HMS A3 29 Feb : H.K. Bedford 12 Mar : Oceana 20 Mar : Koombana 2 Apr : USS Santee 15 Apr : Titanic ( sinking ) 12 May : HMS A3 May ( unknown date ) : USS Pensacola 8 Jun : Vendémiaire 26 Jun : Naniwa 8 Aug : HMS Holland 5 17 Aug : Leafield 1 Sep : HMS Waterwitch 28 Sep : Kiche Maru 4 Oct : HMS B2 16 Oct : Ralph Creyke , Nicaragua 22 Oct : SS Keystorm 31 Oct : Feth - i Bülend 23 Nov : Rouse Simmons 28 Nov : Friendship Unknown date : City of Adelaide , Fox Other incidents 18 Jan : Sarah Dixon 2 Feb : HMS Hazard 12 Mar : Pisagua 14 - 15 Apr : Californian 2 Jun : Friendship , Derwent 8 Jun : Saint Louis 16 Aug : Camano ,",
"77": "Sioux 4 Oct : Amerika 12 Oct : Arabia December ( unknown date ) : Lady Elizabeth , Pelayo 1911 1913 Coordinates : 41 ° 43 ′ 57 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W / 41.73250 ° N 49.94694 ° W / 41.73250 ; - 49.94694 VIAF : 264840228 LCCN : n50082026 GND : 4121777 - 9 NLA : 52369553 IATH : w6zk9cf5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMS_Titanic&oldid=817702208 '' Categories : Maritime incidents in 1912 RMS Titanic 1910s in Newfoundland 1911 ships 1912 in Canada 1912 in the United Kingdom 1912 in the United States Deaths by drowning Deaths due to shipwreck Four funnel liners History of Halifax , Nova Scotia Olympic - class ocean liners Passenger ships of the United Kingdom Ship collisions with icebergs Ships built by Harland and Wolff Ships built in Belfast Ships of Ireland Ships of the White Star Line Ships sunk in collisions Shipwrecks of the Newfoundland and Labrador coast Steamships of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from July 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles",
"78": "with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen",
"79": "Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 02 : 01 .",
"80": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
2,
35,
53,
51,
77,
72,
56,
46,
49,
57,
50,
28,
25,
36,
29,
52,
30,
64,
48,
23,
76,
60,
27,
22,
47,
58,
59,
44,
16,
5,
26,
54,
45,
31,
41,
67,
37,
65,
18,
19,
61,
62,
74,
34,
63,
69,
38,
71,
55,
75,
33,
10,
0,
32,
70,
17,
66,
68,
8,
24,
1,
73,
15,
6,
80,
40,
42,
21,
9,
43,
7,
39,
4,
12,
14,
13,
78,
20,
3,
11,
79
] |
[
16,
2,
35,
53,
51
] |
4765382874642215145
|
who is darrell brother in the walking dead
|
[
"Merle Dixon",
"Merle Dixon",
"Merle Dixon",
"Merle Dixon"
] |
{
"0": "Merle Dixon - wikipedia Merle Dixon Jump to : navigation , search fictional character Merle Dixon The Walking Dead character First appearance `` Guts '' ( 1.02 ) November 7 , 2010 Last appearance `` This Sorrowful Life '' ( 3.15 ) March 24 , 2013 Created by Frank Darabont Portrayed by Michael Rooker Information Occupation Criminal Drug dealer Woodbury enforcer Family Will Dixon ( father ) Daryl Dixon ( brother ) Merle Dixon is a fictional character from the horror drama television series The Walking Dead , which airs on AMC in the United States . He was created by series developer Frank Darabont and portrayed by Michael Rooker . The character was first introduced in the first season as a Southern redneck hunter who has a younger brother , Daryl . He is misogynistic and racist , which causes tensions between him and his group of survivors . Following an encounter with series protagonist Rick Grimes , Merle disappears and joins the community of Woodbury , Georgia , where he becomes the right - hand man of The Governor . He becomes caught in the conflict between the Governor and Rick , especially when nobody in Rick 's group wants him in the group , except for Daryl . The character 's introduction garnered negative reviews from professional critics , but fan response was positive . When the character reappears in the third season , reviewers began to have more favorable views towards him . Merle is an original character in the television series and shares no counterpart in the comic books . He is also a main character in the 2013 video game The Walking Dead : Survival Instinct , which focuses on him and Daryl during the early days of the zombie apocalypse . Rooker made guest appearances as Merle in the series ' first and second seasons , before he was upgraded to a series regular for the third season , where he lost a significant amount of weight in preparation for the role . Rooker was among the cast members who were awarded the Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television series 1.1 Fictional character biography 1.1. 1 Season 1 1.1. 2 Season 2 1.1.",
"1": "3 Season 3 2 Development and reception 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Television series ( edit ) Fictional character biography ( edit ) Merle is the older brother of Daryl Dixon . Having no mother and a neglectful and abusive father , Merle raised Daryl when not incarcerated in juvenile detention . Though the length of time and military occupational specialty are not stated , Merle served in the United States Marine Corps , where at some point he mouthed off to a non-commissioned officer and subsequently punched five of his teeth out . According to Shane and Daryl , Merle was a drug dealer before the outbreak . He is also shown to have been a drug user ( e.g. , in `` Guts '' and `` This Sorrowful Life '' ) . Season 1 ( edit ) Merle first appears in the episode `` Guts '' , along with a group of survivors who had traveled into Atlanta to scavenge for supplies . While atop a department store roof , Merle begins firing a rifle at walkers on the street while the group demands that he stop . Merle insults T - Dog ( IronE Singleton ) , and subsequently beats T - Dog in a brief , intense fight . After momentarily announcing himself leader of the group , Merle is blind - sided by Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , who punches him and handcuffs him to a pipe before Merle can fight back . Merle is put under T - Dog 's watch while the other survivors attempt to find a way out of the city . When the survivors do find a way out , T - Dog attempts to save Merle , but accidentally drops the handcuff keys into a vent ; this forces him to abandon Merle on the roof . Before T - Dog flees , he chains the rooftop door shut to prevent walkers from getting Merle . In the next episode `` Tell It to the Frogs '' , as walkers begin to invade the building and reach the chained rooftop door , Merle struggles until he notices a hacksaw by the spilled toolbox the others had left behind . He uses his belt to reach the hacksaw and ultimately cuts off his own hand to escape , as the hacksaw blade was too dull to cut through the handcuffs .",
"2": "Rick and the group return to the camp and explain to Daryl that they abandoned Merle . Daryl , T - Dog , Rick and Glenn ( Steven Yeun ) decide to return to Atlanta to retrieve him as well as a bag of weapons Rick dropped downtown . Returning to the department store roof , the four see that Merle has severed his own hand with a dull hacksaw . In the next episode `` Vatos '' , the four find evidence that Merle survived the self - mutilation by cauterizing the wound . They follow Merle 's blood - trail through the department store but are unable to find him . Back outside , they discover their truck has been taken . Rick feels that the truck might have been stolen by Merle during his escape . Season 2 ( edit ) Merle appears as a hallucination to Daryl . Merle remains missing throughout the second season . He only appears in the episode `` Chupacabra '' , wherein Merle taunts and mocks Daryl in a hallucination for giving up on searching for him and reminds Daryl that he is in a group that had left Merle for dead on the rooftop . Merle also berates Daryl for a perceived weakness that Merle blames on the time Daryl has spent with the group . Season 3 ( edit ) In the episode `` Walk with Me '' , Merle is found to be living in Woodbury , where he has earned the status of the Governor 's right - hand man . He has fashioned a knife attachment onto the stump where his hand used to be . He has been hoping to find his brother , Daryl , since his own separation from the group . While investigating an incident involving a crashed helicopter , Merle and a group of survivors from Woodbury encounter Michonne and fellow Atlanta survivor Andrea , and bring them back to Woodbury , along with the sole survivor of the helicopter crash . In the episode `` Killer Within '' , Andrea gives Merle directions to the last location where she had seen Daryl . Merle is noticeably kept in line by the Governor , a sharp contrast to his nature in the Atlanta group . In the episode `` Hounded '' , Merle allows Michonne to leave Woodbury at the Governor 's orders , but in the next episode , `` Say the Word '' , the Governor sends Merle to lead a posse to hunt down Michonne .",
"3": "He wounds her and she kills members of the posse , but when Michonne escapes into the red zone , Merle calls off the hunt , reporting to the Governor that he killed her . Later on , Merle runs into Glenn and Maggie from the Atlanta group . He asks them to take him to Daryl . They refuse , so he holds Maggie hostage and demands Glenn drive them to Woodbury . In the episode `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' , Merle unsuccessfully tortures Glenn to obtain the location of the group , including beating Glenn and leaving him locked in a room with a walker and tied to a chair . In the episode `` Made to Suffer '' , Rick 's group infiltrates Woodbury and rescues Glenn and Maggie , Michonne attacks the Governor ; furious at losing an eye and his reanimated daughter to a woman Merle reported as dead , he publicly accuses Merle of treason and reveals that he has captured Daryl . In the episode `` The Suicide King '' , the Governor orders Merle and Daryl to fight to the death , but they are saved by Rick and Maggie , who attack Woodbury . When Merle begins to insult the group , Rick knocks him out . Rick 's group decides not to include Merle because of his attitude and his transgressions against Maggie and Glenn , but Daryl opts to leave the group to join Merle , refusing to leave his brother behind again . Merle and Daryl spend time fending for themselves in the woods . In the episode `` Home '' , they come across a family being attacked by walkers and Merle half - heartedly assists in Daryl 's efforts to rescue them . Merle then attempts to rob them , but Daryl points his crossbow at him and lets the family drive off before walking off on his own . Merle follows and they get into a physical confrontation , where the depth of their father 's abuse is shown when Merle inadvertently exposes scars on Daryl 's back . Merle realizes that his leaving home resulted in Daryl becoming the target of their father 's abuse . It is also revealed that the brothers had originally planned to rob the Atlanta group . Daryl then leaves to go back to the prison , despite Merle 's claims that the group will never accept him .",
"4": "The brothers arrive at the prison at the tail - end of an assault by the Governor and his men , who have crashed a truck through the prison gate and unleashed a horde of walkers onto the prison grounds . Merle and Daryl save Rick from attacking walkers . In the episode `` I Ai n't a Judas '' , Merle is promptly locked inside a prison cell , where he shares what he knows about Woodbury and the Governor with the group . He bonds with Hershel and apologizes to Michonne , claiming his attack on her was simply following the Governor 's orders . Later , Merle , hearing Beth 's singing , walks into the cell block where he and Rick share an antagonizing look from across the room . In the episode `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' , Merle unsuccessfully tries to get the prison group to attack the Governor after fighting Glenn . He later tries to get Michonne to join him with his mission . In the penultimate season three episode `` This Sorrowful Life '' , Rick confides in Merle , Daryl , and Hershel that the Governor promises to leave the prison alone if they hand over Michonne . Rick plans to do as the Governor requests and asks Merle to help deliver Michonne to the meeting place at noon . Merle , knowing that Rick will not go through with it , traps and ties up Michonne . However , after he and Michonne talk about personal matters , he lets her go and returns her katana , telling her he has something to do alone . He starts drinking whiskey before using loud music to lure a group of walkers to the exchange site where the Governor is waiting to ambush whoever will show up . The music also distracts the Governor 's henchmen while Merle secretly takes cover , intent on killing the Governor both for revenge and to prevent him from killing anyone else at the prison , mainly Daryl . After shooting several of the henchmen , Merle is caught and beaten by Martinez and two other men and then , injured and winded , fights one - on - one with the Governor . The Governor gets the upper hand and bites off two of Merle 's fingers . A wounded Merle then yells that he will not beg for mercy before the Governor shoots him in the chest with a pistol .",
"5": "Later on , Daryl , who left the prison to track down Merle and Michonne after Rick noticed them missing , finds Michonne unhurt and continues on to the exchange site , where he sees a reanimated Merle eating Ben 's corpse . Daryl breaks down in tears and pushes his reanimated brother away more than once before stabbing him repeatedly in the head , killing him for good . Development and reception ( edit ) Actor Michael Rooker described his thoughts on the role : `` Merle is a survivor of the Zombie Apocalypse . And you can tell when you first meet him that even before all the shit went down he was kind of an asshole . We do n't play a lot of it up in our portrayal but he 's the kind of person where you 're not really sure if he should be in charge ... if he would be a good leader or not , though he certainly thinks he is . '' Merle was one of a number of characters introduced in the second episode of the series , `` Guts '' . Kirkman was pleased with Rooker 's performance , retorting that it was `` ' The Michael Rooker Show ' for one solid episode . '' I actually got a chance to hang out with him and he 's a totally awesome guy . He always plays bad guys and psychos and it 's weird , because he 's this really boisterous , friendly guy . But yeah , his character is very important to the life of the show . He 's a completely original character that was never in the comic . He 's kind of the first human that they come across where it 's like , ' Hey , this guy 's really dangerous . ' Also Michael Rooker likes to ad - lib . He got us over our cursing limit a couple of times . I think it was a bit of a pain in the a -- for the post production people . Eric Goldman of IGN disliked the introduction of Merle , calling him `` ridiculous '' . Leonard Pierce of The A.V. Club commented that `` Merle is a huge sore thumb in the middle of the episode : behaving like no one in his situation ever would , his character seems to exist for no other reason than to cause dramatically convenient trouble . ''",
"6": "In his review of the next episode , `` Tell It to the Frogs '' , Pierce notes that even though `` Merle is a racist asshole who might have gotten everyone killed , in a world where the only real distinction is between the living and the dead , leaving him to be torn apart leaves a bit of a bad taste in everyone 's mouth . '' Rooker confirmed his appearance in the second - season episode `` Chupacabra '' at the 2011 Aliens to Zombies Convention at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood , California . `` Nobody expected this level of Merle worship , '' he articulated . `` He 's such an out - there , crazy , anything goes kind of guy . There 's an uncertainty about Merle -- like he 'll come back when you least expect it . He 's the boogeyman , and viewers love that suspense . The number one question I 'm asked is , ' When is your character coming back ? ' I ca n't say when , but I promise it 'll be a wild ride . '' Writer Robert Kirkman insisted that Rooker was a delight during production , and hoped that he would regularly appear on The Walking Dead . Rooker initially estimated that he lost 20 pounds preparing for his return in the third season , and later tallied he had lost 28 pounds . Zack Handlen , writing for The A.V. Club , commented that `` Merle was a terrible character , all dumb hick stereotypes and bluster '' but that in his return in the season 's third episode `` Walk with Me '' , `` while still unquestionably a son of a bitch , is easier to take , less overtly awful , and more imposing '' . HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall commented that the Woodbury scenes in the next episode `` Killer Within '' `` continue to demonstrate the pull a man like the Governor would have over Merle '' , but Zack Handlen 's review of the episode for The A.V. Club noted that Merle 's interactions with the Governor introduce some tension between them . In his review of the episode `` Hounded '' , Handlen notes that Merle 's motivations `` seem to shift a bit to justify whatever the story needs him to do .",
"7": "But that 's probably intentional ; for all the Governor 's calm planning , Merle is a hothead , an asshole who thinks he 's a leader , and so he 's going to keep making impulse decisions until one of those decisions gets him killed . '' Erik Kain , for Forbes magazine , described the Governor 's betrayal of Merle in the mid-season finale `` Made to Suffer '' as a surprise he did n't see coming , while Zack Handlen 's review of the episode called the betrayal `` almost too perfectly designed ( ... ) It 's not completely unbelievable ; it 's just not as believable , or intense , as it should have been . '' In his review of the third season 's mid-season premiere episode `` The Suicide King '' , Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` I think The Walking Dead has sort of bungled the reintroduction of Merle Dixon . It was always a stretch that Merle would just happen to find the Grimes Gang again , considering the sheer lonely expanse in the new zombie - infested world . '' Zack Handlen called the episode 's opening `` a decent sequence '' which put the cliffhanger 's high stakes aside , partly because Merle and Daryl made it out alive . Eric Goldman at IGN specifically praised the performance of Michael Rooker in `` This Sorrowful Life '' , the final appearance of Merle . Zack Handlen called the episode 's last scene `` a good one , and it leads to the terrific final confrontation between Daryl and zombie Merle that makes up for a lot '' . Handlen commented : `` I 'm not sure I buy or even understand Merle 's change of heart , given how inconsistent the character has been . In his conversations with Michonne , we 're being sold the idea that he 's deeply conflicted about all the murdering he 's done , and that he 's had something like a change of heart since joining the prison group . Which does n't really fit into anything , although at least now Merle 's gradual integration with the main ensemble makes a little more sense ; he was n't supposed to be a monster , just a messed up asshole who eventually had enough regrets to try and do the right thing .",
"8": "There 's no background for this , and no real depth to Merle apart from Michael Rooker 's performance ( and Rooker is almost single - handedly responsible for any consistency the character ever had ) . '' He also felt that with Merle letting Michonne go , `` it 's nice to have a character actually behave better than you were expecting them to for once . And everything else with Merle from then on is great , from the scene with him drinking whiskey and using rock music to attract a herd of walkers , to his ambush of the Woodbury group that was waiting to ambush Rick , to the fight with the Governor . And , of course , the last bit , with Daryl finally finding his brother after it 's too late to save him . While the show so often struggles with finding emotion or resonance in its conversations ( ... ) there are still wordless exchanges like this , with Daryl sobbing as he stabs Merle again and again and again . There 's no real complexity to what 's happening , and no mystery , but it 's powerful regardless , inspiring fear and pity for both characters , and ending the hour on a high note . '' See also ( edit ) Comics portal Fictional characters portal Horror fiction portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kirk 2013 . Jump up ^ Keetley 2014 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Haworth , Drew . `` Terminal Reality 's The Walking Dead : Norman Reedus is Daryl Dixon '' . Playstation. Blog . SCEA , LLC . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Luke . `` Norman Reedus and Michael Rooker Voicing Activision 's New Walking Dead Game '' . GameNGuide . G&G . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Belluomini , Lance . `` Left Behind : Is It Morally Acceptable To Abandon Merle Dixon '' . In Robichaud , Christopher . The Walking Dead and Philosophy : Shotgun . Machete . Reason . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34668 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Rooker interview ( Merle Dixon on `` The Walking Dead '' ) `` .",
"9": "The Desk of Brian . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Comic book series creator Robert Kirkman talks about last night 's ' Guts ' - y episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead : `` Guts '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Leonard ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` Guts '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Leonard ( November 14 , 2010 ) . `` Tell It To The Frogs '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Karlin , Susan ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' : Michael Rooker on the return of Merle Dixon '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Writer Robert Kirkman talks about tonight 's episode , ' Chupacabra ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season 3 : Michael Rooker Confirms His Return as Merle '' . Daily Dead . March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( CONTAINS SPOILERS ) The Making of Episode 303 , Walk With Me : Inside The Walking Dead The Walking Dead ( October 28 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( October 28 , 2012 ) . `` Walk with Me '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' The Walking Dead ' - ' Killer Within ' : Hard labor '' . HitFix . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` Killer Within '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion , Inc . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( November 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Hounded ' '' . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Midseason Finale Review : Made To Suffer '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( December 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Made to Suffer ' '' . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' recap : No Bullets in Me '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Suicide King '' . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` The Walking Dead : `` This Sorrowful Life '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Handlen , Zack ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` This Sorrowful Life '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Keetley , Dawn ( 2014 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Keetley , Dawn . `` We 're All Infected '' : Essays on AMC 's The Walking Dead and the Fate of the Human .",
"11": "McFarland . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0786476282 . Kirk , Chris ( 27 March 2013 ) . `` The Walking Dead , Season 3 '' . Slate . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Merle Dixon on IMDb ( hide ) The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merle_Dixon&oldid=837832685 '' Categories : Fictional amputees Fictional bikers Fictional characters from Georgia ( U.S.",
"12": "state ) Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Fictional drug dealers Fictional mercenaries Fictional methamphetamine users Fictional murderers Fictional torturers Fictional United States Marine Corps personnel Fictional zombies and revenants The Walking Dead characters Hidden categories : Articles with short description Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 09 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
8,
6,
9,
7,
0,
2,
5,
11,
4,
3,
1,
10,
12
] |
[
8,
6,
9,
7,
0
] |
1800977699109098204
|
what time can you legally buy alcohol in michigan
|
[
"7 a.m."
] |
{
"0": "List of alcohol laws of the United states - wikipedia List of alcohol laws of the United states Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Beer at a Walmart in Kissimmee , Florida . Some states permit alcoholic beverages to be sold at all stores selling groceries while others have more restrictive laws , with laws of many states specifying different restrictions for different categories of alcoholic beverages . The following table of alcohol laws of the United States provides an overview of alcohol - related laws by first level jurisdictions throughout the US . This list is not intended to provide a breakdown of such laws by local jurisdiction within a state ; see that state 's alcohol laws page for more detailed information . On July 17 , 1984 , Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act . The bill would force all states to raise their drinking age from 18 , 19 , or 20 to 21 . States that did not choose to raise their drinking age to 21 would risk losing 8 % ( 10 % before 2012 ) of federal highway funding as a penalty . As of July 1988 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia had a minimum purchase age of 21 , with some grandfather clauses , and with the exception of Louisiana 's complicated legal situation that was not resolved until July 2 , 1996 . Prior to 1988 , the minimum purchase age varied by jurisdiction . After Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in July 1984 , states not in compliance had a portion of their federal highway budget withheld . South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply , in mid-1988 . However , most states continue to allow those under 21 to drink in certain circumstances . Examples are some states like Tennessee and Washington , which allow those under 21 to drink for religious purposes . States including Oregon and New York allow those under 21 to drink on private non-alcohol selling premises . Unlike on the mainland , the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have a minimum purchase and drinking age of 18 .",
"1": "The minimum purchase age is 21 in the Northern Mariana Islands , Guam , American Samoa , and US Minor Outlying Islands . U.S. military reservations are exempt under federal law from state , county , and locally enacted alcohol beverage laws . Class Six stores in a base exchange facility , officers ' or NCO clubs , as well as other military commissaries which are located on a military reservation , may sell and serve alcohol beverages at any time during their prescribed hours of operation to authorized patrons . While the installation commander is free to set the drinking age , with some exceptions , most stateside military bases have a drinking age that mirrors the local community . Individual states remain free to restrict or prohibit the manufacture of beer , mead , hard cider , wine , and other fermented alcoholic beverages at home . Homebrewing beer became legal in all 50 states in 2013 as the governor of Mississippi signed a bill legalizing homebrewing on March 19 , 2013 and as the governor of Alabama signed a bill legalizing homebrewing of beer and wine which came into effect on May 9 , 2013 . The Mississippi bill went into effect July 1 , 2013 . Most states allow brewing 100 US gallons ( 380 L ) of beer per adult per year and up to a maximum of 200 US gallons ( 760 L ) per household annually when there are two or more adults residing in the household . Because alcohol is taxed by the federal government via excise taxes , homebrewers are prohibited from selling any beer they brew . This similarly applies in most Western countries . In 1979 , President Jimmy Carter signed into law a bill allowing home beers , which was at the time not permitted without paying the excise taxes as a holdover from the prohibition of alcoholic beverages ( repealed in 1933 ) . This change also exempted home brewers from posting a `` penal bond '' ( which is currently $1000.00 ) . Production of distilled alcohols is regulated at the National level under USC Title 26 subtitle E Ch51 . Numerous requirements must be met to do so and production carries an excise tax . Owning or operating a distillation apparatus without filing the proper paperwork and paying the taxes carries federal criminal penalties .",
"2": "In land or property that is being rented or owned by the federal government , state , territory , and federal district alcohol laws do not apply . Instead , only laws made by the federal government apply . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 1.1 Alabama -- Hawaii 1.2 Idaho -- Massachusetts 1.3 Michigan -- New Mexico 1.4 New York -- South Dakota 1.5 Tennessee -- Wyoming , Puerto Rico 2 See also 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links Table ( edit ) Alabama -- Hawaii ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery store sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled spirits Purchasing Consumption Alabama Yes Prohibited between midnight until noon on Sundays in some counties . Private clubs , which require a membership fee and a membership card , have no day or time restrictions . Yes No 21 21 No exceptions to the law 13.9 % ABV cap on beer Beer containers may not exceed 25.4 ounces ( 0.75 l ) ABV > 14.9 % wine sold in state stores Alcohol may be served 24 hours a day unless restricted by local ordinances . Twenty - six of Alabama 's 67 counties do not allow the sale of alcohol . However , possession and consumption remain legal within those 26 counties . Of the 26 `` dry '' counties , 23 have at least one `` wet '' city ; these are considered `` moist '' dry counties . Within those 23 counties there are 43 wet cities . State law allows any city with a population greater than 1,000 located within a dry county to `` go wet '' if a referendum is passed by 50 % of voters . State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Distilled spirits ( liquor ) are purchasable in either state - owned retail liquor stores , known as ABC Stores , or privately - owned retail liquor stores . Privately - owned retail liquor stores tend to be open on Sundays , public ( federal & state ) holidays , and later hours than state - owned liquor stores . Alaska No 8 a.m. -- 5 a.m.",
"3": ", except election days ( liquor stores may not open until polls close ) No ( although many grocery stores have separate areas that sell all forms of alcoholic beverages and many bars sell packaged liquor as well ) 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed for medical purposes , and on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent Most communities have more restrictive laws , ranging from restrictions on operating hours to bans on sale and possession . Sellers / servers may not , for any reason , give a person alcohol for free or sell it for less than its cost . Sellers / servers may drink while on duty , but no intoxicated person may remain on the premises , so an impaired server could be arrested . Arizona No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. seven days a week -- no election day nor holiday restrictions Yes 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed for religious and medical purposes Sales of any type of alcohol are legal at any store that has an off - premises liquor license , including but not limited to convenience stores and grocery stores . Bars may sell closed containers of alcohol for consumption off the premises . Drive - through liquor stores are allowed . Everclear Grain Alcohol Proof 190 ( 95 % alcohol ) is legal . A large percentage of the land area of Arizona is in Indian reservations , many of which have liquor laws considerably more restrictive than state law , up to and including total prohibition . `` Beer busts '' ( all the beer / liquor one can drink for a set price ) in bars are illegal . Persons 19 years of age or older may work in bars and liquor stores serving and selling alcohol . Patrons may not purchase for on premises consumption more than 40 ounces of beer , 1 liter of wine or 4 ounces of distilled spirits at one time . DUI penalties are some of the most severe in the nation . A person convicted of a DUI ( even first offense ) must have an interlock installed in his car for one year . Arizona has an ' Impaired to the Slightest Degree ' law that can convict a person even if his BAC is less than . 08 % . Arkansas No Sale prohibited Sundays , Mondays between 12 : 00 a.m. and 1 : 00 a.m.",
"4": ", or on any other days between the hours of 1 : 00 a.m. and 7 : 00 a.m. The governing body of any city or town may fix later closing hours for the permitted premises of a hotel or restaurant which in no event shall be later than two ( 2 ) hours after midnight on Saturday night . Yes No 21 21 No exceptions to the law Has numerous dry counties and other dry areas , but private clubs can serve even in dry areas . Alcohol sales are generally prohibited on Sundays , but exceptions can be made through local option ( usually for restaurants and private clubs ) . No sales on Christmas Day . California No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Yes 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for consuming alcohol if discovered or reported through a medical emergency . Relatively unrestricted ; beer , wine and liquor available at grocery stores , convenience stores , gas stations , and warehouse clubs . No statewide holiday restrictions . Motor vehicles entering from Mexico may only import 1 liter of alcohol ( duty - free ) . Sale or distribution of alcoholic beverages higher than 60 % ABV is illegal ( B&P 23403 ) . You may serve alcohol if you are at least 21 years of age . City and county governments can set different sale hours . 18 - , 19 - and 20 - year - old wine and beer production students can taste -- but not consume -- what they are making and studying . Colorado No 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Beer , wine , and liquor : 8 a.m. -- midnight 3.2 beer : 5 a.m. - midnight 3.2 only * No * 21 21 Exception : Underage consumption allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for religious , medical , and educational purposes . Spirituous , vinous & malt liquor available in liquor stores and liquor - licensed drug stores only . Liquor stores closed on Christmas Day . Sunday sales restriction lifted on July 1 , 2008 . Liquor stores and liquor - licensed drug stores may have only one location , while 3.2 % beer may be sold in gas stations , supermarkets , and convenience stores .",
"5": "Appropriately licensed businesses may also sell 3.2 % beer for both on and off - premises consumption . A small number of grocery stores are licensed as drug stores and sell full strength beer , wine , and spirits . As an example , a chain grocery store that has pharmacy services at most or all locations may elect a single location in the chain as the licensed establishment to sell beer , wine , and spirits . Connecticut No 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Mon. -- Thurs . ) 9 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Fri. -- Sat . ) 11 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Sun . ) 8 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) 10 a.m. -- 6 p.m. ( Sun . ) Yes No 21 Exception : No explicit age if a present legal guardian is 21 or older 21 Exception : Underage consumption is allowed on private non alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for medical and religious puroposes , and on alcohol selling premises with parental consent . Sunday off - premises sales allowed as of May 20 , 2012 ; Sunday on - premises sales subject to local ordinances . Beer can be purchased at grocery / convenience stores . Spirits and wine can be purchased only at liquor stores . No off - premises alcohol sales on Thanksgiving , Christmas Day , and New Year 's Day . Open container law applies only to drivers , not passengers . Delaware No 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) noon -- 8 p.m. ( Sun . ) Municipalities with a population over 50,000 persons may impose stricter hours of sale by local ordinance . No 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency . Underage drinking allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for religious purposes . For off - premises consumption , alcohol may be purchased only in a liquor store , taproom , or a brew pub that has an off - premises license .",
"6": "Unless accompanied by a parent or guardian over 21 , no person under 21 may enter a liquor store or taproom for any reason , even for the intent of purchasing only tobacco or lottery tickets . No sales of alcohol by liquor stores or taprooms are permitted during designated holidays including Thanksgiving , Easter or Christmas . District of Columbia No 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sun. -- Thu. , 8 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Fri. -- Sat . Liquor Stores : 9 a.m. -- midnight daily * Grocery Stores : 9 a.m. - 12 a.m. daily Yes No 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency . * Liquor stores can begin applying for licenses to open on Sunday as of January 16 , 2013 . No singles sold , but stores in some areas may apply for an exemption . Certain wards may be made dry by the decision of the local ANC , but as of 2005 none are The day before a federal or district holiday , on - premises retailers may sell / serve from 8 a.m. - 3 a.m. On New Yer 's Eve , on - premises retailers may sell / serve until 4 a.m. on January 1 . Florida No State law prohibits selling of alcohol between midnight and 7 a.m. , unless the county chooses to change the operating hours later ( FS 562.14 ( 1 ) ) ; such as for Sunday morning ; Ormond Beach stays open until 7pm on Sundays . Miami - Dade County liquor stores may operate 24 hours a day . Yes No 21 21 Exception : 18 for educational purposes Sale , processing , or consumption of any liquor or spirit of greater than 153 proof is illegal . ( FSS 565.07 ) No retail sale of wine in containers larger than 1 gallon . FS 564.05 Supermarkets and other licensed business establishments may sell beer , low - alcohol liquors , and wine . Liquor must be sold in dedicated liquor stores which may be in a separate part of a grocery or a drug store .",
"7": "As of July 1 , 2015 , the restriction on 64 ounce refillable containers , or growlers , has been lifted and beer may be sold in quantities of 64 ounces , in addition to the previously legal 32 and 128 ounce sizes . Georgia No Hours of sale determined by local jurisdiction . No alcohol sales on Christmas Day . Yes No 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed on non-alcoholic premises with parental consent , and for religious and medical purposes . 14 % ABV cap on beer . Sunday off - premises sales from 12 : 30 p.m. to 11 : 30 p.m. allowed only by local referendum . In general , one may not be drunk in public . Though there is no state law prohibiting drinking in public , most municipal corporations and political subdivisions limit the possession of open containers of alcohol to private property , with notable exceptions being Savannah and Roswell . A charge of public drunkenness is only warranted when one is drunk in public and his acts are either loud or disorderly . Hawaii No Bars and restaurants stop serving alcohol at 2 a.m. , but some hold a special ' cabaret license ' that allows them to continue serving alcohol until 4 a.m. 6 a.m. to 12 a.m. Within Honolulu County 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. Within Kauai , Maui , and Hawaii counties Yes 21 21 Exception : Underage consumption allowed for religious purposes Idaho -- Massachusetts ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Idaho No Yes 6 : 00 a.m. to 2 : 00 a.m. , 7 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. in some counties Yes No Alcoholic beverages exceeding 16 % ABV can only be sold in Idaho State Liquor Dispensary stores , or contracted stores .",
"8": "Illinois No Depending on local government ; 24 - hour bars are permitted in Cicero ; a handful of 21 - to 22 - hour bars exist in Cook County , and the Metro East . In Rock Island County , many establishments sell alcohol 24 hours a day . Yes Opening / closing hours are up to the decision of counties or municipalities . Indiana No 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. No sale on Sunday , except at local wineries , breweries , and distilleries . Yes Sales limited to on - premises in restaurants , wineries , breweries , and distilleries on Sundays . However , carryout wine , beer and spirits may be purchased on Sundays from the address for which a winery , brewery or distillery 's permit is issued . ( IC 7.1 - 3 - 1 - 14 ) No sales on Christmas Day ( IC 7.1 - 5 - 10 - 1 ) . Minors , including babies , are not allowed to enter a liquor store . Indiana prohibits the sales of cold beer by grocery stores or gas stations , but allows cold beer to be sold from liquor stores ( IC 7.1 - 5 - 10 - 11 ) . In 2010 , Indiana enacted a stringent photo identification requirement for all off - premises transactions that initially required stores to verify the age of anyone purchasing alcohol by requiring him or her to produce a government - issued photo ID . The law applies to liquor stores , convenience stores , pharmacies and supermarkets in Indiana but not to restaurants , bars and other businesses where patrons consume alcohol onsite . However , due to significant backlash , the law was subsequently amended in the next legislative session ( effective July 1 , 2011 ) to pertain to anyone who is or reasonably appears to be less than forty ( 40 ) years of age . ( See IC 7.1 - 5 - 10 - 23 ) . Public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor . ( IC 7.1 - 5 - 1 - 3 ) Iowa No Yes 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Mon -- Sat 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m.",
"9": "Sun Yes If a controlled substance is detected in a person 's system at or near the time they were operating a motor vehicle , they can be charged and potentially convicted of operating while intoxicated ( OWI ) even if they were not `` impaired '' by that substance . Kansas Yes 9 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( in counties which allow on - premises sales ) 9 a.m. - 11 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) ( in counties which allow off - premises sales ) noon - 7 p.m. or 8 p.m. ( Sun ) ( in communities which allow Sunday off - premises sales ) 3.2 only No Kansas 's alcohol laws are among the strictest in the United States . Kansas prohibited all alcohol from 1881 to 1948 , and continued to prohibit on - premises sales of alcohol from 1949 to 1987 . Sunday sales only have been allowed since 2005 . Today , 29 counties still do not permit the on - premises sale of alcohol . 59 counties require a business to receive at least 30 % of revenue from food sales to allow on - premises sale of alcohol . Only 17 counties allow general on - premises sales . Not all communities which allow off - premises sales allow sales on Sunday . Sales are prohibited on Christmas and Easter . The only alcoholic beverage which grocery stores and gas stations may sell is beer with no more than 3.2 % alcohol by weight . Other liquor sales only are allowed at state - licensed retail liquor stores . Kansas has comprehensive open container laws for public places and vehicles , public intoxication laws , and requirements for prospective on - premises or off - premises licensees . Kentucky No 6 a.m. to 4 a.m. on Monday through Saturday 1 p.m. to 4 a.m. on Sundays Yes No Local ordinance may vote to permit Sunday sales at restaurants . Sales 2 -- 4 a.m. only in Louisville . As of 2005 Sunday sales were allowed per state law , but may still be prohibited in some areas by local ordinance ( as of early 2006 , such a situation existed with smaller cities within Louisville Metro , though these cities have since changed local ordinances ) .",
"10": "Alcohol sale restriction and wet / dry ( both by drink and package ) allowed by both county and city local option . Approximately 39 counties in the state ( mostly eastern and southern counties ) are dry , all alcohol sale and possession prohibited ; 22 `` moist '' counties ( with `` wet '' cities allowing package liquor sales in counties otherwise dry ) ; 29 counties that are otherwise dry but have communities with local option that allow sales of liquor by the drink or under special exemptions allowing sales at wineries . Majority of wet counties are around major metropolitan areas ( Louisville , Lexington , Covington , Bowling Green ) . Note : Beginning in 2013 Liquor by the drink and beer by the drink are available on Sundays in Louisville , KY beginning at 10 : 00 am . Bowling Green , KY recently began allowing Sunday sales in December 2013 for carry - out beer , wine , and liquor . Prohibition on liquor sales on Election Day was repealed effective June 24 , 2013 . Kentucky was one of only two states to still have Election Day prohibition , the other being South Carolina . Louisiana No No state imposed restrictions on on - premises hours . `` 24 hour '' bars are common in New Orleans and in Jefferson Parish . Some municipalities and parishes ( including Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish ) require on - premises service to stop at 2 : 00 am . No statewide restrictions on hours of package sales . Yes 21 Exceptions to state law include : For an established religious purpose ; When a person under twenty - one years of age is accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian twenty - one years of age or older ; For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication , or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician , pharmacist , dentist , nurse , hospital , or medical institution ; In a private residence , which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres , on which the dwelling is located , owned by the same person who owns the dwelling ; The sale , handling , transport , or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty - one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer , wholesaler , or retailer of beverage alcohol . Packaged alcoholic beverages of any strength may be sold in supermarkets , drug stores , gas stations , and convenience stores .",
"11": "Local municipalities may not restrict this . As a result , dedicated `` liquor stores '' are mostly specialty stores in larger cities , and some supermarkets have large selections of liquors and wines , and compete on the basis of liquor prices and selection . Alcohol can be consumed in the streets of New Orleans as long as it is in an `` unbreakable container '' ( no glass ) and may be taken from club to club if both establishments allow it . Otherwise , it depends on the locality . Most parishes other than Orleans Parish do not permit alcoholic beverages served on premises to be carried out . However , many parishes and municipalities permit consumption of packaged beverages ( for example , cans of beer ) on the street . Glass bottles on the streets are prohibited . One can enter most bars at 18 years of age but must be 21 years old to purchase or consume alcohol . Also , it is legal in the state of Louisiana for a legal parent or guardian to purchase alcoholic beverages for their underaged child . Drive - thru frozen daiquiri stands are legal and common , but the police can arrest you for driving with an open container , if you have put the straw in the cup Maine No Yes 6 a.m. to 1 a.m. ( Mon -- Sun ) Yes 21 21 ABV > Alcohol may not be purchased after 1 a.m. any day of the week , may not be purchased prior to 6 a.m. Monday through Saturday , and not prior to 9 a.m. on Sunday . Bars and restaurants may serve until 1 : 15 a.m. On New Year 's Day alcohol may be sold one hour later in all establishments . When St. Patrick 's Day falls on a Sunday , bars and restaurants may serve alcohol starting at 6 a.m that day . Wholesaling through state - licensed monopoly . Municipalities may prohibit the sale of alcohol by referendum ; 56 towns have done so . Maryland Variable by locality Variable by locality Variable by locality Variable by locality Baltimore County prohibits the sale on Sunday in some areas .",
"12": "In the counties of Montgomery , Somerset , Wicomico , and Worcester sale of alcoholic beverages are controlled directly by the county Liquor Control Boards , there are exceptions in Montgomery where some liquors are still sold in grocery store due to being grandfathered before the change of the law . Garrett County prohibits the sale on Sunday except in some areas . The sale of alcohol at grocery and convenience stores varies by county . There are no dry counties , but some individual voting districts within counties restrict or prohibit alcohol on a local - option basis . Massachusetts No 8 : 00 a.m. -- 2 : 00 a.m. by state law , although individual cities and towns may prohibit sales before 11 : 00 a.m. and after 11 : 00 p.m. Not before 11 : 00 a.m. on Sunday . 8 : 00 a.m. -- 11 : 00 p.m. , or 8 : 00 a.m. -- 11 : 30 p.m. on the day before a holiday . Not before 10 : 00 am on Sunday . Yes . 21 21 As of January 2016 , no individual , partnership , or corporation may have more than seven off - premises licences in the state , nor more than two in any city , nor more than one in any town . No individual , partnership , or corporation not resident or headquartered in Massachusetts may apply for a license , although one may devolve thereupon . As of 2012 - 10 - 29 , a Massachusetts driver 's license , Massachusetts Liquor ID card , RMV - issued Massachusetts non-driver ID card , passport ( issued by the US or a US - recognized foreign entity ) , US - issued Passport Card , and military identification card are the only acceptable proofs of age under state law . Out of state or Canadian driver 's licenses / ID 's and other forms of identification do not grant the establishment legal protection if accepted as proof of age ( and many establishments will not accept out of state licenses for this reason ) . On - premises regulations : No discounts at specific times ( i.e.",
"13": "no `` Happy Hour '' discounts ) or for specific individuals , no fixed - price open bar or all - you - can - drink ( except at private functions ) , no more than two drinks per individual at any one time , no pitchers for fewer than two people , no drinking contests , no drinks as prizes , no free drinks . Off - premises sale of alcohol is prohibited on the last Monday in May ( Memorial Day ) , Thanksgiving Day , Christmas Day , and the day after Christmas if Christmas falls on a Sunday . Sale of alcohol is prohibited during polling hours on election days ( subject to local exceptions ) . `` Malt beverages '' defined as having not more than 12 % alcohol by weight . Michigan -- New Mexico ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Michigan No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) noon - 2 a.m. ( Sunday ) * sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension 7 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( Mon - Sat ) noon - 2 a.m. ( Sunday ) * sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension , Yes The Michigan Liquor Control Commission allows the sale of alcoholic beverages until 11 : 59 p.m. on December 24 and after 12 : 00 p.m. on December 25 . On - premises sales are permitted on January 1 until 4 : 00 a.m. Local or county ordinance may restrict Sunday or Sunday morning sales . State does not operate retail outlets ; maintains a monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Minnesota No ( but see note ) 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. seven days 8 : 00 a.m. - 10 : 00 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) ; 11 : 00 a.m. - 6 : 00 p.m. ( Sun ) 3.2 % Only No Local or County ordinance prevails for hours of operation for off - sale licenses .",
"14": "Growler sales allowed until 10 p.m. 7 days a week . Certain municipalities may establish municipal liquor stores ; they are permitted , but not required , to exclude privately owned stores . Off - premises sales on Sundays became legal on July 1 , 2017 . Mississippi No Yes Local authorities fix hours of alcohol sale Yes No ABW > 5 % wine and sparkling wine sold in state - contracted stores which are open from 10 : 00 am until 10 : 00 pm ( Closed Sundays ) statewide . Beer and light wine ( ABW < 5 % , ABV < ~ 6.3 % ) sold in convenience stores / supermarkets . Beer and light wine ( ABW < 5 % ) may be consumed by persons age 18 - 20 with parental supervision . Governor Phil Bryant signed a bill permitting beer with 8 % ABW / 10 % ABV on April 9 , 2012 . The bill went into effect on July 1 , 2012 . No sales on Christmas Day . No state open container laws . Complimentary alcohol all day and night in coastal casinos . In most counties , alcohol can not be sold on Sundays . There are many dry counties in which it is illegal to possess alcoholic beverages , though some cities within dry counties have voted in beer sales . Missouri No Most establishments : ( Mon -- Sat ) 6 : 00am -- 1 : 30am ( Sunday ) 9 : 00am -- 12 : 00pm Special licenses in Kansas City and St. Louis : ( Daily ) 6 : 00am -- 3 : 00am ( Mon -- Sat ) 6 : 00am -- 1 : 30am ( Sunday ) 9 : 00am -- 12 : 00am Sales permitted until 3 : 00 am in those Kansas City and St. Louis bars grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores . Yes One of the most alcohol - permissive states , perhaps only behind Nevada and Louisiana : No open container law . No state public intoxication law . Liquor control law covers all beverages containing more than 0.5 % alcohol , without further particularities based on percentage .",
"15": "Cities and counties are prohibited from banning off - premises alcohol sales . No dry jurisdictions . State preemption of local alcohol laws which do not follow state law . Certain bars in Kansas City and St. Louis grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores . Special licenses available for bars and nightclubs which allow selling alcohol until 3 : 00am in Kansas City , Jackson County , North Kansas City , St. Louis , and St. Louis County . Grocery stores , drug stores , and even gas stations may sell liquor without limitation other than hours . Patrons allowed to take open containers out of bars in Kansas City 's Power & Light District . Parents and guardians may furnish alcohol to their children . Missourians over 21 may manufacture up to 100 gallons of any liquor per year for personal use , without any further state limitation , state taxation , or state license . ( Obtaining a permit from the Federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and meeting other requirements under federal law probably still is required for private citizens to manufacture distilled alcohol - but not wine or beer - for personal use . ) Missouri law recognizes two types of alcoholic beverage : liquor , which is any beverage containing more than 0.5 % alcohol except `` non-intoxicating beer '' ; and `` non-intoxicating beer , '' which is beer containing between 0.5 % and 3.2 % alcohol . Liquor laws apply to all liquor , and special laws apply to `` non-intoxicating beer . '' Montana No Yes Closing 2am Yes No ABV > 16 % wine sold in state - contracted stores , ABV < 16 % may be sold in grocery stores . Nebraska No 6 a.m. -- 1 a.m. Legislation passed in 2010 allows for municipalities to extend on - premises sales to 2 a.m. with two - thirds approval of city or county councils . Yes No on - or off - premises sales of spirits before noon on Sundays . All beer , wine , and champagne can be sold starting at 6 a.m. Nevada No 24 hours Yes There are few restrictions on the sale and consumption of alcohol in Nevada except for age . The maximum abv of alcohol sold is 80 % .",
"16": "State law also renders public intoxication legal , and explicitly prohibits any local or state law from making it a public offence . Alcohol purchase is only controlled in Panaca . New Hampshire No Yes 6 a.m. -- 1 a.m. 6 a.m. -- 11 : 45 p.m. Yes No Liquor sold in state - run stores , many found at highway rest areas . 14 % ABV cap on beer . State is wholesaler of wine . State taxes beer $0.30 / gal at the wholesale level . New Jersey No Each municipality can control hours by local ordinance . Most municipalities have a last call of 2 or 3 a.m. Atlantic City , Brigantine , Absecon , Elwood , Pomona , Smithville , Galloway , and Mullica ( All in Atlantic County ) serve 24 hours . There are some dry towns in the southern part of the state , including Ocean City . 9 a.m. - 10 p.m. for liquor . Beer and wine can be sold at any time on - premise sales are permitted in that municipality . This causes most liquor stores to close at 10 PM , however some will stay open an hour later selling only beer and wine . Cities of the first class ( e.g. Jersey City and Newark ) are exempt from this law and may set their own hours for liquor sales . Rarely 21 21 ( unless provided by parent or guardian in private ) Some dry communities in historically Methodist and Quaker communities in the southern part of the state . Though there is not a ban on selling alcoholic beverages at grocery stores , New Jersey limits each chain to two licenses , so with only a few exceptions , most supermarkets / convenience stores / gas stations / pharmacies do not sell alcoholic beverages . In addition , liquor sales are only permitted in a separate department or attached sister store . Bars are allowed to off - sale packaged goods . With the exception of Jersey City and Newark , all municipalities MUST allow off - sales of beer and wine at any time on - sales are permitted . However , since alcoholic beverages are generally only found in package stores , this right is rarely exercised .",
"17": "Alcoholic beverages by the drink as well as off - sales of beer and wine are permitted 24 hours a day in Atlantic City and Brigantine . New Mexico No 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. , except Sundays , for establishments with full dispenser license . 7 a.m. -- 11 p.m. , except Sundays , for restaurants with beer and wine license . 7 a.m. -- midnight except Sundays Yes New Mexico issues two types of license for consumption on - premises : a full dispenser license allowing sale of all types of alcohol , or a restaurant license permitting sale of beer and wine only . An additional Sunday permit is available which allows sale ( on or off premises ) on Sundays from noon until midnight . Exceptions are the prohibition of alcohol sale on Christmas , regardless of the day it falls on , and a Sunday permit allowing of sale ( on or off premises ) until 2 : 00 a.m. January 1 , if December 31 falls on a Sunday . Sunday permits are only available where approved by voters within a local option district . Selling , serving and giving alcohol to a minor is a class 4 felony punishable by up to 18 months in prison , except when `` a parent , legal guardian or adult spouse of a minor serves alcoholic beverages to that minor on real property , other than licensed premises , under the control of the parent , legal guardian or adult spouse '' , or for religious purposes . New York -- South Dakota ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption New York No 8 a.m. -- 4 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 4 a.m. ( Sun ) Some counties have more restrictive hours . Beer : 24 hours Wine & spirits : 8 a.m. -- midnight ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 9 p.m. ( Sun ) . Yes No 21 Off - premises sale of wine and spirits is only at liquor stores , and beer is not sold at liquor stores ; it must be sold at supermarkets and convenience stores . Exchanges for returned items are permitted ( at store owners ' discretion ) .",
"18": "Some counties may retain the Sunday morning beer prohibition which the state discontinued as of July 30 , 2006 . Twelve dry towns , mostly in western region of state . Many counties have more restrictive off - premises hours , such as bans on beer sales overnight ( hours vary ) . All liquor stores must be owned by a single owner , who owns that store and lives within a certain distance of it -- effectively banning chain liquor stores from the state . New York City law does not allow open containers of alcohol in public . North Carolina No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Beer and wine : 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Liquor : 9 a.m. -- 9 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Yes No 21 15 % ABV cap on beer , 16 % cap on unfortified wine , 24 % cap on fortified wine . No `` happy hour , '' `` buy one get one free , '' or `` ladies night '' style specials allowed . North Dakota No 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) No 21 No off - sale on Thanksgiving Day . No Christmas Day on - sale , nor sales on Christmas Eve after 6 p.m. Ohio No Yes 5 : 30 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. 5 : 30 a.m. -- 1 a.m. Yes , under 21 % ABV 21 21 or older , unrestricted under supervision of individual 's parent or legal guardian or legal age spouse 12 % ABV cap on beer was removed on May 31 , 2016 . 21 % ABV cap on wine . Some counties have more restrictive off - premises hours .",
"19": "The Division of Liquor Control does not operate retail outlets ; it appoints private businesses to act as its agents and sell its products in exchange for a commission . Normal proof spirits ( > 21 % ABV ) are sold only in a limited number of agent stores . Many retail outlets sell diluted spirits ( diluted by water to 21 % ABV ) under a more readily obtained permit . No intoxicating liquor shall be handled by any person under twenty - one years of age , except that a person eighteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle or sell beer or intoxicating liquor in sealed containers in connection with wholesale or retail sales , and any person nineteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle intoxicating liquor in open containers when acting in the capacity of a server in a hotel , restaurant , club , or night club ... Beverages with less than 0.5 % ABV can be sold / given to people under the age of eighteen if given by a physician in the regular line of his practice or given for established religious purposes , or the underage person is accompanied by a parent , spouse who is not an underage person , or legal guardian . Oklahoma No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. 10 a.m. -- 9 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 3.2 % only No 21 4.0 % ABV / 3.2 ABW or higher only sold at room temperature in liquor stores , Liquor Stores closed on Sundays and some holidays . As of 2007 , liquor stores are now open on election days . State law prohibits public intoxication , many counties and cities also prohibit public intoxication . Oregon No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. Yes No 21 Liquor , all of which is state - owned prior to sale to consumers , is sold in private liquor stores . These stores are approved by Oregon 's Liquor Commissioners to act as sales agents on the state 's behalf . Pennsylvania No Yes Restaurants , and bars : 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 11 a.m. - 2 a.m.",
"20": "( Sun ) Clubs : 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Beverage Centers and State Run Stores : 9 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 5 p.m . ( Sun ) Grocery Stores : 7 a.m. - 10 p.m. ( Mon - Sat ) 9 a.m. - 10pm ( Sun ) Yes * No 21 Spirits can only be sold at state - operated stores . All persons must be at least 21 years of age to enter a state - operated liquor store alone . Beer is not sold at state - operated liquor stores . Beer ( but not wine ) to go can be purchased at beverage outlets in any quantity . Prior to 2015 beverage centers could only sell 24 pack cases or greater . The rules were relaxed to permit sales of beer in any quantity in 2016 . * Beer and wine to go can be purchased in restaurants and grocery stores ( at a separate point of purchase for alcohol and prepared foods sales in grocery stores ) ( six and 12 packs / 192oz max . purchase ( two six packs ) ) with Liquor Control Board -- issued licenses Sunday sales were prohibited in LCB stores until 2003 ( selected locations ) and beverage outlets ( owner 's option ) until 2005 . Special permits may be purchased for certain organizations for fundraisers once per calendar year , and are valid for a total of six days under the same rules governing restaurants . Grain alcohol prohibited as a beverage . Rhode Island No 9 am -- 1 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 1 a.m. ( Sun ) 9 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 6 p.m. ( Sun ) No 21 21 All alcohol may be sold only in liquor stores . Bars may stay open until 2 a.m. in Providence only on Friday and Saturday nights and nights before a state - recognized holiday . South Carolina No Yes Liquor : 10 AM - 2 AM . Beer and Wine : Local Option .",
"21": "Beer and low - alcohol wine : 24 hours Liquor : 9 a.m. -- 7 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat . ) Yes No 21 14 % ABW ( 17.5 % ABV ) cap on beer Wine > 16 % ABV sold in liquor stores No hard liquor sales after 7 p.m. and none on Sundays . No off - premises alcohol sales after midnight Saturday until 7 a.m. Monday , except in Aiken , Greenville , Pendleton , Spartanburg , Horry County , Colleton County , Richland County , Charleston County / city , Beaufort County , York County , and Newberry County . South Dakota No Yes 21 14 % ABV cap on beer Tennessee -- Wyoming , Puerto Rico ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Stores Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Wine Beer Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Tennessee No Mon - Sat : 8 a.m. to 3 a.m. ; Sun : Noon to 3 a.m. Hours of alcohol sale can be modified by local jurisdictions if approved by the alcohol control commission . Beer : By municipality . Wine & Spirits : 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. Mon -- Sat Yes No 21 Wine may be sold in grocery stores . Sales of wine and liquor are limited to on - premises in restaurants on Sundays . Retail stores must be closed for business on Christmas , Thanksgiving Day , Labor Day , New Year 's Day , and the Fourth of July . Beer above 8 % ABW / 10.1 % ABV must be sold in liquor stores . Open container law only applies to drivers , not passengers . Texas No Monday - Friday : 7am - midnight Saturday : 7am - 1am Sunday : Noon to 12 midnight . Some cities / counties permit sale until 2am ( with license ) . Beer / Non-hard liquor : 7 a.m. to midnight ( Mon. - Fri . ) 7 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. ( Sat . ) Noon to midnight ( Sun . )",
"22": "Hard Liquor : 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. ( Mon. - Sat . ) Yes No 21 No alcohol cap but ABV > 15.5 % requires additional license , so many places are beer / wine only . Wet / dry issues determined by city / county election . Liquor stores statewide closed all day Sunday . An alcoholic beverage served ( on - premises ) to a customer between 10 a.m. and noon on Sunday may only be provided during the service of food to the customer . Eleven Texas counties are completely dry . In many counties , public intoxication laws are vigorously upheld . Texas law permits consumption by minors ( any age under 21 ) if in the `` visible presence '' of a parent , guardian or adult spouse . ( Section 106.04 ) Possession by minors is permitted as part of employment or education , or in the visible presence of an adult parent , guardian or spouse , or supervision of a commissioned peace officer . ( Section 106.05 ) There are also exemptions for minors requesting or receiving medical attention . Utah Yes Restaurants : Noon to midnight for liquor , 10 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. for beer . Bars may serve liquor from 10 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. Varies by state liquor store hours 3.2 only No 21 ABV > 4.0 + % sold in state - controlled stores only . 3.2 % ABW ( 4.0 % ABV ) beer may be sold at grocery stores and convenience stores . State - controlled stores close on Sundays and cease operations no later than 10 p.m. the rest of the week . Restaurants must buy from the state - controlled store ( no delivery ) at retail prices . No alcohol is served in restaurants without purchase of food . Sales of kegs prohibited . Importation of alcohol into the state by private individuals generally prohibited . Vermont No Yes 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. 6 a.m.",
"23": "-- midnight Yes No 21 ABV > 16 % beer and ABV > 16 % wine are only available through state liquor stores ( most of which are integrated within grocery and beverage stores ) . A 2008 bill allows the sale of beer in grocery and convenience stores up to ABV 16 % . Virginia No Yes 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. No restrictions at any time for club licensees . 6 a.m. -- 11 : 59 p.m. except local blue law . Yes No 21 Licensed supermarkets , convenience stores , and gas stations may sell beer and wine . Off - premises sales no later than 12 midnight . Liquor stores are owned and operated by the Commonwealth and are generally open 10am - 9pm Monday - Saturday and from 12pm - 6pm on Sunday . Washington No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( A local government subdivision may establish later opening hours or earlier closing hours . ) Yes 21 Beer and wine are available in specialty stores , grocery stores , convenience stores , department stores , taverns , and other locations licensed by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board . Spirits are available in stores greater than 10,000 sq ft ( grocery stores , big box liquor chains ) . There are two exceptions to the 10,000 - sq - ft rule : 1 ) Former State and Contract Liquor Stores that reopened under private ownership may also sell spirits provided they have been issued a new license from the state . 2 ) Cities , mostly in rural areas , that do not have a store that meets the minimum floor space may be allowed to sell spirits if the Liquor Control Board deems that there are no sufficient establishments within the trade area . West Virginia No Yes Beer / Wine : Mon - Sat : 7 am - 2 am , Sun : 1 pm - 2 am Liquor : Mon - Sat : 8 am - Midnight , Sun : Prohibited Mon - Fri : 7 am - 3 : 30 am , Sat : 7A - 3 : 00A , Sun : 1 pm - 3 am Yes 21 12 % ABV Cap on Beer .",
"24": "75 % ABV spirits Permitted . Liquor , wine and beer products that are not already in closed packaging must be bagged before exiting retail locations . State no longer operates retail stores ( formerly State ABC Stores ) ; Number of privately owned stores restricted according to county or city population . All stores are state contracted ; Bars and clubs must purchase liquor from state contracted private stores in person . State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Wisconsin No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sunday -- Thursday , 2 : 30 a.m. Friday -- Saturday , no closing time on New Year 's Day . 6 a.m. -- midnight for beer ( some counties and municipalities only allow sales until 9 p.m. for beer ) , 6 a.m. -- 9 p.m. for liquor and wine By local ordinance 21 Wisconsin permits the consumption of alcohol by minors , provided they are being supervised by parents / guardians / spouses . Most municipalities have a uniform 9 p.m. restriction on all alcohol sales . Notable exceptions : Kenosha , Green Bay , La Crosse , Maple Bluff ( near Madison ) , Baraboo ( near the Dells ) . Supermarkets , liquor stores , and gas stations may sell liquor , wine , and beer . Law changed effective 12 / 7 / 2011 to allow all liquor sales to begin at 6 a.m. Nonalcoholic beer is not regulated by state law . Wyoming No Yes 6.00 a.m. -- 2.00 a.m. No 21 Clubs holding liquor licenses may be exempt from the hours of operation here specified by local ordinance or regulation of the appropriate licensing authority , but it does not seem to happen in practice Puerto Rico No No territory - wide mandated last call No territory - wide mandated hours of operation for liquor stores , but sales prohibited on Election Day and during hurricane emergencies ; some municipalities prohibit sales after midnight weekdays or 2 : 00 weekends . Beer , wine and spirits available for sale in supermarkets , convenience stores and drug stores as well as liquor stores . 18 Minimum drinking age is 18 . Drinking on the street is illegal in San Juan ( except in designated areas during selected street festivals ) but not in all cities .",
"25": "See also ( edit ) Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Alcohol exclusion laws Blue laws in the United States Drunk driving in the United States Last call Liquor store List of dry communities by U.S. state Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) United States open container laws Wine shipping laws in the United States Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The U.S. Department of Defense defines Authorized Patron as a person who is an active member of or a member who has the status of honorably retired from the U.S. Army , U.S. Air Force , U.S. Coast Guard , U.S. Marine Corps , and the U.S. Navy , and their direct dependents with proper military identification / dependents identification . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bragg , Rick ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 21 '' . The New York Times . 1996 - 07 - 03 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Government Affairs '' . American Homebrewers Association . Retrieved March 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Phillip Rawls / The Associated Press ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Home brewing legal in Alabama '' . Tuscaloosa News . Jump up ^ Chris Elkins ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Gov. Bryant signs bill to allow home brewing Daily Journal '' . Djournal.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 27 CFR 25.205 - Production . LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu. 2014 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ Donald J. Smith , Life , liberty and the pursuit of homebrewing , The Birmingham News , May 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` TTBGov General Alcohol FAQ '' . Alcohol and Tobacco Trade Bureau . Retrieved December 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` United States Code : Title 26 , 5601 . Criminal penalties '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved December 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Alaska Alcoholic Beverage Control Board ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Archived February 6 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Alaska Alcoholic Beverage Control Board Local Option List Archived 2010 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Arizona Revised Statute 4 - 249 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Arizona Revised Statute 4 - 244 ( 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Arkansas DFA Title 3 , Subtitle E Prohibited Conduct and Activities '' . www.dfa.arkansas.gov . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ 2010 California Code Business and Professions Code . `` Article 3 . Rights And Obligations Of Licensees '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Governor signs ' sip and spit ' bill '' . UC Davis . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ Zalaznick , Matt . `` Norwalk Liquor Stores Can Open Sunday '' . The Norwalk Daily Voice . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alissa . `` Norwalk Welcomes Sunday Liquor Sales '' . The Norwalk Daily Voice . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Title 4 '' . delcode.delaware.gov . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : ( 9 ) Archived 2013 - 05 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . DC ABRA Laws and Regulations FAQs Jump up ^ ( 10 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 12 ) The Omnibus Alcoholic Beverage Regulation Emergency Amendment Act of 2012 Takes Effect Jump up ^ ( 13 ) DC ABRA Exception to Single Sales Moratorium Jump up ^ ( 14 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 15 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday alcohol sales begin in Winder '' . AccessNorthGa. 2011 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Alcohol Laws '' . AlcoholLaws.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 16 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Iowa ABD . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725 Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ `` Current Active Agency Liquor Stores '' .",
"28": "Maine Liquor Licensing and Compliance Division . Augusta , ME , USA : Maine State Police . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LePage signs St. Patrick 's Day bill '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages & Lottery Operations : Alcoholic Beverages '' . Maine Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages & Lottery Operations . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Title 28 - A , § 123 : Local option questions '' . Jump up ^ Moretto , Mario ( March 13 , 2010 ) . `` Voters pave way for expanded liquor service in Sedgwick '' . Bangor Daily NEws . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General Laws '' . ^ Jump up to : http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/138-33.htm Massachusetts General Law M.G.L. - Chapter 138 , Section 33 ^ Jump up to : http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/138-15.htm Massachusetts General Law M.G.L. - Chapter 138 , Section 15 Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission ( ABCC ) '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission ( ABCC ) '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ 2012 ABCC Identification Card Advisory Jump up ^ `` Administration '' . Jump up ^ `` General Laws '' . Jump up ^ Michigan Alcohol Laws ( 18 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` LARA - Liquor Control Commission '' . www.michigan.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Coolican , J. Patrick . `` Gov. Dayton signs bill legalizing sale of alcohol on Sundays '' . Star Tribune . Star Tribune . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ 340A. 601 , Minn . Stats.",
"29": "( 19 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 20 ) Jump up ^ Justin Roberts , `` Missouri State and Local Open Container Laws , '' Archived 2008 - 06 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . University of Missouri Institute of Public Policy , June 2005 Jump up ^ Chapter 311 , Revised Statutes of Missouri ( R.S. Mo . ) Jump up ^ Section 311.020 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.170 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.174 , R.S. Mo . ^ Jump up to : Ibid . Jump up ^ Section 311.176 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.178 , R.S. Mo Jump up ^ Section 311.200 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.086 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.310 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.055 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Try This at Home '' . Energy . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5179 Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5601 Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5602 Jump up ^ 27 CFR Part 19 ^ Jump up to : Chapter 312 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Chapter 311 R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Bill 861 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NRS 202.065 Sale of alcoholic beverage containing more than 80 percent of alcohol by volume '' . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Revised Statutes : Chapter 458 , Section 260 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Panaca '' . Nevada Commission on Tourism . Retrieved 29 September 2013 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ http://www.nj.gov/oag/abc/downloads/abchandbook02.pdf Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section A Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section B Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section D Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section C , H Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section E Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7B - 1A Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7B - 1B1 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ `` Product Approval : North Carolina ABC Commission '' . Abc.nc.gov . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Hour FAQs '' ( PDF ) . Abc.nc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/4301.69 Jump up ^ Armon , Rick . `` Ohio governor signs bill doing away with state 's ABV limit '' . www.ohio.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Revised Code '' TITLE ( 43 ) XLIII LIQUOR '' CHAPTER 4301 : LIQUOR CONTROL LAW `` . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Revised Code '' TITLE ( 43 ) XLIII LIQUOR '' CHAPTER 4301 : LIQUOR CONTROL LAW `` . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Law Orientation for Retailers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.oregon.gov/OLCC/index.shtml '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 24 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Liquor License Company '' . Pennsylvanialiquorlicense.com .",
"31": "Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Liquor License Company '' . Pennsylvanialiquorlicense.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Store Locations '' . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20081207030427/http://www.lcb.state.pa.us/plcb/cwp/view.asp?a=1327&q=556216&plcbNav . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ANNOUNCEMENT REGARDING CHANGE TO R.I. GEN . LAWS § 3 - 8 - 1 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Business Regulation . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20130119111119/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/11/06/3648466/york-county-council-chair-fends.html . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130615101517/http://www.newberryobserver.com/view/full_story/20734686/article-Sunday-alcohol-sales-gets-go-ahead-from-voters . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TN Alcoholic Beverage Commission '' . Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Legal Resources '' . Jump up ^ `` TABC Local Option Elections General Information '' . Tabc.state.tx.us . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Public Intoxication Laws '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Your Vermont State Liquor Stores '' . Vt . Dept. of Liquor Control . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 14 .",
"32": "Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . External links ( edit ) National Alcohol Beverage Control Association Alcohol Policy Information System , U.S. National Institute of Health Federation of Tax Administrators - State Excise Taxes National Restaurant Association - State laws on alcohol sales ( Word document ) Alcohol and Public Health FAQ , U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Alcoholic beverage authorities of the United States Federal authorities Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives State authorities Alabama * Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho * Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine * Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi * Missouri Montana * Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire * New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina * North Dakota Ohio * Oklahoma Oregon * Pennsylvania * Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah * Vermont * Virginia * Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territorial authorities District of Columbia Local authorities Hawaii County , Hawaii City and County of Honolulu Kauai County , Hawaii Maui County , Hawaii Montgomery County , Maryland * An * indicates an alcoholic beverage control state or county . Social policy in the United States Abortion Affirmative action Alcohol Drug policy Cannabis Death penalty Gambling Gun policy LGBT rights Same - sex marriage Prostitution",
"33": "United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol",
"34": "Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories ATB Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Category Commons Portals Alcohol - related topics by country Countries Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Indonesia Iran Malaysia New Zealand Sudan Cultures Australia Korea Types Canada China Sweden Laws Australia Canada Iceland India Prohibition Germany Russia Consumption United Kingdom United States Youth consumption Commons Category Alcohol prohibition By country Canada Finland Iceland India Iran Russia / Soviet Union United States List By topic 18th Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) 21st Amendment ( U.S. Constitution ) American Mafia Anti-Saloon League Blaine Act Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco ,",
"35": "Firearms and Explosives Bureau of Prohibition Dry county Islam Jazz Age Local option Moonshine Neo-prohibitionism Roaring Twenties Rum - running Rum Patrol Rum row Speakeasy Swedish prohibition referendum , 1922 Teetotalism Temperance movement Temperance ( Scotland ) Act 1913 Volstead Act Webb -- Kenyon Act Wickersham Commission Woman 's Christian Temperance Union People Lyman Beecher Al Capone Mickey Duffy Waxey Gordon Frank Hamer J. Edgar Hoover Bumpy Johnson Enoch L. Johnson Meyer Lansky Lucky Luciano Sam Maceo Owney Madden William McCoy Bugs Moran Carrie Nation Eliot Ness Roy Olmstead The Purple Gang Lanzetta Brothers George Remus Arnold Rothstein Howard Hyde Russell Dutch Schultz Eliza Thompson William Harvey Thompson Andrew Volstead Wayne Wheeler Frances Willard Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith Political parties National Prohibition Party ( UK ) Prohibition Party ( PRO ) Prohibition Party ( Canada ) Scottish Prohibition Party Related Prohibition ( 2011 documentary miniseries ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States&oldid=819506958 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States Alcohol law in the United States by state Alcohol - related lists State law in the United States States of the United States law - related lists United States law - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from June 2012 CS1 errors : external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 19 : 09 .",
"36": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
20,
18,
4,
17,
8,
13,
21,
22,
14,
23,
12,
16,
9,
6,
7,
5,
11,
24,
10,
2,
19,
15,
3,
27,
28,
34,
30,
1,
32,
25,
26,
33,
29,
36,
31,
0,
35
] |
[
20,
18,
4,
17,
8
] |
6697062628462423578
|
who won game 4 of the 2000 nba finals
|
[
"Los Angeles Lakers"
] |
{
"0": "2000 NBA Finals - wikipedia 2000 NBA Finals Jump to : navigation , search 2000 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Los Angeles Lakers Phil Jackson Indiana Pacers Larry Bird Dates June 7 -- 19 MVP Shaquille O'Neal ( Los Angeles Lakers ) Television NBC ( U.S. ) Announcers Bob Costas and Doug Collins Radio network ESPN Announcers Brent Musburger and Jack Ramsay Referees Game 1 : Dan Crawford , Jack Nies , Terry Durham Game 2 : Joe Crawford , Bennett Salvatore , Eddie F. Rush Game 3 : Ron Garretson , Bernie Fryer , Hugh Evans Game 4 : Dick Bavetta , Steve Javie , Ronnie Nunn Game 5 : Bennett Salvatore , Jack Nies , Dan Crawford Game 6 : Hugh Evans , Ron Garretson , Joe Crawford Hall of Famers Lakers : Shaquille O'Neal ( 2016 ) Pacers : Chris Mullin ( 2011 ) Reggie Miller ( 2012 ) Coaches : Larry Bird ( 1998 , player ) Phil Jackson ( 2007 ) Tex Winter ( 2011 ) Officials : Dick Bavetta ( 2015 ) Eastern Finals Pacers defeat Knicks , 4 -- 2 Western Finals Lakers defeat Trail Blazers , 4 -- 3 < 1999 NBA Finals 2001 > The 2000 NBA Finals was the championship round of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's 1999 -- 2000 season , and the culmination of the season 's playoffs . The Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Eastern Conference champion Indiana Pacers 4 games to 2 . Lakers center Shaquille O'Neal was named the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) of the series , his first of three consecutive honors . The series was played under a best - of - seven format , with the Lakers holding home court advantage . Until 2008 , this was the most recent NBA Finals where both number one seeds from both conferences faced off in the final .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Los Angeles Lakers 1.2 Indiana Pacers 1.3 Road to the Finals 1.4 Regular season series 2 2000 NBA Finals rosters 2.1 Los Angeles Lakers 2.2 Indiana Pacers 3 Series summary 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 3.5 Game 5 3.6 Game 6 4 Player statistics 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Los Angeles Lakers ( edit ) Although the Lakers were one of the more talented teams in the NBA the previous year , they failed to win a single game against the San Antonio Spurs in the 1999 NBA playoffs . Twenty - four days after being swept by the eventual league champion , the Lakers signed Phil Jackson as head coach . Jackson , famous for coaching Michael Jordan and the six - time champion Chicago Bulls , would build his triangle offense around Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant . General Manager Jerry West surrounded O'Neal and Bryant with effective role players such as Glen Rice , Ron Harper ( who had experience with Jackson 's triangle offense as part of the ' 96 -- ' 98 Bulls ) , and A.C. Green ( member of the last two Lakers championship teams ) . Along with these starters , the Lakers also possessed a strong bench . Robert Horry not only had championship experience with the Houston Rockets but also was a threat on the perimeter and a defensive star . Derek Fisher was a defensively minded point - guard with the ability to shoot well from long range . Rick Fox , acquired after being released by the Boston Celtics , was the Lakers ' sixth man . With a healthy O'Neal , the Lakers dominated the regular season , with winning streaks of 11 , 16 , and 19 en route to a 67 -- 15 record , tying the 1992 Chicago Bulls and 1986 Boston Celtics as the fifth best record in NBA regular season history . Although many expected the Lakers to reach the Finals , the road would be a rocky one .",
"2": "In the first round , the Lakers won the first two games against the Sacramento Kings , only to drop the next two games in Sacramento . The Lakers then defeated Sacramento in Game 5 , 113 -- 86 , to face the Phoenix Suns in the conference semifinals . The Lakers clobbered the Suns , winning the series 4 -- 1 ( with their only loss coming in Game 4 ) . In Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals against the Portland Trail Blazers , Rasheed Wallace earned two technical fouls and was ejected ; the Lakers took advantage of Wallace 's absence and secured victory . The Trail Blazers stormed back in the next game , giving the Lakers their worst home loss of the season in a 106 -- 77 shellacking . This setback did not affect Los Angeles , as they assembled a 3 -- 1 series lead by winning the next two games in Portland . The Lakers underestimated the Trail Blazers , however . Led by former Jackson linchpin Scottie Pippen , Portland won back - to - back elimination games and forced a series - deciding Game 7 . Amid several controversial foul calls by referee Dick Bavetta against members of the Trail Blazers , Portland relinquished a 75 -- 60 fourth quarter lead . Rallying back with a 25 -- 4 run , the Lakers won the game and secured a berth in the NBA Finals . Indiana Pacers ( edit ) In the 1997 -- 1998 NBA season , the Chicago Bulls narrowly defeated the Pacers , 4 games to 3 , in the Eastern Conference Finals . The 1998 -- 1999 NBA season began with a lockout but saw Indiana return to the Eastern Conference Finals , where they fell to the New York Knicks . The 1999 -- 2000 NBA season brought several major changes to the Pacers . It was their first season at Conseco Fieldhouse , as well as their first since 1993 without center Antonio Davis , who was traded for the rights to the No. 5 overall pick in the 1999 NBA Draft . Jalen Rose replaced Chris Mullin in the starting line up , winning the NBA Most Improved Player award , while Austin Croshere replaced him as the sixth man .",
"3": "The Pacers started the season 7 -- 7 but eventually finished with an Eastern Conference best 56 -- 26 record , including a franchise - best 25 game win streak at home . The Pacers , like the Lakers , struggled in the playoffs . They needed a clutch Travis Best three - pointer to dispatch the Milwaukee Bucks in five games . Indiana faced the Philadelphia 76ers in the second round and took the series in six games , earning a trip to the Eastern Conference Finals . The Pacers would face their rival Knicks , winning a memorable six game series in a reversal of fortunes from years past . With the victory , Indiana advanced to the first NBA Finals in franchise history , becoming the second former ABA team to do so . Road to the Finals ( edit ) Main article : 2000 NBA Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers ( Western Conference Champion ) Indiana Pacers ( Eastern Conference Champion ) # Western Conference Team PCT GB z - Los Angeles Lakers 67 15 . 817 -- y - Utah Jazz 55 27 . 671 12 x-Portland Trail Blazers 59 23 . 720 8 x-San Antonio Spurs 53 29 . 646 14 5 x-Phoenix Suns 53 29 . 646 14 6 x-Minnesota Timberwolves 50 32 . 610 17 7 x-Seattle SuperSonics 45 37 . 549 22 8 x-Sacramento Kings 44 38 . 537 23 9 Dallas Mavericks 40 42 . 488 27 10 Denver Nuggets 35 47 . 427 32 11 Houston Rockets 34 48 . 415 33 12 Vancouver Grizzlies 22 60 . 268 45 13 Golden State Warriors 19 63 . 232 48 14 Los Angeles Clippers 15 67 .",
"4": "183 52 1st seed in the West , best league record Regular season # Eastern Conference Team PCT GB c - Indiana Pacers 56 26 . 683 -- y - Miami Heat 52 30 . 634 x-New York Knicks 50 32 . 610 6 x-Charlotte Hornets 49 33 . 598 7 5 x-Philadelphia 76ers 49 33 . 598 7 6 x-Toronto Raptors 45 37 . 549 11 7 x-Detroit Pistons 42 40 . 512 14 8 x-Milwaukee Bucks 42 40 . 512 14 9 Orlando Magic 41 41 . 500 15 10 Boston Celtics 35 47 . 427 21 11 Cleveland Cavaliers 32 50 . 390 24 12 New Jersey Nets 31 51 . 378 25 13 Washington Wizards 29 53 . 354 27 14 Atlanta Hawks 28 54 . 341 28 15 Chicago Bulls 17 65 .",
"5": "207 39 1st seed in the East , 3rd best league record Defeated the ( 8 ) Sacramento Kings , 3 -- 2 First Round Defeated the ( 8 ) Milwaukee Bucks , 3 -- 2 Defeated the ( 5 ) Phoenix Suns , 4 -- 1 Conference Semifinals Defeated the ( 4 ) Philadelphia 76ers , 4 -- 2 Defeated the ( 3 ) Portland Trail Blazers , 4 -- 3 Conference Finals Defeated the ( 3 ) New York Knicks , 4 -- 2 Regular season series ( edit ) Both teams split the two meetings , each won by the home team : January 14 , 2000 Los Angeles Lakers 102 , Indiana Pacers 111 Conseco Fieldhouse , Indianapolis March 3 , 2000 Indiana Pacers 92 , Los Angeles Lakers 107 Staples Center , Los Angeles 2000 NBA Finals rosters ( edit ) Los Angeles Lakers ( edit ) 2000 Los Angeles Lakers Finals roster Players Coaches Pos . # Nat . Name Ht . Wt . From 2.5 ! G / F 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 USA ! Bryant , Kobe ( C ) 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) Lower Merion HS ( PA ) 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 USA ! Celestand , John ( IN ) 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 178 lb ( 81 kg ) Villanova 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 USA ! Fisher , Derek 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) Arkansas -- Little Rock 4.0 ! F 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 CAN !",
"6": "Fox , Rick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) North Carolina 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 USA ! George , Devean 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) Augsburg 4.0 ! F 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 USA ! Green , A.C. 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) Oregon State 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 USA ! Harper , Ron 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) Miami ( OH ) 4.0 ! F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 USA ! Horry , Robert 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) Alabama 6.0 ! C 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 USA ! Knight , Travis 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) Connecticut 1.5 ! G 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 USA ! Lue , Tyronn 7000182880000000000 ♠ 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) Nebraska 6.0 ! C 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 USA !",
"7": "O'Neal , Shaquille ( C ) 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 338 lb ( 153 kg ) LSU 4.0 ! F 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 USA ! Rice , Glen 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) Michigan 5.5 ! F / C 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 USA ! Salley , John 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) Georgia Tech 1.5 ! G 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 USA ! Shaw , Brian 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) UC Santa Barbara Head coach Phil Jackson ( North Dakota ) Assistant coach ( es ) Tex Winter ( Southern California ) Jim Cleamons ( Ohio State ) Frank Hamblen ( Syracuse ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 1999 - 11 - 12 Indiana Pacers ( edit ) 2000 Indiana Pacers Finals roster Players Coaches Pos . # Nat . Name Ht . Wt . From 4.0 ! F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 USA ! Bender , Jonathan 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 202 lb ( 92 kg ) Picayune Memorial HS ( MS ) 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 USA !",
"8": "Best , Travis 7000180340000000000 ♠ 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) 182 lb ( 83 kg ) Georgia Tech 4.0 ! F 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 USA ! Croshere , Austin 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) Providence 5.5 ! F / C 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 USA ! Davis , Dale 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) Clemson 5.5 ! F / C 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 USA ! Foster , Jeff 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 236 lb ( 107 kg ) Texas State 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 USA ! Harrington , Al 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) St. Patrick HS ( NJ ) 1.5 ! G 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 USA ! Jackson , Mark 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) St. John 's 4.0 ! F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 USA ! McKey , Derrick 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) Alabama 2.5 ! G / F 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 USA !",
"9": "Miller , Reggie 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) UCLA 2.5 ! G / F 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 USA ! Mullin , Chris 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) St. John 's 5.5 ! F / C 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 USA ! Perkins , Sam 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) North Carolina 2.5 ! G / F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 USA ! Rose , Jalen 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) Michigan 6.0 ! C 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 NED ! Smits , Rik 7000223520000000000 ♠ 7 ft 4 in ( 2.24 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) Marist 6.0 ! C 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 CRO !",
"10": "Tabak , Žan 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) Croatia Head coach Larry Bird ( Indiana State ) Assistant coach ( es ) Rick Carlisle ( Virginia ) Dick Harter ( Pennsylvania ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Roster Transactions Series summary ( edit ) Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Wednesday , June 7 Los Angeles Lakers 104 -- 87 ( 1 -- 0 ) Indiana Pacers Game 2 Friday , June 9 Los Angeles Lakers 111 -- 104 ( 2 -- 0 ) Indiana Pacers Game 3 Sunday , June 11 Indiana Pacers 100 -- 91 ( 1 -- 2 ) Los Angeles Lakers Game 4 Wednesday , June 14 Indiana Pacers 118 -- 120 OT ( 1 -- 3 ) Los Angeles Lakers Game 5 Friday , June 16 Indiana Pacers 120 -- 87 ( 2 -- 3 ) Los Angeles Lakers Game 6 Monday , June 19 Los Angeles Lakers 116 -- 111 ( 4 -- 2 ) Indiana Pacers The Finals were played using a 2 -- 3 -- 2 site format , where the team with home court advantage would receive the first two games and the last two games at home . The NBA , after experimenting in the early years , restored this original format for the Finals in 1985 . So far , the other playoff series are still running on a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 site format . This was the second time a Finals game was played on a Monday night since the NBA switched to the Wednesday - Friday - Sunday rotation in 1991 . In the previous five series ( ' 92 -- ' 94 , ' 96 , ' 98 ) that needed a Game 6 , the game was played on a Sunday . In this series , however , the NBA chose to play the game the Monday night after Father 's Day .",
"11": "The previous Finals game played on a Monday night was Game 3 in 1999 . Game 1 ( edit ) NBC June 7 Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived February 10 , 2001 ) Indiana Pacers 87 , Los Angeles Lakers 104 Scoring by quarter : 18 -- 33 , 25 -- 22 , 28 -- 22 , 16 -- 27 Pts : Mark Jackson 18 Rebs : Dale Davis 8 Asts : Mark Jackson 7 Pts : Shaquille O'Neal 43 Rebs : Shaquille O'Neal 19 Asts : Bryant , Harper 5 each Los Angeles leads the series , 1 -- 0 Staples Center , Los Angeles Attendance : 18,997 Referees : No. 43 Dan Crawford No. 35 Jack Nies No. 31 Terry Durham The Lakers dominated from the start . The Lakers shot 15 - for - 20 ( 75 % ) in the first period while the Pacers shot only 7 - for - 20 ( 35 % ) . Reggie Miller would miss all of his shots in the first quarter to give the Lakers a 15 - point lead . Austin Croshere came off the bench to keep the Pacers alive in the 2nd quarter , scoring 9 points and grabbing 4 rebounds in the quarter . Although the Pacers attempted a comeback in the 2nd quarter , they were still down by 12 . In the 3rd quarter , it would be Mark Jackson who led the Pacers to a comeback , cutting the Lakers lead by 2 . Reggie Miller also hit his first field goal in the 3rd quarter , though it would be his last . The Lakers handled the Pacers in the final quarter , with a 13 -- 2 run winning by 17 points . Shaquille O'Neal scored 43 points and grabbed 19 rebounds .",
"12": "Game 2 ( edit ) NBC June 9 Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived February 10 , 2001 ) Indiana Pacers 104 , Los Angeles Lakers 111 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 28 , 21 -- 24 , 20 -- 21 , 35 -- 38 Pts : Jalen Rose 30 Rebs : Dale Davis 10 Asts : Mark Jackson 8 Pts : Shaquille O'Neal 40 Rebs : Shaquille O'Neal 24 Asts : Brian Shaw 7 Los Angeles leads the series , 2 -- 0 Staples Center , Los Angeles Attendance : 18,997 Referees : No. 17 Joe Crawford No. 15 Bennett Salvatore No. 32 Ed F. Rush Los Angeles and Indiana were evenly matched for the first quarter , both scoring 28 . However , Los Angeles suffered a major setback when Kobe Bryant left the game in the 2nd quarter due to a sprained ankle and did not return . Jalen Rose later admitted that he intentionally stuck out his foot when Kobe shot a jumpshot in order to trip him when he landed . Ron Harper went in for Bryant and scored 21 points for the game . Desperate to try to gain the lead , Larry Bird resorted to the `` Hack - a-Shaq '' strategy . Shaq shot 39 free throws , making only 18 , an NBA record for most free throws attempted . Despite this low percentage , Shaq made 9 of 16 in the 4th quarter to keep a Lakers lead . The Pacers cut the lead to 99 -- 96 and were looking to foul Shaq , but when Shaq got the ball he passed to Robert Horry who converted not only the layup , but the foul shot as well giving them a 102 -- 96 lead en route to a 111 -- 104 Lakers victory .",
"13": "Game 3 ( edit ) NBC June 11 Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived February 4 , 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers 91 , Indiana Pacers 100 Scoring by quarter : 15 -- 23 , 27 -- 30 , 24 -- 26 , 25 -- 21 Pts : Shaquille O'Neal 33 Rebs : Shaquille O'Neal 13 Asts : Derek Fisher 10 Pts : Reggie Miller 33 Rebs : Dale Davis 12 Asts : Mark Jackson 6 Los Angeles leads the series , 2 -- 1 Conseco Fieldhouse , Indianapolis Attendance : 18,345 Referees : No. 10 Ron Garretson No. 7 Bernie Fryer No. 25 Hugh Evans Taking advantage of Kobe Bryant 's ankle injury , Indiana restored a semblance of parity to the proceedings . Kobe 's absence was felt as the Pacers had an 11 -- 2 run in the first quarter to take an 8 - point lead . Austin Croshere once again had another huge 2nd quarter , scoring 8 points as the Pacers shot 61 % from the field . The Lakers tried to make a run to get back into the game , but upon doings so , Indiana answered with 12 straight points and led by 17 . The Lakers were desperate and attempted another run to get within 3 points , but Reggie Miller nailed all his free throws at the end of the game to give Indiana a 9 - point win . Game 4 ( edit ) NBC June 14 Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived February 4 , 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers 120 , Indiana Pacers 118 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 33 , 28 -- 21 , 29 -- 23 , 24 -- 27 , Overtime : 16 -- 14 Pts : Shaquille O'Neal 36 Rebs : Shaquille O'Neal 21 Asts : Kobe Bryant 5 Pts : Reggie Miller 35 Rebs : Dale Davis 8 Asts : Mark Jackson 8 Los Angeles leads the series , 3 -- 1 Conseco Fieldhouse , Indianapolis Attendance : 18,345 Referees : No.",
"14": "27 Dick Bavetta No. 29 Steve Javie No. 34 Ronnie Nunn The Pacers took a quick 9 -- 2 lead due to Rik Smits hitting his first four shots . Kobe Bryant attempted to play with his sore ankle but only managed to score 6 points in the first half . Even though Bryant and O'Neal were in foul trouble in the first half ( each picking up his third with 5 minutes remaining in the second quarter ) , Indiana could not take advantage and did not extend their lead . This would be a problem as Kobe Bryant scored 10 points and the Lakers took a 62 -- 60 lead due to a Glen Rice three - pointer . The game remained close going into the fourth quarter , when O'Neal and Reggie Miller scored 14 and 13 points respectively , sending the game into overtime . Midway through overtime , O'Neal committed his sixth foul but 21 - year - old Bryant delivered three clutch shots , as the Lakers were able to overcome back - up center John Salley 's inability to effectively defend Smits . Smits and Miller scored all 14 of Indiana 's OT points , but it was not enough to overcome as Miller missed a last - second three - pointer , and L.A. was able to pull one out in Indianapolis . Game 5 ( edit ) NBC June 16 Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived February 4 , 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers 87 , Indiana Pacers 120 Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 39 , 17 -- 25 , 22 -- 22 , 20 -- 34 Pts : Shaquille O'Neal 35 Rebs : Shaquille O'Neal 11 Asts : Ron Harper 5 Pts : Jalen Rose 32 Rebs : Austin Croshere 9 Asts : Mark Jackson 7 Los Angeles leads the series , 3 -- 2 Conseco Fieldhouse , Indianapolis Attendance : 18,345 Referees : No. 15 Bennett Salvatore No. 35 Jack Nies No. 43 Dan Crawford Reggie Miller and the Pacers dominated the game from the start in what would be Larry Bird 's last game as a coach in the state of Indiana .",
"15": "Reggie Miller came out and made 5 straight shots including a 4 - point play . The Pacers hit their first 6 three point shots in the game . The Pacers would have a 20 - point lead in the 2nd quarter , and eventually won by 33 -- it was the worst Lakers NBA Finals loss since the 148 -- 114 loss to Boston in the 1985 NBA Finals , known as the `` Memorial Day Massacre . '' With their loss in Game 5 , the Lakers record in close - out games dropped to 3 -- 6 in the 2000 NBA Playoffs ( the other losses coming in Games 3 and 4 in the first round against Sacramento , Game 4 in the series against Phoenix , and Games 5 and 6 versus Portland ) . As a result , the series returned to California . Game 6 ( edit ) NBC June 19 Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived February 10 , 2001 ) Indiana Pacers 111 , Los Angeles Lakers 116 Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 24 , 30 -- 29 , 28 -- 26 , 27 -- 37 Pts : Jalen Rose 29 Rebs : Dale Davis 14 Asts : Mark Jackson 11 Pts : Shaquille O'Neal 41 Rebs : Shaquille O'Neal 12 Asts : Ron Harper 9 Los Angeles wins the series , 4 -- 2 Staples Center , Los Angeles Attendance : 18,997 Referees : No. 25 Hugh Evans No. 10 Ron Garretson No. 17 Joe Crawford After the two teams traded blows in the first quarter , Mark Jackson concluded the period with a turn - around half - court shot at the buzzer to give the Pacers a 26 -- 24 advantage . They would not relinquish their lead until the fourth quarter . In the first half , the Pacers would lead by as many as twelve points . However , the Lakers chipped away and entered intermission trailing 56 -- 53 . Indiana added two more points to their lead , and entered the final period in a position to force a decisive seventh game . In the fourth quarter , the momentum shifted . The Lakers got four timely three - pointers from Derek Fisher , Robert Horry , and Rick Fox .",
"16": "The turning point occurred on a play where Brian Shaw stole the ball from Jalen Rose , leading to a fast break where Shaquille O'Neal hit an off - balance shot to give the Lakers the lead . The Pacers never led after that point . The Lakers would build a seven - point lead , but the Pacers fought back to tie the score at 103 . After a timeout , the Lakers scored six unanswered points to regain control . The Pacers made one final valiant effort , but it fell short and the Lakers clinched their first championship in twelve years . Shaquille O'Neal led all scorers with 41 points and also pulled down 12 rebounds . He was awarded the Finals MVP . Player statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Los Angeles Lakers Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 5 5 35.2 . 367 . 200 . 909 4.6 4.2 1.0 1.4 15.6 Fisher , Derek Derek Fisher 6 0 18.7 . 429 . 583 . 833 1.0 3.8 0.8 0.0 6.0 Fox , Rick Rick Fox 6 0 17.3 . 611 . 625 . 867 1.7 1.0 0.5 0.0 6.7 George , Devean Devean George 0 3.0 . 000 . 000 . 500 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Green , A.C.",
"17": "A.C. Green 6 6 17.2 . 571 . 000 . 857 3.3 0.5 0.2 0.0 5.0 Harper , Ron Ron Harper 6 6 30.7 . 464 . 400 . 700 3.3 4.8 1.3 0.2 10.8 Horry , Robert Robert Horry 6 0 30.3 . 512 . 200 . 727 5.2 2.8 0.8 1.0 9.2 Knight , Travis Travis Knight 0 2.3 . 667 . 000 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal 6 6 45.5 . 611 . 000 . 387 16.7 2.3 1.0 2.7 38.0 Rice , Glen Glen Rice 6 6 32.2 . 400 . 632 . 650 2.5 1.7 0.8 0.2 11.5 Salley , John John Salley 0 3.3 . 667 . 000 . 000 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.0 Shaw , Brian Brian Shaw 6 18.8 . 216 . 000 1.000 2.8 2.8 0.3 0.0 3.0 Indiana Pacers Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Bender , Jonathan Jonathan Bender 0 3.0 . 667 . 000 .",
"18": "750 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 3.5 Best , Travis Travis Best 6 0 16.3 . 467 . 500 . 833 1.2 2.2 0.7 0.2 5.8 Croshere , Austin Austin Croshere 6 0 24.2 . 545 . 400 . 867 6.0 0.8 0.3 1.0 15.2 Davis , Dale Dale Davis 6 6 29.5 . 575 . 000 . 545 10.0 1.0 0.3 1.0 8.7 Jackson , Mark Mark Jackson 6 6 31.0 . 413 . 400 0.8 5.3 7.7 0.8 0.0 9.7 McKey , Derrick Derrick McKey 6 0 12.0 . 500 . 500 . 667 3.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.8 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller 6 6 42.0 . 413 . 375 . 978 2.7 3.7 0.8 0.3 24.3 Mullin , Chris Chris Mullin 0 4.0 . 500 . 000 . 667 . 000 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.3 Perkins , Sam Sam Perkins 6 0 21.8 . 379 . 478 . 750 4.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 6.0 Rose , Jalen Jalen Rose 6 6 43.2 . 467 . 500 .",
"19": "833 4.5 3.0 0.8 0.3 23.0 Smits , Rik Rik Smits 6 6 19.3 . 466 . 000 1.000 4.0 0.5 0.5 1.2 10.0 Tabak , Žan Žan Tabak 0 3.7 . 500 . 000 . 000 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 Aftermath ( edit ) This was the first NBA championship for the Lakers since 1988 . It was also the first major professional sports championship for the city of Los Angeles since that same year , when the Dodgers won the 1988 World Series . This championship came in the Lakers ' first year in their new arena , Staples Center . The Lakers went on to score a ' three - peat ' when they won the NBA championship in 2001 and 2002 , making them the first team to open a new arena with three straight NBA championships . However , the Lakers were unable to score home - court advantage throughout the playoffs in the latter two , yielding them to the San Antonio Spurs and Sacramento Kings , respectively . In addition , the Lakers were able to beat both of them in the Conference Finals . They won the championship over the Philadelphia 76ers and New Jersey Nets , respectively . The series would be the Pacers ' only finals appearance to date . The Pacers would rebuild in the subsequent season . Retiring center Rik Smits was replaced by future NBA All - Star Jermaine O'Neal , acquired from Portland in the deal for Dale Davis . Mark Jackson and Chris Mullin both left as free - agents . Larry Bird resigned as head coach ; he would later resurface as President of Basketball Operations in 2003 . The Pacers continued to make the playoffs every season until 2006 , the year after Reggie Miller retired . See also ( edit ) 2000 NBA Playoffs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lakers plan Shaquille O'Neal statue at Staples Center '' . UPI. 2016 - 01 - 28 .",
"20": "Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dawidoff , Nicholas ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) . `` The Obtuse Triangle '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Ironman Proud to Be a Virgin Until 38 '' . ABC News . 2006 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Horry is a Hall of Famer . This should not even be a debate . '' . The Dream Shake. 2016 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Howard - Cooper , Scott ( 1997 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Fox Hunt Finally Over for Lakers '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) . `` All the Kings ' Men '' . Grantland . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 NBA Western Conference First Round Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Suns torch Lakers ' broom '' . The Baltimore Sun . 2000 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 NBA Western Conference Semifinals Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Spousta , Tom ( 2000 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Blazers Turn the Tables in Game 2 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Blazers tied in West '' . St. Petersburg Times . 2000 - 05 - 23 .",
"21": "Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers have Blazers singing a different tune '' . The Baltimore Sun . 2000 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( 2000 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Phil Vs. Scottie As Entertaining As Blazers Vs. Lakers '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 NBA Western Conference Finals Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Craggs , Tommy ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Excerpts From The Book The NBA Does n't Want You To Read '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Rally Past Blazers '' . CBS News . 2000 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Lakers playoffs moments : Kobe - to - Shaq cements Game 7 comeback against Portland '' . ESPN.com. 2010 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` All Things Lakers - 1999 - 2000 Season '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls ' run not done Chicago rebounds to knock out Pacers in Game 7 , 88 - 83 '' . The Baltimore Sun . 1998 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 Indiana Pacers '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Benbow , Dana ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) . `` 15 years ago : Pacers ' first game in Conseco Fieldhouse '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers , Raptors Finalize Trade '' .",
"22": "CBS News . 1999 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ' Most Improved ' Rose Could Improve Bulls '' . The Chicago Tribune . 2016 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Morwick , Rick ( 2011 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Former Pacers player becoming at ease in front of camera '' . Daily Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 - 00 Indiana Pacers '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( 2000 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Best 's 3 , Miller 's 41 Rescue Pacers '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 NBA Eastern Conference Semifinals Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( 2013 - 05 - 04 ) . `` NBA playoffs preview : Knicks vs. Pacers '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 NBA Eastern Conference Finals Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sprains left ankle in Lakers loss , out indefinitely '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Chris ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Jalen Rose on That Time He Intentionally Tried to Injure Kobe Bryant '' . grantland.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grantland , Channel . `` Jalen Rose on Kobe Bryant and Karma '' . Retrieved 18 September 2012 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Babb , Kent ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) . `` That time when Shaquille O'Neal turned in the most dominant NBA Finals performance ever '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` First Time in Thirteen Year History of STAPLES Center Los Angeles Kings , Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers All Qualify for the Playoffs in the Same Season STAPLES Center '' . STAPLES Center . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dilbeck , Steve ( June 13 , 2002 ) . `` One More Three Peat ; Jackson Tickled by his Ninth Championship and Ready More '' . Los Angeles Daily News . p . S5 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Conrad ( 2001 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Pacers Acquire O'Neal , Kleine '' . The Official Site of the Indiana Pacers . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 -- 2001 Indiana Pacers Transactions History '' . RealGM . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Bird American basketball player and coach '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . External links ( edit ) NBA History Official Website on NBA.com at the Wayback Machine ( archived August 15 ,",
"24": "2000 ) 2000 NBA Finals on YouTube NBA Basketball Stat Reference NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Los Angeles Lakers 1999 -- 2000 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 4 Harper 5 Horry 8 Bryant 10 Lue 11 Celestand 16 Salley 17 Fox 20 Shaw 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 40 Knight 41 Rice 45 Green Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Bertka Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers Founded in 1947 Played in Minneapolis ( 1947 -- 1960 ) Based in Los Angeles ,",
"25": "California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Head coaches Current season Arenas Minneapolis Auditorium Minneapolis Armory Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena The Forum Staples Center G League affiliate South Bay Lakers Administration Jeanie , Jim , and Johnny Buss ( majority owners ) Anschutz Entertainment Group ( minority owner ) Edward P. Roski ( minority owner ) Patrick Soon - Shiong ( minority owner ) Magic Johnson ( President of Basketball Operations ) Rob Pelinka ( General manager ) Luke Walton ( Head coach ) Retired numbers 13 22 25 32 33 34 42 44 52 Chick Hearn ( Microphone ) Minneapolis Lakers Hall of Famers Mikan Mikkelsen Martin Lovellette Pollard Coach Kundla NBA Championships ( 16 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1972 1980 1982 1985 1988 2000 2001 2002 2009 Western Conference Championships ( 31 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1959 1962 1963 1965 1966 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1980 1982 1984 1985 1988 1989 1991 2000 2001 2002 2008 2009 Rivalries Los Angeles Clippers San Antonio Spurs Boston Celtics Detroit Pistons Culture and lore Jack Kent Cooke Jerry Buss Showtime Chick Hearn Shaq -- Kobe feud Lawrence Tanter Jack Nicholson `` I Love L.A. ''",
"26": "Laker Girls Laker Band Dancing Barry Celtics / Lakers : Best of Enemies Media TV Spectrum SportsNet ( Los Angeles ) Radio 710 ESPN Radio 1330 ESPN Deportes Announcers Bill Macdonald Stu Lantz John Ireland Mychal Thompson Indiana Pacers Founded in 1967 Based in Indianapolis , Indiana Franchise Franchise Team history ABA -- NBA merger All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Indiana State Fair Coliseum Market Square Arena Bankers Life Fieldhouse General managers Storen Weissert Leonard Vertlieb Salyers Walsh Kahn Morway Pritchard G League affiliate Fort Wayne Mad Ants Administration Herb Simon ( Owner , Chairman and CEO ) Kevin Pritchard ( GM , President ) Nate McMillan ( Head coach ) Retired numbers 30 31 34 35 529 ( in honor of Leonard 's total wins as Pacers coach ) ABA Finals appearances 1969 1970 1972 1973 NBA Finals appearances 2000 Culture and lore Pacers -- Pistons brawl The Knick - Killer Dancing Harry Boomer Rivals New York Knicks Media TV Fox Sports Indiana Radio WFNI - AM Announcers Chris Denari Quinn Buckner Clark Kellogg Brooke Olzendam Mark Boyle Bob `` Slick '' Leonard 1999 -- 2000 NBA season by team 1999 NBA draft All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions Eastern Atlantic Boston Miami New Jersey New York Orlando Philadelphia Washington Central Atlanta Charlotte Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Toronto Western Midwest Dallas Denver Houston Minnesota San Antonio Utah Vancouver Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A.",
"27": "Lakers Phoenix Portland Sacramento Seattle NBA on NBC Related programs NBA Showtime NBA Inside Stuff NBA on USA Non-NBA programs College Basketball on NBC Olympics on NBC Related articles Ratings ( NBA Finals ) NBA Showtime : NBA on NBC Like Mike 2002 FIBA World Championship NBC Sports Regional Networks Bay Area ( Golden State Warriors ) Boston ( Boston Celtics ) California ( Sacramento Kings ) Chicago ( Chicago Bulls ) Northwest ( Portland Trail Blazers ) Philadelphia ( Philadelphia 76ers ) Washington ( Washington Wizards ) Commentators All - Star Game NBA Finals WNBA Finals Key figures Marv Albert Mike Breen Bob Costas Don Criqui Jerry Doggett Dick Enberg Marty Glickman Jim Gordon Curt Gowdy Greg Gumbel Tom Hammond Dan Hicks Jim Lampley Joel Meyers Bob Neal Lindsey Nelson Bill O'Donnell Bud Palmer Paul Sunderland Bob Wolff Color commentators Quinn Buckner P.J. Carlesimo Doug Collins Chuck Daly Mike Dunleavy Sr . Cotton Fitzsimmons Mike Fratello Matt Guokas Dan Issel Steve Jones Magic Johnson Joe Lapchick Ron Rothstein Isiah Thomas Bill Walton Sideline reporters Jim Gray Lewis Johnson Andrea Joyce Lisa Malosky Ahmad Rashād Hannah Storm Studio analysts Pat Croce Julius Erving Kevin Johnson Pat Riley John Salley Tom Tolbert Peter Vecsey Jayson Williams NBA Finals 1955 ( Games 2 , 6 ) 1956 ( Game 1 ) 1957 ( Games 1 , 7 ) 1958 ( Game 1 ) 1959 ( Games 1 - 2 ) 1960 ( Games 1 , 3 - 4 , 7 ) 1961 ( Games 1 ,",
"28": "3 - 4 ) 1962 ( Games 1 - 2 ) 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 WNBA Finals 1997 ( Game 1 ) 1998 ( Games 1 - 2 ) 1999 ( Games 2 - 3 ) 2000 ( Game 2 ) 2001 ( Game 2 ) 2002 ( Game 2 ) All - Star Game 1959 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 Music `` All Fired Up '' `` An American Symphony '' `` Cliffhanger Theme '' `` Crockett 's Theme '' `` Desert Ride '' `` Fly Away '' ( 1999 NBA Finals ) `` Gettysburg '' ( main theme ) `` How 's It Going to Be '' `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ( 1997 NBA Finals ) `` Return to Innocence '' `` Roundball Rock '' `` The Dream Is Still Alive ( 1991 NBA Finals ) `` These Are Days '' `` Titan Spirit '' `` To the Flemish Cap '' `` Unbelievable '' `` Winning It All '' ( 1992 - 1996 ) Lore Christmas Day O.J.",
"29": "Simpson 's low - speed freeway chase The Clock Incident Clutch City Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals Memorial Day Miracle Rivalries Bulls -- Knicks Jazz -- Rockets Website : NBA - NBC Sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000_NBA_Finals&oldid=806178084 '' Categories : National Basketball Association Finals 1999 -- 2000 NBA season Los Angeles Lakers games Indiana Pacers games 2000 in sports in California 2000 in sports in Indiana 2000s in Indianapolis 2000 in Los Angeles Sports competitions in Indianapolis Sports competitions in Los Angeles June 2000 sports events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 06 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
2,
5,
25,
13,
12,
10,
7,
11,
16,
19,
14,
15,
26,
4,
1,
9,
6,
3,
18,
24,
17,
27,
0,
23,
8,
21,
22,
29,
20,
28
] |
[
5,
2,
25,
13,
12
] |
6330519627947400943
|
where does the brazos river start and stop
|
[
"Llano Estacado",
"Gulf of Mexico"
] |
{
"0": "Brazos River - wikipedia Brazos River Jump to : navigation , search `` Brazos '' redirects here . For other uses , see Brazos ( disambiguation ) . Brazos River Texas Brazos River downstream of Possum Kingdom Lake , Palo Pinto County , Texas Country United States State Texas Source Llano Estacado Source confluence Stonewall County , Texas - elevation 453 m ( 1,486 ft ) - coordinates 33 ° 16 ′ 07 '' N 100 ° 0 ′ 37 '' W / 33.26861 ° N 100.01028 ° W / 33.26861 ; - 100.01028 Mouth Gulf of Mexico - location Brazoria County , Texas - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 28 ° 52 ′ 33 '' N 95 ° 22 ′ 42 '' W / 28.87583 ° N 95.37833 ° W / 28.87583 ; - 95.37833 Coordinates : 28 ° 52 ′ 33 '' N 95 ° 22 ′ 42 '' W / 28.87583 ° N 95.37833 ° W / 28.87583 ; - 95.37833 Length 1,352 km ( 840 mi ) Basin 116,000 km ( 44,788 sq mi ) Discharge for Rosharon , TX - average 237.5 m / s ( 8,387 cu ft / s ) - max 2,390 m / s ( 84,402 cu ft / s ) - min 0.76 m / s ( 27 cu ft / s ) Brazos River watershed Website : Handbook of Texas : Brazos River The Brazos River ( / ˈbræzəs / ( listen ) BRAZ - əs ) , called the Rio de los Brazos de Dios ( translated as `` The River of the Arms of God '' ) by early Spanish explorers , is the 11th - longest river in the United States of America at 1,280 miles ( 2,",
"1": "060 km ) from its headwater source at the head of Blackwater Draw , Curry County , New Mexico to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico with a 45,000 - square - mile ( 116,000 km ) drainage basin . It sometimes is used to mark the boundary between East Texas and West Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 3 Brazos watershed 4 Water quality concerns 5 Recreation 6 Cultural references 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Further reading 10 External links Geography ( edit ) The Brazos proper begins at the confluence of the Salt Fork and Double Mountain Fork , two tributaries of the Upper Brazos that rise on the high plains of the Llano Estacado , flowing 840 miles ( 1,350 km ) through the center of Texas . Another major tributary of the Upper Brazos is the Clear Fork Brazos River , which passes by Abilene and joins the main river near Graham . Important tributaries of the Lower Brazos include the Paluxy River , the Bosque River , the Little River , Yegua Creek , the Nolan River , the Leon River , the San Gabriel River , the Lampasas River , and the Navasota River . Initially running east towards Dallas - Fort Worth , the Brazos turns south , passing through Waco and the Baylor University campus , further south to near Calvert , Texas then past Bryan and College Station , then through Richmond , Texas in Fort Bend County , and empties into the Gulf of Mexico in the marshes just south of Freeport . The main stem of the Brazos is dammed in three places , all north of Waco , forming Possum Kingdom Lake , Lake Granbury , and Lake Whitney . Of these three , Granbury was the last to be completed , in 1969 . When its construction was proposed in the mid-1950s , John Graves wrote the book Goodbye to a River . A small municipal dam ( Lake Brazos Dam ) is near the downstream city limit of Waco at the end of the Baylor campus ; it raises the level of the river through the city to form a town lake . This impoundment of the Brazos through Waco is locally called Lake Brazos .",
"2": "A total of nineteen major reservoirs are located along the Brazos . North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River at the edge of the Llano Estacado . Salt Fork Brazos River in Kent County , Texas . Double Mountain Fork Brazos River north of Rotan , Texas . Double Mountain Fork Brazos River at the site of former Rath City , Texas . The Brazos in north Central Texas . The Brazos in southeast Central Texas west of Bryan , Texas . History ( edit ) It is unclear when it was first named by European explorers , since it was often confused with the Colorado River not far to the south , but it was certainly seen by René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle . Later Spanish accounts call it Los Brazos de Dios ( the arms of God ) , for which name there were several different explanations , all involving it being the first water to be found by desperately thirsty parties . In 1842 , Indian commissioner of Texas , Ethan Stroud established a trading post on this river . Brazos River was the scene of a battle between the Texas Navy and Mexican Navy during the Texas Revolution . Texas Navy ship Independence was defeated by one Mexican vessel . The river was important for navigation before and after the American Civil War , and steam boats sailed as far up the river as Washington - on - the - Brazos . While attempts to improve commercial navigation on the river continued , railroads proved more reliable . The Brazos River also flooded , often seriously , on a regular basis before a piecemeal levee system was replaced , notably in 1913 when a massive flood affected the course of the river . The river is primarily important today as a source of water for power , irrigation , and recreation . The water is administered by the Brazos River Authority . The 2000 book , Sandbars and Sternwheelers : Steam Navigation on the Brazos by Pamela A. Puryear and Nath Winfield , Jr. , with introduction by J. Milton Nance , examines the early vessels that attempted to navigate the Brazos . On June 2 , 2016 , the rising of the river required evacuations for portions of Brazoria County . Brazos watershed ( edit ) The Brazos River watershed covers a total area of 119,174 square kilometers .",
"3": "Within the watershed lie 42 lakes and rivers which have a combined storage capacity of 2.5 million acre - feet . The Brazos watershed also has an estimated ground water availability of 119,275 acre - feet per year . Approximately 31 % of the land use within the watershed is cropland . Approximately 61 % is grassland ( 30 % ) shrubland ( 19.8 % ) and forest ( 11 % ) while urban use only makes up 4.6 % . The population density within the watershed is 19.5 people per square kilometer . Water quality concerns ( edit ) The main water quality issues within the Brazos Watershed are high nutrient loads , high bacterial and salinity levels and low dissolved oxygen . These water quality issues can be attributed to livestock , fertilizer and chemical run off . Sources of run off are croplands , pastures , and industrial sites among others . Fracking is also cause for concern regarding water quality within the Brazos Watershed . The Barnett Shale lies partially within the watershed which is the second largest source of natural gas in the US . Studies have shown that the watershed receiving the most toxic pollution is the lower Brazos river which received 33.4 million pounds of toxic waste in 2012 . Recreation ( edit ) Canoeing is a very popular recreational activity on the Brazos River with many locations favorable for launching and recovery . The best paddling can be found immediately below Possum Kingdom Lake and Lake Granbury . Sandbar Camping is also permitted since the entire streambed of the river is considered to be state - owned public property . Fishing , camping , and picnicking are legal here , including on the sandbars . Several scout camps are located along the Brazos River and they support a wide range of water and shoreline activities for scouts , youth groups and family groups . The Brazos River Authority maintains several public campsites along the river and at the lakes . Hunting and fishing are also permitted at select locations along the river . Outdoor enthusiasts enjoy the opportunity to find beautiful scenery and abundant wildlife on the river . Fly fishing and river fishing for largemouth bass are popular .",
"4": "Cultural references ( edit ) The Alan Le May novel The Searchers mentions the Salt Fork of the Brazos River several times as a likely place for the protagonists to find Chief Scar , who is holding the captive child Debbie . In the 1956 film based on the novel , Mose Harper identifies the location of Chief Scar 's camp as Seven Fingers , which a group of Texas Rangers identify as Seven Fingers of the Brazos . John Graves ' travel narrative Goodbye to a River takes place on the Brazos River . The Brazos is the setting of the American folk song `` Ai n't No More Cane '' . The `` Upper Brazos River '' is mentioned in a `` King of the Hill '' episode from Season 8 entitled `` Après Hank , le Deluge '' . `` Broke Down on the Brazos '' is the first track on Gov 't Mule 's 2009 album `` By A Thread '' and features a guest appearance by ZZ Top guitarist Billy Gibbons . The Robert Earl Keen song `` The Front Porch Song '' contains the lyrics `` the Brazos still runs muddy like she 's run all along '' . The Uncle Lucius song `` Keep the Wolves Away '' begins with the lyrics `` Took my first breath , where the muddy Brazos , spills into the gulf of Mexico '' . The Old Crow Medicine Show song `` Take ' em Away '' contains the lyrics `` Land that I know is where two rivers collide The Brazos , The Navasota , and the big blue sky '' The river also features prominently in a number of prison songs , because at one time nearly every prison in Texas was near the Brazos . See also ( edit ) List of Texas rivers List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) Double Mountain Fork Brazos River Yellow House Canyon White River ( Texas ) Blanco Canyon Mount Blanco Battle of the Brazos North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River Double Mountain ( Texas ) Canyon Valley , Texas USS Brazos ( AO - 4 ) , a fleet oiler built in 1919 Brazos Belle Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Brazos River Jump up ^ Kammerer , J.C. ( 1987 ) .",
"5": "`` Largest Rivers in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Hendrickson Kenneth E. , Jr. ( 1999 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Brazos River '' . The Handbook of Texas Online . The General Libraries at the University of Texas at Austin and the Texas State Historical Association . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Hendrickson , Jr. , Kenneth E. ( 1981 ) . The Waters of the Brazos : A History of the Brazos River Authority 1929 - 1979 . Waco , TX : The Texian Press . Jump up ^ `` River Basin Map of Texas '' ( JPEG ) . Bureau of Economic Geology , University of Texas at Austin . 1996 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sandbars and Sternwheelers : Steam Navigation on the Brazos . Texas A&M University Press , 2000 , 168 pp. , ISBN 1 - 58544 - 058 - 2 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Foxhall , Emily . `` Mandatory evacuations ordered in Brazoria County - Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS EDNA - Derived Watershed Characteristics '' . edna.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` River Basins - Brazos River Basin Texas Water Development Board '' . www.twdb.texas.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Brazos Valley Groundwater Conservation District '' . Brazos Valley Groundwater Conservation District . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Brazos River Authority > About Us > Water Quality > Watershed Protection Plans > Leon River WPP '' . www.brazos.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Texas and fracking - SourceWatch '' .",
"6": "www.sourcewatch.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Southern waters imperiled by toxic pollution '' . Facing South . 2014 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Brazos River & Paddling Trails - Parks & Recreation - City of Waco , Texas '' . Waco-texas.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Brazos River Authority > About Us > Education > Water School '' . Brazos.org . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Scout Camps '' . Maintour.com. 2013 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Brazosriverfishing.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 04 . Further reading ( edit ) Archer , Kenna Lang , `` A Defiant River , A Technocratic Ideal : Big Dams and Even Bigger Hopes along the Brazos River , 1929 -- 1958 , '' East Texas Historical Journal , 53 ( Fall 2015 ) , 67 -- 87 . Archer , Kenna Lang . Unruly Waters : A Social and Environmental History of the Brazos River . Albuquerque , NM : University of New Mexico Press , 2015 . Hendrickson , Jr. , Kenneth E. The Waters of the Brazos : A History of the Brazos River Authority 1929 - 1979 . Waco , TX : The Texian Press , 1981 . Kimmel , Jim . 2011 . Exploring the Brazos River : from beginning to end . Texas A&M Press . College Station , TX . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brazos River . External links ( edit ) Brazos River from the Handbook of Texas Online U.S.",
"7": "Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Brazos River Brazos River Authority Public domain photos of the Upper Brazos Historic photos of Army Corps of Engineers lock and dam projects on the Brazos River , 1910 - 20s , from the Portal to Texas History 1858 map titled Preliminary chart of entrance to Brazos River , Texas from a trigonometrical survey under the direction of A. Bache ; triangulation by J.S. Williams ; topography by J.M. Wampler ; hydrography by the parties under the command of E.J. De Haven & J.K. Duer. , hosted by the Portal to Texas History .",
"8": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazos_River&oldid=837422752 '' Categories : Brazos River Rivers of Texas Drainage basins of the Gulf of Mexico Bodies of water of Brazoria County , Texas Bodies of water of Fort Bend County , Texas Bodies of water of Hood County , Texas Bodies of water of McLennan County , Texas Bodies of water of Stonewall County , Texas Rivers of Palo Pinto County , Texas Bodies of water of Waller County , Texas Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 18 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
2,
1,
4,
6,
3,
5,
7,
8
] |
[
0,
2,
1,
4,
6
] |
-1242596807633339159
|
number 4 in roman numerals on clock faces
|
[
"IV",
"normally show IIII for four o’clock"
] |
{
"0": "Roman numerals - wikipedia Roman numerals Jump to : navigation , search `` Latin numerals '' redirects here . For counting in Latin , see Latin § Numbers . Roman numerals on stern of a British clipper ship showing draft in feet . The numbers range from 13 to 22 , from bottom to top . Numeral systems Hindu -- Arabic numeral system Western Arabic Eastern Arabic Bengali Gurmukhi Indian Sinhala Tamil Balinese Burmese Dzongkha Gujarati Javanese Khmer Lao Mongolian Thai East Asian Chinese Suzhou Hokkien Japanese Korean Vietnamese Counting rods Alphabetic Abjad Armenian Āryabhaṭa Cyrillic Ge'ez Georgian Greek Hebrew Roman Former Aegean Attic Babylonian Brahmi Chuvash Egyptian Etruscan Inuit Kharosthi Mayan Muisca Quipu Prehistoric Positional systems by base 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 60 Non-standard positional numeral systems Bijective numeration ( 1 ) Signed - digit representation ( Balanced ternary ) factorial negative Complex - base system ( 2i ) Non-integer representation ( φ ) mixed Asymmetric numeral systems List of numeral systems The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages . Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet . Roman numerals , as used today , are based on seven symbols : Symbol V X Value 5 10 50 100 500 1,000 The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire . From the 14th century on , Roman numerals began to be replaced in most contexts by the more convenient Hindu - Arabic numerals ; however , this process was gradual , and the use of Roman numerals persists in some minor applications to this day .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Roman numeric system 1.1 Basic decimal pattern 1.2 Alternative forms 2 History 2.1 Pre-Roman times and ancient Rome 2.1. 1 Hypotheses about the origin of Roman numerals 2.1. 1.1 Tally marks 2.1. 1.2 Hand signals 2.1. 1.3 Intermediate symbols deriving from few original symbols 2.2 Middle Ages and Renaissance 2.3 Modern use 2.3. 1 Specific disciplines 2.3. 2 Modern use in continental Europe 3 Special values 3.1 Zero 3.2 Fractions 3.3 Large numbers 3.3. 1 Apostrophus 3.3. 2 Vinculum 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links Roman numeric system Basic decimal pattern The original pattern for Roman numerals used the symbols I , V. and X ( 1 , 5 , and 10 ) as simple tally marks . Each marker for 1 ( I ) added a unit value up to 5 ( V ) , and was then added to ( V ) to make the numbers from 6 to 9 : I , II , III , IIII , V , VI , VII , VIII , VIIII , X . The numerals for 4 ( IIII ) and 9 ( VIIII ) proved problematic ( among other things , they are easily confused with III and VIII ) , and are generally replaced with IV ( one less than 5 ) and IX ( one less than 10 ) . This feature of Roman numerals is called subtractive notation . The numbers from 1 to 10 ( including subtractive notation for 4 and 9 ) are expressed in Roman numerals as follows : I , II , III , IV , V , VI , VII , VIII , IX , X .",
"2": "The system being basically decimal , tens and hundreds follow the same pattern : Thus 10 to 100 ( counting in tens , with X taking the place of I , L taking the place of V and C taking the place of X ) : X , XX , XXX , XL , L , LX , LXX , LXXX , XC , C . Note that 40 ( XL ) and 90 ( XC ) follow the same subtractive pattern as 4 and 9 . Similarly , 100 to 1000 ( counting in hundreds ) : C , CC , CCC , CD , D , DC , DCC , DCCC , CM , M . Many numbers include hundreds , units and tens . The Roman numeral system being basically decimal , each `` place '' is added separately , in descending sequence from left to right , as with `` arabic '' numbers . For example , the number 39 is XXXIX , ( three tens and a ten less one ) , 246 is CCXLVI ( two hundreds , a fifty less ten , a five and a one . As each place has its own notation there is no need for place keeping zeros , so `` missing places '' can be simply omitted : thus 207 , for instance , is written CCVII ( two hundreds , a five and two ones ) and 1066 becomes MLXVI ( a thousand , a fifty and a ten , a five and a one ) Roman numerals for large numbers are nowadays seen mainly in the form of year numbers ( other uses are detailed later in this article ) , as in these examples : 1776 as MDCCLXXVI , the date written on the book held by the Statue of Liberty . 1954 as MCMLIV , as in the trailer for the movie The Last Time I Saw Paris 1990 as MCMXC , used as the title of musical project Enigma 's debut album MCMXC a.D. , named after the year of its release . 2014 as MMXIV , the year of the games of the XXII ( 22nd ) Olympic Winter Games ( in Sochi ) Alternative forms A typical clock face with Roman numerals in Bad Salzdetfurth , Germany The `` standard '' forms described above reflect typical modern usage rather than a universally accepted convention . Usage in ancient Rome varied greatly and remained inconsistent in medieval and modern times .",
"3": "Inscriptions dating from the Roman period not infrequently use `` additive '' forms such as IIII and VIIII for `` 4 '' and `` 9 '' instead of IV and IX . There are even instances of both forms appearing within the same document . While in standard usage subtractive notation is limited to use of `` adjacent '' numerals , so that 99 ( for example ) is written XCIX , forms such as IC are not unknown . XIIX or IIXX are sometimes used for `` 18 '' instead of XVIII . The Latin word for `` eighteen '' is often rendered as the equivalent of `` twenty less two '' , which may be the source of this usage . Sometimes V and L are not used , with instances such as IIIIII and XXXXXX rather than VI or LX . An inscription on Admiralty Arch , London . The number is 1910 , for which MCMX would be more usual . Clock faces that use Roman numerals normally show IIII for four o'clock but IX for nine o'clock , a practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century . However , this is far from universal : for example , the clock on the Palace of Westminster in London ( aka `` Big Ben '' ) uses a `` normal '' IV . At the beginning of the 20th century , different representations of 900 ( conventionally CM ) appeared in several inscribed dates . For instance , 1910 is shown on Admiralty Arch , London , as MDCCCCX rather than MCMX , while on the north entrance to the Saint Louis Art Museum , 1903 is inscribed as MDCDIII rather than MCMIII . History Pre-roman times and ancient Rome Although Roman numerals came to be written with letters of the Roman alphabet , they were originally independent symbols . The Etruscans , for example , used 𐌠 , 𐌡 , 𐌢 , 𐌣 , 𐌚 , and ⊕ for I , V , X , L , C , and M , of which only I and X happened to be letters in their alphabet .",
"4": "Hypotheses about the origin of Roman numerals Tally marks One hypothesis is that the Etrusco - Roman numerals actually derive from notches on tally sticks , which continued to be used by Italian and Dalmatian shepherds into the 19th century . Thus , ⟨ I ⟩ descends not from the letter ⟨ I ⟩ but from a notch scored across the stick . Every fifth notch was double cut i.e. ⋀ , ⋁ , ⋋ , ⋌ , etc . ) , and every tenth was cross cut ( X ) , IIIIΛIIIIXIIIIΛIIIIXII ... ) , much like European tally marks today . This produced a positional system : Eight on a counting stick was eight tallies , IIIIΛIII , or the eighth of a longer series of tallies ; either way , it could be abbreviated ΛIII ( or VIII ) , as the existence of a Λ implies four prior notches . By extension , eighteen was the eighth tally after the first ten , which could be abbreviated X , and so was XΛIII . Likewise , number four on the stick was the I - notch that could be felt just before the cut of the Λ ( V ) , so it could be written as either IIII or IΛ ( IV ) . Thus the system was neither additive nor subtractive in its conception , but ordinal . When the tallies were transferred to writing , the marks were easily identified with the existing Roman letters I , V and X . The tenth V or X along the stick received an extra stroke . Thus 50 was written variously as N , И , K , Ψ , ⋔ , etc. , but perhaps most often as a chicken - track shape like a superimposed V and I : ↆ . This had flattened to Ʇ ( an inverted T ) by the time of Augustus , and soon thereafter became identified with the graphically similar letter L. Likewise , 100 was variously Ж , ⋉ , ⋈ , H , or as any of the symbols for 50 above plus an extra stroke . The form Ж ( that is , a superimposed X and I like : 𐌟 ) came to predominate .",
"5": "It was written variously as > I < or ↃIC , was then abbreviated to Ↄ or C , with C variant finally winning out because , as a letter , it stood for centum , Latin for `` hundred '' . The hundredth V or X was marked with a box or circle . Thus 500 was like a Ↄ superimposed on a ⋌ or ⊢ , becoming D or Ð by the time of Augustus , under the graphic influence of the letter ⟨ D ⟩ . It was later identified as the letter D ; an alternative symbol for `` thousand '' was ( I ) ( or CIↃ or CꟾↃ ) , and half of a thousand or `` five hundred '' is the right half of the symbol , I ) ( or IↃ or ꟾↃ ) , and this may have been converted into ⟨ D ⟩ . This at least was the etymology given to it later on . Meanwhile , 1000 was a circled or boxed X : X , ⊗ , ⊕ , and by Augustinian times was partially identified with the Greek letter Φ phi . Over time , the symbol changed to Ψ and ↀ . The latter symbol further evolved into ∞ , then ⋈ , and eventually changed to M under the influence of the Latin word mille `` thousand '' . Hand signals Alfred Hooper has an alternative hypothesis for the origin of the Roman numeral system , for small numbers . Hooper contends that the digits are related to hand gestures for counting . For example , the numbers I , II , III , IIII correspond to the number of fingers held up for another to see . V , then represents that hand upright with fingers together and thumb apart . Numbers 6 -- 10 , are represented with two hands as follows ( left hand , right hand ) 6 = ( V , I ) , 7 = ( V , II ) , 8 = ( V , III ) , 9 = ( V , IIII ) , 10 = ( V , V ) and X results from either crossing of the thumbs , or holding both hands up in a cross . Another possibility is that each I represents a finger and V represents the thumb of one hand .",
"6": "This way the numbers between 1 -- 10 can be counted on one hand using the order : I = P , II = PR , III = PRM , IV = IT , V = T , VI = TP , VII = TPR , VIII = TPRM , IX = IN , X = N ( P = Pinky , R = Ring , M = Middle , I = Index , T = Thumb N = No Fingers / Other Hand ) . This pattern can also be continued using the other hand with the fingers representing X and the thumb L . Intermediate symbols deriving from few original symbols A third hypothesis about the origins states that the basic ciphers were I , X , C and Φ ( or ⊕ ) and that the intermediary ones were derived from taking half of those ( half an X is V , half a C is L and half a Φ / ⊕ is D ) . The Φ was later replaced with M , the initial of Mille ( the Latin word for `` thousand '' ) . Middle Ages and Renaissance Minuscule ( lower - case ) letters were developed in the Middle Ages , well after the demise of the Western Roman Empire , and since that time lower - case versions of Roman numbers have also been commonly used : i , ii , iii , iv , and so on . Since the Middle Ages , a `` j '' has sometimes been substituted for the final `` i '' of a `` lower - case '' Roman numeral , such as `` iij '' for 3 or `` vij '' for 7 . This `` j '' can be considered a swash variant of `` i '' ( see example ( 1 ) ) . The use of a final `` j '' is still used in medical prescriptions to prevent tampering with or misinterpretation of a number after it is written . Numerals in documents and inscriptions from the Middle Ages sometimes include additional symbols , which today are called `` medieval Roman numerals '' . Some simply substitute another letter for the standard one ( such as `` A '' for `` V '' , or `` Q '' for `` D '' ) , while others serve as abbreviations for compound numerals ( `` O '' for `` XI '' , or `` F '' for `` XL '' ) . Although they are still listed today in some dictionaries , they are long out of use .",
"7": "Number Medieval abbreviation Notes and etymology 5 Resembles an upside - down V. Also said to equal 500 . 6 ↅ Either from a ligature of VI , or the Greek numeral 6 : stigma ( Ϛ ) . 7 S , Z Presumed abbreviation of septem , Latin for 7 . 11 O Presumed abbreviation of onze , French for 11 . 40 Presumed abbreviation of English forty . 70 Also could stand for 7 , with the same derivation . 80 90 Presumed abbreviation of nonaginta , Latin for 90 . ( N.B. N is also used for `` nothing '' ( nullus ) ) . 150 Y Possibly derived from the lowercase y 's shape . 151 Unusual , origin unknown ; also said to stand for 250 . 160 Possibly derived from Greek tetra , as 4 × 40 = 160 . 200 Could also stand for 2 ( see also 𐆙 , the symbol for the dupondius ) . From a barring of two I 's . 250 300 400 P , G 500 Q Redundant with D ; abbreviates quingenti , Latin for 500 . 2000 Z Chronograms , messages with dates encoded into them , were popular during the Renaissance era . The chronogram would be a phrase containing the letters I , V , X , L , C , D , and M. By putting these letters together , the reader would obtain a number , usually indicating a particular year . Modern use By the 11th century , Hindu -- Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe from al - Andalus , by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises . Roman numerals , however , proved very persistent , remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries , even in accounting and other business records ( where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus ) . Replacement by their more convenient `` Arabic '' equivalents was quite gradual , and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts .",
"8": "A few examples of their current use are : Spanish Real using `` IIII '' instead of `` IV '' as regnal number of Charles IV of Spain Names of monarchs and popes , e.g. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom , Pope Benedict XVI . These are referred to as regnal numbers ; e.g. II is pronounced `` the second '' . This tradition began in Europe sporadically in the Middle Ages , gaining widespread use in England only during the reign of Henry VIII . Previously , the monarch was not known by numeral but by an epithet such as Edward the Confessor . Some monarchs ( e.g. Charles IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France ) seem to have preferred the use of IIII instead of IV on their coinage ( see illustration ) . Generational suffixes , particularly in the US , for people sharing the same name across generations , for example William Howard Taft IV . In the French Republican Calendar , initiated during the French Revolution , years were numbered by Roman numerals -- from the year I ( 1792 ) when this calendar was introduced to the year XIV ( 1805 ) when it was abandoned . The year of production of films , television shows and other works of art within the work itself . It has been suggested -- by BBC News , perhaps facetiously -- that this was originally done `` in an attempt to disguise the age of films or television programmes . '' Outside reference to the work will use regular Hindu -- Arabic numerals . Hour marks on timepieces . In this context , 4 is usually written IIII . The year of construction on building faces and cornerstones . Page numbering of prefaces and introductions of books , and sometimes of annexes , too . Book volume and chapter numbers , as well as the several acts within a play ( e.g. Act iii , Scene 2 ) . Sequels of some movies , video games , and other works ( as in Rocky II ) . Outlines that use numbers to show hierarchical relationships . Occurrences of a recurring grand event , for instance : The Summer and Winter Olympic Games ( e.g. the XXI Olympic Winter Games ; the Games of the XXX Olympiad ) The Super Bowl , the annual championship game of the National Football League ( e.g.",
"9": "Super Bowl XXXVII ; Super Bowl 50 is a one - time exception ) WrestleMania , the annual professional wrestling event for the WWE ( e.g. WrestleMania XXX ) . This usage has also been inconsistent . Specific disciplines Entrance to section LII ( 52 ) of the Colosseum , with numerals still visible In astronomy , the natural satellites or `` moons '' of the planets are traditionally designated by capital Roman numerals appended to the planet 's name . For example , Titan 's designation is Saturn VI . In chemistry , Roman numerals are often used to denote the groups of the periodic table . They are also used in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry , for the oxidation number of cations which can take on several different positive charges . They are also used for naming phases of polymorphic crystals , such as ice . In computing , Roman numerals may be used in identifiers which are limited to alphabetic characters by syntactic constraints of the programming language . In LaTeX , for instance , \\ labelitemiii refers to the label of an item in the third level iii of a nested list environment . In military unit designation , Roman numerals are often used to distinguish between units at different levels . This reduces possible confusion , especially when viewing operational or strategic level maps . In particular , army corps are often numbered using Roman numerals ( for example the American XVIII Airborne Corps or the WW2 - era German III Panzerkorps ) with Hindu - Arabic numerals being used for divisions and armies . In music , Roman numerals are used in several contexts : Movements are often numbered using Roman numerals . In music theory , the diatonic functions are identified using Roman numerals . ( See : Roman numeral analysis ) Individual strings of stringed instruments , such as the violin , are often denoted by Roman numerals , with higher numbers denoting lower strings . In pharmacy , Roman numerals are used in some contexts , including S to denote `` one half '' and N to mean `` nothing '' . ( See the sections below on `` zero '' and `` fractions '' . ) In photography , Roman numerals ( with zero ) are used to denote varying levels of brightness when using the Zone System .",
"10": "In seismology , Roman numerals are used to designate degrees of the Mercalli intensity scale of earthquakes . In tarot , Roman numerals ( with zero ) are used to denote the cards of the Major Arcana . In theology and biblical scholarship , the Septuagint is often referred to as LXX , as this translation of the Old Testament into Greek is named for the legendary number of its translators ( septuaginta being Latin for `` seventy '' ) . In entomology , the broods of the thirteen and seventeen year periodical cicadas are identified by Roman numerals . In advanced mathematics ( including trigonometry , statistics , and calculus ) , when a graph includes negative numbers , its quadrants are named using I , II , III , and IV . These quadrant names signify positive numbers on both axes , negative numbers on the X axis , negative numbers on both axes , and negative numbers on the Y axis , respectively . The use of Roman numerals to designate quadrants avoids confusion , since Hindu - Arabic numerals are used for the actual data represented in the graph . Modern use in continental Europe Some uses that are rare or never seen in English speaking countries are relatively common in continental Europe . For instance : Capital or small capital Roman numerals are widely used in Romance languages to denote centuries , e.g. the French xviii siècle and the Spanish siglo XVIII mean `` 18th century '' . Slavic languages in and adjacent to Russia similarly favour Roman numerals ( XVIII век ) . On the other hand , in Slavic languages in Central Europe , like most Germanic languages , one writes `` 18 . '' ( with a period ) before the local word for `` century '' . Boris Yeltsin 's signature , dated 10 November 1988 . The month is specified by `` XI '' rather than `` 11 '' . Mixed Roman and Hindu - Arabic numerals are sometimes used in numeric representations of dates ( especially in formal letters and official documents , but also on tombstones ) . The month is written in Roman numerals , while the day is in Hindu - Arabic numerals : `` 14. VI. 1789 '' and `` VI. 14.1789 '' both refer unambiguously to 14 June 1789 .",
"11": "Timetable on a shop window in Vilnius Roman numerals are sometimes used to represent the days of the week in hours - of - operation signs displayed in windows or on doors of businesses , and also sometimes in railway and bus timetables . Monday , taken as the first day of the week , is represented by I. Sunday is represented by VII . The hours of operation signs are tables composed of two columns where the left column is the day of the week in Roman numerals and the right column is a range of hours of operation from starting time to closing time . In the example case ( left ) , the business opens from 10 AM to 7 PM on weekdays , 10 AM to 5 PM on Saturdays and is closed on Sundays . Note that the listing uses 24 - hour time . Sign at 17.9 km on route SS4 Salaria , north of Rome Roman numerals may also be used for floor numbering . For instance , apartments in central Amsterdam are indicated as 138 - III , with both a Hindu - Arabic numeral ( number of the block or house ) and a Roman numeral ( floor number ) . The apartment on the ground floor is indicated as ' 138 - huis ' . In Italy , where roads outside built - up areas have kilometre signs , major roads and motorways also mark 100 - metre subdivisionals , using Roman numerals from I to IX for the smaller intervals . The sign `` IX 17 '' thus marks kilometre 17.9 . A notable exception to the use of Roman numerals in Europe is in Greece , where Greek numerals ( based on the Greek alphabet ) are generally used in contexts where Roman numerals would be used elsewhere . Special values Zero The number zero does not have its own Roman numeral , but the word nulla ( the Latin word meaning `` none '' ) was used by medieval scholars in lieu of 0 . Dionysius Exiguus was known to use nulla alongside Roman numerals in 525 . About 725 , Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N , the initial of nulla or of nihil ( the Latin word for `` nothing '' ) , in a table of epacts , all written in Roman numerals . Fractions A triens coin ( 1 / 3 or 4 / 12 of an as ) .",
"12": "Note the four dots indicating its value . A semis coin ( 1 / 2 or 6 / 12 of an as ) . Note the S indicating its value . Though the Romans used a decimal system for whole numbers , reflecting how they counted in Latin , they used a duodecimal system for fractions , because the divisibility of twelve ( 12 = 2 × 3 ) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1 / 3 and 1 / 4 than does a system based on ten ( 10 = 2 × 5 ) . On coins , many of which had values that were duodecimal fractions of the unit as , they used a tally - like notational system based on twelfths and halves . A dot ( ) indicated an uncia `` twelfth '' , the source of the English words inch and ounce ; dots were repeated for fractions up to five twelfths . Six twelfths ( one half ) was abbreviated as the letter S for semis `` half '' . Uncia dots were added to S for fractions from seven to eleven twelfths , just as tallies were added to V for whole numbers from six to nine .",
"13": "Each fraction from 1 / 12 to 12 / 12 had a name in Roman times ; these corresponded to the names of the related coins : Fraction Roman numeral Name ( nominative and genitive ) Meaning 1 / 12 Uncia , unciae `` Ounce '' 2 / 12 = 1 / 6 or : Sextans , sextantis `` Sixth '' 3 / 12 = 1 / 4 or ∴ Quadrans , quadrantis `` Quarter '' 4 / 12 = 1 / 3 or : : Triens , trientis `` Third '' 5 / 12 or : : Quincunx , quincuncis `` Five - ounce '' ( quinque unciae → quincunx ) 6 / 12 = 1 / 2 Semis , semissis `` Half '' 7 / 12 S Septunx , septuncis `` Seven - ounce '' ( septem unciae → septunx ) 8 / 12 = 2 / 3 S or S : Bes , bessis `` Twice '' ( as in `` twice a third '' ) 9 / 12 = 3 / 4 S or S : Dodrans , dodrantis or nonuncium , nonuncii `` Less a quarter '' ( de-quadrans → dodrans ) or `` ninth ounce '' ( nona uncia → nonuncium ) 10 / 12 = 5 / 6 S or S : : Dextans , dextantis or decunx , decuncis `` Less a sixth '' ( de-sextans → dextans ) or `` ten ounces '' ( decem unciae → decunx ) 11 / 12 S or S : : Deunx , deuncis `` Less an ounce '' ( de-uncia → deunx ) 12 / 12 = 1 As , assis `` Unit '' The arrangement of the dots was variable and not necessarily linear .",
"14": "Five dots arranged like ( ⁙ ) ( as on the face of a die ) are known as a quincunx , from the name of the Roman fraction / coin . The Latin words sextans and quadrans are the source of the English words sextant and quadrant . Other Roman fractional notations included the following : 1 / 8 sescuncia , sescunciae ( from sesqui - + uncia , i.e. 11⁄2 uncias ) , represented by a sequence of the symbols for the semuncia and the uncia . 1 / 24 semuncia , semunciae ( from semi - + uncia , i.e. 1⁄2 uncia ) , represented by several variant glyphs deriving from the shape of the Greek letter sigma ( Σ ) , one variant resembling the pound sign ( £ ) without the horizontal line ( s ) and another resembling the Cyrillic letter Є . 1 / 36 binae sextulae , binarum sextularum ( `` two sextulas '' ) or duella , duellae , represented by a sequence of two reversed Ss ( ƧƧ ) . 1 / 48 sicilicus , sicilici , represented by a reversed C ( Ɔ ) . 1 / 72 sextula , sextulae ( 1 / 6 of an uncia ) , represented by a reversed S ( Ƨ ) . 1 / 144 = 12 dimidia sextula , dimidiae sextulae ( `` half a sextula '' ) , represented by a reversed S crossed by a horizontal line ( 𐆔 ) . 1 / 288 scripulum , scripuli ( a scruple ) , represented by the symbol ℈ . 1 / 1728 = 12 siliqua , siliquae , represented by a symbol resembling closing guillemets ( 𐆕 ) . Large numbers A number of systems were developed for the expression of larger numbers that can not be conveniently expressed using the normal seven letter symbols of conventional Roman numerals . `` 1630 '' on the Westerkerk in Amsterdam , with the date expressed in `` apostrophus '' notation .",
"15": "Apostrophus One of these was the apostrophus , in which 500 ( usually written as `` D '' ) was written as Ɔ , while 1,000 was written as C Ɔ instead of `` M '' . This is a system of encasing numbers to denote thousands ( the Cs and Ɔs functioned in this case as the Roman equivalent of parentheses ) , and has its origins in Etruscan numeral usage . Each extra set of C combined with Ɔ , raises C Ɔ by a factor of ten , for example , CC ƆƆ is 10,000 and CCC ƆƆƆ is 100,000 . Whereas the Ɔ ( representing 500 ) is raised by a factor of ten by combining it with a Ɔ , for example , ƆƆ is 5,000 , and ƆƆƆ is 5,000 . The D and M used to represent 500 and 1,000 in conventional Roman numerals were probably derived from Ɔ and C Ɔ , respectively .",
"16": "For example : Base number C Ɔ = 1,000 CC ƆƆ = 10,000 CCC ƆƆƆ = 100,000 with Ɔ Ɔ = 500 C Ɔ Ɔ = 1,500 ( broken down as C Ɔ plus Ɔ ) CC ƆƆ Ɔ = 10,500 ( broken down as CC ƆƆ plus Ɔ ) CCC ƆƆƆ Ɔ = 100,500 ( broken down as CCC ƆƆƆ plus Ɔ ) with ƆƆ ƆƆ = 5,000 CC ƆƆ ƆƆ = 15,000 ( broken down as CC ƆƆ plus ƆƆ ) CCC ƆƆƆ ƆƆ = 105,000 ( broken down as CCC ƆƆƆ plus ƆƆ ) with ƆƆƆ ƆƆƆ = 50,000 CCC ƆƆƆ ƆƆƆ = 150,000 ( broken down as CCC ƆƆƆ plus ƆƆƆ ) Sometimes C Ɔ was reduced to ↀ for 1,000 . John Wallis is often credited for introducing the symbol for infinity ( modern ∞ ) , and one conjecture is that he based it on this usage , since 1,000 was hyperbolically used to represent very large numbers . Similarly , ƆƆ for 5,000 was reduced to ↁ ; CC ƆƆ for 10,000 to ↂ ; ƆƆƆ for 50,000 to ↇ ; and CCC ƆƆƆ for 100,000 to ↈ . Page from a 16th - century manual , showing a mixture of apostrophus and vinculum numbers ( see in particular the ways of writing 10,000 ) .",
"17": "Vinculum Another system is the vinculum , where a conventional Roman numeral is multiplied by 1,000 by adding an overline . Although mathematical historian David Eugene Smith disputes that this was part of ancient Roman usage , the notation was certainly in use in the Middle Ages , and is at least a convenient and `` conventional '' way to express numbers greater than 3,999 in Roman numerals . For instance : IV for 4,000 XXV for 25,000 Adding vertical lines ( or brackets ) before and after the numeral seems to have been used ( at least by late medieval times ) to multiply a Roman numeral by 10 : thus M for 10,000 rather than X ( perhaps under the influence of Arabic / Hindu numerals , which were by this time coming into use ) . In combination with the overline the bracketed forms might be used to raise the multiplier to ( say ) ten ( or one hundred ) thousand , thus : VIII for 80,000 ( or 800,000 ) XX for 200,000 ( or 2,000,000 ) This needs to be distinguished from the custom of adding both underline and overline to a Roman numeral , simply to make it clear that it is a number , e.g. MCMLXVII . See also Egyptian numerals Etruscan numerals Kharosthi numerals Roman abacus Proto - writing Roman numerals in Unicode Pentimal system References Jump up ^ Gordon , Arthur E. ( 1982 ) . Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0520050797 . Alphabetic symbols for larger numbers , such as Q for 500,000 , have also been used to various degrees of standardization . Jump up ^ Reddy , Indra K. ; Khan , Mansoor A. ( 2003 ) . Essential Math and Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians . CRC Press . ISBN 9780203495346 . Jump up ^ Dela Cruz , M.L.P. ; Torres , H.D. ( 2009 ) . Number Smart Quest for Mastery : Teacher 's Edition . Rex Bookstore , Inc . ISBN 9789712352164 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ Martelli , Alex ; Ascher , David ( 2002 ) . Python Cookbook . O'Reilly Media Inc . ISBN 9780596001674 . Jump up ^ `` What book is the Statue of Liberty holding ? What is its significance ? '' . Quora . Jump up ^ Hayes , David P. `` Guide to Roman Numerals '' . Copyright Registration and Renewal Information Chart and Web Site . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ( February 23 , 1990 ) . `` What is the proper way to style Roman numerals for the 1990s ? '' . The Straight Dope . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Joyce Maire ; Spawforth , Anthony J.S. ( 1996 ) . `` numbers , Roman '' . In Hornblower , Simon ; Spawforth , Anthony . Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866172 - X . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Benjamin Hall ( 1923 ) . The Revised Latin Primer . London : Longmans , Green & Co . Jump up ^ Milham , W.I. ( 1947 ) . Time & Timekeepers . New York : Macmillan . p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Pickover , Clifford A. ( 2003 ) , Wonders of Numbers : Adventures in Mathematics , Mind , and Meaning , Oxford University Press , p. 282 , ISBN 9780195348002 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ; Zotti , Ed ( 1988 ) . More of the straight dope . Ballantine Books . p. 154 . ISBN 9780345351456 ... Jump up ^ `` Gallery : Museum 's North Entrance ( 1910 ) '' . Saint Louis Art Museum . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . The inscription over the North Entrance to the Museum reads : `` Dedicated to Art and Free to All MDCDIII '' . These Roman numerals translate to 1903 , indicating that the engraving was part of the original building designed for the 1904 World 's Fair .",
"19": "^ Jump up to : Ifrah , Georges ( 2000 ) . The Universal History of Numbers : From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer . Translated by David Bellos , E.F. Harding , Sophie Wood , Ian Monk . John Wiley & Sons . ^ Jump up to : Asimov , Isaac ( 1977 ) ( 1966 ) . Asimov On Numbers . Pocket Books , a division of Simon & Schuster , Inc. p. 9 . Jump up ^ Alfred Hooper . The River Mathematics ( New York , H. Holt , 1945 ) . Jump up ^ Keyser , Paul ( 1988 ) . `` The Origin of the Latin Numerals 1 to 1000 '' . American Journal of Archaeology. 92 : 529 -- 546 . JSTOR 505248 . Jump up ^ Sturmer , Julius W. Course in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Arithmetic , 3rd ed . ( LaFayette , IN : Burt - Terry - Wilson , 1906 ) . p25 Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bastedo , Walter A. Materia Medica : Pharmacology , Therapeutics and Prescription Writing for Students and Practitioners , 2nd ed . ( Philadelphia , PA : W.B. Saunders , 1919 ) p582 Retrieved on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Capelli , A. Dictionary of Latin Abbreviations. 1912 . Jump up ^ Perry , David J. Proposal to Add Additional Ancient Roman Characters to UCS . Jump up ^ Bang , Jørgen . Fremmedordbog , Berlingske Ordbøger , 1962 ( Danish ) Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) . `` TV Q&A : ABC News , ' Storage Wars ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ NFL wo n't use Roman numerals for Super Bowl 50 , nfl.com , Retrieved November 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bachenheimer , Bonnie S. ( 2010 ) .",
"20": "Manual for Pharmacy Technicians . ISBN 158528307X . Jump up ^ Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'imprimerie nationale ( in French ) ( 6th ed . ) . Paris : Imprimerie nationale . March 2011 . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7433 - 0482 - 9 . On composera en chiffres romains petites capitales les nombres concernant : ↲ 1 . Les siècles . Jump up ^ Beginners latin , Nationalarchives.gov.uk , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Roman Arithmetic , Southwestern Adventist University , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Roman Numerals History , Retrieved December 1 , 2013 Jump up ^ Faith Wallis , trans . Bede : The Reckoning of Time ( 725 ) , Liverpool : Liverpool Univ . Pr. , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 693 - 3 . Jump up ^ Byrhtferth 's Enchiridion ( 1016 ) . Edited by Peter S. Baker and Michael Lapidge . Early English Text Society 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 722416 - 8 . Jump up ^ C.W. Jones , ed. , Opera Didascalica , vol . 123C in Corpus Christianorum , Series Latina . Jump up ^ Maher , David W. ; Makowski , John F. , `` Literary Evidence for Roman Arithmetic with Fractions '' , Classical Philology 96 ( 2011 ) : 376 -- 399 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster Unabridged Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ Smith , David Eugene ( 1958 ) ( 1925 ) , History of Mathematics , II , p. 60 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 20430 - 8 Sources Menninger , Karl ( 1992 ) . Number Words and Number Symbols : A Cultural History of Numbers . Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 27096 - 8 .",
"21": "Library resources about Roman numerals Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading Aczel , Amir D. 2015 . Finding Zero : A Mathematician 's Odyssey to Uncover the Origins of Numbers . 1st edition . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . Goines , David Lance . A Constructed Roman Alphabet : A Geometric Analysis of the Greek and Roman Capitals and of the Arabic Numerals . Boston : D.R. Godine , 1982 . Houston , Stephen D. 2012 . The Shape of Script : How and Why Writing Systems Change . Santa Fe , NM : School for Advanced Research Press . Taisbak , Christian M. 1965 . `` Roman numerals and the abacus . '' Classica et medievalia 26 : 147 -- 60 . External links Look up Appendix : Roman numerals or roman numeral in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman numerals . FAQ : Why do clocks with Roman numerals use `` IIII '' instead of `` IV '' ? Roman Numerals Chart ( hide ) Latin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Alphabets ( list ) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters ( list ) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Multigraphs Digraphs ch cz dž dz gh ij",
"22": "ll ly nh ny sh sz th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough Pentagraphs tzsch Keyboard layouts ( list ) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Dvorak Colemak Standards ISO / IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets Lists precomposed Latin characters in Unicode letters used in mathematics Diacritics Palaeography Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Consul Censor Praetor Tribune Tribune of the Plebs Military tribune",
"23": "Quaestor Aedile Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Rex Interrex Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Latin Ammianus",
"24": "Marcellinus Appian Appuleius Asconius Pedianus Augustine Aurelius Victor Ausonius Boëthius Caesar Catullus Cassiodorus Censorinus Cicero Claudian Columella Ennius Eutropius Fabius Pictor Festus Florus Frontinus Fulgentius Gellius Horace Jerome Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Macrobius Marcus Aurelius Martial Orosius Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Priscian Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca the Elder Seneca the Younger Servius Sidonius Apollinaris Statius Suetonius Symmachus Tacitus Terence Tertullian Tibullus Valerius Antias Valerius Maximus Varro Velleius Paterculus Verrius Flaccus Virgil Vitruvius Greek Arrian Cassius Dio Diodorus Siculus Dionysius of Halicarnassus Dioscorides Eusebius of Caesaria Galen Herodian Josephus Pausanias Philostratus Phlegon of Tralles Photius Plutarch Polybius Porphyrius Procopius Strabo Zonaras Zosimus Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium",
"25": "Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Cities and towns Climate Consuls Distinguished women Emperors Generals Gentes Geographers Institutions Laws Legacy Legions Nomina Tribunes Wars and battles Fiction Films Types of writing systems Overview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts ( hide ) Types Abjads Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Pitman shorthand Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Manichaean Nabataean Old North Arabian Pahlavi Pegon Phoenician Paleo - Hebrew Proto - Sinaitic Psalter Punic Samaritan South Arabian Zabur Musnad Sogdian Syriac ʾEsṭrangēlā Serṭā Maḏnḥāyā Teeline Shorthand Ugaritic Abugidas Brahmic Northern Asamiya ( Ôxômiya ) Bānglā Bhaikshuki Bhujinmol Brāhmī Devanāgarī Dogri Gujarati Gupta",
"26": "Gurmukhī Kaithi Kalinga Khojki Khotanese Khudawadi Laṇḍā Lepcha Limbu Mahajani Meitei Mayek Modi Multani Nāgarī Nandinagari Odia ' Phags - pa Newar Ranjana Sharada Saurashtra Siddhaṃ Soyombo Sylheti Nagari Takri Tibetan Uchen Umê Tirhuta Tocharian Zanabazar Square Zhang - Zhung Drusha Marchen Marchung Pungs - chen Pungs - chung Southern Ahom Balinese Batak Baybayin Bhattiprolu Buhid Burmese Chakma Cham Grantha Goykanadi Hanunó'o Javanese Kadamba Kannada Karen Kawi Khmer Kulitan Lanna Lao Leke Lontara Malayalam Maldivian Dhives Akuru Eveyla Akuru Thaana Mon Old Makassarese Old Sundanese Pallava Pyu Rejang Rencong Sinhala Sundanese Tagbanwa Tai Le Tai Tham Tai Viet Tamil Telugu Thai Tigalari Vatteluttu Kolezhuthu Malayanma Visayan Others Boyd 's syllabic shorthand Canadian syllabics Blackfoot Déné syllabics Fox I Ge'ez Gunjala Gondi",
"27": "Japanese Braille Jenticha Kayah Li Kharosthi Mandombe Masaram Gondi Meroitic Miao Mwangwego Sorang Sompeng Pahawh Hmong Thomas Natural Shorthand Alphabets Linear Abkhaz Adlam Armenian Avestan Avoiuli Bassa Vah Borama Carian Caucasian Albanian Coorgi -- Cox alphabet Coptic Cyrillic Deseret Duployan shorthand Chinook writing Early Cyrillic Eclectic shorthand Elbasan Etruscan Evenki Fox II Fraser Gabelsberger shorthand Garay Georgian Asomtavruli Nuskhuri Mkhedruli Glagolitic Gothic Gregg shorthand Greek Greco - Iberian alphabet Hangul Hanifi IPA Kaddare Latin Beneventan Blackletter Carolingian minuscule Fraktur Gaelic Insular Kurrent Merovingian Sigla Sütterlin Tironian notes Visigothic Luo Lycian Lydian Manchu Mandaic Medefaidrin Molodtsov Mongolian Mru Neo-Tifinagh New Tai Lue N'Ko Ogham Oirat Ol Chiki Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Orkhon Old Uyghur Osage Osmanya Pau Cin Hau Runic Anglo - Saxon Cipher Dalecarlian Elder Futhark Younger Futhark Gothic",
"28": "Marcomannic Medieval Staveless Sidetic Shavian Somali Tifinagh Vagindra Visible Speech Vithkuqi Wancho Zaghawa Non-linear Braille Maritime flags Morse code New York Point Semaphore line Flag semaphore Moon type Ideograms / Pictograms Adinkra Aztec Blissymbol Dongba Ersu Shaba Emoji IConji Isotype Kaidā Míkmaq Mixtec New Epoch Notation Painting Nsibidi Ojibwe Hieroglyphs Siglas poveiras Testerian Yerkish Zapotec Logograms Chinese family of scripts Chinese Characters Simplified Traditional Oracle bone script Bronze Script Seal Script large small bird - worm Hanja Idu Kanji Chữ nôm Zhuang Chinese - influenced Jurchen Khitan large script Sui Tangut Cuneiform Akkadian Assyrian Elamite Hittite Luwian Sumerian Other logo - syllabic Anatolian Bagam Cretan Isthmian Maya Proto - Elamite Yi ( Classical ) Logo - consonantal Demotic Hieratic Hieroglyphs Numerals Hindu - Arabic Abjad Attic ( Greek ) Muisca Roman",
"29": "Semi-syllabaries Full Celtiberian Northeastern Iberian Southeastern Iberian Khom Redundant Espanca Pahawh Hmong Khitan small script Southwest Paleohispanic Zhuyin fuhao Somacheirograms ASLwrite SignWriting si5s Stokoe Notation Syllabaries Afaka Bamum Bété Byblos Cherokee Cypriot Cypro - Minoan Ditema tsa Dinoko Eskayan Geba Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics Iban Japanese Hiragana Katakana Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sogana Jindai moji Kikakui Kpelle Linear B Linear Elamite Lisu Loma Nüshu Nwagu Aneke script Old Persian Cuneiform Vai Woleai Yi ( Modern ) Yugtun Braille ⠃ ⠗ ⠁ ⠊ ⠇ ⠇ ⠑ Braille cell 1829 braille International uniformity ASCII braille Unicode braille patterns Braille scripts French - ordered scripts ( see for more ) Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Bharati Devanagari ( Hindi / Marathi / Nepali ) Bengali Punjabi Sinhalese Tamil Urdu etc .",
"30": "Bulgarian Burmese Cambodian Cantonese Catalan Chinese ( Mandarin , mainland ) Czech Dutch Dzongkha ( Bhutanese ) English ( Unified English ) Esperanto Estonian Faroese French Georgian German Ghanaian Greek Guarani Hawaiian Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Inuktitut ( reassigned vowels ) Iñupiaq IPA Irish Italian Kazakh Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Maltese Mongolian Māori Navajo Nigerian Northern Sami Persian Philippine Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Samoan Scandinavian Slovak South African Spanish Tatar Taiwanese Mandarin ( largely reassigned ) Thai & Lao ( Japanese vowels ) Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Vietnamese Welsh Yugoslav Reordered scripts Algerian Braille ( obsolete ) Frequency - based scripts American Braille ( obsolete ) Independent scripts Japanese Korean Two - Cell Chinese Eight - dot scripts Luxembourgish Kanji Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 ) Symbols in braille Braille music Canadian currency marks Computer Braille Code Gardner -- Salinas braille codes ( GS8 / GS6 ) International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) Nemeth braille code Braille technology Braille e-book Braille embosser Braille translator Braille watch Mountbatten Brailler Optical braille recognition Perforation Perkins Brailler Refreshable braille display Slate and stylus Braigo Persons Louis Braille Charles Barbier Valentin Haüy",
"31": "Thakur Vishva Narain Singh Sabriye Tenberken William Bell Wait Organisations Braille Institute of America Braille Without Borders Japan Braille Library National Braille Association Blindness organizations Schools for the blind American Printing House for the Blind Other tactile alphabets Decapoint Moon type New York Point Night writing Vibratese Related topics Accessible publishing Braille literacy RoboBraille Electronic writing systems Emoticons Emoji iConji Leet Unicode Internet slang dialects 3arabizi Alay ( Indonesia ) Denglisch Doge Fingilish ( Persian ) Greeklish Gyaru - moji ( Japan ) Jejemon ( Philippines ) Leet ( `` 1337 '' ) Lolspeak / LOLspeak / Kitteh Martian language ( Chinese ) Miguxês ( Portuguese ) Padonkaffsky jargon ( Russian ) Translit Volapuk See also English internet slang ( at Wiktionary ) SMS language Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_numerals&oldid=837970547 '' Categories : Numerals Numeral systems Roman mathematics Latin alphabet Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Use mdy dates from May 2012 Talk",
"32": "View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands",
"33": "नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Gagana Samoa Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 83 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 03 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
3,
11,
8,
6,
9,
12,
14,
21,
27,
5,
31,
17,
13,
1,
20,
30,
7,
29,
2,
19,
4,
26,
28,
10,
32,
22,
0,
18,
15,
25,
33,
16,
24,
23
] |
[
3,
11,
8,
6,
9,
12
] |
-1095269275993222300
|
the general term for software that is designed to damage disable or steal data is
|
[
"Malware",
"Malware",
"Malware",
"Malware, short for malicious software",
"Malware"
] |
{
"0": "Malware - wikipedia Malware Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on Information security Related security categories Internet security Cyberwarfare Computer security Mobile security Network security Threats Computer crime Vulnerability Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Ransomware Trojans Viruses Worms Rootkits Bootkits Keyloggers Screen scrapers Exploits Backdoors Logic bombs Payloads Denial of service Defenses Computer access control Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Security by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Data - centric security Encryption Firewall Intrusion detection system Intrusion prevention system Mobile secure gateway This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Malware , short for malicious software , is an umbrella term used to refer to a variety of forms of harmful or intrusive software , including computer viruses , worms , Trojan horses , ransomware , spyware , adware , scareware , and other malicious programs . It can take the form of executable code , scripts , active content , and other software . Malware is defined by its malicious intent , acting against the requirements of the computer user -- and so does not include software that causes unintentional harm due to some deficiency . Programs supplied officially by companies can be considered malware if they secretly act against the interests of the computer user . An example is the Sony rootkit , a Trojan horse embedded into CDs sold by Sony , which silently installed and concealed itself on purchasers ' computers with the intention of preventing illicit copying ; it also reported on users ' listening habits , and unintentionally created vulnerabilities that were exploited by unrelated malware . Antivirus software and firewalls are used to protect against malicious activity , and to recover from attacks .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Purposes 2 Infectious malware 3 Concealment 3.1 Viruses 3.2 Lock - screens 3.3 Trojan horses 3.4 Rootkits 3.5 Backdoors 3.6 Evasion 4 Vulnerability 4.1 Security defects in software 4.2 Insecure design or user error 4.3 Over-privileged users and over-privileged code 4.4 Use of the same operating system 5 Anti-malware strategies 5.1 Anti-virus and anti-malware software 5.2 Website security scans 5.3 `` Air gap '' isolation or `` Parallel Network '' 6 Grayware 7 History of viruses and worms 8 Academic research 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Purposes ( edit ) Malware by categories on 16 March 2011 . Many early infectious programs , including the first Internet Worm , were written as experiments or pranks . Today , malware is used by both black hat hackers and governments , to steal personal , financial , or business information . Malware is sometimes used broadly against government or corporate websites to gather guarded information , or to disrupt their operation in general . However , malware can be used against individuals to gain information such as personal identification numbers or details , bank or credit card numbers , and passwords . Since the rise of widespread broadband Internet access , malicious software has more frequently been designed for profit . Since 2003 , the majority of widespread viruses and worms have been designed to take control of users ' computers for illicit purposes . Infected `` zombie computers '' can be used to send email spam , to host contraband data such as child pornography , or to engage in distributed denial - of - service attacks as a form of extortion . Programs designed to monitor users ' web browsing , display unsolicited advertisements , or redirect affiliate marketing revenues are called spyware . Spyware programs do not spread like viruses ; instead they are generally installed by exploiting security holes . They can also be hidden and packaged together with unrelated user - installed software . Ransomware affects an infected computer system in some way , and demands payment to bring it back to its normal state .",
"2": "For example , programs such as CryptoLocker encrypt files securely , and only decrypt them on payment of a substantial sum of money . Some malware is used to generate money by click fraud , making it appear that the computer user has clicked an advertising link on a site , generating a payment from the advertiser . It was estimated in 2012 that about 60 to 70 % of all active malware used some kind of click fraud , and 22 % of all ad - clicks were fraudulent . In addition to criminal money - making , malware can be used for sabotage , often for political motives . Stuxnet , for example , was designed to disrupt very specific industrial equipment . There have been politically motivated attacks that have spread over and shut down large computer networks , including massive deletion of files and corruption of master boot records , described as `` computer killing '' . Such attacks were made on Sony Pictures Entertainment ( 25 November 2014 , using malware known as Shamoon or W32. Disttrack ) and Saudi Aramco ( August 2012 ) . Infectious malware ( edit ) Main articles : Computer virus and Computer worm The best - known types of malware , viruses and worms , are known for the manner in which they spread , rather than any specific types of behavior . A computer virus is software that embeds itself in some other executable software ( including the operating system itself ) on the target system without the user 's consent and when it is run , the virus is spread to other executables . On the other hand , a worm is a stand - alone malware software that actively transmits itself over a network to infect other computers . These definitions lead to the observation that a virus requires the user to run an infected software or operating system for the virus to spread , whereas a worm spreads itself . Concealment ( edit ) These categories are not mutually exclusive , so malware may use multiple techniques . This section only applies to malware designed to operate undetected , not sabotage and ransomware . See also : Polymorphic packer Viruses ( edit ) Main article : Computer virus A computer virus is software usually hidden within another seemingly innocuous program that can produce copies of itself and insert them into other programs or files , and that usually performs a harmful action ( such as destroying data ) .",
"3": "An example of this is a PE infection , a technique , usually used to spread malware , that inserts extra data or executable code into PE files . Lock - screens ( edit ) Main article : Ransomware Lock - screens , or screen lockers is a type of `` cyber police '' ransomware that blocks screens on Windows or Android devices with a false accusation in harvesting illegal content , trying to scare the victims into paying up a fee . Jisut and SLocker impact Android devices more than other lock - screens , with Jisut making up nearly 60 percent of all Android ransomware detections . Trojan horses ( edit ) Main article : Trojan horse ( computing ) A Trojan horse is a malicious program which misrepresents itself to appear useful , routine , or interesting in order to persuade a victim to install it . The term is derived from the Ancient Greek story of the Trojan horse used to invade the city of Troy by stealth . Trojan horses are generally spread by some form of social engineering , for example , where a user is duped into executing an e-mail attachment disguised to be unsuspicious , ( e.g. , a routine form to be filled in ) , or by drive - by download . Although their payload can be anything , many modern forms act as a backdoor , contacting a controller which can then have unauthorized access to the affected computer . While Trojan horses and backdoors are not easily detectable by themselves , computers may appear to run slower due to heavy processor or network usage . Unlike computer viruses and worms , Trojan horses generally do not attempt to inject themselves into other files or otherwise propagate themselves . In spring 2017 Mac users were hit by the new version of Proton Remote Access Trojan ( RAT ) trained to extract password data from various sources , such as browser auto - fill data , the Mac - OS keychain , and password vaults . Rootkits ( edit ) Main article : Rootkit Once malicious software is installed on a system , it is essential that it stays concealed , to avoid detection . Software packages known as rootkits allow this concealment , by modifying the host 's operating system so that the malware is hidden from the user . Rootkits can prevent a malicious process from being visible in the system 's list of processes , or keep its files from being read . Some malicious software contains routines to defend against removal , not merely to hide themselves .",
"4": "An early example of this behavior is recorded in the Jargon File tale of a pair of programs infesting a Xerox CP - V time sharing system : Each ghost - job would detect the fact that the other had been killed , and would start a new copy of the recently stopped program within a few milliseconds . The only way to kill both ghosts was to kill them simultaneously ( very difficult ) or to deliberately crash the system . Backdoors ( edit ) Main article : Backdoor ( computing ) A backdoor is a method of bypassing normal authentication procedures , usually over a connection to a network such as the Internet . Once a system has been compromised , one or more backdoors may be installed in order to allow access in the future , invisibly to the user . The idea has often been suggested that computer manufacturers preinstall backdoors on their systems to provide technical support for customers , but this has never been reliably verified . It was reported in 2014 that US government agencies had been diverting computers purchased by those considered `` targets '' to secret workshops where software or hardware permitting remote access by the agency was installed , considered to be among the most productive operations to obtain access to networks around the world . Backdoors may be installed by Trojan horses , worms , implants , or other methods . Evasion ( edit ) Since the beginning of 2015 , a sizable portion of malware utilizes a combination of many techniques designed to avoid detection and analysis . The most common evasion technique is when the malware evades analysis and detection by fingerprinting the environment when executed . The second most common evasion technique is confusing automated tools ' detection methods . This allows malware to avoid detection by technologies such as signature - based antivirus software by changing the server used by the malware . The third most common evasion technique is timing - based evasion . This is when malware runs at certain times or following certain actions taken by the user , so it executes during certain vulnerable periods , such as during the boot process , while remaining dormant the rest of the time . The fourth most common evasion technique is done by obfuscating internal data so that automated tools do not detect the malware . An increasingly common technique is adware that uses stolen certificates to disable anti-malware and virus protection ; technical remedies are available to deal with the adware .",
"5": "Nowadays , one of the most sophisticated and stealthy ways of evasion is to use information hiding techniques , namely stegomalware . Vulnerability ( edit ) Main article : Vulnerability ( computing ) In this context , and throughout , what is called the `` system '' under attack may be anything from a single application , through a complete computer and operating system , to a large network . Various factors make a system more vulnerable to malware : Security defects in software ( edit ) Malware exploits security defects ( security bugs or vulnerabilities ) in the design of the operating system , in applications ( such as browsers , e.g. older versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer supported by Windows XP ) , or in vulnerable versions of browser plugins such as Adobe Flash Player , Adobe Acrobat or Reader , or Java SE . Sometimes even installing new versions of such plugins does not automatically uninstall old versions . Security advisories from plug - in providers announce security - related updates . Common vulnerabilities are assigned CVE IDs and listed in the US National Vulnerability Database . Secunia PSI is an example of software , free for personal use , that will check a PC for vulnerable out - of - date software , and attempt to update it . Malware authors target bugs , or loopholes , to exploit . A common method is exploitation of a buffer overrun vulnerability , where software designed to store data in a specified region of memory does not prevent more data than the buffer can accommodate being supplied . Malware may provide data that overflows the buffer , with malicious executable code or data after the end ; when this payload is accessed it does what the attacker , not the legitimate software , determines . Insecure design or user error ( edit ) Early PCs had to be booted from floppy disks . When built - in hard drives became common , the operating system was normally started from them , but it was possible to boot from another boot device if available , such as a floppy disk , CD - ROM , DVD - ROM , USB flash drive or network . It was common to configure the computer to boot from one of these devices when available . Normally none would be available ; the user would intentionally insert , say , a CD into the optical drive to boot the computer in some special way , for example , to install an operating system . Even without booting , computers can be configured to execute software on some media as soon as they become available , e.g.",
"6": "to autorun a CD or USB device when inserted . Malicious software distributors would trick the user into booting or running from an infected device or medium . For example , a virus could make an infected computer add autorunnable code to any USB stick plugged into it . Anyone who then attached the stick to another computer set to autorun from USB would in turn become infected , and also pass on the infection in the same way . More generally , any device that plugs into a USB port - even lights , fans , speakers , toys , or peripherals such as a digital microscope - can be used to spread malware . Devices can be infected during manufacturing or supply if quality control is inadequate . This form of infection can largely be avoided by setting up computers by default to boot from the internal hard drive , if available , and not to autorun from devices . Intentional booting from another device is always possible by pressing certain keys during boot . Older email software would automatically open HTML email containing potentially malicious JavaScript code . Users may also execute disguised malicious email attachments and infected executable files supplied in other ways . Over-privileged users and over-privileged code ( edit ) Main article : principle of least privilege In computing , privilege refers to how much a user or program is allowed to modify a system . In poorly designed computer systems , both users and programs can be assigned more privileges than they should be , and malware can take advantage of this . The two ways that malware does this is through overprivileged users and overprivileged code . Some systems allow all users to modify their internal structures , and such users today would be considered over-privileged users . This was the standard operating procedure for early microcomputer and home computer systems , where there was no distinction between an administrator or root , and a regular user of the system . In some systems , non-administrator users are over-privileged by design , in the sense that they are allowed to modify internal structures of the system . In some environments , users are over-privileged because they have been inappropriately granted administrator or equivalent status . Some systems allow code executed by a user to access all rights of that user , which is known as over-privileged code . This was also standard operating procedure for early microcomputer and home computer systems . Malware , running as over-privileged code , can use this privilege to subvert the system .",
"7": "Almost all currently popular operating systems , and also many scripting applications allow code too many privileges , usually in the sense that when a user executes code , the system allows that code all rights of that user . This makes users vulnerable to malware in the form of e-mail attachments , which may or may not be disguised . Use of the same operating system ( edit ) Homogeneity can be a vulnerability . For example , when all computers in a network run the same operating system , upon exploiting one , one worm can exploit them all : In particular , Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X have such a large share of the market that an exploited vulnerability concentrating on either operating system could subvert a large number of systems . Introducing diversity purely for the sake of robustness , such as adding Linux computers , could increase short - term costs for training and maintenance . However , as long as all the nodes are not part of the same directory service for authentication , having a few diverse nodes could deter total shutdown of the network and allow those nodes to help with recovery of the infected nodes . Such separate , functional redundancy could avoid the cost of a total shutdown , at the cost of increased complexity and reduced usability in terms of single sign - on authentication . Anti-malware strategies ( edit ) Main article : Antivirus software As malware attacks become more frequent , attention has begun to shift from viruses and spyware protection , to malware protection , and programs that have been specifically developed to combat malware . ( Other preventive and recovery measures , such as backup and recovery methods , are mentioned in the computer virus article ) . Antivirus and anti-malware software ( edit ) A specific component of anti-virus and anti-malware software , commonly referred to as an on - access or real - time scanner , hooks deep into the operating system 's core or kernel and functions in a manner similar to how certain malware itself would attempt to operate , though with the user 's informed permission for protecting the system . Any time the operating system accesses a file , the on - access scanner checks if the file is a ' legitimate ' file or not . If the file is identified as malware by the scanner , the access operation will be stopped , the file will be dealt with by the scanner in a pre-defined way ( how the anti-virus program was configured during / post installation ) , and the user will be notified .",
"8": "This may have a considerable performance impact on the operating system , though the degree of impact is dependent on how well the scanner was programmed . The goal is to stop any operations the malware may attempt on the system before they occur , including activities which might exploit bugs or trigger unexpected operating system behavior . Anti-malware programs can combat malware in two ways : They can provide real time protection against the installation of malware software on a computer . This type of malware protection works the same way as that of antivirus protection in that the anti-malware software scans all incoming network data for malware and blocks any threats it comes across . Anti-malware software programs can be used solely for detection and removal of malware software that has already been installed onto a computer . This type of anti-malware software scans the contents of the Windows registry , operating system files , and installed programs on a computer and will provide a list of any threats found , allowing the user to choose which files to delete or keep , or to compare this list to a list of known malware components , removing files that match . Real - time protection from malware works identically to real - time antivirus protection : the software scans disk files at download time , and blocks the activity of components known to represent malware . In some cases , it may also intercept attempts to install start - up items or to modify browser settings . Because many malware components are installed as a result of browser exploits or user error , using security software ( some of which are anti-malware , though many are not ) to `` sandbox '' browsers ( essentially isolate the browser from the computer and hence any malware induced change ) can also be effective in helping to restrict any damage done . Examples of Microsoft Windows antivirus and anti-malware software include the optional Microsoft Security Essentials ( for Windows XP , Vista , and Windows 7 ) for real - time protection , the Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool ( now included with Windows ( Security ) Updates on `` Patch Tuesday '' , the second Tuesday of each month ) , and Windows Defender ( an optional download in the case of Windows XP , incorporating MSE functionality in the case of Windows 8 and later ) . Additionally , several capable antivirus software programs are available for free download from the Internet ( usually restricted to non-commercial use ) . Tests found some free programs to be competitive with commercial ones . Microsoft 's System File Checker can be used to check for and repair corrupted system files .",
"9": "Some viruses disable System Restore and other important Windows tools such as Task Manager and Command Prompt . Many such viruses can be removed by rebooting the computer , entering Windows safe mode with networking , and then using system tools or Microsoft Safety Scanner . Hardware implants can be of any type , so there can be no general way to detect them . Website security scans ( edit ) As malware also harms the compromised websites ( by breaking reputation , blacklisting in search engines , etc . ) , some websites offer vulnerability scanning . Such scans check the website , detect malware , may note outdated software , and may report known security issues . `` Air gap '' isolation or `` parallel network '' ( edit ) As a last resort , computers can be protected from malware , and infected computers can be prevented from disseminating trusted information , by imposing an `` air gap '' ( i.e. completely disconnecting them from all other networks ) . However , malware can still cross the air gap in some situations . For example , removable media can carry malware across the gap . In December 2013 researchers in Germany showed one way that an apparent air gap can be defeated . `` AirHopper '' , `` BitWhisper '' , `` GSMem '' and `` Fansmitter '' are four techniques introduced by researchers that can leak data from air - gapped computers using electromagnetic , thermal and acoustic emissions . Grayware ( edit ) See also : Privacy - invasive software and Potentially unwanted program Grayware is a term applied to unwanted applications or files that are not classified as malware , but can worsen the performance of computers and may cause security risks . It describes applications that behave in an annoying or undesirable manner , and yet are less serious or troublesome than malware . Grayware encompasses spyware , adware , fraudulent dialers , joke programs , remote access tools and other unwanted programs that may harm the performance of computers or cause inconvenience . The term came into use around 2004 . Another term , potentially unwanted program ( PUP ) or potentially unwanted application ( PUA ) , refers to applications that would be considered unwanted despite often having been downloaded by the user , possibly after failing to read a download agreement . PUPs include spyware , adware , and fraudulent dialers . Many security products classify unauthorised key generators as grayware , although they frequently carry true malware in addition to their ostensible purpose .",
"10": "Software maker Malwarebytes lists several criteria for classifying a program as a PUP . Some types of adware ( using stolen certificates ) turn off anti-malware and virus protection ; technical remedies are available . History of viruses and worms ( edit ) Before Internet access became widespread , viruses spread on personal computers by infecting the executable boot sectors of floppy disks . By inserting a copy of itself into the machine code instructions in these executables , a virus causes itself to be run whenever a program is run or the disk is booted . Early computer viruses were written for the Apple II and Macintosh , but they became more widespread with the dominance of the IBM PC and MS - DOS system . Executable - infecting viruses are dependent on users exchanging software or boot - able floppies and thumb drives so they spread rapidly in computer hobbyist circles . The first worms , network - borne infectious programs , originated not on personal computers , but on multitasking Unix systems . The first well - known worm was the Internet Worm of 1988 , which infected SunOS and VAX BSD systems . Unlike a virus , this worm did not insert itself into other programs . Instead , it exploited security holes ( vulnerabilities ) in network server programs and started itself running as a separate process . This same behavior is used by today 's worms as well . With the rise of the Microsoft Windows platform in the 1990s , and the flexible macros of its applications , it became possible to write infectious code in the macro language of Microsoft Word and similar programs . These macro viruses infect documents and templates rather than applications ( executables ) , but rely on the fact that macros in a Word document are a form of executable code . Academic research ( edit ) Main article : Malware research The notion of a self - reproducing computer program can be traced back to initial theories about the operation of complex automata . John von Neumann showed that in theory a program could reproduce itself . This constituted a plausibility result in computability theory . Fred Cohen experimented with computer viruses and confirmed Neumann 's postulate and investigated other properties of malware such as detectability and self - obfuscation using rudimentary encryption . His doctoral dissertation was on the subject of computer viruses .",
"11": "The combination of cryptographic technology as part of the payload of the virus , exploiting it for attack purposes was initialized and investigated from the mid 1990s , and includes initial ransomware and evasion ideas . See also ( edit ) Botnet Browser hijacking Comparison of antivirus software Computer security Cyber spying Facebook malware File binder Identity theft Industrial espionage Linux malware Malvertising Phishing Riskware Security in Web apps Social engineering ( security ) Targeted threat Telemetry software Typosquatting Web server overload causes Zombie ( computer science ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Defining Malware : FAQ '' . technet.microsoft.com . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` An Undirected Attack Against Critical Infrastructure '' ( PDF ) . United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team ( Us-cert.gov ) . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Russinovich , Mark ( 31 October 2005 ) . `` Sony , Rootkits and Digital Rights Management Gone Too Far '' . Mark 's Blog . Microsoft MSDN . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Protect Your Computer from Malware '' . OnGuardOnline.gov . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Malware '' . FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION - CONSUMER INFORMATION . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Pedro . `` Microsoft Vows to Combat Government Cyber-Spying '' . eWeek . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Kovacs , Eduard . `` MiniDuke Malware Used Against European Government Organizations '' . Softpedia . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Malware Revolution : A Change in Target '' . March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Child Porn : Malware 's Ultimate Evil '' . November 2009 . Jump up ^ PC World -- Zombie PCs : Silent , Growing Threat . Jump up ^ `` Peer To Peer Information '' . NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Another way Microsoft is disrupting the malware ecosystem '' .",
"12": "Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shamoon is latest malware to target energy sector '' . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Computer - killing malware used in Sony attack a wake - up call '' . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` computer virus -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ All about Malware and Information Privacy Jump up ^ `` What are viruses , worms , and Trojan horses ? '' . Indiana University . The Trustees of Indiana University . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter Szor ( 3 February 2005 ) . The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defense . Pearson Education . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 672 - 33390 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of Android Ransomware , research '' ( PDF ) . ESET . Jump up ^ `` State of Malware , research '' ( PDF ) . Malwarebytes . Jump up ^ Landwehr , C. E ; A. R Bull ; J. P McDermott ; W. S Choi ( 1993 ) . A taxonomy of computer program security flaws , with examples . DTIC Document . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trojan Horse Definition '' . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trojan horse '' . Webopedia . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is Trojan horse ? -- Definition from Whatis.com '' . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trojan Horse : ( coined By MIT - hacker - turned - NSA - spook Dan Edwards ) N '' . Retrieved 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is the difference between viruses , worms , and Trojan horses ? '' . Symantec Corporation . Retrieved 10 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` VIRUS - L / comp. virus Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) v2. 00 ( Question B3 : What is a Trojan Horse ? ) '' .",
"13": "9 October 1995 . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Proton Mac Trojan Has Apple Code Signing Signatures Sold to Customers for $50 k '' . AppleInsider . Jump up ^ `` Non-Windows Malware '' . Betanews . Jump up ^ McDowell , Mindi . `` Understanding Hidden Threats : Rootkits and Botnets '' . US - CERT . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Catb.org '' . Catb.org . Retrieved 15 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Vincentas ( 11 July 2013 ) . `` Malware in SpyWareLoop.com '' . Spyware Loop . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff , SPIEGEL . `` Inside TAO : Documents Reveal Top NSA Hacking Unit '' . SPIEGEL . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Edwards , John . `` Top Zombie , Trojan Horse and Bot Threats '' . IT Security . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Jacob . `` Shopping for Spy Gear : Catalog Advertises NSA Toolbox '' . SPIEGEL . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Evasive malware Jump up ^ Kirat , Dhilung ; Vigna , Giovanni ; Kruegel , Christopher ( 2014 ) . Barecloud : bare - metal analysis - based evasive malware detection . ACM . pp. 287 -- 301 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931971 - 15 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Four Most Common Evasive Techniques Used by Malware. 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Adam ; Yung , Moti ( 1997 ) . `` Deniable Password Snatching : On the Possibility of Evasive Electronic Espionage '' . Symp . on Security and Privacy . IEEE . pp. 224 -- 235 . ISBN 0 - 8186 - 7828 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Casey , Henry T. ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` Latest adware disables antivirus software '' .",
"14": "Tom 's Guide . Yahoo.com . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Global Web Browser ... Security Trends '' ( PDF ) . Kaspersky lab . November 2012 . Jump up ^ Rashid , Fahmida Y. ( 27 November 2012 ) . `` Updated Browsers Still Vulnerable to Attack if Plugins Are Outdated '' . pcmag.com . Jump up ^ Danchev , Dancho ( 18 August 2011 ) . `` Kaspersky : 12 different vulnerabilities detected on every PC '' . pcmag.com . Jump up ^ `` Adobe Security bulletins and advisories '' . Adobe.com . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Rubenking , Neil J. `` Secunia Personal Software Inspector 3.0 Review & Rating '' . PCMag.com . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` USB devices spreading viruses '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LNCS 3786 -- Key Factors Influencing Worm Infection '' , U. Kanlayasiri , 2006 , web ( PDF ) : SL40 - PDF . Jump up ^ `` How Antivirus Software Works ? '' . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Security Essentials '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Malicious Software Removal Tool '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Defender '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rubenking , Neil J. ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` The Best Free Antivirus for 2014 '' . pcmag.com . Jump up ^ `` How do I remove a computer virus ? '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Safety Scanner '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 26 August 2013 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` An example of a website vulnerability scanner '' . Unmaskparasites.com . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Redleg 's File Viewer . Used to check a webpage for malicious redirects or malicious HTML coding '' . Aw-snap.info . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Example Google.com Safe Browsing Diagnostic page '' . Google.com . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Safe Browsing ( Google Online Security Blog ) '' . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hanspach , Michael ; Goetz , Michael ( November 2013 ) . `` On Covert Acoustical Mesh Networks in Air '' . Journal of Communications . arXiv : 1406.1213 . doi : 10.12720 / jcm. 8.11. 758 - 767 . Jump up ^ M. Guri , G. Kedma , A. Kachlon and Y . Elovici , `` AirHopper : Bridging the air - gap between isolated networks and mobile phones using radio frequencies , '' Malicious and Unwanted Software : The Americas ( MALWARE ) , 2014 9th International Conference on , Fajardo , PR , 2014 , pp. 58 - 67 . Jump up ^ M. Guri , M. Monitz , Y . Mirski and Y . Elovici , `` BitWhisper : Covert Signaling Channel between Air - Gapped Computers Using Thermal Manipulations , '' 2015 IEEE 28th Computer Security Foundations Symposium , Verona , 2015 , pp. 276 - 289 . Jump up ^ GSMem : Data Exfiltration from Air - Gapped Computers over GSM Frequencies . Mordechai Guri , Assaf Kachlon , Ofer Hasson , Gabi Kedma , Yisroel Mirsky , and Yuval Elovici , Ben - Gurion University of the Negev ; USENIX Security Symposium 2015 Jump up ^ https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1606/1606.05915.pdf Jump up ^ Vincentas ( 11 July 2013 ) .",
"16": "`` Grayware in SpyWareLoop.com '' . Spyware Loop . Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Threat Encyclopedia -- Generic Grayware '' . Trend Micro . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rating the best anti-malware solutions '' . Arstechnica . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PUP Criteria '' . malwarebytes.org . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ William A Hendric ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` Computer Virus history '' . The Register . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malware : Types , Protection , Prevention , Detection & Removal - Ultimate Guide '' . EasyTechGuides . Jump up ^ `` Beware of Word Document Viruses '' . us.norton.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ John von Neumann , `` Theory of Self - Reproducing Automata '' , Part 1 : Transcripts of lectures given at the University of Illinois , December 1949 , Editor : A.W. Burks , University of Illinois , USA , 1966 . Jump up ^ Fred Cohen , `` Computer Viruses '' , PhD Thesis , University of Southern California , ASP Press , 1988 . Jump up ^ Young , Adam ; Yung , Moti ( 2004 ) . Malicious cryptography - exposing cryptovirology . Wiley . pp. 1 -- 392 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 4975 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Look up malware in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malware . Malicious Software at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Further Reading : Research Papers and Documents about Malware on IDMARCH ( Int .",
"17": "Digital Media Archive ) Advanced Malware Cleaning -- a Microsoft video Malware topics Infectious malware Computer virus Comparison of computer viruses Computer worm List of computer worms Timeline of computer viruses and worms Concealment Trojan horse Rootkit Backdoor Zombie computer Man - in - the - middle Man - in - the - browser Man - in - the - mobile Clickjacking Malware for profit Privacy - invasive software Adware Spyware Botnet Keystroke logging Form grabbing Web threats Fraudulent dialer Malbot Scareware Rogue security software Ransomware Crimeware By operating system Linux malware Palm OS viruses Mobile malware Macro virus Classic Mac OS viruses MacOS malware iOS malware Android malware Protection Anti-keylogger Antivirus software Browser security Internet security Mobile security Network security Defensive computing Firewall Intrusion detection system Data loss prevention software Countermeasures Computer and network surveillance Operation : Bot Roast Honeypot Software distribution Licenses Beerware Floating licensing Free Free and open - source Freely redistributable Open source Proprietary Public domain Compensation models Adware Commercial software Retail software Crippleware Crowdfunding Freemium Freeware Pay what you want Careware Donationware Open core Postcardware Shareware Nagware Delivery methods Digital distribution File sharing On - premises Pre-installed Product bundling Retail software Sneakernet Software as a service Deceptive and / or illicit Unwanted software bundling Malware Spyware Trojan horse Worm Ransomware Scareware Shovelware Vaporware Software release life cycle Abandonware End - of - life Long - term support Software maintenance Software maintainer Software publisher Copy protection Digital rights management Software protection dongle Hardware restrictions License manager Product activation Product key Software copyright Software patent Torrent poisoning Information technology portal Internet portal Computer security portal GND : 4687059 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malware&oldid=820971587 ''",
"18": "Categories : Malware Computer security exploits Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands",
"19": "日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 17 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
2,
12,
1,
17,
16,
9,
8,
18,
3,
10,
6,
11,
13,
7,
5,
15,
4,
14,
19
] |
[
0,
2,
12,
1,
17
] |
-5747176078205135193
|
who did america declare war on in ww1
|
[
"Austria-Hungary"
] |
{
"0": "American entry into World war I - wikipedia American entry into World war I Jump to : navigation , search The American entry into World War I came in April 1917 , after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war . Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British , American public opinion reflected that of the president : the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans , German Americans and Scandinavian Americans , as well as among church leaders and among women in general . On the other hand , even before World War I had broken out , American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe . Over time , especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 , the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe . As U.S. president , it was Wilson who made the key policy decisions over foreign affairs : while the country was at peace , the domestic economy ran on a laissez - faire basis , with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France -- funds that were in large part used to buy munitions , raw materials , and food from across the Atlantic . Until 1917 , Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing , despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness . He did however expand the United States Navy . In 1917 , with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war , and with Britain and France low on credit , Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe , while Germany 's ally , the Ottoman Empire , clung stubbornly to its possessions in the Middle East . In the same year , Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters ; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war . Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican -- American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram , which was intercepted by British Intelligence . Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic .",
"1": "Wilson then asked Congress for `` a war to end all wars '' that would `` make the world safe for democracy '' , and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 . On December 7 , 1917 , the U.S. declared war on Austria - Hungary . U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main issues 1.1 Naval blockade 1.1. 1 The strategy behind the blockade 1.2 Business considerations 1.3 Views of the elites 2 Public opinion 2.1 Parties 2.2 Workers , farmers , and African Americans 2.3 South 2.4 German Americans 2.5 Christian churches and pacifists 2.6 Jewish Americans 2.7 Irish - Americans 2.8 Pro-Allied immigrants 2.9 Popular pacifism 2.10 German agents 3 Preparedness movement 3.1 Size of military 3.2 Navy 4 Decision for war 4.1 Decision making 4.2 Zimmermann Telegram 4.3 Sinking of American merchant ships 5 Public opinion , moralism , and national interest 6 Declaration of war 6.1 Germany 6.2 Austria - Hungary 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Bibliography 9.1 Historiography 10 Primary sources 11 External links Main issues ( edit ) Further information : Diplomatic history of World War I and Presidency of Woodrow Wilson Naval blockade ( edit ) Britain used its large navy to prevent cargo vessels entering German ports , mainly by intercepting them in the North Sea between the coasts of Scotland and Norway . The wider sea approaches to Britain and France , their distance from German harbours and the smaller size of the German surface fleet all made it harder for Germany to reciprocate . Instead , Germany used submarines to lie in wait for , and then sink , merchant ships heading for enemy ports .",
"2": "The United States insisted on maintaining the traditional rights of ships registered in neutral countries and protested strongly against American ships being intercepted or sunk : the British seized American ships for supposed violations , while the Germans sank them -- often without warning , in violation of international law that said sailors must be allowed an opportunity to reach their lifeboats . After several violations , Germany stopped this practice but in early 1917 she decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare , in the hope that this would starve out the British before the Americans could make any effective military retaliation . The Strategy behind the blockade ( edit ) The British Royal Navy successfully stopped the shipment of most war supplies and food to Germany . Neutral American ships that tried to trade with Germany were seized or turned back by the Royal Navy who viewed such trade as in direct conflict with the Allies ' war efforts . The strangulation came about very slowly , because Germany and its allies controlled extensive farmlands and raw materials . It was eventually successful because Germany and Austria - Hungary had decimated their agricultural production by taking so many farmers into their armies . By 1918 , German cities were on the verge of starvation ; the front - line soldiers were on short rations and were running out of essential supplies . Germany also considered a blockade . `` England wants to starve us '' , said Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , the man who built the German fleet and who remained a key advisor to the Kaiser Wilhelm II . `` We can play the same game . We can bottle her up and destroy every ship that endeavors to break the blockade '' . Unable to challenge the more powerful Royal Navy on the surface , Tirpitz wanted to scare off merchant and passenger ships en route to Britain . He reasoned that since the island of Britain depended on imports of food , raw materials , and manufactured goods , scaring off a substantial number of the ships would effectively undercut its long - term ability to maintain an army on the Western Front . While Germany had only nine long - range U-boats at the start of the war , it had ample shipyard capacity to build the hundreds needed . However , the United States demanded that Germany respect the international agreements upon `` freedom of the seas '' , which protected neutral American ships on the high seas from seizure or sinking by either belligerent . Furthermore , Americans insisted that the drowning of innocent civilians was barbaric and grounds for a declaration of war .",
"3": "The British frequently violated America 's neutral rights by seizing ships . Wilson 's top advisor , Colonel Edward M. House commented that , `` The British have gone as far as they possibly could in violating neutral rights , though they have done it in the most courteous way '' . When Wilson protested British violations of American neutrality , the British backed down . German submarines torpedoed ships without warning , causing sailors and passengers to drown . Berlin explained that submarines were so vulnerable that they dared not surface near merchant ships that might be carrying guns and which were too small to rescue submarine crews . Britain armed most of its merchant ships with medium calibre guns that could sink a submarine , making above - water attacks too risky . In February 1915 , the United States warned Germany about misuse of submarines . On April 22 , the German Imperial Embassy warned U.S. citizens against boarding vessels to Britain , which would have to face German attack . On May 7 , Germany torpedoed the British passenger liner RMS Lusitania , sinking her . This act of aggression caused the loss of 1,198 civilian lives , including 128 Americans . The sinking of a large , unarmed passenger ship , combined with the previous stories of atrocities in Belgium , shocked Americans and turned public opinion hostile to Germany , although not yet to the point of war . Wilson issued a warning to Germany that it would face `` strict accountability '' if it sank more neutral U.S. passenger ships . Berlin acquiesced , ordering its submarines to avoid passenger ships . By January 1917 , however , Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff decided that an unrestricted submarine blockade was the only way to achieve a decisive victory . They demanded that Kaiser Wilhelm order unrestricted submarine warfare be resumed . Germany knew this decision meant war with the United States , but they gambled that they could win before America 's potential strength could be mobilized . However , they overestimated how many ships they could sink and thus the extent Britain would be weakened . Finally , they did not foresee that convoys could and would be used to defeat their efforts . They believed that the United States was so weak militarily that it could not be a factor on the Western Front for more than a year . The civilian government in Berlin objected , but the Kaiser sided with his military .",
"4": "Business considerations ( edit ) The beginning of war in Europe coincided with the end of the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 in America . Exports to belligerent nations rose rapidly over the first four years of the War from $824.8 million in 1913 to $2.25 billion in 1917 . Loans from American financial institutions to the Allied nations in Europe also increased dramatically over the same period . Economic activity towards the end of this period boomed as government resources aided the production of the private sector . Between 1914 and 1917 , industrial production increased 32 % and GNP increased by almost 20 % . The improvements to industrial production in the United States outlasted the war . The capital build - up that had allowed American companies to supply belligerents and the American army resulted in a greater long - run rate of production even after the war had ended in 1918 . In 1913 , J.P. Morgan , Jr. took over the House of Morgan , an American - based investment bank consisting of separate banking operations in New York , London , and Paris , after the death of his father , J. Pierpont Morgan . The House of Morgan offered assistance in the wartime financing of Britain and France from the earliest stages of the war in 1914 through America 's entrance in 1917 . J.P. Morgan & Co. , the House of Morgan 's bank in New York , was designated as the primary financial agent to the British government in 1914 after successful lobbying by the British ambassador , Sir Cecil Spring Rice . The same bank would later take a similar role in France and would offer extensive financial assistance to both warring nations . J.P. Morgan &Co . became the primary issuer of loans to the French government by raising money from American investors . Morgan , Harjes , the House of Morgan 's French affiliated bank , controlled the majority of the wartime financial dealings between the House of Morgan and the French government after primary issuances of debt in American markets . Relations between the House of Morgan and the French government became tense as the war raged on with no end in sight . France 's ability to borrow from other sources diminished , leading to greater lending rates and a depressing of the value of the franc .",
"5": "After the war , in 1918 , J.P. Morgan & Co. continued to aid the French government financially through monetary stabilization and debt relief . Because America was still a declared neutral state , the financial dealings of American banks in Europe caused a great deal of contention between Wall Street and the U.S. government . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan strictly opposed financial support of warring nations and wanted to ban loans to the belligerents in August 1914 . He told President Wilson that `` refusal to loan to any belligerent would naturally tend to hasten a conclusion of the war . '' Wilson at first agreed , but then reversed himself when France argued that if it was legal to buy American goods then it was legal to take out credits on the purchase . J.P. Morgan issued loans to France including one in March 1915 and , following negotiations with the Anglo - French Financial Commission , another joint loan to Britain and France in October 1915 , the latter amounting to US $500,000,000 . Although the stance of the U.S. government was that stopping such financial assistance could hasten the end of the war and therefore save lives , little was done to insure adherence to the ban on loans , in part due to pressure from Allied governments and American business interests . The American steel industry had faced difficulties and declining profits during the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 . As war began in Europe , however , the increased demand for tools of war began a period of heightened productivity that alleviated many U.S. industrial companies from the low - growth environment of the recession . Bethlehem Steel took particular advantage of the increased demand for armaments abroad . Prior to American entrance into the War , these companies benefitted from unrestricted commerce with sovereign customers abroad . After President Wilson issued his declaration of war , the companies were subjected to price controls created by the U.S. Trade Commission in order to insure that the U.S. military would have access to the necessary armaments . By the end of the war in 1918 , Bethlehem Steel had produced 65,000 pounds of forged military products and 70 million pounds of armor plate , 1.1 billion pounds of steel for shells , and 20.1 million rounds of artillery ammunition for Britain and France .",
"6": "Bethlehem Steel took advantage of the domestic armaments market and produced 60 % of the American weaponry and 40 % of the artillery shells used in the War . Even with price controls and a lower profit margin on manufactured goods , the profits resulting from wartime sales expanded the company into the third largest manufacturing company in the country . Bethlehem Steel became the primary arms supplier for the United States and other allied powers again in 1939 . Views of the elites ( edit ) Historians divide the views of American political and social leaders into four distinct groupings -- the camps were mostly informal : The first of these were the Non-Interventionists , a loosely affiliated and politically diverse anti-war movement which sought to keep the United States out of the war altogether . Members of this group tended to view the war as a clash between British imperialism and German militarism , both of which they regarded as equally corrupt . Others were pacifists , who objected on moral grounds . Prominent leaders included Democrats like former Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan , industrialist Henry Ford and publisher William Randolph Hearst ; Republicans Robert M. La Follette , Senator from Wisconsin and George W. Norris , Senator from Nebraska ; and Progressive Party activist Jane Addams . At the far - left end of the political spectrum the Socialists , led by their perennial candidate for President Eugene V. Debs and movement veterans like Victor L. Berger and Morris Hillquit , were staunch anti-militarists and opposed to any US intervention , branding the conflict as a `` capitalist war '' that American workers should avoid . However , after the US did join the war in April , 1917 a schism developed between the anti-war Party majority and a pro-war faction of Socialist writers , journalists and intellectuals led by John Spargo , William English Walling and E. Haldeman - Julius . This group founded the rival Social Democratic League of America to promote the war effort among their fellow Socialists . Next were the more moderate Liberal - Internationalists . This bipartisan group reluctantly supported a declaration of war against Germany with the postwar goal of establishing collective international security institutions designed to peacefully resolve future conflicts between nations and to promote liberal democratic values more broadly . This groups 's views were advocated by interest groups such as the League to Enforce Peace .",
"7": "Adherents included US President Woodrow Wilson , his influential advisor Edward M. House , former President William Howard Taft , famed inventor Alexander Graham Bell , Wall Street financier Bernard Baruch and Harvard University President Abbott Lawrence Lowell . Finally , there were the so - called Atlanticists . Ardently pro-Entente , they had strongly championed American intervention in the war since 1915 . Their primary political motivation was to both prepare the US for war with Germany and to forge an enduring military alliance with Great Britain . This group actively supported the Preparedness Movement and was strong among the Anglophile political establishment of the northeast , boasting such luminaries as former President Theodore Roosevelt , Major General Leonard Wood , prominent attorney and diplomat Joseph Hodges Choate , former Secretary of War Henry Stimson , journalist Walter Lippman and Senators Henry Cabot Lodge , Sr. of Massachusetts and Elihu Root of New York . Public opinion ( edit ) A cosmopolitan group of upper and upper - middle class businessmen based in the largest cities took the lead in promoting military preparedness and in defining how far America could be pushed around before it would fight back . Many public figures hated war -- Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan was the most prominent , and he resigned when he thought Wilson had become too bellicose . Grassroots opposition to American entry came especially from German and Irish elements . Parties ( edit ) A surprising factor in the development of American public opinion was how little the political parties became involved . Wilson and the Democrats in 1916 campaigned on the slogan `` He kept us out of war ! '' , saying a Republican victory would mean war with both Mexico and Germany . His position probably was critical in winning the Western states . Charles Evans Hughes , the GOP candidate , insisted on downplaying the war issue . The Socialist party talked peace . Socialist rhetoric declared the European conflict to be `` an imperialist war '' . It won 2 % of the 1916 vote for Eugene V. Debs , blamed the war on capitalism and pledged total opposition . `` A bayonet '' , its propaganda said , `` was a weapon with a worker at each end '' . When war began , however , about half the Socialists , typified by Congressman Meyer London , supported the decision and sided with the pro-Allied efforts .",
"8": "The rest , led by Debs , remained ideological and die - hard opponents . Many socialists came under investigation from the Espionage Act of 1917 and many suspected of treason were arrested , including Debs . This would only increase the Socialist 's anti-war groups in resentment toward the American government . Workers , farmers , and African Americans ( edit ) The working class was relatively quiet , and tended to divide along ethnic lines . At the beginning of the war , neither working men nor farmers took a large interest in the debates on war preparation . Samuel Gompers , head of the AFL labor movement , denounced the war in 1914 as `` unnatural , unjustified , and unholy '' , but by 1916 he was supporting Wilson 's limited preparedness program , against the objections of Socialist union activists . In 1916 the labor unions supported Wilson on domestic issues and ignored the war question . The war at first disrupted the cotton market ; Britain blockaded shipments to Germany , and prices fell from 11 cents a pound to only 4 cents . By 1916 , however , the British decided to bolster the price to 10 cents to avoid losing Southern support . The cotton growers seem to have moved from neutrality to intervention at about the same pace as the rest of the nation . Midwestern farmers generally opposed the war , especially those of German and Scandinavian descent . The Midwest became the stronghold of isolationism ; other remote rural areas also saw no need for war . The African - American community did not take a strong position one way or the other . A month after congress declared war , W.E.B. Du Bois called on African - Americans to `` fight shoulder to shoulder with the world to gain a world where war shall be no more '' . Once war began and black men were drafted , they worked to achieve equality . Many had hoped the community 's help in the war efforts abroad would earn civil rights at home . When such civil liberties were still not granted , many African - Americans grew tired of waiting for recognition of their rights as American citizens . South ( edit ) There was a strong antiwar element in the white South and border states . In rural Missouri for example , distrust of powerful Eastern influences focused on the risk that Wall Street would lead America into war .",
"9": "Across the South poor white farmers warned each other that `` a rich man 's war meant a poor man 's fight , '' and they wanted nothing of it . Congressman James Hay , Democrat of Virginia was the powerful chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs . He repeatedly blocked prewar efforts to modernize and enlarge the army . Preparedness was not needed because Americans were already safe , he insisted in January 1915 : Isolated as we are , safe in our vastness , protected by a great navy , and possessed of an army sufficient for any emergency that may arise , we may disregard the lamentations and predictions of the militarists . German Americans ( edit ) German Americans by this time usually had only weak ties to Germany ; however , they were fearful of negative treatment they might receive if the United States entered the war ( such mistreatment was already happening to German - descent citizens in Canada and Australia ) . Almost none called for intervening on Germany 's side , instead calling for neutrality and speaking of the superiority of German culture . As more nations were drawn into the conflict , however , the English - languages press increasingly supporting Britain , while the German - American media called for neutrality while also defending Germany 's position . Chicago 's Germans worked to secure a complete embargo on all arms shipments to Europe . In 1916 , large crowds in Chicago 's Germania celebrated the Kaiser 's birthday , something they had not done before the war . German Americans in early 1917 still called for neutrality , but proclaimed that if a war came they would be loyal to the United States . By this point , they had been excluded almost entirely from national discourse on the subject . Once war started , they were harassed in so many ways that historian Carl Wittke noted in 1936 , it was `` one of the most difficult and humiliating experiences suffered by an ethnic group in American history . '' German - American Socialists in Milwaukee , Wisconsin actively campaigned against entry into the war . Christian Churches and pacifists ( edit ) Come on in , America , the Blood 's Fine ! ( 1917 ) by M.A. Kempf . Leaders of most religious groups ( except the Episcopalians ) tended to pacifism , as did leaders of the woman 's movement . The Methodists and Quakers among others were vocal opponents of the war .",
"10": "President Wilson , who was a devout Presbyterian , would often frame the war in terms of good and evil in an appeal for religious support of the war . A concerted effort was made by pacifists including Jane Addams , Oswald Garrison Villard , David Starr Jordan , Henry Ford , Lillian Wald , and Carrie Chapman Catt . Their goal was to encourage Wilson 's efforts to mediate an end of the war by bringing the belligerents to the conference table . Finally in 1917 Wilson convinced some of them that to be truly anti-war they needed to support what he promised would be `` a war to end all wars '' . Once war was declared , the more liberal denominations , which had endorsed the Social Gospel , called for a war for righteousness that would help uplift all mankind . The theme -- an aspect of American exceptionalism -- was that God had chosen America as his tool to bring redemption to the world . American Catholic bishops maintained a general silence toward the issue of intervention . Millions of Catholics lived in both warring camps , and Catholic Americans tended to split on ethnic lines in their opinions toward American involvement in the war . At the time , heavily Catholic towns and cities in the East and Midwest often contained multiple parishes , each serving a single ethnic group , such as Irish , German , Italian , Polish , or English . American Catholics of Irish and German descent opposed intervention most strongly . Pope Benedict XV made several attempts to negotiate a peace . All of his efforts were rebuffed by both the Allies and the Germans , and throughout the war the Vatican maintained a policy of strict neutrality . Jewish Americans ( edit ) Jewish American sympathies likewise broke along ethnic lines , with recently arrived Yiddish speaking Jews inclined to Zionism , and the established German - American Jewish community largely opposed to it . In 1914 -- 1916 , there were few Jewish forces in favor of American entry into the war . Many regarded Britain as hostile to Jewish interests . New York City , with its well - organized element numbering 1.5 million Jews , was the center of antiwar activism . The different Jewish communities worked together during the war years to provide relief to Jewish communities in Eastern Europe . Of greatest concern to Jews was the tsarist regime in Russia because it was notorious for tolerating pogroms and following anti-Semitic policies .",
"11": "As historian Joseph Rappaport reported through his study of Yiddish press during the war , `` The pro-Germanism of America 's immigrant Jews was an inevitable consequence of their Russophobia '' . The fall of the tsarist regime in March 1917 removed a major obstacle for many Jews who refused to support tsarism . The draft went smoothly in New York City , and left - wing opposition to the war largely collapsed when Zionists saw the possibility of using the war to demand a state of Israel . Irish - Americans ( edit ) The most effective domestic opponents of the war were Irish - American Catholics . They had little interest in the continent , but were neutral about helping the United Kingdom because it had recently enacted the Government of Ireland Act 1914 , allowing Irish Home Rule . However , the Act was suspended until the war ended . John Redmond and the Irish Parliamentary Party ( IPP ) declared that Irish Volunteers should support America 's pro-Allied war efforts first ; his political opponents argued that it was not the time to support Britain in its attempt to `` strengthen and expand her empire '' . The attacks on the IPP and pro-Allied press showed a firm belief that a German victory would hasten the achievement of Irish independence . Yet rather than proposing intervention on behalf of the Germans , Irish American leaders and organizations focused on demanding American neutrality . But the increased contact between militant Irish nationalists and German agents in the United States only fueled concerns of where the primary loyalties of Irish Americans lay . Nevertheless , close to 1,000 Irish - born Americans died fighting with the U.S. armed forces in WWI . The Easter Rising in Dublin in April 1916 was crushed within a week and its leaders executed by firing squad . The mainstream American press treated the uprising as foolish and misguided , and theorized it was largely inspired by the Germans . Overall public opinion remained faithfully pro-British . Irish - Americans dominated the Democratic party in many large cities so Wilson had to take account of their views . They did not prevent him from being hostile to Germany , but they did force him to keep his distance from Britain . Indeed , Irish - American pressure influenced the United States into not accepting Britain 's war aims as its own and define its own objectives , primarily self - determination .",
"12": "The Irish - American community thought they had Wilson 's promise to promote Irish independence in exchange for their support of his war policies , but after the war they were bitterly disappointed by his refusal to support them in 1919 . Wilson saw the Irish situation purely as an internal UK matter and did not perceive the dispute and the unrest in Ireland as comparable to the plight of the various nationalities in Europe as a fall - out from World War I . The progress of the Irish Race Conventions give a flavour of the differing and changing opinions during the war . Pro-Allied immigrants ( edit ) Some British immigrants worked actively for intervention . London - born Samuel Insull , Chicago 's leading industrialist , for example , enthusiastically provided money , propaganda , and means for volunteers to enter the British or Canadian armies . After the United States ' entry , Insull directed the Illinois State Council of Defense , with responsibility for organizing the state 's mobilization . Immigrants from eastern Europe usually cared more about politics in their homeland than politics in the United States . Spokesmen for Slavic immigrants hoped that an Allied victory would bring independence for their homelands . Large numbers of Hungarian immigrants who were liberal and nationalist in sentiment , and sought an independent Hungary , separate from the Austro - Hungarian Empire lobbied in favor of the war and allied themselves with the Atlanticist or Anglophile portion of the population . This community was largely pro-British and anti-German in sentiment . Albanian - Americans in communities such as Boston also campaigned for entry into the war and were overwhelmingly pro-British and anti-German , as well as hopeful the war would lead to an independent Albania which would be free from the Ottoman Empire . Polish , Slovak , and Czech immigrants were enthusiastically pro-war and generally pro-British . Popular pacifism ( edit ) The song `` I Did n't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier '' was a hit in 1915 , selling 650,000 copies . Its expression of popular pacifist sentiment `` helped make the pacifist movement a hard , quantifiable political reality to be reckoned with . '' Henry Ford supported the pacifist cause by sponsoring a large - scale private peace mission , with numerous activists and intellectuals aboard the `` Peace Ship ' ( the ocean liner Oscar II ) .",
"13": "Ford chartered the ship in 1915 and invited prominent peace activists to join him to meet with leaders on both sides in Europe . He hoped to create enough publicity to prompt the belligerent nations to convene a peace conference and mediate an end to the war . The mission was widely mocked by the press , which wrote about the `` Ship of Fools . '' Infighting between the activists , mockery by the press contingent aboard , and an outbreak of influenza marred the voyage . Four days after the ship arrived in neutral Norway , a beleaguered and physically ill Ford abandoned the mission and returned to the United States ; he had demonstrated that independent small efforts accomplished nothing . German agents ( edit ) On July 24 , 1915 , the German embassy 's commercial attaché , Heinrich Albert , left his briefcase on a train in New York City , where an alert Secret Service agent , Frank Burke , snatched it up . Wilson let the newspapers publish the contents , which indicated a systematic effort by Berlin to subsidize friendly newspapers and block British purchases of war materials . Berlin 's top espionage agent , debonnaire Franz Rintelen von Kleist was spending millions to finance sabotage in Canada , stir up trouble between the United States and Mexico and to incite labor strikes . The British were engaged in propaganda too , though not illegal espionage . But they did not get caught . Germany took the blame as Americans grew ever more worried about the vulnerability of a free society to subversion . Indeed , one of the main fears Americans of all stations had in 1916 -- 1919 was that spies and saboteurs were everywhere . This sentiment played a major role in arousing fear of Germany , and suspicions regarding everyone of German descent who could not `` prove '' 100 % loyalty . Preparedness movement ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Preparedness Movement By 1915 , Americans were paying much more attention to the war . The sinking of the Lusitania had a strong effect on public opinion because of the deaths of American civilians . That year , a strong `` Preparedness '' movement emerged .",
"14": "Proponents argued that the United States needed to immediately build up strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes ; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later . General Leonard Wood ( still on active duty after serving a term as Chief of Staff of the Army ) , former president Theodore Roosevelt , and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson were the driving forces behind Preparedness , along with many of the nation 's most prominent bankers , industrialists , lawyers and scions of prominent families . Indeed , there emerged an `` Atlanticist '' foreign policy establishment , a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper - class lawyers , bankers , academics , and politicians of the Northeast , committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism . Representative was Paul D. Cravath , one of New York 's foremost corporation lawyers . For Cravath , in his mid-fifties when the war began , the conflict served as an epiphany , sparking an interest in international affairs that dominated his remaining career . Fiercely Anglophile , he strongly supported American intervention in the war and hoped that close Anglo - American cooperation would be the guiding principle of postwar international organization . The advertisement of The Battle Cry of Peace film The Preparedness movement had a `` realistic '' philosophy of world affairs -- they believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self - determination . Emphasizing over and over the weak state of national defenses , they showed that America 's 100,000 - man Army even augmented by the 112,000 National Guardsmen , was outnumbered 20 to one by Germany 's army , which was drawn from a smaller population . Similarly in 1915 , the armed forces of Great Britain and the British empire ( the world 's most powerful military and economic power at the time ) , France , Russia , the Austro - Hungarian empire , Ottoman empire , Italy , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia , Belgium , Japan and Greece were all larger and more experienced than the United States military , in many cases significantly so . Reform to them meant UMT or `` universal military training '' . They proposed a national service program under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training , and afterwards be assigned to reserve units .",
"15": "The small regular army would primarily be a training agency . Antimilitarists complained the plan would make America resemble Germany ( which required two years ' active duty ) . Advocates retorted that military `` service '' was an essential duty of citizenship , and that without the commonality provided by such service the nation would splinter into antagonistic ethnic groups . One spokesman promised that UMT would become `` a real melting pot , under which the fire is hot enough to fuse the elements into one common mass of Americanism '' . Furthermore , they promised , the discipline and training would make for a better paid work force . Hostility to military service was strong at the time , and the program failed to win approval . In World War II , when Stimson as Secretary of War proposed a similar program of universal peacetime service , he was defeated . Underscoring its commitment , the Preparedness movement set up and funded its own summer training camps at Plattsburgh , New York , and other sites , where 40,000 college alumni became physically fit , learned to march and shoot , and ultimately provided the cadre of a wartime officer corps . Suggestions by labor unions that talented working - class youth be invited to Plattsburgh were ignored . The Preparedness movement was distant not only from the working classes but also from the middle - class leadership of most of small - town America . It had had little use for the National Guard , which it saw as politicized , localistic , poorly armed , ill trained , too inclined to idealistic crusading ( as against Spain in 1898 ) , and too lacking in understanding of world affairs . The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics , with representation from a very broad cross section of American society . The Guard was one of the nation 's few institutions that ( in some northern states ) accepted blacks on an equal footing . The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat . Roosevelt , Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates . More subtly , the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard , and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place . Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress , Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces . Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation 's military was in excellent shape .",
"16": "In fact , neither the Army nor Navy was in shape for war . The Navy had fine ships but Wilson had been using them to threaten Mexico , and the fleet 's readiness had suffered . The crews of the Texas and the New York , the two newest and largest battleships , had never fired a gun , and the morale of the sailors was low . In addition , it was outnumbered and outgunned by the British , German , French , and Italian navies . The Army and Navy air forces were tiny in size . Despite the flood of new weapons systems unveiled by the British , Germans , French , Austro - Hungarians , Italians , and others in the war in Europe , the Army was paying scant attention . For example , it was making no studies of trench warfare , poison gas , heavy artillery , or tanks and was utterly unfamiliar with the rapid evolution of Aerial warfare . The Democrats in Congress tried to cut the military budget in 1915 . The Preparedness movement effectively exploited the surge of outrage over the Lusitania in May 1915 , forcing the Democrats to promise some improvements to the military and naval forces . Wilson , less fearful of the Navy , embraced a long - term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the British Royal Navy by the mid-1920s , although this would not be achieved until World War II . `` Realism '' was at work here ; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none -- that is , equal to Britain . The facts of submarine warfare ( which necessitated destroyers , not battleships ) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany ( or with Britain , for that matter ) , were simply ignored . Wilson 's program for the Army touched off a firestorm . Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders , especially their emphasis on a large federal reserve and abandonment of the National Guard . Garrison 's proposals not only outraged the localistic politicians of both parties , they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement . They felt that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation . Specifically , they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers ( like J.P.",
"17": "Morgan ) with millions at risk , profiteering munition makers ( like Bethlehem Steel , which made armor , and DuPont , which made powder ) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control . Antiwar critics blasted them . These special interests were too powerful , especially , Senator La Follette noted , in the conservative wing of the Republican Party . The only road to peace was disarmament , reiterated Bryan . Garrison 's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals . In peacetime , War Department arsenals and Navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses , including warships , artillery , naval guns , and shells . Items available on the civilian market , such as food , horses , saddles , wagons , and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors . Armor plate ( and after 1918 , airplanes ) was an exception that has caused unremitting controversy for a century . After World War II , the arsenals and Navy yards were much less important than giant civilian aircraft and electronics firms , which became the second half of the `` military - industrial complex '' Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan of Stanford redoubled their efforts , and now turned their voices against the president because he was `` sowing the seeds of militarism , raising up a military and naval caste '' . Many ministers , professors , farm spokesmen , and labor union leaders joined in , with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee . Wilson , in deep trouble , took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916 , a warmup for his reelection campaign that fall . Wilson seems to have won over the middle classes , but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers . Congress still refused to budge , so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker , the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness ( Garrison kept quiet , but felt Wilson was `` a man of high ideals but no principles '' ) . The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916 , as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored .",
"18": "The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men , with no reserve , and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men . Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers , and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own . Preparedness supporters were downcast , the antiwar people were jubilant . America would now be too weak to go to war . Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that `` Both sides ( Britain and Germany ) treat us with scorn and contempt ; our fool , smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly . '' The House gutted the naval plans as well , defeating a `` big navy '' plan by 189 to 183 , and scuttling the battleships . The battle of Jutland ( May 31 / June 1 , 1916 ) was used by the navalists to argue for the primacy of seapower ; they then took control in the Senate , broke the House coalition , and authorized a rapid three - year buildup of all classes of warships . A new weapons system , naval aviation , received $3.5 million , and the government was authorized to build its own armor plate factory . The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917 . It knew this meant war with America , but it could discount the immediate risk because the U.S. Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over , with Germany victorious . The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head : refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917 . Size of military ( edit ) Americans felt an increasing need for a military that could command respect . As one editor put it , `` The best thing about a large army and a strong navy is that they make it so much easier to say just what we want to say in our diplomatic correspondence . '' Berlin thus far had backed down and apologized when Washington was angry , thus boosting American self - confidence . America 's rights and America 's honor increasingly came into focus . The slogan `` Peace '' gave way to `` Peace with Honor '' .",
"19": "The Army remained unpopular , however . A recruiter in Indianapolis noted that , `` The people here do not take the right attitude towards army life as a career , and if a man joins from here he often tries to go out on the quiet '' . The Preparedness movement used its easy access to the mass media to demonstrate that the War Department had no plans , no equipment , little training , no reserve , a laughable National Guard , and a wholly inadequate organization for war . Motion pictures like The Battle Cry of Peace ( 1915 ) depicted invasions of the American homeland that demanded action . Navy ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Navy § Preparing for war 1914 -- 1917 The readiness and capability of the U.S. Navy was a matter of controversy . The press at the time reported that the only thing the military was ready for was an enemy fleet attempting to seize New York harbor -- at a time when the German battle fleet was penned up by the Royal Navy . The Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels was a journalist with pacifist leanings . He had built up the educational resources of the Navy and made its Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island an essential experience for would - be admirals . However , he alienated the officer corps with his moralistic reforms , including no wine in the officers ' mess , no hazing at the Naval Academy , and more chaplains and YMCAs . Daniels , as a newspaperman , knew the value of publicity . In 1915 he set up the Naval Consulting Board headed by Thomas Edison to obtain the advice and expertise of leading scientists , engineers , and industrialists . It popularized technology , naval expansion , and military preparedness , and was well covered in the media . But according to Coletta he ignored the nation 's strategic needs , and disdaining the advice of its experts , Daniels suspended meetings of the Joint Army and Navy Board for two years because it was giving unwelcome advice , chopped in half the General Board 's recommendations for new ships , reduced the authority of officers in the Navy yards where ships were built and repaired , and ignored the administrative chaos in his department . Bradley Fiske , one of the most innovative admirals in American naval history , in 1914 was Daniels ' top aide ; he recommended a reorganization that would prepare for war , but Daniels refused .",
"20": "Instead he replaced Fiske in 1915 and brought in for the new post of Chief of Naval Operations an unknown captain , William Benson . Chosen for his compliance , Benson proved a wily bureaucrat who was more interested in preparing for an eventual showdown with Britain than an immediate one with Germany . Benson told Sims he `` would as soon fight the British as the Germans '' . Proposals to send observers to Europe were blocked , leaving the Navy in the dark about the success of the German submarine campaign . Admiral William Sims charged after the war that in April 1917 , only ten percent of the Navy 's warships were fully manned ; the rest lacked 43 % of their seamen . Light antisubmarine ships were few in number , as if Daniels had been unaware of the German submarine menace that had been the focus of foreign policy for two years . The Navy 's only warfighting plan , the `` Black Plan '' assumed the Royal Navy did not exist and that German battleships were moving freely about the Atlantic and the Caribbean and threatening the Panama Canal . Daniels ' tenure would have been even less successful save for the energetic efforts of Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt , who effectively ran the Department . His most recent biographer concludes that , `` it is true that Daniels had not prepared the navy for the war it would have to fight . '' Decision for war ( edit ) `` Hurting Their Feelings '' : Political cartoon from November 9 , 1915 , shows the British lion and John Bull reading a newspaper about American war protests and crying , while American ships and cargo appear in the harbor behind them By 1916 a new factor was emerging -- a sense of national self - interest and American nationalism . The unbelievable casualty figures in Europe were sobering -- two vast battles caused over one million casualties each . Clearly this war would be a decisive episode in the history of the world . Every American effort to find a peaceful solution was frustrated . Decision making ( edit ) Kendrick Clements claims bureaucratic decision - making was one of the main sources pushing the United States to declaring war on Germany and aligning itself with the Allies . He cites the State Department 's demand that Germany 's submarines obey outdated , 18th century sailing laws as one of the first missteps by the United States bureaucracy regarding the war .",
"21": "By doing so , the United States had essentially given Germany the choice of whether or not the U.S. would enter the war . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan spent most of the fall of 1914 out of contact with the State Department , leaving the more conservative Robert Lansing with the ability to shape American foreign policy at the time . One of these decisions was made in response to British protests that the Germans were using U.S. radio towers to send messages to their warships . Immediately prior to the war starting in 1914 , Britain had cut all cable communications leading out of Germany , including the trans - Atlantic cable . The US Government permitted German embassies to use the US cable lines for `` proper '' diplomatic business . Germany argued that usage of the towers was necessary to allow efficient contact between the U.S. and Germany . Lansing responded by requiring both sides to give the U.S. Navy copies of the messages they sent over the towers . The French and British were still able to use the cables , forcing Germany to be the only belligerent required to provide the U.S. with their messages . This and other seemingly small decisions made by Lansing during this time would eventually stack up , shifting American support towards the Allies . Zimmermann Telegram ( edit ) Main article : Zimmermann Telegram Once Germany had decided on unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917 , and knowing it would be attacking all American ships in the North Atlantic , it tried to line up new allies , especially Mexico . Arthur Zimmermann , the German foreign minister , sent the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico on January 16 , 1917 . Zimmerman invited Mexico ( knowing their resentment towards America since the 1848 Mexican Cession ) to join in a war against the United States . Germany promised to pay for Mexico 's costs and to help it recover the territory annexed by the U.S. in 1848 . These territories included the present day states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico and a quarter of Colorado . British intelligence intercepted and decoded the telegram and passed it to the Wilson administration . The White House would release it to the press on March 1st .",
"22": "Anger grew further as the Germans began sinking American ships , even as isolationists in the Senate launched a filibuster to block legislation for arming American merchant ships to defend themselves . Sinking of American merchant ships ( edit ) In early 1917 Berlin forced the issue . Its declared decision on 31 January 1917 to target neutral shipping in a designated war - zone became the immediate cause of the entry of the United States into the war . Five American merchant ships went down in March . Outraged public opinion now overwhelmingly supported Wilson when he asked Congress for a declaration of war on April 2 , 1917 . Public opinion , moralism , and national interest ( edit ) Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years ' time . In 1914 most Americans called for neutrality , seeing the war a dreadful mistake and were determined to stay out . By 1917 the same public felt just as strongly that going to war was both necessary and wise . Military leaders had little to say during this debate , and military considerations were seldom raised . The decisive questions dealt with morality and visions of the future . The prevailing attitude was that America possessed a superior moral position as the only great nation devoted to the principles of freedom and democracy . By staying aloof from the squabbles of reactionary empires , it could preserve those ideals -- sooner or later the rest of the world would come to appreciate and adopt them . In 1917 this very long - run program faced the severe danger that in the short run powerful forces adverse to democracy and freedom would triumph . Strong support for moralism came from religious leaders , women ( led by Jane Addams ) , and from public figures like long - time Democratic leader William Jennings Bryan , the Secretary of State from 1913 to 1916 . The most important moralist of all was President Woodrow Wilson -- the man who dominated decision making so totally that the war has been labelled , from an American perspective , `` Wilson 's War '' . In 1917 Wilson won the support of most of the moralists by proclaiming `` a war to make the world safe for democracy . '' If they truly believed in their ideals , he explained , now was the time to fight .",
"23": "The question then became whether Americans would fight for what they deeply believed in , and the answer turned out to be a resounding `` Yes '' . Antiwar activists at the time and in the 1930s , alleged that beneath the veneer of moralism and idealism there must have been ulterior motives . Some suggested a conspiracy on the part of New York City bankers holding $3 billion of war loans to the Allies , or steel and chemical firms selling munitions to the Allies . The interpretation was popular among left - wing Progressives ( led by Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin ) and among the `` agrarian '' wing of the Democratic party -- including the chairman of the tax - writing Ways and Means Committee of the House . He strenuously opposed war , and when it came he rewrote the tax laws to make sure the rich paid the most . ( In the 1930s neutrality laws were passed to prevent financial entanglements from dragging the nation into a war . ) In 1915 , Bryan thought that Wilson 's pro-British sentiments had distorted his policies , so he became the first Secretary of State ever to resign in protest . However , historian Harold C. Syrett argues that business supported neutrality . Other historians state that the pro-war element was animated not by profit but by disgust with what Germany actually did , especially in Belgium , and the threat it represented to American ideals . Belgium kept the public 's sympathy as the Germans executed civilians , and English nurse Edith Cavell . American engineer Herbert Hoover led a private relief effort that won wide support . Compounding the Belgium atrocities were new weapons that Americans found repugnant , like poison gas and the aerial bombardment of innocent civilians as Zeppelins dropped bombs on London . Even anti-war spokesmen did not claim that Germany was innocent , and pro-German scripts were poorly received . Randolph Bourne criticized the moralist philosophy claiming it was a justification by American intellectual and power elites , like President Wilson , for going to war unnecessarily . He argues that the push for war started with the Preparedness movement , fueled by big business . While big business would not push much further than Preparedness , benefitting the most from neutrality , the movement would eventually evolve into a war - cry , led by war - hawk intellectuals under the guise of moralism .",
"24": "Bourne believes elites knew full well what going to war would entail and the price in American lives it would cost . If American elites could portray the United States ' role in the war as noble , they could convince the generally isolationist American public war would be acceptable . Above all , American attitudes towards Germany focused on the U-boats ( submarines ) , which sank the Lusitania in 1915 and other passenger ships `` without warning '' . That appeared to Americans as an unacceptable challenge to America 's rights as a neutral country , and as an unforgivable affront to humanity . After repeated diplomatic protests , Germany agreed to stop . But in 1917 the Germany military leadership decided that `` military necessity '' dictated the unrestricted use of their submarines . The Kaiser 's advisors felt America was enormously powerful economically but too weak militarily to make a difference . Declaration of war ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) On April 2 , 1917 , Wilson asked a special joint session of Congress to declare war on the German Empire , stating , `` We have no selfish ends to serve '' . To make the conflict seem like a better idea , he painted the conflict idealistically , stating that the war would `` make the world safe for democracy '' and later that it would be a `` war to end war '' . The United States had a moral responsibility to enter the war , Wilson proclaimed . The future of the world was being determined on the battlefield , and American national interest demanded a voice . Wilson 's definition of the situation won wide acclaim , and , indeed , has shaped America 's role in world and military affairs ever since . Wilson believed that if the Central Powers won , the consequences would be bad for the United States . Germany would have dominated the continent and perhaps would gain control of the seas as well . Latin America could well have fallen under Berlin 's control . The dream of spreading democracy , liberalism , and independence would have been shattered . On the other hand , if the Allies had won without help , there was a danger they would carve up the world without regard to American commercial interests . They were already planning to use government subsidies , tariff walls , and controlled markets to counter the competition posed by American businessmen . The solution was a third route , a `` peace without victory '' , according to Wilson . On April 6 , 1917 , Congress declared war .",
"25": "In the Senate , the resolution passed 82 to 6 , with Senators Harry Lane , William J. Stone , James Vardaman , Asle Gronna , Robert M. La Follette , Sr. , and George W. Norris voting against it . In the House , the declaration passed 373 to 50 , with Claude Kitchin , a senior Democrat , notably opposing it . Another opponent was Jeannette Rankin , who alone voted against entry into both World War I and World War II . Nearly all of the opposition came from the West and the Midwest . Austria - Hungary ( edit ) The United States Senate , in a 74 to 0 vote , declared war on Austria - Hungary on December 7 , 1917 , citing Austria - Hungary 's severing of diplomatic relations with the United States , its use of unrestricted submarine warfare and its alliance with Germany . The declaration passed in the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 365 to 1 . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Causes of World War I Diplomatic history of World War I United States in World War I United States home front during World War I Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7589 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Harry Elmer . The Genesis of the World War ( 1925 ) pp. 590 -- 591 Jump up ^ `` World War One '' . BBC History . Jump up ^ Link , Arthur S. ( 1972 ) . Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 252 -- 282 . ^ Jump up to : H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate ^ Jump up to : Jennifer K. Elsea ; Matthew C. Weed ( April 18 , 2014 ) .",
"26": "`` Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 10 , 2006 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eric W. Osborne , Britain 's economic blockade of Germany , 1914 -- 1919 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 115 quote from Dec 1914 . Jump up ^ C.R.M.F. Cruttwell , A history of the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2007 ) p. 191 Jump up ^ Edward House , The intimate papers of Colonel House : Vol 2 ( 1928 ) p. 73 Jump up ^ Duffy , Michael ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. ' Strict Accountability ' Warning to Germany , 10 February 1915 '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker , The Great War , 1914 -- 18 ( 1997 ) p. 133 Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 414 Jump up ^ Krakow , Ira . `` World War I - The Most Unpopular War In Our History '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Horn , Martin ( Spring 2000 ) . `` A Private Bank at War : J.P. Morgan &Co. and France , 1914 -- 1918 '' . Business History Review . 1 . 74 : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.2307 / 3116353 . Jump up ^ Global Financial Data . `` Industrial Output 1909 -- 1930 '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , John W. ( 1961 ) . `` Productivity Trends in the United States '' . National Bureau of Economic Research : 1 -- 50 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2003 ) . Woodrow Wilson : The American Presidents Series : The 28th President , 1913 -- 1921 . Henry Holt . pp. 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Cuff , Robert D. ; Urofsky , Melvin I. ( Autumn 1970 ) . `` The Steel Industry and Price - Fixing during World War I '' . The Business History Review . 3 . 44 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 306 . doi : 10.2307 / 3112615 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Lance E. ( November 2006 ) . `` Bethlehem Steel : The Rise and Fall of An Industrial Giant '' . Pennsylvania Legacies. 6 ( 2 ) : 10 -- 15 . Jump up ^ James Weinstein , `` Anti-War Sentiment and the Socialist Party , 1917 -- 1918 . '' Political Science Quarterly 74 # 2 ( 1959 ) : 215 -- 239 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Ross A. Kennedy , The Will to Believe : Woodrow Wilson , World War I , and America 's Strategy for Peace and Security ( Kent State University Press , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Charles Chatfield , For peace and justice : pacifism in America , 1914 -- 1941 ( 1973 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Nicole Anderson Yanoso ( 2016 ) . The Irish and the American Presidency . Transaction Publishers . pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - American and World War I ( Northern Illinois University Press , 1974 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson ( 2009 ) pp. 341 -- 2 , 352 , 360 Jump up ^ Merlo J. Pusey , Charles Evans Hughes ( 1951 ) vol 1 , p. 356 Jump up ^ Bernard J. Brommel , `` The pacifist speechmaking of Eugene V. Debs . '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 52.2 ( 1966 ) : 146 - 154 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks , It did n't happen here : why socialism failed in the United States ( 2001 ) p. 184 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford UP . p. 203 . Jump up ^ Lawrence O. Christensen , `` World War I in Missouri , '' Missouri Historical Review , 90 ( 1996 ) , 330 - 354 , 410 - 428 . Jump up ^ Edwin Costrell , How Maine viewed the war , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ John C. Crighton , Missouri and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 : a study in public opinion ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Joseph A. McCartin , Labor 's Great War : The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations , 1912 -- 1921 ( 1998 ) pp. 34 , 57 Jump up ^ McCorkle , James L. , Jr. ( 1981 ) . `` Mississippi from Neutrality to War ( 1914 -- 1917 ) '' . Journal of Mississippi History . 43 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era ( 1954 ) pp. 169 -- 72 Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , The great silent majority : Missouri 's resistance to World War I ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World War '' ( 1992 ) p. 170 Jump up ^ Mark Ellis , `` America 's Black Press , 1914 -- 18 , '' History Today , Sept 1991 , Vol. 41 , Issue 9 Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World Wars '' ( 1992 ) p.",
"29": "171 Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , Great Silent Majority : Missouri 's Resistance to World War I ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South During the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . p. 85 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 quote , p. 386 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Leslie V. Tischauser , The Burden of Ethnicity : The German Question in Chicago , 1914 -- 1941 ( Garland , 1990 ) pp. 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I ( 1974 ) pp. 200 -- 207 Jump up ^ Carl Wittke , German - Americans and the World War ( with Special Emphasis on Ohio 's German - Language Press ) ( Columbus , Ohio , 1936 ) , p. 209 Jump up ^ See Wisconsin Historical Society , `` World War I , at home and in the trenches '' Jump up ^ John F. Piper , The American Churches in World War I ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Samuel S. Hill , Charles H. Lippy , and Charles Reagan Wilson , Encyclopedia of Religion in the South ( 2005 ) p. 297 Jump up ^ Patterson , David S. ( 1971 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson and the Mediation Movement 1914 -- 1917 '' . The Historian. 33 ( 4 ) : 535 -- 556 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1971. tb01164. x . Jump up ^ Piper , John F. , Jr. ( 1970 ) . `` The American Churches in World War I '' . Journal of the American Academy of Religion . 38 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 155 . doi : 10.1093 / jaarel / XXXVIII.",
"30": "2.147 . JSTOR 1461171 . Jump up ^ Gamble , Richard M. ( 2003 ) . The War for Righteousness : Progressive Christianity , the Great War , and the Rise of the Messianic Nation . Wilmington : ISI Books . ISBN 1 - 932236 - 16 - 3 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War ( 2003 ) , 61 -- 63 Jump up ^ Mary Ann Irwin , and Ann Marie Wilson ; `` ' The Air is Becoming Full of War ' : Jewish San Francisco and World War I , '' Pacific Historical Review 74 # 3 ( 2005 ) : 331 - 66 Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , `` Private and Organized American Jewish Overseas Relief ( 1914 -- 1938 ) , '' American Jewish Historical Quarterly 57 # 1 ( 1967 ) 52 -- 106 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , Jews , Wars , and Communism . Vol . I : The Attitude of American Jews to World War I , the Russian Revolutions of 1917 , and Communism ( 1914 -- 1945 ) ( New York : KTAV , 1973 ) includes a great deal of undigested information . Jump up ^ Joseph Rappaport , Jewish Immigrants and World War I : A Study of Yiddish Attitudes ( 1951 ) , p. 78 Jump up ^ Henry L. Feingold ( 2007 ) . `` Silent No More '' : Saving the Jews of Russia , the American Jewish Effort , 1967 -- 1989 . Syracuse UP . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Sterba , Good Americans ( 2003 ) , 68 -- 69 , 76 , 79 , 167 - 69 Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 164 Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 174 Jump up ^ Smolenyak , Megan . `` How Many Irish - Born Died in Service to the U.S. in WWI ? ''",
"31": ". Irish America . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 170 Jump up ^ Leary , William M. , Jr. ( 1967 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson , Irish Americans , and the Election of 1916 '' . Journal of American History . 54 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 1900319 . JSTOR 1900319 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Billy . `` Woodrow Wilson '' . Ulstervirginia.com . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 ... Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 2004 ) . Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon . Washington : Beard Books . pp. 162 -- 187 . ISBN 1 - 58798 - 243 - 9 . Jump up ^ O'Grady , Joseph ( 1967 ) . The Immigrants ' Influence on Wilson 's Peace Policies . Lexington : University of Kentucky Press . Jump up ^ The Hungarian - Americans by Steven Béla Várdy ; Twayne Publishers , 1985 page 87 -- 99 Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War , ( 2003 ) p. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Michael T. Urbanski , `` Money , War , and Recruiting an Army : The Activities of Connecticut Polonia During World War I , '' Connecticut History ( 2007 ) 46 # 1 pp. 45 -- 69 . Jump up ^ The Albanian - American Odyssey : A Pilot Study of the Albanian Community of Boston , Massachusetts Front Cover Dennis L. Nagi AMS Press , Jan 1 , 1989 , pp. 33 -- 35 Jump up ^ Mark W. van Wienen ( 1997 ) . Partisans and Poets : The Political Work of American Poetry in the Great War . Cambridge UP . p.",
"32": "57 . Jump up ^ Barbara S. Kraft , The Peace Ship : Henry Ford 's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War ( 1978 ) p. 81 Jump up ^ Max Wallace , The American Axis ( New York , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2003 ) , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ H.C. Peterson , Propaganda for war : The campaign against American neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Link 3 : 556ff Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Roberts , Priscilla ( 2005 ) . `` Paul D. Cravath , the First World War , and the Anglophile Internationalist Tradition '' . Australian Journal of Politics and History . 51 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 215 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2005. 00370. x . Jump up ^ `` World War I facts , information , pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about World War I '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Scott Manning ( 2007 - 01 - 04 ) . `` World War I : Troop Statistics '' . Scottmanning.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chambers 93 ; Weigley Army 345 Jump up ^ Very few young men from wealthy or prominent families considered a career in the Army or Navy then or at any time in American history . The highest social background of cadets , exemplified by George Patton , West Point 1909 , and Lucius Clay , 1918 , was oldest son of a locally prominent family . Jump up ^ Link , Woodrow Wilson , pp. 179ff Jump up ^ Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 , '' p.",
"33": "383 ^ Jump up to : Paolo Coletta , American Secretaries of the Navy ( 1980 ) 2 : 526 - 41 Jump up ^ Theodore A. Thelander , `` Josephus Daniels and the Publicity Campaign for Naval and Industrial Preparedness before World War I , '' North Carolina Historical Review ( 1966 ) 43 # 3 pp. 316 -- 332 Jump up ^ Lee A. Craig ( 2013 ) . Josephus Daniels : His Life and Times . U. North Carolina Press . pp. 364 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Kendrick A. Clements , `` Woodrow Wilson and World War I . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2004 ) 34 # 1 pp. 62 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Woodrow Wilson ( 2011 ) pp. 378 -- 79 Jump up ^ Thomas Boghardt , The Zimmermann Telegram : Intelligence , Diplomacy , and America 's Entry into World War I ( 2012 ) Excerpt and text search , summarized in Thomas Boghardt 's The Zimmermann Telegram : Diplomacy , Intelligence and The American Entry into World War I ( 2003 ) online Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 250 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . On January 31 , Ambassador Bernstorff presented ( ... ) Germany 's response to Wilson 's recent ' peace without victory ' plea ( ... ) : his nation was about to launch an unrestricted submarine campaign , thereby declaring total maritime war against all neutrals . After February 1 , the communique noted , German U-boats would sink without warning belligerent and neutral ships found in a designated zone comprising waters around Great Britain , France , and Italy , and in the eastern Mediterranean . The Admiralty made one minor exception : it would permit one American steamer a week to sail between New York and Falmouth ( ... ) .",
"34": "Initially Germany would grant a period of grace , during which its submarines would not harm neutral ships that either were en route to the war zone or had already arrived . Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Several factors led to Wilson 's choice . Germany 's U-boat warfare was paramount . Had it not been for Berlin 's announcement of January 31 , the president probably would not have issued a call to arms . Jump up ^ Justus D. Doenecke , Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry into World War I ( 2011 ) ch 10 ^ Jump up to : May , Ernest R. ( 1966 ) . The World War and American isolation , 1914 -- 1917 . Jump up ^ Knock , Thomas J. ( 1995 ) . To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order . Jump up ^ Syrett , Harold C. ( 1945 ) . `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 32 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 230 . doi : 10.2307 / 1898209 . JSTOR 1898209 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Cherny , A righteous cause : the life of William Jennings Bryan ( 1994 ) p. 144 Jump up ^ Syrett , `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 , '' Jump up ^ The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) . German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial . New Haven : Yale U.P.",
"35": "ISBN 0 - 300 - 08975 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bonadio , Felice A. ( 1959 ) . `` The Failure of German Propaganda in the United States , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mid America . 41 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Randolph . `` The War and the Intellectuals . '' N.p. : n.p. , n.d. 133 - 46 . Print . Jump up ^ DISASTER BEARS OUT EMBASSY 'S WARNING ; German Advertisement Practically Foretold Lusitania 's Fate on Day She Sailed . AND IS REPEATED TODAY Passengers Also Said to Have Received Telegrams -- Shipping Men Heard of Threats . Jump up ^ Germany , U-Boats and the Lusitania Jump up ^ The Lusitania Jump up ^ for detailed coverage of the speech see NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 383 -- 89 Jump up ^ Simon Newton Dexter North ; et al. ( 1918 ) . The American Year Book : A Record of Events and Progress . Thomas Nelson & Sons . pp. 10 -- 11 . Bibliography ( edit ) After war was declared war bond posters demonized Germany Ambrosius , Lloyd E. `` Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush : Historical Comparisons of Ends and Means in Their Foreign Policies , '' Diplomatic History , 30 ( June 2006 ) , 509 -- 43 . Arnett , Alex Mathews . Claude Kitchin and the Wilson War Policies. 1937 . OCLC 1278853 Kitchen was an antiwar Democrat in the House Bassett , John Spencer . Our War with Germany : A History ( 1919 ) online edition Brands , H.W. Theodore Roosevelt ( 2001 ) OCLC 50431515 , full biography online edition Clements , Kendrick A.",
"36": "`` Woodrow Wilson and World War I , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 34 : 1 ( 2004 ) . pp. 62 +. online edition Clifford , J. Garry . Citizen Soldiers : The Plattsburgh Training Camp Movement , 1913 -- 1920 ( 1972 ) Cooper , John Milton . The vanity of power : American isolationism and the First World War , 1914 - 1917 ( 1969 ) . Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson . A Biography ( 2009 ) , Major scholarly biography . Costrell , Edwin . How Maine viewed the war , 1914 -- 1917 , ( 1940 ) OCLC 475605726 Crighton , John C. Missouri and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 : a study in public opinion ( University of Missouri , 1947 ) OCLC 831309569 Coffman , Edward M. The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 8131 - 0955 - 8 OCLC 38842092 Cummins , Cedric Clisten . Indiana public opinion and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 , ( 1945 ) Davis , Allen F. American Heroine : The Life and Legend of Jane Addams . ( Oxford University Press , 1973 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 501694 - 7 OCLC 714527 Doenecke , Justus D. Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry into World War I ( 2011 ) 433 pages ; comprehensive history online ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 OCLC 682895305 Doenecke , Justus D. `` Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War . '' in Ross Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp. 243 -- 69 Online ; covers the historiography Early , Frances H. A World without War : How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I.",
"37": "( Syracuse University Press , 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2764 - 5 OCLC 36800616 Esposito , David M. The Legacy of Woodrow Wilson : American War Aims in World War I. ( Praeger , 1996 ) 159pp online edition ISBN 0 - 275 - 95493 - 5 OCLC 33244422 Finnegan , John P. Against the Specter of a Dragon : The Campaign for American Military Preparedness , 1914 -- 1917 . ( 1975 ) . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7376 - 0 OCLC 983933 Floyd , M. Ryan ( 2013 ) . Abandoning American Neutrality : Woodrow Wilson and the Beginning of the Great War , August 1914 - December 1915 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 33411 - 4 OCLC 836748335 Fordham , Benjamin O. `` Revisionism reconsidered : exports and American intervention in World War I . '' International Organization 61 # 2 ( 2007 ) : 277 - 310 . Gibbs , Christopher C. The Great Silent Majority : Missouri 's Resistance to World War I. 1988 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 0683 - 2 OCLC 17676727 Grubbs , Frank L. The Struggle for Labor Loyalty : Gompers , the A.F. of L. , and the Pacifists , 1917 -- 1920 . 1968 . OCLC 640024383 Hannigan , Robert E. The Great War and American Foreign Policy , 1914 - 24 ( 2016 ) excerpt ; online at Questia Herman , Sondra . Eleven Against War : Studies in American Internationalist Thought , 1898 -- 1921 . 1969 . OCLC 23333 Higham , Robin and Dennis E. Showalter , eds . Researching World War I : A Handbook . 2003 .",
"38": "ISBN 0 - 313 - 28850 - X OCLC 51922814 , 475pp ; highly detailed historiography , online edition Hodgson , Godfrey . Woodrow Wilson 's Right Hand : The Life of Colonel Edward M. House . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09269 - 5 OCLC 61864854 335pp Kazal , Russell A. Becoming Old Stock : The Paradox of German - American Identity. 2004 . 390 , pp. ISBN 0 - 691 - 05015 - 5 OCLC 52509620 German Americans in Philadelphia ponder the war . Kazin , Michael . War Against War : The American Fight for Peace , 1914 - 1918 ( 2017 ) . Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 -- 468 . Keene , Jennifer D. `` Americans Respond : Perspectives on the Global War , 1914 - 1917 . '' Geschichte und Gesellschaft 40.2 ( 2014 ) : 266 - 286 . online Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 1982 ) , covers politics & economics & society online edition ISBN 0 - 19 - 502729 - 9 OCLC 6085939 Kennedy , Ross A. `` Preparedness , '' in Ross A. Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson 2013 . pp. 270 -- 86 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3737 - 2 OCLC 808244737 Kennedy , Ross A. Woodrow Wilson , World War I , and America 's Strategy for Peace and Security ( 2009 ) . Koistinen , Paul . Mobilizing for Modern War : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1865 -- 1919 Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1997 . Knock , Thomas J. To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order New York : Oxford University Press , 1992 .",
"39": "ISBN 0 - 19 - 507501 - 3 OCLC 25317305 Lemnitzer , Jan Martin . `` Woodrow Wilson 's Neutrality , the Freedom of the Seas , and the Myth of the ' Civil War Precedents ' . '' Diplomacy & Statecraft 27.4 ( 2016 ) : 615 - 638 . Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . 1972 . Link , Arthur S. Wilson : The Struggle for Neutrality : 1914 -- 1915 ( 1960 ) ; Wilson : Confusions and Crises : 1915 -- 1916 ( 1964 ) ; Wilson : Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace : 1916 -- 1917 ( 1965 ) all 3 volumes are online at ACLS e-books Link , Arthur S. Wilson the Diplomatist : A Look at His Major Foreign Policies Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1957 . online edition OCLC 475072 Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World , 1913 -- 1921 . 1982 . online edition Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson : Revolution , War , and Peace . Arlington Heights , IL : AHM Pub . Corp. , 1979 . online edition ISBN 0 - 88295 - 798 - 8 OCLC 5244770 Livermore , Seward W. Politics Is Adjourned : Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress , 1916 -- 1918 . 1966 . Luebke , Frederick C. Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I. Dekalb : Northern Illinois University Press , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 87580 - 045 - 9 OCLC 865969 McCallum , Jack . Leonard Wood : Rough Rider , Surgeon , Architect of American Imperialism . New York : New York University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5699 - 7 OCLC 60402000 McDonald , Forrest .",
"40": "Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon ( 2004 ) May , Ernest R . The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) online at ACLS e-books , highly influential study Nash , George H. Life of Herbert Hoover : The Humanitarian , 1914 -- 1917 ( Life of Herbert Hoover , Vol. 2 ) ( 1988 ) O'Toole , Patricia . When Trumpets Call : Theodore Roosevelt after the White House . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86477 - 0 OCLC 56921011 Perkins , Bradford . The Great Rapprochement : England and the United States , 1895 -- 1914 1968 . Peterson , H.C. Propaganda for War : The Campaign Against American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press , 1968 . Rothwell , V.H. British War Aims and Peace Diplomacy , 1914 -- 1918 . 1971 . Safford , Jeffrey J. Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy , 1913 -- 1921 . 1978 . Smith , Daniel . The Great Departure : The United States and World War I , 1914 -- 1920 . 1965 . Sterba , Christopher M. Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants during the First World War . 2003 . 288 pp. online edition ISBN 0 - 19 - 514754 - 5 OCLC 49576532 Tuchman , Barbara W. ( 1985 ) . The Zimmermann Telegram . ISBN 0 - 345 - 32425 - 0 . Tucker , Robert W. Woodrow Wilson and the Great War : Reconsidering America 's Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2629 - 2 Unger , Nancy C. Fighting Bob La Follette : The Righteous Reformer Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2000 .",
"41": "ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2545 - X OCLC 42861557 Venzon , Anne Cipriano , ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia New York : Garland Pub. , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7055 - 0 OCLC 32013365 Ward , Robert D . `` The Origin and Activities of the National Security League , 1914 -- 1919 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review 47 ( 1960 ) : 51 -- 65 . online at JSTOR Witcover , Jules . Sabotage at Black Tom : Imperial Germany 's Secret War in America . Chapel Hill , NC : Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 912697 - 98 - 9 OCLC 18379558 Historiography ( edit ) Doenecke , Justus D. `` Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War . '' in Ross Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp. 243 -- 69 Online ; covers the historiography Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 -- 468 . Primary sources ( edit ) The Papers of Woodrow Wilson edited by Arthur S. Link complete in 69 vol , at major academic libraries . Annotated edition of all of WW 's letters , speeches and writings plus many letters written to him Wilson , Woodrow . Why We Are at War ( 1917 ) six war messages to Congress , Jan - April 1917 External links ( edit ) Keene , Jennifer D. : United States of America , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Ford , Nancy Gentile : Civilian and Military Power ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Strauss , Lon : Social Conflict and Control , Protest and Repression ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online .",
"42": "International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Little , Branden : Making Sense of the War ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Miller , Alisa : Press / Journalism ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Wells , Robert A. : Propaganda at Home ( USA ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes President Wilson 's War Address Map of Europe at the time of the US declaration of war on Germany at omniatlas.com World War I : Declarations of War from Around the Globe - How America Entered the Great War Today in History : U.S.",
"43": "Enters World War I ( hide ) Woodrow Wilson 28th President of the United States ( 1913 -- 1921 ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) 13th President of Princeton University ( 1902 -- 1910 ) Presidency 1913 inauguration Suffrage Parade 1917 inauguration The New Freedom Clayton Antitrust Act Farm Loan Act Federal Employees ' Compensation Act Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Act Federal Income Tax amendment Federal Trade Commission Act Federal Trade Commission Revenue Act of 1913 Flag Day National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Occupation of Haiti Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty Philippine Autonomy Act World War I entry campaigns home front Committee on Public Information Espionage Act of 1917 Selective Service Act of 1917 Four Minute Men Sedition Act of 1918 National War Labor Board The Inquiry American Commission to Negotiate Peace Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Fourteen Points League of Nations charter 1919 Nobel Peace Prize Wilsonian Armenia Silent Sentinels Women 's Suffrage amendment Roosevelt desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet State of the Union Address 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 Life Birthplace and Presidential Library papers and manuscripts Boyhood home in Georgia Boyhood home in South Carolina Princeton University president Summer White House ( Harlakenden Shadow Lawn ) Woodrow Wilson House Gravesite Books Congressional Government When a Man Comes to Himself The New Freedom ( 1913 ) Elections New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1910 1912 Democratic National Convention 1912 U.S. presidential election 1916 Democratic National Convention 1916 U.S. presidential election Legacy Wilsonianism Woodrow Wilson Foundation Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Woodrow Wilson Bridge Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation U.S. Postage stamps U.S.",
"44": "Currency Popular culture Wilson ( 1944 film ) Profiles in Courage ( 1965 series ) Wilson ( 2013 book ) Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century ( 2002 documentary ) Family Joseph Ruggles Wilson ( father ) Jessie Janet Woodrow ( mother ) Ellen Axson Wilson ( wife , 1885 -- 1914 ; death ) Edith Bolling Wilson ( wife , 1915 -- 1924 ) Margaret Wilson ( daughter ) Jessie Wilson Sayre ( daughter ) Eleanor Wilson McAdoo ( daughter ) William McAdoo ( son - in - law ) Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson ) James Woodrow ( maternal uncle ) Related Progressive Era Jefferson Literary and Debating Society ← William Howard Taft Warren G. Harding → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_entry_into_World_War_I&oldid=822020133 '' Categories : United States in World War I United States home front during World War I Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 23 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
25,
37,
40,
41,
11,
33,
29,
1,
36,
38,
30,
12,
26,
4,
39,
16,
27,
5,
31,
28,
18,
14,
42,
34,
10,
23,
43,
7,
0,
24,
9,
35,
2,
3,
13,
22,
21,
20,
32,
6,
8,
17,
19,
44,
15
] |
[
25,
37,
40,
41,
11
] |
-2894992492061920164
|
tools made from high-speed tool steel are generally used for what type of machining operations
|
[
"milling",
"milling"
] |
{
"0": "Milling ( machining ) - wikipedia Milling ( machining ) Jump to : navigation , search For asphalt milling machines , see Pavement milling . Full view of a Bridgeport clone . Milling is the machining process of using rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece by advancing ( or feeding ) the cutter into the workpiece at a certain direction . The cutter may also be held at an angle relative to the axis of the tool . Milling covers a wide variety of different operations and machines , on scales from small individual parts to large , heavy - duty gang milling operations . It is one of the most commonly used processes for machining custom parts to precise tolerances . Milling can be done with a wide range of machine tools . The original class of machine tools for milling was the milling machine ( often called a mill ) . After the advent of computer numerical control ( CNC ) , milling machines evolved into machining centers : milling machines augmented by automatic tool changers , tool magazines or carousels , CNC capability , coolant systems , and enclosures . Milling centers are generally classified as vertical machining centers ( VMCs ) or horizontal machining centers ( HMCs ) . The integration of milling into turning environments , and vice versa , begun with live tooling for lathes and the occasional use of mills for turning operations . This led to a new class of machine tools , multitasking machines ( MTMs ) , which are purpose - built to facilitate milling and turning within the same work envelope . Contents ( hide ) 1 Process 1.1 Milling cutters 1.2 Gang milling 2 Equipment 2.1 Types and nomenclature 2.1. 1 Mill orientation 2.1. 1.1 Vertical mill 2.1. 1.2 Horizontal milling machine 2.1. 1.3 Comparative merits 2.1. 2 Alternative classifications 2.1. 3 Variants 2.1. 4 Alternative terminology 2.2 Computer numerical control 2.3 Tooling 2.4 Accessories 3 CNC pocket milling 3.1 Linear tool path 3.1. 1 Zig - zag tool path 3.1.",
"1": "2 Zig tool path 3.2 Non-linear tool path 3.2. 1 Contour - parallel tool path 3.2. 2 Curvilinear tool path 4 History 4.1 1810s -- 1830s 4.2 1840s -- 1860 4.3 1860s 4.4 1870s to World War I 4.5 World War I and interwar period 4.5. 1 Bridgeport milling machine 4.6 1940s -- 1970s 4.7 1980s -- present 5 Milling standards 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Bibliography 7.3 Further reading Process ( edit ) Face milling process ( cutter rotation axis is vertical - 0 ° inclination relative to tool axis ) Milling is a cutting process that uses a milling cutter to remove material from the surface of a workpiece . The milling cutter is a rotary cutting tool , often with multiple cutting points . As opposed to drilling , where the tool is advanced along its rotation axis , the cutter in milling is usually moved perpendicular to its axis so that cutting occurs on the circumference of the cutter . As the milling cutter enters the workpiece , the cutting edges ( flutes or teeth ) of the tool repeatedly cut into and exit from the material , shaving off chips ( swarf ) from the workpiece with each pass . The cutting action is shear deformation ; material is pushed off the workpiece in tiny clumps that hang together to a greater or lesser extent ( depending on the material ) to form chips . This makes metal cutting somewhat different ( in its mechanics ) from slicing softer materials with a blade . The milling process removes material by performing many separate , small cuts . This is accomplished by using a cutter with many teeth , spinning the cutter at high speed , or advancing the material through the cutter slowly ; most often it is some combination of these three approaches . The speeds and feeds used are varied to suit a combination of variables . The speed at which the piece advances through the cutter is called feed rate , or just feed ; it is most often measured in length of material per full revolution of the cutter .",
"2": "There are two major classes of milling process : In face milling , the cutting action occurs primarily at the end corners of the milling cutter . Face milling is used to cut flat surfaces ( faces ) into the workpiece , or to cut flat - bottomed cavities . In peripheral milling , the cutting action occurs primarily along the circumference of the cutter , so that the cross section of the milled surface ends up receiving the shape of the cutter . In this case the blades of the cutter can be seen as scooping out material from the work piece . Peripheral milling is well suited to the cutting of deep slots , threads , and gear teeth . Milling cutters ( edit ) Main article : Milling cutter Many different types of cutting tools are used in the milling process . Milling cutters such as endmills may have cutting surfaces across their entire end surface , so that they can be drilled into the workpiece ( plunging ) . Milling cutters may also have extended cutting surfaces on their sides to allow for peripheral milling . Tools optimized for face milling tend to have only small cutters at their end corners . The cutting surfaces of a milling cutter are generally made of a hard and temperature - resistant material , so that they wear slowly . A low cost cutter may have surfaces made of high speed steel . More expensive but slower - wearing materials include cemented carbide . Thin film coatings may be applied to decrease friction or further increase hardness . They are cutting tools typically used in milling machines or machining centres to perform milling operations ( and occasionally in other machine tools ) . They remove material by their movement within the machine ( e.g. , a ball nose mill ) or directly from the cutter 's shape ( e.g. , a form tool such as a hobbing cutter ) . A diagram of revolution ridges on a surface milled by the side of the cutter , showing the position of the cutter for each cutting pass and how it corresponds with the ridges ( cutter rotation axis is perpendicular to image plane ) As material passes through the cutting area of a milling machine , the blades of the cutter take swarfs of material at regular intervals . Surfaces cut by the side of the cutter ( as in peripheral milling ) therefore always contain regular ridges .",
"3": "The distance between ridges and the height of the ridges depend on the feed rate , number of cutting surfaces , the cutter diameter . With a narrow cutter and rapid feed rate , these revolution ridges can be significant variations in the surface finish . Trochoidal marks , characteristic of face milling . The face milling process can in principle produce very flat surfaces . However , in practice the result always shows visible trochoidal marks following the motion of points on the cutter 's end face . These revolution marks give the characteristic finish of a face milled surface . Revolution marks can have significant roughness depending on factors such as flatness of the cutter 's end face and the degree of perpendicularity between the cutter 's rotation axis and feed direction . Often a final pass with a slow feed rate is used to improve the surface finish after the bulk of the material has been removed ... In a precise face milling operation , the revolution marks will only be microscopic scratches due to imperfections in the cutting edge . Gang milling ( edit ) Heavy gang milling of milling machine tables Gang milling refers to the use of two or more milling cutters mounted on the same arbor ( that is , ganged ) in a horizontal - milling setup . All of the cutters may perform the same type of operation , or each cutter may perform a different type of operation . For example , if several workpieces need a slot , a flat surface , and an angular groove , a good method to cut these ( within a non-CNC context ) would be gang milling . All the completed workpieces would be the same , and milling time per piece would be minimized . Gang milling was especially important before the CNC era , because for duplicate part production , it was a substantial efficiency improvement over manual - milling one feature at an operation , then changing machines ( or changing setup of the same machine ) to cut the next op . Today , CNC mills with automatic tool change and 4 - or 5 - axis control obviate gang - milling practice to a large extent . Equipment ( edit ) Milling is performed with a milling cutter in various forms , held in a collett or similar which , in turn , is held in the spindle of a milling machine . Types and nomenclature ( edit ) Mill orientation is the primary classification for milling machines . The two basic configurations are vertical and horizontal .",
"4": "However , there are alternative classifications according to method of control , size , purpose and power source . Mill orientation ( edit ) Vertical mill ( edit ) Vertical milling machine . 1 : milling cutter 2 : spindle 3 : top slide or overarm 4 : column 5 : table 6 : Y - axis slide 7 : knee 8 : base In the vertical mill the spindle axis is vertically oriented . Milling cutters are held in the spindle and rotate on its axis . The spindle can generally be extended ( or the table can be raised / lowered , giving the same effect ) , allowing plunge cuts and drilling . There are two subcategories of vertical mills : the bed mill and the turret mill . A turret mill has a stationary spindle and the table is moved both perpendicular and parallel to the spindle axis to accomplish cutting . The most common example of this type is the Bridgeport , described below . Turret mills often have a quill which allows the milling cutter to be raised and lowered in a manner similar to a drill press . This type of machine provides two methods of cutting in the vertical ( Z ) direction : by raising or lowering the quill , and by moving the knee . In the bed mill , however , the table moves only perpendicular to the spindle 's axis , while the spindle itself moves parallel to its own axis . Turret mills are generally considered by some to be more versatile of the two designs . However , turret mills are only practical as long as the machine remains relatively small . As machine size increases , moving the knee up and down requires considerable effort and it also becomes difficult to reach the quill feed handle ( if equipped ) . Therefore , larger milling machines are usually of the bed type . A third type also exists , a lighter machine , called a mill - drill , which is a close relative of the vertical mill and quite popular with hobbyists . A mill - drill is similar in basic configuration to a small drill press , but equipped with an X-Y table . They also typically use more powerful motors than a comparably sized drill press , with potentiometer - controlled speed and generally have more heavy - duty spindle bearings than a drill press to deal with the lateral loading on the spindle that is created by a milling operation .",
"5": "A mill drill also typically raises and lowers the entire head , including motor , often on a dovetailed vertical , where a drill press motor remains stationary , while the arbor raises and lowers within a driving collar . Other differences that separate a mill - drill from a drill press may be a fine tuning adjustment for the Z - axis , a more precise depth stop , the capability to lock the X , Y or Z axis , and often a system of tilting the head or the entire vertical column and powerhead assembly to allow angled cutting . Aside from size and precision , the principal difference between these hobby - type machines and larger true vertical mills is that the X-Y table is at a fixed elevation ; the Z - axis is controlled in basically the same fashion as drill press , where a larger vertical or knee mill has a vertically fixed milling head , and changes the X-Y table elevation . As well , a mill - drill often uses a standard drill press - type Jacob 's chuck , rather than an internally tapered arbor that accepts collets . These are frequently of lower quality than other types of machines , but still fill the hobby role well because they tend to be benchtop machines with small footprints and modest price tags . Horizontal milling machine ( edit ) Horizontal milling machine . 1 : base 2 : column 3 : knee 4 & 5 : table ( x-axis slide is integral ) 6 : overarm 7 : arbor ( attached to spindle ) A horizontal mill has the same sort but the cutters are mounted on a horizontal spindle ( see Arbor milling ) across the table . Many horizontal mills also feature a built - in rotary table that allows milling at various angles ; this feature is called a universal table . While endmills and the other types of tools available to a vertical mill may be used in a horizontal mill , their real advantage lies in arbor - mounted cutters , called side and face mills , which have a cross section rather like a circular saw , but are generally wider and smaller in diameter . Because the cutters have good support from the arbor and have a larger cross-sectional area than an end mill , quite heavy cuts can be taken enabling rapid material removal rates . These are used to mill grooves and slots . Plain mills are used to shape flat surfaces . Several cutters may be ganged together on the arbor to mill a complex shape of slots and planes .",
"6": "Special cutters can also cut grooves , bevels , radii , or indeed any section desired . These specialty cutters tend to be expensive . Simplex mills have one spindle , and duplex mills have two . It is also easier to cut gears on a horizontal mill . Some horizontal milling machines are equipped with a power - take - off provision on the table . This allows the table feed to be synchronized to a rotary fixture , enabling the milling of spiral features such as hypoid gears . Comparative merits ( edit ) The choice between vertical and horizontal spindle orientation in milling machine design usually hinges on the shape and size of a workpiece and the number of sides of the workpiece that require machining . Work in which the spindle 's axial movement is normal to one plane , with an endmill as the cutter , lends itself to a vertical mill , where the operator can stand before the machine and have easy access to the cutting action by looking down upon it . Thus vertical mills are most favored for diesinking work ( machining a mould into a block of metal ) . Heavier and longer workpieces lend themselves to placement on the table of a horizontal mill . Prior to numerical control , horizontal milling machines evolved first , because they evolved by putting milling tables under lathe - like headstocks . Vertical mills appeared in subsequent decades , and accessories in the form of add - on heads to change horizontal mills to vertical mills ( and later vice versa ) have been commonly used . Even in the CNC era , a heavy workpiece needing machining on multiple sides lends itself to a horizontal machining center , while diesinking lends itself to a vertical one . Alternative classifications ( edit ) In addition to horizontal versus vertical , other distinctions are also important : Criterion Example classification scheme Comments Spindle axis orientation Vertical versus horizontal ; Turret versus non-turret Among vertical mills , `` Bridgeport - style '' is a whole class of mills inspired by the Bridgeport original , rather like the IBM PC spawned the industry of IBM - compatible PCs by other brands Control Manual ; Mechanically automated via cams ; Digitally automated via NC / CNC In the CNC era , a very basic distinction is manual versus CNC . Among manual machines , a worthwhile distinction is non-DRO - equipped versus DRO - equipped Control ( specifically among CNC machines ) Number of axes ( e.g.",
"7": ", 3 - axis , 4 - axis , or more ) Within this scheme , also : Pallet - changing versus non-pallet - changing Full - auto tool - changing versus semi-auto or manual tool - changing Purpose General - purpose versus special - purpose or single - purpose Purpose Toolroom machine versus production machine Overlaps with above Purpose `` Plain '' versus `` universal '' A distinction whose meaning evolved over decades as technology progressed , and overlaps with other purpose classifications above . Not relevant to today 's CNC mills . Regarding manual mills , the common theme is that `` plain '' mills were production machines with fewer axes than `` universal '' mills ; for example , whereas a plain mill had no indexing head and a non-rotating table , a universal mill would have those . Thus it was suited to universal service , that is , a wider range of possible toolpaths . Machine tool builders no longer use the `` plain '' - versus - `` universal '' labeling . Size Micro , mini , benchtop , standing on floor , large , very large , gigantic Power source Line - shaft - drive versus individual electric motor drive Most line - shaft - drive machines , ubiquitous circa 1880 -- 1930 , have been scrapped by now Hand - crank - power versus electric Hand - cranked not used in industry but suitable for hobbyist micromills Variants ( edit ) A Sieg X2 miniature hobbyist mill plainly showing the basic parts of a mill . Bed mill This refers to any milling machine where the spindle is on a pendant that moves up and down to move the cutter into the work , while the table sits on a stout bed that rests on the floor . These are generally more rigid than a knee mill . Gantry mills can be included in this bed mill category . Box mill or column mill Very basic hobbyist bench - mounted milling machines that feature a head riding up and down on a column or box way . C - frame mill These are larger , industrial production mills . They feature a knee and fixed spindle head that is only mobile vertically . They are typically much more powerful than a turret mill , featuring a separate hydraulic motor for integral hydraulic power feeds in all directions , and a twenty to fifty horsepower motor . Backlash eliminators are almost always standard equipment . They use large NMTB 40 or 50 tooling .",
"8": "The tables on C - frame mills are usually 18 '' by 68 '' or larger , to allow multiple parts to be machined at the same time . Floor mill These have a row of rotary tables , and a horizontal pendant spindle mounted on a set of tracks that runs parallel to the table row . These mills have predominantly been converted to CNC , but some can still be found ( if one can even find a used machine available ) under manual control . The spindle carriage moves to each individual table , performs the machining operations , and moves to the next table while the previous table is being set up for the next operation . Unlike other mills , floor mills have movable floor units . A crane drops massive rotary tables , X-Y tables , etc. , into position for machining , allowing large and complex custom milling operations . Gantry mill The milling head rides over two rails ( often steel shafts ) which lie at each side of the work surface . Horizontal boring mill Large , accurate bed horizontal mills that incorporate many features from various machine tools . They are predominantly used to create large manufacturing jigs , or to modify large , high precision parts . They have a spindle stroke of several ( usually between four and six ) feet , and many are equipped with a tailstock to perform very long boring operations without losing accuracy as the bore increases in depth . A typical bed has X and Y travel , and is between three and four feet square with a rotary table or a larger rectangle without a table . The pendant usually provides between four and eight feet of vertical movement . Some mills have a large ( 30 '' or more ) integral facing head . Right angle rotary tables and vertical milling attachments are available for further flexibility . Jig borer Vertical mills that are built to bore holes , and very light slot or face milling . They are typically bed mills with a long spindle throw . The beds are more accurate , and the handwheels are graduated down to . 0001 '' for precise hole placement . Knee mill or knee - and - column mill refers to any milling machine whose x-y table rides up and down the column on a vertically adjustable knee . This includes Bridgeports . Planer - style mill Large mills built in the same configuration as planers except with a milling spindle instead of a planing head . This term is growing dated as planers themselves are largely a thing of the past .",
"9": "Ram - type mill This can refer to any mill that has a cutting head mounted on a sliding ram . The spindle can be oriented either vertically or horizontally . In practice most mills with rams also involve swiveling ability , whether or not it is called `` turret '' mounting . The Bridgeport configuration can be classified as a vertical - head ram - type mill . Van Norman specialized in ram - type mills through most of the 20th century . Since the wide dissemination of CNC machines , ram - type mills are still made in the Bridgeport configuration ( with either manual or CNC control ) , but the less common variations ( such as were built by Van Norman , Index , and others ) have died out , their work being done now by either Bridgeport - form mills or machining centers . Turret mill More commonly referred to as Bridgeport - type milling machines . The spindle can be aligned in many different positions for a very versatile , if somewhat less rigid machine . Alternative terminology ( edit ) A milling machine is often called a mill by machinists . The archaic term miller was commonly used in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Since the 1960s there has developed an overlap of usage between the terms milling machine and machining center . NC / CNC machining centers evolved from milling machines , which is why the terminology evolved gradually with considerable overlap that still persists . The distinction , when one is made , is that a machining center is a mill with features that pre-CNC mills never had , especially an automatic tool changer ( ATC ) that includes a tool magazine ( carousel ) , and sometimes an automatic pallet changer ( APC ) . In typical usage , all machining centers are mills , but not all mills are machining centers ; only mills with ATCs are machining centers . Computer numerical control ( edit ) Thin wall milling of aluminum using a water based cutting fluid on the milling cutter Most CNC milling machines ( also called machining centers ) are computer controlled vertical mills with the ability to move the spindle vertically along the Z - axis . This extra degree of freedom permits their use in diesinking , engraving applications , and 2.5 D surfaces such as relief sculptures . When combined with the use of conical tools or a ball nose cutter , it also significantly improves milling precision without impacting speed , providing a cost - efficient alternative to most flat - surface hand - engraving work .",
"10": "Five - axis machining center with rotating table and computer interface CNC machines can exist in virtually any of the forms of manual machinery , like horizontal mills . The most advanced CNC milling - machines , the multiaxis machine , add two more axes in addition to the three normal axes ( XYZ ) . Horizontal milling machines also have a C or Q axis , allowing the horizontally mounted workpiece to be rotated , essentially allowing asymmetric and eccentric turning . The fifth axis ( B axis ) controls the tilt of the tool itself . When all of these axes are used in conjunction with each other , extremely complicated geometries , even organic geometries such as a human head can be made with relative ease with these machines . But the skill to program such geometries is beyond that of most operators . Therefore , 5 - axis milling machines are practically always programmed with CAM . The operating system of such machines is a closed loop system and functions on feedback . These machines have developed from the basic NC ( NUMERIC CONTROL ) machines . A computerized form of NC machines is known as CNC machines . A set of instructions ( called a program ) is used to guide the machine for desired operations . Some very commonly used codes , which are used in the program are : G00 -- rapid traverse G01 -- linear interpolation of tool . G21 -- dimensions in metric units . M03 / M04 -- spindle start ( clockwise / counter clockwise ) . T01 M06 -- automatic tool change to tool 1 M30 -- program end . Various other codes are also used . A CNC machine is operated by a single operator called a programmer . This machine is capable of performing various operations automatically and economically . With the declining price of computers and open source CNC software , the entry price of CNC machines has plummeted . High speed steel with cobalt endmills used for cutting operations in a milling machine . Tooling ( edit ) The accessories and cutting tools used on machine tools ( including milling machines ) are referred to in aggregate by the mass noun `` tooling '' . There is a high degree of standardization of the tooling used with CNC milling machines , and a lesser degree with manual milling machines . To ease up the organization of the tooling in CNC production many companies use a tool management solution . Milling cutters for specific applications are held in various tooling configurations .",
"11": "CNC milling machines nearly always use SK ( or ISO ) , CAT , BT or HSK tooling . SK tooling is the most common in Europe , while CAT tooling , sometimes called V - Flange Tooling , is the oldest and probably most common type in the USA . CAT tooling was invented by Caterpillar Inc. of Peoria , Illinois , in order to standardize the tooling used on their machinery . CAT tooling comes in a range of sizes designated as CAT - 30 , CAT - 40 , CAT - 50 , etc . The number refers to the Association for Manufacturing Technology ( formerly the National Machine Tool Builders Association ( NMTB ) ) Taper size of the tool . A CAT - 40 toolholder A boring head on a Morse taper shank An improvement on CAT Tooling is BT Tooling , which looks similar and can easily be confused with CAT tooling . Like CAT Tooling , BT Tooling comes in a range of sizes and uses the same NMTB body taper . However , BT tooling is symmetrical about the spindle axis , which CAT tooling is not . This gives BT tooling greater stability and balance at high speeds . One other subtle difference between these two toolholders is the thread used to hold the pull stud . CAT Tooling is all Imperial thread and BT Tooling is all Metric thread . Note that this affects the pull stud only , it does not affect the tool that they can hold , both types of tooling are sold to accept both Imperial and metric sized tools . SK and HSK tooling , sometimes called `` Hollow Shank Tooling '' , is much more common in Europe where it was invented than it is in the United States . It is claimed that HSK tooling is even better than BT Tooling at high speeds . The holding mechanism for HSK tooling is placed within the ( hollow ) body of the tool and , as spindle speed increases , it expands , gripping the tool more tightly with increasing spindle speed . There is no pull stud with this type of tooling . For manual milling machines , there is less standardization , because a greater plurality of formerly competing standards exist . Newer and larger manual machines usually use NMTB tooling . This tooling is somewhat similar to CAT tooling but requires a drawbar within the milling machine .",
"12": "Furthermore , there are a number of variations with NMTB tooling that make interchangeability troublesome . The older a machine , the greater the plurality of standards that may apply ( e.g. , Morse , Jarno , Brown & Sharpe , Van Norman , and other less common builder - specific tapers ) . However , two standards that have seen especially wide usage are the Morse # 2 and the R8 , whose prevalence was driven by the popularity of the mills built by Bridgeport Machines of Bridgeport , Connecticut . These mills so dominated the market for such a long time that `` Bridgeport '' is virtually synonymous with `` manual milling machine '' . Most of the machines that Bridgeport made between 1938 and 1965 used a Morse taper # 2 , and from about 1965 onward most used an R8 taper . Accessories ( edit ) Arbor support Stop block CNC pocket milling ( edit ) Pocket milling has been regarded as one of the most widely used operations in machining . It is extensively used in aerospace and shipyard industries . In pocket milling the material inside an arbitrarily closed boundary on a flat surface of a work piece is removed to a fixed depth . Generally flat bottom end mills are used for pocket milling . Firstly roughing operation is done to remove the bulk of material and then the pocket is finished by a finish end mill . Most of the industrial milling operations can be taken care of by 2.5 axis CNC milling . This type of path control can machine up to 80 % of all mechanical parts . Since the importance of pocket milling is very relevant , therefore effective pocketing approaches can result in reduction in machining time and cost . NC pocket milling can be carried out mainly by two tool paths , viz . linear and non-linear . Linear tool path ( edit ) In this approach , the tool movement is unidirectional . Zig - zag and zig tool paths are the examples of linear tool path . Zig - zag tool path ( edit ) In zig - zag milling , material is removed both in forward and backward paths . In this case , cutting is done both with and against the rotation of the spindle . This reduces the machining time but increases machine chatter and tool wear . Zig tool path ( edit ) In zig milling , the tool moves only in one direction .",
"13": "The tool has to be lifted and retracted after each cut , due to which machining time increases . However , in case of zig milling surface quality is better . Non-linear tool path ( edit ) In this approach , tool movement is multi-directional . One example of non-linear tool path is contour - parallel tool path . Contour - parallel tool path ( edit ) In this approach , the required pocket boundary is used to derive the tool path . In this case the cutter is always in contact with the work material . Hence the idle time spent in positioning and retracting the tool is avoided . For large - scale material removal , contour - parallel tool path is widely used because it can be consistently used with up - cut or down - cut method during the entire process . There are three different approaches that fall into the category of contour - parallel tool path generation . They are : Pair-wise intersection approach : In pair-wise intersection approach , the boundary of the pocket is brought inwards in steps , The offset segments will intersect at concave corners . To obtain the required contour , these intersections are to be trimmed off . On the other hand , in case of convex corner , the offset segments are extended and thereby connected to make the contour . These operations viz . offsetting , trimming and extending are repeatedly done to cover the entire machining volume with sufficient layer of profiles . Voronoi diagram approach : In voronoi diagram approach , the pocket boundary is segmented and voronoi diagram is constructed for the entire pocket boundary . These voronoi diagrams are used for generating the tool path for machining . This method is considered to be more efficient and robust . Moreover , it avoids topological problems associated with traditional offsetting algorithms . Curvilinear tool path ( edit ) In this approach , the tool travels along a gradually evolving spiral path . The spiral starts at the center of the pocket to be machined and the tool gradually moves towards the pocket boundary . The direction of the tool path changes progressively and local acceleration and deceleration of the tool are minimized . This reduces tool wear . Zig - zag tool path Zig tool path Contour - parallel tool path Curvilinear tool path History ( edit ) 1810s -- 1830s ( edit ) This milling machine was long credited to Eli Whitney and dated to circa 1818 .",
"14": "From the 1910s through the 1940s , this version of its provenance was widely published . In the 1950s and 1960s , various historians of technology mostly discredited the view of this machine as the first miller and possibly even of Whitney as its builder . Nonetheless , it is still an important early milling machine , regardless of its exact provenance . The Middletown milling machine of circa 1818 , associated with Robert Johnson and Simeon North . The milling machine built by James Nasmyth between 1829 and 1831 for milling the six sides of a hex nut using an indexing fixture . Milling machines evolved from the practice of rotary filing -- that is , running a circular cutter with file - like teeth in the headstock of a lathe . Rotary filing and , later , true milling were developed to reduce time and effort spent hand - filing . The full story of milling machine development may never be known , because much early development took place in individual shops where few records were kept for posterity . However , the broad outlines are known , as summarized below . From a history - of - technology viewpoint , it is clear that the naming of this new type of machining with the term `` milling '' was an extension from that word 's earlier senses of processing materials by abrading them in some way ( cutting , grinding , crushing , etc . ) . Rotary filing long predated milling . A rotary file by Jacques de Vaucanson , circa 1760 , is well known . It is clear that milling machines as a distinct class of machine tool ( separate from lathes running rotary files ) first appeared between 1814 and 1818 . The centers of earliest development of true milling machines were two federal armories of the U.S. ( Springfield and Harpers Ferry ) together with the various private armories and inside contractors that shared turnover of skilled workmen with them . Between 1912 and 1916 , Joseph W. Roe , a respected founding father of machine tool historians , credited Eli Whitney ( one of the private arms makers mentioned above ) with producing the first true milling machine . By 1918 , he considered it `` Probably the first milling machine ever built -- certainly the oldest now in existence ( ... ) . ''",
"15": "However , subsequent scholars , including Robert S. Woodbury and others , have improved upon Roe 's early version of the history and suggest that just as much credit -- in fact , probably more -- belongs to various other inventors , including Robert Johnson of Middletown , Connecticut ; Captain John H. Hall of the Harpers Ferry armory ; Simeon North of the Staddle Hill factory in Middletown ; Roswell Lee of the Springfield armory ; and Thomas Blanchard . ( Several of the men mentioned above are sometimes described on the internet as `` the inventor of the first milling machine '' or `` the inventor of interchangeable parts '' . Such claims are oversimplified , as these technologies evolved over time among many people . ) Peter Baida , citing Edward A. Battison 's article `` Eli Whitney and the Milling Machine , '' which was published in the Smithsonian Journal of History in 1966 , exemplifies the dispelling of the `` Great Man '' image of Whitney by historians of technology working in the 1950s and 1960s . He quotes Battison as concluding that `` There is no evidence that Whitney developed or used a true milling machine . '' Baida says , `` The so - called Whitney machine of 1818 seems actually to have been made after Whitney 's death in 1825 . '' Baida cites Battison 's suggestion that the first true milling machine was made not by Whitney , but by Robert Johnson of Middletown . The late teens of the 19th century were a pivotal time in the history of machine tools , as the period of 1814 to 1818 is also the period during which several contemporary pioneers ( Fox , Murray , and Roberts ) were developing the planer , and as with the milling machine , the work being done in various shops was undocumented for various reasons ( partially because of proprietary secrecy , and also simply because no one was taking down records for posterity ) . James Nasmyth built a milling machine very advanced for its time between 1829 and 1831 . It was tooled to mill the six sides of a hex nut that was mounted in a six - way indexing fixture . A milling machine built and used in the shop of Gay & Silver ( aka Gay , Silver , & Co ) in the 1830s was influential because it employed a better method of vertical positioning than earlier machines .",
"16": "For example , Whitney 's machine ( the one that Roe considered the very first ) and others did not make provision for vertical travel of the knee . Evidently , the workflow assumption behind this was that the machine would be set up with shims , vise , etc. for a certain part design , and successive parts did not require vertical adjustment ( or at most would need only shimming ) . This indicates that early thinking about milling machines was as production machines , not toolroom machines . In these early years , milling was often viewed as only a roughing operation to be followed by finishing with a hand file . The idea of reducing hand filing was more important than replacing it . 1840s -- 1860 ( edit ) A typical Lincoln miller . The configuration was established in the 1850s . ( This example was built by Pratt & Whitney , probably 1870s or 1880s . ) Some of the key men in milling machine development during this era included Frederick W. Howe , Francis A. Pratt , Elisha K. Root , and others . ( These same men during the same era were also busy developing the state of the art in turret lathes . Howe 's experience at Gay & Silver in the 1840s acquainted him with early versions of both machine tools . His machine tool designs were later built at Robbins & Lawrence , the Providence Tool Company , and Brown & Sharpe . ) The most successful milling machine design to emerge during this era was the Lincoln miller , which rather than being a specific make and model of machine tool is truly a family of tools built by various companies on a common configuration over several decades . It took its name from the first company to put one on the market , George S. Lincoln & Company ( formerly the Phoenix Iron Works ) , whose first one was built in 1855 for the Colt armory . During this era there was a continued blind spot in milling machine design , as various designers failed to develop a truly simple and effective means of providing slide travel in all three of the archetypal milling axes ( X , Y , and Z -- or as they were known in the past , longitudinal , traverse , and vertical ) . Vertical positioning ideas were either absent or underdeveloped .",
"17": "The Lincoln miller 's spindle could be raised and lowered , but the original idea behind its positioning was to be set up in position and then run , as opposed to being moved frequently while running . Like a turret lathe , it was a repetitive - production machine , with each skilled setup followed by extensive fairly low skill operation . 1860s ( edit ) Brown & Sharpe 's groundbreaking universal milling machine , 1861 In 1861 , Frederick W. Howe , while working for the Providence Tool Company , asked Joseph R. Brown of Brown & Sharpe for a solution to the problem of milling spirals , such as the flutes of twist drills . These were usually filed by hand at the time . ( Helical planing existed but was by no means common . ) Brown designed a `` universal milling machine '' that , starting from its first sale in March 1862 , was wildly successful . It solved the problem of 3 - axis travel ( i.e. , the axes that we now call XYZ ) much more elegantly than had been done in the past , and it allowed for the milling of spirals using an indexing head fed in coordination with the table feed . The term `` universal '' was applied to it because it was ready for any kind of work , including toolroom work , and was not as limited in application as previous designs . ( Howe had designed a `` universal miller '' in 1852 , but Brown 's of 1861 is the one considered a groundbreaking success . ) Brown also developed and patented ( 1864 ) the design of formed milling cutters in which successive sharpenings of the teeth do not disturb the geometry of the form . The advances of the 1860s opened the floodgates and ushered in modern milling practice . 1870s to World War I ( edit ) A typical universal milling machine of the early 20th century . Suitable for toolroom , jobbing , or production use . In these decades , Brown & Sharpe and the Cincinnati Milling Machine Company dominated the milling machine field . However , hundreds of other firms also built milling machines at the time , and many were significant in various ways .",
"18": "Besides a wide variety of specialized production machines , the archetypal multipurpose milling machine of the late 19th and early 20th centuries was a heavy knee - and - column horizontal - spindle design with power table feeds , indexing head , and a stout overarm to support the arbor . The evolution of machine design was driven not only by inventive spirit but also by the constant evolution of milling cutters that saw milestone after milestone from 1860 through World War I . World War I and interwar period ( edit ) Around the end of World War I , machine tool control advanced in various ways that laid the groundwork for later CNC technology . The jig borer popularized the ideas of coordinate dimensioning ( dimensioning of all locations on the part from a single reference point ) ; working routinely in `` tenths '' ( ten - thousandths of an inch , 0.0001 `` ) as an everyday machine capability ; and using the control to go straight from drawing to part , circumventing jig - making . In 1920 the new tracer design of J.C. Shaw was applied to Keller tracer milling machines for die - sinking via the three - dimensional copying of a template . This made diesinking faster and easier just as dies were in higher demand than ever before , and was very helpful for large steel dies such as those used to stamp sheets in automobile manufacturing . Such machines translated the tracer movements to input for servos that worked the machine leadscrews or hydraulics . They also spurred the development of antibacklash leadscrew nuts . All of the above concepts were new in the 1920s but became routine in the NC / CNC era . By the 1930s , incredibly large and advanced milling machines existed , such as the Cincinnati Hydro - Tel , that presaged today 's CNC mills in every respect except for CNC control itself . Bridgeport milling machine ( edit ) In 1936 , Rudolph Bannow ( 1897 -- 1962 ) conceived of a major improvement to the milling machine . His company commenced manufacturing a new knee - and - column vertical mill in 1938 . This was the Bridgeport milling machine , often called a ram - type or turret - type mill because its head has sliding - ram and rotating - turret mounting . The machine became so popular that many other manufacturers created copies and variants .",
"19": "Furthermore , its name came to connote any such variant . The Bridgeport offered enduring advantages over previous models . It was small enough , light enough , and affordable enough to be a practical acquisition for even the smallest machine shop businesses , yet it was also smartly designed , versatile , well - built , and rigid . Its various directions of sliding and pivoting movement allowed the head to approach the work from any angle . The Bridgeport 's design became the dominant form for manual milling machines used by several generations of small - and medium - enterprise machinists . By the 1980s an estimated quarter - million Bridgeport milling machines had been built , and they ( and their clones ) are still being produced today . 1940s -- 1970s ( edit ) By 1940 , automation via cams , such as in screw machines and automatic chuckers , had already been very well developed for decades . Beginning in the 1930s , ideas involving servomechanisms had been in the air , but it was especially during and immediately after World War II that they began to germinate ( see also Numerical control > History ) . These were soon combined with the emerging technology of digital computers . This technological development milieu , spanning from the immediate pre -- World War II period into the 1950s , was powered by the military capital expenditures that pursued contemporary advancements in the directing of gun and rocket artillery and in missile guidance -- other applications in which humans wished to control the kinematics / dynamics of large machines quickly , precisely , and automatically . Sufficient R&D spending probably would not have happened within the machine tool industry alone ; but it was for the latter applications that the will and ability to spend was available . Once the development was underway , it was eagerly applied to machine tool control in one of the many post-WWII instances of technology transfer . In 1952 , numerical control reached the developmental stage of laboratory reality . The first NC machine tool was a Cincinnati Hydrotel milling machine retrofitted with a scratch - built NC control unit . It was reported in Scientific American , just as another groundbreaking milling machine , the Brown & Sharpe universal , had been in 1862 . During the 1950s , numerical control moved slowly from the laboratory into commercial service . For its first decade , it had rather limited impact outside of aerospace work .",
"20": "But during the 1960s and 1970s , NC evolved into CNC , data storage and input media evolved , computer processing power and memory capacity steadily increased , and NC and CNC machine tools gradually disseminated from an environment of huge corporations and mainly aerospace work to the level of medium - sized corporations and a wide variety of products . NC and CNC 's drastic advancement of machine tool control deeply transformed the culture of manufacturing . The details ( which are beyond the scope of this article ) have evolved immensely with every passing decade . 1980s -- present ( edit ) Computers and CNC machine tools continue to develop rapidly . The personal computer revolution has a great impact on this development . By the late 1980s small machine shops had desktop computers and CNC machine tools . Soon after , hobbyists , artists , and designers began obtaining CNC mills and lathes . Manufacturers have started producing economically priced CNCs machines small enough to sit on a desktop which can cut at high resolution materials softer than stainless steel . They can be used to make anything from jewelry to printed circuit boards to gun parts , even fine art . Milling standards ( edit ) National and international standards are used to standardize the definitions , environmental requirements , and test methods used for milling . Selection of the standard to be used is an agreement between the supplier and the user and has some significance in the design of the mill . In the United States , ASME has developed the standards B5. 45 - 1972 Milling Machines and B94. 19 - 1997 Milling Cutters and End Mills . General tolerances include : + / -. 005 '' for local tolerances across most geometries , + / -. 010 '' for plastics with variation depending on the size of the part , 0.030 '' minimum wall thickness for metals , and 0.060 '' minimum wall thickness for plastics . See also ( edit ) Arbor milling CNC router Cryomilling Milling cutter Multiaxis machining Photo chemical milling Printed circuit board milling 3D printing References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brown & Sharpe 1914 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : CMMC 1922 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Usher 1896 , p. 142 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ CMMC 1992 , pp. 125 -- 127 . Jump up ^ `` How to use a Milling Machine '' . American Machine Tools Co . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 2011 Jump up ^ Currently the term `` miller '' refers to machines built when that term was current , as with `` phonograph '' and `` horseless carriage . '' Jump up ^ Kramer , Thomas R. ( 1992 ) . `` Pocket Milling with Tool Engagement Detection '' . Journal of Manufacturing Systems . 11 ( 2 ) : 112 -- 123 . doi : 10.1016 / 0278 - 6125 ( 92 ) 90042 - E. Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Held , Martin ( 1991 ) . `` A geometry - based investigation of the tool path generation for zigzag pocket machining '' . The Visual Computer . 7 ( 5 - 6 ) : 296 -- 308 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01905694 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Choy , H.S. ; Chan , K.W. ( February 2003 ) . `` A corner - looping based tool path for pocket milling '' . Computer - Aided Design . 35 : 155 -- 166 . doi : 10.1016 / S0010 - 4485 ( 02 ) 00049 - 0 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Allan ; Arbab , Farhad ( April 1992 ) . `` An algorithm for generating NC tool paths for arbitrarily shaped pockets with islands '' . ACM Transactions on Graphics . 11 ( 2 ) : 152 -- 182 . doi : 10.1145 / 130826.130832 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeong , J. ; Kim , K. `` Tool Path Generation for Machining Free - Form Pockets Voronoi Diagrams '' . Springer Link . The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 1998 , Volume 14 , Issue 12 , pp 876 - 881 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ Persson , H. ( May 1978 ) . `` NC machining of arbitrarily shaped pockets '' . Computer - Aided Design . 10 ( 3 ) : 169 -- 174 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 4485 ( 78 ) 90141 - 0 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Bieterman , Michael B. ; Sandstrom , Donald R. ( Nov 11 , 2003 ) . `` A Curvilinear Tool - Path Method for Pocket Machining '' . Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering . 125 : 709 -- 715 . doi : 10.1115 / 1.1596579 . Jump up ^ Woodbury 1972 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Roe 1916 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Woodbury 1972 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Roe 1916 , caption of figure facing p. 142 . Jump up ^ Roe 1918 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Woodbury 1972 , pp. 16 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Baida 1987 Jump up ^ Roe 1916 , Chapter V : Inventors of the Planer , pp. 50 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Woodbury 1972 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Roe 1916 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Roe 1916 , pp. 208 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Woodbury 1972 , pp. 51 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Woodbury 1972 , pp. 79 -- 81 . ^ Jump up to : American Precision Museum 1992 . Jump up ^ Pease 1952 Jump up ^ Noble 1984 , throughout . Jump up ^ `` Design Guide : CNC Machining '' ( PDF ) . xometry.com . Bibliography ( edit ) Usher , John T. ( 1896 ) . The Modern Machinist ( 2nd ed . ) . N.W. Henley . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 01 .",
"23": "Practical treatise on milling and milling machines . Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company . 1914 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . A treatise on milling and milling machines . Cincinnati , Ohio : Cincinnati Milling Machine Company . 1922 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Noble , David F. ( 1984 ) , Forces of Production : A Social History of Industrial Automation , New York , New York , USA : Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 51262 - 4 , LCCN 83048867 . Roe , Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ) , English and American Tool Builders , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw - Hill , New York and London , 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications , Inc. , Bradley , Illinois , ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ) . Roe , Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ) , English and American Tool Builders , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw - Hill , New York and London , 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications , Inc. , Bradley , Illinois , ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ) ... Pease , William ( 1952 ) , `` An automatic machine tool '' , Scientific American , 187 ( 3 ) : 101 -- 115 , doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0952 - 101 , ISSN 0036 - 8733 . Woodbury , Robert S. ( 1972 ) ( 1960 ) , History of the Milling Machine . In Studies in the History of Machine Tools , Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA , and London , England : MIT Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 73033 - 4 , LCCN 72006354 . First published alone as a monograph in 1960 .",
"24": "Baida , Peter ( May -- June 1987 ) , `` Eli Whitney 's Other Talent '' , American Heritage , 38 ( 4 ) , retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . American Precision Museum ( 1992 ) , `` Rudolph Bannow ( 1897 -- 1962 ) '' , Machine Tool Hall of Fame , American Precision Museum , retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2011 ) , diesinking , retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 Further reading ( edit ) Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Rolt , L.T.C. ( 1965 ) , A Short History of Machine Tools , Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA : MIT Press , OCLC 250074 . Co-edition published as Rolt , L.T.C. ( 1965 ) , Tools for the Job : a Short History of Machine Tools , London : B.T. Batsford , LCCN 65080822 . ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milling machines . Metalworking ( hide ) Machining and computing Computer - aided engineering 2.",
"25": "5 D CAD CAM G - code Numerical control ( NC and CNC ) Stewart platform Drilling and threading Die head Drill Drill bit Drill bit shank Drill bit sizes Drilling List of drill and tap sizes Tap and die Tap wrench Threading Grinding and lapping Abrasive Angle grinder Bench grinder Coated abrasives Cylindrical grinder Diamond plate Flick grinder Grinding Grinding dresser Grinding machine Grinding wheel Jig grinder Lapping Sanding Sharpening stone Spark testing Surface grinder Tool and cutter grinder Machining Boring Broaching Electrical discharge machining Electrochemical machining Electron beam machining Endmill Engraving Facing Hobbing Jig borer Machine tool Machining Metal lathe Milling cutter Milling machine Pantograph Photochemical machining Planer Reamer Rotary transfer machine Shaper Turning Ultrasonic machining Machine tooling Angle plate Chuck Collet Fixture Indexing head Jig Lathe center Machine taper Magnetic base Mandrel Rotary table Wiggler Terminology Cutting fluid Machining vibrations Speeds and feeds Swarf Tolerance Tool and die making Tramp oil Casting Fabrication Forming Jewellery Machining Metallurgy Smithing Tools and terminology Welding Machine and metalworking tools arbor press automatic lathe ball - peen hammer broaching machine drill press end mill English wheel gear shaper grinding machine hacksaw hobbing machine jig borer lathe machine tool metal lathe milling cutter milling machine planer plasma cutter rotary transfer machine shaper tap and die thread restorer tool bit turret lathe welder Types of tools Cleaning Cutting and abrasive Forestry Garden Hand Machine and metalworking Measuring and alignment Power Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"26": "php?title=Milling_(machining)&oldid=836914172 '' Categories : Computer - aided engineering Machine tools Metalworking Metalworking terminology Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano Кыргызча मराठी Nederlands Polski Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 16 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
23,
2,
26,
1,
24,
3,
20,
14,
12,
4,
18,
5,
21,
8,
16,
6,
10,
17,
11,
9,
15,
13,
7,
19,
22,
25
] |
[
0,
23,
2,
26,
1,
24
] |
6033283306897030277
|
when does a currency transaction report need to be filed
|
[
"each deposit, withdrawal, exchange of currency, or other payment or transfer, by, through, or to the financial institution which involves a transaction in currency of more than $10,000",
"a transaction in currency of more than $10,000",
"for each deposit, withdrawal, exchange of currency, or other payment or transfer, by, through, or to the financial institution which involves a transaction in currency of more than $10,000"
] |
{
"0": "Currency transaction Report - wikipedia Currency transaction Report Jump to : navigation , search Currency Transaction Report , March 2011 revision A currency transaction report ( CTR ) is a report that U.S. financial institutions are required to file with FinCEN for each deposit , withdrawal , exchange of currency , or other payment or transfer , by , through , or to the financial institution which involves a transaction in currency of more than $10,000 . Used in this context , currency means the coin and / or paper money of any country that is designated as legal tender by the country of issuance . Currency also includes U.S. silver certificates , U.S. notes , Federal Reserve notes , and official foreign bank notes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Procedure 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) When the first version of the CTR was introduced , the only way a suspicious transaction less than $10,000 was reported to the government was if a bank teller called law enforcement . This was primarily due to the financial industry 's concern about the right to financial privacy . On October 26 , 1986 , with the passage of the Money Laundering Control Act , the right to financial privacy was no longer an issue . As part of the Act , Congress had stated that a financial institution could not be held liable for releasing suspicious transactional information to law enforcement . As a result , the next version of the CTR had a suspicious transaction check box at the top . This was in effect until April 1996 when the Suspicious Activity Report ( SAR ) was introduced . Procedure ( edit ) When a transaction involving more than $10,000 in cash is processed , most banks have a system that automatically creates a CTR electronically . Tax and other information about the customer is usually pre-filled by the bank software . CTRs since 1996 include an optional checkbox at the top if the bank employee believes the transaction to be suspicious or fraudulent , commonly called a SAR , or Suspicious Activity Referral . A customer is not directly told about the $10,000 threshold unless they initiate the inquiry . A customer may decline to continue the transaction upon being informed about the CTR , but this would require the bank employee to file a SAR .",
"1": "Once a customer presents or asks to withdraw more than $10,000 in currency , the decision to continue the transaction must continue as originally requested and may not be reduced to avoid the filing of a CTR . For instance , if a customer reneges on their initial request to deposit or withdraw more than $10,000 in cash , and instead requests the same transaction for $9,999 , the bank employee should deny such a request and continue the transaction as originally requested by filing a CTR . This sort of attempt is known as structuring , and is punishable by federal law against both the customer and the bank employee . Those who habitually run transactions just under the $10,000 threshold will likely subject themselves to scrutiny and / or the filing of a SAR . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 31 C.F.R. 1010.311 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions Regarding the FinCEN Currency Transaction Report ( CTR ) '' . fincen.gov . United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Currency Transaction Reporting -- Overview '' . www.ffiec.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Notice to Customers : A CTR Reference Guide '' ( PDF ) . fincen.gov . United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Radcliffe , Brent ( 2015 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Currency Transaction Report - CTR '' . investopedia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 03 . External links ( edit ) IRS Currency Transaction Report PDF Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Currency_transaction_report&oldid=782530710 '' Categories : United States government forms Bank Secrecy Act Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2017 , at 14 : 18 . About Wikipedia",
"2": null,
"3": null,
"4": null,
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
1,
0
] |
[
0,
1
] |
-5444148004020152378
|
who played jason in friday the 13th the final chapter
|
[
"Ted White",
"Ted White",
"Ted White"
] |
{
"0": "Friday the 13th : the Final Chapter - wikipedia Friday the 13th : the Final Chapter Jump to : navigation , search Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter Theatrical release poster Directed by Joseph Zito Produced by Frank Mancuso Jr . Screenplay by Barney Cohen Story by Bruce Hidemi Sakow Based on Characters by Victor Miller Martin Kitrosser Ron Kurz Carol Watson Starring Kimberly Beck Peter Barton Corey Feldman E. Erich Anderson Crispin Glover Alan Hayes Barbara Howard Lawrence Monoson Joan Freeman Judie Aronson Camilla More Carey More Music by Harry Manfredini Cinematography João Fernandes Edited by Joel Goodman Daniel Loewenthal Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date April 13 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 13 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2.6 million Box office $33 million ( US ) Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter is a 1984 American slasher film directed by Joseph Zito and the fourth installment in the Friday the 13th film series . Following the events of Friday the 13th Part III , Jason Voorhees returns to Crystal Lake and continues his killing spree on a family and a group of neighboring teenagers after being revived from his mortal wound . The film stars Corey Feldman , Ted White , Kimberly Beck , and Crispin Glover . Despite the film 's negative reviews , it grossed $33 million in the United States . Much like Part III , the film was initially supposed to end the series and was billed as `` The Final Chapter '' ; however , the film 's success produced a sequel , Friday the 13th Part V : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The night after the events at Higgins Haven , Jason Voorhees 's body is found and delivered to the morgue . After recovering from his injuries and escaping from the cold storage , Jason kills coroner Axel with a hacksaw , and then stabs nurse Robbie Morgan with a scalpel . The following day , a group of teenagers drive to Crystal Lake for the weekend . The group consists of Paul , his girlfriend Sam , her virgin friend Sarah , pretty - boy Doug , socially awkward Jimmy , and jokester Ted . On the way , the group comes across Pamela Voorhees 's tombstone and a hitchhiker , who is soon killed by Jason . The teens arrive and meet neighbors Trish Jarvis , her twelve - year - old brother Tommy , their mother , and the family dog Gordon . While going for a walk the next day , the teens meet twin sisters Tina and Terri , and go skinny dipping with them . Trish and Tommy happen upon the scene , and Trish is invited to a party to take place that night . Afterwards , when their car breaks down , Trish and Tommy are helped out by a young man named Rob . They take him to their house , where Tommy shows Rob several monster masks he made himself before Rob leaves to go camping . Later that night , the teens begin the party . A jealous Sam sees Tina flirting with Paul and leaves . She goes out to the lake where Jason impales her from under a raft . When Paul goes out to be with her , he is harpooned in the groin . Angry with her twin , Terri tries to leave the party early but is killed with a spear before she can get on her bike . After sleeping with Tina , Jimmy goes downstairs to get a bottle of wine . Jason impales his hand with a corkscrew and hacks him in the face with a meat cleaver . Tina looks out a window upstairs and is grabbed and thrown to her death , crashing on the car .",
"2": "While a stoned Ted watches vintage stag films with a film projector , he gets too close to the projector screen and is stabbed in the head from the other side . Upstairs , Doug and Sara finish making love in the shower ; Jason kills Doug , crushing his head against the shower tile . He then kills Sara by driving an double - bit axe through the front door when she tries to escape . Trish and Tommy return from town and discover the power outage . While looking for their mother , who had been killed by Jason earlier , Trish finds Rob , and learns that he is actually the brother of Jason 's victim Sandra . Rob further explains to her that Jason is still alive and he came to Crystal Lake to get revenge for Sandra 's murder . Worried for Tommy 's safety , they return to the house . They then go next door to investigate and discover the teens ' bodies . Gordon flees , and Rob is killed by Jason in the basement as Trish runs home . She and Tommy barricade the house , but Jason breaks in and chases them into Tommy 's room . Trish lures Jason out of the house and escapes , then returns home and is devastated to learn that Tommy is still there . She senses Jason behind her and tries to fight him off with a machete but is overpowered . Tommy , having disguised himself to look like Jason as a child , distracts him long enough for Trish to hit him with the machete , but she merely whacks off his mask . As Trish stands horrified at Jason 's deformed face , Tommy takes the machete and whacks Jason in the side of the skull , causing him to collapse to the floor and split his head upon impact . When Tommy notices that Jason 's fingers are moving , he continues to hack at his body screaming , `` Die ! Die ! '' while Trish repeatedly yells out his name . At the hospital , Trish is visited by Tommy . He rushes in , embraces her , and gives a disturbed look while staring ahead . Cast ( edit ) Kimberly Beck as Trish Jarvis E. Erich Anderson as Rob Dier Corey Feldman as Tommy Jarvis Barbara Howard as Sara Joan Freeman as Mrs.",
"3": "Jarvis Camilla More as Tina Peter Barton as Doug Crispin Glover as Jimmy Judie Aronson as Samantha Lawrence Monoson as Ted Alan Hayes as Paul Carey More as Terri Bruce Mahler as Axel Lisa Freeman as Nurse Robbie Morgan Bonnie Hellman as Hitchhiker Ted White as Jason Voorhees ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) When Friday the 13th Part III was first released , it was initially supposed to end the series as a trilogy , however there was no moniker to indicate it as such . In 1983 , there was a rumor that Paramount billed the fourth installment as `` The Final Chapter '' as they felt embarrassed by their association with the series , thus the possible reason for the moniker . Despite how Siskel & Ebert claimed this in their review of the film , Paramount was aware that the slasher genre had been losing interest and thought it was a good choice to conclude the series . However , the idea came from Frank Mancuso , Jr. ( the son of Paramount CEO Frank Mancuso , Sr . ) , as he had begun to resent the series due to how he felt everyone saw him as only doing the work for Part 2 and Part 3 and that no one respected him for it , regardless of how much money it made . Because of him wanting to work on different projects , he wanted to conclude the series and kill off Jason . Writing ( edit ) Joseph Zito , director of The Prowler , was initially set to both direct and write the screenplay for the film . Zito initially claimed that he was not a writer , in which the contract consisted of receiving doubled money for the two jobs , resulting him accepting the contract . Zito secretly used the extra salary to hire Barney Cohen to write the script . Their process involved Zito taking one - hour a night phone calls with Phil Scuderi to discuss the story and script for the film . Zito then met Cohen in a New York apartment to use the concepts Scuderi had offered , which they would then turn into script pages and to be sent to Scuderi for the conversation discussed again over the phone . Cohen remained the writing credit for the film , but Zito and Cohen eventually got into trouble with the Writer 's Guild of America as a result .",
"4": "In the Friday the 13th series , the films had always had attractive young women being the sole final girl against Jason . Unlike its predecessors , this marks the first installment in the series having two survivors with one of them being male , but it is currently the only installment where the survivor is rather a child . The filmmakers believed they had never seen something like this before in slasher films , and they wanted to create characters audiences would not want to see harmed or killed . By including the Jarvis family ( divorced mother , teenage daughter , pre-teen son ) opposite the more typical cabin of horny teenagers , they could create more drama and resonant tragedy , such as the mother of Tommy and Trish implied to be killed by Jason outside , thus it remains debatable how intentional the parallels between Jason and Tommy were . Tommy 's interest for being a makeup artist with masks and props serve as homages to Tom Savini . Casting ( edit ) Actress Camilla More auditioned for the role of Samantha , but when the filmmakers discovered she had a twin sister named Carey , they were instead both offered the roles of Tina and Terri . Carey More had appeared alongside her sister in the Doublemint gum commercials . Because of how they were swayed by the twins idea , Carey 's audition was to read only one line in the film . Amy Steel , who starred as heroine Ginny Field in Part 2 of the series talked actor Peter Barton into being in the film . Both he and Steel co-starred in the sitcom The Powers of Matthew Star . When the sitcom was cancelled and no longer aired , Barton was offered a role in the film . Initially , Barton had reservations as he wanted no part in the horror genre , especially due to he how disliked working on Hell Night . However , because of Steel 's involvement in the second installment , she talked Barton into doing the film ... Make - up artist Tom Savini , who worked on the first installment , agreed to return to work on the film , as he wanted to kill the character Jason , who he helped create . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography was shot from October 1983 and finished in January 1984 in Topanga Canyon and Newhall , California . For its release date , it was originally set for a release in October 1984 . When Paramount CEO Frank Mancuso , Sr.",
"5": "screened the footage to much enthusiasm and then pushed the date up to April 1984 . The only time Paramount assisted with the installment 's production , they rented a Malibu household for the filmmakers to stay in and conduct editing sessions , with food brought to them from the studio . They barely made the release date , but the final result had most of the footage trimmed and later ended up in television airings . The film had troubled production on set . Due to director Joseph Zito 's poor treatment of the actors and the film 's budget , many of the actors themselves had to perform uncomfortable or dangerous stunts during the film . Judie Aronson was required to remain submerged in a near - freezing lake ( in which she later developed hypothermia because of it ) and Peter Barton was actually slammed into the shower wall when Jason attacks him . Ted White , who portrays Jason , defended several of the actors by requesting Barton be allowed to use a crash pad and threatening to quit when Zito refused to allow Aronson to get out of the lake between takes . White and Zito maintained a hostile relationship on set , which resulted in White demanding his name be removed from the credits . According to White , Corey Feldman maintained a bratty attitude on set due to Zito 's treatment . When filming the scene of Tommy hacking Jason 's body with a machete ( which was actually two sandbags he was striking at ) , Feldman pretended that the struck sandbags were Zito . According in the book Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th , actress Kimberly Beck stated that she does not like the horror genre . In addition to this , she felt that the film was more of a C - movie rather than a B - movie . During filming , Kimberly Beck experienced strange encounters , including a man watching her while she ran in the park and receiving odd phone calls at all hours . This stopped when production was finished . Actress Bonnie Hellman 's agents told her about taking the role of the hitchhiker in the film . They told her she would not want to do it as they were no lines said for the character , but she accepted the role anyway .",
"6": "Music ( edit ) Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter Soundtrack album by Harry Manfredini Released January 13 , 2012 ( La - La Land ) Genre Film score Length 52 : 20 Label Gramavision , La - La Land The film 's music was composed by Harry Manfredini , who composed the scores to all of the series ' previous installments . On January 13 , 2012 , La - La Land Records released a limited edition 6 - CD boxset containing Manfredini 's scores from the first six entries of the film series . The release was sold out in less than 24 hours of availability . The song `` Love Is a Lie '' by Lion is featured in the film , but not on the soundtrack . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` What Boy , Ma'am ? / Main Titles '' 4 : 43 2 . `` Helicopter '' 3 : 41 3 . `` The Morgue '' 1 : 40 4 . `` Hacksaw to Throat '' 1 : 09 5 . `` Squeezing the Banana '' 1 : 29 6 . `` Dock Prank '' 2 : 16 7 . `` Stalled Car '' 0 : 39 8 . `` Tommy 's Room '' 0 : 40 9 . `` Midnight Skinny Dip '' 2 : 16 10 . `` Paul Gets the Point '' 4 : 01 11 . `` Mom Looks for Kids '' 1 : 53 12 . `` Lights Out '' 1 : 59 13 . `` Jimmy Is Screwed / Tina Thrown / Ted Watches Movie '' 1 : 36 14 . `` Lights ! Camera ! Hacktion ! '' 1 : 29 15 . `` You Give Me Cleaver '' 1 : 52 16 . `` Trish and Rob '' 2 : 44 17 .",
"7": "`` Tommy Reads / Trish Pleads / Rob and Trish Meet Jason '' 7 : 13 18 . `` La Muerte de Jason '' 11 : 00 Release ( edit ) Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter opened on Friday , April 13 , 1984 , on 1,594 screens to weekend box office gross of $11,183,148 ; this was the sixth - highest of the year . The film would ultimately take in a total of $32,980,880 at the U.S. box office . It placed at number 26 on the list of the top - grossing films of 1984 . Reception ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 25 % of 24 film critics have given the film a positive review ; the rating average is 4.2 out of 10 . The film received what The Week characterized as `` scathing reviews '' , especially from film critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert , with the latter considering the film `` an immoral and reprehensible piece of trash '' . Scott Meslow summarized Roger Ebert 's criticism as calling it `` a cynical retread '' of the earlier films . Meslow instead says that the film attempts to kill off the series while focusing more on characterization than gore . In a series retrospective , Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly ranked it the best Friday the 13th film , complimenting both its narrative and kills . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part IV : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` 13 Things You May Not Know About Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( # 2 ) '' . We Minored In Film . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` La - La Land Records : Friday the 13th '' . La - La Land Records . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : Final Chapter '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 10 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th - The Final Chapter Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Meslow , Scott ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) . `` The brilliance and lies of Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter '' . The Week . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) . `` ' Friday the 13th ' : We rank the movies to prep for the TV show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter on IMDb Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter at AllMovie Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter at Rotten Tomatoes Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter at Box Office Mojo Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms.com Friday the 13th franchise Films Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Part 2 Part III The Final Chapter A New Beginning Jason Lives The New Blood Jason Takes Manhattan Jason Goes to Hell Jason X Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack score Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Television Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Characters Pamela Voorhees Jason Voorhees Alice Hardy Ginny Field Tommy Jarvis Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Video games Friday the 13th ( 1985 ) Friday the 13th ( 1989 ) Friday the 13th : The Game ( 2017 ) Related topics `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Book Films directed by Joseph Zito Abduction ( 1975 ) Bloodrage ( 1979 ) The Prowler ( 1981 ) Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) Missing in Action ( 1984 ) Invasion U.S.A.",
"9": "( 1985 ) Red Scorpion ( 1989 ) Delta Force One : The Lost Patrol ( 2000 ) Power Play ( 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friday_the_13th:_The_Final_Chapter&oldid=821196950 '' Categories : 1984 films English - language films 1984 horror films 1980s teen films 1980s sequel films 1980s serial killer films American sequel films American slasher films American teen horror films Friday the 13th ( franchise ) films Paramount Pictures films Summer camps in films Films set in 1984 Films scored by Harry Manfredini Films directed by Joseph Zito Sequel films Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 00 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
2,
5,
3,
8,
6,
0,
7,
1,
9,
4
] |
[
5,
2,
3,
8,
6
] |
2628097151091243870
|
who played kelly taylor's mom on 90210
|
[
"Ann Gillespie",
"Ann Gillespie",
"Ann Gillespie",
"Ann Gillespie"
] |
{
"0": "Kelly Taylor ( 90210 ) - wikipedia Kelly Taylor ( 90210 ) Jump to : navigation , search Kelly Taylor Kelly , portrayed by Jennie Garth , matures from adolescence to adulthood . Beverly Hills , 90210 franchise character Portrayed by Jennie Garth Duration 1990 -- 2000 2008 -- 10 First appearance Beverly Hills , 90210 : October 4 , 1990 ( episode 1.01 : `` Class of Beverly Hills '' ) Last appearance 90210 : March 9 , 2010 ( episode 2.13 : `` Rats and Heroes '' ) Created by Darren Star Profile Occupation Owned `` Kelly Taylor Public Relations '' Partner in a clothing store Volunteer at an AIDS hospice Manager of a free clinic Guidance Counselor ( spin - off ) ( show ) Family Parents Jackie Taylor ( deceased on spin - off ) Bill Taylor Mel Silver ( step - father ) Siblings Joy Taylor ( paternal half - sister ) Erin Silver ( maternal half - sister ) David Silver ( step - brother ) Children Unnamed Child ( with Brandon Walsh ; miscarried ) Sammy ( son , with Dylan McKay ) Kelly Marlene Taylor , portrayed by Jennie Garth , is a fictional character who was the female lead of Beverly Hills , 90210 for the majority of the show 's duration . Initially presented as a `` spoiled teen vixen '' , the role was gradually expanded by producers . Subsequently , Kelly became instrumental in launching the first spin - off , was written with a more compassionate demeanor , overcame several perils and personal challenges , and attracted many romantic suitors and triangles . Appearing for the entirety of the series ' run , the character is noted for her development from youth to adulthood . Kelly appears prominently in a majority of the shows which compose the Beverly Hills , 90210 franchise . In addition to her role in launching the spin - off Melrose Place , Garth was the first performer from the original show to be cast in the third spin - off , 90210 . Having appeared in the most series premieres , as well as the most episodes ( 313 ) of any figure throughout the continuity , she is the de facto central character of the Beverly Hills , 90210 franchise .",
"1": "Garth 's portrayal has earned recognition from critics and co-stars . In a 1995 article on the actress , TV Guide 's Mary Murphy stated that , `` Her signature role -- the sensitive , seductive , and tortured Kelly Taylor -- tapped into the very essence of teenage angst and brought her a huge cult following . '' Actors Jason Priestley , Grant Show , and Sara Foster have expressed admiration for Garth 's work . In a 2009 article , Nellie Andreeva of The Hollywood Reporter called the character of Kelly `` organic to 90210 's setting . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Beverly Hills , 90210 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Progression 1.3 Rise in prominence 1.4 Adulthood 2 Melrose Place 3 90210 4 Reception 5 References Beverly Hills , 90210 ( edit ) Introduction ( edit ) Throughout the course of the first series , Kelly became one of the show 's most developed characters . When introduced in 1990 , she was presented as , on the surface , a stereotypical spoiled type who placed high value on posh appearances and material possessions . However , the character would become increasingly layered as the series progressed . The reasons for Kelly 's behavior first started to reveal themselves in episode 7 , `` Perfect Mom '' , when Kelly was forced to confront her mother 's drug addiction and alcoholism . Several of her friends , particularly the Walsh family and Andrea Zuckerman , first came to appreciate Kelly 's difficulties in life when they saw her handle this problem . During episode 13 , `` Slumber Party , '' Kelly revealed that she was taken advantage of by a senior during her freshmen year in high school , which had led to a promiscuous lifestyle and reputation which deeply hurt her self - esteem . The others then began to realize that Kelly had been through more difficulties than they were aware of , and later , she and Andrea would become close friends . When Andrea was pregnant and was contemplating an abortion in season 4 , Kelly was one of the primary people she reached out to . Progression ( edit ) Toward the end of the second season , Kelly met a man named Jake Hanson ( played by Grant Show ) , an emotionally guarded biker who was slightly older than she .",
"2": "While Jake ultimately resisted their romance , citing Kelly 's age , he admitted to admiring her for her heart and kindness . This story line was used to launch the spin - off series Melrose Place . Eventually , Kelly was revealed to have a notable conscience during a summer fling with Dylan McKay , the boyfriend of her friend Brenda , often being the voice of reason during their affair . Kelly went through a period of minor depression during her senior year in high school in season 3 . The stress of having feelings for Dylan , someone who she could not pursue because of his relationship with Brenda , added to her struggles . Even when Kelly dated Dylan out in the open , following his relationship with Brenda , it caused her to temporarily lose Brenda as a friend . Also during this time , Kelly 's mother had a new baby , Erin , got married , and put Kelly 's childhood home up for sale . Self - consciousness over her figure , along with the anxiety she began to feel , caused her to lash out emotionally , abuse diet pills , and briefly lose control over her life . The character 's physical appearance is shown to play a part in her development . At various points of the series , she won the title of Spring Princess at a dance , and was voted her school 's most beautiful girl . Kelly is aware of her appeal , but not to the point of conceit ; instead , she is sometimes shown to be troubled by it . At one point , she entered a phase where she felt that no one took her seriously , which was heightened when Dylan gave his manuscript to Andrea for review instead of to her . During this time , she began to feel that people only liked her because she was physically attractive . Creator Darren Star has commented on the character 's progression . In his DVD commentary of the episode `` Spring Dance '' , Star notes Kelly 's first attempt to romance Brandon Walsh , in which she 'd embraced her role as Spring Princess and used a largely forward and aggressive approach . He goes on to state that in the fourth season , when Kelly was prone to expressing her affections in a more gentle and compassionate manner , she made a greater impression on Brandon . While pursuing Jake on Melrose Place , a confused Kelly eventually asks , `` Do n't you think I 'm pretty ? ''",
"3": "This contrasts with her attitude one year later , when she becomes more interested in having others appreciate her for what lies beneath the surface . This development is standardized one additional year later , via her aforementioned second pursuit of Brandon Walsh , which ends in success . Rise in prominence ( edit ) The evolution of Kelly 's character led to developments both on - screen and off . In a 1995 article on Garth , TV Guide reported that the show 's creators made a conscious decision to place her character at center stage . An anonymous producer cites `` faith in Jennie as an actress , '' further stating that he and producer Aaron Spelling `` knew she had the chops to do it . '' This development would gradually lead to Kelly supplanting Brenda as the prominent female lead , as the former received what the producer called `` better story lines . '' Reportedly , these matters became a source of tension between Garth and Shannen Doherty , who played Brenda . Following Doherty 's final appearance on the show in 1994 , however , Garth stated , `` We were friends at work , and I miss her most of the time . '' The approach of season 3 marked the beginning of Kelly 's rise from supporting player to the main character . Ultimately , throughout the first five seasons , Kelly gained an increasing degree of screen presence and growth . Amidst her continuing development , her role in launching the spin - off , her prominent triangle with Brenda and Dylan , her later affections with male lead Brandon , and the launch of a second triangle with Brandon and Dylan , Kelly became the character that several major events or changes were based around . Additionally , she was given varying involvement in noted story lines not surrounding her -- including Dylan 's family trauma , Brenda 's acting pursuits , and David 's recovery from drug use . Her status would become standardized throughout the course of the series ' run . In addition to Melrose Place , she would later be used to help launch the third spin - off , 90210 ( with Garth being the first performer from the original show to be cast ) . This development would make Kelly Taylor the most prominent figure in the collective franchise , via the most appearances in episodes and series premieres .",
"4": "Shannen Doherty , who returned as Brenda in the third spin - off , reported that she and Garth , like their characters , had renewed their friendship , stating , `` Now we 're really good friends -- and I love her . '' Adulthood ( edit ) Kelly faced several difficult issues and obstacles , often with the assistance of loved ones , including her occasionally difficult home life , being trapped in a fire , being tricked into joining a cult , and becoming temporarily addicted to cocaine . In addition to many other matters , she endured getting amnesia , shooting her rapist in self - defense , becoming unexpectedly pregnant and having a miscarriage , and learning that it would be difficult for her to have children because of a condition called endometriosis . In overcoming these matters , she was able to become a better person and help others . Tori Spelling 's Donna Martin and Kathleen Robertson 's Clare Arnold were among Kelly 's best friends and roommates . Tiffani Thiessen 's Valerie , who replaced Brenda , became Kelly 's nemesis , but right before Valerie 's departure , the two women formed a truce . Kelly 's two most prominent romantic relationships were with Jason Priestley 's Brandon and Luke Perry 's Dylan . In season 5 , she was faced with making a choice between the two , as a result of Brandon proposing and Dylan confessing his feelings for her and asking her to leave with him on a trip around the world . She declined to choose between the two men at that time , instead stating , `` I choose me , '' but also affirming her love for both of them . In the seventh season , however , she finally stated that she had chosen Brandon . She nearly married Brandon , but the two decided that they were not ready . Following Jason Priestley 's departure from the series , Jennie Garth became the officially billed lead , with the character of Kelly further maturing , reuniting romantically with Dylan , and starting her own PR firm . Melrose Place ( edit ) For the launch of the series Melrose Place in 1992 , Jennie Garth made a multi-episode special guest appearance . During the final episodes of Beverly Hills , 90210 season 2 , Grant Show played his Melrose Place character Jake , who started a relationship with Kelly which led into early episodes of the spin - off .",
"5": "During Kelly 's appearances , her relationship with Jake was largely on - and - off due to his discomfort with her youth . In the end , after weeks of trying to break up with Kelly , Jake pretended to cheat on her , prompting her to leave him . Afterward on both Beverly Hills , 90210 and Melrose Place , Kelly , Donna , Jake , and others made occasional comments concerning Kelly and Jake 's brief relationship . 90210 ( edit ) In 2008 , Kelly Taylor returned in the spin - off 90210 , now working as a guidance counselor at her alma mater West Beverly Hills High School . It was revealed that in the intervening years , she attained a master 's degree and had a son named Sammy with Dylan . She and Dylan ended their relationship soon after . It was also revealed that West Beverly principal Harry Wilson was Kelly 's neighbor growing up . Kelly 's tenuous relationship with her mother Jackie ( Ann Gillespie ) continued in the series ' first season , with tension arising due to Jackie 's drunken negligence of Erin , a recurring character in the original series and a regular in the spin - off . She also resumed her friendship with Brenda Walsh . However , their relationship was briefly strained by Kelly 's and possibly Brenda 's lingering feelings for former boyfriend Dylan McKay , as well as Brenda sleeping with Kelly 's ex-boyfriend , Ryan Matthews , a teacher at West Beverly . Following Brenda 's discovery that she could not have children , she and Kelly made amends once again . On the night of Donna 's moving - back party , Kelly and Ryan met at a convenience store . She was told by a fortune teller that she would meet a man with a six - pack . In his hands , Ryan was holding a six - pack of beer . Kelly and Ryan then went to his apartment , where they were last seen making out . Ultimately , she and Ryan chose not to pursue a romantic relationship . In the second season , Kelly began to spend more time with Harry , much to the chagrin of his wife Debbie . It was implied that both Kelly and Harry had begun to develop feelings for each other . However , Garth refused to participate in a proposed story line involving an affair .",
"6": "Upon learning that Jackie was dying of cancer , Kelly was initially distant from her mother and protective of Erin ( who is commonly called by her surname Silver ) , eventually causing Silver to move out and live with Jackie . The day after Silver 's `` half - birthday , '' Jackie was admitted to the hospital . After talking to Silver , Kelly gained the strength to visit their mother . Eventually , Kelly and Jackie made amends before Jackie 's untimely death . Garth departed the series following season 2 , later citing problems with the newly appointed show - runner , Rebecca Sinclair , and the direction the show took . Although not written out after her last appearance , she was mentioned several times later in the show , indicating that she was still around looking after her sister , just not on screen . Reception ( edit ) The character Naomi Clark ( left ) , of 90210 , has been compared to Kelly Taylor . With regard to Garth 's long - running portrayal , Nellie Andreeva of The Hollywood Reporter acknowledged the character of Kelly as being `` organic to 90210 's setting '' in a 2009 article . On November 24 , 2008 , SOAPnet aired a Beverly Hills , 90210 marathon titled `` Kelly 's Leftovers '' , dedicated to the character 's love life . While discussing the Melrose Place spin - off in a 2009 interview , Grant Show , who played Jake Hanson in the original , stated that he would be open to appearing if Jennie Garth did so as Kelly Taylor . After being confirmed to direct a season 1 episode of the spin - off 90210 , Jason Priestley commented that he hoped Jennie Garth would be among the actors present . Sara Foster , who was cast as Jen Clark in the spin - off , has stated that she was excited and nervous about meeting Garth , who she 'd watched in the original series . In its biographical article on the actress , Yahoo ! states that `` playing the popular tramp - turned - good girl Kelly through the years afforded Garth the opportunity to not only grow up on camera in front of America , but to fully develop her character and improve her acting chops each season . '' Additionally , Kelly Taylor has been cited by the media as an inspiration for the character Naomi Clark ( AnnaLynne McCord ) , introduced in 90210 .",
"7": "On September 2 , 2010 ( 9 / 02 / 10 ) , Reuters.com featured an article on the original series , quoting a Twitter message in which Garth stated , `` Love to the original cast and crew . And the new kids too . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jennie Garth : Biography '' . MSN . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Mary ( April 8 , 1995 ) . `` Jennie Garth : From the Heart '' . TV Guide . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jason Priestley ' Really Looking Forward ' to 90210 Return '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is Another 90210 Reunion In Store ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ghosh , Korbi ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` 90210 : Sara Foster 's Jen Clark is Beverly Hills ' new bad girl '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie . `` Regime Change at CW 's 90210 '' . Media Week . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Perfect Mom ' '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Slumber Party ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Heartbreaker ' '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Melrose Place ' Pilot ' '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Shooting Star ' / ' American in Paris ' '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Rebel With a Cause ' '' .",
"8": "Zap2it . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Perfectly Perfect ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Senior Poll ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 The Complete First Season DVD Menu '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Spring Dance ' '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Mr. Walsh Goes to Washington ' '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( September 23 , 1994 ) . `` 90210 What Becomes a Legend Most ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Take Back the Night ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Back in the High Life Again ' '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Mr. Walsh Goes to Washington ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Hello Life , Goodbye Beverly Hills ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' The Child is Father to the Man ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' The Labors of Love ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aradillas , Elaine ( May 10 , 2008 ) .",
"9": "`` It 's Official : Jennie Garth Joins the New 90210 '' . People . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jennie Garth Credit Listings '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jennie Garth Credits '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Kathy ( April 24 , 2009 ) . `` Shannen Doherty Says No to More 90210 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Stormy Weather ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Nancy 's Choice ' '' . MSN . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Coming Home ' '' . MSN . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' The Phantom Menace ' '' . MSN . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Mother 's Day ' '' . MSN . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Friends , Lovers and Children ' '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' You Say Goodbye , I Say Hello ' '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' The Long Goodbye ' '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills , 90210 , ' Morning After ' '' . MSN . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Melrose Place , ' Lost and Found ' '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ `` 90210 , ' We 're Not in Kansas Anymore , ' ' The Jet Set ' '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 , ' Lucky Strike ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 , ' That Which We Destroy ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 , ' Hello , Goodbye , Amen ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 , ' Between a Sign and a Hard Place ' '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` 90210 : The CW confirms Rob Estes is leaving the show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 went in wrong direction , says Garth '' . hollywoodnews.com . February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 90210 online viewing The CW . ( official website ) . Retrieved : 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly 's Leftovers '' . SoapNet . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jennie Garth '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AnnaLynne McCord Joins CW 's 90210 Spinoff '' . Chicago Tribune . April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 90210 : Then and Now '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ; Lesley Goldberg ( September 2 , 2010 ) .",
"11": "`` Catching up with Beverly Hills , 90210 '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Beverly Hills , 90210 Beverly Hills , 90210 ( 1990 -- 2000 ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Characters Donna Martin Dylan McKay Kelly Taylor Brenda Walsh Melrose Place ( 1992 -- 99 ) Seasons 5 6 7 Characters Jane Mancini Michael Mancini Matt Fielding Jake Hanson Jo Reynolds Amanda Woodward Sydney Andrews Kimberly Shaw Lexi Sterling 90210 ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Seasons `` We 're Not in Kansas Anymore '' 5 Characters Naomi Clark Erin Silver Adrianna Tate - Duncan Teddy Montgomery Other series Models Inc. ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Melrose Place ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Taylor_(90210)&oldid=805833966 '' Categories : 90210 ( TV series ) characters Amnesia in fiction Beverly Hills , 90210 characters Child characters in television Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters from Los Angeles County Fictional characters introduced in 1990 Fictional drug addicts Fictional school counselors Fictional sexual assault victims Teenage characters in television Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 22 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
9,
7,
10,
8,
4,
5,
11,
2,
6,
3,
1,
0
] |
[
5,
9,
7,
10,
8
] |
-8102785455239958390
|
who does the voice of alistair in dragon age
|
[
"Steve Valentine",
"Steve Valentine",
"Steve Valentine",
"Steve Valentine",
"Steve Valentine"
] |
{
"0": "Alistair ( Dragon Age ) - wikipedia Alistair ( Dragon Age ) Jump to : navigation , search Alistair Dragon Age character Alistair , as he appears in Dragon Age : Origins First appearance Dragon Age : Origins Voiced by Steve Valentine Alistair is a fictional character from BioWare 's Dragon Age franchise , first appearing as a companion and party member in Origins . Alistair is the first full companion the player gets if they do n't choose the Human Noble origin ( and the second if they do ) , and is a fellow Grey Warden alongside the player character . Over the course of the game , Alistair is revealed to be the heir to Ferelden 's throne , and may be put on as king . It is also possible to sacrifice him at the end of the game against the archdemon . In addition to Origins , Alistair also appears in the game 's expansion pack Awakening ( if placed as king during Origins ) , the Darkspawn Chronicles DLC , Dragon Age II , and the Silent Grove comic series . Alistair has received positive reception , mainly for his sarcastic remarks and romance . However , some writers have compared him to previous BioWare companions , such as Knights of the Old Republic 's Carth Onasi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and characteristics 2 Appearances 2.1 In Dragon Age : Origins 2.2 Other appearances 3 Reception 4 References Concept and characteristics ( edit ) Alistair was mainly written by David Gaider -- the lead writer of Origins -- and is voiced by Steve Valentine . Alistair is a relatively new Grey Warden , who are a group devoted to fighting darkspawn . He 's believed to be the secret son of King Maric and a serving girl , and was originally raised in Redcliffe Castle by Arl Eamon after his mother 's death . However , he was later given to the Chantry for training as a templar , a military order who are trained to kill `` apostates '' ( mages outside of the Circle of Magi ) and watch over the Circle of Magi . Alistair is described as having a `` wry sense of humor '' , and makes many sarcastic remarks during the game .",
"1": "If the player chooses to be female , Alistair can be romanced . In an interview with GameZone , David Gaider said that Alistair was a bit of a `` woo - bie '' and that his romance was `` very cute '' . However , Gaider said that he would n't want to have another Alistair - like romance in the interest of originality . Alistair was originally written to be a `` grizzled Grey Warden veteran '' , as per Dragon Age 's original lead designer James Ohlen . However , such a character would be unlikely not to lead , and the character would have to start out at a low level . Gaider changed the character , and drew some inspiration from the characters Xander Harris and Mal Reynolds . Similarly , Gaider also originally wanted to have Mal 's actor Nathan Fillion voice the character , but decided against it as he would have had to perform an English accent . However , Gaider was still pleased with Valentine 's voicing . Appearances ( edit ) In Dragon Age : Origins ( edit ) Alistair first appears in Dragon Age : Origins as a companion once the player reaches Ostagar ( where the Grey Wardens are preparing for a battle against the darkspawn ) . Being a junior Grey Warden , he accompanies the player for their `` Joining '' to the Grey Wardens . After Loghain abandons the battle at Ostagar , leaving the Grey Wardens and King Cailan to die , he and the player are rescued by Flemeth . Being the last Grey Wardens in Ferelden , and all other Wardens being too far away to reach , the player and he must use Grey Warden contracts to demand help from certain groups against the darkspawn . Alistair also suggests contacting Arl Eamon , who resides in Redcliffe , to help convince the other nobles to help the player . Upon entering Redcliffe , Alistair will tell the player how he is actually the heir to the crown , but was hidden due to being a bastard and instead brought up by Eamon . He also expresses no wish to be king . He will then tell the player about his long - lost sister Goldanna , who lives in Denerim , and will ask to meet her .",
"2": "If brought to Goldanna , she will reject him , and the player may `` harden '' Alistair and tell him to stand up for himself more . After all the forces have been recruited by the player , Arl Eamon will call the `` Landsmeet '' , a meeting between all of the nobles . The player will have to challenge Loghain 's current regency by eroding the noble 's support of him . After attending the Landsmeet , Alistair may either be made king , or Anora ( King Cailan 's wife ) may be made queen . Alternatively , the player may choose to arrange a marriage between Anora and Alistair , though the latter requires persuading . If Alistair had been `` hardened '' , he will reconsider and be less anxious of becoming king . The player may also either spare or kill Loghain . If Loghain is spared , Alistair will become so disgusted he will leave the player . If Anora is made queen and not married to Alistair , she will call for Alistair 's execution if Loghain is spared . The player may interject and stop Anora , or let him be executed . If Alistair is spared , he is exiled and becomes a wandering drunk . If Loghain is killed and Alistair is not made king , he will simply return to being a Grey Warden . Finally , if Loghain was not spared and Alistair remained in the party , he may sacrifice himself killing the Archdemon -- who destroys the soul of any Grey Warden who kills it -- unless the player agrees to Morrigan 's proposal or kills the Archdemon themselves . Alistair will have a short appearance in Origin 's expansion pack Awakening if placed as king during Origins . Alistair also appears in the game 's Darkspawn Chronicles DLC as the final boss , with it being an alternate version of the game where the player character dies at the start and Alistair is left in charge , and the player playing as the darkspawn . At the end of the DLC , the darkspawn successfully kill Alistair and destroy Ferelden . Other appearances ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it .",
"3": "( January 2013 ) Alistair makes a cameo appearance in Dragon Age II unless the player imports a save from Origins where he was executed . If he remains a Grey Warden , he will appear during the Qunari invasion and tell Hawke that he regrets the Grey Wardens can not help against the Qunari . If made king , he will briefly appear arguing with Meredith , head of the templars in Kirkwall . If exiled , he will become a drunk at `` The Hanged Man '' , where Bann Teagan will show up and tell him he can return to Ferelden . Alistair is the main protagonist of The Silent Grove , a digital comic series . Alistair also returns in Dragon Age : Inquisition as the King of Ferelden or a Grey Warden unless the player imports a world state from Dragon Age Keep where he died or became a drunk . If made king , he will make a brief appearance after the Inquisitor confronts Alexius in Redcliffe . If he remains as a Grey Warden , he will be contacted by Hawke ( protagonist of Dragon Age II ) . He was branded a traitor by the Warden - Commander Clarel due to his opposition of using blood magic to stop the Blight . Afterwards , he will be trapped alongside the Inquisitor and Hawke in the Fade . Depending on the player 's choice , Alistair will sacrifice himself to help the Inquisitor to escape the Fade by battling a nightmare blocking the Fade 's exit . Alternatively , the player can choose to sacrifice Hawke , in which case Alistair survives and will send a report to the headquarters of the Grey Wardens in Weisshaupt Fortress . Reception ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2013 ) GamesRadar 's staff placed him at number 37 in a list of the 50 best game characters of the generation , commenting `` Dragon Age : Origins had plenty of memorable characters , but chief among them was the would - be bastard king Alistair . '' Rock , Paper , Shotgun 's Alec Meer liked Alistair , and commented that he had some nice comic deflections .",
"4": "Eurogamer 's Oli Welsh noted that Alistair and Morrigan the `` stars '' of the game 's companions , but criticized their storylines as being `` contrived '' . The wooden dialogue and stiff animation was also mentioned . Rock , Paper , Shotgun 's Alec believed that Alistair , along with Shale , brought needed levity to the otherwise grim world of Dragon Age , describing the both of them as the game 's most vital voices . Mike Fahey , writing for Kotaku , praised Alistair as having some of the most amusing lines in the game during his review of Origins . Fahey particularly praised Steve Valentine 's voice acting , calling Alistair 's voice his favourite in the game and noting that many of Alistair 's lines would have fallen flat were it not for Valentine 's timing . During an interview with Ray Muzyka ( the co-founder and CEO of BioWare ) , VideoGamer. com 's interviewer said that while he did n't like Alistair at first he grew to like him and his humour , although Muzyka himself did not like the character . Kirk Hamilton , also writing for Kotaku , called Alistair one of his favorite characters , and looked forward to seeing how he got on with the `` worldly '' Isabella during The Silent Grove . John Walker , writing for PC Gamer , believed that his friendship with Alistair had an `` echo of reality '' , and felt that his sarcasm plus balancing his emotions and bravado `` continue ( d ) to resonate '' . Walker also praised the conversations he had with Morrigan . Meer felt that Alistair and Morrigan 's bickering evoked sexual tension , wishing they would just `` get it on '' . Kieron from Rock , Paper , Shotgun also wished to be able to set them up together . Meer also commented that Alistair made him wish he had made his character female , believing him to be a better love interest than Morrigan due to his cheery put - downs rather than her `` snide oh - I 'm - bit - naughty - me line '' . Kieron believed that Alistair was BioWare 's best attempt at a male romantic lead , being `` good without - out being entirely punchable '' .",
"5": "While romancing Alistair , Edge 's Chris Dahlen found he related more to Alistair than his female mage player character , and noted many similarities between his life growing up and Alistair . He also put some blame on him being male . Wesley Yin - Poole , writing for VideoGamer.com , felt that the sex scene with Alistair was short and unerotic , calling it an example of video games still needed to learn how to do sex . Walker again , this time writing for Rock , Paper , Shotgun , commented how when playing his male character his heart was always with Alistair , and felt like he was `` using '' Zevran when he romanced him . In an article on video game romances , 1UP.com commented on how Alistair grew and developed with the player , despite beginning as an uncertain `` somewhat naive soldier '' . Natania Barron , writing for Wired GeekMom column , commented that there was something `` devious and devillish '' about romancing him due to his ex-Templar roots . Barron also mentioned how , after making him king , she was willing to restart the game as a Human Noble when she found out he would break up with her elf and that she `` honestly cared '' about securing his marriage . Barron favorably compared his romance to Anders ' from Dragon Age II , saying that she `` settled '' for him and most likely chose him because he reminded her of Alistair . Kotaku republished a post by a gay modder who had made Alistair think his character was female , who felt unable to play the game for a month after Alistair broke up with him as king for not being able to produce an heir ( because of the darkspawn taint ) . Meer commented on BioWare 's repeated use of themes and called Alistair Dragon Age 's `` Carth '' ; mentioning how he is the first person you recruit , had a heart of gold and is the main female love interest . However , he did note how Alistair was n't as `` drippy '' as Carth , and how he was more someone you could have a conversation with .",
"6": "During a criticism of BioWare 's games , GameZone 's Dave Snell believed that many characters were too similar , specifically calling both Carth and Alistair the `` snarky young upstart '' . John Walker , this time writing for Rock , Paper , Shotgun , felt that Alistair bucked the trend of BioWare making all the starting companions tedious . Similarly , several writers compared Anders to Alistair . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BioWare ( 2009 - 11 - 03 ) . Dragon Age : Origins . Electronic Arts . Alistair : Wait . Let me . There 's no need for you to die . This is my duty . I should be the one to kill it . ^ Jump up to : Alec Meer ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` Anti-Alistair : Darkspawn Chronicles Is Out '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Raychul . `` The Conclusion of the Dragon Age : Origins Saga '' . GameZone . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brenna Hillier ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` Dragon Age comic series inbound via Dark Horse '' . VG247 . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hugh Armitage ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Dark Horse , BioWare unveil ' Dragon Age ' comic '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Gaider . `` Writers of Dragon Age '' . BioWare Social Network . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tyler Nagata ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Dragon Age : Origins - blood party '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : BioWare ( 2009 - 11 - 03 ) . Dragon Age : Origins . Electronic Arts . Alistair : I told you before how Arl Eamon raised me , right ? That my mother was a serving girl at the castle and he took me in ?",
"7": "The reason he did that was because ... well , because my father was King Maric . Which made Cailan my ... half - brother , I suppose . Jump up ^ `` Alistair '' . Official character page . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joe Newman ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Dragon Age : Origins - romance and recruitment guide '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Age II 's David Gaider Reveals Stance on In - Game Romances '' . GameZone . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Gaider . `` For Mal Reynolds I 'd do anything - but not for you , Alistair '' . BioWare Social Network . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Gaider . `` Nathan Fillion is ( apparently not ) an Elf '' . BioWare Social Network . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Age Inquisition - Meeting Grey Warden Alistair '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best game characters of the generation '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alec Meer ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` Rock Lord : Dragon Age 's Number One Guy '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oil Welsh ( November 3 , 2009 ) . `` Dragon Age : Origins Review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Games Of Christmas : December 24th '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . December 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Fahey ( November 3 , 2009 ) . `` Dragon Age : Origins Review : Tripping The Blight Fantastic '' . Kotaku . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Age : Origins : A retrospective with Ray Muzyka '' .",
"8": "VideoGamer.com . November 16 , 2009 . p. 3 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kirk Hamilton ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` It 's Canon : Alistair Became King in Dragon Age : Origins '' . Kotaku . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : John Walker . `` Dragon Age : Origins Review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Dahlen ( November 25 , 2009 ) . `` Chasing Alistair '' . Edge . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VideoGamer.com Plays '' . VideoGamer.com. April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Walker ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Dragon Age II Is Mature '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kat Bailey . `` The Uncanny Valley of Love '' . 1UP.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Natania Barron ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` An Ode to Alistair : Love , Lust , and Loss in Fereldan '' . Wired . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Yang ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Dragon Age : Origins Is The First Game About Gay Marriage & The Power of Mods '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dave Snell . `` Why I _́ m bored with Bioware '' . GameZone . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Walker ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Thoughts : What Went Wrong In Dragon Age II '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew Burnes ( February 3 , 2010 ) .",
"9": "`` Dragon Age : Origins - Awakening Screenshots '' . VE3D . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thierry Nguyen ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Dragon Age : Origins - Awakening Review '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . ( hide ) Dragon Age Video games Origins Awakening Dragon Age II Inquisition Other media The Stolen Throne The Calling Dragon Age ( tabletop ) Redemption Dawn of the Seeker Universe Characters Alistair Cassandra Pentaghast Characters of Inquisition Book : Dragon Age series Category : Dragon Age Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alistair_(Dragon_Age)&oldid=836462387 '' Categories : BioWare companions Dragon Age characters Fantasy video game characters King characters in video games Prince characters in video games Male characters in video games Religious worker characters in video games Video game characters introduced in 2009 Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from January 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2013 All articles needing rewrite Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 23 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
5,
4,
0,
8,
6,
9,
1,
7,
3,
2
] |
[
4,
5,
0,
8,
6
] |
-2040293408787954805
|
what nfl coach has the most wins ever
|
[
"Don Shula",
"Shula, Don",
"Don Shula",
"Don Shula",
"Don Shula"
] |
{
"0": "List of National Football League head coaches with 50 wins - wikipedia List of National Football League head coaches with 50 wins Jump to : navigation , search Don Shula , the all - time leader in regular season wins by a head coach , addresses troops on the USS Ronald Reagan George Halas was the all - time leader in regular season wins for decades . In professional American football , the National Football League ( NFL ) gives the head coach credit for his team 's win -- loss record . As of the 2016 season , 101 coaches , about 20 % , have won 50 or more games . At the time of the 1970 NFL -- AFL merger , George Halas , head coach , founder and owner of the Chicago Bears , held the record for most wins as a head coach . He retired from coaching after the 1967 season with 324 wins , including six playoff wins . Twenty - eight years later , Halas was surpassed by Don Shula . Shula retired at the end of the 1995 season , after amassing 328 regular season wins and 19 playoff wins . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coaches with 50 or more wins 2 Notes 3 Remaining active coaches 4 See also 5 References Coaches with 50 or more wins ( edit ) This sortable table shows the top NFL coaches in order of total wins . The table also shows every team for which he was a head coach . If two coaches have the same number of wins , the coach with the higher winning percentage is ranked first . Bill Belichick , is the current active leader in regular season wins by a head coach . Mike Tomlin has not had a losing season record as a head coach . When sorting teams , coaches are listed in order of wins for that team . Arizona , Chicago and St. Louis Cardinals Los Angeles and St. Louis Rams Chicago Bears , Decatur Staleys , Chicago Staleys New England and Boston Patriots Detroit Lions and Portsmouth Spartans New York Jets and New York Titans ( AFL ) Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders Kansas City Chiefs and Dallas Texans ( AFL ) Tennessee Titans , Oilers and Houston Oilers Los Angeles and San Diego Chargers Washington and Boston Redskins Reload page to return to original configuration .",
"1": "Bold * and blue denotes an active coach Winning percentage ≥ . 600 Winning percentage ≥ . 700 0Coach with most wins for team Bold and green is Hall of Fame Inductee * * Updated through wild card weekend . Head coaches ranked by total wins , then winning percentage Rank Coach Seasons Teams Regular Season Playoffs Career wins Career losses Ties Win Pct Updated through Shula , Don Don Shula * * 1963 -- 1969 Indianapolis B ! Baltimore Colts 71 23 347 173 6 . 665 1970 -- 1995 Miami A ! Miami Dolphins 0 257 133 17 14 Halas , George George Halas * * 1920 -- 1929 1933 -- 1942 1946 -- 1955 1958 -- 1967 Chicago A ! Decatur Staleys / Chicago Staleys / 00 Chicago Bears 318 148 6 324 151 31 . 671 Belichick Bill Belichick * 1991 -- 1995 Cleveland D ! Cleveland Browns 36 44 276 128 0 . 683 2000 -- present New England A ! New England Patriots 0 214 74 25 9 week 17 Landry Tom Landry * * 1960 -- 1988 Dallas A ! Dallas Cowboys 0 250 162 20 16 270 178 6 . 601 5 Lambeau Curly Lambeau * * 1921 -- 1949 Green A ! Green Bay Packers 0 209 104 229 134 22 . 623 1950 -- 1951 Arizona G ! Chicago Cardinals 7 15 1952 -- 1953 Washington H ! Washington Redskins 10 13 6 Noll Chuck Noll * * 1969 -- 1991 Pittsburgh A !",
"2": "Pittsburgh Steelers 0 193 148 16 8 209 156 . 572 7 Schottenheimer , Marty Marty Schottenheimer 1984 -- 1988 Cleveland C ! Cleveland Browns 44 27 205 139 . 596 1989 -- 1998 Kansas City Chiefs B ! Kansas City Chiefs 101 58 7 Washington I ! Washington Redskins 8 8 2002 -- 2006 LA Chargers E ! San Diego Chargers 47 33 0 8 Reeves Dan Reeves 1981 -- 1992 Denver B ! Denver Broncos 110 73 7 6 201 174 . 536 1993 -- 1996 New York Giants G ! New York Giants 31 33 1997 -- 2003 Atlanta B ! Atlanta Falcons 49 59 9 Reid , Andy Andy Reid * 1999 -- 2012 Philadelphia A ! Philadelphia Eagles 0 130 93 10 9 194 133 . 593 2013 -- present Kansas City Chiefs C ! Kansas City Chiefs 53 27 2017 season 10 Knox Chuck Knox 1973 -- 1977 1992 -- 1994 LA Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams 69 48 5 193 158 . 550 1978 -- 1982 Buffalo C ! Buffalo Bills 37 36 1983 -- 1991 Seattle C ! Seattle Seahawks 80 63 11 Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells * * 1983 -- 1990 New York Giants C ! New York Giants 77 49 8 183 138 . 570 1993 -- 1996 New England C ! New England Patriots 32 32 1997 -- 1999 New York Jets E !",
"3": "New York Jets 29 19 2003 -- 2006 Dallas F ! Dallas Cowboys 34 30 0 12 Coughlin , Tom Tom Coughlin 1995 -- 2002 Jacksonville A ! Jacksonville Jaguars 0 68 60 182 157 0 . 537 2004 -- 2015 New York Giants B ! New York Giants 102 90 8 13 Shanahan Mike Shanahan 1988 -- 1989 Oakland G ! Los Angeles Raiders 8 12 178 144 0 . 553 1996 -- 2008 Denver A ! Denver Broncos 0 138 86 8 5 2010 -- 2013 Washington G ! Washington Redskins 24 40 0 14 Fisher Jeff Fisher 1994 -- 2010 Tennessee A ! Houston Oilers / Tennessee Oilers / 00 Tennessee Titans 142 120 5 6 178 171 . 510 2012 -- 2016 LA Rams E ! St. Louis Rams / Los Angeles Rams 31 45 15 Brown , Paul Paul Brown * * 1950 -- 1962 Cleveland A ! Cleveland Browns 0 111 44 9 5 175 108 6 . 616 1968 -- 1975 Cincinnati C ! Cincinnati Bengals 55 56 0 16 Holmgren , Mike Mike Holmgren 1992 -- 1998 Green D ! Green Bay Packers 75 37 9 5 174 122 0 . 588 1999 -- 2008 Seattle A ! Seattle Seahawks 0 86 74 6 17 Gibbs , Joe Joe Gibbs * * 1981 -- 1992 2004 -- 2007 Washington A !",
"4": "Washington Redskins 0 154 94 17 7 171 101 0 . 629 18 Grant , Bud Bud Grant * * 1967 -- 1983 1985 Minnesota A ! Minnesota Vikings 0 158 96 10 12 168 108 5 . 607 19 Cowher Bill Cowher 1992 -- 2006 Pittsburgh B ! Pittsburgh Steelers 149 90 12 9 161 99 . 619 20 Levy Marv Levy * * 1978 -- 1982 Kansas City Chiefs E ! Kansas City Chiefs 31 42 154 120 0 . 562 1986 -- 1997 Buffalo A ! Buffalo Bills 0 112 70 11 8 21 Owen , Steve Steve Owen * * 1931 -- 1953 New York Giants A ! New York Giants 0 151 100 8 153 108 17 . 581 22 Dungy Tony Dungy * * 1996 -- 2001 Tampa B ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 54 42 148 79 0 . 652 2002 -- 2008 Indianapolis A ! Indianapolis Colts 0 85 27 7 6 23 Fox , John John Fox 2002 -- 2010 Carolina A ! Carolina Panthers 0 73 71 5 141 130 0 . 520 2011 -- 2014 Denver C ! Denver Broncos 46 18 2015 -- 2017 Chicago G ! Chicago Bears 14 34 24 Stram , Hank Hank Stram * * 1960 -- 1974 Kansas City Chiefs A ! Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs 0 124 76 5 136 100 10 .",
"5": "573 1976 -- 1977 New Orleans F ! New Orleans Saints 7 21 25 Ewbank , Weeb Weeb Ewbank * * 1954 -- 1962 Indianapolis D ! Baltimore Colts 59 52 0 134 130 7 . 507 1963 -- 1973 New York Jets A ! New York Jets 0 71 77 26 McCarthy Mike McCarthy * 2006 -- present Green B ! Green Bay Packers 121 70 10 8 131 78 . 626 2017 season 27 Ditka , Mike Mike Ditka * * 1982 -- 1992 Chicago B ! Chicago Bears 106 62 6 6 127 101 0 . 557 1997 -- 1999 New Orleans E ! New Orleans Saints 15 33 28 Vermeil , Dick Dick Vermeil 1976 -- 1982 Philadelphia C ! Philadelphia Eagles 54 47 126 114 0 . 525 1997 -- 1999 LA Rams G ! St. Louis Rams 22 26 0 2001 -- 2005 Kansas City Chiefs D ! Kansas City Chiefs 44 36 0 29 Mora , Jim Jim Mora 1986 -- 1996 New Orleans B ! New Orleans Saints 93 74 0 125 112 0 . 527 1998 -- 2001 Indianapolis G ! Indianapolis Colts 32 32 0 30 Lewis Marvin Lewis * 2003 -- present Cincinnati A ! Cincinnati Bengals 0 125 112 0 7 125 119 . 512 2017 season 31 Tomlin Mike Tomlin * 2007 -- present Pittsburgh C !",
"6": "Pittsburgh Steelers 116 60 8 6 124 66 0 . 653 week 17 32 Seifert George Seifert 1989 -- 1996 San Francisco A ! San Francisco 49ers 0 98 30 10 5 124 67 0 . 649 1999 -- 2001 Carolina C ! Carolina Panthers 16 32 33 Gillman , Sid Sid Gillman * * 1955 -- 1959 LA Rams F ! Los Angeles Rams 28 31 0 123 104 7 . 541 1960 -- 1969 1971 LA Chargers A ! Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers 0 86 53 1973 -- 1974 Tennessee F ! Houston Oilers 8 15 34 Carroll Pete Carroll * New York Jets F ! New York Jets 6 10 122 86 . 586 1997 -- 1999 New England D ! New England Patriots 27 21 2010 -- present Seattle B ! Seattle Seahawks 79 48 9 5 2017 season 35 Allen , George George Allen * * 1966 -- 1970 LA Rams D ! Los Angeles Rams 49 17 0 118 54 5 . 681 1971 -- 1977 Washington B ! Washington Redskins 67 30 5 36 Turner , Norv Norv Turner 1994 -- 2000 Washington D ! Washington Redskins 49 59 118 126 . 484 2004 -- 2005 Oakland F ! Oakland Raiders 9 23 2007 -- 2012 LA Chargers C ! San Diego Chargers 56 40 37 Green , Dennis Dennis Green 1992 -- 2001 Minnesota B !",
"7": "Minnesota Vikings 97 62 8 117 102 0 . 534 2004 -- 2006 Arizona E ! Arizona Cardinals 16 32 38 Coryell Don Coryell 1973 -- 1977 Arizona B ! St. Louis Cardinals 42 27 0 114 89 . 561 1978 -- 1986 LA Chargers B ! San Diego Chargers 69 56 39 Madden , John John Madden * * 1969 -- 1978 Oakland A ! Oakland Raiders 0 103 32 9 7 112 39 7 . 731 40 Payton Sean Payton * 2006 -- 2011 2013 -- present New Orleans A ! New Orleans Saints 0 105 71 7 112 75 0 . 599 wild card 41 Parker , Buddy Buddy Parker 1949 Arizona H ! Chicago Cardinals 6 5 107 76 9 . 596 1951 -- 1956 Detroit D ! Detroit Lions 47 23 1957 -- 1964 Pittsburgh D ! Pittsburgh Steelers 51 47 42 Lombardi , Vince Vince Lombardi * * 1959 -- 1967 Green C ! Green Bay Packers 89 29 9 105 35 6 . 740 1969 Washington J ! Washington Redskins 7 5 43 Harbaugh , John John Harbaugh * 2008 -- present Baltimore A ! Baltimore Ravens 0 95 66 10 5 105 71 0 . 597 2017 season 44 Flores , Tom Tom Flores 1979 -- 1987 Oakland B ! Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders 83 53 8 105 90 0 . 538 1992 -- 1994 Seattle D !",
"8": "Seattle Seahawks 14 34 45 Walsh , Bill Bill Walsh * * 1979 -- 1988 San Francisco B ! San Francisco 49ers 92 59 10 102 63 . 617 46 Gruden , Jon Jon Gruden * 1998 -- 2001 2018 -- present Oakland D ! Oakland Raiders 38 26 100 85 0 . 541 2017 season 2002 -- 2008 Tampa A ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 57 55 47 Saban Lou Saban 1960 -- 1961 New England F ! Boston Patriots 7 12 97 101 7 . 490 1962 -- 1965 1972 -- 1976 Buffalo B ! Buffalo Bills 68 45 1967 -- 1971 Denver E ! Denver Broncos 20 42 48 Del Rio , Jack Jack Del Rio 2003 -- 2011 Jacksonville B ! Jacksonville Jaguars 68 71 94 97 0 . 492 2015 -- 2017 Oakland E ! Oakland Raiders 25 23 0 49 Smith , Lovie Lovie Smith 2004 -- 2012 Chicago C ! Chicago Bears 81 63 92 90 0 . 505 2014 -- 2015 Tampa D ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 8 24 50 Johnson , Jimmy Jimmy Johnson 1989 -- 1993 Dallas D ! Dallas Cowboys 44 36 7 89 68 0 . 567 1996 -- 1999 Miami C ! Miami Dolphins 36 28 51 Marchibroda , Ted Ted Marchibroda 1975 -- 1979 1992 -- 1995 Indianapolis C ! Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 71 67 89 102 .",
"9": "466 1996 -- 1998 Baltimore C ! Baltimore Ravens 16 31 52 Conzelman , Jimmy Jimmy Conzelman * * 1921 -- 1922 Rock Island Independents 8 88 64 17 . 579 1922 -- 1923 Milwaukee Badgers 7 5 1925 -- 1926 Detroit Panthers 12 8 1927 -- 1930 Providence Steam Roller 26 16 1940 -- 1942 1946 -- 1948 Arizona C ! Chicago Cardinals 34 31 53 Pardee Jack Pardee 1975 -- 1977 Chicago F ! Chicago Bears 20 22 0 88 82 0 . 518 1978 -- 1980 Washington F ! Washington Redskins 24 24 1990 -- 1994 Tennessee C ! Houston Oilers 43 31 54 Kubiak , Gary Gary Kubiak 2006 -- 2013 Houston Texans A ! Houston Texans 0 61 64 87 77 0 . 530 2015 -- 2016 Denver D ! Denver Broncos 21 11 0 55 Wyche , Sam Sam Wyche 1984 -- 1991 Cincinnati B ! Cincinnati Bengals 61 66 87 109 0 . 444 1992 -- 1995 Tampa C ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 23 41 56 Phillips , Bum Bum Phillips 1975 -- 1980 Tennessee B ! Houston Oilers 55 35 86 80 0 . 518 1981 -- 1985 New Orleans C ! New Orleans Saints 27 42 57 Billick , Brian Brian Billick 1999 -- 2007 Baltimore B ! Baltimore Ravens 80 64 5 85 67 0 .",
"10": "559 58 Wannstedt Dave Wannstedt 1993 -- 1998 Chicago D ! Chicago Bears 40 56 84 90 0 . 483 2000 -- 2004 Miami B ! Miami Dolphins 42 31 59 Phillips , Wade Wade Phillips 1985 New Orleans G ! New Orleans Saints 83 68 0 . 550 1993 -- 1994 Denver F ! Denver Broncos 16 16 0 1998 -- 2000 Buffalo D ! Buffalo Bills 29 19 0 2003 Atlanta F ! Atlanta Falcons 2007 -- 2010 Dallas E ! Dallas Cowboys 34 22 2013 Houston Texans C ! Houston Texans 0 60 Collier , Blanton Blanton Collier 1963 -- 1970 Cleveland B ! Cleveland Browns 76 34 79 38 . 672 61 Robinson , John John Robinson 1983 -- 1991 LA Rams A ! Los Angeles Rams 0 75 68 6 79 74 0 . 516 62 Ross , Bobby Bobby Ross 1992 -- 1996 LA Chargers D ! San Diego Chargers 47 33 77 68 0 . 531 1997 -- 2000 Detroit G ! Detroit Lions 27 30 0 63 Gregg , Forrest Forrest Gregg * * 1975 -- 1977 Cleveland E ! Cleveland Browns 18 23 77 87 . 470 1980 -- 1983 Cincinnati D ! Cincinnati Bengals 32 25 1984 -- 1987 Green G ! Green Bay Packers 25 37 64 Mariucci , Steve Steve Mariucci 1997 -- 2002 San Francisco C ! San Francisco 49ers 57 39 75 71 0 .",
"11": "514 2003 -- 2005 Detroit H ! Detroit Lions 15 28 65 Nolan Dick Nolan 1968 -- 1975 San Francisco D ! San Francisco 49ers 54 53 71 85 5 . 457 1978 -- 1980 New Orleans D ! New Orleans Saints 15 29 66 Wilson , George George Wilson 1957 -- 1964 Detroit C ! Detroit Lions 53 45 0 70 84 8 . 457 1966 -- 1969 Miami D ! Miami Dolphins 15 39 67 Garrett , Jason Jason Garrett * 2010 -- present Dallas Cowboys B ! Dallas Cowboys 67 53 68 55 0 . 553 2017 season 68 Rivera , Ron Ron Rivera * 2011 -- present Carolina B ! Carolina Panthers 64 47 67 51 . 567 2017 season 69 Smith , Mike Mike Smith 2008 -- 2014 Atlanta A ! Atlanta Falcons 0 66 46 67 50 0 . 573 70 Fontes , Wayne Wayne Fontes 1988 -- 1996 Detroit A ! Detroit Lions 0 66 67 67 71 0 . 486 71 Neale , Greasy Greasy Neale * * 1941 -- 1950 Philadelphia B ! Philadelphia Eagles 63 43 66 44 5 . 596 72 Van Brocklin , Norm Norm Van Brocklin * * 1961 -- 1966 Minnesota D ! Minnesota Vikings 29 51 66 100 7 . 402 1968 -- 1974 Atlanta D ! Atlanta Falcons 37 49 73 Clark , Potsy Potsy Clark 1931 -- 1936 1940 Detroit B !",
"12": "Portsmouth Spartans / Detroit Lions 53 25 0 65 42 12 . 597 1937 -- 1939 Brooklyn Dodgers 11 17 74 Lemm , Wally Wally Lemm 1961 1966 -- 1970 Tennessee D ! Houston Oilers 37 38 65 66 7 . 496 1962 -- 1965 Arizona D ! St. Louis Cardinals 27 26 75 Ryan , Rex Rex Ryan 2009 -- 2014 New York Jets Ba ! New York Jets 46 50 65 68 0 . 489 2015 -- 2016 Buffalo F ! Buffalo Bills 15 16 76 Caldwell , Jim Jim Caldwell 2009 -- 2011 Indianapolis H ! Indianapolis Colts 26 22 64 54 0 . 542 2014 -- 2017 Detroit F ! Detroit Lions 36 28 0 77 Glanville , Jerry Jerry Glanville 1985 -- 1989 Tennessee E ! Houston Oilers 33 32 63 73 0 . 463 1990 -- 1993 Atlanta E ! Atlanta Falcons 27 37 78 Fassel , Jim Jim Fassel 1997 -- 2003 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 58 53 60 56 . 517 79 Jauron Dick Jauron 1999 -- 2003 Chicago E ! Chicago Bears 35 45 0 60 83 0 . 420 2005 Detroit I ! Detroit Lions 2006 -- 2009 Buffalo E ! Buffalo Bills 24 33 80 Sherman , Mike Mike Sherman 2000 -- 2005 Green E ! Green Bay Packers 57 39 59 43 0 .",
"13": "578 81 Chamberlin Guy Chamberlin * * 1922 -- 1923 Canton Bulldogs 21 0 58 16 7 . 759 1924 Clevelands B ! Cleveland Bulldogs 7 1925 -- 1926 Frankford Yellow Jackets 27 8 1927 Arizona J ! Chicago Cardinals 7 82 Shell , Art Art Shell * * 1989 -- 1994 2006 Oakland C ! Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 56 52 58 55 0 . 513 83 Kuharich Joe Kuharich 1952 Arizona I ! Chicago Cardinals 8 58 81 . 419 1954 -- 1958 Washington E ! Washington Redskins 26 32 1964 -- 1968 Philadelphia E ! Philadelphia Eagles 28 41 84 Sherman , Allie Allie Sherman 1961 -- 1968 New York Giants E ! New York Giants 57 51 0 57 54 . 513 85 Flaherty , Ray Ray Flaherty * * 1936 -- 1942 Washington C ! Boston / Washington Redskins 54 21 56 23 . 701 86 Martz , Mike Mike Martz 2000 -- 2005 LA Rams C ! St. Louis Rams 53 32 56 36 0 . 609 88 Edwards , Herman Herman Edwards 2001 -- 2005 New York Jets D ! New York Jets 39 41 56 78 0 . 418 2006 -- 2008 Kansas City Chiefs F ! Kansas City Chiefs 15 33 0 89 Howell , Jim Lee Jim Lee Howell 1954 -- 1960 New York Giants F ! New York Giants 53 27 55 29 .",
"14": "648 87 Pagano , Chuck Chuck Pagano 2012 -- 2017 Indianapolis E ! Indianapolis Colts 53 43 56 46 0 . 549 90 Burns , Jerry Jerry Burns 1986 -- 1991 Minnesota C ! Minnesota Vikings 52 43 55 46 0 . 545 91 Ryan , Buddy Buddy Ryan 1986 -- 1990 Philadelphia D ! Philadelphia Eagles 43 35 0 55 58 . 487 1994 -- 1995 Arizona F ! Arizona Cardinals 12 20 92 Meyer , Ron Ron Meyer 1982 -- 1984 New England E ! New England Patriots 18 15 0 54 52 0 . 509 1986 -- 1991 Indianapolis F ! Indianapolis Colts 36 35 0 93 Walton , Joe Joe Walton 1983 -- 1989 New York Jets B ! New York Jets 53 57 54 59 . 478 94 Shaw , Buck Buck Shaw 1950 -- 1954 San Francisco E ! San Francisco 49ers 33 25 53 41 . 562 1958 -- 1960 Philadelphia F ! Philadelphia Eagles 19 16 0 95 Holovak , Mike Mike Holovak 1961 -- 1968 New England B ! Boston Patriots 52 46 53 48 9 . 523 1976 New York Jets G ! New York Jets 0 96 Starr , Bart Bart Starr * * 1975 -- 1983 Green F ! Green Bay Packers 52 76 53 77 . 410 97 Whisenhunt , Ken Ken Whisenhunt 2007 -- 2012 Arizona Ab ! Arizona Cardinals 45 51 52 73 0 .",
"15": "416 2014 -- 2015 Tennessee F ! Tennessee Titans 20 98 Andrews , Roy Roy Andrews 1924 -- 1926 Kansas City Blues / Cowboys 12 15 51 27 . 646 1927 Clevelands A ! Cleveland Bulldogs 8 1928 Detroit Wolverines 7 1929 -- 1930 New York Giants H ! New York Giants 24 5 1931 Arizona K ! Chicago Cardinals 0 99 Berry , Raymond Raymond Berry * * 1975 -- 1983 New England BB ! New England Patriots 48 39 51 41 0 . 554 100 Clark , Monte Monte Clark 1976 San Francisco F ! San Francisco 49ers 8 6 51 69 . 426 1978 -- 1984 Detroit E ! Detroit Lions 43 61 0 101 Bennett , Leeman Leeman Bennett 1977 -- 1982 Atlanta C ! Atlanta Falcons 46 41 51 72 0 . 415 1985 -- 1986 Tampa E ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 28 102 Arians , Bruce Bruce Arians 2012 -- 2017 Arizona A ! Arizona Cardinals 0 49 30 50 32 . 608 Rank Coach Seasons Teams Career wins Career losses Ties Win Pct Updated through Regular Season Playoffs Guy Chamberlain won over 75 % of his games as a head coach . Tony Dungy turned around the fortunes of the Bucs . Notes ( edit ) Does not include Paul Brown 's four - year AAFC record of 47 -- 4 -- 3 . Does not include Ray Flaherty 's four - year AAFC record of 26 -- 16 -- 2 . Does not include Buck Shaw 's four - year AAFC record of 38 -- 14 -- 2 .",
"16": "Remaining active coaches ( edit ) Updated through the wild card games . Coaches that can achieve 50 wins within the next two seasons Coach Team Season Hired Regular Season Playoffs Win Pct Wins Losses Wins Losses Zimmer , Mike Mike Zimmer Vikings 2014 39 25 0 . 600 Mularkey , Mike Mike Mularkey Titans 2015 36 53 0 . 411 Bills 14 -- 18 Jaguars 2 -- 14 Titans 21 -- 21 O'Brien , Bill Bill O'Brien Texans 2014 31 33 . 478 Quinn , Dan Dan Quinn Falcons 2015 29 19 . 615 Gruden , Jay Jay Gruden Redskins 2014 28 35 0 . 438 1 tie Marrone , Doug Doug Marrone Jaguars 2016 26 24 0 . 529 Bills 15 -- 17 Jaguars 12 -- 7 Bowles , Todd Todd Bowles Jets 2015 22 29 - - . 431 Dolphins 2 -- 1 Jets 20 -- 28 Pederson , Doug Doug Pederson Eagles 2016 20 12 - - . 625 Coaches with fewer than 20 wins Coach Team Season Hired Regular Season Playoffs Win Pct Wins Losses Wins Losses Gase , Adam Adam Gase Dolphins 2016 16 16 0 . 485 Koetter , Dirk Dirk Koetter Buccaneers 2016 14 18 - - . 438 McVay , Sean Sean McVay Rams 2017 11 5 0 . 647 Jackson , Hue Hue Jackson Browns 2016 9 39 - - .",
"17": "188 Raiders 8 -- 8 Browns 1 -- 31 McDermott , Sean Sean McDermott Bills 2017 9 7 0 . 529 Lynn , Anthony Anthony Lynn Chargers 2017 9 8 - - . 529 Bills 0 -- 1 Chargers 9 - 7 Shanahan , Kyle Kyle Shanahan 49ers 2017 6 10 - - . 375 Joseph , Vance Vance Joseph Broncos 2017 5 11 - - . 313 See also ( edit ) National Football League portal List of current National Football League head coaches NFL head coach playoff records Active NFL head coach career Super Bowl history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Coaching Totals '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shula Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Halas Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Belichick Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Landry Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lambeau Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Noll Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Schottenheimer Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Reeves Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reid Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Knox Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Parcells Coaching results '' .",
"18": "Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coughlin Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shanahan Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fisher Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Brown Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Holmgren Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gibbs Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grant Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cowher Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Levy Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Owen Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dungy Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stram Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ewbank Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McCarthy Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ditka Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vermeil Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ `` Mora Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tomlin Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seifert Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gillman Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Carroll Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Allen Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turner Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Green Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coryell Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Madden Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Payton Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Parker Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lombardi Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Harbaugh Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flores Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walsh Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com .",
"20": "Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gruden Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Del Rio Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lovie Smith Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Johnson Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marchibroda Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Conzelman Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pardee Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kubiak Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wyche Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bum Phillips Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billick Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wannstedt Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wade Phillips Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Collier Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Robinson Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ross Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com .",
"21": "Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gregg Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mariucci Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Nolan Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` George Wilson Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Garrett coaching results '' . Pro Football reference.com . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rivera coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Smith Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Fontes Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neale Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Van Brocklin Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Potsy Clark Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wally Lemm Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rex Ryan coaching results '' . Pro Football reference.com . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Caldwell coaching results '' . Pro Football reference.com . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glanville Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Fassel Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jauron Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Sherman Coaching results '' .",
"22": "Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chamberlin Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shell Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kuharich Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Allie Sherman Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Flaherty Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Martz Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Herman Edwards Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Lee Howell Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pagano coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Burns Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buddy Ryan Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Meyer Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Walton Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buck Shaw Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Holovak Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bart Starr Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whisenhunt Coaching results '' .",
"23": "Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Andrews Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Berry Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monte Clark Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Leeman Bennett Coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arians coaching results '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_head_coaches_with_50_wins&oldid=819362989 '' Categories : National Football League head coaches National Football League lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 23 : 34 . About Wikipedia",
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
21,
20,
18,
13,
19,
0,
5,
22,
23,
17,
10,
1,
6,
2,
7,
14,
11,
9,
4,
8,
3,
15,
12,
16
] |
[
0,
21,
20,
18,
13
] |
8193934593691670178
|
which is the only test playing nation that india has never beat in t20
|
[
"Scotland",
"Scotland",
"Scotland",
"Scotland"
] |
{
"0": "India national Cricket team record by opponent - wikipedia India national Cricket team record by opponent Jump to : navigation , search The Indian national cricket team at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 2012 . The India national cricket team represents India in international cricket and is a full member of the International Cricket Council with Test and One Day International ( ODI ) status . They first competed in international cricket in 1932 , when they played against England in a three - day Test match ; England won the match by 158 runs . India 's first Test series as an independent country was against Australia . They secured their first Test win against England in 1952 at Madras Cricket Club Ground . As of 7 January 2014 , India have played 476 Test matches ; they have won 121 matches , lost 150 matches , and 204 matches were drawn with one being tied . India played their first ODI match against England in 1974 , but registered their first win against East Africa in 1975 . As of 7 January 2014 , India have played 844 ODI matches , winning 423 matches and losing 378 ; 6 matches were tied and 37 matches had no result . They also won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cups , along with the 2002 and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy . India played their first Twenty20 International ( T20I ) against South Africa in 2006 , winning the match by six wickets , and won the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 in 2007 . As of 7 January 2014 , they have played 46 T20I matches and won 25 of them ; 19 were lost , with one being tied and one having no result . India have faced nine teams in Test cricket , with their most frequent opponent being England , against whom they have played 107 matches . India have registered more wins against Australia than any other team , with 24 . In ODI matches , India have played against 18 teams . They have played against Sri Lanka more frequently in ODI matches , with a winning percentage of 59.30 in 143 matches . India have defeated Sri Lanka on 78 occasions , which is their best record in ODIs . The team have played 11 countries in T20Is , and have played eight matches with Australia .",
"1": "They have recorded the most victories against South Africa , defeating them in five matches . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Test cricket 3 One Day International 4 Twenty20 International 5 Notes 6 References Key ( edit ) Key for the tables Symbol Meaning Number of matches played Number of matches won Number of matches lost Number of matches tied Number of matches ended in a draw NR Number of matches ended with no result Tie + W Number of matches tied and then won in a tiebreaker such as a bowl - out or Super Over Tie + L Number of matches tied and then lost in a tiebreaker such as a bowl - out or Super Over Win % Percentage of games won to those played Loss % Percentage of games lost to those played Draw % Percentage of games drawn to those played First Year of the first match played by India against the country Last Year of the last match played by India against the country Test cricket ( edit ) India 's Test cricket record by opponent Opponent Win % Loss % Draw % First Last Australia 94 26 41 26 27.65 43.61 27.65 1947 2017 Bangladesh 9 7 0 0 77.77 0.00 22.22 2000 2017 England 117 25 43 0 49 21.36 36.75 41.88 1932 2016 New Zealand 57 21 10 0 26 36.84 17.54 45.61 1955 2016 Pakistan 59 9 12 0 38 15.25 20.33 64.40 1952 2007 South Africa 33 10 13 0 10 30.30 39.39 30.",
"2": "30 1992 2015 Sri Lanka 41 19 7 0 15 46.34 17.07 36.58 1982 2017 West Indies 94 18 30 0 46 19.14 31.91 48.93 1948 2016 Zimbabwe 11 7 0 63.63 18.18 18.18 1992 2005 Total 515 142 158 214 27.57 30.67 41.55 1932 2017 One Day International ( edit ) India 's One Day International record by opponent Opponent NR Win % First Last Afghanistan 0 0 0 100.00 2014 2014 Australia 128 45 73 0 10 38.13 1980 2017 Bangladesh 33 27 5 0 84.37 2017 Bermuda 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007 East Africa 0 0 0 100.00 England 96 52 39 56.98 2017 Hong Kong 0 0 0 100.00 2008 2008 Ireland 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2015 Kenya 13 11 0 0 84.61 Namibia 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2003 Netherlands 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2011 New Zealand 101 51 44 5 53.64 2017 Pakistan 129 52 73 0 41.",
"3": "60 1978 2017 Scotland 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007 South Africa 77 29 45 0 39.18 1991 2017 Sri Lanka 155 88 55 11 61.45 1979 2017 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 100.00 2015 West Indies 121 56 61 47.88 1979 2017 Zimbabwe 63 51 10 0 82.53 2016 Total 930 476 407 7 40 53.87 2017 Twenty20 International ( edit ) India 's Twenty20 International record by opponent Opponent Tie + W Tie + L NR Win % First Last Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2012 Australia 16 10 5 0 0 0 66.66 2007 2017 Bangladesh 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2016 England 11 5 6 0 0 0 0 45.45 2007 2017 Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2009 New Zealand 9 6 0 0 0 25.00 2007 2017 Pakistan 8 6 0 0 0 81.25 2007 2016 Scotland 0 0 0 0 0 - 1 !",
"4": "-- 2007 2007 South Africa 11 6 0 0 0 60.0 2006 2015 Sri Lanka 14 10 0 0 0 0 63.63 2009 2017 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 0 100.00 2016 2016 West Indies 8 5 0 0 0 28.57 2009 2017 Zimbabwe 7 5 0 0 0 0 71.42 2016 Total 94 55 33 0 0 5 61.04 2006 2017 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Madras Cricket Club Ground was later renamed M.A. Chidambaram Stadium . Jump up ^ India were the joint - champion with Sri Lanka in the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy . ^ Jump up to : Games that did not have a result are not taken into consideration while calculating the result percentage . Ties are counted as half a win . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ICC Members Countries '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Only Test : England v India at Lord 's , Jun 25 -- 28 , 1932 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India in Australia Test Series , 1947 / 48 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Test : India v England at Chennai , Feb 6 -- 10 , 1952 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Test matches / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ `` 1st ODI : England v India at Leeds , Jul 13 , 1974 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Match : East Africa v India at Leeds , Jun 11 , 1975 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Andrew ( 2 April 2011 ) . `` Dhoni and Gambhir lead India to World Cup glory '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final : Sri Lanka v India at Colombo ( RPS ) , Sep 30 , 2002 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final : England v India at Birmingham , Jun 23 , 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of South Africa , 2006 / 07 / Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Chevallier , Hugh . `` India v Pakistan '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / India / Test matches / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / India / One - Day Internationals / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 26 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / India / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo .",
"6": "Archived from the original on 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . India national cricket team Test Status since 1932 Based in India Team History of the Indian cricket team Records Indian national cricket captains India national cricket team record by opponent Grounds List of cricket grounds in India Current Rankings Test : 1st ODI : 3rd T20I : 2nd Culture Cricket in India Key personnel Governing Body : Board of Control for Cricket in India Selection Committee : Indian national cricket selectors Coach : Anil Kumble Captains : Virat Kohli ( Test ) MS Dhoni ( ODI & T20 ) World Cup wins ( 2 ) 2011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_national_cricket_team_record_by_opponent&oldid=818803237 '' Categories : Cricket records and statistics Border - Gavaskar Trophy Freedom Trophy ( Cricket ) Hidden categories : Featured lists Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 17 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
5,
3,
4,
6,
0,
1,
2
] |
[
3,
5,
4,
6,
0
] |
-2855755816946801432
|
who starred in the tv show even stevens
|
[
"Shia LaBeouf",
"Christy Carlson Romano",
"Nick Spano",
"Tom Virtue",
"Donna Pescow",
"Shia LaBeouf",
"Christy Carlson Romano",
"Nick Spano",
"Tom Virtue",
"Donna Pescow",
"Shia LaBeouf",
"Christy Carlson Romano",
"Nick Spano",
"Tom Virtue",
"Donna Pescow"
] |
{
"0": "Even Stevens - wikipedia Even Stevens Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Even Stevens ( disambiguation ) . Even Stevens Created by Matt Dearborn Starring Shia LaBeouf Christy Carlson Romano Nick Spano Tom Virtue Donna Pescow Theme music composer John Coda Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Brookwell Sean McNamara ( both ; entire run ) Dennis Rinsler & Marc Warren ( episode 10 + ) Matt Dearborn ( season 3 ) Camera setup Film ; Single - camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Disney Channel Original Productions Fireworks Entertainment Distributor Buena Vista Television Canwest Global Communications Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) Original release June 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 17 ) -- June 2 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 02 ) Chronology Followed by The Even Stevens Movie ( 2003 ) External links Website Even Stevens is an American comedy television series that aired on Disney Channel with a total of three seasons and 65 episodes from June 17 , 2000 , to June 2 , 2003 . It follows the life of the Stevens , a family living in suburban Sacramento , California , mainly focusing on the clashing personalities of its two younger siblings , Ren and Louis . The series was produced by Brookwell McNamara Entertainment and Fireworks Entertainment . It is often recognized as launching Shia LaBeouf 's breakout career as an actor . The show also features fast motion photography , which it employs in every episode . The feature - length Disney Channel Original Movie based on the series , The Even Stevens Movie , premiered on June 13 , 2003 , and serves as the series finale . From 2015 -- 2016 , Even Stevens aired on Freeform for two hours after midnight on Wednesdays as part of the That 's so Throwback block . The Even Stevens Movie continues to air on Disney Channel and on Family Channel occasionally .",
"1": "However , in the UK , Even Stevens continues to air on CITV ( having previously been shown on CBBC ) . From its launch on June 1 , 2011 to late 2012 , the series were shown as re-runs on Disney XD in Canada & the US . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 Main characters 1.2 Recurring characters 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Broadcast 5 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 Ratings ( CBBC Channel ) 8 References 9 External links Characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Louis Anthony Stevens ( Shia LaBeouf ) -- Louis , the youngest Stevens sibling , is viewed as immature , rude , lazy , boisterous , selfish , carefree , and extremely mischievous . His entire family is viewed as perfect next to him . He is always pulling jokes with best friend Alan Twitty and is described as ruining everyone 's lives . He never seems to change with time . His parents seem to favor his sister Ren and brother Donnie because of the great successes both have achieved , but his parents do love him dearly and try to defend him . Louis tends to do unattractive things ( saying nasty words , picking nose , etc . ) , though everything is presented to the audience in endearing ways . Tawny Dean becomes his girlfriend at the end of the series . His birthday is on June 27 as shown in episode 33 . Ren Stevens ( Christy Carlson Romano ) -- An intelligent , well - behaved , perfectionist 8th - grader , Ren is the middle sibling . She is the classic overachiever , constantly running for hall monitor and class president while trying to keep Louis 's schemes from becoming disasters . She is the head newscaster for `` The Wombat Report '' and spent a few weeks on her school 's cheerleading squad . Ren is the editor of the school newspaper and the yearbook , a straight - A student , and Principal Wexler 's highly - valued assistant . Despite her top - student ranking , Ren got sentenced to , and served , detention on at least one occasion . Ren 's favorite color is blue . Donald `` Donnie '' Stevens ( Nick Spano ) -- Ren and Louis ' athletic big brother .",
"2": "Donnie is highly concerned with his appearance . His popularity , good looks , and superb athletic skills made him a heartthrob and legend at their school , even after his graduation . Although he excels in many sports , he 's an airhead . Steven `` Steve '' Stevens ( Tom Virtue ) -- A quirky lawyer . He played college football for Michigan State University with the nickname `` Stiffie '' Stevens . He used to be a wrestler for his school . He is the father of Donnie , Ren , and Louis . Eileen Stevens ( Donna Pescow ) -- A successful , no - nonsense , Jewish American state senator who launched a campaign for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2002 and was narrowly defeated . She is the mother of Donnie , Ren , and Louis . Recurring characters ( edit ) Alan Twitty ( A.J. Trauth ) -- Louis ' closest best friend . Twitty is similar to Louis but usually is n't as extreme and often has to get Louis out of situations . Referred to as `` Twitty '' by his friends , he is on the basketball team and the baseball team , plays guitar , and also has success with girls . Twitty 's catch phrases are `` Dude '' and `` Sweet '' . Tawny Dean ( Margo Harshman ) -- Louis ' female best friend , and eventually his girlfriend . Tawny , at first , has no friends and is an outsider , until she meets Louis . Tawny usually dresses in goth clothing , unlike her classmates , and refuses to conform with others ' trivial pursuits . Thomas `` Tom '' Gribalski ( Fred Meyers ) -- Louis ' nerdy best friend . When Louis cooks up a scheme , Tom usually tries to talk Louis out of it and usually does n't play along . Also , Tom speaks in a very scientific , philosophical , and intelligent manner . He is commonly the victim of many pranks by Louis and Twitty . He calls his mother by her name ( Doris ) . In season 3 , Doris is seen playing the piano when Tom auditions for SACCY , a performing arts school . Ruby Mendel ( Lauren Frost ) -- Ren 's best friend who loves to gossip about crushes and dating couples .",
"3": "She once had a crush on Louis ( while under the spell of a lucky penny ) , in the same episode that she had a crush on the boy band BBMak . Monique Taylor ( Kenya Williams ) -- Ren 's other best friend . Monique is a perky cheerleader . Monique takes many things to extreme limits . She has a strong Southern accent . Nelson Minkler ( Gary LeRoi Gray ) -- Ren 's childhood best friend who seems to be allergic to everything and overprotects himself when he 's outside . He is usually with Ren , and at times Donnie , but has spoken to Louis only once . He is fluent in French . Nelson was also Gray 's character 's name on The Cosby Show as a child . Bernard `` Beans '' Aranguren ( Steven Anthony Lawrence ) -- The Stevens ' extremely annoying neighbor , who comes into their home uninvited , makes himself at home , and refuses to leave . His love for bacon is a recurring theme , and in `` Little Mr. Sacktown '' he visits a bacon shack . He eventually turns into a sidekick for Louis and Twitty 's schemes , usually double - crossing the two . Lawrence Anthony `` Larry '' Beale ( Eric `` Ty '' Hodges ) -- Ren 's nasty , equally - popular , charismatic , know - it - all rival in school . Larry hates Ren and always tries to destroy her reputation , but his schemes usually backfire . His favorite victim is Ren , but he occasionally tries to ruin Louis as well . Larry is secretly jealous of Ren and considers Louis a threat , but will never admit it . Larry is an Army brat . In the movie , he hinted a bit of jealousy when it showed that Ren was sharing a kiss with an actor . Coach Terry Tugnut ( Jim Wise ) -- The gym coach who is always tough on Louis but crazy about Donnie , Larry , and food . He loves to eat . Once he weighed over 300 lbs . He is frequently the victim of Louis ' pranks . Coach Tugnut often serves as Wexler 's enforcer / sidekick . He is obsessed with dodgeball and with the three `` major points '' ( arm , head , stomach ) .",
"4": "A running gag throughout the series is Coach Tugnut shouting , `` Stevens ! '' when Louis causes trouble . Conrad Wexler ( George Anthony Bell ) -- The principal of Lawrence Jr High . Principal Wexler favors Ren over the other students . They have had arguments , but they 're good friends . Ren is his student assistant , while Louis drives him crazy . He usually makes Ren do his dirty work . Carla and Marla ( Lisa Foiles and Krysten Leigh Jones ) -- Two girls who looks up to Ren . Carla and Marla are both on the newspaper staff with Ren and Ruby . After the episode `` Quest for Coolness '' , Carla and Marla are never seen or mentioned again . Robert `` Bobby '' Deaver ( Brandon Davis ) -- Ren 's middle - school boyfriend ; he appeared in seven episodes . Ren broke up with Bobby after Louis told her that he was cheating on her by dating Mandy Sanchez , a rival of Ren 's . Ivan ( Eric Jungmann ) -- Larry Beale 's yes - man sidekick in the first season , although he occasionally serves as a yes - man for other popular kids , such as Blake Thompson in the episode `` Louis in the Middle '' . Production ( edit ) The show was originally produced as a show called Spivey 's Kid Brother . A pilot was filmed in late 1997 , and was later picked up by Disney Channel as Even Stevens . In the first episode , Disney had to dub out the name `` Spivey '' to `` Stevens '' . In fact , in the gym class scene , a banner is visible in the background reading , `` Home of Spivey and the Wild Wombats . '' In the theme song of the show , clay animations of Louis and Ren turn their remote controls into lightsabers , alluding to Star Wars . Prior to this , Ren reads a TV guide with live - action photos of Christy Carlson Romano and Shia LaBeouf on the cover . Although the show lasted three seasons , the timeline of the show is only one school year , since Louis and his friends remain in the 7th grade and Ren and her friends remain in the 8th grade . Ren finally graduates in The Even Stevens Movie .",
"5": "Shia LaBeouf and Christy Carlson Romano are the only two actors to appear in all 65 episodes of the Even Stevens series . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Even Stevens episodes Season Episodes Originally aired ( U.S. dates ) Season premiere Season finale 21 June 17 , 2000 February 23 , 2001 22 June 15 , 2001 February 15 , 2002 22 February 22 , 2002 June 2 , 2003 Film June 13 , 2003 Broadcast ( edit ) The series reran on Disney Channel from June 2 , 2003 to September 4 , 2006 . On July 2 , 2007 , Disney Channel aired eight episodes as part of their `` Sometimes You Win , Sometimes You Louis '' marathon , to coincide with the release of Shia LaBeouf 's film Transformers . In 2006 , Superstation WGN ( now WGN America ) acquired the rights to Even Stevens and Lizzie McGuire . It aired on the channel from September 18 , 2006 to January 2009 , during the week . They originally aired after each other on weekday afternoons before moving to the late night hours when both shows ' target audiences are generally not awake with Even Stevens airing Tuesdays and Thursdays and Lizzie airing the rest of the week . In 2009 , Even Stevens returned to television after a three - year absence on Disney XD ; it was removed months later .",
"6": "Awards and nominations ( edit ) BAFTA Awards 2002 -- Best International -- Matt Dearborn , Sean McNamara & David Brookwell ( Won ) Daytime Emmy Awards 2003 -- Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Series -- Shia LaBeouf ( Won ) 2003 -- Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Series -- Donna Pescow ( Nominated ) 2003 -- Outstanding Children 's Program ( Nominated ) 2002 -- Outstanding Children 's Program ( Nominated ) 2002 -- Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Series -- Donna Pescow ( Nominated ) 2001 -- Outstanding Children 's Program ( Nominated ) 2001 -- Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Series -- Donna Pescow ( Nominated ) Directors Guild of America 2003 -- Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children 's Programs -- Gregory Hobson for episode `` Band On The Roof '' ( Nominated ) 2002 -- Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children 's Programs -- Sean McNamara for episode `` Very Scary Story '' ( Nominated ) 2001 -- Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children 's Programs -- Paul Hoen for episode `` Take My Sister ... Please '' ( Nominated ) 2001 -- Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children 's Programs -- Sean McNamara for episode `` Easy Way '' ( Nominated ) Young Artist Awards 2004 -- Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) : Supporting Young Actress -- Margo Harshman ( Nominated ) 2003 -- Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) : Supporting Young Actor -- Steven Anthony Lawrence ( Won ) 2003 -- Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) : Supporting Young Actress -- Lauren Frost ( Nominated ) 2002 -- Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series : Leading Young Actress -- Christy Carlson Romano ( Won ) 2002 -- Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) : Supporting Young Actress -- Lauren Frost ( Won ) 2002 -- Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series : Leading Young Actor - Shia LaBeouf ( Nominated ) 2002 -- Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series : Leading Young Actor -- A.J.",
"7": "Trauth ( Nominated ) 2002 -- Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series : Supporting Young Actor -- Steven Anthony Lawrence ( Nominated ) 2001 -- Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series : Leading Young Actress -- Christy Carlson Romano ( Won ) 2001 -- Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series : Leading Young Actor -- Shia LaBeouf ( Nominated ) 2001 -- Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series : Guest Starring Young Performer -- Ty Hodges ( Nominated ) Young Star Awards 2000 -- Best Young Actor / Performance in a Comedy TV Series -- Shia LaBeouf ( Nominated ) Home media ( edit ) The first season of Even Stevens was made available for the first on DVD on region 4 in Australia and New Zealand on July 25 , 2006 . To date , further seasons have not been released on region 4 . Region 1 has not released any season of the series ; however , the television film , The Even Stevens Movie , was made available on June 28 , 2005 . Also the episode Heck of a Hanukkah can be found on the Disney Channel Holiday DVD . Ratings ( CBBC Channel ) ( edit ) Sunday May 26 , 2002 -- 50,000 ( 2nd most watched on CBBC that week ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hogan , Mike ( August 2007 ) . `` Landing in Hollywood '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Things You Need to Know About Even Stevens ASAP '' . Teen.com . March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nick & More ! Media '' . tvschedulearchive.com . Jump up ^ `` CMT Drops ' Foxworthy ' , Cuts ' Dukes ' Airings ; WGN Buys ' Lizzie McGuire ' & ' Even Stevens ' Reruns ; TV Land June Changes '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Shows to WGN '' . multichannel.com . Jump up ^ `` BARB '' . barb.co.uk .",
"8": "External links ( edit ) Television portal Disney portal 2000s portal Even Stevens on IMDb Even Stevens at TV.com Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch !",
"9": "( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) Take Two with Phineas and Ferb ( 2010 -- 11 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Descendants : Wicked World ( 2015 -- 17 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Big Hero 6 : The Series ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) DuckTales ( 2018 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( 2018 ) Go Away , Unicorn !",
"10": "( 2018 ) Amphibia ( 2019 ) The Owl House ( 2019 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( TBA ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas ABC Kids Disney 's One Saturday Morning ( 1997 -- 2002 ) 101 Dalmatians : The Series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Doug DuckTales Even Stevens Hercules Disney 's House of Mouse Jungle Cubs Lizzie McGuire Lloyd in Space Mary - Kate and Ashley in Action ! Mickey Mouse Works Pepper Ann Recess Sabrina : The Animated Series Science Court Teacher 's Pet Teamo Supremo The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show The Weekenders ABC Kids ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Even Stevens ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Fillmore ! ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2002 -- 2005 ) NBA Inside Stuff ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Power Rangers ( 2002 -- 2010 ) Recess ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Teamo Supremo ( 2002 -- 2003 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 2011 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 2011 ) The Proud Family ( 2002 -- 2006 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 2011 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 2011 ) W.I.T.C.H.",
"11": "( 2004 -- 2005 ) Related topics Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company Disney 's One Too Saturday morning programming on Disney Channel Jambalaya Studios Disney Television Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Even_Stevens&oldid=831203888 '' Categories : 2000s American teen sitcoms 2000 American television series debuts 2003 American television series endings ABC Kids American children 's comedy television series Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Jewish - related television programs Middle school television series Single - camera television sitcoms Television series about families Television series about siblings Television series by Disney Television series by Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Television shows set in Sacramento , California Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Cymraeg Español Français 한국어 Hawaiʻi Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Simple English Svenska Tagalog Taqbaylit Türkçe West - Vlams 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 10 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
6,
2,
5,
0,
7,
3,
9,
1,
10,
4,
8,
11
] |
[
6,
2,
5,
0,
7
] |
-1502184636482891590
|
when did all night long come out lionel richie
|
[
"1983",
"August 31, 1983",
"1983",
"1983",
"August 31, 1983"
] |
{
"0": "All Night Long ( All Night ) - wikipedia All Night Long ( All Night ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with All Day and All of the Night . `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' 7 '' cover Single by Lionel Richie from the album Ca n't Slow Down B - side `` Wandering Stranger '' Released August 31 , 1983 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Length 4 : 20 ( Single edit ) 6 : 19 ( Album version ) Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Lionel Richie Producer ( s ) Lionel Richie James Anthony Carmichael Lionel Richie singles chronology `` My Love '' ( 1983 ) `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Running with the Night '' ( 1983 ) `` My Love '' ( 1983 ) `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Running with the Night '' ( 1983 ) `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' is a hit single by American singer - songwriter Lionel Richie from 1983 . Taken from his second solo album , Ca n't Slow Down , it combined Richie 's soulful Commodores style with Caribbean influences . This new , more dance music , pop - inspired approach proved popular , as the single reached number one on three Billboard charts ( pop , R&B and adult contemporary ) . Richard Marx contributed backing vocals as an unknown until his 1986 debut album appeared . In the UK , the song was kept off of the top spot by Billy Joel 's `` Uptown Girl '' , peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks . The song lyrics were written primarily in English , but Richie has admitted in at least one press interview that `` African '' lyrics in the song , such as `` Tom bo li de say de moi ya , '' and `` Jambo jumbo , '' were in fact made - up gibberish of his own invention . Richie has described these portions of the song as a `` wonderful joke , '' written when he discovered that he lacked the time to hire a translator to contribute the foreign - language lyrics he wished to include in the song .",
"1": "The song has achieved massive popularity in the Arab world , where Richie is as well known , if not more than in his native U.S. The Independent has referred to Richie as `` a phenomenon '' over the past decade or so in nations such as Iran or Iraq , with `` Hello '' also achieving much success . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Notable performances 3 Remix version 4 Samplings 5 Charts 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Music video ( edit ) An accompanying music video was produced by former Monkee and TV video pioneer Michael Nesmith and directed by Bob Rafelson . Notable performances ( edit ) Richie performed the song at the closing ceremonies of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . Remix version ( edit ) `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' Single by Lionel Richie featuring Guy Sebastian Released 18 March 2011 Format digital download Recorded 2011 Genre Pop Length 4 : 11 Songwriter ( s ) Lionel Richie Producer ( s ) RedOne Lionel Richie featuring Guy Sebastian singles chronology `` Just Go '' ( 2009 ) `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' ( 2011 ) `` Endless Love '' ( 2012 ) `` Just Go '' ( 2009 ) `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' ( 2011 ) `` Endless Love '' ( 2012 ) Guy Sebastian singles chronology `` Who 's That Girl '' ( 2010 ) Who 's That Girl 2010 `` All Night Long '' ( 2011 ) All Night Long2011 `` Do n't Worry Be Happy '' ( 2011 ) Do n't Worry Be Happy 2011 Richie recorded a remix of the song with Australian singer - songwriter Guy Sebastian in 2011 . All proceeds went towards the Queensland floods and New Zealand earthquake appeal . The re-recorded version was produced by RedOne and was released to iTunes Stores in Australia and New Zealand on 18 and 16 March , respectively . It debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number twelve on 21 March 2011 and on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart at number twenty - six on 28 March 2011 .",
"2": "Samplings ( edit ) Part of the song was sampled in the post chorus of `` Fuego '' , a song by The Cheetah Girls released in September 2007 . Parts of the song were used in `` I Like It '' , a 2010 song composed by Enrique Iglesias , Pitbull , and RedOne with samplings from Lionel Richie as 1983 classic is interpolated after the first and third choruses . The release was a massive hit for Enrique Iglesias featuring Pitbull . The song was also included in Iglesias 's album Euphoria . In July 2016 , it was sampled by the Tanzanian singer Diamond Platnumz in his song `` Kidogo '' that uses the `` party , karambo , fiesta , forever '' bit changing it to `` ( she got me ) dancing , party , fiesta , forever '' . The single features additional vocals by the Nigerian duo P - Square . Charts ( edit ) Original 1983 version Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 2011 version ( featuring Guy Sebastian ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 See also ( edit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1983 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1983 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1983 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ RIAA Gold and Platinum Database Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 492 .",
"3": "Jump up ^ Fleming , Kirsten ( 21 September 2013 ) . `` Five surprising facts about Richie 's classic ' All Night Long ' '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ Sherwin , Adam ( 27 May 2013 ) . `` Lionel Richie hits big time again ... as an Iraq ' n ' roll star '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Classic Motown : Lionel Richie '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Age Of Music Video '' . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iTunesCharts.net : ' All Night Long ( 2011 Mix ) ( feat . Guy Sebastian ) ' by Lionel Richie ( Australian Songs iTunes Chart ) '' ^ Jump up to : Adams , Cameron ( 26 February 2011 ) Lionel Richie and Guy Sebastian have teamed up to record a charity single for earthquake relief . The Daily Telegraph ( Sydney ) . Retrieved 27 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` All Night Long ( 2011 Mix ) feat . Guy Sebastian - Single '' . iTunes Store Australia . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Night Long ( 2011 Mix ) feat . Guy Sebastian - Single '' . iTunes Store New Zealand . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Lionel Richie feat . Guy Sebastian -- All Night Long 2011 '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Lionel Richie feat . Guy Sebastian -- All Night Long 2011 '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Enrique Iglesias announces new single Jump up ^ Enrique Iglesias lanza su nueva canción ' I Like it ' con Pitbull Jump up ^ Official video - Diamond Platnumz ft . P - Square - `` Kidogo '' Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1984 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien .",
"4": "Archived from the original on 31 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Lionel Richie -- All Night Long ( All Night ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Lionel Richie Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Lionel Richie -- All Night Long ( All Night ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Lionel Richie -- All Night Long ( All Night ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Lionel Richie -- All Night Long ( All Night ) '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.rock.co.za/files/sa_charts_1969_1989_songs_(A-B).html%7Caccessdate=17 January 2018 ) Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Lionel Richie -- All Night Long ( All Night ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Lionel Richie -- All Night Long ( All Night ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Lionel Richie - All Night Long ( All Night ) '' . UK Singles Chart . Chart Stats . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Richie Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Richie Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Richie Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 March 2011 .",
"5": "External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Lionel Richie Studio albums Lionel Richie ( 1982 ) Ca n't Slow Down ( 1983 ) Dancing on the Ceiling ( 1986 ) Louder Than Words ( 1996 ) Time ( 1998 ) Renaissance ( 2000 ) Just for You ( 2004 ) Coming Home ( 2006 ) Just Go ( 2009 ) Tuskegee ( 2012 ) Live albums Encore ( 2002 ) Compilation albums Back to Front ( 1992 ) Truly : The Love Songs ( 1997 ) The Definitive Collection ( 2003 ) Singles `` Endless Love '' ( with Diana Ross ) ( 1981 ) `` Truly '' ( 1982 ) `` You Are '' ( 1983 ) `` My Love '' ( 1983 ) `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Running with the Night '' ( 1983 ) `` Hello '' ( 1984 ) `` Stuck on You '' ( 1984 ) `` Penny Lover '' ( 1984 ) `` Say You ,",
"6": "Say Me '' ( 1985 ) `` Dancing on the Ceiling '' ( 1986 ) `` Love Will Conquer All '' ( 1986 ) `` Ballerina Girl '' ( 1986 ) `` Deep River Woman '' ( 1987 ) `` Se La '' ( 1987 ) `` Do It to Me '' ( 1992 ) `` My Destiny '' ( 1992 ) `` Angel '' ( 2000 ) `` Do n't Stop the Music '' ( 2001 ) `` Cinderella '' ( 2001 ) `` To Love a Woman '' ( 2003 ) `` Just for You '' ( 2004 ) `` I Call It Love '' ( 2006 ) `` Why '' ( 2006 ) `` Just Go '' ( 2009 ) Related articles Discography Commodores Book : Lionel Richie Guy Sebastian Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Just As I Am Beautiful Life Closer to the Sun The Memphis Album Like It Like That Armageddon Madness Conscious Compilation albums Twenty Ten Live albums / DVDs The Memphis Tour Extended plays Your Song Part 1 Singles `` Angels Brought Me Here '' `` All I Need Is You '' `` Out with My Baby '' `` Kryptonite '' `` Oh Oh '' `` Taller , Stronger ,",
"7": "Better '' `` Elevator Love '' `` Cover on My Heart '' `` Like It Like That '' `` Art of Love '' `` All to Myself '' `` Never Hold You Down '' `` Who 's That Girl '' `` Do n't Worry Be Happy '' `` Gold '' `` Battle Scars '' `` Get Along '' `` Like a Drum '' `` Come Home with Me '' `` Mama Ai n't Proud '' `` Linger '' `` Candle '' `` Set in Stone '' `` Mind on You '' `` High On Me '' `` Bloodstone '' Featured singles `` Rise Up '' `` All Night Long '' `` Bed of Clouds '' `` Spirit of the Anzacs '' Other songs `` Receive the Power '' `` Message in a Bottle '' `` Dare to Be Square '' `` Tonight Again '' ( Eurovision Song Contest 2015 entry ) `` Black & Blue '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"8": "php?title=All_Night_Long_(All_Night)&oldid=825331432 '' Categories : 1983 singles Lionel Richie songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Single Top 100 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Lionel Richie Multilingual songs Swahili - language songs 1983 songs Motown singles Song recordings produced by James Anthony Carmichael Songs about dancing Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Australia Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 20 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
8,
5,
2,
4,
6,
7,
1,
3,
0
] |
[
8,
5,
2,
4,
6,
7
] |
-5566961676609800090
|
who played major hochstetter in hogan's heroes
|
[
"Howard Caine",
"Howard Caine",
"Howard Caine",
"Howard Caine (born Howard Cohen",
"Howard Caine"
] |
{
"0": "Howard Caine - wikipedia Howard Caine Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Howard Caine Howard Cohen ( 1926 - 01 - 02 ) January 2 , 1926 Nashville , Tennessee , United States December 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 12 - 28 ) ( aged 67 ) North Hollywood , California , United States Cause of death Heart attack Resting place Eden Memorial Park Cemetery Occupation Film and television actor Years active 1953 -- 1988 Spouse ( s ) Joan - Ellen Caine ( m . - her death ) Valerie Elson ( m . 1991 -- 1993 ; his death ) Howard Caine ( born Howard Cohen ; January 2 , 1926 -- December 28 , 1993 ) was an American character actor , probably best known as Gestapo Major , Wolfgang Hochstetter in the television series Hogan 's Heroes ( 1965 -- 71 ) . He also played Lewis Morris of New York in the musical film 1776 , and Everett Scovill , a thinly disguised portrait of Charles Manson 's attorney Irving Kanarek , in the television movie , Helter Skelter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Death 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Howard Caine was born on January 2 , 1926 , in Nashville , Tennessee , into a Jewish family . At the age of 13 , Cohen moved with his family to New York City , where he began studying acting . Learning to erase his Southern accent , he went on to become a master of 32 foreign and American dialects . Caine served in the United States Navy during World War II , fighting the Japanese in the Pacific Theatre . After the war , Caine studied drama at Columbia University , where he graduated summa cum laude . Career ( edit ) He appeared on Broadway in Wonderful Town , Inherit the Wind , Lunatics and Lovers and Tiger at the Gates .",
"1": "He succeeded Ray Walston as `` Mr. Applegate '' in the original production of Damn Yankees . He was featured in such films as From the Terrace ( 1960 ) , Pay or Die ( 1960 ) , Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) , Brushfire ( 1962 ) , The Man from the Diner 's Club ( 1963 ) , Pressure Point ( 1962 ) and Alvarez Kelly ( 1966 ) . He also appeared in `` 1776 '' as delegate from New York , Lewis Morris . He co-starred with Godfrey Cambridge and Estelle Parsons in Watermelon Man ( 1970 ) . He was also a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . He acted in more than 750 live and filmed television programs , including the western series , The Californians , Two Faces West , and The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters . Caine is most commonly remembered for his recurring role ( 37 episodes ) as Major Hochstetter on the 1960s sitcom Hogan 's Heroes ( 1965 - 1971 ) . Prior to that he appeared on that show in two other roles , in the season one episode `` Happy Birthday , Adolf '' and the season two episode `` The Battle of Stalag 13 '' . The Major Hochstetter character first appeared later in season two . Hochstetter is a feared Gestapo officer who strongly suspects the prisoners , particularly Colonel Hogan , are engaged in clandestine activities , but he is never able to confirm his suspicions and usually ends up getting his comedic comeuppance . Hochstetter had several catchphrases , including ( referring to Hogan ) `` Who is this man ? '' and `` What is this man doing here ? '' , and `` I will surround this camp with a ring of steel '' . He would also shout `` Baah ! '' when frustrated by the camp 's incompetent commanding officer , Colonel Klink . The Major self - identifies as a Gestapo agent but dresses in the uniform of the SS , Schutzstaffel . Caine was featured as `` Everett Scovill '' , a thinly disguised portrait of Charles Manson 's attorney Irving Kanarek , in Helter Skelter ( 1976 ) .",
"2": "From his early childhood in Tennessee , Caine had always been fascinated with the Appalachian five - string bluegrass banjo and began mastering it in the mid-1960s . From the summer of 1970 until his death in 1993 , he had taken trophies at 29 prominent banjo and fiddle contests in the southland for both Best Traditional Banjo and Traditional Singing . He was also a popular folk singer and appeared at a number of prominent folk clubs and folk festivals . Death ( edit ) Caine died of a heart attack on December 28 , 1993 , 5 days short of his 68th birthday . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Genre Notes 1953 Marty Bartender TV series 1957 The Californians Schaab TV series , 8 episodes , 1957 -- 1958 1959 Peter Gunn Rafael Blanco TV Series `` The Briefcase '' 1960 From the Terrace Creighton Duffy Film Pay or Die Enrico Caruso Film Pete and Gladys Burke CBS - TV `` Pete Takes Up Golf '' 1961 Two Faces West Jethro TV series , `` The Vials '' Judgment at Nuremberg Hugo Wallner 1962 Brushfire Vlad Straightaway TV series , `` Full Circle '' Leave It to Beaver A crooked dairy foreman TV series , `` Eddie , the Businessman '' S6 / E06 87th Precinct Meinig TV series , `` Idol in the Dust '' Pressure Point Tavern Owner Fair Exchange Assorted roles TV series 4 episodes 1963 The Man from the Diner 's Club Claude Bassanio The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis R.J.",
"3": "Crumley TV series `` The Call of the , Like , Wild '' The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters The Indian , `` Afraid - of - His - Horse '' TV series `` The Day of the Pawnees , Parts 1 and 2 '' The Twilight Zone Nick Bloss TV series `` He 's Alive '' 1965 - 1971 Hogan 's Heroes Major Wolfgang Hochstetter TV series 39 episodes ( 37 as Maj Hochstetter ) 1966 Alvarez Kelly McIntyre Death Valley Days Lazaro TV Series The Solid Gold Cavity 1966 The Doomsday Flight L.A. dispatcher TV film 1967 The Rat Patrol Major Bracken , English TV series , `` The Violent Truth Raid '' s2 / e11 , episode # 43 , aired on 11 / 27 / 67 1970 Watermelon Man Mr. Townsend Film 1972 1776 Lewis Morris 1976 Helter Skelter Everett Scoville TV film 1979 Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo TV series ( unknown ) 1980 Marilyn : The Untold Story Billy Wilder TV film 1982 Forced Vengeance Milt Diamond Film 1984 Challenge of the GoBots TV series ( unknown ) 1986 The New Scooby and Scrappy - Doo Show TV series ( unknown ) Jonny Quest Additional voices 1988 The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd Mr. Endakis TV series ( unknown ) 1988 War and Remembrance Lord Maxwell Beaverbrook TV miniseries 2 episodes , 1988 , ( final television appearance ) Biography portal Tennessee portal New York portal California portal Theatre portal Film portal Television portal United States Navy portal World War II portal Judaism portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Howard Caine Dies ; ' Hogan 's ' Actor , 67 '' . The New York Times . January 4 , 1994 .",
"4": "Jump up ^ Piekiel , Bob ( May 2010 ) . `` Howard Caine ( Major Hochstetter ) An Interview with Lyle Caine '' . Banjo Newsletter . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Howard Caine dies of heart attack at 67 '' . The Tuscaloosa News . Associated Press . December 30 , 1993 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Howard Caine on IMDb 79046 Howard Caine at the Internet Broadway Database Howard Caine at Find a Grave VIAF : 40841549 LCCN : n85378967 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_Caine&oldid=838265326 '' Categories : 1926 births 1993 deaths Male actors from New York ( state ) Male actors from Nashville , Tennessee American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male stage actors American male television actors Burials at Eden Memorial Park Cemetery Jewish American male actors People from Nashville , Tennessee Singers from New York City Male actors from Los Angeles American military personnel of World War II United States Navy personnel 20th - century American male actors 20th - century American singers Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 23 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
4,
1,
2,
3
] |
[
0,
4,
1,
2,
3
] |
-1680848497536972887
|
what is property of a system in thermodynamics
|
[
"any property that is measurable, and whose value describes a state of a physical system"
] |
{
"0": "List of thermodynamic properties - wikipedia List of thermodynamic properties Jump to : navigation , search Main article : Intensive and extensive properties Within thermodynamics , a physical property is any property that is measurable , and whose value describes a state of a physical system . Some constants , such as the ideal gas constant , R , do not describe the state of a system , and so are not properties . On the other hand , some constants , such as K ( the freezing point depression constant , or cryoscopic constant ) , depend on the identity of a substance , and so may be considered to describe the state of a system , and so may be considered physical properties . `` Specific '' properties are expressed on a per mass basis . If the units were changed from per mass to , for example , per mole , the property would remain as it was ( i.e. , intensive or extensive ) . Regarding Work and Heat Work and heat are not thermodynamic properties , but rather process quantities : flows of energy across a system boundary . Systems do not contain work , but can perform work , and likewise , in formal thermodynamics , systems do not contain heat , but can transfer heat . Informally , however , a difference in the energy of a system that occurs solely because of a difference in its temperature is commonly called heat , and the energy that flows across a boundary as a result of a temperature difference is `` heat '' . Altitude ( or elevation ) is usually not a thermodynamic property . Altitude can help specify the location of a system , but that does not describe the state of the system . An exception would be if the effect of gravity needed to be considered in order to describe a state , in which case altitude could indeed be a thermodynamic property . Thermodynamic properties and their characteristics Property Symbol Units Extensive ? Intensive ? Conjugate Potential ? Activity a ( \\ displaystyle a ) -- Y Chemical potential μ i ( \\ displaystyle \\ mu _ ( i ) ) kJ / mol Y Particle number N i ( \\ displaystyle N_ ( i ) ) Compressibility ( adiabatic ) β S ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta _ ( S ) ) ,",
"1": "κ ( \\ displaystyle \\ kappa ) Pa Y Compressibility ( isothermal ) β T ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta _ ( T ) ) , κ ( \\ displaystyle \\ kappa ) Pa Y Cryoscopic constant K f ( \\ displaystyle K_ ( f ) ) K kg / mol Y Density ρ ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho ) kg / m Y Ebullioscopic constant K b ( \\ displaystyle K_ ( b ) ) K kg / mol Y Enthalpy H ( \\ displaystyle H ) J Y Y Specific enthalpy h ( \\ displaystyle h ) J / kg Y Entropy S ( \\ displaystyle S ) J / K Y Temperature T ( \\ displaystyle T ) Y ( entropic ) Specific entropy s ( \\ displaystyle s ) J / ( kg K ) Y Fugacity f ( \\ displaystyle f ) N / m2 Y Gibbs free energy G ( \\ displaystyle G ) J Y Y Specific Gibbs free entropy g ( \\ displaystyle g ) J / ( kg K ) Y Gibbs free entropy Ξ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Xi ) J / K Y Y ( entropic ) Grand / Landau potential Ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega ) J Y Y Heat capacity ( constant pressure ) C p ( \\ displaystyle C_ ( p ) ) J / K Y Specific heat capacity ( constant pressure ) c p ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( p ) ) J / ( kg K ) Y Heat capacity ( constant volume ) C v ( \\ displaystyle C_ ( v ) ) J / K Y Specific heat capacity ( constant volume ) c v ( \\ displaystyle c_ ( v ) ) J / ( kg K ) Y Helmholtz free energy A ( \\ displaystyle A ) ,",
"2": "F ( \\ displaystyle F ) J Y Y Helmholtz free entropy Φ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Phi ) J / K Y Y ( entropic ) Internal energy U ( \\ displaystyle U ) J Y Y Specific internal energy u ( \\ displaystyle u ) J / kg Y Internal pressure π T ( \\ displaystyle \\ pi _ ( T ) ) Pa Y Mass m ( \\ displaystyle m ) kg Y Particle number N i ( \\ displaystyle N_ ( i ) ) -- Y Chemical potential μ i ( \\ displaystyle \\ mu _ ( i ) ) Pressure p ( \\ displaystyle p ) Pa Y Volume V ( \\ displaystyle V ) Temperature T ( \\ displaystyle T ) Y Entropy S ( \\ displaystyle S ) Thermal conductivity k ( \\ displaystyle k ) W / ( m K ) Y Thermal diffusivity α ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha ) m2 / s Y Thermal expansion ( linear ) α L ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha _ ( L ) ) Y Thermal expansion ( area ) α A ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha _ ( A ) ) Y Thermal expansion ( volumetric ) α V ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha _ ( V ) ) Y Vapor quality χ ( \\ displaystyle \\ chi ) -- Y Volume V ( \\ displaystyle V ) m Y Pressure P ( \\ displaystyle P ) Specific volume v ( \\ displaystyle v ) m / kg Y See also ( edit ) Dimensionless numbers Thermodynamic databases for pure substances Thermodynamic variable Conjugate variables References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aylward , Gordon ; Findlay , Tristan ( 2002 ) , SI Chemical Data 5th ed. ( 5 ed . ) , Sweden : John Wiley & Sons , p. 202 , ISBN 0 - 470 - 80044 - 5 Jump up ^ Cengel , Yunus A. ; Boles , Michael A. ( 2002 ) . Thermodynamics : an engineering approach . Boston : McGraw - Hill . p.",
"3": "79 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 121688 - X . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_thermodynamic_properties&oldid=805900068 '' Categories : Physics - related lists Talk About Wikipedia Català فارسی Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 10 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"4": null,
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
2,
3,
1
] |
[
0,
2,
3,
1
] |
-6630606102962013596
|
who is the song diamonds and rust about
|
[
"Bob Dylan",
"Bob Dylan",
"Bob Dylan",
"Bob Dylan"
] |
{
"0": "Diamonds & Rust ( song ) - wikipedia Diamonds & Rust ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Diamonds & Rust '' Song by Joan Baez from the album Diamonds & Rust Released July 1975 Recorded January 1975 Genre Folk rock Length 4 : 39 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Joan Baez Producer ( s ) David Kershenbaum and Joan Baez Diamonds & Rust track listing `` Diamonds & Rust '' `` Fountain of Sorrow '' `` Diamonds & Rust '' is a song written , composed , and performed by Joan Baez . It was written in November 1974 and released in 1975 . In the song , Baez recounts an out - of - the - blue phone call from an old lover , which sends her a decade back in time , to a `` crummy '' hotel in Greenwich Village circa 1964 or 1965 ; she recalls giving him a pair of cuff - links , and summarizes that memories bring `` diamonds and rust '' . Baez has stated that the lyrics refer to her relationship with Bob Dylan . The song , which was a top - 40 hit for Baez on the U.S. pop singles chart , is regarded by a number of critics , as well as by Baez fans , as one of her best compositions . It served as the title song on Baez 's gold - selling album Diamonds & Rust , which was released in 1975 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Variations 2 Bob Dylan 3 Charts 4 Popular covers 5 References 6 External links Variations ( edit ) For her 1995 live recording Ring Them Bells , Baez performed the song as a duet with Mary Chapin Carpenter . In that performance , she changed the end lines : `` And if you 're / offering me diamonds and rust / I 've already paid , '' to : `` And if you ... well I 'll take the diamonds . ''",
"1": "The line `` I bought you some cuff links , you brought me something '' was changed to `` I bought you some cuff links , you brought troubles . '' And on 25 February 2009 , in Austin , she sang it , `` And if you ... well I 'll take the Grammy . '' In 2010 , she recorded it as a duet with Judy Collins on Collins 's album Paradise . Bob Dylan ( edit ) Dylan with Baez August 28 , 1963 The song alludes to Baez 's relationship with Bob Dylan ten years before . Although Dylan is not specifically named in the song , in the third chapter of her memoir , And a Voice to Sing With ( 1987 ) , Baez uses phrases from the song in describing her relationship with Dylan , and has been explicit that he was the inspiration for the song . She recounts how she originally told Dylan that the song was about her ex-husband David Harris , which was obviously not true . The lyrics , for example , include the lines , `` Well , you burst on the scene already a legend / the unwashed phenomenon , the original vagabond ... '' which would describe Dylan but not Harris . In her memoir , And A Voice To Sing With , Baez records a 1975 conversation between herself and Dylan , discussing songs to include in the then - upcoming Rolling Thunder Revue concerts : `` You gon na sing that song about robin 's eggs and diamonds ? '' Bob had asked me on the first day of rehearsals . `` Which one ? '' `` You know , that one about blue eyes and diamonds ... '' `` Oh '' , I said , `` you must mean ' Diamonds And Rust , ' the song I wrote for my husband , David . I wrote it while he was in prison . '' `` For your husband ? '' Bob said . `` Yeah . Who did you think it was about ? '' I stonewalled . `` Oh , hey , what the fuck do I know ? '' `` Never mind . Yeah , I 'll sing it , if you like . '' But Baez 's marriage to Harris had , in fact , already ended by the time the song was written and composed .",
"2": "In an interview with music writer Mike Ragogna , Baez later admitted that the character in the song is Dylan : MR : `` Diamonds And Rust '' was another magic moment . You 've said when you began writing the song , it started as something else until Dylan phoned you . Then it became about him . That must have been one helluva call . JB : He read me the entire lyrics to `` Lily , Rosemary and the Jack of Hearts '' that he 'd just finished from a phone booth in the Midwest . MR : What was the song about originally ? JB : I do n't remember what I 'd been writing about , but it had nothing to do with what it ended up as . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 - 2016 ) Peak position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 14 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 61 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 35 Popular covers ( edit ) `` Diamonds and Rust '' Single by Judas Priest from the album Sin After Sin Released 23 April 1977 Recorded January -- February 1977 , Ramport Studios , Battersea Genre Heavy metal Length 3 : 28 Songwriter ( s ) Joan Baez Producer ( s ) Roger Glover , Judas Priest Judas Priest singles chronology `` The Ripper '' ( 1976 ) `` Diamonds and Rust '' ( 1977 ) `` Better by You , Better than Me '' ( 1978 ) `` The Ripper '' ( 1976 ) `` Diamonds & Rust '' ( 1977 ) `` Better by You , Better than Me '' ( 1978 ) Sin After Sin track listing `` Sinner '' ( 1 ) `` Diamonds & Rust '' ( 2 ) `` Starbreaker '' ( 3 ) The song was later covered with edited lyrics by Judas Priest for the album Sin After Sin . It was originally recorded a year earlier for Sad Wings of Destiny , but not included on that album . This early version appears on The Best of Judas Priest , Hero , Hero , and some remasters of their first album , Rocka Rolla .",
"3": "A live version of the song is on Unleashed in the East . The song remains a staple of Judas Priest live concert performances . In recent years , Priest have been performing a mostly acoustic version of the song that is more similar to the original than the rock version on their recorded albums . Baez commented on the Judas Priest version : I love that ! I was so stunned when I first heard it . I thought it was wonderful . It 's very rare for people to cover my songs . I think there are a couple of reasons . One is they 're personal -- they do n't have a universal quality to them . And I think maybe it 's because I 've already sung them , and who wants to compete with that ? But it 's always flattering when somebody does . Cover versions have also been recorded by Blackmore 's Night , S.O.D. , Great White , Taylor Mitchell , and Thunderstone . The song has been sampled in two popular hip - hop songs , `` Happiness '' by Busdriver and `` Upgrade Call '' by Andre Nickatina . The versions used in both songs are pitch - warped to sound squeaky . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ragogna , Mike . `` How Sweet The Sound : An Interview With Joan Baez '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Baez , Joan . 1987 . And a Voice to Sing With : A Memoir . Century Hutchinson , London . ISBN 0 - 671 - 40062 - 2 Jump up ^ Ragogna , Mike ( October 14 , 2009 ) . `` How Sweet The Sound : An Interview With Joan Baez '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6486 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4043b . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Joan Baez Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Joan Baez Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard .",
"4": "Jump up ^ `` Joan Baez changing her tune Music Entertainment '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Joan Baez performing the song in 1975 Joan Baez Studio albums Joan Baez Joan Baez , Vol. 2 Joan Baez / 5 Farewell , Angelina Noël Joan Baptism : A Journey Through Our Time Any Day Now David 's Album I Live One Day at a Time Carry It On Blessed Are ... Come from the Shadows Where Are You Now , My Son ?",
"5": "Gracias a la Vida : Joan Baez canta en español Diamonds & Rust Gulf Winds Blowin ' Away Honest Lullaby Recently Speaking of Dreams Play Me Backwards Gone From Danger Dark Chords on a Big Guitar Day after Tomorrow Whistle Down the Wind Live albums Joan Baez in Concert Joan Baez in Concert , Part 2 From Every Stage Live Europe 83 Diamonds & Rust in the Bullring Ring Them Bells Live at Newport Bowery Songs Compilations Folksingers ' Round Harvard Square Portrait of Joan Baez The First 10 Years The Joan Baez Ballad Book Hits : Greatest and Others The Contemporary Ballad Book The Joan Baez Lovesong Album Best of Joan C. Baez The Joan Baez Country Music Album Joan Baez : Classics Brothers in Arms Rare , Live & Classic Notable songs `` Babe , I 'm Gonna Leave You '' `` Diamonds & Rust '' `` Farewell , Angelina '' `` Forever Young '' `` Here 's to You '' `` Honest Lullaby '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue '' `` Joe Hill '' `` Lily of the West '' `` Love Is Just a Four - Letter Word '' `` Love Song to a Stranger '' `` Mary Hamilton '' `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' `` Reunion Hill '' `` Scarlet Tide '' `` Silver Dagger '' `` Speaking of Dreams '' `` Sweet Sir Galahad '' `` There but for Fortune '' `` We Shall Overcome '' `` What Have They Done to the Rain '' Related Discography List of Joan Baez concerts Albert Baez ( father ) Mimi Fariña ( sister ) David Harris ( husband ) Richard Fariña ( brother - in - law ) Judas Priest Ian Hill Glenn Tipton Rob Halford Scott Travis Richie Faulkner K.K.",
"6": "Downing Tim `` Ripper '' Owens Dave Holland Les Binks Alan Moore John Hinch Al Atkins Studio albums Rocka Rolla Sad Wings of Destiny Sin After Sin Stained Class Killing Machine British Steel Point of Entry Screaming for Vengeance Defenders of the Faith Turbo Ram It Down Painkiller Jugulator Demolition Angel of Retribution Nostradamus Redeemer of Souls Firepower Live albums Unleashed in the East Priest ... Live ! Priest , Live and Rare ' 98 Live Meltdown Live in London A Touch of Evil : Live British Steel : 30th Anniversary Live Battle Cry Compilations The Best of Judas Priest Hero , Hero Metal Works ' 73 -- ' 93 The Best of Judas Priest : Living After Midnight Genocide Metalogy The Essential Judas Priest Single Cuts The Chosen Few Videos Live in London Electric Eye Rising in the East Live Vengeance ' 82 Epitaph Battle Cry Singles `` Rocka Rolla '' `` The Ripper '' `` Diamonds and Rust '' `` Better by You , Better than Me '' `` Take On the World '' `` Evening Star '' `` Rock Forever '' `` Living After Midnight '' `` Breaking the Law '' `` United '' `` Heading Out to the Highway '' `` You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' '' `` Electric Eye '' `` The Green Manalishi ( With the Two Prong Crown ) '' `` Freewheel Burning '' `` Some Heads Are Gonna Roll '' `` Turbo Lover '' `` Locked In '' `` Parental Guidance '' `` Ram It Down '' `` Johnny B.",
"7": "Goode '' `` Painkiller '' `` A Touch of Evil '' `` Bullet Train '' `` Revolution '' Other songs `` Run of the Mill '' `` Victim of Changes '' `` Dreamer Deceiver '' `` Dissident Aggressor '' `` Exciter '' `` Beyond the Realms of Death '' `` Burn in Hell '' `` Judas Rising '' Tours and concerts Judas Priest Tour The Return of the Priest Tour Whiskey Woman Tour Rocka Rolla Tour Sad Wings of Destiny Tour Sin After Sin Tour Stained Class Tour X Certificate Tour Hell Bent for Leather Tour Unleashed in the East Tour British Steel Tour World Wide Blitz Tour World Vengeance Tour Metal Conqueror Tour Fuel for Life Tour Mercenaries of Metal Tour Painkiller Tour Operation Rock & Roll Reunited Tour Retribution Tour Nostradamus World Tour Metal Masters Tour Epitaph World Tour Redeemer of Souls Tour Related articles Discography Members A Tribute to Judas Priest : Legends of Metal Hell Bent Forever : A Tribute to Judas Priest A Tribute to the Priest Book : Judas Priest Category : Judas Priest Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diamonds_%26_Rust_(song)&oldid=820276742 '' Categories : 1975 singles Songs about Bob Dylan Joan Baez songs Judas Priest songs Songs written by Joan Baez 1974 songs Song recordings produced by David Kershenbaum Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Norsk nynorsk Português Русский 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 00 : 48 . About Wikipedia",
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
1,
2,
4,
7,
5,
6,
0,
3
] |
[
1,
2,
4,
7,
5,
6
] |
114733641269906426
|
who played the oldest brother in 7th heaven
|
[
"Barry Watson",
"Barry Watson",
"Barry Watson"
] |
{
"0": "List of 7th Heaven characters - wikipedia List of 7th Heaven characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of characters from The WB / The CW ( 1996 -- 2007 ) family drama , 7th Heaven . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Camden family 2.1 Eric Camden 2.2 Annie Camden 2.3 Matt Camden 2.4 Simon Camden 2.5 Mary Camden 2.6 Lucy Camden - Kinkirk 2.7 Ruthie Camden 2.8 Sam and David Camden 2.9 Happy 3 Extended family 3.1 The Glass Family 3.2 The Riveras 3.3 The Kinkirks 3.4 The Jacksons 3.5 The Hastings 3.6 The Camdens ( Eric , Julie , and George 's Parents ) 4 Other recurring characters 4.1 The Hamiltons 4.2 Chandler Hampton 4.3 Shana Sullivan 4.4 Robbie Palmer 4.5 Peter Petrowski 4.6 Roxanne Richardson 4.7 Cecilia Smith 4.8 Martin Brewer 4.9 Chief of Police Michaels 4.10 Meredith Davies 4.11 Sandy Jameson 4.",
"1": "12 Rose Taylor 5 Minor recurring characters 6 References Overview ( edit ) Character Actor Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Eric Camden Stephen Collins Main Annie Camden Catherine Hicks Main Matt Camden Barry Watson Main Recurring Main Special Guest Simon Camden David Gallagher Main Recurring Main Mary Camden Jessica Biel Main Recurring Special Guest Special Guest Lucy Camden Beverley Mitchell Main Ruthie Camden Mackenzie Rosman Main Happy the Dog Happy Main Sam and David Camden Lorenzo and Nikolas Brino Main John Hamilton Chaz Lamar Shepherd Recurring Main Shana Sullivan Maureen Flannigan Recurring Main Guest Robbie Palmer Adam LaVorgna Recurring Main Ben Kinkirk Geoff Stults Recurring Main Recurring Recurring Kevin Kinkirk George Stults Recurring Main Roxanne Richardson Rachel Blanchard Main Cecilia Smith Ashlee Simpson Main Chandler Hampton Jeremy London Main Martin Brewer Tyler Hoechlin Main Peter Petrowski Scotty Leavenworth Recurring Main Guest Rose Taylor Sarah Thompson Recurring Main Meredith Davies Megan Henning Recurring Main Sandy Jameson Haylie Duff Main Camden family ( edit ) The Camdens are made up of Eric and Annie and their seven children : Matt , Mary , Lucy , Simon , Ruthie , Sam , and David . Eric Camden ( edit ) Rev. Eric Camden ( played by Stephen Collins ) was raised in Binghamton , New York by his parents , Colonel John Camden and Ruth Lynch . Based on the episode `` Halloween '' ( season 1 ) , it appears that Eric was born in 1954 ( which would make him 42 years old at the time ) . According to the episode `` One Hundred '' ( season 5 ) , his birthday is in January . Eric attended college for five years and graduated from Cobell Seminary . Shortly thereafter , he married and began a family with Annie Jackson .",
"2": "He has one sister , Julie Camden - Hastings , who ends up marrying the doctor that delivered Eric and Annie 's oldest ( Matt ) , as well as the youngest ( Sam and David ) children . After his heart - bypass operation , he decides to leave the ministry and even stop attending church . He renews his faith and returns to church in time to marry Kevin and Lucy ( near the end of season 7 ) . Annie Camden ( edit ) Annie Jackson - Camden ( played by Catherine Hicks ) is the wife of Eric and mother of Matt , Mary , Lucy , Simon , Ruthie , Sam , and David . She has a half - sister named Lily , through her father , Charles Jackson . Her mother is Jenny Jackson . During her college education , Annie studied everything from art to business and economics , and in later seasons returned to school to earn a degree in early childhood education . Though she has chosen to be a stay - at - home mother , Annie is a jack of all trades . She balances a family of nine on a minister 's pay , is a plumber , builder , seamstress , cook , and much more . She also serves , from time to time , as the treasurer for the church . Annie is the backbone of her family . The mother of seven , she is often the one who the children come to talk to , often over milk and cookies . She tries , with her husband , to instill strong morals in her children . She is noted as hoping Ruthie will not follow in her footsteps or of her two other daughters and marry too young . She hopes Ruthie will take the time to travel first . Annie is the only daughter of her parents . Her mother , Jenny , dies early in the first season from cancer , a death that strikes Annie hard . Harder yet is her father 's quick bounce to a relationship with Ginger . During one episode , Annie leaves the church after her father brings Ginger to service . Mary chases her and is struck by a car . Annie accepts Ginger slowly and Ginger and her father wed . Her father suffers from Alzheimer 's disease and Annie spends more and more time with him in Arizona before he dies . Annie is quoted in later seasons as saying that she likes Ginger a lot more now that her parents are back together .",
"3": "In an early season , Annie learned of an illegitimate daughter her father had with his high school girlfriend . She eventually meets this half - sister , Lily , and the two form a relationship over time . In 2009 , she was included in Yahoo ! 's Top 10 TV Moms from Six Decades of Television for the decade 1996 -- 2007 . Matt Camden ( edit ) Matthew `` Matt '' Camden ( played by Barry Watson ) ( born 1980 ) is Annie and Eric 's firstborn . In the beginning of the series , Matt is a junior in high school . Matt sacrifices his school time to help others ; if they wished to remain anonymous , he would respect that and not even tell his father . During high school , he bounces from job to job , including tutor and Dairy Shack delivery driver . He is not always a star student , but he manages to graduate at the top of his class and get accepted for a White House internship in Washington , D.C. with First Lady Hillary Clinton . He returns to Glenoak for college , rooming with friend and fellow `` P.K. '' John Hamilton . Matt 's new uncle , Dr. Hank Hastings ( who had actually delivered him ) , helps him get a job in the hospital cafeteria ; during his time there , he decides to become a doctor . He ends up working at a women 's clinic with Hank , beginning by helping save the life of a woman who could not get anyone but Matt to take her symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy seriously . He meets Sarah Glass ( played by Sarah Danielle Madison ) , a fellow medical student , just when he really wished to meet the one who would be the love of his life . Their first date ends with them getting married . Because Sarah is the daughter of a rabbi ( played by Richard Lewis ) who wants his daughter to marry a Jewish man , they initially keep their marriage a secret . They eventually have a large family wedding presided over jointly by their proud fathers , who almost called off the wedding feuding over Matt , who plans to convert to Judaism . Matt and Sarah move to New York to attend medical school , and while there have been problems , they have remained happy together . Near the series ' end , they graduate from medical school and announce that they are expecting twin boys , who are born the following summer .",
"4": "It is also shown throughout the series that he knows American Sign Language , a result of his relationship with Heather , making him bilingual . Simon Camden ( edit ) Simon Camden ( played by David Gallagher ) ( born 1986 ) is the fourth child and second son . In the early part of the series , he is known to his siblings as `` The Bank of Simon '' because he always seems to have money , and he loves to make money . His other interests have included golf , magic , and cars . During the pilot episode , Simon 's most fervent wish is for a dog . When asked to say grace before the family had dinner , he even includes a dog request in his prayer . Although his parents do not think he is mature enough for the responsibility of a pet , Annie goes to the pound `` just to look '' and falls in love with a dog who was scheduled to be euthanized . This dog became the Camdens ' beloved `` Happy . '' He meets a girl named Deena in sixth grade , and finds out that Eric consoled her family years ago when she was diagnosed with leukemia . They date for the majority of middle school , but break up on the last day of eighth grade , though they remain friends . High school is a rough transition for Simon , despite help from his bubbly , popular big sister Lucy . He dates a girl named Cecilia Smith ( Ashlee Simpson ) , and they even consider furthering their relationship sexually , but decide against it . The summer before his senior year , Simon accidentally hits and kills a boy named Paul Smith , who was Ruthie 's age . Since Paul was on a bicycle with no helmet and later proven to be under the influence of drugs , the death is ruled accidental and Simon is not brought up on criminal charges . However , Simon ca n't stop blaming himself for the accident and also fears retaliation from Paul 's older brother . He passes the CHSPE and leaves school early to start college . While in college , partly as a way to cope with his guilty feelings and low self - esteem , he breaks the family 's edict of not having premarital sex . Simon has three serious girlfriends over the course of the show : Deena , Cecilia and Rose .",
"5": "Simon later gets involved with a girl that he knew from college named Sandy , who has a son named Aaron , fathered by Martin Brewer . Simon provides emotional and , at one point , maybe even physical support for Sandy and her son . After a scare involving his girlfriend Georgia being pregnant ( it is later revealed that she only made the claim so Simon would stay with her ) , he meets Rose . Rose and Simon fall deeply in love , get engaged , and plan a wedding . They finally get to the wedding day , but they decide to not get married because neither is ready for marriage , and Rose still has feelings for an ex-boyfriend . Near the end of the series , Sandy and her son Aaron show up to the party after the non-wedding , and Sandy says she needs to talk to him . However , it is not revealed what Sandy wanted to tell Simon , but it is assumed that it is about Aaron 's paternity ; it had been hinted that Simon was in fact Aaron 's father . Season 11 , confirmed he is not the father . Simon eventually goes on to marry someone else or get engaged ( as hinted by Ruthie in season 11 ) , but it is unknown who , although we do find out that he graduates from college . Mary Camden ( edit ) Mary Camden ( played by Jessica Biel ) ( born 1982 ) is the eldest daughter of Eric and Annie . By the time she is 14 , Mary is an aspiring athlete with an immense love for basketball . As the months progress , she seems to rise in both ability and confidence ( so much so that she wants to play in the WNBA someday ) until she is hit by a car before the end of her freshman year , critically injuring her knee . She has a series of different boyfriends . She dates Wilson West , a guy she meets at the park while with Ruthie , who becomes her first love . He later reveals to Mary that he had sex with a sixteen - year - old girl , and got her pregnant . The girl died in childbirth , leaving Wilson with a son , Billy ( actually named Wilson Jr . ) . By her senior year , she and her basketball teammates allow their grades to slip , which causes their coach to impose a lockout on them . After a secret meeting , the team decides to enact their frustrations by vandalizing the school gym .",
"6": "They are caught at the scene of the crime , and are arrested . Through a special program for first offenders , Mary is able to evade serious punishment by doing community service , which is where she meets Robbie Palmer . When she gets her driver 's license , she ca n't parallel park but , on Lucy 's advice , cries about it and the driving instructor compassionately gives her a passing grade . Mary has a dream of playing pro for the Lakers , and thinks that when her coach rings her up that this is the dream coming true , but it 's actually training disabled people for the Special Olympics . Mary decides not to go to college since she lost her scholarship , but work instead . She can not hold down a job , being fired everywhere , from The Pool Hall to Pete 's Pizza . While working at Pete 's , she meets Frankie and Johnny , a young , drug - addicted married couple who have a baby girl named Mercy . Eric and Annie learn that Mary has been caught drinking while babysitting her cousin , Erica , pulled over by a cop , and given a warning , and that she has numerous debts to credit card companies , insurance companies , and to her family . Not wanting Mary to hit rock bottom , Eric and Annie decide it is best that she go to Buffalo because they ca n't give her the attention she needs . She lives with her grandparents , works at a homeless shelter in the fall , and starts college in the winter . Her departure causes some people in the church community to think that Mary had an unplanned pregnancy , but Eric quickly refutes the rumor . She leaves home angry at her entire family , whom she sees as betraying her , and refuses to speak to her father . In time , she calms down and plans to return home for the summer , as she and Robbie start dating again . While in New York , she discovers that Wilson is also living there . Instead of staying in Glenoak for the summer like she originally planned , she breaks up with Robbie and moves back to New York and starts dating Wilson . After getting advice from the Colonel , she decides to get a job in public service . When she ca n't become a police officer because she is not old enough , she applies for a position as a firefighter , and , after the Colonel pulls some strings , she gets into the firefighter program .",
"7": "When she starts training , she meets Ben Kinkirk , who is also in training . He comes over to her place and they kiss , which Wilson walks in on . The two break up and she returns home to California for a time , but on a trip to New York with Lucy , she reveals that she is moving back to New York to train to be a flight attendant . She begins dating a pilot , Jack , who is the same age as her father , though this does not last . She moves to Florida for a time to get away from her family . While in Florida , Mary runs into Carlos Rivera , a man she had met while volunteering at a homeless shelter years earlier , and who the Camdens took in during the holiday season . Carlos and Mary get married shortly after Lucy , and they reveal her pregnancy and the marriage to her family at that time . Her parents visit at the birth of her son , Charles Miguel `` Charlie '' , named in honor of her and Carlos ' late grandfathers . They eventually divorce and Carlos takes Charlie back to Puerto Rico when Mary gives her parental rights up . It is announced by Carlos when he attends Simon 's wedding that the two are back together and that Mary is expecting twin girls . Though Mary is not at Simon 's wedding , she is able to still see her family the next day , as she finally graduates from college the same day as Matt and Sarah . During the following summer , Mary gives birth to twin daughters . Lucy Camden - Kinkirk ( edit ) Lucy Camden - Kinkirk ( played by Beverley Mitchell ) ( born 1983 ) is the third Camden child , and second daughter . Lucy is known ( in the earlier seasons ) for the many boyfriends she has , as well as being overly dramatic . Until season 4 , she is often seen as `` less than '' her sister Mary and her emotions often get her into trouble . By the time she reaches her junior year in high school , however , Lucy becomes much more settled and switches positions with Mary , becoming the good kid . Her first boyfriend is Jimmy Moon . She has one `` normal '' relationship with him , but they break up . In the beginning of season two , she is crying all summer and says that Jimmy is dating Ashley . At one point , she gets arrested for being in the area where Jimmy is dealing drugs .",
"8": "Later , Jimmy is shown when he had some problems with drugs , and the last time is when Lucy had a case as juror ( though nobody told her what it was about ; because she knew the defendant personally , she was dismissed ) . In school , she has lots of friends and is popular -- including being nominated for homecoming queen in her senior year . She has a very good relationship with her friend Mike , who is placed in a mental hospital and is otherwise ostracized . Although Mike likes Lucy , it never quite works out . Later Lucy becomes engaged to Mike 's friend , Jeremy , but they eventually break it off . In season seven , she marries Kevin Kinkirk and has a daughter named Savannah ( Leigh ) ( season 9 ) . They live in the apartment above the garage at the Camdens ' house up until Savannah is a few months old . She also becomes pregnant with twin boys , which she loses in a miscarriage that deeply upsets her emotional state -- though she eventually recovers . At the end of the summer , she tells Kevin that she does n't want to have any more children . She is a working mother ( working as an associate pastor ) , while her husband Kevin is a stay - at - home dad . However , Kevin is offered a job as a police sheriff in `` Crossroads '' . Later on , Lucy helps a young woman named Sandy with her pregnancy , and they soon become friends . In the end , Lucy continues as a minister , friend , mother and wife . She is offered another position in a different town as a minister , and announces that she is pregnant once again with twin daughters . Ruthie Camden ( edit ) Ruth `` Ruthie '' Camden ( played by Mackenzie Rosman ) ( born 1991 ) is the youngest daughter . She is named in honor of her paternal grandmother . During her youth , she is portrayed as the rather precocious family sneak who loves horses . She ages rapidly over the show 's run , beginning pre-Kindergarten during the first season and ending the series graduating high school a year early at age 17 . One of her teachers tries to call her `` Ruth '' as she assumes it is her given name , but Ruthie says her given name is `` Ruthie '' . In later seasons , she tells Robbie she has never had a nickname .",
"9": "She and Simon have lots of fun together as children , and become very close as they move toward maturity . Ruthie is the only one to briefly attend a private school , but she leaves it in protest that her friend Yasmine is being denied admission because she is a Muslim . During her freshman year she develops feelings for Camden houseguest Martin Brewer and even tells him she loves him -- but quickly covers by adding `` as a brother . '' In her sophomore year of high school she begins to wear makeup and dates older boys in the hope that this would lead to a relationship with Martin . In season ten 's `` Love and Obsession '' , she dreams everything from Martin telling her that a paternity test had proved that Simon , not Martin , is Aaron 's father ; to there being no Aaron at all because Martin had never met Sandy . When her former boyfriend and first love Peter returns during this time , she realizes that she had moved on from him . After ignoring Sandy for most of her pregnancy , Martin is present for Aaron 's birth , as are both of Aaron 's grandfathers - to - be . Upon Aaron 's birth Martin leaves Glenoak for college ; he now lives near his son . This leaves Ruthie heartbroken , but by the time Martin finally admits to her that he loves her , she is in love with new Camden houseguest T - Bone . Ruthie and T - Bone love each other very much and even get tattoos of each other 's names . Well Ruthie gets T - Bone name but T - Bone was scared of the needle so he just got Ruthies initials R.C. After an argument they break up . Ruthie starts seeing Martin briefly . Martin says he wants to work things out with her but Ruthie chooses T - Bone and then Ruthie and T - Bone get back together . Ruthie decides to graduate from high school early and that he and T - Bone wan a travel the world together . After her graduation , Ruthie with T - Bone join the whole family , and the other current Camden house guests , for an RV road trip that includes a stop at Simon 's college graduation and that after that Ruthie and T - Bone plain to go travel the world together .",
"10": "Sam and David Camden ( edit ) Samuel `` Sam '' and David Camden ( born 1999 ) are fraternal twin boys and the youngest of the Camden children . They were originally played by all four Brino quadruplets ; Lorenzo , Myrinda , Nikolas , and Zachary , but once the quads started aging and showing differences between them , Lorenzo and Nikolas became the official actors for Sam and David . Sam and David are born during episode fourteen of season three ( `` In Praise of Women '' ) . This episode was The WB 's most watched hour . They were partly named after the R&B duo Sam and Dave . Happy ( edit ) Happy the Dog debuts in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want '' , in which Simon begs his parents for a dog , and also prays to God about it . One day , he is up in his attic and he hears a faint bark . He then looks out the window and a dog is sitting in the front yard . Later ( in the two - part season two finale ) , the daughter of Happy 's previous owners sees their dog ( they called her Whitey ) on TV and wants her back . The father comes to the Camdens threatening legal action if `` Happy '' / `` Whitey '' is not returned . Simon and Ruthie try to dye Happy 's fur with food coloring in an attempt to make her look like a different dog . At the end ( of part two ) , Happy runs away to return to the Camdens , and Whitey 's family agrees that after two years with the Camdens , this beloved pet belonged with them and would not be `` happy '' anywhere else . Extended family ( edit ) The Glass family ( edit ) Dr. Sarah Glass ( portrayed by Sarah Danielle Madison ) is the only child of Richard and Rosina Glass and the wife of Matt Camden . She first appears in the season six episode `` I Really Do '' as one of Matt 's co-workers in the free women 's clinic where both Matt and Hank work . Matt has a blind date , but he is called in to go to work instead at the last minute , and ends up talking to Sarah all night . Sarah asks Matt out for coffee and they grow quite close . She is an only child with a Rabbi for a father .",
"11": "Sarah reveals that she is independently wealthy , along with many other `` intimate '' details . The next night , they go out for dinner after introducing each other to their parents . They marry that night , but when they try to tell her parents , they end up only admitting they `` got engaged '' . Ruthie is the only person to find out about the marriage ( and keeps it a secret until the season ten episode `` Secrets '' ) . The Camdens have dinner at the Glass house , in an attempt by Matt and Sarah to bring the families closer . After both fathers do all they can to stop it , Matt and Sarah marry for the second time . Matt and Sarah attend medical school at Columbia University in New York City , returning to Glenoak when they can , sometimes together , sometimes separately . Their marriage hits some shaky patches , especially as Matt keeps encountering his ex-girlfriend Heather . At first , Matt and Sarah do not reveal to anyone at the hospital that they are married , and Sarah decides that even married , she will be known professionally as Dr. Glass . In the season ten finale , the Glass - Camdens graduate and announce that they are expecting twin boys in the summer . Rabbi Richard Glass ( Richard Lewis ) is Sarah 's father . He did not approve of Matt at first because he is not Jewish . When the Camdens have dinner at his home , he tries to make them feel comfortable by joking around with them . At the same time , he is very serious about Judaism and the laws surrounding it . Despite his and Eric 's religious differences , they have become good friends following their children 's marriage . Rosina Glass ( Laraine Newman ) is Sarah 's mother . Unlike her husband Rosina liked Matt and helped Sarah plan her wedding to Matt . She is more easy going and relaxed than her husband . The riveras ( edit ) Carlos Rivera ( Carlos Ponce ) becomes Mary 's husband in season eight after a guest appearance five seasons earlier in the episode `` Here Comes Santa Claus '' . ( While Jessica Biel was absent from the show , her character of Mary continues with the help of Carlos . ) Mary and Carlos even have a son , Charles `` Charlie '' Miguel .",
"12": "Although Mary files for divorce from Carlos and even signs away custody of her son ( in the two - part season nine finale ) , by the season ten finale they are back together and expecting twin girls , and Mary is graduating college . In the beginning of season 11 , it is mentioned that Mary gave birth to her twins over the summer and is teaching at a high school and coaching a girls high school basketball team in New York , where she and Carlos live with their three children . Charles Miguel `` Charlie '' Rivera is Mary and Carlos 's baby boy named after Carlos ' & Mary 's grandfathers who have died . The kinkirks ( edit ) Kevin Kinkirk ( George Stults ) is first introduced as a police officer in a New York airport , and soon revealed to be Ben 's older brother . Kevin and Lucy set up a date as soon as they met , and like each other so much they decide to pursue a long distance relationship . Kevin eventually transfers to the Glenoak police force , and moves in with the Camdens . Around season seven , he took over Matt 's role as the big brother of the Camden family . He reveals to Lucy that he was once married before , when he and an ex-girlfriend had a pregnancy scare . Kevin and Lucy eventually get engaged and marry each other , living together in the apartment over the garage and then moving into the house directly behind the Camdens at the end of season nine `` Kevin Loves Lucy . '' Kevin has a daughter with Lucy named Savannah . Kevin is almost shot at and decides to be a stay at home dad . He convinces Lucy to adopt a Great Dane named Sampson , but Lucy also makes the decision to adopt a tiny Yorkshire terrier named Delilah . It is revealed that Kevin and Lucy were expecting twin boys ; however , Lucy has a miscarriage over the summer . In the series finale , Lucy tells him that she is pregnant again . Savannah Kinkirk ( Alyssa & Hannah Yadrick ) ( born in season nine episode `` Paper or Plastic ? '' ) is Kevin and Lucy 's first child . She is named after Savannah , Georgia , where Kevin and Lucy went on their honeymoon . Savannah was born in an elevator with Matt and Kevin helping with the delivery . Ben Kinkirk ( Geoff Stults ) is Kevin 's older brother .",
"13": "They are two years apart . He is introduced as Mary 's fellow firefighter trainee in Buffalo ( in the season six episode `` Relationships '' ) . Ben becomes interested in Mary while she is pondering Wilson 's marriage proposal . Ben attends Kevin and Lucy 's wedding in the episode `` We Do . '' The last time he appears is in season 11 's `` Pain in the Neck '' , where he attempts to flirt with Ms. Margo , the teacher who made a move on Eric . Patty - Mary Kinkirk ( Natalie Ramsey ) is Ben and Kevin 's younger sister . She first appears in season six 's `` Letting Go '' . She is introduced as a student in San Francisco . The jacksons ( edit ) Jenny Jackson ( Alice Hirson ) is Annie 's mother . She is introduced in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want , '' when she came to Glenoak to tell Annie that she had Leukemia . In the episode , In the Blink of an Eye , after spending her final days living life to its fullest , ( i.e. shopping for the family , drinking wine , flying first class , not watching her cholesterol ) she dies in her sleep while staying with the Camdens . She tells Annie goodbye and disappears in her room . Her post-funeral and memorial occurred in No Funerals and a Wedding . While Annie is asleep before she gives birth to the twins , Jenny appears to her in a dream , encouraging and reassuring her ( in season three , episode 14 `` In Praise of Women '' ) . Her final appearance was made in the season eleven episode `` Christmas '' , where she tries to help Eric after he is suddenly transported to heaven . She shows Eric a pin that was given to her by Charles after Annie was born , and Annie ends up finding it in Eric 's hand when he comes home . Charles Jackson ( Graham Jarvis ) is Annie 's father , who is introduced in the pilot episode , `` Anything You Want . '' In the episode , `` In the Blink of an Eye , '' he almost tells Simon that his moon rocks are not real , and then receives them later and declares that he is lucky to have them . He has another daughter named Lily , whom he fathered from a previous relationship .",
"14": "He quickly takes off after Jenny 's funeral , in `` No Funerals and a Wedding , '' because he does not want to fall apart . He ends up turning back from the airport and sits at the cemetery for a few hours before finally returning to the Camdens ' house to apologize to Annie . He later appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' where he introduces his new girlfriend , Ginger , to the Camdens . This angers Annie , but the problem is solved ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 '' ) . He later marries Ginger , and is diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease shortly afterwards . When Lily is getting married , Charles plans on walking her down the aisle , much to the dismay of Annie , but ends up having a heart attack and dying . Ginger Jackson ( Beverly Garland ) is Charles Jackson 's second wife , whom he meets three months after Jenny 's death . She first appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' where she is introduced to the Camden family as his girlfriend . However , Annie quickly develops a hatred of her , and refuses to accept the relationship . She makes peace with Annie in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 . '' She marries Charles in the season three episode `` And the Home of the Brave '' , where they both acknowledge the so - called `` baggage '' of their past . She is the first person to tell Annie about her father 's Alzheimer 's , as well as the one to inform Eric of his death . The Hastings ( edit ) Julie Camden - Hastings ( Deborah Raffin ) is the younger sister of Eric . She flies in from New York to be with the Camdens for Thanksgiving . While she is there , she tries to hide the fact that she is an alcoholic . When Simon is playing `` Batman '' , he takes the key to the liquor cabinet , pretending it is the key to Gotham City . Julie tries to get the key back , but when he would not give it to her , she attacks him . Annie runs in and throws her out of the house . Instead of sending her to a hospital , Eric locks her in his bedroom while she starts to go through detoxification . She eventually checks herself into a rehab center .",
"15": "After living in the center for a few months , she goes back to New York to live with her parents , the Colonel and Ruth . She returns to Glenoak two years later to get a fresh start . Back in New York , everyone knows that she used to be an alcoholic and she is fired as a principal because of her drinking . While in Glenoak , she gets a job as a teacher and falls in love with Hank Hastings , the doctor who almost killed Matt during delivery . The two elope in Eric 's church . Julie becomes pregnant and wants to leave Hank because she feels that he was cheating on her with one of his female patients , which is not true . Julie goes into labor at the Camdens ' house and Hank delivers the child in Eric and Annie 's bedroom . She gives birth to a girl , whom she and Hank name Erica , after Eric and Annie . When Julie and Hank need a babysitter , they take the risk of allowing Mary , who had been quite irresponsible , to babysit . Later , when they can not get a hold of Mary , they rush back and discover that their place is a mess , the phone is off the hook , a liquor bottle is on the table , and Mary 's friends ' baby , Mercy , was left with Mary while she was supposed to be babysitting Erica . Julie later wants to leave Hank again when she discovers that he had left his job at the hospital to be the head of a Women 's Clinic without discussing it with her first . Eric locks them in a room at the clinic and tells them that they could not come out until they had worked out their problems . They reconcile and Hank learns that Julie is pregnant again . She gives birth to a baby boy . Both she and Hank attend Lucy 's wedding . Dr. Hank Hastings ( Ed Begley , Jr . ) is Julie 's husband . He was Annie 's doctor when she was pregnant with Matt , which resulted in his premature delivery . Both Annie and Eric are upset that he never apologized for his actions , but he then explains that what happened with them made him go back to medical school in order to be a better doctor . He unexpectedly delivers Sam and David , and the family is shown to have forgiven him .",
"16": "He starts dating Eric 's younger sister Julie , and they get married after discovering that she 's pregnant . Erica Hastings is Julie 's daughter . She is born at the Camdens ' home , in Eric and Annie 's bed , which was given to her parents because of that . Feeling that they want to thank Eric and Annie they name her after them : `` Eric '' , and the `` A '' after Annie . The Camdens ( Eric , Julie , and George 's parents ) ( edit ) John `` The Colonel '' Camden ( Peter Graves ) is Eric , Julie , and George 's father , who used to be in the Marines . Whenever he visits his son 's home to visit the grandchildren , he expects military discipline , order and organization , even from his son . He was a Colonel in the Korean War and was evacuated for an unknown reason in 1953 . He met Ruth the same year and they were expecting Eric and had to get married . He first appears in `` Seven Is Enough '' , when he and Ruth go on their annual visit to the Camdens , where they always bring candy that their grandkids dislike . During their visit , they go to a hardware store with Annie , Mary , and Lucy . The cashier , Emma , has rings that are a replica of Annie 's stolen ones . She suspects this , but then excuses this thought . The Colonel visits Eric at the church and is forced to put a cigar away because of a church rule . He suspects someone is in the room , and sure enough , a homeless orphan named George was hiding there . The Colonel and Ruth adopt him after Eric lets them . He later appears in `` It 's About George '' , where George 's biological father Will Grayson is found to be alive and wants his son back . He does not want this to happen , so he is willing to sue . Eric informs his father that he would lose and that Will legally has every right to take George with him , but George refuses to move in with Will and runs away . Eric later creates a compromise and he reluctantly accepts . He also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode , where he and Ruth scare him , but later apologize . He thought that Julie hated him and that he lost all of his children . Julie later confronts him and tells him that she loves him .",
"17": "He and Ruth buy Eric an RV the final episode , though he is not shown . Apart from his annual visits he also makes occasional surprise visits . In `` Lead , Follow or Get Out of The Way '' , he arrives to help Eric with his major news coverage of his service and in the process helps Mary who is contemplating quitting basketball , Simon , who is training to be a magician ( despite the Colonel 's dislike for it ) , and Lucy who is slacking in school , and starts to connect with her . Ruth Camden ( Barbara Rush ) is Eric , Julie , and George 's mother . She first appears in `` Seven Is Enough '' on an annual trip to visit Eric and Annie . She gives Lucy the first letter that The Colonel gave to her and both Mary and Lucy read it . She and The Colonel later adopt George at the end of the episode . In `` It 's About George '' she hears that George 's biological father Will is alive and plans to legally take his son back . She gets upset and blames Julie for this , but then apologizes . She also meets Jimmy Moon in this episode , where she and The Colonel scare him , but later apologize . George Grayson Camden ( Sam Saletta ) is a homeless orphan who went from one foster home to the next until he is found in Eric 's office . George informs them that his parents are dead . At first , Eric and Annie want to adopt him , but The Colonel and Ruth become his adopted parents , thereby becoming Eric and Julie 's brother . In `` It 's About George '' he meets his real father Will Grayson . It turns out that Will faked his death and plans to legally take George with him . Ruth and The Colonel refuse to give George up and plan to take legal action to keep their son . Eric explains to them that the judge would grant custody of George to his biological father and because Will never signed the adoption papers he has every right to take George . He gets upset about being legally forced to live with Will . George refuses to leave his adopted family behind . He runs away and declares that would rather live at the orphanage . His dad later moves in with him , at The Colonel and Ruth 's in Buffalo , New York .",
"18": "In `` Tit for Tat '' , it is revealed that he followed in The Colonel 's footsteps and joined the army , serving in Iraq . It was also revealed that he married Jane , who ironically had stayed at the Camden 's . Other recurring characters ( edit ) The Hamiltons ( edit ) Reverend Morgan Hamilton ( Dorian Harewood ) is a minister at Trinity Church and a close friend of Eric 's . He first appears in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' where he attends Jenny Jackson 's funeral . In `` The Color of God '' , his church building is burnt to the ground by racists , and he and his family are invited to stay at the Camdens ' . He speaks at Eric 's church , where his entire congregation attends the week after the church was burnt . He is sad and angry , but is relieved when the Glenoak Community Church gives him funding to rebuild . He later appears in `` America 's Most Wanted '' , where he rounds up all of the athletes who had stole items from the Varsity Cafe and brings them to the courthouse . This causes the manager of the restaurant to drop the charges . He later appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he goes camping with his wife , Eric and Annie . He and Eric secretly call Sgt . Michaels to check the house and make sure everything is okay . John Hamilton ( 1996 -- 2001 ) ( Chaz Lamar Shepherd ) is the oldest of the Hamilton children . He first appears in `` The Color of God . '' When his father 's church is burned down , he stays in Matt 's room . At first , the two are not very fond of each other , but this later changes . He later appears in the episode `` America 's Most Wanted '' where he is an eyewitness to Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual . He appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he brings a date to the Camdens ' while his parents and Eric and Annie are out of town , joining the wild party that Mary and Keesha 's friends are throwing . He later becomes Matt 's roommate . He later married to a woman named Priscilla Carter at the end of season five , his last appearance on the show .",
"19": "Patricia Hamilton ( Olivia Brown ) first appears in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' where she attends Jenny Jackson 's funeral . Patricia is Morgan 's wife , and she is in her second marriage . When her church is burnt down she feels scared until she finds out that the church would have a new security system with volunteer cops . They later have some marital problems , but it is quickly solved . She talks with Annie in `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' about the carjacking . She appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' where she goes camping with her husband , Eric , and Annie . During the camping trip , her ex-husband calls like usual , which drives Morgan crazy . Keesha Hamilton ( Gabrielle Union ) is the second oldest Hamilton child . She first appears in `` The Color of God '' where she stays in Lucy and Mary 's room after her family 's church is burnt down . She later appears in `` America 's Most Wanted '' , where she is an eye - witness of Mary stealing a glass from a restaurant as part of a team ritual . She appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where she attends a party that she is partially responsible for . She is a friend of Mary and Lucy 's in a few episodes . Nigel Hamilton ( David Netter ) is the third Hamilton child . He is a friend of Simon 's , and first appears in `` The Color of God . '' Someone makes a racist comment to him , in which Simon responds with violence , resulting in a suspension . He appears in `` What Will People Say ? '' , where he witnesses Simon 's embarrassing moment , where his `` love letter '' was intercepted by a bully . He appears in `` Happy 's Valentine '' , where he goes to a movie with Simon , Ruthie , Lynn , Lucy , and Jimmy . He and Simon get in trouble for throwing popcorn . Lynn Hamilton ( Camille Winbush ) is the youngest of the Hamiltons , and is Ruthie 's friend who first appears in `` The Color of God . '' In `` Happy 's Valentine , '' she attends a movie with Simon , Nigel , Ruthie , Lucy , and Jimmy . She and Ruthie fall asleep while the movie is going on .",
"20": "Chandler Hampton ( edit ) Chandler Hampton ( Jeremy London ) is the minister who fills in for Eric Camden while he is away having his heart bypass and recovering . He is later asked to stay on as an associate to assist Eric in his busy schedule . Eric meets Chandler 's twin brother in one episode and mistakes him for Chandler . He becomes friends with Roxanne Richardson ( Rachel Blanchard ) . He later takes in a young boy , with the intention of adopting . Shana Sullivan ( edit ) Shana Sullivan ( 1998 -- 2002 ) ( Maureen Flannigan ) is one of Matt 's major girlfriends , who eventually decides to go to New York University . The resulting long - distance relationship between Matt and Shana fails . Shana and Matt eventually break up because Shana meets somebody else named Brett and Matt admits that he is in love with Heather . Robbie Palmer ( edit ) Robbie Palmer ( 1999 -- 2002 ) ( Adam LaVorgna ) is Mary 's , and then later Lucy 's , boyfriend . He had been with some friends who were drinking underage and they were all arrested . Being a first time offender , he is able to avoid serious punishment by doing community service . While doing community service , he meets Mary . The two have dates at the Camden house under Eric and Annie 's supervision , because they feel they can not trust Robbie . After a while , Robbie convinces Eric and Annie to let him take Mary to the coffee shop , where his parents met , for Valentine 's Day . The coffee shop turns out to be a motel . Mary punches him and leaves . He comes back a few months later to try to win back Mary . The two get back together , get engaged , and plan to move in together . However , Robbie 's ex-girlfriend , Cheryl , sees him and Mary together and realizes that he had been two - timing her . She tells Mary and Mary breaks up with him because she needs to figure out her life . Robbie comes back a few months later with Cheryl , asking if Eric would marry the two of them because she was pregnant , which is not true , and the two are living together in Cheryl 's apartment .",
"21": "Eric later finds Robbie living on the streets , and Robbie tells him that the only reason he was going to marry Cheryl was because she was pregnant , and when he found out she was n't , he left , but had nowhere to go . Eric invites Robbie to stay in the Camden house , which does not go over very well with the rest of the family . But in time , everyone came to treat Robbie like a member of the family . He and Mary started dating again and she planned to come home from New York for the summer to be with him . However , her old boyfriend , Wilson West , comes to beg Mary to stay in New York with him . She chooses to be with Wilson , and leaves Robbie heartbroken . While on the rebound from Mary , Robbie starts to date Lucy , who is on the rebound from her ex-fiancé , Jeremy . They date only a short time before they realize that being together is awkward . Robbie then begins to date Joy Reyes . Mary and Lucy become jealous of Joy and each try to win him back . Joy breaks up with Robbie , and again , he is left heartbroken . He dates Roxanne Richardson , whom he had known since grade seven , for a short while before leaving the Camden house to live in Florida and take care of his sick mother . Robbie has an older brother , Ronald , and a younger brother , Rick . Peter Petrowski ( edit ) Peter Petrowski ( 2002 -- 2006 ) ( Scotty Leavenworth ) is a neighbor to the Camdens ; the son of Vic and Paris . Peter is Ruthie 's boyfriend in middle school . His father , Vic , was an alcoholic who left his mother when he was young . In the episode `` Smoking '' it is revealed that Peter smokes . He decides to stop smoking later in the episode because he knows Ruthie does n't like that he smokes . His father returns sober in the episode `` The Prodigal Father '' and both Peter and his mother forgive him . When Peter is caught drinking , Vic is very upset with him and gives him a lecture on how he does n't want Peter to make the same mistakes that he himself made .",
"22": "Eventually Peter 's mother and father get back together , despite the fact that Peter had previously hoped that his mother would marry Chandler , who she had been dating before the return of her ex-husband . It is revealed ( in the season nine premiere ) that Peter moves away with his parents the summer before Ruthie starts high school . Ruthie is n't greatly upset about it as she was more upset with Martin for not driving her to school on her first day . He is not seen again until the episode `` Leaps of Faith '' when Peter 's parents , who are having another baby , ask Reverend Camden to marry them . He appears one last time in the episode `` Highway to Cell '' , when Reverend Camden gives Ruthie 's cell number to Vic and Vic convinces Peter to call Ruthie . They communicate for a short while through cellphone and even planned to study in Scotland together , but Peter failed a class so his parents did n't allow him to . They once again drift apart . Roxanne Richardson ( edit ) Roxanne Richardson ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( Rachel Blanchard ) is Kevin 's partner , the object of much of Lucy 's jealousy but later become close friends with Lucy and they set up girls nights out where Lucy tells Roxanne what 's going on in her life with her husband . She was an old crush of Robbie , and Chandler 's girlfriend . Later on , Roxanne reveals that she will be going to Iraq . Cecilia Smith ( edit ) Cecilia Smith ( 2002 -- 2004 ) ( Ashlee Simpson ) is Simon 's girlfriend , who then dates Martin . She later dumps Martin , who loved her but she was not sure she felt the same . Another reason ( which is not very clearly shown ) might be that she thought Simon was returning -- whereas he only came for vacations -- and they might get back together ( because it would no longer be a long - distance relationship ) . When Simon comes home ( at the end of season eight ) , it was vaguely revealed that their relationship did not work out , because over the summer Cecilia went away to college , and it was only when Simon begins dating and having sex with Georgia ( in season nine ) that it is revealed that they had broken up .",
"23": "Cecilia becomes very close to the Camdens while dating Simon , and even when he leaves to go to college she still spends a lot of time with his family , babysitting the twins , helping out around the house and often being there for meals , this escalates when Annie is away looking after her sick father , she is there so often that Annie becomes jealous of her role in the family , with the twins loving her and saying she is `` more fun than Mommy '' . Annie and Cecilia discuss this and Annie resolves her jealousy when she realizes Cecilia is just trying to help , and she continues to be part of the ' extended Camden family ' until she leaves for college . Martin Brewer ( edit ) Martin Brewer ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( Tyler Hoechlin ) is the only son of the Marine , Bill Brewer . His mother died when he was young and , until he was 16 , he lived with his Aunt Betsy , when his dad was deployed . During his sophomore year in high school , the Brewers moved to Glenoak . Martin walks into the Camdens ' life by chance and joins the already - growing over-glut of teen boys there . He follows Ruthie and her then - boyfriend Peter to the Camden house and everyone assumes that he is a friend of Simon 's , except Simon thinks that he is there to see his dad . While Martin 's aunt , an aspiring fashion designer , wants the two of them to move to New York , Eric manages to convince her to let Martin stay with them so as not to uproot him again . Martin 's favorite sport is baseball and has been scouted by both colleges and professional baseball teams . One team even offers him a contract during his sophomore year in high school ( which he eventually turns down to complete his education ) . Martin lives with the Camdens for two years before his father 's tour in Iraq finally ends and he returns home . He also has fixed , rigid beliefs about sexuality and is staunchly conservative , which pleases most of the Camdens , except Simon . When Martin snoops into Simon 's private affairs , Martin harps at Simon about the evils of non-marital sex when he finds out that Simon is sexually active .",
"24": "Prior to his senior year in high school , while visiting Simon , Martin is not practicing what he preached about pre-marital sex , and has sex one time with a girl named Sandy Jameson . The event results in Sandy getting pregnant . Martin graduates a semester early and , with the assistance of Eric and his high school baseball coach , starts college . He now lives near Sandy and their son . While Martin is not in the season ten finale , Sandy makes an appearance after the failed wedding of Simon and Rose . It ends with Sandy telling Simon she needs to speak with him ( Much speculation surrounded this , that it was in fact Simon 's baby ) . Ruthie falls in love with Martin in the meantime . Finally , near the end of the series , Martin declares his love for Ruthie , but then Ruthie had to choose between Martin and T - Bone . At the end , despite all they have been through , she decides to go with T - Bone , leaving Martin heartbroken . Chief of police Michaels ( edit ) Chief of Police Michaels ( Christopher Michael ) first appears in `` Saturday '' as a Sergeant who assists lost Simon , Ruthie , and Happy ; he takes them home , but when they find the house empty , he escorts them to Mary 's basketball game , where most of the family converge despite Mary 's initial wish . He returns in `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' to investigate the Camdens ' carjacking . In `` Happy 's Valentine '' , Eric and Morgan call him from a camping trip to check on the kids at the house . He catches his son with beer and sends him home thereby ending the wild party . He then notifies Matt that Happy was hit by a car , and he takes her to Abbott Animal Hospital . He also informs Eric when Simon got in the car accident . He is Kevin 's boss when he is a police officer . He is later promoted to detective , then to captain . In `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line , '' he and Officer McGuire rush over to the Camdens ' after Ruthie calls `` 911 '' , because Simon was hiding in his room . Near the series ' end he is promoted to Police Chief of Glenoak . He and Eric are friends and occasionally work together ; he refers people to Eric for counseling , Eric accompanies him on death notifications , etc .",
"25": "Meredith Davies ( edit ) Meredith Davies ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( Megan Henning ) is Martin 's ex-girlfriend , who ends their relationship after he told her about Sandy and the baby . Meredith and her siblings were taken in by Cecilia 's parents , but were never legally adopted by them due to the meddling of their birth mother . After she and Martin breakup , Meredith 's younger sister tells everyone at school that Martin got Ruthie pregnant . After discovering this , Meredith quickly denies the rumor , explaining to her sister that Martin got Sandy pregnant . Sandy Jameson ( edit ) Sandy Jameson ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( Haylie Duff ) was introduced in the season 10 premiere as Simon 's fiancée Rose 's best friend , to whom Martin lost his virginity the previous summer . In the season opener , Sandy reveals she might be pregnant . This is later confirmed , and she gives birth to a baby boy named Aaron ( after Martin 's grandfather ) . In the season 10 finale , she had to speak with Simon , possibly about the baby 's paternity . In season 11 , she meets Jonathan , a doctor , and he proposes . Together , they decide to get married , but having gone on the RV vacation , it is unknown whether or not they get married and stay together . Rose Taylor ( edit ) Rosanna `` Rose '' Taylor ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ( Sarah Thompson ) was introduced ( in the season nine finale `` Mi Familia Part 1 '' ) as Simon 's current girlfriend . The two are not necessarily serious but she seems eager to engage and marry , pressuring Simon into proposing . When at first he refuses , she takes it as disinterest in her and backs away , provoking him to commit to marrying her . By season ten they are engaged , and she makes wedding plans . The initial plan was for the two to engage at the end of their current school year and wed at the end of the following year , but she pressures him into moving the engagement date forward . During Rose 's time on the show , she becomes a very disliked person by all except for Sandy Jameson , who was her one friend there .",
"26": "Rose is known for being selfish , rude , inconsiderate , and thoughtless , rubbing Eric and Annie the wrong way more than anyone . By 2006 , Simon and Rose change plans to marry in May , something they both wanted to be ready for , but still held insecurities and doubts . Annie , however , decides that they could not marry , and when an ex-boyfriend of Rose 's surfaces in March , she sees an opportunity . Though most had come to accept Simon dating Rose , no one knew her at all , and it was this boyfriend who convinces Rose that she is not being a good person . In the episode Invitation to Disaster , she has a sit - down confession with Annie , explaining that she has been unaware of how she was acting and that her relationship with her parents and never really being disciplined or close to them at all is part of the reason . This provokes Annie to see her in a different light , and while she and Annie take on a mother / daughter relationship , no one else is crazy about them marrying . It is her ex-boyfriend Humberto who makes her realize that she is not ready to marry and that he still has feelings for her . So although they had gotten to the wedding day , they end up parting ways amicably . It is unknown whether they still keep in touch . Minor recurring characters ( edit ) Gladys Bink ( Eileen Brennan ) first appears in the pilot episode , where Eric pays her to pretend that she had lost a lung , breathing on an oxygen tank , and trying to still smoke cigarettes . This trick makes Matt quit smoking . Later , she appears in `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' , where Matt helps her with a few things around the house . But because he does not come help her get her money down from a high shelf , she takes a hard fall and Matt and Eric visit her in the hospital . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 '' she visits Mary at the hospital and persuades Annie 's father to solve the problem by using her `` ways '' ( i.e. lying ) . She has been a member of the Glenoak Community Church for many years , and has a reputation of being an excellent fundraiser . At the end of season seven , she is diagnosed with cancer and Chandler moves into her guest house to help her out .",
"27": "Chandler is the minister who married Gladys to her third husband Fred , though without the blessing of Fred 's mother . She is the show 's most - recurring character . Beau Brewer ( Costas Mandylor ) is Martin Brewer 's father , who served 2 tours in Iraq . When he comes home for three days , he does not speak to Martin until the last day , uneasy because it might be their last conversation . The season ten premiere discloses that he started up a landscaping business . Betsy Brewer ( Keri Lynn Pratt ) is Martin 's aunt whom he stays with in Glenoak while his Marine dad is deployed in Iraq . Heather Cain ( Andrea Ferrell ) is a deaf girl whom Matt sees at the airport ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' ) . He goes over to her house and meets her and her mother , Donna ( Meg Wittner ) . On their first date the next night , Heather runs out of the party after being teased . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 , '' Eric `` lures '' Matt to a cafe where deaf people work and eat . Matt meets Heather there . They eventually apologize and say they want to get to know each other . In season two , she goes away to school in Philadelphia and breaks up with Matt . In season three , she returns and says she 's getting married , but in the finale she runs off with Matt on her wedding day after learning that her fiancé cheated on her . In season four , she transfers to Crawford College and sees that Matt is in a relationship with Shana Sullivan . In the season finale she tells Matt she still loves him and he breaks up with Shana . Matt and Heather decide to elope , but ( in the season five premiere ) it 's revealed that she left him at the altar . She later tells Matt she has another boyfriend , but they eventually break up and she moves to New York . In season eight , Matt meets her on a flight to Glenoak and she says she 's divorced and going back to Glenoak to start over , and they have dinner together as friends . Cheryl ( Barret Swatek ) is Robbie 's ex-girlfriend , whom he almost marries . Cheryl also dates Matt for a short while .",
"28": "Corey Conway ( Alicia Leigh Willis ) first appears in `` Saturday '' as Mary 's basketball teammate . Mary is of the few people to stand by her friend when it is revealed that she left her last school because she had a baby at 14 . Corey ended up dating Mary 's longtime flame Wilson West , also a teenage single parent . In the season nine episode `` Fathers , '' we learn that they have married and become a blended family . Lou Dalton ( Alan Fudge ) works for Glenoak Community Church . He first appears in `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line , '' objecting to Eric 's plan to hire an ex-convict as the new organist when Mrs. Hinkle retires . At series ' end he resigns as head deacon and moves away from Glenoak . Daniel ( Aaron Staton ) is Sandy 's school friend , introduced in `` Turn , Turn , Turn , '' who later tells Sandy he 's in love with her . Upset , Sandy calls Eric for advice . In `` You Take the High Road , '' Sandy desperately tries to break up with him . Frankie ( Chyler Leigh ) is Mary 's friend and co-worker at Pete 's Pizza . At Mary 's age , she 's already married to Johnny -- who verbally and physically abuses her -- and raising their daughter Mercy , but still drinking , smoking , and doing other drugs . After Frankie and Johnny get busted for marijuana , Eric forbids Mary to have anything to do with them outside of work , but she is unable to comply . Frankie eventually leaves town without her family . Odile Hinkle ( Peg Phillips ) is Mrs. Bink 's neighbor and best friend . In `` We The People '' , Mrs. Hinkle provides a rest - stop for erstwhile newspaper - couriers Simon and Ruthie , then literally rides to their rescue . In `` Says Who ? '' , Mrs. Hinkle disappears , moving to a seniors ' residence without informing anyone , leaving Mrs. Bink and Eric to investigate her disappearance . At one time , she was the organist for Glenoak Community Church , but eventually retires from that position , leaving Eric to find someone else as a replacement . Georgia Huffington ( Rheagan Wallace ) is Simon 's ex-girlfriend / lover .",
"29": "She is portrayed as the first girl that Simon had sex with . They get married when she tells Simon that she 's pregnant , but it is quickly revealed to be a lie . Simon ends their relationship shortly afterwards . Jane ( Sarah Mason ) is a homeless girl who stays at the Camdens ' . After her father left her mother , her mother 's new live - in boyfriend , whom she meets via the Internet , threatens to harm Jane , causing her to flee . Despite not actually being pregnant , she seeks refuge at the home for teenage mothers , but Lucy turns her down , but she and her friend Margaret are soon invited to move into the Camdens ' garage apartment . In `` Broken Hearts and Promises , '' she gets a job at the Dairy Shack . `` You Take the High Road '' reveals that she used to be married to a soldier , but left him after he started hitting her . In ( `` And I 'll Take the Low Road '' ) , with help from Kevin when her first husband does not show up for their divorce hearing . She latter gets the divorce papers and In `` Tit for Tat , '' she marries Eric 's adopted brother George after the conflict of her first marriage fixed and her divorce goes through . While arguing with T - Bone about his mother coming to see him , she blurts out Eric 's heart problems on the Promenade . In `` Thanks and Giving , '' she and T - Bone insist that a salesman donates a bed for Eric and Annie . In the series finale , she announces that her mom is in rehab ( her parents used to smoke pot ) and her mom 's boyfriend is in jail for breaking his probation . Jeff ( Ryan Bittle ) first appears in the pilot episode . He is Matt 's best friend since age six , and Mary 's crush since age ten . While jogging with Lucy , Mary runs into him and he asks her if she wants help with her foul shot ; Matt spies on him while the two shoot baskets . In `` In the Blink of an Eye , '' Jeff asks Mary to go to a party , then an R - rated movie , neither of which she is allowed to attend . In `` No Funerals and a Wedding , '' Jeff attends Mary 's grandmother 's memorial service at the Camdens ' . Mary starts to dislike him as he has become clingy .",
"30": "Later , Lucy tells him that she is sorry that they broke up , even though Mary had not dumped him . When Jeff asks Mary to go steady she refuses as she would rather be his friend then date him . They then end up as friends . Johnny ( Nathan West ) is Pete 's nephew and Frankie 's husband , who leaves his infant daughter , Mercy , at the Camden 's doorstop after Frankie leaves him . He ends up deciding to be a single parent . Jordan ( Wade Carpenter ) briefly dates both Mary and Lucy . He is first seen playing basketball with Mary before the show focuses on his relationship with Lucy . When a teacher catches Lucy slapping Jordan , Mary explains that they were rehearsing a scene from Gone With the Wind . When Lucy discovers that Jordan and Mary intend to attend a co-ed sleepover for the basketball teams , she gets jealous and tries to seduce Jordan , but Matt catches them kissing and escorts her home before anything more serious can happen . In the season three finale , Jordan says he still loves Mary but does not want to hurt Lucy ( who overhears ) . Jordan and Mary 's renewed relationship creates a sibling rift ; later that day the girls and their boyfriends engage in a kissing contest until Aunt Julie orders the boys to leave ; Jordan disappears after this . `` We do n't speak of him '' , Mary tells Simon in season four , but when the unpleasant subject does insist on coming up , he 's referred to as `` Big Lips '' , such as in `` Simon 's Home Video '' . Mac ( Kyle Searles ) is Martin 's best friend . Cecilia sets him up with Pam early on . Ruthie has a crush on him during season nine , but does little about it as he is two years older . In season 11 , he rents an apartment with Jane and Margaret and falls in love with the latter . He and Margaret later begin dating . Margaret ( Andrea Morris ) is Jane 's very shy friend . She gets highly emotional when Annie calls the paramedics because she thinks something is wrong with Eric . She gets a job at the Dairy Shack in `` Broken Hearts and Promises . '' She reveals to T - Bone ( in `` You Take the High Road '' ) that Jane called his mother and she is coming to see him .",
"31": "She later reveals her past in `` And I 'll Take the Low Road '' : Her father abused her mother and she ended up going from home to home . Unwilling to be abused for saying the wrong thing , she became shy . In `` Thanks and Giving , '' she helps Sam and David prepare the song `` This Land is Our Land '' for Eric , Annie , and Ruthie 's homecoming , and reveals her ambition to teach Pre-K . In the series finale , she is offered a college scholarship , but she turns it down and goes on the Camdens ' road trip . Ms. Margo ( Rachel Boston ) is Sam and David 's teacher who first appears in `` A Pain in the Neck . '' When she feels attracted to Eric , Sam and David tell her that he is their grandfather . This is soon resolved , and Ms. Margo asks Eric and the twins out to dinner ; Eric resists her advances and starts homeschooling his sons . When Ben hits on her the same day , she turns up at the Camdens ' , to Eric 's annoyance . Mercy is Frankie and Johnny 's daughter . Jimmy Moon ( Matthew Linville ) ( introduced in the episode , `` Family Secrets '' ) is Lucy 's first boyfriend . In the episode , `` In the Blink of an Eye '' , he and Lucy go on their first date by watching a French film in the Camdens ' living room . However , Eric messes this up by playing country songs . In `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' , he wants to break up with Lucy because of a school class president election . He later withdraws , followed by Lucy , because they want to stay together . In `` Happy 's Valentine '' , he takes Lucy , Simon , Nigel , Ruthie , and Lynn to the movies . He and Lucy see a separate movie ( a French film ) for their first Valentine 's together . His grades in science start to drop , and so Lucy told Mary to tutor him in `` Faith , Hope and the Bottom Line '' . Lucy regrets this , because she thought that Mary was going to steal her boyfriend . The issue is resolved at the end of the episode . In `` It 's About George '' , he meets the Colonel and Grandma Ruth Camden , who he declares to be the scariest people he ever met .",
"32": "He breaks up with Lucy ( in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 '' ) after she changes her hair color . The next year , Lucy gets jealous of anyone with Jimmy Moon . She finally gets to decide between her old boyfriend and her new one , but does not get either of them . He later gets caught up in marijuana , and eventually is the defendant in a crime that Lucy is assigned to have jury duty on . He is arrested for possession of marijuana ( in season three 's episode `` Paranoia '' ) , and Lucy is also arrested while observing him . Andrew Nayloss ( Will Estes ) is the boy that Lucy does not like at first , but then he moves away and has a child and Lucy is heartbroken . Renee Nicholson ( Ashlee Levitch ) is introduced ( in the episode , `` Family Secrets '' ) as a girl that Matt meets at the library two weeks prior , and befriends her . She is expecting a daughter with Lou . When Matt goes over to her house to talk to her , he falls asleep on her couch and does not get back until 5 : 15 a.m. , resulting in his being grounded for three weeks . She later joins the Glenoak Community Church choir , and sings a solo on Sunday . She goes into labor in `` No Funerals and a Wedding '' . Pete ( James Keane ) is Johnny 's uncle and the owner of Pete 's Pizza . Paris Petrowski ( Shannon Kenny ) is Peter Petrowski 's mother . Paris dated once Ben Kinkirk , Lucy 's brother - in - law . Later she goes out with Chandler and it seems they will stay together , until her ex-husband appears . She decides to give him another chance and they move away . Later on it is told that she is pregnant and she and her ex are married again . Mike Pierce ( Jeremy Lelliott ) is Lucy 's ex-boyfriend who tries to commit suicide from a drug and alcohol combination and as a result , his mother becomes severely depressed and despondent until he helps talk her out of it with Lucy 's help . Dr. Jonathan Sanders ( Nick Zano ) is a doctor whom Sandy dates ( in season 11 ) . He then proposes to her , to which she says `` yes . '' This causes a conflict between Sandy and Martin .",
"33": "George Smith ( Brad Maule ) is Cecilia 's father . He never marries his wife , and never tells Cecilia this fact . After twenty years , Eric marries them in his office . He and his wife eventually become foster parents to the Davis children . He owns a cleaning business , which Simon and Cecelia both work at . Deena Stewart ( Nicole Cherié Saletta ) is Simon 's first girlfriend . She eventually moves back east with her family . In the season five episode `` Chances '' , she comes back , and she and Simon start dating again for a while . Stanley Sunday ( Keith David ) is a homeless man seen in the promenade . He is first seen at the hospital , where he goes in for testing . Lucy is supposed to visit him , but she can not make it , and Eric goes in her place . Stanley ends up convincing Eric to give him his coat , although Eric is hesitant . He appears in the next episode where Kevin goes to him to get some information about what Eric did at the hospital . Stanley convinces Kevin to give up his sweatshirt , shoes and pants . In `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got ' Til He 's Gone '' Stanley encounters Eric just as he is leaving to go home and asks him if he asked God to let him live . In `` Christmas ! '' it is revealed that Stanley is one of Eric 's guardian angels . He is there when Eric was brought to heaven . In the series finale , he joins Eric and the family on their RV . Theodore `` T - Bone '' Jr . ( Colton James ) is a 16 - year - old who works as the ticket vendor at the movie theater in the promenade . He is introduced in And Tonight 's Specials Are ... when he had pizza with Lucy , which upset Kevin . Two months prior to his stay at the Camdens , T - Bone breaks into Glenoak Community Church to sleep and use the bathroom , since his father is dead , and his mother ran away . Upon staying at the Camdens , T - Bone told Eric that he vaguely knows about what is going on with his health . In `` You Take the High Road '' he stays at Kevin and Lucy 's while Eric and Annie are on a trip to see Ruthie in Scotland .",
"34": "In `` Thanks and Giving '' , he and Jane insist that a salesman donate a bed for Eric and Annie . They both like it , not knowing it was donated . In `` You Do n't Know What You 've Got ' Til He 's Gone '' , he reveals that he likes Ruthie and kisses her . Eric and Annie are glad that Ruthie has found a possible boyfriend , of whom they approve of . In `` Can I Just Get Something to Eat '' he works with Ruthie on a research project about Darfur . In `` Deacon Blues , '' he and Ruthie discuss the topic of having sex . Kevin tells him not to do it , and when Annie finds out , they are stopped . In `` Tit for Tat '' Ruthie and T - Bome decided to get tattoos of each other 's names and the do buthe only a small one on his ankle of Ruthies initials . He tells Ruthie that he has a fear of sharp objects and that 's why he could n't get more. Ruthie gets his name on her lower back . After an argument Ruthin and Ruthie and T - Bone love each other very much and even get tattoos of each other 's names . Well Ruthie gets T - Bone name but T - Bone was scared of the needle so he just got Ruthies initials R.C. After an argument they break up . Ruthie starts seeing Martin briefly . Martin says he wants to work things out with her but Ruthie chooses T - Bone and then Ruthie and T - Bone get back together . T - bone 's earlier - mentioned father , who is supposedly dead , shows up ( in Season 11 ) and convinces T - bone to go on a road trip with him . T - bone graduates from high school , and goes on the road trip with the Camden family to meet up with his dad . After the road trip with the family T - Bone and Ruthie plain on traveling the world together . Umberto ( Fidel Gomez ) is Rose 's ex-boyfriend who almost marries Rose . He keeps on trying to get Rose back while she is preparing to marry Simon . George `` Vic '' Vickery ( Bryan Callen ) is Peter 's father , who is a recovering alcoholic . He works as a college art teacher .",
"35": "Vincent ( Thomas Dekker ) is Ruthie 's boyfriend after Peter . He broke up with her twice . Rick Palmer ( Lance Bass ) is Robbie 's younger brother . He goes on a date with a Lucy and they end up making out on a street corner and Eric sees them . Brett ( Matt Farnsworth ) is Shana 's roommate and eventual boyfriend . He first appears in `` Loves Me , Loves Me Not '' . He kisses her after Shana and Matt have a fight . He follows Shana out to Glenoak when she came back for the summer . Wilson West ( Andrew Keegan ) first appears in `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 1 . '' He meets Mary when she is at the park with Ruthie , and asks her out . At first , Eric tries to do anything he can to prevent their date , but he later finds out that he knows his father . Wilson takes Mary to Eddie 's Pool Hall , where they play pinball and pool . Michael Towner and a couple of his friends harass him , which ends his date with Mary . He comes to church the following Sunday where he apologizes to Mary . He has a son called Billy , whose mother died in childbirth before Mary met them both . In `` Dangerous Liaisons , Part 2 , '' Mary 's parents find out about Wilson being a father . Mary dates Wilson a number of times , including when she is sent to Buffalo , to live with her grandparents , they are serious and for a time discuss marriage and Billy wants to call Mary mom , but they break up when Wilson catches her kissing Ben . Wilson eventually decides to move back to Glenoak after meeting and eventually marrying Corey Conway , one of Mary 's old basketball teammates who has a daughter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - The CW Gives Full Season Orders to New Comedy `` The Game '' and `` 7th Heaven '' `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2006 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` 7th Heaven '' . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Adair , Aly ( February 27 , 2009 ) . `` Top 10 Favorite TV Moms '' . Yahoo !.",
"36": "Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . ( hide ) 7th Heaven Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Related Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_7th_Heaven_characters&oldid=837248715 '' Categories : Lists of American television series characters Lists of drama television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Македонски Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 16 : 47 . About Wikipedia",
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
20,
34,
28,
13,
21,
18,
12,
24,
22,
23,
16,
17,
9,
10,
6,
15,
3,
35,
33,
30,
11,
14,
27,
1,
19,
5,
4,
32,
8,
25,
31,
36,
0,
26,
2,
7,
29
] |
[
3,
20,
34,
28,
13
] |
411416507693122968
|
bacterial cell walls are made rigid by the presence of
|
[
"Peptidoglycan, also known as murein",
"Peptidoglycan",
"Peptidoglycan"
] |
{
"0": "Peptidoglycan - wikipedia Peptidoglycan Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with glycopeptide , proteoglycan , or glycoprotein . Peptidoglycan , also known as murein , is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh - like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria , forming the cell wall . The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β - ( 1 , 4 ) linked N - acetylglucosamine ( NAG ) and N - acetylmuramic acid ( NAM ) . Attached to the N - acetylmuramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids . The peptide chain can be cross-linked to the peptide chain of another strand forming the 3D mesh - like layer . Peptidoglycan serves a structural role in the bacterial cell wall , giving structural strength , as well as counteracting the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm . A common misconception is that peptidoglycan gives the cell its shape ; however , whereas peptidoglycan helps maintain the structural strength of the cell , it is actually the MreB protein that facilitates cell shape . Peptidoglycan is also involved in binary fission during bacterial cell reproduction . The peptidoglycan layer is substantially thicker in Gram - positive bacteria ( 20 to 80 nanometers ) than in Gram - negative bacteria ( 7 to 8 nanometers ) , with the attachment of the S - layer . Peptidoglycan forms around 90 % of the dry weight of Gram - positive bacteria but only 10 % of Gram - negative strains . Thus , presence of high levels of peptidoglycan is the primary determinant of the characterisation of bacteria as Gram - positive . In Gram - positive strains , it is important in attachment roles and serotyping purposes . For both Gram - positive and Gram - negative bacteria , particles of approximately 2 nm can pass through the peptidoglycan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Biosynthesis 3 Inhibition 4 Similarity to pseudopeptidoglycan 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) Peptidoglycan .",
"1": "The peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall is a crystal lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating amino sugars , namely N - acetylglucosamine ( GlcNAc or NAGA ) and N - acetylmuramic acid ( MurNAc or NAMA ) . The alternating sugars are connected by a β - ( 1 , 4 ) - glycosidic bond . Each MurNAc is attached to a short ( 4 - to 5 - residue ) amino acid chain , containing L - alanine , D - glutamic acid , meso - diaminopimelic acid , and D - alanine in the case of Escherichia coli ( a Gram - negative bacterium ) or L - alanine , D - glutamine , L - lysine , and D - alanine with a 5 - glycine interbridge between tetrapeptides in the case of Staphylococcus aureus ( a Gram - positive bacterium ) . Peptidoglycan is one of the most important sources of D - amino acids in nature . Cross-linking between amino acids in different linear amino sugar chains occurs with the help of the enzyme DD - transpeptidase and results in a 3 - dimensional structure that is strong and rigid . The specific amino acid sequence and molecular structure vary with the bacterial species . The structure of peptidoglycan . NAG = N - acetylglucosamine ( also called GlcNAc or NAGA ) , NAM = N - acetylmuramic acid ( also called MurNAc or NAMA ) . Gram - positive cell wall Penicillin binding protein forming cross-links in newly formed bacterial cell wall . Biosynthesis ( edit ) The peptidoglycan monomers are synthesized in the cytosol and are then attached to a membrane carrier bactoprenol . Bactoprenol transports peptidoglycan monomers across the cell membrane where they are inserted into the existing peptidoglycan . In the first step of peptidoglycan synthesis , glutamine , which is an amino acid , donates an amino group to a sugar , fructose 6 - phosphate . This turns fructose 6 - phosphate into glucosamine - 6 - phosphate .",
"2": "In step two , an acetyl group is transferred from acetyl CoA to the amino group on the glucosamine - 6 - phosphate creating N - acetyl - glucosamine - 6 - phosphate . In step three of the synthesis process , the N - acetyl - glucosamine - 6 - phosphate is isomerized , which will change N - acetyl - glucosamine - 6 - phosphate to N - acetyl - glucosamine - 1 - phosphate . In step 4 , the N - acetyl - glucosamine - 1 - phosphate , which is now a monophosphate , attacks UTP . Uridine triphosphate , which is a pyrimidine nucleotide , has the ability to act as an energy source . In this particular reaction , after the monophosphate has attacked the UTP , an inorganic pyrophosphate is given off and is replaced by the monophosphate , creating UDP - N - acetylglucosamine ( 2 , 4 ) . ( When UDP is used as an energy source , it gives off an inorganic phosphate . ) This initial stage , is used to create the precursor for the NAG in peptidoglycan . In step 5 , some of the UDP - N - acetylglucosamine ( UDP - GlcNAc ) is converted to UDP - MurNAc ( UDP - N - acetylmuramic acid ) by the addition of a lactyl group to the glucosamine . Also in this reaction , the C3 hydroxyl group will remove a phosphate from the alpha carbon of phosphoenolpyruvate . This creates what is called an enol derivative that will be reduced to a `` lactyl moiety '' by NADPH in step six . In step 7 , the UDP -- MurNAc is converted to UDP - MurNAc pentapeptide by the addition of five amino acids , usually including the dipeptide D - alanyl - D - alanine . Each of these reactions requires the energy source ATP . This is all referred to as Stage one . Stage two occurs in the cytoplasmic membrane . It is in the membrane where a lipid carrier called bactoprenol carries peptidoglycan precursors through the cell membrane .",
"3": "Bactoprenol will attack the UDP - MurNAc penta , creating a PP - MurNac penta , which is now a lipid . UDP - GlcNAc is then transported to MurNAc , creating Lipid - PP - MurNAc penta - GlcNAc , a disaccharide , also a precursor to peptidoglycan . How this molecule is transported through the membrane is still not understood . However , once it is there , it is added to the growing glycan chain . The next reaction is known as tranglycosylation . In the reaction , the hydroxyl group of the GlcNAc will attach to the MurNAc in the glycan , which will displace the lipid - PP from the glycan chain . The enzyme responsible for this is transglycosylase . Inhibition ( edit ) Some antibacterial drugs such as penicillin interfere with the production of peptidoglycan by binding to bacterial enzymes known as penicillin - binding proteins or DD - transpeptidases . Penicillin - binding proteins form the bonds between oligopeptide crosslinks in peptidoglycan . For a bacterial cell to reproduce through binary fission , more than a million peptidoglycan subunits ( NAM - NAG + oligopeptide ) must be attached to existing subunits . Mutations in genes coding for transpeptidases that lead to reduced interactions with an antibiotic are a significant source of emerging antibiotic resistance . Lysozyme , which is found in tears and constitutes part of the body 's innate immune system exerts its antibacterial effect by breaking the β - ( 1 , 4 ) - glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan ( see above ) . Similarity to pseudopeptidoglycan ( edit ) Some archaea have a similar layer of pseudopeptidoglycan ( also known as pseudomurein ) , in which the sugar residues are β - ( 1 , 3 ) linked N - acetylglucosamine and N - acetyltalosaminuronic acid . This makes the cell walls of such archaea insensitive to lysozyme .",
"4": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Animation of Synthesis of Peptidoglycan Layer Jump up ^ Popp D , Narita A , Maeda K , Fujisawa T , Ghoshdastider U , Iwasa M , Maéda Y , Robinson RC ( 2010 ) . `` Filament structure , organization , and dynamics in MreB sheets '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 285 ( 21 ) : 15858 -- 65 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M109. 095901 . PMC 2871453 . PMID 20223832 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ van den Ent F , Amos LA , Löwe J ( 2001 ) . `` Prokaryotic origin of the actin cytoskeleton '' . Nature . 413 ( 6851 ) : 39 -- 44 . doi : 10.1038 / 35092500 . PMID 11544518 . Jump up ^ van den Ent F , Johnson CM , Persons L , de Boer P , Löwe J ( 2010 ) . `` Bacterial actin MreB assembles in complex with cell shape protein RodZ '' . EMBO J. 29 ( 6 ) : 1081 -- 90 . doi : 10.1038 / emboj. 2010.9 . PMC 2845281 . PMID 20168300 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2010 . Bacteria . Encyclopedia of Earth . eds . Sidney Draggan and C.J. Cleveland , National Council for Science and the Environment , Washington DC ^ Jump up to : Salton MR , Kim KS ( 1996 ) . Baron S , et al. , eds . Structure . In : Baron 's Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . Univ of Texas Medical Branch . ISBN 0 - 9631172 - 1 - 1 . Jump up ^ Demchick PH , Koch AL ( 1 February 1996 ) .",
"5": "`` The permeability of the wall fabric of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 178 ( 3 ) : 768 -- 73 . PMC 177723 . PMID 8550511 . Jump up ^ Ryan KJ , Ray CG , eds. ( 2004 ) . Sherris Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 8385 - 8529 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` II . THE PROKARYOTIC CELL : BACTERIA '' . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : White , D. ( 2007 ) . The physiology and biochemistry of prokaryotes ( 3rd ed . ) . NY : Oxford University Press Inc . Jump up ^ Bauman R ( 2007 ) . 2nd , ed . Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 7679 - 8 . Jump up ^ Spratt BG ( April 1994 ) . `` Resistance to antibiotics mediated by target alterations '' . Science . New York . 264 ( 5157 ) : 388 -- 93 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 8153626 . PMID 8153626 . Jump up ^ Madigan , M.T. , J.M. Martinko , P.V. Dunlap , and D.P. Clark . Brock biology of microorganisms . 12th ed . San Francisco , CA : Pearson / Benjamin Cummings , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Diagrammatic representation of peptidoglycan structures . Structure of MurNAc 6 - Phosphate Hydrolase ( MurQ ) from Haemophilus influenzae with a Bound Inhibitor . Protein , glycoconjugate : glycoproteins and glycopeptides Mucoproteins Mucin CD43 CD164 MUC1 MUC2 MUC3A MUC3B MUC4",
"6": "MUC5AC MUC5B MUC6 MUC7 MUC8 MUC12 MUC13 MUC15 MUC16 MUC17 MUC19 MUC20 Other Haptoglobin Intrinsic factor Orosomucoid Peptidoglycan Phytohaemagglutinin Ovomucin Proteoglycans CS / DS Decorin Biglycan Versican HS / CS Testican Perlecan CS Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans : Aggrecan Neurocan Brevican CD44 CSPG4 CSPG5 Platelet factor 4 Structural maintenance of chromosomes 3 KS Fibromodulin Lumican Keratocan HS Syndecan 1 Other Activin and inhibin ADAM Alpha 1 - antichymotrypsin Apolipoprotein H CD70 Asialoglycoprotein Avidin B - cell activating factor 4 - 1BB ligand Cholesterylester transfer protein Clusterin Colony - stimulating factor Hemopexin Lactoferrin Membrane glycoproteins Myelin protein zero Osteonectin Protein C Protein S Serum amyloid P component Sialoglycoprotein CD43 Glycophorin Glycophorin C Thrombopoietin Thyroglobulin Thyroxine - binding proteins Transcortin Tumor necrosis factor alpha Uteroglobin Vitronectin",
"7": "Microbiology : Bacteria Medical microbiology infection Coley 's toxins Exotoxin Lysogenic cycle Pathogenic bacteria resistance Biochemistry and ecology Oxygen preference Aerobic Obligate Anaerobic Facultative Obligate Microaerophile Nanaerobe Aerotolerant Other Extremophile Human flora Gut Lung Mouth Skin Vaginal ( In pregnancy ) Placental Uterine Salivary Microbial metabolism Nitrogen fixation Microbial ecology Primary nutritional groups Substrate preference Lipophilic Saccharophilic Shape Bacterial cellular morphologies Coccus Diplococcus Bacillus Coccobacillus Spiral Structure Cell envelope Cell membrane Cell wall : Peptidoglycan NAM NAG DAP Gram - positive bacteria only : Teichoic acid Lipoteichoic acid Endospore Gram - negative bacteria only : Bacterial outer membrane Porin Lipopolysaccharide Periplasmic space Mycobacteria only : Arabinogalactan Mycolic acid Outside envelope Bacterial capsule Slime layer S - layer Glycocalyx Pilus Fimbria Non-motile bacteria Composite Biofilm Taxonomy Bacteria ( classifications ) Bacterial phyla Former groupings : Schizomycetes Monera Prokaryota Gracilicutes Firmicutes Mollicutes",
"8": "Mendosicutes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peptidoglycan&oldid=838093968 '' Categories : Membrane biology Glycobiology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 21 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
1,
5,
8,
3,
7,
4,
6,
2
] |
[
0,
1,
5,
8,
3,
7
] |
-2145172594044894665
|
what city was zeus the patron god of
|
[
"Elis",
"Olympia",
"Elis",
"Olympia",
"Elis",
"Olympia",
"Elis",
"Olympia",
"Elis",
"Olympia"
] |
{
"0": "Greek city - state patron gods - wikipedia Greek city - state patron gods Jump to : navigation , search Ancient and archaic Greek poleis would be dedicated to the worship of a particular city - state patron god , to whom the population would show reverence in addition to the god or gods of their own personal adherence . The patron gods of Greece are the equivalent of today 's patron saints . Ancient Greek temples were dedicated to a certain deity . A typical temple would have a statue inside . An altar would be placed outside , upon which offerings would be placed as sacrifices to the city 's patron deity . The Parthenon is a famous example of an Ancient Greek temple . Athena and Apollo are among the most common choices of patron gods of the ancient Greek cities . Examples of city - state patron gods ( edit ) Athens worshipped Athena , the goddess of wisdom , as a patron city - state god . The designation of Athena as patron of Athens occurred during the Great Panathenaea in 566 B.C. , potentially coinciding with construction of the Altar of Athena Polias . An epithet of Athena commonly referred to as Athena Alea , served as patron of the cities of Alea , Mantinea and Tegea . Sparta worshipped Artemis as their patron goddess , under the epithet `` Athena Poliachos '' ( Athena Protector of the City ) . However , while he was not the chief deity , Apollo was widely worshipped in the most important religious celebrations in the polis . Elis and Olympia had Zeus as their city god . The statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world . Syracuse , as with Athens , worshipped Athena . Reference to Athena can be seen on their city - state banner . Thespiae was a city / state that worshiped Eros . Due to this , the Thespian hoplites would bear the crescent moon symbol on their shield , the crescent moon was `` the lunar Aphrodite '' . The was a bull 's foot . Another name for Dionysus was Axios Tauros , which translates as ' worthy bull ' . Corinth chose Poseidon , lord of the sea , as their city - state patron god .",
"1": "The patron god of Thebes was Dionysus , also called Bacchus and Iacchos . Dionysus ' mother , Semele , was a Theban princess . Sophocles ' includes in his play Antigone an ode to Dionysus , the guardian of Thebes ; in that ode Dionysus is claimed to have Thebes as his most honoured city . Megara worshipped Apollo as their patron god , and as such , he is lauded by the poet Theognis of Megara in his collection of works Theognidea as guardian of the city . The polis of Argos was dedicated to the worship of Hera . The island city - state of Samos , in the Aegean Sea , worshipped Hera too as their patron . Rhodes was a city on an island , which built the Colossus of Rhodes , a giant statue , in honor to their patron god , Helios . Both Eretria and Epidauros worshipped Apollo as their patron god . Eretria , as Apollo Daphnephoros ; and Epidauros as Apollo Maleatas ( Apollo 's son , Asklepios , was also worshipped at Epidauros ) . The patron god of the city of Miletus , in Asia Minor , was Apollo . The sanctuary and oracle of Didyma , devoted to Apollo , was within Miletus ' territory . The patron goddess of Ephesus , also in Asia Minor , was Artemis , who had been identified with an oriental mother goddess , like Cybele . The Temple of Artemis , or Artemision , in Ephesus was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . The city of Cnidus , in Asia Minor , worshipedΆ Aphrodite as their patron . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson 2012 , pp. 54 - 55 Jump up ^ Cole 1995 , p. 300 Jump up ^ Buckley 2010 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Buckley 2010 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Cartledge 2002 , p.",
"2": "309 Jump up ^ Pettersson 1992 Jump up ^ Connolly & Solway 2001 Jump up ^ Hansen 2006 Jump up ^ Rhodes 2007 Jump up ^ Kearns 2009 Jump up ^ `` Antigone '' . Sophocles . Translated by Robin Bond . Jump up ^ Zhou 2010 , pp. 76 - 77 Jump up ^ Burkert 1985 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Cole 1995 , p. 295 Jump up ^ Connolly & Solway 2001 Jump up ^ Cole 1995 , p. 300 Jump up ^ Cartledge 2011 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Fine 1983 , p. 128 Jump up ^ Cole 1995 , p. 295 References ( edit ) Buckley , Terry ( 2010 ) . Aspects of Greek History : 750 - 323 BC . London : Routledge . ISBN 9780415549776 . Burke rt , Walter ( 1985 ) . Greek Religion . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674362810 . Cartledge , Paul ( 2002 ) . Sparta and Livonia : A Regional History 1300 - 362 BC . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0415263565 . Cartledge , Paul ( 2011 ) . Ancient Greece : A Very Short Introduction . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199601349 . Cole , Susan Guetel ( 1995 ) . Hansen , Mogens Herman , ed . Civic Cult and Riv Duty . In `` Sources for the Ancient Greek City - State : Symposium August , 24 - 27 1994 , Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre '' . Kg l . Dansk Deliberateness Sealskin . ISBN 9788773042670 . Connolly , Peter ; Sol way , Andrew ( 2001 ) . Ancient Greece . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199108107 . Fine , John V.A. ( 1983 ) . The Ancient Greeks : A Critical History . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674033116 .",
"3": "Yearns , Emily ( 2009 ) . Ancient Greek religion : A source book . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 1405149280 . Lawson , John Schubert ( 2012 ) . Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion . A Study in Survivals . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107677036 . Michelson , Jon ( 2009 ) . `` Ancient Greek religion '' Ostler , Nicholas ( 2005 ) . `` Empires of the World : A Language History of the World '' Peterson , Michael ( 1992 ) . Cults of Apollo at Sparta : The Hyacinth , the Dairymaid and the Karnataka . ABM Homers . ISBN 9179160271 . Price , Simon ( 1999 ) . `` Religions of the Ancient Greeks '' Zhou , Unique ( 2010 ) . Festivals , Feasts , and Gender Relations in Ancient China and Greece . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107665507 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greek_city-state_patron_gods&oldid=812984247 '' Categories : Greek mythology Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 01 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"4": null,
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
2,
3,
1,
0
] |
[
0,
2,
3,
1
] |
-4438649004875501807
|
where was the war of the planet of the apes filmed
|
[
"Lower Mainland in Vancouver",
"Lower Mainland in Vancouver",
"the Kananaskis",
"the Kananaskis",
"the Lower Mainland in Vancouver"
] |
{
"0": "War for the Planet of the Apes - wikipedia War for the Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search War for the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Matt Reeves Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Mark Bomback Matt Reeves Based on Characters created by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle ( uncredited ) Starring Andy Serkis Woody Harrelson Steve Zahn Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Michael Seresin Edited by William Hoy Stan Salfas Production company Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) ( SVA Theatre ) July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $490.1 million War for the Planet of the Apes is a 2017 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback and Reeves . A sequel to Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) , it is the third installment in the Planet of the Apes reboot series . The film stars Andy Serkis , Woody Harrelson and Steve Zahn , and follows a confrontation between the apes , led by Caesar , and the humans for control of Earth . Like its predecessor , its premise shares several similarities to the fifth film in the original series , Battle for the Planet of the Apes , but it is not a direct remake . Principal photography began on October 14 , 2015 , in Vancouver . War for the Planet of the Apes premiered in New York City on July 10 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on July 14 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox .",
"1": "The film has grossed over $490 million and received critical praise , with many reviewers highlighting the acting ( particularly Serkis ) , visual effects , story , musical score , and direction , and some calling it one of the best conclusions ever to a film trilogy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Apes 2.2 Humans 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 4 Influences 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Future 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years after the U.S. military was called to fight off an increasingly intelligent and dangerous tribe of apes , starting a devastating war between the two species , the apes ' clan , led by the chimpanzee Caesar , are attacked in the woods by a rogue paramilitary faction known as Alpha - Omega , led by a mysterious Colonel . Alpha - Omega has in its service apes ( called `` donkeys '' ) that had previously followed Koba , a maniacal , human - hating bonobo who led a failed coup against Caesar and started the war after leading a vengeful attack against human survivors in San Francisco . During Alpha - Omega 's attack , the human soldiers are met by heavy ape resistance . Four soldiers and a `` donkey '' gorilla named Red are captured by the apes . Caesar arrives and releases the human soldiers , telling them to deliver a message to the Colonel - that he killed Koba for starting the war and that he desires peace between the humans and apes . Caesar then orders that Red be imprisoned but Red escapes , injuring albino gorilla Winter . Soon after , Caesar 's son , Blue Eyes , and his lieutenant Rocket return from a journey to find a safe haven for the apes . They report that they have found a place across the desert that is perfect for the clan . Winter , still frightened from the soldiers ' attack , wants to leave immediately , but Caesar does not think they are prepared to leave so soon .",
"2": "That night , a group of Alpha - Omega soldiers , led by the Colonel , infiltrates the apes ' home behind a waterfall . The apes discover their presence and kill them all except the Colonel , whom Caesar encounters preparing to escape . Discovering that the Colonel has killed his wife Cornelia along with Blue Eyes , an enraged Caesar lunges at the Colonel but fails to prevent him from escaping out of the waterfall . Upon discovering that Winter has disappeared , Luca , a gorilla and Caesar 's secondary lieutenant , believes that he has betrayed them out of cowardice . Leaving his younger son Cornelius in the care of Blue Eyes ' mate Lake , Caesar departs to exact revenge on the Colonel for the deaths of his wife and oldest son . He is accompanied by Maurice , a orangutan and Caesar 's adviser , Luca , and Rocket . The other apes head for the desert . During their journey , the apes enter an abandoned village , encounter a soldier , and kill him . Caesar , Maurice , Luca , and Rocket search the dead soldier 's home . Maurice discovers a girl who the soldier was looking after . She is apparently unable to speak . Maurice befriends and adopts the girl , giving her a small rag doll . Caesar 's party eventually sneak inside an Alpha - Omega camp on a beach and encounter Winter , who has volunteered to become a `` donkey '' for the soldiers in return for sparing his life . He tells Caesar 's group that the Colonel has departed for a location called the `` border '' , where soldiers further north will meet them . Winter tries to call out to the Alpha - Omega soldiers to save him , and Caesar and the others restrain him from making noise . In the struggle , Caesar accidentally smothers and kills Winter . Caesar begins to worry that he is becoming like Koba by killing his fellow apes and seeking revenge . While following the soldiers to the border , the group discover some soldiers who have been shot and left for dead . Their examination of a soldier who survived reveals that he , like the girl , can not speak . At the soldier 's urging , Caesar kills him . Later , they encounter Bad Ape , a reclusive chimpanzee hermit who lived in the Sierra Zoo before the Simian Flu pandemic .",
"3": "Bad Ape reveals that the human soldiers are encamped at the border and hesitantly agrees to lead them there . When the group arrives at the border , they see hundreds of apes held captive inside a former quarantine facility . While getting a closer look , Luca is killed protecting Caesar from an Alpha - Omega patrol , angering Caesar and causing him to proceed alone . Caesar discovers that the captured apes belong to his clan , and are being forced to build a wall with no food or water . After Caesar is captured by Red , the Colonel reveals to Caesar that the Simian Flu virus has mutated and now causes humans who survived the original strain to become mute , which he believes is a sign of devolution to a primitive state . Caesar deduces that the Colonel is barricading the facility to fend off remnants of the U.S. Army from the north who are coming to execute him because he favors massacring any infected humans , including his own son , to stop the spread of the virus . Caesar is commended by the Colonel for his intelligence , and the Colonel explains that he is fighting a `` holy war '' for humanity 's survival . While Caesar is tortured with starvation , the mute girl , whom Maurice names Nova , sneaks into the facility to give Caesar food , water , and her rag doll ( originally given to her by Maurice ) . To prevent Nova from being discovered , Rocket allows himself to be captured as a diversion . The next day , the Colonel comes to see if Caesar is still alive , and confiscates Nova 's doll upon discovering it . Together , Caesar and Rocket are able to work out a means of escape via an underground tunnel that leads out of the facility . Maurice and Bad Ape use the tunnel to rescue the apes , and Caesar orders the others to escape while he goes to confront the Colonel as the facility comes under attack by the northern army . Caesar reaches the Colonel and prepares to kill him , but discovers that Nova 's doll has infected him with the mutated virus , rendering him unable to speak . Caesar spares the Colonel and watches as he uses his pistol to commit suicide , rather than regressing to a primitive state . During the battle between Alpha - Omega and the northern army , the escaping apes come under fire from Alpha - Omega .",
"4": "Red watches the apes struggle to escape and being picked off by the humans , and seems to be disturbed by watching his own kind suffer such a fate . Caesar attempts to attack Alpha - Omega forces from behind , but is shot with a crossbow by Preacher , one of the Alpha - Omega soldiers he had previously set free . In an act of redemption , Red saves Caesar 's life by killing Preacher with a grenade launcher , and gets shot by an Alpha - Omega superior as a result . In the chaos , Caesar blows up a large fuel tank , causing a cascade of explosions which destroys the Alpha - Omega facility , allowing the northern army to win the battle . However , the army is subsequently devastated by an avalanche , which Caesar and the other apes , carrying Nova , survive by climbing nearby trees . The remaining apes depart the facility and cross the desert to find an oasis . While the other apes joyously celebrate their new home , Maurice discovers Caesar 's wound . Maurice then speaks , telling the dying Caesar that Cornelius will know who his father was , what he stood for and what he did to protect the apes . Caesar then slowly and silently succumbs to his wounds , dying peacefully while Maurice mourns his passing as the other apes look on . Cast ( edit ) Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , an intelligent common chimpanzee who is leader to a tribe of genetically enhanced apes . Steve Zahn as `` Bad Ape '' , a common chimpanzee who lived in a zoo before the Simian Flu outbreak , and was a hermit before joining Caesar 's group . Karin Konoval as Maurice , a Bornean orangutan who is Caesar 's adviser . Terry Notary as Rocket , a common chimpanzee who is Caesar 's brother - figure . Ty Olsson as Red , a Western lowland gorilla who was once a follower of Koba , now serving the Colonel to defeat Caesar . Olsson previously played Chief Hamill in Rise . Michael Adamthwaite as Luca , a Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe . Toby Kebbell as Koba , a genocidal ape who had previously waged war against the humans , and now appears in Caesar 's hallucinations .",
"5": "Kebbell reprised the role from Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . Judy Greer as Cornelia , Caesar 's wife . Sara Canning as Lake , a common chimpanzee in Caesar 's tribe , who is also Blue Eyes ' mate and later Cornelius 's caretaker . Max Lloyd - Jones as Blue Eyes , Caesar and Cornelia 's oldest son . Devyn Dalton as Cornelius , Caesar and Cornelia 's youngest son , and Blue Eyes ' younger brother . Dalton previously played Cornelia in Rise . Aleks Paunovic as Winter , an albino Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe who sided with the Colonel out of fear . Humans ( edit ) Woody Harrelson as The Colonel , the leader of the paramilitary organization Alpha - Omega , who is obsessed with wiping out Caesar and his tribe to preserve humans as the dominant species . Amiah Miller as Nova , a mute orphan whom Maurice adopts as his daughter . Gabriel Chavarria as Preacher , a human soldier working under the Colonel in Alpha - Omega . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Matt Reeves , Andy Serkis and Dylan Clark at New York Comic - Con 2016 for the War for the Planet of the Apes panel After seeing his cut of Dawn , 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series . In January 2014 , the studio announced the third film , with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback , and Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serving as producers . During an interview in mid-November 2014 with MTV , Andy Serkis said they did not know the next film 's setting . `` ... It could be five years after the event . It could be the night after the events of where we left ' Dawn . ' '' In May 2015 , the title was first given as War of the Planet of the Apes . By October 2015 , it had been retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes . When director Reeves and screenwriter Bomback came on board to helm Dawn , the film already had a release date , which led to an accelerated production schedule .",
"6": "However , with the third installment , Fox wanted to give the duo plenty of time to write and make the film . Taking advantage of this , the two bonded with each other more than before . In interviews for Dawn , Reeves talked about the inevitable war Caesar would have with the humans : `` As this story continues , we know that war is not avoided by the end of Dawn . That is going to take us into the world of what he is grappling with . Where he is going to be thrust into circumstances that he never , ever wanted to deal with , and was hoping he could avoid . And now he is right in the middle of it . The things that happen in that story test him in huge ways , in the ways in which his relationship with Koba haunts him deeply . It 's going to be an epic story . I think you 've probably read that I sort of described it where in the first film was very much about his rise from humble beginnings to being a revolutionary . The second movie was about having to rise to the challenge of being a great leader in the most difficult of times . This is going to be the story that is going to cement his status as a seminal figure in ape history , and sort of leads to an almost biblical status . He is going to become like a mythic ape figure , like Moses . '' Toby Kebbell , who portrayed Koba in Dawn , had expressed interest in reprising his role or performing as other characters . Plans to include Koba in a larger role in the film were abandoned early , with Bomback saying , `` If you stayed until the very end of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , you hear Koba 's breathing . We did that to give us a tiny crack of a possibility that we could revive Koba if we wanted to . Very early on in spitballing , we realized there was nothing more to do with Koba -- certainly nothing that would exceed what he had done in the last story . But we knew we wanted to keep him alive as an idea . In playing out the reality of what happened at the end of the last film , Caesar would be traumatized by having to kill his brother . That would have resonance , and we wanted to make sure that did n't get lost .",
"7": "So the answer was that we could go inside Caesar 's mind at this point and revisit Koba that way . '' Casting ( edit ) In August 2015 , Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria had been cast as one of the humans in the film . In September 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film 's antagonist , and that Chavarria 's role was supporting . In October 2015 , TheWrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film . It was also announced that actress Amiah Miller was cast as one of the film 's humans , with Judy Greer and Karin Konoval reprising their roles as Cornelia and Maurice , while Aleks Paunovic and Sara Canning were cast as new apes . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on October 14 , 2015 in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver , under the working title Hidden Fortress . Filming was expected to take place there until early March 2016 . Parts of the film were expected to shoot for up to five days in the Kananaskis in late January and early February . In March , Serkis confirmed that he had finished shooting his portions . Visual effects ( edit ) As with Rise and Dawn , the visual effects for War were created by Weta Digital ; the apes were created with a mixture of motion - capture and CGI key - frame animation , as they were performed in motion - capture technology and animated in CGI . Influences ( edit ) At New York Comic - Con 2016 , Reeves explained that he and Bomback were influenced by many films before writing . He said , `` One of the first things that Mark and I did because we had just finished Dawn was that we decided to watch a million movies . We decided to do what people fantasize what Hollywood screenwriters get to do but no one actually does . We got Fox to give us a theater and we watched movie after movie . We watched every Planet of the Apes movie , war movies , westerns , Empire Strikes Back ... We just thought , ' We have to pretend we have all the time in the world , ' even though we had limited time . We got really inspired . ''",
"8": "Additionally , during production , Reeves and Bomback sought broader inspirations from films like Bridge on the River Kwai and The Great Escape . Feeling that there was a need to imbue Biblical themes and elements , they also watched Biblical epics like Ben - Hur and The Ten Commandments . The influences and inspirations were made evident in the relationship between Caesar and Woody Harrelson 's Colonel , a military leader with pretensions toward godhood . Reeves has compared their relationship to the dynamic between Alec Guinness 's British Commander and Sessue Hayakawa 's prison camp Colonel in Bridge on the River Kwai . Another comparison is in Caesar 's journey to find the Colonel , flanked by a posse of close friends -- a situation Reeves explicitly tied to Clint Eastwood 's war - weary soldier in The Outlaw Josey Wales . Influences from the film Apocalypse Now , notably Harrelson 's character and his Alpha - Omega faction being similar to Colonel Kurtz 's renegade army , were also noted by several journalists . Harrelson has also acknowledged the similarities and inspiration . Soundtrack ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino Released July 7 , 2017 ( Digital ) July 21 , 2017 ( Physical ) Recorded 2017 Genre Film score Label Sony Masterworks Michael Giacchino film scores chronology Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 2017 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Coco 2017 On October 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Michael Giacchino , the composer and writer of the soundtrack for Dawn , would return to compose War 's score . The soundtrack was digitally released to iTunes and Amazon on July 7 , 2017 , and in its physical form by Sony Masterworks on July 21 , 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Michael Giacchino . No . Title Length 1 . `` Apes ' Past is Prologue '' 10 : 53 2 . `` Assault of the Earth '' 5 : 29 3 .",
"9": "`` Exodus Wounds '' 4 : 23 4 . `` The Posse Polonaise '' 1 : 39 5 . `` The Bad Ape Bagatelle '' 1 : 13 6 . `` Do n't Luca Now '' 3 : 53 7 . `` Koba Dependent '' 2 : 54 8 . `` The Ecstasy of the Bold '' 1 : 57 9 . `` Apes Together Strong '' 7 : 12 10 . `` A Tide in the Affairs of Apes '' 5 : 31 11 . `` Planet of the Escapes '' 2 : 42 12 . `` The Hating Game '' 2 : 04 13 . `` A Man Named Suicide '' 5 : 32 14 . `` More Red Than Alive '' 2 : 41 15 . `` Migration '' 2 : 03 16 . `` Paradise Found '' 5 : 35 17 . `` End Credits '' 9 : 30 Total length : 75 : 11 Release ( edit ) The film was initially set for a July 29 , 2016 , release . However , in January 2015 , Fox postponed the film 's release date to July 14 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Special behind - the - scenes footage for the film was aired on TV on November 22 , 2015 , as part of a contest announcement presented by director Matt Reeves and Andy Serkis . The footage aired during The Walking Dead on AMC . The announcement allowed winners to wear a performance - capture suit and appear in a scene as an ape . The announcement was released on 20th Century Fox 's official YouTube page later the same day . At a New York Comic Con special event on October 6 , Reeves , Serkis and producer Dylan Clark debuted an exclusive look at the film . Serkis has also mentioned that the film would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture .",
"10": "Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Home media ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes was released on Digital HD on October 10 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on October 24 , 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of October 19 , 2017 , War for the Planet of the Apes has grossed $146.7 million in the United States and Canada and $343.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $490.1 million , against a production budget of $150 million . In North America , the film was projected to gross $50 -- 60 million in its opening weekend , however , given its acclaimed status and strong word - of - mouth , rival studios believed the film had the potential to debut as high as $70 -- 80 million . War was closely monitored by analysts while the summer was witnessing a decline in ticket sales , a situation that they blamed on franchise fatigue for an overabundance of sequels and reboots ( such as Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales , Transformers : The Last Knight and The Mummy ) . However , box office analysts noted that well - reviewed films have tended to perform in - line with estimates ( Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Wonder Woman and Spider - Man : Homecoming ) . The film grossed $5 million from Thursday night previews at 3,021 theaters , up 22 % from the $4.1 million earned by its predecessor , and $22.1 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $56.3 million , topping the box office , albeit with a 22 % drop from Dawn 's $72.6 million debut . In its second weekend , the film grossed $20.9 million ( a drop of 62.9 % , more than the 50.4 % fall Dawn saw ) , finishing 4th at the box office . In its third weekend , the film made $10.5 million ( dropping another 49.9 % ) , finishing 6th at the box office .",
"11": "It was lower than the third weeks of both Rise ( $16.1 million ) and Dawn ( $16.8 million ) . Outside North America , War for the Planet of the Apes is receiving a scattered release in a span of three months ( July -- September ) . The film began its release in about a third of the marketplace on July 14 , albeit only in two major markets , and was projected to have an opening of $50 -- 60 million , with the potential to go higher if smaller Asian markets over-perform , as they have for recent tent poles . The film ended up having an international debut of $44.2 million , including $9.27 million in the United Kingdom . Critical response ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes received critical acclaim for the performances of its cast ( particularly Serkis ) , direction , musical score , visual effects , cinematography and morally complex storyline . On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 93 % , based on 274 reviews , with a rating average of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` War for the Planet of the Apes combines breathtaking special effects and a powerful , poignant narrative to conclude this rebooted trilogy on a powerful -- and truly blockbuster -- note . '' On review aggregator Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , the film has a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by its two immediate predecessors . Scott Collura of IGN awarded the film a score of 9.5 out of 10 , saying : `` War for the Planet of the Apes is an excellent closing act to this rebooted trilogy , but also one that does enough world - building that the series can potentially continue from here -- and it 's a rare case where , after three movies , we 're left wanting more . '' A.O.",
"12": "Scott of The New York Times said of the film , `` `` War for the Planet of the Apes , '' directed by Matt Reeves , is the grimmest episode so far , and also the strongest , a superb example -- rare in this era of sloppily constructed , commercially hedged cinematic universes -- of clear thinking wedded to inventive technique in popular filmmaking , '' and lauded Andy Serkis 's performance in the film , stating that `` Andy Serkis 's performance as Caesar is one of the marvels of modern screen acting . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , and said that Serkis performed `` with a resonant power and depth of feeling that 's nearly Shakespearean . Oscar , get busy : Serkis deserves the gold , '' and went on to say that `` War for the Planet of the Apes -- No. 9 in the simian cinema canon -- is the best of the Apes films since the 1968 original . Eric Kohn of Indiewire gave the film a B+ rating , and praised Matt Reeves 's directing , saying `` It 's a given that an expensive 21st century sci - fi movie with talking animals , exploding tanks , and jarring machine guns would look and sound great , but Reeves applies these effects with such a measured strategy that they 're always working in service of a greater narrative agenda . '' Kohn went on to applaud the visuals , cinematography , and musical score , stating that `` The breathlessly paced montage of flying bullets and angry monkeys raining down on terrified men , aided by Michael Giacchino 's vibrant score , is a strong indicator of the next - level craftsmanship that distinguishes these movies from so many cacophonous Hollywood spectacles ; not only is the action easy to follow , but you care for the motion - captured characters at the center of it , while the humans cower in fear . '' Future ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was announced that a fourth Planet of the Apes film is already being planned . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` First Official War For The Planet Of The Apes Set Photo Released '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Margaret Sutherlin ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Cast on Trump Parallels : ' It 's Unbelievable ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` WAR OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ( 12A ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Conquer The Summertime Franchise Blues ? -- Advance B.O. Forecast '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://qz.com/1018542/is-war-for-the-planet-of-the-apes-the-best-third-movie-in-a-trilogy-ever/ ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Judy Greer Returning to ' Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes : Steve Zahn Interview '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` First Look at ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Reveals Motion - Capture Mayhem '' . Collider . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ross A. Lincoln ( October 26 , 2015 ) .",
"14": "`` Sara Canning To Monkey Around In ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Subhro ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Commences Filming in Vancouver ; Sara Canning , Judy Greer and Aleks Paunovic Join the Cast '' . Movie News Guide . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ross A. Lincoln ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Aleks Paunovic To Make ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' ; Newcomer Zachary Haven Joins ' Bastards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandon Davis ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Was Once In Talks For A Marvel Or DC Movie '' . ComicBook . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Eugene Cordero Heads To ' Kong : Skull Island ' ; Amiah Miller Joins ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes brings back original series character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) .",
"15": "`` Matt Reeves To Direct ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ERCboxoffice : The damn dirty apes will return yet again , as UNTITLED PLANET OF THE APES ( not the official title ) stakes out 7 / 29 / 16 . '' . Twitter.com . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Current ' Planet Of The Apes ' Series Might Not Be Just A Trilogy '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Goldberg . `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Darren Franich ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes director reveals films that influenced the sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Germain Lussier ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Talks About New ' Apes ' Films Eventually Reaching the 1968 ' Planet of the Apes ' Story '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Andy Serkis on Next ' Planet of the Apes ' : `` There 's Potential War '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christopher McKittrick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes : a `` Biblical Epic Western War Movie '' `` . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Lee biopic begins filming in Vancouver next month '' . calgaryherald.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes Filming Starts '' . SuperHeroHype . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Susan Gittins ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Big Budget : War for the Planet of the Apes With Motion - Captured Andy Serkis & Steve Zahn And Woody Harrelson Starts Filming Mid-Week in Metro Vancouver '' . yvrshoots.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` Parts of Planet of the Apes sequel to be shot in Alberta in January '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Serkis unsure about Tin Tin sequel '' . TV 3 . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McKittrick , Christopher ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Matt Reeves & Dylan Clark '' . ThoughtCo.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Offers A Masterful Vision Of Humanity 's Many Forms '' . NPR . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' review : The trilogy 's epic conclusion holds nothing back '' . NPR . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Is n't the Apocalypse Now Remake It Wants to Be '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( July 14 , 2017 ) .",
"17": "`` Woody Harrelson Says He 's Not Doing Brando in ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` First Official War For The Planet Of The Apes Set Photo Released '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Masterworks to Release ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Soundtrack '' . Filmmusicreporter.com . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pate , Rohan ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` WAR FOR THE PLANET OF THE APES Soundtrack Album Details Released '' . ComicBookMovie.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Pushes ' Apes ' Sequel By A Year ; ' X-Men ' Spinoff , ' Assassin 's Creed ' Set For 2016 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` First War For The Planet Of The Apes Footage ; Contest To Be An Ape In The Film Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Logo Revealed ; Trailer Coming Sunday ? '' . Collider . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay . `` War For The Planet Of The Apes Announcement Coming During The Walking Dead '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # WarForTheApesContest '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Contest TV Commercial ( HD ) 20th Century FOX '' .",
"18": "YouTube . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes Footage Coming to NYCC '' . Comingsoon.net. 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes DVD Release Date October 24 , 2017 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Will ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Top ' Spider - Man ' for # 1 at the Weekend Box Office ? '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelly . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Eyes $65 Million Domestic Opening in Early Box Office Tracking '' . Variety . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Fuster ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' to Do Battle With ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' at Box Office '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood 's summer box - office lesson : ' The disconnect between critics and audiences is largely gone ' '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang , Seth Kelley ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Too Many Aging Franchises Wrecked the Summer Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' to Battle ' Spider - Man ' '' .",
"19": "The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Loots $56.5 M In Box Office Spoils '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box office top 20 : The Apes unseat Spider - Man '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk ' Seizes $50.5 M ; ' Girls Trip ' Is Malcolm D. Lee 's Highest Opening ; The Reasons Why ' Valerian ' Crashed '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk ' Marches Ahead Of ' Emoji Movie ' For Top Spot With $28 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Marshals $44.2 M In Bow ; ' Spider - Man ' Rises To $260 M Overseas '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/movies/war-for-the-planet-of-the-apes-review.html?referrer=google_kp Jump up ^ http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/peter-travers-war-for-the-planet-of-the-apes-is-best-film-yet-w491541 Jump up ^ http://www.indiewire.com/2017/06/war-for-the-planet-of-the-apes-review-1201846843/ Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 .",
"21": "External links ( edit ) Official website War for the Planet of the Apes on IMDb War for the Planet of the Apes at Rotten Tomatoes Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Matt Reeves The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 , Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.",
"22": "org/w/index.php?title=War_for_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=807312826 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American prison films American science fiction films American sequel films American Sign Language films Apocalyptic films Dystopian films Film scores by Michael Giacchino Films about revenge Films directed by Matt Reeves Films produced by Peter Chernin Films set in California Films set in forests Films set in the future Films shot in Alberta Films shot in Vancouver Performance capture in film Planet of the Apes films Science fiction adventure films Science fiction drama films Science fiction war films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 05 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
16,
7,
22,
14,
2,
9,
3,
8,
5,
6,
19,
15,
4,
13,
21,
18,
11,
17,
1,
20,
10,
12,
0
] |
[
7,
16,
22,
14,
2
] |
-7003699755554448542
|
who was the girl that played cindy lou who
|
[
"Taylor Michel Momsen",
"Taylor Michel Momsen",
"Taylor Michel Momsen",
"Taylor Michel Momsen",
"Taylor Michel Momsen"
] |
{
"0": "Taylor Momsen - Wikipedia Taylor Momsen Jump to : navigation , search Taylor Momsen Momsen performing with The Pretty Reckless at River City Rockfest 2017 Taylor Michel Momsen ( 1993 - 07 - 26 ) July 26 , 1993 ( age 24 ) St. Louis , Missouri , US Occupation Singer songwriter actress model Years active 1997 -- present Musical career Genres Alternative rock hard rock post-grunge Instruments Vocals guitar Labels Interscope Razor & Tie Cooking Vinyl Associated acts The Pretty Reckless Taylor Michel Momsen ( born July 26 , 1993 ) is an American singer , songwriter , former actress and model . She is known for being the lead singer and frontwoman of the American rock band The Pretty Reckless . She is also known for portraying the character of Jenny Humphrey on the CW teen drama series Gossip Girl ( 2007 -- 2012 ) and Cindy Lou Who in the film Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting 3 Modeling 4 Music 5 Discography 6 Filmography 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Momsen was born in St. Louis , Missouri . Her parents are Michael and Collette Momsen and she has a younger sister , Sloane Momsen , who is also an actress . She has Russian ancestry . She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic School for elementary school and later Herbert Hoover Middle School in Potomac , Maryland . She studied dance at the Center of Creative Arts in St. Louis . Momsen was signed with Ford Models at a very young age : `` My parents signed me up with Ford ( Modeling ) at the age of 2 . No 2 - year - old wants to be working , but I had no choice . My whole life , I was in and out of school . I did n't have friends . I was working constantly and I did n't have a real life . ''",
"1": "She began acting professionally at three years of age in a 1997 national commercial for Shake ' n Bake . She was then cast in The Prophet 's Game . Momsen is included on the list of Unclaimed Coogan accounts for performing children whose partial childhood earnings are mandated to be put in a special fund but who have yet to claim their earnings . Momsen attended the Professional Performing Arts School in Manhattan for high school alongside Connor Paolo , Gregori Lukas and Sarah Hyland . Acting ( edit ) Momsen at the Metropolitan Opera in 2008 In 2000 , Momsen played the role of Cindy Lou Who in Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas , her breakout role . In 2002 , she was given the role of Gretel in the motion picture : Hansel and Gretel , as well as Alexandra , the President 's daughter , in Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams . Momsen 's career came to a halt for over three years until she received a lead role in the WB series Misconceptions , which was never aired , after that she also appeared in the 2006 film Saving Shiloh . She also auditioned for the title role in Hannah Montana , and was in the top three , but the role was instead awarded to Miley Cyrus -- a decision that Momsen was happy with in retrospect . In 2007 , she starred in the Walt Disney Pictures film Underdog as Molly and as Jennifer in the movie Paranoid Park , directed by Gus Van Sant . Beginning in 2007 , she played the character of Jenny Humphrey in The CW television series Gossip Girl , which is based on the book series by Cecily von Ziegesar . Momsen 's appearances on the series became increasingly sporadic , and by the end of the first half of the fourth season , she had only appeared in four episodes . It was then announced that the actress would be scheduled for an indefinite hiatus from the show , which ultimately resulted in her leaving the series as a regular cast member , following the completion of the fourth season in 2011 . Later that year , on August 16 , 2011 , Momsen told Elle magazine that she had quit acting to focus on her music career .",
"2": "However , on October 16 , 2012 , it was reported that Momsen would be returning to Gossip Girl for the final episode of the sixth and final season , in which she appeared briefly in the wedding sequence . Modeling ( edit ) In June 2008 , at the age of fourteen , Momsen signed to IMG Models . Taylor was the face of British fashion chain New Look for its spring / summer 2010 collection . After weeks of speculation of who was the face of Madonna 's 2010 fashion line `` Material Girl '' , Momsen was announced on July 15 , 2010 . A week later , Momsen was announced as the model for John Galliano 's new women 's fragrance , scheduled to launch in autumn 2010 . In 2010 , she appeared in a video for John Galliano 's `` Parlez - Moi d'Amour '' fragrance ad campaign . Momsen is currently the face of Samantha Thavasa 's handbag line . She has done multiple photoshoots , press events , and commercials . She appeared on the cover of Page Six Magazine when she was fifteen years old in 2009 . Momsen also appeared on the February 2010 cover of Seventeen . In October 2010 , Momsen wore a pair of platform stilettos , thigh - high stockings , and had a holster strapped around her leg for Revolver . Two months after she appeared on the cover of French magazine Rock One 's . Momsen appeared on the cover of FHM 's March 2012 edition and FHM ranked Momsen # 29 in its 2012 Hot 100 issue . She also made her cover debut for Maxim in the November 2013 issue . Music ( edit ) Momsen performing in April 2010 Momsen has said that `` music is where I can be me '' , stating that `` acting is easy . I 've been doing it for so long and I totally love it . But you 're playing a character instead of yourself . Music is more personal because you 're writing it and you 're involved in every step of it . '' At 5 years old , Momsen recorded the song `` Christmas , Why Ca n't I Find You ? '' for the soundtrack to How the Grinch Stole Christmas .",
"3": "In 2002 , she recorded the songs `` One Small Voice '' and `` Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer '' for the compilation album School 's Out ! Christmas . In March 2009 , Momsen stated in an interview with OK ! magazine that her band The Pretty Reckless had signed a deal with Interscope Records . She played her first tour with her band opening for The Veronicas on their Revenge Is Sweeter Tour in spring 2009 . After the tour , Momsen began working with guitarist Ben Phillips , who would soon join the band . Momsen subsequently swapped out her former bandmates . She co-writes songs with Phillips ; in addition to lead vocals , Momsen also plays rhythm guitar . The band 's debut album Light Me Up was released on August 30 , 2010 in the UK , where it debuted at number 6 , as well as at number 18 in Ireland . The first single `` Make Me Wanna Die '' was released on May 30 , 2010 , while the second single `` Miss Nothing '' which was released on August 23 , 2010 peaked at number 39 . `` Just Tonight '' was released as the album 's third single . Songs from this album have been in the movie `` Kick - ass '' as well as shows like `` The Vampire Diaries '' and `` Gossip Girl '' . Television personality Heidi Montag recorded `` Blackout '' , a song written by Momsen . According to Momsen , she wrote the song when she was 8 years old and recorded it as a demo with a producer . Montag released the song as a digital only single , with the music video being directed by her husband Spencer Pratt . Momsen commented about the recording : `` I 'm like , okay , dude , you 're singing an 8 - year - old 's words , but that 's cool . It 's so funny because I did n't shop it or anything and I get this call going , ' Did you write a song for Heidi Montag ' ? And I 'm like , ' What ? ' '' . The track was later included on Montag 's debut studio album Superficial ( 2010 ) .",
"4": "On July 27 , 2011 , Momsen announced via Twitter that the band would be the supporting act for Evanescence during the fall of 2011 . Throughout 2012 , Momsen and her band toured North America ; the second headlining tour , titled the Medicine Tour , began in March 2012 and culminated with supporting dates for Marilyn Manson 's 2012 world tour Hey Cruel World ... Tour . Momsen also appeared as guest vocalist on the first track of ex Ministry member Paul Barker 's 2012 album Fix This . On November 30 , 2012 , it was announced that The Pretty Reckless ' fourth single `` Kill Me '' would be released on December 11 . The track was the last song to be featured in the Gossip Girl series finale . Momsen cites Kurt Cobain , The Beatles , Led Zeppelin , The Who , Pink Floyd , AC / DC , Marilyn Manson , Oasis and Shirley Manson of Garbage as some of her personal influences . Going to Hell was released on March 18 , 2014 . The release marked the band 's largest sales week to date and landed at # 5 on the Billboard 200 with over 35,000 copies sold in its first week . The success of the record saw Taylor , along with the rest of the band , break records when they became the first female - fronted band to reach No. 1 on the rock radio charts with its first two singles : `` Heaven Knows '' in March 2014 and `` Fucked Up World '' in September 2014 . The Pretty Reckless also spent the majority of late 2013 throughout 2014 on tour supporting Going To Hell . In 2014 , her band also supported Fall Out Boy in their European leg of the Save Rock n Roll Tour along with New Politics . Throughout 2015 , Momsen continued to record new material for the third Pretty Reckless album . On September 29 , 2016 , the band released the single `` Take Me Down '' , which reached number two on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart . The third album , Who You Selling For was released in October 2016 .",
"5": "Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Pretty Reckless discography Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1999 Prophet 's Game , The The Prophet 's Game Honey Bee Swan 2000 Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas Cindy Lou Who Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Female Newcomer Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Actress Age Ten or Under 2002 We Were Soldiers Julie Moore 2002 Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams Alexandra 2002 Hansel & Gretel Gretel 2006 Saving Shiloh Samantha Wallace 2007 Paranoid Park Jennifer 2007 Underdog Molly Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress 2008 Spy School Madison Kramer Television Year Title Role Notes 1998 Early Edition Allie Uncredited ; episode : `` A Minor Miracle '' 2006 Misconceptions Hopper Watson Unaired WB series 2007 -- 2010 ; 2012 Gossip Girl Jennifer `` Jenny '' Humphrey Main cast ( season 1 -- 4 ) Special guest star ( season 6 ) : 66 episodes Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Breakout Star : Female Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Aleksander , Irina ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Taylor Momsen : Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' . The New York Observer . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Momsen , Taylor ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Twitter : taylormomsen : @ Zheka_Kinoman yes , I 'm part Russian '' . Twitter.com .",
"6": "Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Gets Spiritual - Daily Intelligencer '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen '' . Movies.yahoo.com. April 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Blonska , Joanna . `` The Young and the ' Reckless ' '' . Bethesda Magazine . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen , Age 3 , In Shake ' N Bake Commercial ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . 15 November 2010 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unclaimed Coogan Fund list '' . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Glad She 's Not ' Hannah Montana ' '' . www.starpulse.com . January 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael `` ' Gossip Girl ' Sidelines Taylor Momsen '' , Deadline.com , November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Momen Quit Acting '' . www.yahooblogs.com . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Returning To ' Gossip Girl ' Along With Connor Paolo '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rheana ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Alums Taylor Momsen and Connor Paolo Make Surprise Return for Show 's Final Episode '' . Daily News . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen : From Gossip Girl to Supermodel '' . Offtherack.people.com . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vogue , Teen . `` Taylor Momsen : Girl on Film '' .",
"7": "Teenvogue.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen for new look '' . The Express online . March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grazia Fashion : Taylor Momsen is the face of Material Girl ! '' . Graziadaily.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grazia Fashion : Taylor Momsen To Model For Galllano ! ! '' . Graziadaily.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Samantha Thavasa Will Have You Know Taylor Momsen Is Employable '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Seventeen Cover - Interview and Pictures of Taylor Momsen '' . Seventeen.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FHM at Taylor Momsen 's sexy house party ! Girls '' . FHM.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 '' . FHM. 2012 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tweet ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Taylor Momsen Pictures of a Pretty Reckless Singer '' . Maxim . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wightman , Catriona , `` Taylor Momsen : ' Music is my only goal ' '' , Digital Spy , November 3 , 2010 , retrieved November 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Not Kissing Chace Crawford Offscreen '' . Okmagazine.com . March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TAYLOR MOMSEN 'S `` Pretty Reckless '' : The Veronicas Pick `` GOSSIP GIRL '' Band As Tour Opener `` .",
"8": "Huffingtonpost.com. April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New Song from Taylor Momsen 's Pretty Reckless By Avery Spofford on July 12 , 2010 5 : 56 pm -- Spin Jump up ^ DREAMSEEKERS : THE BEST MUSIC YOU 'VE NEVER HEARD. ( 2011 , Mar 19 ) . Billboard - the International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment , 123 , A , B , C , D. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/868612104 ^ Jump up to : Harp , Justin , `` Momsen ' surprised by Montag song cover ' '' , Digital Spy , October 15 , 2010 , retrieved January 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen announces tour with Evanescence , AHN , July 27 , 2011 , retrieved July 31 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Pretty Reckless Bring ' Medicine Tour ' Stateside By Tara Hall on January 31 , 2012 5 : 56 pm -- Soundspike Jump up ^ `` Kill Me ( Explicit ) '' . Amazon.com . Amazon.com. 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen of The Pretty Reckless - ' Wikipedia : Fact or Fiction ? ' '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen : ' I admire Shirley Manson ' - Music News '' . Digital Spy. 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I love Oasis . I love Noel Gallagher . He 's a great songwriter . I 'd love to be able to write a song with him at some point '' . The A.V. Club . 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE PRETTY RECKLESS TO RELEASE NEW ALBUM ' GOING TO HELL ' MARCH 18 , 2014 ON RAZOR & TIE '' . Razor & Tie Direct L.L.C. 2014 - 01 - 21 .",
"9": "Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Frozen ' Soundtrack Earns Its Biggest Sales Week Yet , Recalling Adele 's Longevity '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Reckless Only Female - Fronted Band to Top Mainstream Rock With First 2 Hits '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video Premiere : THE PRETTY RECKLESS 's ' Take Me Down ' '' . blabbermouth.net. 2016 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretty Reckless - Chart history Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taylor Momsen .",
"10": "Official website Taylor Momsen on IMDb Taylor Momsen on Twitter ( hide ) The Pretty Reckless Taylor Momsen Jamie Perkins Ben Phillips Mark Damon Nick Carbone Matt Chiarelli John Secolo Studio albums Light Me Up Going to Hell Who You Selling For Extended plays The Pretty Reckless Hit Me Like a Man EP Singles `` Make Me Wanna Die '' `` Miss Nothing '' `` Just Tonight '' `` Kill Me '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` Messed Up World '' `` Follow Me Down '' `` Take Me Down '' `` Back to the River '' Tours Light Me Up Tour The Medicine Tour Going to Hell Tour Who You Selling For Tour Related articles Discography Interscope Records VIAF : 10175733 LCCN : n2003080676 ISNI : 0000 0000 8356 3618 GND : 141515686 SUDOC : 124063888 BNF : cb15683982x ( data ) BIBSYS : 8030377 MusicBrainz : d1ecf86c - 3d89 - 420e - b8c1 - bceb6b101c61 BNE : XX4862922 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taylor_Momsen&oldid=821027473 '' Categories : 1993 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses 21st - century American singers Actresses from St. Louis Actresses of Russian descent American alternative rock musicians American child actresses American child models American child singers American female guitarists Female models from Missouri American female rock singers American female singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American feminists American film actresses American hard rock musicians American people of Russian descent American rock guitarists American rock songwriters American Roman Catholics American television actresses Female post-grunge singers Feminist musicians Guitarists from Missouri Kerrang ! Awards winners Musicians from St.",
"11": "Louis Sex - positive feminists Singers from Missouri Songwriters from Missouri Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2018 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Mirandés Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 00 : 27 .",
"12": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
7,
0,
6,
2,
10,
4,
8,
9,
1,
3,
5,
12,
11
] |
[
0,
7,
6,
2,
10
] |
-3099909675248976044
|
who are the cast members of ncis new orleans
|
[
"Scott Bakula",
"Lucas Black",
"Rob Kerkovich",
"CCH Pounder",
"Daryl \"Chill\" Mitchell",
"Vanessa Ferlito",
"Scott Bakula",
"Lucas Black",
"Zoe McLellan",
"Rob Kerkovich",
"CCH Pounder",
"Daryl \"Chill\" Mitchell",
"Shalita Grant",
"Vanessa Ferlito",
"Scott Bakula",
"Lucas Black",
"Zoe McLellan",
"Rob Kerkovich",
"CCH Pounder",
"Shalita Grant",
"Daryl \"Chill\" Mitchell",
"Vanessa Ferlito",
"Scott Bakula",
"Lucas Black",
"Zoe McLellan",
"Rob Kerkovich",
"CCH Pounder",
"Shalita Grant",
"Daryl \"Chill\" Mitchell",
"Vanessa Ferlito",
"Scott Bakula",
"Lucas Black",
"Zoe McLellan",
"Shalita Grant",
"Vanessa Ferlito",
"Rob Kerkovich",
"Daryl Mitchell",
"CCH Pounder"
] |
{
"0": "NCIS : New Orleans - wikipedia NCIS : New Orleans Jump to : navigation , search NCIS : New Orleans Genre Procedural Action Crime drama Created by Gary Glasberg Starring Scott Bakula Lucas Black Zoe McLellan Rob Kerkovich CCH Pounder Daryl `` Chill '' Mitchell Shalita Grant Vanessa Ferlito Theme music composer John Lee Hooker Opening theme `` Boom Boom '' performed by Big Head Todd and the Monsters Composer ( s ) Brian Kirk Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 91 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Gary Glasberg Mark Harmon Brad Kern James Hayman Chris Silber Jeffrey Lieber Producer ( s ) David Appelbaum Joshua Rexon Cinematography Gordon C. Lonsdale Running time 40 -- 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Wings Productions When Pigs Fly Incorporated CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution ( TV ) Paramount Home Media Distribution ( DVD ) Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Surround Original release September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows NCIS External links Website NCIS : New Orleans is an American television series combining elements of the military drama and police procedural genres that premiered on Tuesday , September 23 , 2014 , following its parent series NCIS . The pilot was written by Gary Glasberg . The series stars Scott Bakula and CCH Pounder , and is executive produced by Glasberg , Mark Harmon , Brad Kern , James Hayman , and Chris Silber . The series is set and filmed in New Orleans . It is the third series of the NCIS franchise . On January 12 , 2015 , NCIS : New Orleans was renewed for a second season that premiered on September 22 , 2015 . On March 25 , 2016 , CBS renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on September 20 , 2016 .",
"1": "On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on September 26 , 2017 . On April 18 , 2018 , CBS renewed the series for a fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Controversy 3.3 Syndication 4 Episodes 5 International broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Seasonal ratings 6.2 Critical reception 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) NCIS : New Orleans follows a fictional team of Naval Criminal Investigative Service ( NCIS ) agents stationed out of New Orleans , Louisiana and led by Special Agent Dwayne Cassius Pride ( Scott Bakula ) . The team focuses on crimes that involve personnel in the United States Navy and Marine Corps , and their territory ranges from the Mississippi River to the Texas Panhandle . The agents under Pride 's supervision include Christopher LaSalle ( Lucas Black ) , a former Jefferson Parish sheriff 's deputy recruited by Pride following Hurricane Katrina ; Meredith Brody ( Zoe McLellan ) , a transfer from the NCIS Great Lakes field office , who has worked as a Special Agent Afloat and is keen to leave her past behind as she moves to New Orleans ; Sonja Percy ( Shalita Grant ) , a former ATF special agent and LaSalle 's partner ; Tammy Gregorio ( Vanessa Ferlito ) , an FBI prodigy recruited after a short stint investigating Pride ; and Sebastian Lund ( Rob Kerkovich ) , a criminalist turned forensics agent and the team 's newest member . They are assisted by Patton Plame ( Daryl Mitchell ) , a computer specialist , and Dr. Loretta Wade ( CCH Pounder ) , a forensic pathologist .",
"2": "Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of NCIS : New Orleans characters Scott Bakula as Dwayne `` King '' Cassius Pride , NCIS Supervisory Special Agent Lucas Black as Christopher LaSalle , NCIS Special Agent Zoe McLellan as Meredith Brody , NCIS Special Agent ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Rob Kerkovich as Sebastian Lund , forensic scientist / NCIS Forensics Agent CCH Pounder as Loretta Wade , medical examiner Shalita Grant as Sonja Percy , ATF Agent / NCIS Special Agent ( seasons 2 -- 4 ; recurring previously ) Daryl `` Chill '' Mitchell as Patton P. Plame , NCIS computer specialist ( season 2 -- ; recurring previously ) Vanessa Ferlito as Tammy Gregorio , FBI Agent / NCIS Special Agent ( season 3 -- ) Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Scott Bakula was cast as the series lead on February 2014 with CCH Pounder , Zoe McLellan and Lucas Black joining soon thereafter . Rob Kerkovich joined the cast in July . He was the final original cast member to join the series , though Daryl Mitchell and Shalita Grant joined the series as regulars during season 2 . Both had recurred previously . In July 2016 Zoe McLellan , who plays Special Agent Meredith Brody , left the series `` for creative reasons '' , and Vanessa Ferlito joined the cast as FBI Special Agent Tammy Gregorio , a series regular . On February 2 , 2018 , it was announced that Shalita Grant would leave the series in the 17th episode of season 4 . Controversy ( edit ) Brad Kern became the series showrunner in January 2016 . Within a year he had become the focus of two separate investigations for inappropriate behavior towards women . Syndication ( edit ) On December 2017 , TNT acquired the rerun rights to the series .",
"3": "Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of NCIS : New Orleans episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Intro March 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 25 ) April 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) 23 September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 24 September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 24 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 24 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) International broadcast ( edit ) NCIS : New Orleans airs simultaneously on Global in Canada . In Australia , the series premiered on Network Ten on October 7 , 2014 . The series has been sold to Channel 5 in the United Kingdom , which premiered it on February 13 , 2015 . The series has also been sold to Prime in New Zealand and Fox International Channels in Asia . On April 2 , 2015 , the series began airing on South Africa 's M - Net cable TV service and is broadcast to several other sub-Saharan African nations via DStv . Reception ( edit ) Seasonal ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) No.",
"4": "of episodes Premiered Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 23 September 23 , 2014 17.22 May 12 , 2015 13.61 2014 -- 15 17.42 24 September 22 , 2015 12.62 May 17 , 2016 13.30 2015 -- 16 6 14.75 Tuesday 10 : 00 pm 24 September 20 , 2016 11.12 May 16 , 2017 9.22 2016 -- 17 10 13.34 24 September 26 , 2017 8.78 May 15 , 2018 2017 -- 18 Critical reception ( edit ) NCIS : New Orleans has received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season of the show a rating of 65 % , based on 26 reviews , with an average rating of 5.4 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` With a solid cast in a beautiful locale , NCIS : New Orleans makes extending this well - worn franchise look like the Big Easy . '' Metacritic gives the show a score of 55 out of 100 , based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In late September 2014 , The Wrap 's journalist Jason Hughes reviewed the pilot episode of the series , praising the music , the use of the city of New Orleans , and CBS ' decision to cast Scott Bakula as `` one of the most likable leading men in television , so they 're set there . '' David Hinckley of the New York Daily News gave a mixed but critical review of the pilot episode , saying there is a `` Crescent City flavor here . But in the larger picture , not much on this menu is unfamiliar . ''",
"5": "Liz Shannon Miller and Ben Travers of Indiewire said that NCIS is like `` the obelisk in 2001 : A Space Odyssey , it 's an awe - inspiring , inescapable presence in the broadcast line - up . NCIS on CBS : It is here . It has always been here . It forever will be . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Drama NCIS : New Orleans Nominated Favorite Actor in a New TV Series Scott Bakula Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : episode end credits References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV : CBS Orders NCIS Spin - Off , Odd Couple , Kevin Williamson 's Stalker and 4 More to Series ( But Not How I Met Your Dad ? ) '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` CBS Orders New ' NCIS ' Spin - Off and More for 2014 -- 2015 Season '' . Buddy TV . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` CBS 2014 -- 15 Primetime Schedule : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' Mom ' Lead Monday ; ' The Mentalist ' & ' CSI : Cyber ' Held for Midseason + ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Takes Post-NCIS Spot & ' Amazing Race ' Goes to Friday '' ( Press release ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` CBS Announces Fall Premiere Dates ; Early Start for ' Madam Secretary ' ; ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' Scorpion ' Launch Premiere Week '' ( Press release ) . TV by the Numbers .",
"6": "Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCIS : New Orleans '' . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . CBS . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Kern IMDB '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Press Express Bio Brad Kern '' . cbspressexpress.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` NCIS New Orleans EP Chris Silber Inks Overall Deal With CBS TV Studios '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Jeffrey Lieber Joins ' NCIS : New Orleans ' As Executive Producer '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` When Pigs Fly '' . Vimeo . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Renews Madam Secretary , Scorpion , NCIS : New Orleans '' . yahoo.com . January 12 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Season 2 : Two New Regulars , Plus A Premiere Date And Season 1 DVD Information '' . The Inquisitr News . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Find Out Which CBS Shows Have Also Been Renewed For The 2016 - 2017 Season ! '' ( Press release ) . CBS News . March 25 , 2016 .",
"7": "Archived from the original on March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - O ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Young Sheldon ' , ' 9 JKL ' & Returning Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Hawaii Five - 0 , Madam Secretary and Bull Among CBS ' 11 Latest Renewals '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Actress Shalita Grant to Leave Show ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( 3 February 2014 ) . `` Scoop : Scott Bakula Joins NCIS : New Orleans '' . TV Line . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( 3 February 2014 ) . `` Scoop : NCIS : New Orleans Pilot Adds Sons of Anarchy 's CCH Pounder , JAG Alum '' . TV Line . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast & Furious 7 's ' Lucas Black Joins NCIS Spinoff '' . Variety . 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Plans Crossovers with ' NCIS , ' Rob Kerkovich Joins Cast '' .",
"8": "Variety . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Promotes Two to Regulars '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ; Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` NCIS : New Orleans Scoop : Original Cast Member Exits Ahead of Season 3 '' . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ; Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` NCIS Shake - Ups , Big Bang Family Matters and More CBS Fall Preview '' . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' NCIS : New Orleans ' : Vanessa Ferlito Cast As New Regular in Season 3 '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` CBS Showrunner Investigated Twice in 2016 for HR Violations , Employees Say Behavior Continues '' . Variety . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( 18 December 2018 ) . `` TNT Acquires Rerun Rights to ' NCIS : New Orleans ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Development Update : Monday , November 6 '' . The Futon Critic . United State : Futon Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' MacGyver ' : CBS Announces ( Series ? ) Finale Dates '' . TVseriesfinale.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ `` Global TV announces a dramatic fall lineup '' . thestar.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Global TV Fall 2014 Primetime Schedule -- Watch TV Online '' . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shaw Media Acquires ' State of Affairs , ' ' NCIS : New Orleans ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Darren ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Saying no to ' NCIS ' worked for Scott Bakula '' . AAP . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Channel 5 Acquires UK Rights To ' NCIS : New Orleans ' & ' CSI : Cyber ' '' . TV Wise . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Channel 5 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' NCIS : New Orleans ' '' . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' NCIS : New Orleans ' & ' CSI : Cyber ' Sold In 200 + Overseas Markets : Mipcom '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS : New Orleans ' '' . Press Reader / TV Plus - South Africa . April 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2014 - 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Limitless ' and ' The Muppets ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) .",
"11": "`` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pena , Jessica ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' MacGyver ' : CBS Announces ( Series ? ) Finale Dates '' . TVseriesfinale.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NCIS : New Orleans : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCIS : New Orleans : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' NCIS : New Orleans ' Review : Scott Bakula Steers CBS 's Competent Expansion of the Franchise '' . TheWrap .",
"12": "Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' NCIS : New Orleans ' : TV review '' . Daily News . New York . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liz Shannon Miller and Ben Travers ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Fall 2014 TV Preview : Tuesday Gambles on ' Forever , ' While ' The Flash ' Looks Ready to Sprint '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . November 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . General references `` NCIS : New Orleans Episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . `` NCIS : New Orleans : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- ncis : new orleans on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 .",
"13": "External links ( edit ) Television portal Official website NCIS : New Orleans on IMDb NCIS franchise NCIS Characters Leroy Jethro Gibbs Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Ziva David Cast list Episodes Introductory `` Ice Queen '' Season 1 `` Yankee White '' Season 2 `` Twilight '' Season 3 `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' `` Under Covers '' `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' Season 4 `` Grace Period '' `` Angel of Death '' Season 5 `` Requiem '' Season 6 `` Last Man Standing '' `` Aliyah '' Season 7 `` Truth or Consequences '' `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Season 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' `` Freedom '' `` A Man Walks Into a Bar . '' `` One Last Score '' `` Baltimore '' Season 9 `` Nature of the Beast '' `` Enemy on the Hill '' `` Devil 's Triangle '' `` Newborn King '' `` Housekeeping '' `` A Desperate Man '' `` Life Before His Eyes '' `` Secrets '' `` Psych Out '' `` Need to Know '' `` The Tell '' `` The Good Son '' `` The Missionary Position '' `` Rekindled '' `` Playing with Fire '' `` Up in Smoke '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 10 `` Extreme Prejudice '' `` Recovery '' `` Phoenix '' `` Lost at Sea '' `` The Namesake '' `` Shell Shock ( Part I ) '' `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' `` Gone '' `` Devil 's Trifecta '' `` You Better Watch Out '' `` Shabbat Shalom '' `` Shiva '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Canary '' `` Hereafter '' `` Detour '' `` Prime Suspect '' `` Seek '' `` Squall '' `` Chasing Ghosts '' `` Berlin '' `` Revenge '' `` Double Blind '' `` Damned If You Do '' Season 11 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Past , Present ,",
"14": "and Future '' `` Under the Radar '' `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' `` Once a Crook '' `` Oil & Water '' `` Better Angels '' `` Alibi '' `` Gut Check '' `` Devil 's Triad '' Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Related Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva David captivity storyline Other media Home video releases Soundtrack NCIS : Los Angeles Characters G. Callen Kensi Blye Sam Hanna Episodes Introductory Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Notable episodes `` Identity '' `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' Other media Home video releases NCIS : New Orleans Characters Episodes Season 1 Related JAG CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) Living Biblically ( since 2018 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T.",
"15": "( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 , since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 , since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming Murphy Brown ( 2018 ) TKO : Total Knock Out ( 2018 ) Blood & Treasure ( 2019 ) F.B.I.",
"16": "( TBA ) The World 's Best ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCIS:_New_Orleans&oldid=838162138 '' Categories : NCIS : New Orleans 2010s American crime drama television series 2014 American television series debuts American action television series CBS network shows English - language television programs Military television series New Orleans in fiction Police procedural television series Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in Louisiana American television spin - offs Television shows filmed in Louisiana Fictional portrayals of the New Orleans Police Department Television shows featuring audio description Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 08 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
2,
7,
13,
8,
0,
14,
1,
5,
9,
12,
6,
11,
10,
16,
15,
4,
3
] |
[
2,
7,
13,
8,
0
] |
5777264657146789528
|
when does the turn of the screw take place
|
[
"1898",
"1898"
] |
{
"0": "The Turn of the Screw - wikipedia The Turn of the Screw Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Turn of the Screw ( disambiguation ) . The Turn of the Screw First page of the 12 - part serialisation of The Turn of the Screw in Collier 's Weekly ( 27 January -- 16 April 1898 ) Author Henry James Country United States United Kingdom Language English Genre Horror fiction , gothic fiction , ghost story Publisher The Macmillan Company , New York City William Heinemann , London Publication date October 1898 OCLC 40043490 LC Class PS2116 . T8 1998 The Turn of the Screw , originally published in 1898 , is a novella written by Henry James . The story , a part of gothic and ghost story genres , first appeared in serial format in Collier 's Weekly magazine ( 27 January -- 16 April 1898 ) . In October 1898 it appeared in The Two Magics , a book published by Macmillan in New York City and Heinemann in London . Due to its original content , The Turn of the Screw became a favourite text of academics who subscribe to New Criticism . The novella has had differing interpretations , often mutually exclusive . Many critics have tried to determine the exact nature of the evil hinted at by the story . However , others have argued that the brilliance of the novella results from its ability to create an intimate sense of confusion and suspense within the reader . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 Plot 3 Major themes 4 Literary significance and criticism 5 Publication history 6 Adaptations 7 References 8 Editions 9 External links Title ( edit ) The title phrase appears twice in the novel , with opposite connotations . in the Preface on the first page : `` ... in regard to Griffin 's ghost , or whatever it was -- that its appearing first to the little boy , at so tender an age , adds a particular touch ... If the child gives the effect another turn of the screw , what do you say to two children ? '' `` We say , of course , '' somebody exclaimed , `` that they give two turns ! Also that we want to hear about them . ''",
"1": "in Chapter 22 : `` I could only get on at all ... by treating my monstrous ordeal as a push in a direction unusual , of course , and unpleasant , but demanding , after all , for a fair front , only another turn of the screw of ordinary human virtue . '' Plot ( edit ) 1898 illustration by John La Farge An unnamed narrator listens to Douglas , a friend , read a manuscript written by a former governess whom Douglas claims to have known and who is now dead . The manuscript tells the story of how the young governess is hired by a man who has become responsible for his young nephew and niece after the deaths of their parents . He lives mainly in London but also has a country house , Bly . He is uninterested in raising the children . The boy , Miles , is attending a boarding school , while his younger sister , Flora , is living at a summer country house in Essex . She is currently being cared for by Mrs. Grose , the housekeeper . Miles and Flora 's uncle , the governess ' new employer , gives her full charge of the children and explicitly states that she is not to bother him with communications of any sort . The governess travels to her new employer 's country house and begins her duties . Miles soon returns from school for the summer just after a letter arrives from the headmaster stating that he has been expelled . Miles never speaks of the matter , and the governess is hesitant to raise the issue . She fears there is some horrible secret behind the expulsion but is too charmed by the adorable young boy to want to press the issue . Soon thereafter , around the grounds of the estate , the governess begins to see the figures of a man and woman whom she does not recognise . These figures come and go at will without ever being seen or challenged by other members of the household , and they seem to the governess to be supernatural . She learns from Mrs. Grose that the governess ' predecessor , Miss Jessel , and another employee , Peter Quint , had had a sexual relationship . Before their deaths , Jessel and Quint spent much of their time with Flora and Miles , and this fact has grim significance for the current governess when she becomes convinced that the two children are secretly aware of the ghosts ' presence .",
"2": "Later , without permission , Flora leaves the house while Miles is playing music for the governess . The governess notices Flora 's absence and goes with Mrs. Grose in search of her . They find her in a folly on the shore of the lake , and the governess is convinced that Flora has been talking to the ghost of Miss Jessel . When the governess finally confronts Flora , the girl denies seeing Miss Jessel and demands never to see the governess again . At the governess ' suggestion , Mrs. Grose takes Flora away to her uncle , leaving the governess with Miles , who that night at last talks to her about his expulsion ; the ghost of Quint appears to the governess at the window . The governess shields Miles , who attempts to see the ghost . The governess tells Miles he is no longer controlled by the ghost and then finds that Miles has died in her arms , and the ghost has gone . Major themes ( edit ) Throughout his career James was attracted to the ghost story . However , he was not fond of literature 's stereotypical ghosts . He preferred to create ghosts that were eerie extensions of everyday reality , `` the strange and sinister embroidered on the very type of the normal and easy '' , as he put it in the New York Edition preface to his final ghost story , `` The Jolly Corner '' . With The Turn of the Screw , many critics have wondered if the `` strange and sinister '' were only in the governess 's mind and not part of reality . The result has been a longstanding critical dispute about the reality of the ghosts and the sanity of the governess . Beyond the dispute , critics have closely examined James 's narrative technique for the story . The framing introduction and subsequent first - person narrative by the governess have been studied by theorists of fiction interested in the power of fictional narratives to convince or even manipulate readers . The imagery of The Turn of the Screw is reminiscent of gothic fiction . The emphasis on old and mysterious buildings throughout the novella reinforces this motif . James also relates the amount of light present in various scenes to the strength of the supernatural or ghostly forces apparently at work .",
"3": "The governess refers directly to The Mysteries of Udolpho and indirectly to Jane Eyre , evoking a comparison of the governess not only to the character of Jane Eyre , but also to the character of Bertha , the madwoman confined in Thornfield . Literary significance and Criticism ( edit ) Oliver Elton wrote in 1907 that `` There is ... doubt , raised and kept hanging , whether , after all , the two ghosts who can choose to which persons they will appear , are facts , or delusions of the young governess who tells the story . '' Edmund Wilson was another of the earlier proponents of the theory questioning the governess 's sanity . Wilson eventually recanted his opinion after considering the governess 's point - by - point description of Quint . Then John Silver pointed out hints in the story that the governess might have gained previous knowledge of Quint 's appearance in non-supernatural ways . This induced Wilson to return to his original opinion that the governess was delusional and that the ghosts existed only in her imagination . William Veeder sees Miles 's eventual death as induced by the governess . In a complex psychoanalytic reading , Veeder concludes that the governess expressed her repressed rage toward her father and toward the master of Bly on Miles . Other critics , however , have strongly defended the governess . They note that James 's letters , his New York Edition preface , and his Notebooks contain no definite evidence that The Turn of the Screw was intended as anything other than a straightforward ghost story , and James certainly wrote ghost stories that did not depend on the narrator 's imagination . For example , `` Owen Wingrave '' includes a ghost that causes its title character 's sudden death , although no one actually sees it . James 's Notebooks entry indicates that he was inspired originally by a tale he heard from Edward White Benson , the archbishop of Canterbury . There are indications that the story James was told was about an incident in Hinton Ampner , where in 1771 a woman named Mary Ricketts moved from her home after seeing the apparitions of a man and a woman , day and night , staring through the windows , bending over the beds , and making her feel her children were in danger .",
"4": "In a 2012 commentary in The New Yorker , Brad Leithauser has given his own perspective on the different interpretations of James ' novella : All such attempts to ' solve ' the book , however admiringly tendered , unwittingly work toward its diminution ( ; its ) profoundest pleasure lies in the beautifully fussed over way in which James refuses to come down on either side ... the book becomes a modest monument to the bold pursuit of ambiguity . According to Leithauser , the reader is meant to entertain both the proposition that the governess is mad and the proposition that the ghosts really do exist , and consider the dreadful implications of each . Poet and literary critic Craig Raine , in his essay `` Sex in nineteenth - century literature '' , states quite categorically his belief that Victorian readers would have identified the two ghosts as child molesters . Publication history ( edit ) The Turn of the Screw was first published in the magazine Collier 's Weekly , serialised in 12 instalments ( 27 January -- 16 April 1898 ) . The title illustration by John La Farge depicts the governess with her arm around Miles . Episode illustrations were by Eric Pape . `` The next night , by the corner of the hearth , in the best chair ... Douglas began to read '' `` He did stand there ! -- But high up , beyond the lawn and at the very top of the tower '' `` Holding my candle high , till I came within sight of the tall window '' `` He presently produced something that made me drop straight down on the stone slab '' `` I must have thrown myself , on my face , on the ground '' In October 1898 the novella appeared with the short story `` Covering End '' in a volume titled The Two Magics , published by Macmillan in New York City and by Heinemann in London . James revised The Turn of the Screw ten years later for his New York Edition . In The Collier 's Weekly Version of The Turn of the Screw ( 2010 ) , the tale is presented in its original serial form with a detailed analysis of the changes James made over the years . Among many other revisions , James changed the children 's ages .",
"5": "Adaptations ( edit ) Among the various adaptations and reworkings of James 's novella are The Turn of the Screw , a 1954 opera by Benjamin Britten ( left , 1968 ) and The Nightcomers , a 1972 prequel film directed by Michael Winner ( right , photographed 2010 ) and starring Marlon Brando . The Turn of the Screw has been the subject of numerous adaptations and reworkings in a variety of media , and these reworkings and adaptations have , themselves , been analysed in the academic literature on Henry James and neo-Victorian culture . It was adapted to an opera by Benjamin Britten , which premiered in 1954 , and the opera has been filmed on numerous occasions . The novella was adapted as a ballet score ( 1980 ) by Luigi Zaninelli , and separately as a ballet ( 1999 ) by Will Tucket for the Royal Ballet . Harold Pinter directed The Innocents ( 1950 ) , a Broadway play which was an adaptation of The Turn of the Screw , and a subsequent eponymous stage play , adapted by Rebecca Lenkiewicz was presented in a co-production with Hammer at the Almeida Theatre , London , in January 2013 . There have been numerous film adaptations of the novel . The critically acclaimed The Innocents ( 1961 ) , directed by Jack Clayton , and Michael Winner 's prequel The Nightcomers ( 1972 ) are two particularly notable examples . Other feature film adaptations include Rusty Lemorande 's 1992 eponymous adaptation ( set in the 1960s ) ; Eloy de la Iglesia 's Spanish - language Otra vuelta de tuerca ( The Turn of the Screw , 1985 ) ; Presence of Mind ( 1999 ) , directed by Atoni Aloy ; In a Dark Place ( 2006 ) , directed by Donato Rotunno and Walter Lima Jr. 's Brazilian - Portuguese - language Através da Sombra ( Through the Shadow , 2016 ) . The Others ( 2001 ) is not an adaptation but has some themes in common with James 's novella .",
"6": "Television films have included a 1959 American adaptation as part of Ford Startime directed by John Frankenheimer and starring Ingrid Bergman ; the West German Die sündigen Engel ( The Sinful Angel , 1962 ) , a 1974 adaptation directed by Dan Curtis , adapted by William F. Nolan ; a French adaptation entitled Le Tour d'écrou ( The Turn of the Screw , 1974 ) ; a Mexican miniseries entitled Otra vuelta de tuerca ( The Turn of the Screw , 1981 ) ; a 1982 adaptation directed by Petr Weigl primarily starring Czech actors lip - synching ; a 1990 adaptation directed by Graeme Clifford ; The Haunting of Helen Walker ( 1995 ) , directed by Tom McLoughlin ; a 1999 adaptation directed by Ben Bolt ; a low - budget 2003 version written and directed by Nick Millard ; the Italian - language Il mistero del lago ( The Mystery of the Lake , 2009 ) ; and a 2009 BBC film adapted by Sandy Welch , starring Michelle Dockery and Sue Johnston . Literary reworkings of The Turn of the Screw identified by James scholar Adeline R. Tintner include The Secret Garden ( 1911 ) , by Frances Hodgson Burnett ; `` Poor Girl '' ( 1951 ) , by Elizabeth Taylor ; The Peacock Spring ( 1975 ) , by Rumer Godden ; Ghost Story ( 1975 ) by Peter Straub ; `` The Accursed Inhabitants of House Bly '' ( 1994 ) by Joyce Carol Oates ; and Miles and Flora ( 1997 ) -- a sequel -- by Hilary Bailey . Further literary adaptations identified by other authors include Affinity ( 1999 ) , by Sarah Waters ; A Jealous Ghost ( 2005 ) , by A.N. Wilson ; and Florence & Giles ( 2010 ) , by John Harding . Young adult novels inspired by The Turn of the Screw include The Turning ( 2012 ) by Francine Prose and Tighter ( 2011 ) by Adele Griffin . The Turn of the Screw has also influenced television . In December 1968 , the ABC daytime drama Dark Shadows featured a storyline based on The Turn of the Screw .",
"7": "In the story , the ghosts of Quentin Collins and Beth Chavez haunted the west wing of Collinwood , possessing the two children living in the mansion . The story led to a year - long story in the year 1897 , as Barnabas Collins travelled back in time to prevent Quentin 's death and stop the possession . In early episodes of Star Trek : Voyager ( `` Cathexis '' , `` Learning Curve '' and `` Persistence of Vision '' ) , Captain Kathryn Janeway is seen on the holodeck acting out scenes from a holonovel which appears to be based on The Turn of the Screw . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Kaufmann , Professor Linda . Discourses of Desire . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9510 - 5 . See this book for an argument that Bronte was actually the source of the tale , through Mary Sedgwick Benson . Jump up ^ Elton , Oliver ( 1907 ) . Modern studies / . London : . Jump up ^ Smith , John ( 1957 ) . `` A Note on the Freudian Reading of ' The Turn of the Screw ' '' . American Literature . Jump up ^ Veeder , William ( August 1999 ) . `` The Nurturance of the Gothic '' . Gothic Studies . 1 : 47 . Jump up ^ `` Books : How we all came to love a good ghost story '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ The Gale Encyclopedia of the Unusual and Unexplained ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Leithauser , Brad ( October 2012 ) . `` Ever scarier on The Turn of the Screw '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Raine , Craig . `` Sex in nineteenth - century literature '' . In Defence of T.S. Eliot . ^ Jump up to : Orr , Leonard ( 2009 ) . James ' The Turn of the Screw : A Readers Guide . London , New York : Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 3019 - 9 . Jump up ^ James , Henry ( 1996 ) . Complete Stories , 1892 -- 1898 . New York : Library of America . p. 941 .",
"8": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 883011 - 09 - 3 . Jump up ^ Henry James . Beidler , Peter G. , ed . The Collier 's Weekly Version of The Turn of the Screw . Coffeehouse Press . ^ Jump up to : Dinter , Sandra ( 2012 ) . `` The mad child in the attic : John Harding 's Florence & Giles as a neo-victorian reworking of The Turn of the Screw '' ( PDF ) . Neo-Victorian Studies . 5 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Haralson , Eric L. ; Johnson , Kendall ( 2009 ) . Critical Companion to Henry James : A Literary Reference to His Life and Work . Infobase Publishing . p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1727 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Monika ( 1998 ) . `` Film Music as Sister Art : Adaptations of ' The Turn of the Screw . ' '' . Mosaic ( Winnipeg ) . 31 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Jays , David ( 1 July 2006 ) . `` Ballet -- From page to stage '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Baker , William ( 2008 ) . Harold Pinter . A&C Black . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9970 - 7 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` Hammer takes first steps on stage in Turn of the Screw '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Skidelsky , William ( 30 May 2010 ) . `` Classics corner : The Turn of the Screw '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Koch , J. Sarah ( 2002 ) . `` A Henry James Filmography '' . In Griffin , Susan M. Henry James Goes to the Movies . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 335 -- 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3324 - 9 .",
"9": "^ Jump up to : Hischak , Thomas S. ( 2012 ) . American Literature on Stage and Screen : 525 Works and Their Adaptations . McFarland . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9279 - 4 . Jump up ^ Holland , J. ( 2006 ) . `` Turn of the Screw ( review ) '' . Notes . 62 ( 3 ) : 784 . doi : 10.1353 / not. 2006.0020 . Jump up ^ Tintner , Adeline R. ( 1998 ) . Henry James 's Legacy : The Afterlife of His Figure and Fiction . Louisiana State University Press . pp. 371 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Heilmann , Ann . ( 2010 ) `` The Haunting of Henry James : Jealous Ghosts , Affinities and The Others '' . In : Rosario Arias and Patricia Pulham ( eds . ) , Haunting and Spectrality in Neo-Victorian Fiction : Possessing the Past . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 111 -- 130 . Jump up ^ `` The Turning by Francine Prose '' . Kirkus. 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tighter by Adele Griffin '' . Kirkus. 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sborgi , Anna Viola ( 2011 ) . `` To think and watch the Evil : The Turn of the Screw as cultural reference in television from Dark Shadows to C.S.I. '' . Babel : Littératures plurielles. 24 : 181 -- 94 ( see paragraph 8 ) . Jump up ^ Ruditis , Paul ( 2003 ) . Star Trek Voyager Companion . New York : Simon and Schuster . p. 25 . Further reading Smith , Allan Lloyd . `` A Word Kept Back in `` The Turn of the Screw '' . In Clive Bloom ( ed ) , Creepers : British Horror and Fantasy in the Twentieth Century .",
"10": "London and Boulder CO : Pluto Press , 1993 , pp. 47 -- 63 . Editions ( edit ) The Collier 's Weekly Version of The Turn of the Screw , edited by Peter G. Beidler ( Seattle : Coffeetown Press , 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 60381 - 018 - 0 . The Aspern Papers and The Turn of the Screw , with an introduction and notes by Anthony Curtis ( Harmondsworth : Penguin , 1986 ) ISBN 9780141439907 . Includes excerpts from the New York Preface to both novellas . Does not include a list of suggested further reading . The Turn of the Screw : Authoritative Text , Contexts , Criticism edited by Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 95904 - X . Offers a selection of criticism , including an excerpt from Edmund Wilson 's study of the novella . The Turn of the Screw : Authoritative Text , Contexts , Criticism edited by Robert Kimbrough ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 1966 ) ( no ISBN ) . The Tales of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht ( New York : Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1984 ) ISBN 0 - 8044 - 2957 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Turn of the Screw . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Turn of the Screw Project Gutenberg text of The Turn of the Screw ( 1898 book version ) The Turn of the Screw public domain audiobook at LibriVox Author 's preface to the New York Edition text of The Turn of the Screw ( 1908 ) Note on the various texts of The Turn of the Screw at the Library of America web site . Synopsis of The Turn of the Screw from the English Touring Opera turnofthescrew.com A History of Its Critical Interpretations 1898 -- 1979 Edward J. Parkinson , PhD The Turn of the Screw ( 1959 ) on IMDb The Innocents ( 1961 ) on IMDb The Innocents ( 1961 ) at the TCM Movie Database",
"11": "The Turn of the Screw ( 1999 ) on IMDb Presence of Mind ( 1999 ) on IMDb The Others ( 2001 ) on IMDb Works by Henry James Novels Watch and Ward ( 1871 ) Roderick Hudson ( 1875 ) The American ( 1877 ) The Europeans ( 1878 ) Confidence ( 1879 ) Washington Square ( 1880 ) The Portrait of a Lady ( 1881 ) The Bostonians ( 1886 ) The Princess Casamassima ( 1886 ) The Reverberator ( 1888 ) The Tragic Muse ( 1890 ) The Other House ( 1896 ) The Spoils of Poynton ( 1897 ) What Maisie Knew ( 1897 ) The Awkward Age ( 1899 ) The Sacred Fount ( 1901 ) The Wings of the Dove ( 1902 ) The Ambassadors ( 1903 ) The Golden Bowl ( 1904 ) The Whole Family ( 1908 ) The Outcry ( 1911 ) The Ivory Tower ( 1917 ) The Sense of the Past ( 1917 ) Novellas Madame de Mauves ( 1874 ) Daisy Miller ( 1878 ) The Aspern Papers ( 1888 ) The Turn of the Screw ( 1898 ) The Beast in the Jungle ( 1903 ) Plays Theatricals ( 1894 ) Theatricals : Second Series ( 1895 ) Guy Domville ( 1895 ) Non-fiction French Poets and Novelists ( 1878 ) Hawthorne ( 1879 ) A Little Tour in France ( 1884 ) Partial Portraits ( 1888 ) Essays in London and Elsewhere ( 1893 ) Picture and Text ( 1893 ) William Wetmore Story",
"12": "and His Friends ( 1903 ) English Hours ( 1905 ) The American Scene ( 1907 ) Italian Hours ( 1909 ) A Small Boy and Others ( 1913 ) Notes on Novelists ( 1914 ) Notes of a Son and Brother ( 1914 ) Notebooks The Middle Years ( 1917 ) Henry James 's The Turn of the Screw ( 1898 ) Stage The Innocents ( 1950 play ) The Turn of the Screw ( 1954 opera ) Films The Innocents ( 1961 ) The Nightcomers ( 1971 , prequel ) Presence of Mind ( 1999 ) In a Dark Place ( 2006 ) TV films The Turn of the Screw ( 1974 ) The Turn of the Screw ( 2009 ) VIAF : 190478884 LCCN : no97077706 BNF : cb11964242j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"13": "php?title=The_Turn_of_the_Screw&oldid=815689317 '' Categories : 1898 American novels 1898 British novels Frame stories Horror novels Gothic novels Ghost stories Novels adapted into television programs American novellas American novels adapted into films British novels adapted into films Fiction with unreliable narrators 1890s fantasy novels Novels set in Essex American novels adapted into plays Works originally published in Collier 's Novels by Henry James Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Македонски 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 12 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
13,
1,
12,
11,
10,
7,
0,
4,
9,
2,
8,
3,
6,
5
] |
[
13,
1,
12,
11,
10,
7
] |
-1735809030284197387
|
where does the largest amount of federal tax revenue come from
|
[
"California"
] |
{
"0": "Federal tax revenue by state - wikipedia Federal tax revenue by state Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on Taxation in the United States of America Federal taxation ( show ) Alternative minimum tax Capital gains tax Corporate tax Estate tax Excise tax Gift tax Income tax Payroll tax Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) Internal Revenue Code ( IRC ) IRS tax forms Revenue by state History Constitutional authority Taxpayer standing Court Protest Evasion State and local taxation ( show ) State income tax Property tax Sales tax Use tax Land value tax State tax levels Federal tax reform ( show ) Automated payment transaction tax 9 -- 9 -- 9 Competitive Tax Plan Efficient Taxation of Income FairTax Flat tax Hall -- Rabushka flat tax Kemp Commission Taxpayer Choice Act USA Tax Value added tax Border - adjustment tax United States portal This is a table of the total federal tax revenue by state collected by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service . Gross Collections indicates the total federal tax revenue collected by the IRS from each U.S. state , the District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico . The figure includes all Individual federal taxes and Corporate Federal Taxes income taxes , payroll taxes , estate taxes , gift taxes , and excise taxes . This table does not include federal tax revenue data from U.S. Armed Forces personnel stationed overseas , U.S. territories other than Puerto Rico , and U.S. citizens and legal residents living abroad , even though they may be required to pay federal taxes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fiscal Year 2015 2 Fiscal Year 2012 3 Fiscal Year 2011 4 Maps and graphs 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Fiscal year 2015 ( edit ) This table lists the tax revenue collected from each state , plus the District of Columbia and the territory of Puerto Rico by the IRS in fiscal year 2015 , which ran from October 1 , 2014 , through September 30 , 2015 . The gross collections total only reflects the revenue collected from the categories listed in the table , and not the entire revenue collected by the IRS .",
"1": "Per capita values are based on population estimates from the Census Bureau for July 1 , 2015 . Rank State Gross collections ( in thousands ) Revenue per capita ( est . ) Ratio to GSP California $405,851,295 $10,408 16.6 % Texas $279,904,425 $10,204 17.1 % New York $269,716,999 $13,659 18.5 % Florida $177,389,488 $8,762 19.9 % 5 Illinois $158,042,273 $12,310 20.5 % 6 New Jersey $153,917,572 $17,226 26.6 % 7 Ohio $140,981,150 $12,148 23.5 % 8 Pennsylvania $136,108,810 $10,640 19.9 % 9 Massachusetts $108,049,205 $15,927 22.6 % 10 Minnesota $106,927,808 $19,504 31.9 % 11 Georgia $86,446,602 $8,476 17.2 % 12 Virginia $80,242,853 $9,590 16.7 % 13 North Carolina $78,736,401 $7,846 15.4 % 14 Michigan $77,948,414 $7,860 16.7 % 15 Washington $73,334,437 $10,242 16.3 % 16 Missouri $64,112,504 $10,551 22.1 % 17 Maryland $63,936,798 $10,665 17.5 % 18 Tennessee $62,708,662 $9,508 20.2 % 19 Connecticut $59,174,581 $16,507 22.6 % 20 Indiana $57,972,825 $8,767 17.",
"2": "5 % 21 Wisconsin $51,748,831 $8,972 17.2 % 22 Colorado $47,210,720 $8,664 14.8 % 23 Arizona $42,631,316 $6,253 14.3 % 24 Louisiana $42,628,150 $9,130 16.8 % 25 Oklahoma $33,942,286 $8,687 18.9 % 26 Kentucky $32,708,391 $7,392 16.8 % 27 Arkansas $32,508,761 $10,917 26.3 % 28 Oregon $31,219,148 $7,757 13.7 % 29 Kansas $27,019,291 $9,295 18.1 % 30 District of Columbia $25,583,750 $38,163 20.8 % 31 Nebraska $25,103,770 $13,256 22.4 % 32 Alabama $25,070,261 $5,165 12.0 % 33 South Carolina $24,086,257 $4,921 12.1 % 34 Iowa $23,969,391 $7,678 14.0 % 35 Delaware $22,640,853 $23,982 34.2 % 36 Utah $20,178,718 $6,747 13.6 % 37 Nevada $18,450,072 $6,398 13.1 % 38 Rhode Island $14,373,318 $13,616 25.5 % 39 Mississippi $11,468,660 $3,836 10.7 % 40 New Hampshire $11,314,985 $8,507 15.8 % 41 Idaho $9,785,027 $5,920 15.0 % 42 New Mexico $8,",
"3": "969,666 $4,312 9.9 % 43 Hawaii $8,221,290 $5,769 10.3 % 44 South Dakota $7,732,138 $9,013 17.0 % 45 North Dakota $7,711,243 $10,189 14.4 % 46 Maine $7,464,280 $5,615 13.5 % 47 West Virginia $7,374,299 $4,005 10.4 % 48 Montana $5,805,098 $5,625 12.7 % 49 Alaska $5,717,640 $7,751 10.5 % 50 Wyoming $5,284,146 $9,009 13.2 % 51 Vermont $4,495,280 $7,180 15.1 % Puerto Rico $3,524,557 $1,015 N / A TOTAL $3,283,920,138 $10,234 18.3 % GSP is the Gross State Product Fiscal year 2012 ( edit ) This table lists the tax revenue collected from each state , plus the District of Columbia and the territory of Puerto Rico by the IRS in fiscal year 2012 , which ran from October 1 , 2011 , through September 30 , 2012 . The gross collections total only reflects the revenue collected from the categories listed in the table , and not the entire revenue collected by the IRS . Per capita values are based on population estimates from the Census Bureau for July 1 , 2012 . Rank State Gross collections Revenue per capita ( est . ) Ratio to GSP California $292,563,574,000 $7,690.66 14.6 % Texas $219,459,878,000 $8,421.59 15.7 % New York $201,167,954,000 $10,279.27 16.7 % Illinois $124,431,227,000 $9,664.37 17.",
"4": "9 % 5 Florida $122,249,635,000 $6,328.42 15.7 % 6 New Jersey $111,377,490,000 $12,564.31 21.9 % 7 Ohio $111,094,276,000 $9,623.36 21.8 % 8 Pennsylvania $108,961,515,000 $8,536.94 18.1 % 9 Massachusetts $79,826,976,000 $12,011.02 19.8 % 10 Minnesota $78,685,402,000 $14,627.88 26.7 % 11 Georgia $65,498,308,000 $6,602.69 15.1 % 12 Virginia $64,297,400,000 $7,854.68 14.4 % 13 North Carolina $61,600,064,000 $6,316.61 13.5 % 14 Michigan $59,210,158,000 $5,990.89 14.8 % 15 Washington $52,443,862,000 $7,603.85 14.0 % 16 Indiana $51,238,512,000 $7,837.83 17.2 % 17 Missouri $48,413,247,000 $8,039.41 18.7 % 18 Maryland $48,107,002,000 $8,175.12 15.1 % 19 Connecticut $47,262,702,000 $13,163.83 20.6 % 20 Tennessee $47,010,303,000 $7,281.37 17.0 % 21 Wisconsin $41,498,033,000 $7,246.80 15.9 % 22 Colorado $41,252,701,000 $7,952.20 15.1 % 23 Arizona $34,",
"5": "850,436,000 $5,318.03 13.1 % 24 Louisiana $34,811,072,000 $7,564.51 14.3 % 25 Oklahoma $27,087,264,000 $7,100.54 16.8 % 26 Arkansas $25,299,832,000 $8,578.74 23.1 % 27 Kentucky $25,085,813,000 $5,726.81 14.5 % 28 Oregon $22,716,602,000 $5,825.74 11.4 % 29 Kansas $21,904,615,000 $7,590.21 15.8 % 30 Delaware $21,835,412,000 $23,809.40 33.1 % 31 Alabama $20,882,949,000 $4,330.74 11.4 % District of Columbia $20,747,652,000 $32,811.79 18.9 % 32 Nebraska $19,795,254,000 $10,668.28 19.9 % 33 Iowa $18,753,596,000 $6,100.35 12.3 % 34 South Carolina $18,557,166,000 $3,928.50 10.5 % 35 Utah $15,642,129,000 $5,478.30 12.0 % 36 Nevada $13,727,425,000 $4,975.63 10.3 % 37 Rhode Island $10,992,338,000 $10,465.98 21.6 % 38 Mississippi $10,458,549,000 $3,503.79 10.3 % 39 New Hampshire $8,807,691,000 $6,668.87 13.6 % 40 New Mexico $7,866,206,000 $3,771.",
"6": "79 9.8 % 41 Idaho $7,622,490,000 $4,776.81 13.1 % 42 Hawaii $6,511,578,000 $4,676.81 9.0 % 43 West Virginia $6,498,502,000 $3,502.46 9.4 % 44 Maine $6,229,189,000 $4,686.45 11.6 % 45 North Dakota $5,664,860,000 $8,096.96 12.3 % 46 South Dakota $5,136,249,000 $6,163.35 12.1 % 47 Alaska $4,898,780,000 $6,697.36 9.4 % 48 Montana $4,383,727,000 $4,361.31 10.8 % 49 Wyoming $3,828,379,000 $6,641.74 10.0 % 50 Vermont $3,524,887,000 $5,630.71 12.9 % Puerto Rico $3,067,234,000 $836.42 N / A TOTAL $2,514,838,095,000 7,918.73 ( US Avg . ) 16.1 % GSP is the Gross State Product Fiscal year 2011 ( edit ) This table lists the tax revenue collected from each state , plus the District of Columbia and the territory of Puerto Rico by the IRS in fiscal year 2011 , which ran from October 1 , 2010 , through September 30 , 2011 . The gross collections total only reflects the revenue collected from the categories listed in the table , and not the entire revenue collected by the IRS . Per capita values are based on population estimates from the Census Bureau for July 1 , 2011 . Rank State Gross collections Revenue per capita ( est . ) Ratio to GSP California $281,227,298,000 $7,462.79 14.",
"7": "4 % New York $202,149,306,000 $10,365.77 17.5 % Texas $198,295,817,000 $7,736.33 15.2 % Illinois $119,116,442,000 $9,262.73 17.8 % 5 Florida $116,758,697,000 $6,118.70 15.5 % 6 New Jersey $112,103,329,000 $12,688.87 23.0 % 7 Ohio $112,069,407,000 $9,710.54 23.2 % 8 Pennsylvania $103,134,437,000 $8,092.82 17.8 % 9 Massachusetts $77,218,196,000 $11,687.33 19.7 % 10 Minnesota $72,676,800,000 $13,591.31 25.8 % 11 Georgia $60,601,096,000 $6,175.93 14.5 % 12 Virginia $60,074,032,000 $7,412.54 14.0 % 13 North Carolina $56,809,844,000 $5,886.36 12.9 % 14 Michigan $55,625,833,000 $5,631.97 14.4 % 15 Washington $52,531,569,000 $7,698.89 14.8 % 16 Maryland $49,083,255,000 $8,405.28 16.3 % 17 Missouri $46,794,981,000 $7,787.50 18.8 % 18 Connecticut $45,561,956,000 $12,702.97 19.8 % 19 Tennessee $45,189,610,000 $7,061.11 17.0 % 20 Indiana $43,886,554,000 $6,",
"8": "734.83 15.8 % 21 Colorado $40,328,519,000 $7,882.36 15.3 % 22 Wisconsin $38,866,764,000 $6,806.98 15.3 % 23 Louisiana $35,888,004,000 $7,844.77 14.5 % 24 Arizona $32,920,415,000 $5,090.28 12.7 % 25 Arkansas $26,326,077,000 $8,958.77 24.9 % 26 Kentucky $24,451,664,000 $5,599.43 14.8 % 27 Oklahoma $24,400,086,000 $6,447.95 15.7 % 28 Oregon $22,366,343,000 $5,782.06 11.5 % 29 Delaware $21,088,276,000 $23,221.47 32.1 % 30 Alabama $20,394,671,000 $4,245.63 11.8 % 31 Kansas $19,758,229,000 $6,883.47 15.1 % District of Columbia $19,619,128,000 $31,693.85 18.2 % 32 Iowa $17,805,295,000 $5,810.94 12.0 % 33 South Carolina $17,465,006,000 $3,737.15 10.5 % 34 Nebraska $15,664,192,000 $8,502.82 16.6 % 35 Utah $14,700,936,000 $5,223.57 11.8 % 36 Nevada $13,032,725,000 $4,791.39 10.0 % 37 Rhode Island $10,428,091,000 $9,925.41 20.",
"9": "8 % 38 Mississippi $9,183,541,000 $3,084.36 9.4 % 39 New Hampshire $8,702,370,000 $6,603.68 13.7 % 40 New Mexico $8,039,313,000 $3,867.52 10.1 % 41 West Virginia $6,386,378,000 $3,442.96 9.6 % 42 Idaho $6,345,865,000 $4,006.88 11.0 % 43 Maine $6,153,147,000 $4,631.50 11.9 % 44 Hawaii $6,127,725,000 $4,446.41 9.1 % 45 North Dakota $4,917,384,000 $7,181.39 12.2 % 46 Alaska $4,860,572,000 $6,714.80 9.5 % 47 South Dakota $4,624,947,000 $5,615.57 11.5 % 48 Montana $4,197,002,000 $4,206.82 11.0 % 49 Wyoming $3,516,453,000 $6,197.97 9.3 % 50 Vermont $3,333,342,000 $5,319.80 12.9 % Puerto Rico $3,313,199,000 $896.89 N / A TOTAL $2,406,114,118,000 7,631.63 ( Avg . ) 16.0 % Maps and graphs ( edit ) Map of total federal tax revenue by state in 2007 .",
"10": "Legend : < $25 billion $25 - $50 billion $50 - $75 billion $75 - $100 billion $100 - $125 billion $125 - $150 billion $150 - $175 billion $175 - $200 billion > $200 billion Map of average federal tax revenue per capita by state in 2007 . Legend : < $4,000 $4,000 - $6,000 $6,000 - $8,000 $8,000 - $10,000 $10,000 - $12,000 $12,000 - $14,000 $14,000 - $16,000 $16,000 - $18,000 > $18,000 Share of federal revenue from different tax sources . Individual income taxes ( blue ) , payroll taxes / FICA ( green ) , corporate income taxes ( red ) . See also ( edit ) Federal taxation and spending by state Federal taxes : Income tax in the United States State taxes : State tax levels in the United States State income tax Sales taxes in the United States General : Taxation in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 ( NST - EST2016 - 01 ) '' . Census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . December 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Service Data Book , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . IRS.gov . Statistics of Income Division , Communications and Data Dissemination Section . p. 12 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Puerto Rico is not a U.S. state but residents pay federal taxes ; however , most are not required to pay federal income tax . ^ Jump up to : ratio to GSP is excluding Puerto Rico Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2012 ( NST - EST2012 - 01 ) '' . Census.gov .",
"11": "U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . December 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Service Data Book , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . IRS.gov . Statistics of Income Division , Communications and Data Dissemination Section . p. 12 . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_state/2013/pdf/gsp0613.pdf Jump up ^ The District of Columbia is not a U.S. state , but its residents pay federal taxes . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2012 ( NST - EST2012 - 01 ) '' ( xls ) . Census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . December 2012 . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Service Data Book , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . IRS.gov . Statistics of Income Division , Communications and Data Dissemination Section . p. 12 . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . New table is available for 2015 to update the data . Also - would be good to be able to see some trends in the data in terms of growth by state in terms of taxes paid References ( edit ) 2007 Population , US Census .",
"12": "Total Tax Revenue By Type and State Fiscal Year 2007 ( XLS ) United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories ATB Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"13": "php?title=Federal_tax_revenue_by_state&oldid=838395799 '' Categories : Taxation in the United States Tax incidence Talk Contents About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 18 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
1,
8,
2,
4,
5,
7,
6,
3,
9,
12,
10,
13,
11,
0
] |
[
1,
8,
2,
4
] |
-5289834111281891019
|
which term is used to identify having official power to act
|
[
"Authority",
"Authority",
"Authority",
"authority"
] |
{
"0": "Authority - wikipedia Authority Jump to : navigation , search This article is about authority as a concept . For other uses , see Authority ( disambiguation ) . Authority ( derived from the Latin word auctoritas ) , as a concept , can be used to mean the right to exercise power given by the State ( in the form of government , judges , police officers , etc . ) , or by academic knowledge of an area ( someone that can be an authority on a subject ) or , in some societies , by higher spiritual powers or deities . When the word authority is used in the name of an organization , this name usually refers to the governing body upon which such authority is vested ; for example , the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority or the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority . It can also mean the right to do something or execute an order . Contents ( hide ) 1 In various settings 1.1 Political philosophy 1.2 Other social sciences 2 Max Weber 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links In various settings ( edit ) In government , the term authority is often used interchangeably with power . However , their meanings differ : while power is defined as `` the ability to influence somebody to do something that he / she would not have done '' , authority refers to a claim of legitimacy , the justification and right to exercise that power . For example , while a mob has the power to punish a criminal , for example by lynching , people who believe in the rule of law consider that only a court of law has the authority to punish a criminal legally as the law says . Political philosophy ( edit ) There have been several contributions to the debate of political authority . Among others , Max Weber , Hannah Arendt , Alexandre Kojève and Giorgio Agamben have provided some of the most remarkable texts . In political philosophy , the jurisdiction of political authority , the location of sovereignty , the balancing of freedom and authority ( cf . Cristi 2005 ) , and the requirements of political obligations have been core questions from Plato and Aristotle to the present . Most democratic societies are engaged in an ongoing discussion regarding the legitimate extent of the exercise of governmental authority .",
"1": "In the United States , for instance , there is an apparent prevailing belief that the political system as instituted by the Founding Fathers should accord the populace as much freedom as reasonable , and that government should limit its authority accordingly . In the discussion regarding the legitimacy of political authority , the ends of the spectrum of views could be described as either a belief in the absolute freedom of the individual ( i.e. Political anarchism ) , or the belief that there must be a central authority ( in the form of a sovereign ) that claims ownership and control over the masses ( i.e. statism ) . The argument for political anarchy and anti-statism is made by Michael Huemer PhD , in his 2013 book , The Problem of Political Authority . In that book , he delves into the various justifications used by political theorists throughout history to justify the legitimacy of political authority via the State . On the other hand , one of the main arguments for the legitimacy of the state , the `` social contract theory '' , is made by Thomas Hobbes in his 1668 book , Leviathan . Other social sciences ( edit ) Since the emergence of social sciences , authority has become a subject of research in a variety of empirical settings : the family ( parental authority ) , small groups ( informal authority of leadership ) , intermediate organizations such as schools , churches , armies , industries and bureaucracies ( organizational and bureaucratic authorities ) , and society - wide or inclusive organizations , ranging from the most primitive tribal society to the modern nation - state and intermediate organization ( political authority ) . The definition of authority in contemporary social science remains a matter of debate . According to Michaels in the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences , authority is the capacity , innate or acquired for exercising ascendancy over a group . Other scientists argue that . It is power that is sanctioned and institutionalized . Howard Bloom hints at a parallel between authority and respect / reverence for ancestors . Max Weber ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"2": "( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Authority ( sociology ) Max Weber , in his sociological and philosophical work , identified and distinguished three types of legitimate domination ( Herrschaft in German , which generally means ' domination ' or ' rule ' ) , that have sometimes been rendered in English translation as types of authority , because domination is n't seen as a political concept in the first place . Weber defined domination ( authority ) as the chance of commands being obeyed by a specifiable group of people . Legitimate authority is that which is recognized as legitimate and justified by both the ruler and the ruled . Weber divided legitimate authority into three types : The first type discussed by Weber is Rational - legal authority . It is that form of authority which depends for its legitimacy on formal rules and established laws of the state , which are usually written down and are often very complex . The power of the rational legal authority is mentioned in the constitution . Modern societies depend on legal - rational authority . Government officials are the best example of this form of authority , which is prevalent all over the world . The second type of authority is Traditional authority , which derives from long - established customs , habits and social structures . When power passes from one generation to another , then it is known as traditional authority . The right of hereditary monarchs to rule furnishes an obvious example . The Tudor dynasty in England and the ruling families of Mewar , in Rajasthan ( India ) are some examples of traditional authority . The third form of authority is Charismatic authority . Here , the charisma of the individual or the leader plays an important role . Charismatic authority is that authority which is derived from `` the gift of grace '' or when the leader claims that his authority is derived from a `` higher power '' ( e.g. God or natural law or rights ) or `` inspiration '' , that is superior to both the validity of traditional and rational - legal authority and followers accept this and are willing to follow this higher or inspired authority , in the place of the authority that they have hitherto been following . Examples in this regard can be NT Rama Rao , a matinee idol , who went on to become one of the most powerful Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh .",
"3": "History has witnessed several social movements or revolutions , against a system of traditional or legal - rational authority , which are usually started by Charismatic authorities . Weber states that what distinguishes authority from coercion , force and power on the one hand , and leadership , persuasion and influence on the other hand , is legitimacy . Superiors , he states , feel that they have a right to issue commands ; subordinates perceive an obligation to obey . Social scientists agree that authority is but one of several resources available to incumbents in formal positions . For example , a Head of State is dependent upon a similar nesting of authority . His legitimacy must be acknowledged , not just by citizens , but by those who control other valued resources : his immediate staff , his cabinet , military leaders and in the long run , the administration and political apparatus of the entire society . Authority can be created either expressly or by implication ; ( 2 ) public entities act publicly , using the same means to communicate the grant of authority to their agents that they use to communicate this to third parties ; ( 3 ) apparent authority describes the situation when a principal has placed restrictions on an agent that are not known to a third party ; ( 4 ) restrictions on government agents are accomplished in the open , through laws and regulations ; ( 5 ) everyone , including contractors , are supposed to know the laws and regulations of our government ; and thus ( 6 ) the concept of `` apparent authority '' is often inapt when dealing with the government , insofar as the only cognizable restrictions on the agent 's authority are deemed known to third parties , shattering any appearance of authority . See also ( edit ) Authority bias Authority ( management ) Anti-authoritarianism Appeal to authority Auctoritas Authoritarianism Cognitive authority Cratology , the art and science of ( social ) power Dominance ( ethology ) Milgram experiment Petty authority Religious authority References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bloom , Howard ( 2010 ) . The Genius of the Beast : a radical re-vision of capitalism . Amherst , New York : Prometheus Books . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59102 - 754 - 6 . To validate an argument , we refer back to our ancestors - or to someone who , while still alive , has already garnered the sort of authority only ancestors normally have .",
"4": "Further reading ( edit ) Giorgio Agamben , State of Exception ( 2005 ) Józef Maria Bocheński , Was ist Autorität ? ( 1974 ) Renato Cristi , Hegel on Freedom and Authority ( 2005 ) Alexandre Kojève , `` The notion of authority '' ( 2014 ) Stuart Lachs , Means of Authorization : Establishing Hierarchy in Ch'an / Zen Buddhism in America ( 1999 ) Rafael Domingo Osle , Auctoritas ( 1999 ) Karl Popper , On the Sources of Knowledge and of Ignorance ( 1960 ) Max Weber , Economy and Society ( 1922 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Authority Look up authority in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` '' Political Obligation `` '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Appeal to Authority Breakdown Christiano , Tom . `` Authority '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Qualitionary - Legal Definitions - Authority Four essays published in the International Journal of Philosophical Studies from the Robert Papazian Essay Prize Competition on Authority LCCN : sh85009789 GND : 4003990 - 0 NDL : 00565509 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authority&oldid=836392738 '' Categories : Political philosophy Philosophy of law Social concepts Group processes Social ethics Authority Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Articles containing German - language text Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers",
"5": "Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Limburgs Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 ,",
"6": "at 14 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
4,
3,
1,
6,
2,
5
] |
[
0,
4,
3,
1,
6,
2,
5
] |
4584893660552689219
|
what do you call a person who officiates a wedding
|
[
"A marriage officiant, solemniser, or \"vow master\"",
"marriage officiant",
"solemniser",
"\"vow master\"",
"marriage officiant, solemniser, or \"vow master\"",
"marriage officiant",
"solemniser",
"vow master"
] |
{
"0": "Marriage officiant - wikipedia Marriage officiant Jump to : navigation , search A marriage officiant , solemniser , or `` vow master '' is a person who officiates at a wedding ceremony . Contents ( hide ) 1 Civil 2 By country 2.1 United States 2.2 Scotland 2.3 Australia 3 By faith 3.1 Judaism 3.2 Quaker 3.3 Catholicism 3.4 Nonreligious 4 See also 5 References Civil ( edit ) Marriage officiant is a civil officer such as a justice of the peace who performs acts of marriage or civil union . Their main responsibility is to witness the consent of the intended spouses for the wedding license and hence validate the marriage or civil union for legal purposes . Officiant 's duties and responsibilities , as well as who may be an officiant vary among jurisdictions By country ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Further information : Officiant and Humanist officiant In the United States , Canada and many other countries around the world , a celebrant is a person who performs religious or secular celebrancy services for weddings , funerals , child namings , coming of age ceremonies , and other rituals . Most Celebrants are ordained clergy , while some are legal officials ( usually judges ) , and others are Officiants empowered by the Humanist Associations around the world . Celebrants may perform alternative and nontraditional ceremonies in places , and under circumstances where mainstream religious clergy will not . Some celebrants perform same - sex weddings and commitment ceremonies . Celebrants , also called Officiants , often perform ceremonies in parks , on beaches , on mountains , on boats , on hiking trails , in hotels , in banquet halls , in private homes , and many other places . Laws in each state of the United States vary about who has the ability to perform wedding ceremonies , but Celebrants or Officiants are usually categorized as `` clergy '' and have the same rights and responsibilities as ordained clergy . In the United States , celebrants are professional ceremony officiants who believe in the power and effectiveness of ceremony and ritual to serve basic needs of society and the individual . They collaborate with their clients to create and perform personalised ceremonies that reflect the client 's beliefs , philosophy of life , and personality , not the celebrant 's .",
"1": "See Celebrant ( United States ) for more information . Scotland ( edit ) In Scotland , since a June 2005 ruling by the Registrar General , humanist weddings are now legal , thanks to a campaign by the Humanist Society Scotland . Scotland is the only part of the United Kingdom where Humanist weddings are recognised as legal by the state and is only one of eight countries in the world where Humanist weddings are legally recognised , the others as of 2017 are : Australia , Canada , Iceland , Ireland , New Zealand , Norway and some states of the United States of America . Celebrants differ from Chaplains in that Celebrants serve the unaffiliated public at large , while Chaplains are usually employed by an institution such as a hospital or other health care facility , the military , etc . However some celebrants of Humanist Society Scotland perform Chaplain duties at Scottish education establishments . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Celebrant ( Australia ) In Australia , Celebrants have a slightly different role , as regulated by local and national laws . By faith ( edit ) Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Jewish wedding In Judaism a Rabbi traditionally officiates over the wedding , however the two people marry each other . They are not married by the Rabbi . Quaker ( edit ) In Quaker weddings the couple marry each other with no third party officiating . Catholicism ( edit ) In the Catholic Church , it is the bride and bridegroom who perform the Sacrament of Matrimony ( marriage ) , but a marriage can only be valid if the Church has a witness at the wedding ceremony whose function is to question the couple to ensure that they have no obstacle to marriage ( such as an un-annulled previous marriage or certain undisclosed facts between the couple ) and that they are freely choosing to wed each other . All ordained clergy ( i.e.",
"2": "a deacon , priest , or bishop ) may witness the wedding ceremony itself , though usually the wedding ceremony occurs during a Mass , which deacons lack the authority or ability to celebrate ; however , in weddings that take place inside Mass , the deacon may still serve as the witness to the wedding , provided that a priest or bishop celebrates the Mass ; and in weddings that take place outside Mass ( which usually occurs in a marriage between a Catholic and a non-Christian or , less often , non-Catholic ) , the ceremony is the same for deacons , priests , and bishops ( with few or no changes ) . Nonreligious ( edit ) See also : Humanist celebrant A number of secular humanist organizations provide credentials to individuals who may solemnize marriages in whatever manner they choose . Some organizations have limited or no requirements for ordination , like the Universal Life Church . Such organizations may be known as ordination mills . See also ( edit ) Officiant Celebrant , the title of a marriage officiant in Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Officiant 's regulations in Quebec Archived 2007 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Officiant 's FAQ in California Archived 2006 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ FAQ Officiating Weddings throughout the United States , with links to State Code Sections Jump up ^ `` Humanist Chaplain '' . Glasgow Caledonian University . Retrieved 26 May 2017 .",
"3": "( hide ) Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage licence Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Black tie Boutonnière Contemporary Western wedding dress Garter Hwarot Morning dress Optional Tuxedo Wedding dress White tie Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lych Gate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Bengali Hindu Brunei Malay Chinese Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Oriya Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland Pakistan Philippines Russia South Asia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland ,",
"4": "history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Equal marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marriage_officiant&oldid=799970087 '' Categories : Wedding ceremony participants Marriage Civil law ( common law ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 22 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
2,
4,
1,
3
] |
[
0,
2,
4,
1,
3
] |
7301175608577838395
|
the function of the excretory system is to help maintain homeostasis by
|
[
"removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism"
] |
{
"0": "Excretory system - wikipedia Excretory system Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Excretory system Identifiers Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess , unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism , so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body . The dual function of excretory systems is the elimination of the waste products of metabolism and to drain the body of used up and broken down components in a liquid and gaseous state . In humans and other amniotes ( mammals , birds and reptiles ) most of these substances leave the body as urine and to some degree exhalation , mammals also expel them through sweating . Only the organs specifically used for the excretion are considered a part of the excretory system . In the narrow sense , the term refer to the urinary system . However , as excretion involves several functions that are only superficially related , it is not usually used in more formal classifications of anatomy or function . As most healthy functioning organs produce metabolic and other wastes , the entire organism depends on the function of the system . Breaking down of one of more of the systems is a serious health condition , for example renal failure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Systems 1.1 Urinary system 1.1. 1 Kidneys 1.1. 2 Ureter 1.1. 3 Urinary bladder 1.1. 4 Urethra 1.2 Respiratory system 1.3 Gastrointestinal tract 1.4 Biliary system 1.5 Integumentary system 1.5. 1 Skin 1.5. 2 Eccrine 2 Substances 2.1 Bile 2.2 Urine 2.3 Faeces 2.4 Sweat 2.5 Breath 3 Clinical signifiance 3.1 Kidney Stones 3.1.",
"1": "1 Treatment 3.2 Pyelonephritis 3.2. 1 Acute Pyelonephritis 3.2. 2 Chronic Pyelonephritis 3.2. 3 Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis 3.2. 4 Treatment 3.2. 5 Epidemiology 4 References 5 External links Systems Urinary system Main article : Urinary system The kidneys are bean - shaped organs which are present on each side of the vertebral column in the abdominal cavity . Humans have two kidneys and each kidney is supplied with blood from the renal artery . The kidneys remove from the blood the nitrogenous wastes such as urea , as well as salts and excess water , and excrete them in the form of urine . This is done with the help of millions of nephrons present in the kidney . The filtrated blood is carried away from the kidneys by the renal vein ( or kidney vein ) . The urine from the kidney is collected by the ureter ( or excretory tubes ) , one from each kidney , and is passed to the urinary bladder . The urinary bladder collects and stores the urine until urination . The urine collected in the bladder is passed into the external environment from the body through an opening called the urethra . Kidneys Main article : Kidneys The kidney 's primary function is the elimination of waste from the bloodstream by production of urine . They perform several homeostatic functions such as : - Maintain volume of extracellular fluid Maintain ionic balance in extracellular fluid Maintain pH and osmotic concentration of the extracellular fluid . Excrete toxic metabolic by - products such as urea , ammonia , and uric acid . The way the kidneys do this is with nephrons . There are over 1 million nephrons in each kidney ; these nephrons act as filters inside the kidneys . The kidneys filter needed materials and waste , the needed materials go back into the bloodstream , and unneeded materials becomes urine and is gotten rid of . In some cases , excess wastes crystallize as kidney stones . They grow and can become painful irritants that may require surgery or ultrasound treatments . Some stones are small enough to be forced into the urethra .",
"2": "Ureter Main article : Ureters The ureters are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder . In the human adult , the ureters are usually 25 -- 30 cm ( 10 -- 12 in ) long . In humans , the ureters arise from the renal pelvis on the medial aspect of each kidney before descending towards the bladder on the front of the psoas major muscle . The ureters cross the pelvic brim near the bifurcation of the iliac arteries ( which they run over ) . This `` pelviureteric junction '' is a common site for the impaction of kidney stones ( the other being the uteterovesical valve ) . The ureters run posteriorly on the lateral walls of the pelvis . They then curve anteriormedially to enter the bladder through the back , at the vesicoureteric junction , running within the wall of the bladder for a few centimeters . The backflow of urine is prevented by valves known as ureterovesical valves . In the female , the ureters pass through the mesometrium on the way to the bladder . Urinary bladder The urinary bladder is the organ that collects waste excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination . It is a hollow muscular , and distensible ( or elastic ) organ , and sits on the pelvic floor . Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra . Embryologically , the bladder is derived from the urogenital sinus , and it is initially continuous with the allantois . In human males , the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis . It is superior to the prostate , and separated from the rectum by the rectovesical excavation . In females , the bladder sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina . It is separated from the uterus by the vesicouterine excavation . In infants and young children , the urinary bladder is in the abdomen even when empty . Urethra In anatomy , the ( from Greek -- ourethra ) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body . In humans , the urethra has an excretory function in both genders to pass .",
"3": "Respiratory system Main article : Respiratory system One of the main functions of the lungs is to diffuse gaseous wastes , such as carbon dioxide , from the bloodstream as a normal part of respiration . Gastrointestinal tract Main article : Gastrointestinal tract The large intestine 's main function is to transport food particles through the body and expel the indigestible parts at the other end , but it also collects waste from throughout the body . The typical brown colour of mammal waste is due to bilirubin , a breakdown product of normal heme catabolism . The lower part of the large intestine also extracts any remaining usable water and then removes solid waste . At about 10 feet long in humans , it transports the wastes through the tubes to be excreted . Biliary system Main article : Biliary system The liver detoxifies and breaks down chemicals , poisons and other toxins that enter the body . For example , the liver transforms ammonia ( which is poisonous ) into urea in fish , amphibians and mammals , and into uric acid in birds and reptiles . Urea is filtered by the kidney into urine or through the gills in fish and tadpoles . Uric acid is paste - like and expelled as a semi-solid waste ( the `` white '' in bird excrements ) . The liver also produces bile , and the body uses bile to break down fats into usable fats and unusable waste . Invertebrates lack a liver , but most terrestrial groups , like insects , possesses a number of blind guts that serve the similar functions . Marine invertebrates do not need the ammonia conversion of the liver , as they can usually expel ammonia directly by diffusion through the skin . Integumentary system Main article : Integumentary system Skin Sweat glands in the skin secrete a fluid waste called sweat or perspiration ; however , its primary functions are temperature control and pheromone release . Therefore , its role as a part of the excretory system is minimal . Sweating also maintains the level of salt in the body . In mammals . the skin excretes sweat through sweat glands throughout the body . The sweat , helped by salt , evaporates and helps to keep the body cool when it is warm .",
"4": "In amphibians , the lungs are very simple , and they lack the necessary means to the exhale like other tetrapods can . The moist , scale-less skin is therefore essential in helping to rid the blood of carbon dioxide , and also allows for urea to be expelled through diffusion when submerged . In small - bodied marine invertebrates , the skin is the most important excretory organ . That is particularly true for acoelomate groups like cnidarians , flatworms and nemerteans , who have no body cavities and hence no body fluid that can be drained or purified by nephrons , which is the reason acoelomate animals are thread - like ( nemertans ) , flat ( flatworms ) or only consist of a thin layer of cells around a gelatinous non-cellular interior ( cnidarians ) . Eccrine Like sweat glands , eccrine glands allow excess water to leave the body . The majority of eccrine glands are located mainly on the forehead , the bottoms of the feet , and the palms , although the glands are everywhere throughout the body . They help the body to maintain temperature control . Eccrine glands in the skin are unique to mammals . Secretions of sweat from the eccrine glands play a large role in controlling the body temperature of humans . Regulation of body temperature , also known as thermoregulation , is very important when it comes to instances that bring the body 's temperature outside of the homeostatic temperature such as with a fever or even exercise . Together these glands make up the size of about one kidney and in one day a human can perspire amounts as much as 10 liters . The two functions consist of secretion of a filtrate in response to acetylcholine and reabsorption of sodium near the duct when there is water in excess so that a sweat can be surfacing the skin . There are three parts to the eccrine sweat gland and these are the pore , the duct , and the gland . The pore is the portion that goes through the outermost layer of the skin and is typically 5 - 10 microns in diameter . The duct is the part of the sweat gland that connects dermis cells to the epidermis . It is composed by two layers of cells and is between 10 and 20 microns in diameter .",
"5": "The gland does the actual secretion and it lies deep within the dermis . The cells that make up the gland are larger in size than the duct cells and its lumen is around 20 microns in diameter . Substances Bile Main article : Bile After bile is produced in the liver , it is stored in the gall bladder . It is then secreted within the small intestine where it helps to emulsify fats in the same manner as a soap . Bile also contains bilirubin , which is a waste product . Bile salts can be considered waste that is useful for the body given that they have a role in fat absorption from the stomach . They are excreted from the liver and along with blood flow they help to form the shape of the liver where they are excreted . For instance , if biliary drainage is impaired than that part of the liver will end up wasting away . Biliary obstruction is typically due to masses blocking the ducts of the system such as tumors . The consequences of this depend on the site of blockage and how long it goes on for . There is inflammation of the ducts due to the irritation from the bile acids and this can cause infections . If rupture of the duct takes place it is very traumatic and even fatal . Urine Main article : Urine Within the kidney , blood first passes through the afferent artery to the capillary formation called a glomerulus and is collected in the Bowman 's capsule , which filters the blood from its contents -- primarily food and wastes . After the filtration process , the blood then returns to collect the food nutrients it needs , while the wastes pass into the collecting duct , to the renal pelvis , and to the ureter , and are then secreted out of the body via the urinary bladder . Faeces Main article : Faeces This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2017 ) Sweat Main article : Sweat This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2017 ) Breath Main article : Breath This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it .",
"6": "( November 2017 ) Clinical signifiance Kidney stones Main article : Kidney stone disease Scientifically , masses referred to as a renal calculus or nephrolith , or more commonly , `` kidney stones , '' are solid masses of crystals that may be a variety of shapes , sizes , and textures , that can reside within one or both of the kidneys . Kidney stones form when the balance is off between the concentration of substances that pass through urine , and the substances that are supposed to dissolve them . When substances are not properly dissolved , they have the ability to build up , and form these kidney stones . These stones are most commonly made up of substances such as calcium , cystine , oxalate , and uric acid , as these are the substances that normally would dissolve within the urine . When they do not dissolve correctly and further build up , they will commonly lodge themselves in the urinary tract and in this case , are usually small enough to pass through urine . In extreme situations , however , these stones may lodge themselves within the tube that connects the kidney and the bladder , called the ureter . In this case , they become very large in size and will most likely cause great pain , bleeding , and possibly even block the flow of urine . These can occur in both men and women , and studies show that around 12 % of men , and 8 % of women in America will develop kidney stones within their lifetime . Treatment In those extreme situations , in which kidney stones are too large to pass on their own , patients may seek removal . Most of these treatments involving kidney stone removal are done by a urologist ; a physician who specializes in the organs of the Urinary system . A common way of removal is shock wave lithotripsy , in which the urologist will shock the kidney stone into smaller pieces via laser , allowing these pieces to further pass through the urine on their own , as a normal case of kidney stones . Larger , more serious cases may demand Cystoscopy , Ureteroscopy , or Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy , in which the doctor will use a viewing tool or camera to locate the stone , and based on the size or situation , may either chose to continue with surgical removal , or use the shock wave lithotripsy treatment .",
"7": "Once the kidney stone ( s ) are successfully eliminated , the urologist will commonly suggest medication to prevent future recurrences . Pyelonephritis Main article : Pyelonephritis Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection that occurs when bacteria enters the body through the urinary tract . It causes an inflammation of the renal parenchyma , calyces , and pelvis . There are three main classifications of pyelonephritis : acute , chronic and xanthogranulomatous . Acute pyelonephritis In acute pyelonephritis , the patient experiences high fever , abdominal pain and pain while passing urine . Treatment for acute pyelonephritis is provided via antibiotics and an extensive urological investigation is conducted to find any abnormalities and prevent recurrence . Chronic pyelonephritis In chronic pyelonephritis , patients experience persistent abdominal and flank pain , high fever , decreased appetite , weight loss , urinary tract symptoms and blood in the urine . Chronic pyelonephritis can also lead to scarring of the renal parenchyma caused by recurrent kidney infections . Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is an unusual form of chronic pyelonephritis . It results in severe destruction of the kidney and causes granulomatous abscess formation . Patients infected with Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis experience recurrent fevers , anemia , kidney stones and loss of function in the affected kidney . Treatment A urine culture and antibiotics sensitivity test is issued for patients who are believed to have pyelonephritis . Since most cases of pyelonephritis are caused from bacterial infections , antibiotics are a common treatment option . Depending on the species of the infecting organism and the antibiotics sensitivity profile of the organism , treatments may include fluoroquinolones , cephalosporins , aminoglycosides , or trimethoprim individually or in combination . For patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis , treatment might include antibiotics as well as surgery . Nephrectomy is the most common surgical treatment for a majority of cases invloving xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis .",
"8": "Epidemiology In men , roughly 2 - 3 cases per 10,000 are treated as outpatients and 1 in 10,000 cases require admission to the hospital . In women , approximately 12 - 13 in 10,000 cases are treated as outpatients and 3 - 4 cases are admitted to a hospital . The most common age group affected by Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is middle - aged women . Infants and elderly are also at an increased risk because of hormonal and anatomical changes . References Jump up ^ Dr. Tim Kenny . `` Jaundice '' . Patient.co.uk . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Janis , C.M. ; Keller , J.C. ( 2001 ) . `` Modes of ventilation in early tetrapods : Costal aspiration as a key feature of amniotes '' ( PDF ) . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 46 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 170 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Dorit , R.L. ; Walker , W.F. ; Barnes , R.D. ( 1991 ) . Zoology . Saunders College Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 030504 - 7 . Jump up ^ Charkoudian , Nisha ( 2003 ) . `` Skin Blood Flow in Adult Human Thermoregulation : How It Works , When It Does Not , and Why '' . Mayo Clinic Precedings. 78 : 603 -- 612 . doi : 10.4065 / 78.5. 603 . Jump up ^ Sato , Kenzo ( 2005 ) . `` The physiology , pharmacology , and biochemistry of the eccrine sweat gland '' . Reviews of Physiology , Biochemistry and Pharmacology . 79 : 51 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Holyoke , John B. `` Histologic Variations in the Structure of Human Eccrine Sweat Glands -- ScienceDirect '' . Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 18 : 147 -- 167 . doi : 10.1038 / jid. 1952.18 .",
"9": "Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jubb , K.V.F ( 1993 ) . Pathology of Domestic Animals . San Diego , California : Academic Press , Inc . pp. 320 -- 361 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 391606 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-stones/definition-facts Jump up ^ Punnoose , Ann R. ; Golub , Robert M. ; Lynm , Cassio ( 2012 ) . `` Kidney Stones '' . JAMA. 307 ( 23 ) . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2012.6217 . Jump up ^ Coe , Fredric L. ; Evan , Andrew ; Worcester , Elaine ( 2005 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Kidney stone disease '' . Journal of Clinical Investigation . 115 ( 10 ) : 2598 -- 2608 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI26662 . ISSN 0021 - 9738 . PMC 1236703 . PMID 16200192 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Definition of Urologist '' . MedicineNet . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` mediLexicon '' . mediLexicon . Jump up ^ Martin , Elizabeth ( 2015 ) . Concise Medical Dictionary ( 9 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 968781 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Korkes , Fernando ; Favoretto , Ricardo L. ; Bróglio , Marcos ; Silva , Carlos A. ; Castro , Marilia G. ; Perez , Marjo D.C. ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis : clinical experience with 41 cases '' . Urology. 71 ( 2 ) : 178 -- 180 . doi : 10.1016 / j. urology. 2007.09. 026 .",
"10": "ISSN 1527 - 9995 . PMID 18308077 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Kalpana ; Hooton , Thomas M. ; Naber , Kurt G. ; Wullt , Björn ; Colgan , Richard ; Miller , Loren G. ; Moran , Gregory J. ; Nicolle , Lindsay E. ; Raz , Raul ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) . `` International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women : A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 52 ( 5 ) : e103 -- 120 . doi : 10.1093 / cid / ciq257 . ISSN 1537 - 6591 . PMID 21292654 . Jump up ^ Korkes , Fernando ; Favoretto , Ricardo L. ; Bróglio , Marcos ; Silva , Carlos A. ; Castro , Marilia G. ; Perez , Marjo D.C. ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis : clinical experience with 41 cases '' . Urology. 71 ( 2 ) : 178 -- 180 . doi : 10.1016 / j. urology. 2007.09. 026 . ISSN 1527 - 9995 . PMID 18308077 . Jump up ^ Czaja , Christopher A. ; Scholes , Delia ; Hooton , Thomas M. ; Stamm , Walter E. ( 2007 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Population - based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 45 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 280 . doi : 10.1086 / 519268 . ISSN 1537 - 6591 . PMID 17599303 . Jump up ^ Malek , R.S. ; Elder , J.S. ( 1978 - 05 - 01 ) .",
"11": "`` Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis : a critical analysis of 26 cases and of the literature '' . The Journal of Urology. 119 ( 5 ) : 589 -- 593 . doi : 10.1016 / s0022 - 5347 ( 17 ) 57559 - x . ISSN 0022 - 5347 . PMID 660725 . Jump up ^ Goodman , T.R. ; McHugh , K. ; Lindsell , D.R. ( 1998 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Paediatric xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis '' . International Journal of Clinical Practice. 52 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 45 . ISSN 1368 - 5031 . PMID 9536568 .",
"12": "External links CLC Biology : Excretory / Urinary System The Franklin Institute : Excretory System Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excretory_system&oldid=835124358 '' Categories : Anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles to be expanded from November 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Čeština Español Euskara Gaeilge Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar Македонски 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Tagalog தமிழ் Українська 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 18 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
3,
0,
1,
4,
5,
6,
12,
7,
2,
11,
8,
10,
9
] |
[
3,
0,
1,
4,
5
] |
9181214857052322914
|
the region that stretches between the black and caspian seas
|
[
"The Caucasus Mountains",
"Caucasus Mountains",
"The Caucasus Mountains"
] |
{
"0": "Caucasus Mountains - wikipedia Caucasus Mountains Jump to : navigation , search For the lunar mountain range , see Montes Caucasus . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Caucasus Mountains Aerial view of the Caucasus Mountains Highest point Peak Mount Elbrus Elevation 5,642 m ( 18,510 ft ) Coordinates 43 ° 21 ′ 18 '' N 42 ° 26 ′ 31 '' E / 43.35500 ° N 42.44194 ° E / 43.35500 ; 42.44194 Length 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) Width 160 km ( 99 mi ) Geography Topographic map Countries Russia , Georgia , Armenia and Azerbaijan Range coordinates 42 ° 30 ′ N 45 ° 00 ′ E / 42.5 ° N 45 ° E / 42.5 ; 45 Coordinates : 42 ° 30 ′ N 45 ° 00 ′ E / 42.5 ° N 45 ° E / 42.5 ; 45 Satellite image of the Caucasus Mountains The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system in West Asia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region . The Caucasus Mountains include the Greater Caucasus in the north and Lesser Caucasus in the south . The Greater Caucasus runs west - northwest to east - southeast , from the Caucasian Natural Reserve in the vicinity of Sochi on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea nearly to Baku on the Caspian Sea . The Lesser Caucasus runs parallel to the Greater about 100 km ( 62 mi ) south . The Greater and Lesser Caucasus ranges are connected by the Likhi Range , and to the west and east of the Likhi Range lie the Colchis Plain and the Kur - Araz Lowland . The Meskheti Range is a part of the Lesser Caucasus system .",
"1": "In the southeast the Aras River separates the Lesser Caucasus from the Talysh Mountains which straddle the border of southeastern Azerbaijan and Iran . The Lesser Caucasus and the Armenian Highland constitute the Transcaucasian Highland , which at their western end converge with the highland plateau of Eastern Anatolia in the far north east of Turkey . The highest peak in the Caucasus range is Mount Elbrus in the Greater Caucasus , which rises to a height of 5,642 metres ( 18,510 ft ) above sea level . Mountains near Sochi hosted part of the 2014 Winter Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Notable peaks 3 Climate 4 Landscape 5 History 6 Image gallery 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Geology ( edit ) Geologically , the Caucasus Mountains belong to a system that extends from southeastern Europe into Asia . The Greater Caucasus Mountains are mainly composed of Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks with the Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks in the higher regions . Some volcanic formations are found throughout the range . On the other hand , the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are formed predominantly of the Paleogene rocks with a much smaller portion of the Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks . The evolution of the Caucasus began from the Late Triassic to the Late Jurassic during the Cimmerian orogeny at the active margin of the Tethys Ocean while the uplift of the Greater Caucasus is dated to the Miocene during the Alpine orogeny . The Caucasus Mountains formed largely as the result of a tectonic plate collision between the Arabian plate moving northwards with respect to the Eurasian plate . As the Tethys Sea was closed and the Arabian Plate collided with the Iranian Plate and was pushed against it and with the clockwise movement of the Eurasian Plate towards the Iranian Plate and their final collision , the Iranian Plate was pressed against the Eurasian Plate . As this happened , the entire rocks that had been deposited in this basin from the Jurassic to the Miocene were folded to form the Greater Caucasus Mountains . This collision also caused the uplift and the Cenozoic volcanic activity in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains . The entire region is regularly subjected to strong earthquakes from this activity .",
"2": "While the Greater Caucasus Mountains have a mainly folded sedimentary structure , the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are largely of volcanic origin . The Javakheti Volcanic Plateau in Georgia and the surrounding volcanic ranges which extend well into central Armenia are some of the youngest features of the region . Only recently was the Caucasus a scene for intense volcanic activity : the Armenian highland was flooded by calc - alkaline basalts and andesites in the Pliocene and the highest summits of the Caucasus , the Elbrus , and the Kazbek , formed as Pleistocene - Pliocene volcanoes . The Kazbek is no longer active , but the Elbrus erupted in postglacial times and fumarole activity is registered near its summit . Contemporary seismic activity is a prominent feature of the region , reflecting active faulting and crustal shortening . Clusters of seismicity occur in Dagestan and in northern Armenia . Many devastating earthquakes have been documented in historical times , including the Spitak earthquake in December 1988 which destroyed the Gyumri - Vanadzor region of Armenia . Notable peaks ( edit ) Europe 's highest mountain is Mount Elbrus 5,642 m ( 18,510 ft ) in the Caucasus Mountains . Elbrus is 832 m ( 2,730 ft ) higher than Mont Blanc , the highest peak in the Alps at 4,810 m ( 15,780 ft ) . The Caucasus Mountains are defined as the continental divide between Asia and Europe for the region between the Black and Caspian Seas . The table below lists some of the highest peaks of the Caucasus . With the exception of Shkhara , the heights are taken from Soviet 1 : 50,000 mapping . There are higher and more prominent , but nameless , peaks than some of the peaks included below .",
"3": "Peak name Elevation ( m ) Prominence ( m ) Country Elbrus 5,642 4,741 Russia Dykh - Tau 5,205 2,002 Russia Shkhara 5,201 1,365 Georgia / Russia Koshtan - Tau 5,152 822 Russia Janga ( Jangi - Tau ) 5,059 300 Georgia / Russia Ararat 5,137 3,611 Turkey Kazbek 5,047 2,353 Georgia / Russia Pushkin 5,033 110 Georgia / Russia Katyn - Tau 4,979 240 Georgia / Russia Gistola 4,860 Georgia Shota Rustaveli 4,860 c. 50 Georgia / Russia Tetnuldi 4,858 672 Georgia Dzhimara 4,780 Georgia / Russia Ushba 4,710 1,143 Georgia Ailama 4,547 1,067 Georgia Tebulos 4,499 2,145 Georgia / Russia Mount Bazardüzü 4,466 2,454 Azerbaijan Tepli 4,431 Russia Diklo 4,285 843 Georgia Mount Shahdagh 4,243 Azerbaijan Gora Addala Shukgelmezr 4,152 1,792 Russia Gora Dyultydag 4,127 1,834 Russia Aragats 4,090 2,143 Armenia Climate ( edit ) Aishkho Pass , Caucasus Nature Reserve The climate of the Caucasus varies both vertically ( according to elevation ) and horizontally ( by latitude and location ) . Temperature generally decreases as elevation rises . Average annual temperature in Sukhumi , Abkhazia at sea level is 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) while on the slopes of Mt.",
"4": "Kazbek at an elevation of 3,700 metres ( 12,100 ft ) , average annual temperature falls to − 6.1 ° C ( 21.0 ° F ) . The northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range are 3 ° C ( 5.4 ° F ) colder than the southern slopes . The highlands of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains in Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Georgia are marked by sharp temperature contrasts between the summer and winter months due to a more continental climate . Precipitation increases from east to west in most areas . Elevation plays an important role in the Caucasus and mountains generally receive higher amounts of precipitation than low - lying areas . The northeastern regions ( Dagestan ) and the southern portions of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are the driest . The absolute minimum annual precipitation is 250 mm ( 9.84 in ) in the northeastern Caspian Depression . Western parts of the Caucasus Mountains are marked by high amounts of precipitation . The southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range receive higher amounts of precipitation than the northern slopes . Annual precipitation in the Western Caucasus ranges from 1,000 to 4,000 mm ( 39.37 -- 157.48 in ) while in the Eastern and Northern Caucasus ( Chechnya , Ingushetia , Kabardino - Balkaria , Ossetia , Kakheti , Kartli , etc . ) precipitation ranges from 600 to 1,800 mm ( 23.62 -- 70.87 in ) . The absolute maximum annual precipitation is 4,100 mm ( 161.42 in ) around the Mt . Mtirala area which lies on the Meskheti Range in Ajaria . The precipitation of the Lesser Caucasus Mountain Range ( Southern Georgia , Armenia , western Azerbaijan ) , not including the Meskheti Range , varies from 300 - 800 mm ( 31.50 in ) annually . The Caucasus Mountains are known for the high amount of snowfall , although many regions which are not located along the windward slopes do not receive nearly as much snow . This is especially true for the Lesser Caucasus Mountains which are somewhat isolated from the moist influences coming in from the Black Sea and receive considerably less precipitation ( in the form of snow ) than the Greater Caucasus Mountains .",
"5": "The average winter snow cover of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains ranges from 10 to 30 cm ( 3.94 -- 11.81 in ) . The Greater Caucasus Mountains ( especially the southwestern slopes ) are marked by heavy snowfall . Avalanches are common from November to April . Snow cover in several regions ( Svaneti and northern Abkhazia ) may reach 5 metres ( 16 ft ) . The Mt . Achishkho region , which is the snowiest place in the Caucasus , often records snow depths of 7 m ( 23 ft ) . Landscape ( edit ) The Caucasus Mountains have a varied landscape which mainly changes according to elevation and distance from large bodies of water . The region contains biomes ranging from subtropical lowland marshes and forests to glaciers ( Western and Central Caucasus ) , and highland semideserts , steppes , and alpine meadows in the south ( mainly in Armenia and Azerbaijan ) . The northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountains are covered by oak , hornbeam , maple , and ash forests at lower elevations while birch and pine forests take over at higher elevations . Some of the lowest areas of the region are covered by steppes and grasslands . The slopes of the Northwestern Greater Caucasus ( Kabardino - Balkaria , Cherkessia , etc . ) also contain spruce and fir forests . The alpine zone replaces the forest at around 2,000 metres ( 6,600 ft ) above sea level . The permafrost / glacier line generally starts around 2,800 -- 3,000 metres ( 9,200 -- 9,800 ft ) . The southeastern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountains are covered by beech , oak , maple , hornbeam , and ash forests . Beech forests tend to dominate in higher locations . The southwestern slopes of the Greater Caucasus are covered by Colchian forests ( oak , buxus , beech , chestnut , hornbeam , elm ) at lower elevations with coniferous and mixed forests ( spruce , fir and beech ) taking over at higher elevations .",
"6": "The alpine zone on the southern slopes may extend up to 2,800 metres ( 9,200 ft ) above sea level while the glacier / snow line starts at 3,000 -- 3,500 metres ( 9,800 -- 11,500 ft ) . The northern and western slopes of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are characterized both by Colchian and other deciduous forests at lower elevations while mixed and coniferous forests ( mainly spruce and fir ) dominate at higher elevations . Beech forests are also common at higher elevations . The southern slopes of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are largely covered by grasslands and steppes up to an elevation of 2,500 metres ( 8,200 ft ) . The highest areas of the region contain alpine grasslands as well . Volcanic and other rock formations are common throughout the region . The volcanic zone extends over a large area from southern Georgia into Armenia and southwestern Azerbaijan . Some of the prominent peaks of the region include Mt . Aragats , Didi Abuli , Samsari , and others . The area is characterized by volcanic plateaus , lava flows , volcanic lakes , volcanic cones and other features . The Lesser Caucasus Mountains lack the type of glaciers and glacial features that are common on the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range . History ( edit ) Further information : History of the Caucasus Crossing the Caucasus Mountain range was an important section of the northern arm of the Silk Route . There was one pass on the southeast end in Derbent ( crossing the Great Wall of Gorgan ( also known as Alexander the Great 's Wall ) ) , and multiple passes throughout the range : Jvari Pass at 2379 m and above the Darial Gorge on the Georgian Military Road , Mamison Pass on the Ossetian Military Road at 2911 m , and Roki Tunnel at 2310 m . See Russian conquest of the Caucasus .",
"7": "Image gallery ( edit ) Mount Elbrus viewed from the south in Russia Komito Mountain in Chechnya Caucasus Mountains in Svaneti , Georgia Chaukhi mountain in Khevi , Georgia A gorge in Dagestan , Russia Twin - peaked Ushba in Georgia Mount Shkhara in Georgia Mount Ararat in Turkey , viewed from Armenia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Native names : Georgian : კავკასიონი , translit. : k'avk'asioni , pronounced ( kʼɑvkʼɑsiɔni ) Armenian : Կովկասյան լեռներ , Kovkasyan leṙner pronounced ( kɔvkɑsjɑn lɛrˈnɛɾ ) Azerbaijani : Qafqaz dağları , pronounced ( qɑfqɑz dɑʁlɑrɯ ) Russian : Кавка́зские го́ры , tr . Kavkázskiye góry , IPA : ( kɐfˈkasːkjɪje ˈɡorɨ ) Turkish : Kafkas Dağları , Turkish pronunciation : ( kɑfkɑs dɑːɫɑrɯ ) Persian : كوه هاى قفقاز References ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Caucasus . Parts of this article are from the NASA Earth Observatory ; ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Stokes , Chris R ( 2011 ) . Singh , Vijay P. ; Haritashya , Umesh K. , eds . Encyclopedia of Snow , Ice and Glaciers . Spring Science & Business Media . p. 127 . ISBN 9789048126415 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Reilinger ; McClusky ; Oral ; King ; Toksoz ; Barka ; Kinik ; Lenk ; Sanli ( Jan 1997 ) . `` Global Positioning System measurements of present - day crustal movements in the Arabia - Africa - Eurasia plate collision zone '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 102 ( B5 ) : 9983 -- 9999 . Bibcode : 1997JGR ... 102.9983 R . doi : 10.1029 / 96JB03736 . Jump up ^ Philip , H. ; Cisternas , A. ; Gvishiani , A. ; Gorshkov , A. ( 1 April 1989 ) . `` The Caucasus '' . Tectnophysics. 161 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 1 -- 21 . Bibcode : 1989Tectp. 161 ... 1P . doi : 10.1016 / 0040 - 1951 ( 89 ) 90297 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mt . Elbrus : Image of the Day . Earthobservatory.nasa.gov . Retrieved on 16 February 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Small Nations and Great Powers : A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus , By Svante E. Cornell , Routledge . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caucasus mountains . NASA Earth Observatory images of the Caucasus : ( 2 ) `` Highest Peaks of the Caucasus from peakbagger.com '' . Peakbagger.com . List of the most prominent mountains in the Caucasus Russia articles History Timeline Proto - Indo - Europeans Scythians East Slavs Rus ' Khaganate Kievan Rus ' Novgorod Republic Vladimir - Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Russian SFSR Soviet Union Russian Federation By topic Economy Military Journalism Postal",
"9": "Geography Subdivisions Borders Earthquakes Geology European Russia Caucasus Mountains North Caucasus Caspian Sea Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Siberia Russian Far East North Asia Extreme points Cities and towns Islands Lakes Rivers Volcanoes Climate Politics Conscription Constitution Elections Federal budget Foreign relations Freedom of assembly Freedom of press Media Government Human rights Judiciary Law Citizenship Civil Service Law enforcement ( Prisons ) Liberalism Military Opposition Political parties President of Russia Economy Agriculture Aircraft industry Car industry Banking Central Bank Corruption Defence industry Economic regions Energy Fishing industry Forestry Gambling Mining Petroleum industry Russian ruble Russian oligarchs Space industry Shipbuilding Trade unions Taxation Tourism Transport Telecommunications Waste Society Demographics Citizens Abortion Alcoholism Crime Education Healthcare Ethnic groups Languages LGBT Immigration Illegal Prostitution Racism Religion Suicide Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Architecture Art Literature Ballet Cinema Graffiti Inventions Media Music Public holidays Opera Language Cuisine Martial arts Folklore Television Internet National anthem Coat of arms National flag Sports Outline Book Category Portal",
"10": "Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union - related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War ( World War II ) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism -- Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets ( 1922 -- 1936 ) Supreme Soviet ( 1938 -- 1991 ) Congress of People 's Deputies ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list",
"11": "Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five - Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble ( currency ) Internet domain Transport Science Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All - Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Book Category Commons Portal WikiProject VIAF : 242526666 GND : 4030090 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Mountains&oldid=818816860 '' Categories : Caucasus Mountain ranges of the Caucasus Geography of the Caucasus Eastern Europe Western Asia Mountain ranges of Asia Mountain ranges of Europe Mountain ranges of Armenia Mountain ranges of Azerbaijan Mountain ranges of Georgia ( country ) Mountain ranges of Iran Mountain ranges of Russia Mountain ranges of Turkey",
"12": "Geology of the Caucasus Landforms of the Caucasus Physiographic provinces Landforms of Kabardino - Balkaria Landforms of Karachay - Cherkessia Hidden categories : Articles containing Georgian - language text Articles containing Armenian - language text Articles containing Azerbaijani - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano",
"13": "עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
1,
2,
7,
8,
4,
6,
11,
3,
5,
12,
9,
10,
13
] |
[
0,
1,
2,
7,
8
] |
8639185752705375079
|
who sings the songs in crazy ex girlfriend
|
[
"Rachel Bloom"
] |
{
"0": "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( TV series ) - wikipedia Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the LMN series with a similar title , see My Crazy Ex . Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Genre Romantic comedy Black comedy Satire Comedy - drama Musical Cringe comedy Created by Rachel Bloom Aline Brosh McKenna Starring Rachel Bloom Vincent Rodriguez III Santino Fontana Donna Lynne Champlin Pete Gardner Vella Lovell Gabrielle Ruiz David Hull Scott Michael Foster Opening theme `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend '' performed by Rachel Bloom ( season 1 ) `` I 'm Just a Girl in Love '' performed by Rachel Bloom ( season 2 ) `` You Do / You Do n't Wanna Be Crazy '' performed by Rachel Bloom ( season 3 ) Ending theme `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend '' ( instrumental , season 1 ) `` I 'm Just a Girl in Love '' ( instrumental , season 2 ) `` You Do / You Do n't Wanna Be Crazy '' ( instrumental , season 3 ) Composer ( s ) Adam Schlesinger Jerome Kurtenbach ( pilot only ) Frank Ciampi Tom Polce Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 44 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Aline Brosh McKenna Rachel Bloom Marc Webb Erin Ehrlich Sarah Caplan Michael Hitchcock Producer ( s ) Sarah Caplan Rachel Specter Audrey Wauchope Rene Gube Location ( s ) West Covina , California Camera setup Single - camera Running time 39 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) LeanMachine webbterfuge ( season 1 ) Black Lamb ( season 2 -- present ) racheldoesstuff ( season 2 -- present ) Warner Bros.",
"1": "Television CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) -- present External links Website Crazy Ex-Girlfriend is an American romantic musical comedy - drama television series which premiered on October 12 , 2015 , on The CW . The series was created by Rachel Bloom and Aline Brosh McKenna , and stars Bloom in the lead role . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth and final season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Secondary Cast 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Music 5 Themes 5.1 Mental illness 5.2 Female sexuality and the reproductive system 5.3 Parenting 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.1. 1 Critics ' year - end lists 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Rebecca Bunch is a Yale - and Harvard - educated real - estate lawyer who works for a top New York City law firm . She panics when offered a partnership with the firm , and bumps into her first love from summer camp , Josh Chan , on the street . Josh tells her he could not make it in New York City and is moving back to his hometown of West Covina , California ( `` Just two hours from the beach , four hours in traffic '' ) . While watching a butter spread commercial , Rebecca decides to follow Josh in search of happiness . She hops on a plane to Los Angeles , drives to West Covina , gets a job at Darryl Whitefeather 's West Covina law firm , rents an apartment , and flushes all her depression and anxiety meds down the sink . She becomes friends with the firm 's paralegal , Paula , and her neighbor , Heather , and begins an on - again - off - again relationship with Josh 's friend Greg , all while trying to reconnect with Josh .",
"2": "Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Crazy Ex-Girlfriend characters Main ( edit ) Rachel Bloom as Rebecca Nora Bunch , a lawyer originally from New York City . Rebecca suffers from symptoms of depression and anxiety . She is prone to impulsive decisions and delusions . Rebecca tends to hallucinate when she 's under emotional distress . Rebecca uproots her life and relocates to the suburb of West Covina , California , in an attempt to win back her childhood ex-boyfriend , Josh . Intelligent but often lacking awareness of appropriate behavior in a given situation , Rebecca comes across as socially awkward , selfish , self - centered , needy , and eccentric to those around her . In `` Josh is Irrelevant , '' it is revealed that she was misdiagnosed and Dr. Shin and Dr. Akopian diagnosed her with borderline personality disorder ( BPD ) . Vincent Rodriguez III as Joshua `` Josh '' Felix Chan , Rebecca 's caring yet occasionally dim - witted ex-boyfriend and the object of her affection for much of the series . Josh demonstrates commitment issues in his relationship with Rebecca and is a very oblivious person . Like Rebecca , Josh has a tendency to be self - centered and comes off as such to those around him . Josh has since improved as a person and had apologized to Rebecca for the mistakes he made in their relationship . He is currently on a journey of self discovery as he tries to find his path and what he wants in life . Santino Fontana as Greg Serrano , a smart but underachieving bartender and Josh 's best friend , who has complicated feelings for Rebecca . He departs West Covina to attend business school at Emory University , partly as a way to get away from his destructive relationship with Rebecca , despite his feelings for her . Although he struggles with alcoholism throughout season 1 , he comes to terms with his addiction in season 2 . In `` Josh 's Ex-Girlfriend Is Crazy , '' it is revealed that Greg has a new girlfriend and is doing well . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Donna Lynne Champlin as Paula Proctor ( née O'Brien ) , Rebecca 's co-worker and new best friend .",
"3": "As a way to distract herself from her own failing marriage , Paula hatches schemes and gives questionable advice in support of Rebecca 's pursuit of Josh , mostly to compensate for her lack of fulfillment from not pursuing her dreams when she was younger . She later begins to focus instead on pursuing her law degree . She and Scott have a tendency to be very neglectful parents which is a recurring gag in the show . A unique thing about Paula is that she has a wide array of gadgets at her disposal such as tracking devices that are obtained through various means legal or otherwise and her skills in tracking , spying , hacking , manipulation , blackmailing and coercion . Pete Gardner as Darryl Whitefeather , Rebecca 's sentimental , emotional and often clueless boss . A middle - aged divorced dad , he discovers he is bisexual and begins dating Josh Wilson . He is prone to feelings of loneliness and neediness over the fact that he originally lacked strong friendships and real personal connections with others . He later forms friendships with Maya , Nathaniel , Rebecca , and Paula , whom he considers his best friend . Darryl and White Josh are the only consistently stable romantic relationship in the show , though they eventually break up over Darryl 's desire to have a baby . Despite having a good heart , Darryl is very forceful and often tries very hard to force his ideas , beliefs , and schemes onto others . Vella Lovell as Heather Davis , Rebecca 's `` cool '' college student neighbor , and later room - mate , who gives sage advice and discovers she has feelings for Greg . She lacks motivation for obtaining any form of achievement or self - sufficiency , due to the fact that her parents encouraged failure and coddled her . In season 3 , Heather is forced by her college to graduate despite her wishes , and later becomes a regional manager for three Home Base bars as well as Darryl 's surrogate . Gabrielle Ruiz as `` Valencia '' Maria Perez , Josh 's controlling girlfriend and Rebecca 's rival for Josh 's affections . She initially had a strong resistance to forming relationships with women , as she saw them as competition , making her socially inept and disliked among her female peers . She feels unfulfilled and unsatisfied with her life after having devoted 15 years of her life to her relationship with Josh .",
"4": "A recurring gag in the show is that Valencia is believed to suffer from insecurities over her body image . It has recently been developed that Valencia is bisexual and she is now dating a woman named Beth . They are in a party planning business together . ( recurring , season 1 ; main , seasons 2 -- present ) David Hull as Josh Wilson , Josh Chan 's Caucasian friend , usually referred to as `` White Josh '' or `` Whi - Jo '' , a laid - back fitness instructor . He begins dating Darryl after the latter comes out as bisexual . Josh Wilson tends to be judgmental yet is one of the most level - headed , rational characters in his social sphere . He and Darryl break up over Darryl 's desire to have a baby , but stay on friendly terms . ( recurring , seasons 1 - 2 ; main , seasons 3 -- present ) Scott Michael Foster as Nathaniel Plimpton III , a successful lawyer and Rebecca 's new boss in season 2 after he buys equity in Whitefeather & Associates . He and Rebecca have a complicated relationship due to mutual dislike yet intense physical attraction to one other , and explore a relationship through part of season 3 . He possesses an inferiority complex , feeling that he needs to live up to his father 's expectations ; he tends to become self - loathing and defeatist when he fails to do so . Nathaniel is somewhat sociopathic because he initially did n't have any qualms about doing things that would be deemed by most as evil . ( recurring , season 2 ; main , seasons 3 -- present ) Recurring ( edit ) Secondary cast ( edit ) Erick Lopez as Hector , a randy and occasionally oblivious friend of Josh and Greg . He still lives with his mother , with whom he has an unusually close relationship . He is currently Heather 's boyfriend . Hector has come to realize his co-dependent relationship with his mother was unhealthy and had moved out . Tovah Feldshuh as Naomi Bunch , Rebecca 's divorced , controlling , and overbearing Jewish mother . Steve Monroe as Scott Proctor , Paula 's husband . They begin to address their marital problems when he is roped into Paula 's scheming . He confesses to cheating on Paula in season 2 .",
"5": "A recurring gag in the show is that Scott and Paula are neglectful parents . Gina Gallego as Mrs. Hernandez , the communications director at Whitefeather . Although mute for all of season 1 , she finally speaks in `` Who Is Josh 's Soup Fairy ? '' . She generally dislikes Rebecca and disapproves of her life choices . Rene Gube as Father Joseph , also known as Father Brah , a laid - back young priest who is Josh 's childhood friend and confidant . He 's shown to occasionally indulge in un-priestly behavior , including smoking marijuana and gambling . Amy Hill as Lourdes Chan , Josh 's mother who is openly critical of Valencia throughout the series , and very fond of Rebecca , even after she and Josh break up . Johnny Ray Meeks as Kevin , Greg 's overly accommodating boss . Michael Hyatt as Dr. Noelle Akopian , Rebecca 's straight - laced and perpetually frustrated psychiatrist . Rebecca imagines a more vibrant version of Dr. Akopian giving her advice . Piter Marek as Dr. Davit Akopian , Noelle 's husband , who also is a psychiatrist . He acted as Darryl 's and White Josh 's relationship counselor in the season 3 premiere episode `` Josh 's Ex-Girlfriend Wants Revenge '' . Jay Hayden as Dr. Daniel Shin , Rebecca 's new doctor . ( season 3 ) Michael McMillian as Tim , he and his friend Jim are staffers at Whitefeather & Associates who were initially antagonistic toward Rebecca and Paula . He unwillingly became friends with Paula after she promised not deport him to his home country of Canada because he 's an illegal immigrant . He is one of Paula 's favorite people to pick on whether intentional or not . Paul Welsh as Trent Maddock , Rebecca 's old Harvard classmate who has an obsessive crush on her . Stephnie Weir as Karen , Rebecca 's co-worker with off - putting personality quirks , including a tendency for giving away too much information . ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Danny Jolles as George , an employee that works at Whitefeather & Associates , though none of his co-workers know his name . Beginning in season 3 he has become friends with Nathaniel .",
"6": "Esther Povitsky as Maya , the millennial administrative assistant at Whitefeather & Associates who is a close friend of Darryl 's . Burl Moseley as Jim , he and his friend Tim are staffers at Whitefeather & Associates who were initially antagonistic toward Rebecca and Paula . Jacob Guenther as Chris , a young boy who is Greg 's friend and who also frequents Home Base , the bar where Greg worked and , eventually , Heather works and where Josh 's gang frequents , offering precocious commentary . Zayne Emory ( season 1 and season 3 ) and Elijah Nelson ( season 2 ) as Brendan Proctor , Paula 's and Scott 's oldest son . Steele Stebbins as Tommy Proctor , Paula 's and Scott 's youngest son . Olivia Edward as Madison Whitefeather , Darryl 's daughter from his previous marriage . She has her own YouTube page where she showcases her pet snails that she often names after figures in popular culture . She is fond of her father 's boyfriend , White Josh . Ava Acres as Young Rebecca , shown in flashbacks that detail the origins of Rebecca 's various neuroses . ( seasons 1 , 3 ) Emma Willmann as Beth , she is currently Valencia 's girlfriend and they are in business together .",
"7": "Notable guest stars ( edit ) Roshon Fegan as Nguyen Phil McGraw as himself ( seasons 1 , 3 ) Amber Riley and Ricki Lake as the Dream Ghosts BJ Novak as himself Lea Salonga as Aunt Myrna , Josh 's Aunt Patton Oswalt as Castleman , a graveyard security guard Patti LuPone as Rabbi Shari , Rebecca 's rabbi from Scarsdale Seth Green as Patrick , a delivery guy Adam Kaufman as Robert Donnelly , Rebecca 's former professor at Harvard , with whom she had an affair Josh Groban as himself Bayne Gibby as Cornelia , Rebecca 's replacement at Whitefeather Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Crazy Ex-Girlfriend episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 18 October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 13 October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 13 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was originally developed for Showtime , and a pilot was produced , but Showtime opted not to proceed with it on February 9 , 2015 . The CW picked up the series on May 7 , 2015 , for the Fall 2015 -- 2016 season . The series has been extensively reworked for The CW , expanding the show format from a half - hour to a full hour and adjusting the content for broadcast television , as the original pilot was produced for premium cable . This included omitting that Rebecca had obtained an abortion before the show . On October 5 , 2015 , shortly before the series premiere , The CW placed an order of five additional scripts . On November 23 , 2015 , the CW ordered another five episodes , raising the total for season 1 to 18 .",
"8": "On March 11 , 2016 , Crazy Ex-Girlfriend was renewed for a second season , along with eleven other CW series . The second season commenced on October 21 , 2016 . The second season is shown in the UK on Netflix with episodes available the Saturday after the U.S. airdate . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on October 13 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) On September 30 , 2014 , Santino Fontana , Donna Lynne Champlin , Vincent Rodriguez III and Michael McDonald joined Rachel Bloom in the series regular cast . With the move to The CW , the series went through casting changes and McDonald departed the cast . Shortly afterwards , Vella Lovell and Pete Gardner were added as regulars ; with Lovell in the role of Heather , Rebecca 's underachieving neighbor ; and Gardner replacing McDonald in the role of Darryl , Rebecca 's new boss . On May 23 , 2016 , it was announced that Gabrielle Ruiz , who portrays Valencia , was promoted to series regular for season two . In November 2016 , it was announced that Santino Fontana would be departing the series , with episode four of the second season resulting as his last as a series regular . On April 5 , 2017 , it was announced that David Hull and Scott Michael Foster , who portray White Josh and Nathaniel respectively , were promoted to series regulars for season three . Music ( edit ) Each episode contains two to four original songs . These are usually sung by Rebecca or a character with whom she is having a direct interaction , parodying the musical theater conceit of characters bursting into song at significant moments in the plot . In `` Josh Has No Idea Where I Am '' , it is revealed that Rebecca has these musical fantasies out of passion for her love of musical theater . In later episodes , several other characters sing while Rebecca is not present . A few of the songs on the show are shot twice , one clean version and an explicit version . The explicit versions are posted on Bloom 's YouTube channel . `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend : Original Television Soundtrack ( Season 1 - Volume 1 ) '' was released on February 19 , 2016 in both explicit and clean versions .",
"9": "It includes all the songs from the first eight episodes of season one , alongside Bloom 's a cappella rough demos of `` Feeling Kinda Naughty '' , `` I Have Friends '' , `` Settle for Me , '' and `` Sex with a Stranger '' as well as Adam Schlesinger 's demo version of `` What 'll It Be '' . `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend : Original Television Soundtrack ( Season 1 - Vol. 2 ) '' was released on May 20 , 2016 . It includes all the songs from the last 10 episodes of season one , as well as demos of `` JAP Battle '' , `` I Could If I Wanted To '' , `` Women Gotta Stick Together '' , `` Group Hang '' , and `` You Stupid Bitch '' . For season two , the songs were released as singles the day of their original airing . The full season two soundtrack came out on March 3 , 2017 . It featured every major song from season 2 , as well as two deleted songs : `` It 's Not Difficult to Define Miss Deuche '' and `` Sex Toys , '' a solo for the recurring character Karen . It also included demos for `` Santa Ana Winds '' , the theme song `` I 'm Just a Girl in Love '' , and `` Rebecca 's Reprise '' . All songs in season 3 were released as singles following their airing , with the exception of `` The End of the Movie '' by Josh Groban , which was featured in the episode , `` Josh 's Ex-Girlfriend Is Crazy '' . The full album has yet to be released . Themes ( edit ) Mental Illness ( edit ) Arguably the most important recurring theme of Crazy Ex-Girlfriend is the show 's portrayal of mental illness and treatment . This aspect of Crazy Ex-Girlfriend has garnered wide praise both throughout the film and television industry and within the show 's own fandom . Psychology Today has also acknowledged and praised this aspect of the show as well . In addition to the psychological evaluation and development of Rebecca , other major characters are similarly depicted as suffering from psychological traumas that influence their personalities and relationships . Such characters include Valencia , Paula , Darryl , Greg , Nathaniel , Scott , and Heather .",
"10": "This has also inspired the show 's fandom to engage in discussions of mental illness , specifically regarding social stigmas and treatment of said illnesses . Female sexuality and the reproductive system ( edit ) Another defining feature of Crazy Ex-Girlfriend is its frank portrayal of female sexuality and the reproductive system , both of which serve as sources of the show 's cringe humor . In Crazy Ex-Girlfriend , both topics are largely normalized in conversation . In particular , female characters are portrayed as being sexually liberated and unashamed of their sexuality . In the episode `` To Josh , with Love '' , characters have frank and honest discussions regarding female sexuality and clitoral stimulation . The reproductive system is given the same treatment in Crazy Ex-Girlfriend . Menstruation and diseases associated with female anatomy are often discussed without judgment , evidenced best by when Paula had an abortion in the second season and her friends and family focused on the emotional impact of her decision , rather than questioning or shaming it . Parenting ( edit ) Parenting is a major theme depicted in the show , as many the personalities of several major characters are shaped by their parents ' inattentive or cold , distant demeanors . In particular , Rebecca , Paula , Nathaniel , Darryl , and Greg are all affected by parents who exhibit these behaviors . Rebecca 's overly critical and overbearing mother and negligent father has greatly impacted her sense of self and self esteem . In contrast , both Paula 's and Nathaniel 's fathers were revealed to have been emotionally abusive , resulting in both Nathaniel 's inferiority complex and Paula 's lack of self confidence . Greg 's absentee mother after his parents ' divorce resulted in him resenting her and helped Greg develop his cynical personality . On the opposite end of this spectrum is the way Heather 's parents raised her . Heather 's parents were very attentive , loving and supportive to the point they coddled her and never encouraged her to make anything of herself . This ultimately resulted in Heather developing a lazy , aimless , unenthusiastic and somewhat apathetic personality , demonstrating the complexity of parenting . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend has received critical acclaim , with critics praising the show 's writing , musical numbers and Bloom 's performance .",
"11": "At Metacritic , which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the first season received an average score of 78 based on 23 reviews , which indicates `` generally favorable reviews '' . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a 96 % positive rating , with an average rating of 7.7 out of 10 based on reviews from 49 critics , with the site 's consensus stating : `` Lively musical numbers and a refreshing , energetic lead , Rachel Bloom , make Crazy Ex-Girlfriend a charming , eccentric commentary on human relationships . '' The second season continued to receive acclaim , with Bloom , Fontana and Champlin earning particular praise . The season holds a rating of 100 % on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average rating of 9 out of 10 based on 13 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend remains delightfully weird , engaging , and even more courageous and confident in its sophomore outing . '' On Metacritic , it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 8 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The acclaim continued with season 3 ; this season in particular was widely praised for its portrayal of mental illness . The performances of Bloom , Champlin and Foster were particularly praised . The chemistry between Gardner and Hull 's characters was widely praised as well . The season holds a rating of 100 % on Rotten Tomatoes , with an average rating of 8.6 out of 10 based on 15 reviews . Margaret Lyons from the New York Times chose Crazy Ex-Girlfriend as one of her picks for the best TV shows of 2017 . The show was also listed as one of the top shows of 2017 by numerous critics from Variety , USA Today , The A.V. Club , The Guardian , The Independent , Business Insider , Paste , The Daily Beast , NPR , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and Vulture , among others . Some of the notable critics include James Poniewozik and Maureen Ryan . Critics ' year - end lists ( edit ) ( show ) 2015 No. 1 - Pittsburgh Post-Gazette No. 5 - Las Vegas Weekly No. 9 - CinemaBlend No.",
"12": "9 - Entertainment Weekly Unranked - Chicago Reader Unranked - Flavorwire Unranked - IndieWire Unranked - Los Angeles Times ( show ) 2016 No. 1 - CinemaBlend No. 2 - Las Vegas Weekly No. 3 - TV Insider No. 5 - The A.V. Club No. 5 - The Week No. 6 - TVLine No. 6 - Vulture No. 7 - Variety No. 8 - Flavorwire No. 8 - TV Guide No. 9 - The Daily Beast No. 9 - Film School Rejects No. 10 - Uproxx Unranked - Nerdist Unranked - Newsweek Unranked - The New York Times ( show ) 2017 No. 1 - USA Today No. 14 - The A.V. Club No. 5 - TVLine No. 5 - Variety No. 6 - E ! No. 7 - The Daily Beast No. 7 - Paste No. 8 - The Village Voice No. 9 - Pittsburgh Post-Gazette No. 9 - TV by the Numbers No. 9 - Vulture Unranked - Associated Press Unranked - Metro Unranked - The New York Times Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 00 pm 18 October 12 , 2015 0.90 April 18 , 2016 0.82 2015 -- 16 195 1.03 0.4 Friday 9 : 00 pm 13 October 21 , 2016 0.53 February 3 , 2017 0.58 2016 -- 17 164 0.75 0.3 Friday 8 : 00 pm 13 October 13 , 2017 0.",
"13": "62 February 16 , 2018 0.60 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref 2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Choreography Kathryn Burns ( `` I 'm So Good at Yoga '' , `` A Boy Band Made Up of Four Joshes '' and `` Settle for Me '' ) Won Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics Adam Schlesinger , Rachel Bloom and Jack Dolgen ( `` Settle for Me '' ) Nominated Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Rachel Bloom and Adam Schlesinger Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series Kabir Akhtar ( `` Josh Just Happens to Live Here '' ) Won Critics ' Choice Award Best Actress in a Comedy Series Rachel Bloom Won Dorian Awards Unsung TV Show of the Year Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Comedy Actress Rachel Bloom Nominated Best Breakthrough Performer of the Year Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Rachel Bloom Won Gotham Awards Breakthrough Series -- Long Form Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Won HMMA Awards Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Jack Dolgen Nominated OFTA Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Rachel Bloom Nominated Best New Theme Song in a Series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Comedy Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Nominated Poppy Awards Best Comedy Series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Rachel Bloom Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Santino Fontana Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Donna Lynne Champlin Nominated TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Nominated Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Comedy Rachel Bloom Won Young Artist Award Recurring Young Actor ( 13 and Under ) Steele Stebbins Nominated 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Original Music And Lyrics Adam Schlesinger ,",
"14": "Rachel Bloom and Jack Dolgen ( `` We Tapped That Ass '' ) Nominated Artios Awards Best Casting in a Television Pilot and First Season Comedy Felicia Fasano , Bernard Telsey , Tim Payne and Tara Nostramo Won Dorian Awards TV Comedy of the Year Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Nominated GLAAD Media Award Outstanding Comedy Series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Comedy Series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Nominated Best Comedy Actress Rachel Bloom Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Rachel Bloom Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- TV Short Form Musical Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( `` When Will Josh See How Cool I Am ? '' ) Nominated Gracie Awards Comedy -- TV National Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Won Actress in a Supporting Role -- Comedy or Musical Donna Lynne Champlin Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards Original Song -- TV Show / Limited Series Adam Schlesinger , Rachel Bloom , and Jack Dolgen ( `` We Tapped That Ass '' ) Nominated Women 's Image Network Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Won 2018 Eddie Awards Best Edited Comedy Series ( Commercial ) Kabir Akhtar and Kyla Plewes ( `` Josh 's Ex-Girlfriend Wants Revenge '' ) Nominated GLAAD Media Award Outstanding Comedy Series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rachel Bloom Upends Romantic Comedy Tropes On ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' '' . NPR.org . Jump up ^ `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend , ' Dark Comedy With A Broadway Twist '' . 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend is a smart , dark delight '' . 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend is the sharpest pop satire you 're not watching ( or hearing ) '' . 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Show on TV Is Crazy Ex-Girlfriend '' . 29 June 2016 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ `` A Girl - Group Themed Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Proves Even a Fragmented Episode is Better Than Most TV '' . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` The CW Announces Fall 2015 Premiere Dates ; October Launches for All Scripted Series Including The Flash & Supernatural '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` The CW Moves ' Jane the Virgin ' & ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Premieres Up to Monday October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Star Rachel Bloom Says Show Will End With Season 4 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Explains Why , When It Comes to Mental Illness , Labels Are n't Always a Bad Thing '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Pilot Not Going Forward ; Roadies & Billions Looking Good At Showtime '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` CW Picks Up Crazy Ex-Girlfriend As Hourlong Series , DC 's Legends Of Tomorrow & Cordon '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2015 ) .",
"16": "`` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' : How Did Racy Showtime Comedy Land At CW , What Will Be Changed , Who Is Leaving The Cast ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` The CW 's iZombie , Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Get 5 Additional Script Orders Each '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` The CW Orders More iZombie and Crazy Ex-Girlfriend , but Does n't Give Them Full Seasons '' . TV.com . Jump up ^ Kumari Upadhyaya , Kayla ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` The CW orders more episodes of Crazy Ex-Girlfriend and iZombie '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` The CW Renews Full Series Slate , Including ' The 100 , ' Season 12 of ' Supernatural ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' , ' Jane The Virgin ' & more renewed by The CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime ( R ) Comedy Pilot `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend '' Sets Cast `` . The Futon Critic . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Vella Lovell & Pete Gardner Join CW 's ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' ; Ray Proscia Recurs In Amazon 's ' The Man In The High Castle ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 23 , 2016 ) .",
"17": "`` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend 's Gabrielle Ruiz Promoted to Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Why Crazy Ex-Girlfriend's Latest Heartbreaking Decision Was Also the Right One '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' : Scott Michael Foster Upped To Series Regular For Season 3 '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` racheldoesstuff '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Soundtrack Released Today '' . The Futon Critic . February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Crazy-Ex-Girlfriend-Original-Television-Soundtrack/dp/B01FZ1X0WI Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B06XDX1LG6/ref=pd_mp3_als_qp_pa Jump up ^ Capewell , Jillian ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Is n't Afraid To Admit That Love Does n't Fix Anything '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 -- via Huff Post . Jump up ^ `` '' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend '' Is Doing Important Work With Mental Health This Season `` . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( 18 November 2017 ) . `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Boss on Rebecca 's Diagnosis , Nathaniel 's Backstory and Josh 's ' Quarter - Life Crisis ' '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Explains Why , When It Comes to Mental Illness , Labels Are n't Always a Bad Thing '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 -- via Slate . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura .",
"18": "`` How Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Found an Even Stronger Voice in Season 3 '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/alyssa.rosenberg?fref=nf&pnref=story . `` Opinion - The radical promise of TV 's mentally ill women '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The quietly revolutionary way ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' addresses mental health '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney . `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Finally Diagnosed Rebecca , And Nailed The Reality Of Living With Mental Illness '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Became One of the Best Portraits of Mental Illness on TV '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Simons , Seth . `` At This Point , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' is Subverting Way More Than Its Title - IndieWire '' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' is talking about mental illness in a way you never see on TV '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Crazy Ex 's Sobering Examination of Suicide '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How TV Is Slowly Getting Mental Health Right '' . 3 October 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Melissa . `` How Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Illustrates the Psychology of Romantic Obsession '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend is the best depiction of mental health on television today '' . 21 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Like an Ex '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Diagnosed Rebecca While Highlighting How Mental Illness Affects Everyone '' . 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ Fallon , Claire ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` How ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Uses Empathy To Make Better Comedy '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 -- via Huff Post . Jump up ^ Gemmill , Allie . `` Valencia & Rebecca Took A Bonding Trip On ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend , ' Leading To A Major Feminist Moment '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend's Gabrielle Ruiz on Valencia 's New Girl Squad , Eating 15 Donuts , and the Unexpected Ways She Relates to Her Character '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' : Valencia 's back & her transformation is incredible '' . 28 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Season Finale Recap : A Fairy - Tale Ending '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Could Paula 's law school dreams change everything about ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' ? '' . 6 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gemmill , Allie . `` Paula 's Husband Cheated On ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' & It Repaired Her Friendship With Rebecca '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Carey . `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend's Paula Is Serving Up Sweet Revenge and Cathartic Rage '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther . `` Watch Crazy Ex-Girlfriend's ode to unrequited friendship in this exclusive clip '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' star talks ' Gettin ' Bi ' : Darryl 's ' sexuality is n't the butt of the joke ' '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend's Darryl Is TV 's Most Darling Bisexual '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gemmill , Allie .",
"20": "`` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Revealed Greg 's Secret In The Season 2 Premiere And It Will Mean Big Changes For Him '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Crazy Ex-Girlfriend's Latest Heartbreaking Decision Was Also the Right One '' . 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Sage . `` How ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Is Teaching Stoic Dudes To Access Their Emotions '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' star Vella Lovell talks her ' hilarious ' musical number and Heather 's ' growing season ' '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bagels After Midnight ( 30 September 2017 ) . `` We Are All Rebecca Bunch '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Bagels After Midnight ( 5 August 2017 ) . `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend : Issues to Address '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ maebefictional ( 19 November 2017 ) . `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Has Diagnosed Rebecca With BPD '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Bloom , Rachel . `` I am not only blown away by the personal stories people are sharing on here in response to last night 's # CrazyExGirlfriend , but also by the way fans of the show are commenting on different threads and helping EACH OTHER '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bastién , Angelica Jade . `` What Crazy Ex-Girlfriend's Depiction of Mental Illness Means to Me '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' creator Rachel Bloom thinks we need to talk about clitoral orgasms '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ LaConte , Stephen . `` '' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend '' Just Made Television History By Saying The Word `` Clitoris '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 2 December 2017 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ Furdyk , Brent ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Star Rachel Bloom Talks Orgasms , The Importance Of Sex Education In Candid Tweets '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Elizabeth . `` 24 Times ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Nailed What It 's Like to Be a Woman in This World '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( 23 October 2017 ) . `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend's Newest Batch of Songs Elevates Double Entendre to an Art Form '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 -- via Slate . Jump up ^ Vagianos , Alanna ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` This ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Song About Period Sex Was Too Dirty For TV '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 -- via Huff Post . Jump up ^ Lutkin , Aimée . `` Here 's the Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Period Sex ' Anthem That Was Too Dirty for TV '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Releases the ' Period Sex ' Video You Definitely Are n't Going to See on TV '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Elizabeth . `` This ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Song About Period Sex Is Bloody Great '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` Rachel Bloom on Crazy Ex-Girlfriend series 3 : ' We 're using a word for the female anatomy that has never been said on TV before ' '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Hatch , Jenavieve ( 12 April 2016 ) . `` A Celebration Of The UTI , Brought To You By ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 -- via Huff Post . Jump up ^ Hamedy , Saba . `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' joins shows that are dealing with abortion in a refreshing , honest way '' .",
"22": "Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin and Crazy Ex-Girlfriend's understated abortion plots show the value of choice '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Guest Star Tovah Feldshuh Is a Real Mother - Awards Daily '' . 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Alice . `` ' Crazy Ex Girlfriend ' Addresses Overbearing Mom Guilt & The Results Are Hilarious '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Boss Reveals What 's Next For Rebecca After That Crazy Season 2 Finale '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther . `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend's Aline Brosh McKenna on the finale and Rebecca 's new resolve '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bagels After Midnight ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Paula With a Thousand Faces - Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Analysis '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Should Rebecca & Nathaniel Be A Thing In ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Season 3 ? '' . 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' recap : Can Rebecca survive the holidays with her mother ? '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Review : `` My Mom , Greg 's Mom and Josh 's Sweet Dance Moves '' ( 1.08 ) `` . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gemmill , Allie . `` Heather & Rebecca Are Moving In Together On ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' & That 's Not The Only Surprise Heather Delivered '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Song Recap : Things Are n't Looking Good for Greg and Rebecca '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bagels After Midnight ( 4 June 2017 ) .",
"23": "`` Heather : A Definition of Cool - Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Analysis '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Ex-girlfriend : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crazy Ex-Girlfriend : Season 2 , retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 Jump up ^ Crazy Ex-Girlfriend , retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2017/12/best-underrated-tv-performances-2017.html Jump up ^ Crazy Ex-Girlfriend : Season 3 , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret . `` Margaret 's Picks for the Best TV of 2017 ( So Far ) '' . Retrieved 2 December 2017 -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The A.V. Club 's 20 best TV shows of 2017 '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 best TV shows of 2017 : 50 - 2 '' . 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 -- via www.theguardian.com . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` Top 20 TV Shows of 2017 : A Best - of List in a Year of Ickiness '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 -- via www.thedailybeast.com . Jump up ^ `` NPR 's Favorite TV Shows Of 2017 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seitz , Matt Zoller . `` The 10 Best TV Shows of 2017 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 .",
"24": "^ Jump up to : Owen , Rob . `` My Top 10 TV shows of 2017 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 25 Best TV Shows of 2017 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our critic Kelly Lawler picks the 10 best TV shows of 2017 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best TV shows of 2017 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 17 best TV shows of 2017 that you need to be watching '' . 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ; Hale , Mike ; Lyons , Margaret ( 4 December 2017 ) . `` The Best TV Shows of 2017 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob . `` Top 10 : The best TV of 2015 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 : TV '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 TV Shows Of 2015 , According To Nick - Page 2 '' . 11 December 2015 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Our favorite television of 2015 '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best TV Shows of 2015 '' . 15 December 2015 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ( 31 December 2015 ) . `` Sam Adams ' Best TV Shows of 2015 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert . `` The best new TV shows from 2015 include ' Empire , ' ' Better Call Saul , ' ' iZombie , ' ' Master of None ' '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 Shows Of 2016 , According To Nick - Page 10 '' . 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2016 : TV '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Shows of 2016 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen . `` The best TV of 2016 , part 2 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 12 best TV shows we watched in 2016 '' . 26 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` 10 Best Comedy Series of 2016 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best TV Shows of 2016 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( 9 December 2016 ) . `` Maureen Ryan 's 20 Best TV Shows of 2016 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in TV : The Best Shows of 2016 '' . 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Shows of 2016 '' . 1 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 12 December 2016 ) . `` The 20 Best TV Shows of 2016 : O.J. Simpson , Samantha Bee , and More '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 -- via www.thedailybeast.com . Jump up ^ `` The Best TV Shows of 2016 '' . 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 Best TV Shows Of 2016 '' . 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 11 Best TV Shows of 2016 - Nerdist '' . 14 December 2016 .",
"26": "Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our favorite TV shows of 2016 : Newsweek staff picks '' . 8 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best TV Shows of 2016 '' . mobile.nytimes.com . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik . `` The A.V. Club 's 20 best TV shows of 2017 '' . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` 10 Best Comedy Series of 2017 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( 8 December 2017 ) . `` Maureen Ryan 's 20 Best TV Shows of 2017 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` And the 10 Best TV Shows of 2017 Are ... '' Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Ten TV Shows of 2017 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Scheduler , The Masked ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` The Masked 10 ( plus 5 ) : The Masked Scheduler 's favorite TV shows of 2017 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` Loads of TV shows were great in 2017 ; here are the 10 best '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` These are our favorite shows of 2017 '' . 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best TV Shows of 2017 '' . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusted up , ' Castle ' , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) .",
"27": "`` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' adjusts up , ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Vampire Diaries ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Final Live + 7 adults 18 - 49 ratings for 2016 - 17 : ' This Is Us ' is the No. 1 drama '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust down , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' rerun up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ `` Creative Arts Emmys : ' Murderer ' & ' Grease Live ' Lead The Field On Night 2 '' . Deadline.com . September 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' Mad Max ' Leads Film ; ABC , HBO , FX Networks & ' Fargo ' Top TV '' . Deadline.com . December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Galeca 2015 / 16 Dorian Awards '' . Gay & Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association . January 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association ( GALECA ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Nominations Live Stream -- Watch '' . Deadline.com . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Gotham Awards Nominations : ' Manchester by the Sea ' Leads With Four '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 : Full List of Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Awards 2016 '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` TCA Awards : Mr. Robot , People v. O.J. , Americans , Crazy - Ex Lead Nominees '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Young Artist Awards Nominations '' . Young Artist Awards . March 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2017 : Full List of Nominations '' . Variety . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America 's 2017 Artios Awards Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' , ' Orphan Black ' , & ' Shameless ' Among 2017 GLAAD Media Award Nominees '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations Announcement Livestream '' . Deadline.com . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' Hacksaw Ridge ' and ' Rogue One ' Top Golden Reel Awards Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Gracie Winners - Alliance for Women in Media '' . Alliance for Women in Media . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 18th Annual WIN Awards at the Skirball Center '' . Press Pass LA . February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Baby Driver ' Among ACE Eddie Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter .",
"30": "Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` And the # glaadawards nominees are ... '' GLAAD . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Crazy Ex-Girlfriend on IMDb The CW programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life A Wicked Offer Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society MADtv Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The L.A.",
"31": "Complex Lifechangers Life Unexpected The Messengers The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People WWE Saturday Morning Slam Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Black Lightning ( since 2018 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) Dynasty ( since 2017 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Life Sentence ( since 2018 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Originals ( since 2013 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) The Robert Irvine Show ( since 2016 , daytime ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Valor ( since 2017 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crazy_Ex-Girlfriend_(TV_series)&oldid=838332812 '' Categories : Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( TV series ) 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American LGBT comedy television series 2010s American romance television series 2010s American satirical television series American musical television series American romantic comedy television series American romantic drama television series Borderline personality disorder in fiction English - language television programs Feminist television Mental illness in fiction Musical television series Single - camera television sitcoms Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Warner Bros.",
"32": "Television Television shows set in West Covina , California The CW shows Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 10 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
13,
14,
0,
1,
21,
11,
2,
20,
15,
18,
6,
30,
8,
9,
22,
19,
31,
10,
5,
4,
16,
7,
23,
17,
3,
29,
28,
25,
24,
12,
27,
26,
32
] |
[
13,
14,
0,
1,
21
] |
-2245890438325852492
|
who played lead guitar on 25 or 6 to 4
|
[
"Terry Kath",
"Terry Kath",
"Terry Kath",
"Terry Kath"
] |
{
"0": "25 or 6 to 4 - wikipedia 25 or 6 to 4 Jump to : navigation , search `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' Single by Chicago from the album Chicago B - side `` Where Do We Go from Here '' Released June 1970 Format 7 '' Recorded August 1969 Genre Hard rock , jazz rock Length 4 : 50 ( Album version ) 2 : 53 ( Single version ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Robert Lamm Producer ( s ) James William Guercio Chicago singles chronology `` Make Me Smile / Colour My World '' ( 1970 ) `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' ( 1970 ) `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' ( 1970 ) `` Make Me Smile / Colour My World '' ( 1970 ) `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' ( 1970 ) `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' ( 1970 ) `` Along Comes a Woman '' ( 1985 ) Along Comes a Woman 1985 `` 25 or 6 to 4 / One More Day '' ( 1986 ) String Module Error : Match not found1986 `` Will You Still Love Me ? '' ( 1986 ) Will You Still Love Me ? 1986 Audio sample file help `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' is a song written by the American musician Robert Lamm , one of the founding members of the rock / jazz fusion band Chicago . It was recorded in 1969 for their second album , Chicago , with Peter Cetera on lead vocals . The album was released in January 1970 and the song was edited and released as a single in June of that same year , climbing to number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and number seven on the UK Singles Chart . It was the band 's first song to reach the top five in the U.S. It has been included in numerous Chicago compilation albums . An updated version of `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' was recorded for the 1986 album Chicago 18 with James Pankow listed as co-writer .",
"1": "With the new band member Jason Scheff on lead vocals , the single reached number 48 on the U.S. chart . This version was also used as the B - side for the band 's next single in 1986 , `` Will You Still Love Me ? '' . In the 2010s , `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' continues to be a staple in Chicago 's live concert set list , and in Peter Cetera 's solo concert set list . In 2016 , former drummer , Danny Seraphine , reunited on stage with Chicago to perform `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' and two other songs at their induction ceremony for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly singles charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Covers and parodies 6 Use in popular culture 7 Influence 8 Personnel 9 References Meaning ( edit ) According to composer Robert Lamm , the song is about trying to write a song in the middle of the night . The song 's title is the time at which the song is set : 25 or 26 minutes before 4 AM . Because of the unique phrasing of the song 's title , `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' has been incorrectly speculated to be a veiled reference to drug quantities , or a mystical allusion . The 1986 music video for the song references the correct meaning at its beginning . The song was banned in Singapore in 1970 and again in 1986 because of its `` alleged allusions to drugs . '' In 1993 , the ban on this song was lifted , along with long - time bans on songs by other artists such as the Beatles , Bob Dylan and Creedence Clearwater Revival . In what may be a coincidence , the song 's writer , Robert Lamm , had recently written and sung another Chicago hit , `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' , for which this song 's title can be seen to serve as an answer . Composition ( edit ) The original recording features an electric guitar solo using a wah - wah pedal by Chicago guitarist Terry Kath , and a lead vocal line in Aeolian mode .",
"2": "The song 's opening guitar riff has been compared to chord progressions and riffs in other songs . In the opinion of writer Melissa Locker : ... the opening guitar riff from Green Day 's ' Brain Stew ' bears a striking similarity to the opening stanza of Chicago 's ' 25 or 6 to 4 . ' LA Weekly 's music editor , Andy Hermann , names it `` The Riff '' and describes it as follows : It 's a descending five - chord pattern , typically played as power chords over four bars , with the last two chords sharing the last bar . The most common variant of it goes from A minor to G to F sharp to F to E , although it can also be played as Am - G-D-F-E or even Am - G - D9 - F# - F-E ... Hermann details the riff 's similarity to the chord progression in Led Zepellin 's song , `` Babe I 'm Gonna Leave You '' , which came out a year before `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' , and the similarity of that chord progression to one in George Harrison 's song , `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , which came out even earlier . He labels `` Brain Stew '' , released in 1996 , as `` derivative '' by comparison to `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the 1986 remake won an American Video Award , in the category `` Best Cinematography , '' for Bobby Byrnes .",
"3": "Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australia 12 Canada RPM Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 UK 7 US Billboard Hot 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Australia 74 Canada 29 UK 72 US Billboard Hot 100 61 Covers and parodies ( edit ) The song has been covered by various artists , including Leonid & Friends , Straitjacket , Local H , Intruder , Bruce Foxton , The Moog Cookbook , Earth , Wind & Fire , Paul Gilbert , Pacifika , former Mötley Crüe lead singer Vince Neil , Umphrey 's McGee , Nick Ingman , and as an instrumental on the Dave Koz collaboration album Summer Horns . Constantine Maroulis released his version of the song as a single in 2011 . For the results night performance of the finale of the ninth season of American Idol , Lee DeWyze performed `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' with Chicago . In 2005 , Jonathan Coulton made `` When I 'm 25 or 64 '' , a mashup of `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' with `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' by The Beatles . Use in popular culture ( edit ) The song appears as an on - disc track in the video game Rock Band 3 and has been made available as a download for the game / learning software Rocksmith 2014 . Influence ( edit ) Jason Newsted , former bassist of Metallica , says that this song has the first rock or metal riff he ever learned to play . Paul Gilbert , former guitarist of Racer X and Mr. Big , says that a `` really primitive version '' of `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' was one of the first songs he taught himself to play on the guitar , using one string .",
"4": "Personnel ( edit ) Peter Cetera -- lead vocals , bass Terry Kath -- guitar , backing vocals Robert Lamm -- piano , backing vocals Danny Seraphine -- drums Jimmy Pankow -- trombone Lee Loughnane -- trumpet Walt Parazaider -- tenor saxophone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chicago Group Portrait ( Box Set ) ( album liner notes archived online ) ( Media notes ) . New York City , NY : Columbia Records . 1991 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago - Chart history Hot 100 Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Awards '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` CHICAGO full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard. 98 ( 41 ) . October 11 , 1986 . p. 80 ( Scroll to page , see No. 48 on Hot 100 Singles chart . ) . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2009 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Why We Follow The Charts - Second Helping of Seconds '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Popoff , Martin ( 2010 ) . Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1948 - 1991 . Krause Publications . p. 240 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 1621 - 5 . Jump up ^ Durchholz , Daniel ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Chicago delivers a satisfying career retrospective but pulls a political punch '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Groller , Keith ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : Chicago shows it 's a hard habit to break with a night filled with hits '' . The Morning Call .",
"5": "Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Robert ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Chicago feeling 50 years young '' . New Jersey Herald . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maloni , Joshua ( October 18 , 2015 ) . `` Who needs Chicago ? Peter Cetera proves his worth at Fallsview '' . www.wnypapers.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varias , Chris ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Cetera : All roads lead away from Chicago '' . Cincinnati.com . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MURUGAPPAN , REVATHI ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` At 72 , Peter Cetera Still Commands The Crowd '' . Star2.com . Star Media Group Berhad . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onesti , Ron ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Chicago , Cheap Trick bring rock pride to Illinois '' . Daily Herald . Arlington Heights , Illinois , USA : Paddock Publications . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lamm , Robert ( 2009 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Chicago Comes to Agganis '' . BU Today ( Interview ) . Interview with Devon Maloney . Boston University . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 13 . It 's a reference to time . It 's a song about writing the song , and I looked at my watch while I was writing and it was 25 minutes to four in the morning , or maybe 26 . Jump up ^ History of Chicago ( television documentary ) . CNN . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ' 25 or 6 to 4 ' indicates the time in the morning , 25 minutes to 4 a.m. ^ Jump up to : `` What does the Chicago lyric `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' mean ? `` . The Straight Dope . October 18 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ Leo , Christie ( 1986 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Singapore Bans Fogerty LP '' . Billboard. 98 ( 52 ) . p. 87 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Censors Relax Ban on Some Beatles Hits '' . DeseretNews.com. 1993 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Ken ( 2002 ) . What to Listen For in Rock : A Stylistic Analysis . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09239 - 4 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` 11 Suspiciously Sound - Alike Songs '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hermann , Andy ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` You Still Ca n't Copyright a Riff -- and That 's a Good Thing '' . L.A. Weekly . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sledgehammer ' wins '' . Fort Lauderdale News . Fort Lauderdale , Florida , USA . February 28 , 1987 . p. 2A . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Hung , Steffen . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- 25 or 6 to 4 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 's Top 100 of 1970 '' . RPM.",
"7": "1971 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1970 -- UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_torOTK5qc Jump up ^ `` Escape from Pain - Intruder Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reardon , Tom ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` The 25 Best Concerts in Phoenix in July 2016 : Chicago -- Wednesday , July 6 -- Celebrity Theatre '' . Phoenix New Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ KAUFMAN , GIL ( October 1 , 1997 ) . `` Moog Cookbook 's Newest Mock Rock Recipe '' . MTV News . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perusse , Bernard ( January 22 , 2011 ) . `` Pacifika 's music hard to label '' . Regina Leader - Post . Regina , Saskatchewan , Canada : Postmedia News . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Neil plays Del Mar birthday bash '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Reno , Nevada , USA : Reno Newspapers , Inc . January 18 , 1996 . p. 15 , `` Best Bets '' section . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Porio , Anabelle ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` `` ZONKEY '' by Umphrey 's McGee `` . Entertainment Monthly . Boston , Massachusetts , USA : Emerson College . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soft Rock - Invention '' . Discogs . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Ragogna , Mike ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` From Summer Horns to Napa Jazz : Conversations with Dave Koz and Brian Culbertson , Plus Toby Lightman 's `` Better '' Premiere `` . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chicago - Admin . `` Constantine Maroulis releases his version of Chicago classic : 25 Or 6 To 4 '' . Chicago -- The Band . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ KAUFMAN , GIL ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Finale : Lee DeWyze Upsets Crystal Bowersox '' . MTV News . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coulton , Jonathan ( 2005 - 11 - 18 ) . `` When I 'm 25 or 64 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rybka , Jason ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Rock Band 3 Track List ( Xbox 360 , PS3 , Wii ) '' . Lifewire . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Millheim , Edwin ( October 2013 ) . `` Rocksmith 2014 Review '' . Impulse Gamer . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trunk , Eddie ( host ) ; Jamieson , Don ( host ) ; Florentine , Jim ( host ) ( June 1 , 2013 ) . `` Jason Newsted '' . That Metal Show . Season 12 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 21 : 00 . VH1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frost , Matt ( March 2015 ) . `` Paul Gilbert '' . Guitarist . No. 391 ( published February 6 , 2015 ) . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 .",
"9": "Chicago Robert Lamm Lee Loughnane James Pankow Walter Parazaider Tris Imboden Keith Howland Lou Pardini Walfredo Reyes Jr . Jeff Coffey Danny Seraphine Peter Cetera Terry Kath Laudir de Oliveira Donnie Dacus Chris Pinnick Bill Champlin Jason Scheff Dawayne Bailey Drew Hester Daniel de los Reyes Touring musicians Studio albums Chicago Transit Authority Chicago Chicago III Chicago V Chicago VI Chicago VII Chicago VIII Chicago X Chicago XI Hot Streets Chicago 13 Chicago XIV Chicago 16 Chicago 17 Chicago 18 Chicago 19 Twenty 1 Night & Day : Big Band Chicago XXV : The Christmas Album Chicago XXX Chicago XXXII : Stone of Sisyphus Chicago XXXIII : O Christmas Three Chicago XXXV : The Nashville Sessions Chicago XXXVI : Now Live albums Chicago at Carnegie Hall Live in Japan Chicago Transit Authority Live In Toronto Chicago XXVI : Live in Concert Chicago XXXIV : Live in ' 75 Chicago at Symphony Hall Compilations Chicago IX : Chicago 's Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Volume II If You Leave Me Now Take Me Back to Chicago Greatest Hits 1982 -- 1989 Group Portrait The Heart of Chicago 1967 -- 1997 The Heart of Chicago 1967 -- 1998 Volume II The Very Best of Chicago : Only the Beginning The Box Love Songs The Best of Chicago : 40th Anniversary Edition Related articles Discography Peter Cetera Tom Dowd Tim Feehan David Foster James William Guercio Electra Glide in Blue Phil Ramone Chicago singles discography singles 1960s and 1970s 1969 `` Questions 67 and 68 '' `` Beginnings '' 1970 `` Make Me Smile '' `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? ''",
"10": "1971 `` Free '' `` Lowdown '' 1972 `` Saturday in the Park '' `` Dialogue ( Part I & II ) '' 1973 `` Feelin ' Stronger Every Day '' `` Just You ' N ' Me '' `` ( I 've Been ) Searchin ' So Long '' `` Call on Me '' `` Wishing You Were Here '' `` Harry Truman '' `` Old Days '' `` Brand New Love Affair '' 1976 `` Another Rainy Day in New York City '' `` If You Leave Me Now '' 1977 `` You Are on My Mind '' `` Baby , What a Big Surprise '' 1978 `` Little One '' `` Take Me Back to Chicago '' `` Alive Again '' `` No Tell Lover '' 1979 `` Gone Long Gone '' `` Must Have Been Crazy '' `` Street Player '' singles 1980s 1980 `` Thunder and Lightning '' `` Song for You '' 1982 `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' `` Love Me Tomorrow '' `` What You 're Missing '' 1984 `` Stay the Night '' `` Hard Habit to Break '' `` You 're the Inspiration '' 1985 `` Along Comes a Woman '' 1986 `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' ( re-recorded ) `` Will You Still Love Me ? '' `` If She Would Have Been Faithful ... '' `` Niagara Falls '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' `` Look Away '' `` You 're Not Alone '' `` We Can Last Forever '' `` What Kind of Man Would I Be ? ''",
"11": "singles 1990s and 2000s `` Hearts in Trouble '' 1991 `` Chasin ' the Wind '' `` Explain It to My Heart '' `` You Come to My Senses '' 2008 `` Let 's Take a Lifetime '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25_or_6_to_4&oldid=807060344 '' Categories : Chicago ( band ) songs Songs written by Robert Lamm 1969 songs 1970 singles 1986 singles Songs about music Song recordings produced by James William Guercio Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 17 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
10,
6,
2,
5,
8,
7,
9,
0,
3,
1,
4,
11
] |
[
9,
10,
6,
2,
5
] |
-892126850374165642
|
where did the name blue peter come from
|
[
"a maritime signal, indicating that the vessel flying it is about to leave",
"to represent 'a voyage of adventure' on which the programme would set out"
] |
{
"0": "Blue Peter - wikipedia Blue Peter Jump to : navigation , search This article is about BBC television series . For other uses , see Blue Peter ( disambiguation ) . This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Blue Peter The Blue Peter logo ( 2011 -- present ) Genre Factual Entertainment Created by John Hunter Blair Presented by Lindsey Russell ( 2013 -- ) Radzi Chinyanganya ( 2013 -- ) ( See full list ) Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 4,999 Production Location ( s ) Studio HQ7 , MediaCityUK Running time 15 minutes ( 1958 -- 1960s ) 25 minutes ( 1960s -- 2008 ) 35 minutes ( 2005 -- 06 ; CBBC Channel Extension ) 24 minutes ( 2008 -- 11 ) 28 minutes ( 2012 -- ) Release Original network BBC Television Service ( 1958 -- 1960 ) BBC TV ( 1960 -- 1966 ) BBC1 ( 1966 -- 2012 ) BBC2 ( 1964 -- 2012 ) CBBC ( formerly Children 's BBC ) ( 1960 -- ) CBBC HD ( 2013 -- ) Original release 16 October 1958 ( 1958 - 10 - 16 ) -- present Blue Peter is a British children 's television programme , currently shown live on the CBBC television channel . A significant part of British culture , it first aired in 1958 and is the longest - running children 's TV show in the world . Although the show has a nautical title and theme , it is a magazine / entertainment show containing viewer and presenter challenges , as well as the famous arts and crafts `` makes '' . During its history there have been many presenters , currently Lindsey Russell and Radzi Chinyanganya .",
"1": "The show is produced mainly in a television studio , but there is also a garden , often referred to as the Blue Peter Garden , used during the summer and for outdoor activities . The programme has always featured a number of pets ; currently a tortoise called Shelly makes an appearance from time to time and also a dog named Iggy who has now gone on to being a guide dog Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Content 3 History 3.1 Early years 3.2 1960s 3.3 1970 -- 1990s 3.4 2000 -- 2010 3.5 2011 -- present 3.6 New Diamond Badge , 5000th Episode and 60th Anniversary ( 2018 ) 4 Presenters and contributors 5 Pets 6 Blue Peter Garden 7 Badge 8 Annual events 8.1 Shrove Tuesday 8.2 Mothering Sunday 8.3 Guy Fawkes Night 8.4 Christmas 8.5 Appeals 8.6 Book awards 9 Books 10 Broadcast history 10.1 BBC One ( 1958 -- 2012 ) 10.2 CBBC Channel ( 2012 -- ) 10.3 Repeats and spin - off shows 11 Signature tune and motif 11.1 Signature tune 11.2 Opening titles 11.3 Closing credits 12 Controversy 12.1 Presenters sacked 12.2 Fake phone competition winner 12.3 Political partiality 12.4 `` Socks '' 13 Tributes , honours and awards 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Blue Peter Episodes Content ( edit ) Blue Peter 's content is wide - ranging . Most programmes are broadcast live , but usually include at least one filmed report . There will also often be a demonstration of an activity in the studio , or a music or dance performance .",
"2": "Between the 1960s and 2011 the programme was made at BBC Television Centre , and often came from Studio 1 , the fourth - largest TV studio in Britain and one of the largest in Europe . This enabled Blue Peter to include large - scale demonstrations and performances within the live programme . From the September 2007 series , the programme was broadcast from a small fixed set in Studio 2 . However , from 2009 the series began to use the larger studios once more ; also more programmes were broadcast in their entirety from the Blue Peter Garden . The show is also famous for its `` makes '' , which are demonstrations of how to construct a useful object or prepare food . These have given rise to the oft - used phrase `` Here 's one I made earlier '' , as presenters bring out a perfect and completed version of the object they are making -- a phrase credited to Christopher Trace , though Marguerite Patten is another possibility . Trace also used the line `` And now for something completely different '' , which was later taken up by Monty Python . Time is also often given over to reading letters and showing pictures sent in by viewers . Over 4,000 editions have been produced since 1958 , and almost every episode from 1964 onwards still exists in the BBC archives . This is extremely unusual for programmes of that era . Editor Biddy Baxter personally ensured that telerecordings and , from 1970 , video recording were kept of each episode . Many items from Blue Peter 's history have become embedded in British popular culture , especially moments when things have gone wrong , such as the much - repeated clip of Lulu the elephant ( from a 1969 edition ) who urinated and defecated on the studio floor , appeared to tread on the foot of presenter John Noakes and then proceeded to attempt an exit , dragging her keeper along behind her . Although it is often assumed to have been broadcast live , the edition featuring Lulu was one of the rare occasions when the programme was pre-recorded , as the presenters were en route to Ceylon for the summer expedition at the time of transmission .",
"3": "Other well - remembered and much - repeated items from this era include the Girl Guides ' campfire that got out of hand on the 1970 Christmas edition , John Noakes 's report on the cleaning of Nelson 's Column , and Simon Groom referring to a previous item on the production of a facsimile door knocker for Durham Cathedral which was displayed alongside the original , with the words ' what a beautiful pair of knockers ' . History ( edit ) Blue Peter maritime signal flag Early years ( edit ) Blue Peter was first aired on 16 October 1958 . It had been commissioned to producer John Hunter Blair by Owen Reed , the head of children 's programmes at the BBC , as there were no programmes in existence that catered for children aged between five and eight . Reed got his inspiration after watching Children 's Television Club , the brainchild of former radio producer , Trevor Hill , who created the latter show as a successor to his programme Out of School , broadcast on BBC Radio 's Children 's Hour ; Hill networked the programme from BBC Manchester and launched it aboard the Royal Iris paddle steamer on Merseyside with presenter Judith Chalmers welcoming everyone aboard at the bottom of the gangplank . It was subsequently televised about once a month Hill relates how Reed came to stay with him and his wife , Margaret Potter , in Cheshire , and was so taken with the `` Blue Peter '' flag on the side of the ship and the programme in general , that he asked to rename it and take it to London to be broadcast on a weekly basis ( see Reed 's obituary ) . The `` Blue Peter '' is used as a maritime signal , indicating that the vessel flying it is about to leave , and Reed chose the name to represent ' a voyage of adventure ' on which the programme would set out . Hunter Blair also pointed out that blue was a child 's favourite colour , and Peter was the common name of a typical child 's friend . The first two presenters were Christopher Trace , an actor , and Leila Williams , winner of Miss Great Britain in 1957 . The two presenters were responsible for activities which matched the traditional gender roles . As broadcasting historian Asa Briggs expressed it in 1995 : `` Leila played with dolls ; Chris played with trains '' .",
"4": "They were supported on occasion by Tony Hart , an artist who later designed the ship logo , who told stories about an elephant called Packi ( or Packie ) . It was broadcast every Friday for fifteen minutes ( 17.00 -- 17.15 ) on BBC TV ( which later became BBC One ) . Over the first few months more features were added , including competitions , documentaries , cartoons , and stories . Early programmes were almost entirely studio - based , with very few filmed inserts being made . 1960s ( edit ) From Monday 10 October 1960 , Blue Peter was switched from every Friday to every Monday and extended from 15 minutes to 20 minutes ( 17.00 -- 17.20 ) . In 1961 , Hunter Blair became ill , and was often absent . After he produced his last edition on 12 June 1961 , a series of temporary producers took up the post . Hunter Blair was replaced the following September by Clive Parkhurst . He did not get along with Leila Williams , who recalled `` he could not find anything for me to do '' , and in October , Williams did not appear for six editions , and was eventually fired , leaving Christopher Trace on his own or with one - off presenters . Parkhurst was replaced by John Furness , and Anita West joined Trace on 7 May 1962 . She featured in just 16 editions , making her the shortest - serving presenter , and was replaced by Valerie Singleton , who presented regularly until 1972 , and on special assignments until 1981 . Following the departure of Furness , a new producer who was committed to Blue Peter was required , so Biddy Baxter was appointed . At the time she was contracted to schools ' programmes on the radio , and therefore unable to take up her new post immediately . It was suggested that Edward Barnes , a production assistant , would temporarily produce the show until Baxter arrived , at which point he would become her assistant . This suggestion was turned down , and a more experienced producer , Leonard Chase , was appointed , with Barnes as his assistant . Baxter eventually joined Blue Peter at the end of October 1962 . During this period , many iconic features of Blue Peter were introduced . The first appeal took place in December 1962 , replacing the practice of reviewing toys that children would ask for themselves .",
"5": "Blue Peter 's first pet , a brown and white mongrel dog named Petra , was introduced on 17 December 1962 . The puppy soon died of distemper , and having decided against upsetting young viewers over the news , Barnes and Baxter had to search London pet shops for a convincing clandestine replacement . Features such as `` makes '' ( normally involving creating something such as an advent crown , out of household junk ) and cooking became regular instalments on Blue Peter and continue to be used today . The Blue Peter badge was introduced in 1963 , along with the programme 's new logo designed by Tony Hart . Baxter introduced a system that ensured replies sent to viewers ' letters were personal ; as a girl , she had written to Enid Blyton and twice received a standard reply , which had upset her . The next year , from 28 September 1964 , Blue Peter began to be broadcast twice weekly , with Baxter becoming the editor in 1965 , and Barnes and Rosemary Gill ( an assistant producer who had joined as a temporary producer while Baxter was doing jury service ) becoming the programme 's producers . The first Blue Peter book , an annual in all but name , was published that year , and one has been produced nearly every year since . A third presenter , John Noakes , was introduced at the end of 1965 and became the longest - serving presenter . A complete contrast to Trace , Noakes set the scene for `` daredevil '' presenters that has continued through the generations of presenters . Trace left Blue Peter in July 1967 , and was replaced by Peter Purves in November . The trio of Valerie Singleton , John Noakes and Peter Purves lasted five years , and according to Richard Marson were ' the most famous presenting team in the show 's history ' . In 1965 , the first Summer Expedition ( a filming trip abroad ) was held in Norway , and continued every year ( except 1986 and 2011 ) until 2012 , all over the world . 1970 -- 1990s ( edit ) The first colour edition of Blue Peter aired on 14 September 1970 , and the last black and white edition on 24 June 1974 . A regular feature of the 1970s were the Special Assignments , which were essentially reports on interesting topics , filmed on location .",
"6": "Singleton took this role , and in effect became the programme 's `` roving reporter '' . Blue Peter also offered breaking news on occasion , such as the 1971 eruption of Mount Etna , as well as unique items such as the first appearance of Uri Geller on British television . In May 1976 , presenter Lesley Judd interviewed Otto Frank , father of Anne Frank , after he had agreed to bring his daughter 's diaries to Britain . From 1971 , the summer expedition from the previous year was edited into special programmes broadcast under the title Blue Peter Flies The World , televised during the summer break when the team were recording the latest expedition . The first was shown in July 1971 and featured the expedition to Jamaica In 1974 , the Blue Peter Garden was officially opened in a green space outside the Television Centre restaurant block . By this time , Blue Peter had become an established children 's programme , with regular features which have since become traditions . In 1978 , the show celebrated it 's twentieth anniversary with a nationwide balloon launch from five regional cities during a special edition of the programme when Christopher Trace , Leila Williams , Valerie Singleton and Peter Purves returned . John Noakes contributed a message pre-recorded on film . At this time , Trace introduced the Blue Peter Outstanding Endeavour Award . Its theme music was updated by Mike Oldfield in 1979 , and at the end of the decade a new presenting team was brought in , consisting of Simon Groom , Tina Heath and Christopher Wenner . They were overshadowed by the success of the previous two decades , and failed to make an impact . Heath decided to leave after a year when she discovered she was pregnant , but agreed to have a live scan of her baby , something which had never been done on television before . Blue Peter was praised for this by the National Childbirth Trust who told the BBC that in ' five minutes , Blue Peter had done more to educate children about birth than they 'd achieved in ten years of sending out leaflets ' . Wenner was unpopular with viewers , so left along with Heath on 23 June 1980 . Sarah Greene and Peter Duncan both joined in 1980 , and a new producer , Lewis Bronze , joined in 1982 .",
"7": "The 1980s saw the Blue Peter studio become more colourful and bright , with the presenters gradually wearing more fashionable outfits , in contrast to the more formal appearance of previous decades . Several videos of Blue Peter were released from 1982 , the first being Blue Peter Makes , and an omnibus comprising the two weekly editions appeared in 1986 on Sunday mornings . Ahead of the show 's 25th anniversary in October 1983 , BBC1 ran a series Blue Peter Goes Silver , revisiting previous summer expeditions . The 25th anniversary itself was commemorated by a documentary presented by Valerie Singleton shown on BBC1 on Sunday , October 16 1983 . This was followed the next day by a special edition of the programme when Christopher Trace presented the annual Outstanding Endeavour Award and Valerie Singleton , Peter Purves , Christopher Wenner , Tina Heath and Sarah Greene returned to celebrate the show 's birthday with the current presenting trio of Simon Groom , Peter Duncan and Janet Ellis who launched a national balloon treasure hunt . On 27 June 1988 , Baxter took part in her final show , after nearly 26 years of involvement , and Bronze took her place as editor . Around this time , Blue Peter became distinctively environmentally aware , and introduced a green badge in November 1988 for achievements related to the environment . Shortly before , in October 1988 , the show celebrated it 's thirtieth anniversary with a competition to design the cover of a commemorative issue of the ' Radio Times ' and Valerie Singleton presented the Outstanding Endeavour Award on the birthday show itself . In 1989 ( and again in 1992 and 1994 ) , new arrangements of the theme tune was used . Due to falling ratings in BBC children 's programming , BBC1 controller Alan Yentob suggested airing a third edition of Blue Peter each week from 1995 . This meant that it was sometimes pre-recorded ; Joe Godwin , the director , suggested that the Friday edition should be a lighter version of Blue Peter , which would concentrate on music , celebrities and games . Helen Lederer presented a documentary on BBC2 to celebrate the show 's 35th anniversary Here 's One I Made Earlier , with a special edition of the regular programme featuring the returns of Leila Williams , John Noakes and Lesley Judd amongst many other presenters .",
"8": "Neither Noakes or Judd had appeared in the studio since leaving the programme and Williams was returning for the first time in 15 years . A fourth presenter , Katy Hill , was introduced in 1995 , but unlike earlier decades , there was little stability in the line - up , with resignations and new additions made almost every year of the decade . The 1990s also saw many more live broadcasts on location , with many shot entirely away from the studio . Blue Peter was also one of the first television series to launch a website . Oliver Macfarlane replaced Bronze as editor in 1996 . 1998 marked the 40th anniversary of the TV show . Apart from two summer proms concerts , the most talked about event to celebrate the milestone was a trip behind LNER Peppercorn Class A2 60532 Blue Peter on an Edinburgh to London railtour . The special train in question was Days out Limited 's `` Heart of Midlothian '' from London Kings Cross to Edinburgh Waverley on Sun 19 Apr 1998 , with 60532 working the train from Edinburgh . Due to safety rules , none of the presenters were supposed to ride on board the footplate during the trip . Peter Kirk , who was in charge on board the train and who was presenting from the footplate , however , allowed Stuart Miles to travel on board the footplate between Newark - on - Trent and Peterborough . This was the stretch of track which , on 3 July 1938 , saw the world speed record for steam locomotives of 126 mph ( 203 km / h ) set by LNER A4 Locomotive no . 4468 Mallard . In October 1998 , Richard Bacon was sacked , following reports in News of the World that he had taken cocaine . This incident followed shortly after the show 's 40th anniversary , when previous presenters returned for the programme on 16th October . Those returning included Leila Williams , Valerie Singleton , John Noakes , Peter Purves , Diane Louise Jordan , Anthea Turner , John Leslie , Tim Vincent , Yvette Fielding , Caron Keating , Mark Curry , Janet Ellis , Peter Duncan , Sarah Greene , Tina Heath , Simon Groome and Christopher Wenner .",
"9": "Steve Hocking then replaced Macfarlane as editor , at a time that was believed to be a difficult period for the programme . He introduced a further re-arrangement of the theme tune and a new graphics package in September 1999 . 2000 -- 2010 ( edit ) The 2000s started off when two time capsules that had been buried on Blue Peter were opened up . The former presenters were invited back to assist , and the rest of the programme looked at life in the 1970s when the first capsule was buried . With Hill 's departure and replacement by Liz Barker in 2000 , the new team of Konnie Huq , Simon Thomas , Matt Baker and herself made the programme strong and consistent for the next five years , which had been somewhat lacking in the 1990s . The Friday edition , as in the previous decade , featured games and competitions , but additionally there was a drama series , The Quest , which featured cameos from many former presenters . Basil Brush also made several appearances on Fridays . It was at this time that the new Head of the BBC Children 's Department , Nigel Pickard , asked for Blue Peter to be broadcast all year round . This was achieved by having two editions per week instead of three during the summer months , and using pre-recorded material . The early 2000s also introduced Christmas productions , in which the presenters took part . In 2003 , Richard Marson became the new editor , and one of his first tasks was changing the output of Blue Peter on the digital CBBC , which for the first year of the channel 's launch consisted of repeated editions , plus spin - off series Blue Peter Unleashed and Blue Peter Flies the World . This new arrangement involved a complex schedule of live programmes and pre-recorded material , being broadcast on BBC One and CBBC . Marson also introduced a new set , graphics and music . In September 2007 , a new editor , Tim Levell , took over . At the same time , budget cuts meant that the programme came from a smaller studio .",
"10": "In February 2008 the BBC One programme was moved from 5 pm to 4.35 pm to accommodate The Weakest Link , and as a result , Blue Peter 's ratings dropped to as low as 100,000 viewers in the age 6 -- 12 bracket but have since steadily improved . The specially painted Blue Peter British Airways Boeing 757 landing at London Heathrow Airport . On 16 October 2008 Blue Peter celebrated the 50th Anniversary with a reception at Buckingham Palace hosted by Queen Elizabeth II and featuring several former presenters . There was a special live edition of the show broadcast to celebrate the anniversary with many returning presenters and a 60 - minute documentary on BBC1 featuring interviews with many previous presenters and production staff , including Edward Barnes , Biddy Baxter and Rosemary Gill . Writing in the BBC 's in - house magazine , Ariel , in 2009 , BBC Children 's Controller Richard Deverell announced plans to re-invent the show to be more like the BBC 's motoring programme Top Gear . Deverell hopes that by adding `` danger and excitement '' , Blue Peter will achieve the same `` playground buzz '' among children as Top Gear . 2011 -- present ( edit ) On 29 March 2011 , Blue Peter became the first programme in the UK to broadcast an entire show in 360 degrees on the web . Viewers were able to watch the programme via their TVs and simultaneously interact with the television studio in front and behind the cameras on the website . Viewers were also challenged to play a game where they had to find particular crew members and staff dressed up in distinctive costumes . The final edition of Blue Peter to broadcast from the BBC 's Television Centre in London , was broadcast on 28 June 2011 , before a move to the BBC 's new facilities at MediaCityUK in Salford . The set left behind at BBC Television Centre was subsequently purchased and installed at Sunderland University 's David Puttnam Media Centre in August 2013 . When the new series started on 26 September 2011 , after the usual summer break , Barney Harwood and Helen Skelton revealed the new look Blue Peter studio along with the new music and title sequence .",
"11": "Departed Blue Peter presenter Andy Akinwolere was not initially replaced , and for the first time in 50 years only two presenters remained on the programme until Lindsey Russell joined the team in July 2013 . From 12 January 2012 , Blue Peter has been broadcast all year round ( with no break for summer ) once a week , its original premiere being on CBBC on Thursdays at 5.45 pm , changed to 5.30 pm from April 2013 then 5 : 00 pm from March 2015 . It was usually repeated on Fridays on BBC One , although this ceased in December 2012 . A repeat airs at 9.00 am on Sundays . At this time , Levell left to work at BBC Radio 5 Live ; he was replaced ( initially in an acting capacity ) as editor by Ewan Vinnicombe , who had worked on the programme as a producer since 2007 . The reformatted Blue Peter occasionally also included specials and spin - offs such as `` Helen 's Polar Adventure '' or the Stargazing Live special on other days of the week . From April 2017 , the show reverted to 5 : 30 pm . The 2013 team consisted of Barney , Lindsey and Radzi up to September 2017 Barney left , leaving just two presenters again . The format adapted with slightly different branding and a more classic take on the show , as well as beginning ' Blue Peter Bites ' , five minute clips shown on CBBC showing just one challenge or video from episodes . Blue Peter pup Iggy accompanied the team until 2016 whilst Shelley the Tortoise continues to make occasional appearances . The Blue Peter garden is maintained by child gardener George who appears throughout the year . The team made more use of the website with more quizzes and videos such as ' Blue Peter VS ... ' and ' Ultimate Challenges ' as well as holding a fan club hour after the show where fans could leave comments as to the answers of riddles or headline suggestions and ask guests questions .",
"12": "A popular game on the show is ' Spot Shelley ' , where , in most episodes , an animated version of Shelley the tortoise is hiding somewhere / on something and viewers must leave a comment on the website during the show , the first person to spot her wins a shout - out ( or some more expensive or weird prizes as Barney would often joke , such as a house in Spain or a unicorn called Eric ) . In the summer Blue Peter challenges its viewers to earn all of their Blue Peter badges ( with the exception of orange and gold ) through five weeks , where the team look at each individual badge for a week , finishing with the limited time Sports badge which appears every summer with a different design . In the show before these weeks , the team show viewers how to make something to keep their badges in / on and continue the theme through the weeks which so far have been the following : 2016 : Badge Baton Relay ( Badges stored within a baton tube ) 2017 : Big Badge Boat Bonanza ( Badges displayed on the iconic BP ship , a 2D model that can be made from paper ) . In August Lindsey went to LNWR Heritage in Crewe to help out with the overhaul of 60532 Blue Peter , the locomotive in question was being overhauled for a return to service on both heritage railways and also to haul enthusiast trains on the national network ( This engine was even used in a 1998 episode to mark the TV show 's 40th anniversary ) . Ahead of their Jubilee celebrations , Blue Peter introduced their first ever Guest Editor to the show on 19 October 2017 which was children 's author Dame Jaqueline Wilson . Guest Editors have control for the day and plan what they what to show on their edition , taking control behind the scenes as well . New Diamond badge , 5000th episode and 60th anniversary ( 2018 ) ( edit ) On 1 February 2018 a special edition of Blue Peter on Thursday 1 February 2018 will mark the show 's 5000th episode . It was also announced that in February Blue Peter will launch of a new Diamond Badge which will be the highest honour fans and viewers can be awarded within the special 60th year .",
"13": "On 12 October 2017 it was revealed that at the studios where the show is filmed , a Hollywood style walk of fame has been created with all the names of people who have received their Gold Blue Peter badge . The walk way will lead up to the front of the studios . This is to mark 60 years of Blue Peter . In October 2018 the show will celebrate their 60th anniversary . It was confirmed that from January 2018 the show will build up with big challenges and much more all leading up to the big show in October 2018 to celebrate the shows 60th Birthday . Presenters and contributors ( edit ) Further information : List of Blue Peter presenters Christopher Trace and Leila Williams were the first presenters of Blue Peter in October 1958 , and since then , there have been 35 subsequent presenters . The current presenting team comprises Radzi Chinyanganya ( who replaced Helen Skelton in October 2013 ) and Lindsey Russell . Russell is the first presenter to be chosen by viewers following a contest to find a new presenter , entitled ' Blue Peter ! You Decide . ' Helen Skelton left Blue Peter in September 2013 , after 5 and a half years on the show , with Barney the red - setter dachshund going with her . Barney Harwood departed 4 years later . Prior to this , in the first two years of the programme 's new home at Salford , guest presenters occasionally covered for Helen and Barney in the studio or in some film reports . Other people who have played roles on the show include the zoologist George Cansdale , who was the programme 's first on - screen veterinarian , and Percy Thrower who was the show 's gardening expert from 21 March 1974 to 23 November 1987 and was presented with a Gold Blue Peter badge shortly before he died in 1988 . He was followed from 1988 -- 91 by Chris Crowder and from 1991 -- 2000 by Clare Bradley . From 2004 -- 2013 by Chris Collins . From 2014 -- present , The Skinny Jean Gardeners Lee & Dale Connelly and child gardener George Hassal the RHS Ambassador , who makes appearances throughout the year .",
"14": "Another contributor , though rarely seen on screen , was Margaret Parnell , who created almost all of the show 's `` makes '' from 1963 until her retirement in 2001 . Her role was then filled by Gillian Shearing , though Parnell 's name still appeared in the credits from time to time when a classic `` make '' was re-used . Director / producer Alex Leger who joined the show in 1975 as a production assistant finally retired in 2011 , making him Blue Peter 's longest serving staff member ever . Presenter Anthea Turner said of Leger : `` Alex was the director we feared and loved in the same sentence ; he would push you to your limits of endurance and in my case made me face my fear of water by taking me to Crystal Palace to shoot a film about high board diving . Never have my knees knocked so much . '' Writing on The Huffington Post in November 2012 , Leger admitted the `` piles of clippings , strange souvenirs from overseas trips , half - finished ' makes ' from the show and half - dead pot plants disguised the fact something ground - breaking was happening in the cramped Blue Peter offices '' . Leger published his book , Blue Peter : Behind the Badge , on 5 November 2012 , in collaboration with many of his former colleagues . Pets ( edit ) Main article : Blue Peter pets The Blue Peter pets are the animals who regularly appear on the programme . These include dogs , cats , parrots and tortoises . Among the most recent Blue Peter Pets are : a dog , a red setter - dachshund called Barney ; two cats , one called Socks and one called Cookie ; and one tortoise called Shelley . Mabel retired on 30 March 2010 after 14 years on the show . The latest pet to join is 2 - year - old Barney , a red setter - dachshund , who made his TV debut on Tuesday 22 September 2009 , but left four years later at the same time as presenter Helen Skelton . Lucy , a golden retriever , died aged 13 in late March 2011 .",
"15": "In July 2013 , Socks and Cookie made their final appearance in the studio in Salford , as ( like Shelley the tortoise ) they live in London , but they are still regarded as part of the programme team . The trained Guide Dog Iggy appears regularly . Blue Peter garden ( edit ) The former Blue Peter garden at BBC Television Centre The presenters also maintain the Blue Peter Garden . The original garden , adjacent to Television Centre , was designed by Percy Thrower in 1974 . Its features include an Italian sunken garden with a pond , which contains goldfish , a vegetable patch , greenhouse and viewing platform . George the Tortoise was interred in the garden following his death in 2004 , and there is also a bust of the dog Petra , sculptures of Mabel and the Blue Peter ship , and a plaque in honour of Percy Thrower . The 2000 Blue Peter time capsule was buried in the Garden and later relocated to the current location , where it is due to be opened in 2029 . The garden is also available to other programmes for outside broadcasts , and is often used for the links between children 's programmes during the summer months and for BBC Breakfast 's weather forecasts . When the programme 's production base moved to Salford MediaCityUK in September 2011 , sections of the garden , including the sculptures and the sunken pond , were carefully relocated to the piazza of the new studio facility . It was officially opened on Thursday 23 February 2012 by HRH The Princess Royal and continues to be used throughout the year for events and live shows . On the Monday 21 November 1983 edition , Janet Ellis reported that over the weekend the garden had been vandalised . The report contained an on - air appeal for viewers to come forward with information -- which now often appears on clip shows . The garden had been vandalised previously in 1978 . A rumour circulated in the early 1990s that the vandalism had been carried out by a gang including the footballers Dennis Wise and Les Ferdinand when they were teenagers . Both men have denied direct involvement in the actual vandalism , although Ferdinand did later appear to confess to `` helping a few people over the wall . '' Later still , however , Ferdinand claimed that his admission of involvement had merely been a joke , and that he had not been involved at all .",
"16": "Badge ( edit ) Main article : Blue Peter badge Children ( and adults ) who appear on the show or achieve something notable may be awarded the coveted Blue Peter badge . The Blue Peter badge allows holders free entry into a number of visitor attractions across the UK . In March 2006 , this privilege was temporarily suspended after a number of badges were discovered for sale on the auction site eBay . This suspension was lifted in June 2006 , when a new `` Blue Peter Badge Card '' was introduced to combat the problem , which is issued to each badge winner to prove that they are the rightful owners . The presenters almost always wear their badge ; the only exception being when their apparel is incompatible ( for example , a life jacket ) , in which case a sticker with the ship emblem is normally used instead . In addition , large prints or stickers of the ship are attached to vehicles driven by the presenters during filming assignments . In addition to the standard `` blue '' badge , several variations of the badge exist , for various achievements , including : Silver badges , For sending in a letter or poem to the show when you already have the blue badge Green badges , for contributions with a conservation , nature or environmental theme Gold badges , the most rarely awarded , for exceptional achievement the second highest awarded badge Competition winners orange badges , for competition winners or runners up ( replacing the previous circular `` competition winner 's badge '' ) Purple badges , awarded for completing a review of the show by completing the form on the Blue Peter website 50th anniversary badge , awarded for sending a picture , poem or letter on the subject of the programme 's 50th birthday Factbyte factory badge , Awarded to people who completed up to V.I.P. level 7 on the Factbyte factory online game on the official Blue Peter Website in 2009 . Sport badge , awarded to people from July -- September 2013 ( and again each summer since ) for inspiring a friend or family member to try a new sport . Diamond Badge , the highest honour fans and viewers can be awarded ( launching in February 2018 part of the 60th anniversary ) Annual events ( edit ) The programme also marks annual events , including Chinese New Year , St David 's Day , Shrove Tuesday , Mothering Sunday , Guy Fawkes Night and Christmas .",
"17": "The latter , in particular , is a special occasion with a traditional format repeated year on year . Shrove Tuesday ( edit ) See also : Shrove Tuesday Usually shows one of the presenters making a pancake . It is usually the newest presenter who makes the pancake and attempts to toss it perfectly . Mothering Sunday ( edit ) See also : Mothering Sunday Usually shows the viewers how to make their own Mother 's Day card or present . Guy Fawkes night ( edit ) See also : Guy Fawkes Night Usually tells the history of Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot whilst the presenters tell viewers about the firework code and tips for a safe bonfire and fireworks night . Christmas ( edit ) See also : Christmas The traditional Christmas programme usually opens with the signature tune being replaced with a brass band arrangement of the carol `` Good King Wenceslas '' juxtaposed with shots of viewers ' home - made Christmas cards and followed by the lighting of the final candle on the Advent Crown . The programme 's Christmas manger figures are featured , reminding viewers of the Nativity story , a last - minute Christmas make , either a song and dance or filming assignment and the grand finale ; the Chalk Farm Salvation Army Band and children from various schools , assisted by members of the BBC Symphony Chorus , marching `` up the hill '' and into the studio from the cold outside ( lanterns in hand ! ) singing a Christmas carol ( alternating years between either `` Hark the Herald Angels Sing '' or `` O ! Come All Ye Faithful '' ) around the Blue Peter Christmas tree . In some years there was a Christmas play , either spoofing hit movies like Grease , popular songs or a Pantomime . Much of the script has been repeated year after year for this special programme . However , for the 2007 Christmas programme , none of these traditions were featured ( although the crib had been glimpsed in the previous edition ) , ending a format repeated annually since the 1960s . Apart from presents for the presenters and pets and a brief look at the programme 's Nativity crib , the traditional elements remained largely absent in 2008 and 2009 .",
"18": "From 2010 the closing carol was reinstated , with the Chalk Farm Salvation Army Band being replaced by the Salford band from 2011 onwards , as the programme had moved to MediaCity by then . In 2014 , the full traditional content was revived , including the viewers ' home - made cards accompanied by the Good King Wenceslas arrangement , the Advent Crown ( although now using electric candles for safety reasons ) and ( after an absence in the previous two years ) the sparkling ship logo appearing by the shot of the crib in the studio at the end of the closing carol . These elements have been retained in the subsequent two years , apart from the Good King Wenceslas sequence being dropped in 2016 . Appeals ( edit ) Blue Peter III an RNLI D class lifeboat , one of 25 lifeboats funded by the programme , now part of the Royal National Lifeboat Collection on display at the Historic Dockyard , Chatham . An enduring feature of the programme is the annual charity appeal , which asks viewers to collect items that can be recycled or sold to raise money for the chosen cause . This is always a charity project in the UK in odd - numbered years , and abroad in even - numbered . The appeal is usually launched in late November and runs through to February or March of the following year . Until 1979 , only waste products were ever collected , such as stamps , linens , coins , scrap metal etc . In 1979 , one of the most popular forms of raising appeal money was introduced ; encouraging viewers to hold `` Blue Peter Bring And Buy Sales '' at which buyers are also encouraged to bring their own bric - a-brac or produce to sell . The Great Bring And Buy Sale was used every few years or so as a means of adding variety to the collecting theme during other years . Between 2001 and 2003 a series of `` Bring And Buy Appeals '' led many viewers and the media to voice their concern that the traditional method of collecting scrap items to recycle was being abandoned in favour of the `` easier revenue '' generated by the sales . This led to an on - air explanation by presenter Konnie Huq during the 2003 Get Together Appeal that this particular appeal required the sort of funding that only Bring And Buy Sales could raise .",
"19": "The 2004 and 2005 appeals saw a return to the collecting theme : the first being to collect old clothes that Oxfam could sell in its stores to raise funds for a family - searching service in third world countries ravaged by war , and the second being the collection of old mobile telephones and coins that could be recycled to raise money for ChildLine . Continuing the return to collecting unwanted items , Blue Peter launched its Shoe Biz Appeal campaign in 2006 . In partnership with UNICEF , its aim was to collect unwanted pairs of shoes or other footwear in order to raise money for children orphaned by AIDS and HIV in Malawi . The 2007 appeal was the `` Disc Drive '' -- working with Barnardo 's to sell unwanted CDs and DVDs . During appeals , the sum of money or objects collected is presented on the totaliser -- a display that lights to show the amount collected . With some appeals , a second totaliser has often been introduced immediately after the original target has been met , with the aim of providing an incentive to keep on donating . The 2007 Disc Drive Appeal was , controversially , handled in a different editorial style , and it was not featured in each programme since its launch as in previous years . Also the totaliser , previously a part of the studio set , was relegated to an on - screen animation / graphic . The 2008 appeal was called Mission Nutrition , an attempt to provide children in the UK , Bangladesh and South Africa with better food . As part of this appeal , the Blue Peter presenters held the world 's biggest bring and buy sale on 18 February 2009 , which was attended by several celebrities as well as regular people . Since the 2008 appeal there has been a return to regular features on the Appeal 's progress in each edition , and the reinstatement of a physical studio set Totaliser . The 2009 Appeal was `` Send a Smile Appeal '' which was symbolic as being the first Appeal in the history of the programme to blend a collecting theme with the Blue Peter `` make '' methodology . Children were encouraged to collect unwanted T - shirts to be donated to Operation Smile , a charity providing free reconstructive surgery to children in the developing world , where they were to be used as surgical gowns for their operations .",
"20": "Appeal contributors were encouraged to customise their gowns in a variety of creative ways , as well as following instructions given on the programme for how to include eyelets and ties to the backs of the gowns . In subsequent years , the traditional Appeal has been dropped in favour of general fundraising and awareness - raising for BBC Children in Need . As part of the 50th year a BBC estimate was that since the first appeal started Blue Peter has raised over £ 100 million ( inflation adjusted figure to 2008 value ) by appeals . Book Awards ( edit ) Blue Peter promotes the Blue Peter Book Awards , a series of literary prizes for children 's literature awarded annually , and inaugurated in 2000 . Books ( edit ) In 1964 , the first Blue Peter book was published . Although an annual in all but name , the books are rarely referred to as such . Each book ( published in time for Christmas ) features highlights from the previous twelve months of Blue Peter features , and chronicles major guests who visit the studio , the Summer expedition , the annual appeal , and the pets . The style of the books ' contents has changed very little over the years , with the only noticeable difference between a 1960s book and the current formula being the increase in colour photography and digital artwork ; otherwise , the principle is the same . There was , in 1986 and 1990 , and between 1992 and 1997 , a break in the publication of the books . Since Pedigree took over the books in 2004 , there has been an increase in quality . The books are now bigger than before , with a greater number of pages . The Blue Peter editor and members of the production team write the book , and choose its content , though the book is written from the presenters ' point of view . As for the ' book or annual ' debate , it is interesting to note that , as of Book 34 in 2004 , the cover makes reference to it as `` Annual XXXX '' and the spine marking it as `` Book XX '' . This is probably because The Beano and The Dandy books were renamed as annuals in 2003 , leaving Blue Peter the only one still using the name book on its annuals . A collectors ' market has developed , with `` Book One '' being especially rare and commanding triple figures on online auction websites .",
"21": "Books from the late 1960s and 1970s are more common , and often turn up for less than a pound in second hand bookshops or charity stores . Books from the 1980s and 1990s tend to be more expensive and rarer , as people realised the value of keeping hold of them . In the early 1970s a set of Blue Peter mini books were produced , covering specific topics that had been featured in the TV series . A set of these were buried in 1971 in the time capsule for the year 2000 . The spin - off series Blue Peter Special Assignment also had books . In 2011 it was announced that due to falling sales , the annuals would be scrapped . However , programme editor Tim Levell indicated that the book could return in the future . Broadcast history ( edit ) BBC one ( 1958 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Blue Peter first aired once a week on Mondays on the BBC Television Service , now BBC One , for a duration of 15 minutes . From 28 September 1964 until 1995 it was shown twice a week on Mondays and Thursdays , extending its duration to 25 minutes . A third show was added in 1995 , broadcasting on Monday , Wednesday and Friday , and from 2000 the show began airing at 5pm , due to Newsround moving to a later slot . From 2006 the show 's output began to be reduced , first by dropping the Friday edition , and initially moving the programme schedule to Monday to Wednesday , before moving again to Tuesday to Thursday . In May 2007 , it was announced the show would lose a show a week and return to broadcasting twice weekly , leaving Tuesday and Wednesday the only days on which Blue Peter was broadcast on BBC One . At the time the BBC claimed that the purpose of returning to two shows a week was to increase the quality of the programme 's content rather than simply a means of reducing production costs . The show 's schedule was changed again in February 2008 when Blue Peter was moved to the 4.35 pm slot on BBC One , due to The Weakest Link moving from BBC Two to replace Neighbours which had transferred to Five .",
"22": "However , this timing change led to a decrease in viewing figures for the weekday afternoon CBBC One slot , with Blue Peter receiving fewer than 100,000 viewers , down from around 335,000 in 2003 . The BBC Trust recommended that the BBC produce plans , detailing how they intended to increase viewership , by mid-2009 . In September 2010 , the show was moved from Wednesdays and Tuesdays to Mondays and Tuesdays at the same time slot . CBBC channel ( 2012 -- ) ( edit ) From Thursday , 12 January 2012 another episode was dropped , with the show coming full circle by only broadcasting one new episode each week . For the first time in the show 's history , first run episodes were now broadcast on the CBBC Channel , at 5.45 pm on Thursdays . However , a repeat was still broadcast the following day on BBC One . Eventually however , in December 2012 , Blue Peter ended its 54 - year run on BBC One and now airs only on the CBBC Channel . The move came as regular children 's programming was removed entirely from BBC One and Two following the completion of the digital switchover . Viewing figures determined that 93 % of CBBC 's target audience was now watching the BBC 's children 's programming on the dedicated CBBC Channel ( including first - run episodes of Blue Peter ) , and few viewers were watching solely on BBC One . Repeats and spin - off shows ( edit ) Blue Peter was first repeated in full on satellite and cable channel UK Gold in the 1990s , one of the first archive channels in the UK . Later it moved to sister channel UK Gold Classics when UK Gold began broadcasting more recent programmes , although that channel lasted only six months before closing . In September 1998 , the BBC launched its first digital only channel BBC Choice . A few months after launch , a new weekend afternoon CBBC Choice strand began broadcasting , and as part of this a highlights show Re : Peter showcased the best of that week 's Blue Peter shows . Re : Peter , along with a similar highlights show for Live & Kicking known as L&K Replay , ended when the strand was axed in April 2000 and became the daily 6 am -- 7 pm CBBC on Choice programming block which launched in November 1999 .",
"23": "9 . However , in 2002 , repeats of Blue Peter started being shown on CBBC on Choice 's successor , the newly launched CBBC Channel , along with spin - off shows Blue Peter Unleashed and Blue Peter Flies the World . From 2003 a new arrangement involved new material being shown daily , on both BBC One and the CBBC Channel . Signature tune and motif ( edit ) The signature tune has always been a hornpipe , originally using variations of Barnacle Bill by Herbert Ashworth - Hope , and should not be confused with the American sailor song of the same title . The original opening titles showed a Blue Peter flag being lowered on a ship . In 1979 it was updated by Mike Oldfield , and again in the 1990s . From the 2008 series onwards it became a rendition of the similar Sailor 's Hornpipe . However , from 14 October 2008 , the tune has become a blend of both tunes . The programme 's motif is a stylised sailing ship designed by Tony Hart . Hart 's original design was never successfully used in a totally uniform fashion , with several different reproductions used in studio , on badges , the Blue Peter books and on - screen graphics . This was until the show 's redesign in 1999 , when the ship 's rigging and hull detail was removed , and in 2000 , the flags were subtly reshaped . For the 2008 series there has been a return to the original flag design on the ship , although some of the mast detail on the bow and stern has been removed . Signature tune ( edit ) The Blue Peter opening theme is called `` Barnacle Bill '' and was composed by Ashworth Hope ( 1880 -- 1962 ) , who was a successful solicitor as well as a composer . It has been used ever since the programme began in 1958 , apart from a brief period in autumn 2008 when a version of the `` Sailors Hornpipe '' was used instead . The opening theme has been updated several times .",
"24": "The following is a list of all the versions of the Blue Peter signature tune , `` Barnacle Bill '' that have been used on the show : Sidney Torch & The New Century Orchestra : October 1958 to January 1979 Mike Oldfield : January 1979 to June 1989 ( see `` Blue Peter '' ( Mike Oldfield instrumental ) ) Simon Brint : September 1989 to September 1992 Simon Brint : September 1992 to September 1994 The Yes / No People : September 1994 to August 1999 David Arnold and the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra : September 1999 to June 2004 Nial Brown : September 2004 to December 2006 Dave Cooke : January 2007 to June 2007 Dave Cooke & Blue Peter Music Makers September 2007 to June 2008 Dobs Vye : September 2008 -- June 2011 Banks & Wag : September 2011 to present The debut of a new version of the famous theme tune `` Barnacle Bill '' is sometimes accompanied with an introduction by the presenters at the time explaining the reasons behind the new rendition . Mike Oldfield appeared on the programme around 1979 , and his version of the theme tune was so popular with viewers that the producers decided to record it for use as a permanent theme . Despite a new rendition of the theme music being introduced in 2004 , a further new version was arranged by Murray Gold and recorded in 2006 , as part of a viewers ' competition , with prize winners taking part in the final orchestral recording . Viewers were told that this new version of the theme would be used when the series returned from its summer break in September 2006 ; however , for unknown reasons , this was not the case , save for excerpts being used as incidental music . Instead , when the September 2006 series began , a slightly shortened version of the 2004 arrangement was used , with the opening bars removed . Between January and June 2007 , Dave Cooke re-arranged the theme tune , although it was confirmed that Murray Gold 's new arrangement would be used from the new series in September 2007 , to coincide with the programme 's 50th anniversary celebrations .",
"25": "However , the version that ultimately aired bears little resemblance to either the original Murray Gold / Music Makers recording or any previous recording of the theme . It is unknown what the closing music of Blue Peter was in its earliest days , but certainly by the mid-1960s , the show was closing with an edit of Parts Two and Three of `` Drums and Fife '' , from a 1961 suite of six library cues by Wilfred Burns , performed by The Light Symphonia , conducted by Roberto Capelli ( Conroy , BM 301 - A ) . This recording remained in use until 1979 when it was supplanted by a cover version by Mike Oldfield . The same tune remained in use thereafter , being re-arranged in line with subsequent versions of the opening signature tune ; however , between 1999 -- 2004 , a shorter version of the opening tune was used to close the programme . The editor at the time , Steve Hocking , said that he was happy for the same tune to be used at the beginning and end of each broadcast ; however , in recent years the traditional finale tune has returned , with Nial Brown rearranging the closing tune from 2004 to 2006 , and Dave Cooke doing so as of January 2007 . From September 2007 to June 2008 the closing theme was slightly extended and rearranged , once again by Dave Cooke . For the start of the September 2008 series `` Barnacle Bill '' was dropped as the signature tune after nearly fifty years of use and replaced by an arrangement of the very similar traditional dance tune `` Sailor 's Hornpipe '' . On 14 October ( the same week as the 50th anniversary ) the opening arrangement of the tune was reworked to include elements of `` Barnacle Bill '' once again . The closing theme for 2008 is the same as opening signature tune . In September 2011 , the series returned to using `` Barnacle Bill '' though with the opening bars and drum roll omitted ( along with the `` Sailor 's Hornpipe '' ) and the traditional closing signature tune not used . Opening titles ( edit ) 1958 -- 1989 : The earliest episodes featured stock footage of a sailing ship under the opening credits .",
"26": "By the late 1960s , Blue Peter 's opening sequence featured extracts of that edition 's filmed inserts or an event in the studio where speech was absent accompanied by the signature tune and superimposed presenter credits . The theme music would either play out in full , or fade out appropriately depending on the programme 's content . 1989 -- 1997 : From 1989 , a 2D animation of the Blue Peter ship had been developed and used alongside the 1985 - introduced word - logo and was used as a method of displaying both the ship and Blue Peter name to precede any film or episode footage as before . From 1992 a 3D animation was used and further replaced by another graphical sequence in 1994 . Once again , these animations preceded any film , studio or episode footage . Occasionally , from the 1994 series onwards , the 3D animation of the Blue Peter ship would be followed by a preview of certain items on the day 's programme with a `` coming up '' caption and a presenter commentary . Again , the theme music would either play in full or fade out at an appropriate time . 1997 -- 1999 : From 1997 , a more generic title sequence was used with the 1994 ship and title animation remaining , but was followed by clips of different action shots from a variety of the past years ' filming assignments intermixed with specially filmed `` posing '' footage of the presenters . The traditional format of episode - specific film or studio setting scenes were still used , occasionally on their own , or mixed into the generic footage to varying degrees depending on the day 's edition . The theme music tended to play out in full , and on days when a totally generic version of the titles were used , the opening was often followed by a `` coming up '' sequence narrated by the presenters . 1999 -- 2004 : By 1999 , a new `` bubble ship '' symbol and titles sequence had been developed to be used alongside the traditional ship emblem . These bubble ships were seen floating around the presenters who were displayed in specially posed shots , and appeared to be floating above a graphical ocean on their own blue coloured ships , and in 2003 when the presenters shots were updated , they appeared to be waving , smiling and blowing the bubble ships .",
"27": "This footage was also mixed in with episode - specific film , introductory studio setting or more predominantly from the 2003 series onwards a preview of many items on the day 's programme with a return to a `` coming up '' caption and presenter commentary . 2004 -- 2006 : In 2004 , a similar approach was adopted with each presenter posing with `` ship 's rigging '' in their hands , appearing as though they were hoisting the sails of the Blue Peter ship . This sequence , designed by BBC Broadcast ( now Red Bee Media ) saw a return to the sole use of the original Blue Peter ship logo and also featured the Blue Peter pets in their own poses . Predominantly these titles would precede a `` coming up '' sequence or occasionally clips of the edition 's filming assignment . The original version used from 2004 -- 2005 opened with the ship logo and featured silhouettes of unidentified children also hoisting sails along with the presenters . This was discarded in 2005 for the last year of the sequence 's run and opened with the ship and Blue Peter name for the first time in six years -- allowing more flexibility for when the titles would merge into that day 's edition without being completed in full , as in the 1950 -- 1990s era -- before flowing into the rest of the titles ( minus children ) as before . 2006 -- 2008 : From September 2006 a new title sequence was introduced , opening with the traditional Blue Peter ship logo , followed by the presenters surrounded by `` fact file boxes '' displaying statistics and information about them and also pictures of the pets and snippets of previous assignment films . This also marked the end of the traditional format of the presenter credits being credited in order of seniority ( although this is likely to be down to the stylistic dictation of the titles in their `` girl boy girl boy '' arrangement -- the only irregularity being Gethin Jones appearing before Zöe Salmon who debuted on the show five months before him ) . As in previous years , this new graphical sequence precedes a `` coming up '' sequence or , alternatively , footage of that edition 's filming assignment . From September 2007 the posed portion of the same opening titles followed a `` coming up '' clip of that day 's programme and used a new theme tune to accompany it .",
"28": "Following Konnie Huq 's departure in January 2008 , the order of the opening sequence was rejigged slightly , with a filmed aerial pan of a cliff - face taken from a helicopter , featuring a lighthouse and large - scale impression of the Blue Peter ship on a grass lawn adjacent to it . The `` chopper '' sound of the helicopter 's propellers imitates the traditional drum roll of the Blue Peter theme tune . The sequence then merges into a summary of what 's coming up on the programme , with a quick cut at the end to the remaining three presenter poses , now having reverted to appearance order , i.e. , Zöe > Gethin > Andy , before ending with the 2006 -- 2008 logo board , minus Konnie 's silhouette . 2008 -- 2009 : This era of Blue Peter titles see a return to the original format without posing presenters . Instead , a fast moving graphical approach is taken where the main colour is light blue . The logo board with the new look word logo appears at the end and graphically ' flows ' away to reveal the day 's programme. 2008 sees a new word mark for the first time since 1999 and some of the detail has been altered on the ship logo -- for example , a return to the original flag design . Small changes have also featured in the studio where the mezzanine wall is now red , the big screen has a new frame and the seating has been re-jigged slightly . 2009 -- 2011 : In the same style to the 2008 titles ; however , the presenters ' pictures and first names were now featured in the titles , following the ' coming up ' section . 2011 -- 2013 : The new Blue Peter titles were created by Mighty Giant . The titles were meant to capture the essence of the show in 20 short seconds . The sequence Mighty Giant created had the presenters playing and throwing an object that changes throughout . As it transforms it captures another element of Blue Peter . These objects include for Helen , the Blue Peter adventure box , Technology screen and a ball . Barney 's elements of Blue Peter in the titles include a globe , a piece of gaming technology and a keyboard .",
"29": "Mighty Giant shot the presenters against a green screen and then combined them with 3d objects back at its Northern Quarter base to create the desired effect . The logo also had a make over with the ship being put into a blue circle and the original designed ship in white inside the circle . The writing is the same as the 2008 logo . 2013 -- 2015 : In 2013 , the sequence had been replaced by a series of clips of previous programme activities . 2015 -- present : In 2015 , the sequence has a colourful graphics with rainbow lines , as well as the letters of the logo and the Blue Peter ship logo were floating around in the titles . This sequence is designed by Liquid . It looks similar to the 1999 -- 2004 and 2004 -- 2006 ones . General notes : The opening titles of every programme featured the list of the presenters in order of their first appearance on Blue Peter , regardless of whether they actually appear in the edition in question ( after 1995 and the introduction of the fourth presenter it was unusual to have all four presenters in the studio at the same time , save for special programmes ) . The only time this rule was not adopted is when the programme is a special pre-recorded assignment -- for example a visit to a foreign country by two of the presenters , in which case the usual practice is just to credit the presenters appearing . Until 2004 , the presenters were always credited by their full names . From September 2004 , the opening titles only featured their first names , perhaps in a move to make the presenters appear more accessible to the audience . From September 2008 , the titles went back to traditional style , not including presenters or their names . This however was changed again in 2009 , when pictures of the presenters popped out from nowhere with their name by the side of them . For the new Technology themed titles for September 2011 , the presenters Helen and Barney appeared with specially shot sequences . The names however did not make a return . For the first time the presenters were interacting with different objects in the titles . Closing credits ( edit ) 1958 -- 1992 : The Blue Peter closing credits were put on screen over the final moments of the programme to the sound of the closing theme tune .",
"30": "Alternatively , once the programme had officially ended ( i.e. , the presenters had said their ' goodbyes ' ) the camera would focus on shots of the pets or aspects of the studio as a calmer backdrop against which to flash up the credits . The sequence would always end with the Blue Peter ship filling the screen ( originally a rather crude flat image , latterly a more graphically interesting incarnation ) and BBC copyright blurb . Before 1989 the `` Editor '' credit ( for almost all this period it was Biddy Baxter ) would also flash up over the final moments of the programme , but since Lewis Bronze 's promotion the editor credit was saved for the final ship frame . 1992 -- 2003 : Once again during this period the credits maintained the practice of appearing during the final seconds of the programme 's presentation or once the script had finished . The major difference was that the text scrolled along the bottom third of the screen from right to left , usually overlaid on a graphical bar in the style of the opening titles . The exception to this rule was when the programme was on permanent Outside Broadcast for the whole show . During these occasions the same `` theme '' of credits would be used -- i.e. same graphics and background etc. but the typeface would almost always change to a completely different font and colour , regardless of the regular typeface used at the time . Also , the credits would flash up on screen one by one , as opposed to scrolling . It is unknown why these anomalies occurred , but it is likely to be related to the reduced technical abilities whilst transmitting a live O.B. The final frame of the credits was always the Blue Peter ship as displayed in the opening titles of the time and the editor 's credit , along with BBC branding . 2004 -- 2007 : This period saw a sequence which showed flashed up credits along the bottom third of the screen , whilst a photo of a recent Blue Peter badge winner , with or without the project that won them their badge , was shown above . One of the presenters ' voices was also heard introducing the winner and explaining what they did to win their badge . Occasionally on certain programmes , for example the launch of an appeal , special guests in the studio or when out on location , the credits ran as pre-2004 over the closing moments of the programme with the music fading in .",
"31": "Again , the credits end with the Blue Peter ship , editor and BBC credit . 2004 , 2007 -- 2008 : Early in 2004 , the producers experimented with flashing up the credits over a background of `` on the next Blue Peter '' type footage . This was discarded later in 2004 when the new arrangement of signature tune and titles were introduced and a revised format was adopted that remained in use until 2007 . September 2007 saw a return to the `` coming up next time '' sequence of footage , with credits text overlaid on a graphical bar at the bottom section of the screen . The same ship and editor credit is used as the final frame . 2008 -- present : There are no closing crew credits ; instead , the programme ends with a five - second caption of Blue Peter and the CBBC logo . General notes : The exceptions to the above were during the Christmas programme , when the credits still scrolled from right to left , often with Christmassy themed drawings separating each crew member . Until 2006 , and again from 2010 , the Christmas programme ends on a view of the children carol singers in the studio in the background , the Nativity scene in the foreground , studio lights dimmed , a star of Bethlehem glowing on the cyclorama and a sparkling silver Blue Peter ship overlaid on the screen ( although the sparkling ship did not appear in the Christmas 2012 and 2013 editions ) . When a `` make '' was featured in the programme , the creator of the item ( invariably the retired Margaret Parnell or Gillian Shearing ) was credited first ( until credits were discontinued in 2008 ) . An example of this would be `` Dolls House make by Margaret Parnell '' . Controversy ( edit ) Presenters sacked ( edit ) In October 1998 , Richard Bacon became the first presenter to have his contract terminated mid-run , after he admitted to taking cocaine and punching a wall , following reports in a tabloid newspaper . Lorraine Heggessey , then the Head of BBC Children 's programmes , apologised on air .",
"32": "However , before Bacon , four previous presenters had left the programme when their contracts were not renewed , each for different reasons : these were Leila Williams in 1962 , Christopher Wenner in 1980 , Michael Sundin in 1985 and Romana D'Annunzio in 1998 . Fake phone competition winner ( edit ) It was revealed by the BBC that a phone - in competition supporting the UNICEF `` Shoe Biz Appeal '' , held on 27 November 2006 , was rigged . The person who appeared to be calling in the competition was actually a Blue Peter Team Player who was visiting that day . The visitor pretended to be a caller from an outside line who had won the phone - in and the chance to select a prize . The competition was rigged due to a technical error with receiving the calls . Former editor Biddy Baxter , described as still being influential with the programme today , described the problem as an issue with a member of the production team on the studio floor and the Editor being oblivious to the situation in the studio gallery . She also went on to say that the programme would not feature premium rate telephone competitions in the future . It was announced on 16 May 2007 that Blue Peter 's editor and unofficial historian , Richard Marson , stood down from his job , although any link to the controversy of March 2007 remains in doubt . In July 2007 , Blue Peter was given a £ 50,000 fine , by the Office of Communications ( OFCOM ) as a result of rigging the competition . Political partiality ( edit ) In August 2007 while the programme was off air for its annual Summer Expedition , long - time presenter Konnie Huq was involved in a press conference to promote the health benefits of cycling along with Mayor of London , Ken Livingstone . The Conservative Party accused the BBC of political bias as a result of one of its employees appearing at what was construed as a pro-Labour Party event . The BBC claimed to have turned down the offer for Huq to appear , but this was unknown to both her and her agent . On 24 November 1988 , Frank Ruse , a left - wing Labour councillor for Liverpool City Council , accompanied Liverpool 's Pagoda Chinese Youth Orchestra to London for an appearance on Blue Peter . He was given a Blue Peter badge and wore it proudly to his council meetings .",
"33": "However , he received a BBC headed letter requesting the return of the badge . The letter ( which was later discovered to be a forgery ) stated that Blue Peter had been approached by Neil Kinnock 's office ( Labour leader at the time ) who were alarmed that a councillor with hard - left views had been given a Blue Peter badge . On receiving the Blue Peter badge from Frank Ruse , the BBC wrote back to him stating that they had sent no such letter ( therefore proving it was a hoax ) and an angry Ruse started a local and national enquiry to find out who sent the hoax letter . `` Socks '' ( edit ) Blue Peter hit the headlines again in September 2007 ; an online vote on the BBC 's Blue Peter official website took place to choose the name of the new Blue Peter kitten in January -- the reported story was that , instead of calling the cat `` Cookie '' as chosen by a majority of the votes , the staff overruled the vote and called the kitten `` Socks '' , citing problems with the voting system and a large surge in the former name . As a result of negative media coverage , the original cat , Socks , was joined by another kitten named Cookie , as had been chosen in the online vote . The BBC broadcast an apology on 25 September 2007 at the start of the new series . Tributes , honours and Awards ( edit ) In a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000 , voted for by industry professionals , Blue Peter was placed 6th . In 1992 Blue Peter won the BAFTA for Best Children 's Programme ( Factual ) : Lewis Bronze . In 2008 Blue Peter was nominated for the BAFTA Children 's Kids Vote Award . Asteroid 16197 Bluepeter is named in its honour . The asteroid was discovered on 7 January 2000 , the day that the Blue Peter time capsules from 1971 and 1984 were unearthed . See also ( edit ) BBC CBBC CBBC ( TV channel ) Go With Noakes Duncan Dares Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC 's Blue Peter is filmed at dock10 studios , MediaCityUK '' . Dock10.co.uk. 9 February 2015 .",
"34": "Retrieved 31 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marson , Richard . `` Blue Peter '' 50th Anniversary Book : The Story of Television 's Longest - running Children 's Programme. Hamlyn ( 21 September 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 61793 - 8 Jump up ^ Alistair McGown , ' Trace , Christopher Leonard ( 1933 -- 1992 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , online edn , Oxford University Press , October 2005 ; online edn , October 2008 accessed 29 June 2009 Jump up ^ John Ezard ( 8 October 2005 ) . `` The Guardian '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` BBC Programme Catalogue '' . Archive.is. 13 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Programme Catalogue '' . Archive.is. 12 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Trevor ( 2005 ) . Over the Airwaves : My Life in Broadcasting . Book Guild Publishing Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1857768329 . Jump up ^ Asa Briggs The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom : Volume V : Competition , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1995 , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : Baxter & Barnes , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Baxter & Barnes , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Marson , p. 16 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 21 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 22 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Marson , p. 51 Jump up ^ Alistair McGown `` Baxter , Biddy ( 1933 -- ) '' , BFI screenonline ^ Jump up to : Marson , p. 37 Jump up ^ Baxter & Barnes , p. 14 Jump up ^ Baxter & Barnes , p.",
"35": "48 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 24 Jump up ^ Nick Allen `` Petra the Blue Peter dog was a fake '' , telegraph.co.uk , 1 September 2008 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 39 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 41 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 118 ^ Jump up to : Marson , p. 45 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 88 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 89 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 54 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 18 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 49 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 58 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 63 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 64 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 71 Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter Flies the World : Jamaica and New York -- BBC One London -- 8 July 1971 -- BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Marson , p. 84 Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/4e41ce7e585d41acb7e123224bae80c1 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 72 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 83 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 81 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 92 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 95 Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?order=asc&q=%22blue+peter+goes+silver%22#search Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/9f9932112f9a4675adfc79b0dff10cdd Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/2fd585b8f56c4ae8abaf807a5486a92f Jump up ^ Marson , p. 96 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 99 Jump up ^ Marson , p.",
"36": "100 Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/5c41024e25f94383a6d2fa3baa8c1ea5 ^ Jump up to : Marson , p. 124 Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/79fa569de36c4c7a8c6160ada1e5a12f Jump up ^ Marson , p. 138 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 127 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 142 Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/0bce00f33bf0499ab9349b48cf5fde4e Jump up ^ Marson , p. 129 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 158 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 161 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 163 Jump up ^ `` BBC children 's channels on air '' . BBC News Online . BBC . 11 February 2002 . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Marson , p. 165 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/09_september/24/bluepeter.shtml Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/fa746a807162482ea44d0b562d6fa3b4 Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/62f33a6a974047c2881a705647410e95 Jump up ^ Rushton , Katherine ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` Blue Peter to be ' more like Top Gear ' '' , Broadcastnow , Emap Media . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter 360 degree TV show website '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter set for final show at Broadcasting House '' . The Drum. 28 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter set bought by Sunderland University '' . BBC News . 4 August 2013 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Press Office -- Network TV Programme Information BBC Week 39 Monday 26 September 2011 '' . BBC . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2017/blue-peter-gold-badge-walk Jump up ^ `` New Blue Peter presenter revealed '' , BBC News , 25 July 2013 Jump up ^ Turner , Turner . `` Blue Peter Party '' Anthea Turner 's Blog. 26 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Leger , Alex . `` Blue Peter and the golden age of British children 's television '' , The Huffington Post . 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Blue Peter Book . `` Blue Peter : Behind the Badge '' Retrieved 31 October 2012 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Fiona . `` Blue Peter Time Capsule buried in Blue Peter Garden , due to be dug up in 2029 '' . London : The Times . Retrieved 3 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Anne opens Blue Peter garden '' . BBC News . BBC . 23 February 2012 . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Boniface , Susie ( 21 October 2000 ) . `` Football star and the Blue Peter garden '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Simon ( 14 October 2003 ) . `` Blue Peter '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ( 10 August 2007 ) . `` Small Talk : Les Ferdinand '' . London : Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Edition broadcast 19 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` BBC '' . BBC . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter annual scrapped following sales slump '' . Radiotimes.com . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revamped Blue Peter moves north '' . BBC News . 27 September 2011 .",
"38": "Jump up ^ b&b13 Jump up ^ `` Year - round Blue Peter planned '' . BBC News Online . BBC . 14 November 2000 . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter to lose a show a week '' . BBC News Online . BBC . 25 May 2007 . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBC cuts back Blue Peter , '' The Guardian . Published 25 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Marson , p. 168 Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ; Conlan , Tara ( 17 January 2008 ) . `` Weakest Link to replace Neighbours '' . Guardian Online . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Sabbagh , Dan . `` Blue Peter at 50 - year low after being sidelined by The Weakest Link '' . London : The Times . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Vicky . `` Changes hit BBC children 's viewing figures '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Sherwin , Adam ( 17 May 2012 ) . `` Blue Peter sets sail from its prime BBC1 berth of 54 years '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Baxter & Barnes 1989 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Baxter , Barnes & Adcock 1979 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Marson , p. 12 Jump up ^ BBC -- Blue Peter -- Your Questions Answered Archived 28 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Light Symphonia -- Drums And Fife / Period Fanfares '' . Discogs . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty facts about Blue Peter at 50 '' . BBC News . 15 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 15 March 2007 ) .",
"39": "`` Blue Peter admits rigging phone - in competition after technical hitch '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Busfield , Steve ( 15 March 2007 ) . `` Biddy Baxter ' appalled ' by Blue Peter phone - in row '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ofcom fines BBC £ 50,000 over Blue Peter '' . Digital Spy. 9 July 2007 . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter star in bias warning '' . BBC News . 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter : Inside The Archives by Richard Marson ( page 252 , Series 1988 -- 1989 Programme 22 ) '' . Kaleidoscope Publishing . 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 2 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Blue Peter ... : The Best of 50 Years of Letters to Britain 's Favourite Children 's Programme 1958 -- 2008 by Biddy Baxter ( pages 20 -- 21 ) '' . Short Books . 4 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBC admits new breaches of trust '' . BBC News . 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Peter Awards ( 1958 -- present ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Children 's Kids Vote 2008 nominees '' . Bafta.org. 24 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . References ( edit ) Baxter , Biddy ; Barnes , Edward ( 1989 ) . Blue Peter : the Inside Story . Ringpress . ISBN 0 - 948955 - 50 - 3 . Baxter , Biddy ; Barnes , Edward ; Adcock , John ( 1979 ) . Blue Peter Sixteenth Book . BBC . ISBN 0 - 563 - 17723 - 3 . Marson , Richard ( 2008 ) .",
"40": "Blue Peter 50th Anniversary . Hamlyn . ISBN 978 - 0 - 600 - 61793 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Official website Heres one we made earlier ... 50 Years of Blue Peter , Exhibition looking at 50 Years of Blue Peter Blue Peter on IMDb Blue Peter at the BFI 's Screenonline List of Blue Peter presenters on BBC website -- no longer updated since September 2005 .",
"41": "( hide ) Blue Peter presenters Christopher Trace Leila Williams Anita West Valerie Singleton John Noakes Peter Purves Lesley Judd Simon Groom Christopher Wenner Tina Heath Sarah Greene Peter Duncan Janet Ellis Michael Sundin Mark Curry Caron Keating Yvette Fielding John Leslie Diane - Louise Jordan Anthea Turner Tim Vincent Stuart Miles Katy Hill Romana D'Annunzio Richard Bacon Konnie Huq Simon Thomas Matt Baker Liz Barker Zöe Salmon Gethin Jones Andy Akinwolere Helen Skelton Joel Defries Barney Harwood Lindsey Russell Radzi Chinyanganya Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Peter&oldid=822297295 '' Categories : Blue Peter 1958 British television programme debuts 1950s British children 's television series 1960s British children 's television series 1970s British children 's television series 1980s British children 's television series 1990s British children 's television series 2000s British children 's television series 2010s British children 's television series British children 's television programmes BBC children 's television programmes English - language television programs BAFTA winners ( television series ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2015 Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2013 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Gaeilge Norsk Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 15 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"42": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
3,
27,
26,
30,
23,
29,
28,
25,
31,
10,
18,
7,
12,
4,
5,
2,
0,
17,
6,
16,
34,
36,
33,
38,
13,
11,
39,
21,
22,
37,
8,
20,
24,
1,
19,
15,
32,
9,
35,
14,
40,
41,
42
] |
[
3,
27,
26,
30,
23
] |
-1086677382982964519
|
when was the last time iran had an earthquake
|
[
"2017-12-20",
"2017-12-20",
"2017-12-20",
"2017-12-20"
] |
{
"0": "List of earthquakes in Iran - wikipedia List of earthquakes in Iran Jump to : navigation , search Earthquakes in Iran from 1990 -- 2006 , by United States Geological Survey Iran is one of the most seismically active countries in the world , being crossed by several major faults that cover at least 90 % of the country . As a result , earthquakes in Iran occur often and are destructive . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology and history 2 Earthquakes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Geology and history ( edit ) The Iranian plateau is subject to most types of tectonic activity , including active folding , faulting and volcanic eruptions . It is well known for its long history of disastrous earthquake activity . Not only have these earthquakes killed thousands , but they have also led to waste of valuable natural resources . Since 1900 , at least 126,000 fatalities have resulted from earthquakes in Iran . Earthquakes ( edit ) Date Province Mag . MMI Deaths Injuries Total damage / notes 2017 - 12 - 20 Tehran 5.2 M VI 97 4.0 M aftershock on December 26 ( 1 dead , 75 injured ) . 2017 - 11 - 12 Kermanshah 7.3 M VIII 630 8,435 2017 - 05 - 13 North Khorasan 5.6 M VII 370 2017 - 04 - 05 Khorasan - e Razavi 6.1 M VII 34 2017 - 01 - 06 Fars 5.0 M VI 5 2014 - 08 - 18 Ilam 6.2 M VIII 60 -- 330 2013 - 11 - 28 Bushehr 5.6 M VII 7 45 2013 - 04 - 13 Sistan and Baluchestan 7.7 M VII 35 117 2013 - 04 - 09 Bushehr 6.",
"1": "3 M 37 850 2012 - 08 - 11 East Azerbaijan 6.4 M VIII 306 3,037 Doublet 2012 - 08 - 11 East Azerbaijan 6.3 M Doublet 2011 - 06 - 15 Kerman 5.3 2010 - 12 - 20 Kerman 6.5 M IX 11 100 2010 - 08 - 27 Semnan 5.8 M VII 40 800 displaced 2008 - 09 - 10 Qeshm 5.9 M 7 45 2006 - 03 - 31 Lorestan 6.1 M VIII 63 -- 70 + 1,246 -- 1,418 2005 - 11 - 27 Qeshm 5.8 M VII 13 100 2005 - 02 - 22 Kerman 6.4 M VIII 612 1,411 2004 - 05 - 28 Māzandarān 6.3 M VIII 35 278 -- 400 $15.4 million 2003 - 12 - 22 Kerman 6.6 M IX 26,271 -- 43,200 22,628 -- 30,000 45,000 -- 75,600 displaced 2002 - 06 - 22 Qazvin 6.3 M VIII 261 1,500 1998 - 03 - 14 Kerman 6.6 M VIII 5 50 Berberian 2014 , p. 617 1997 - 05 - 10 South Khorasan 7.3 M X 1,567 2,300 1997 - 02 - 29 Ardabil 6.1 M VIII 1,100 2,600 1990 - 06 - 20 Gilan 7.",
"2": "4 M X 35,000 -- 50,000 60,000 -- 105,000 1981 - 07 - 28 Kerman 7.1 M IX 1,500 1,000 1981 - 06 - 11 Kerman 6.6 M VIII+ 1,400 -- 3,000 many 1978 - 09 - 16 South Khorasan 7.4 M IX 15,000 -- 25,000 1972 - 04 - 10 Fars 6.7 M IX 5,374 1,710 1968 - 08 - 31 South Khorasan 7.4 M X 15,000 1968 - 09 - 01 South Khorasan 6.4 M 900 1965 - 02 - 10 East Azerbaijan 5.1 20 1962 - 09 - 01 Qazvin 7.1 M IX 12,225 2,776 1960 - 04 - 24 Fars 6.0 M 420 NGDC 1958 - 08 - 16 Hamadan 6.7 M 132 NGDC 1957 - 12 - 13 Kermanshah 7.1 1,130 1957 - 07 - 02 Māzandarān 7.1 1,200 1953 - 02 - 12 Semnan 6.6 M VIII 800 -- 973 140 1947 - 08 - 05 South Khorasan 7.3 500 1932 - 05 - 20 Māzandarān 5.4 M VIII 1,070 NGDC 1930 - 05 - 06 West Azerbaijan 7.1 M IX 1,360 -- 3,",
"3": "000 1929 - 05 - 01 Khorasan - e Razavi 7.2 M IX 3,257 -- 3,800 1,121 1923 - 05 - 23 Khorasan - e Razavi 5.7 2,200 1909 - 01 - 23 Lorestan 7.3 M IX 6,000 -- 8,000 1895 - 01 - 17 Khorasan - e Razavi 6.8 M VIII 1,000 -- 11,000 1893 - 11 - 17 Khorasan - e Razavi 6.6 M X 18,000 1864 - 01 - 17 Kerman VIII Many NGDC 1853 - 05 - 05 Fars IX 13,000 NGDC 1755 - 06 - 07 Isfahan 40,000 1727 - 11 - 18 East Azerbaijan VIII 77,000 1721 - 04 - 26 East Azerbaijan 7.7 M VIII -- X 8,000 -- 250,000 1679 - 06 - 04 Yerevan , Armenia 6.4 M IX -- X 7,600 Under Iranian rule at the time 1667 - 11 - 25 Shamakhi , Azerbaijan 6.9 M X 80,000 Under Iranian rule at the time 1042 - 08 - 21 East Azerbaijan 7.6 40,000 893 - 03 - 23 Ardabil 150,000 856 - 12 - 22 Semnan 7.9 M 200,000 Note : M = moment magnitude scale , M = surface wave magnitude , and M = unknown . The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on WikiProject Earthquakes ' notability guideline that was developed for stand alone articles . The principles described also apply to lists . In summary , only damaging , injurious , or deadly events should be recorded .",
"4": "See also ( edit ) Environmental issues in Iran Iranian Earthquake Engineering Association ( IEEA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Earthquake Reconnaissance Report on the June 22 , 2002 Changureh ( Avaj ) , Iran Earthquake '' . International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology. 2002 - 07 - 19 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Manuel Berberian. `` 100 years ; 126,000 deaths '' . The Iranian . ^ Jump up to : `` Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths since 1900 '' . United States Geological Survey . January 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Worldwide Earthquakes '' . United States Geological Survey . January 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Sources NGDC , Significant Earthquake Database , National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA , doi : 10.7289 / V5TD9V7K Berberian , M. ( 2014 ) , Earthquakes and Coseismic Surface Faulting on the Iranian Plateau , Developments in Earth Surface Processes ( 1st ed . ) Elsevier ,",
"5": "ISBN 978 - 0444632920 External links ( edit ) Latest earthquakes in Iran and adjacent areas -- Iranian Seismological Center Earthquakes in Iran Historical 856 Damghan 893 Ardabil 1667 Shamakhi 1679 Yerevan 1721 Tabriz 1727 Tabriz 1893 Quchan 1895 Quchan Modern 1909 Borujerd 1929 Kopet Dag 1930 Salmas 1948 Ashgabat 1953 Torud 1962 Buin Zahra 1968 Dasht - e Bayaz and Ferdows 1972 Qir 1978 Tabas 1981 Golbaf 1981 Sirch 1990 Manjil -- Rudbar 1997 Ardabil 1997 Qayen 2002 Bou'in - Zahra 2003 Bam 2004 Baladeh 2005 Zarand 2005 Qeshm 2006 Borujerd 2008 Qeshm July 2010 Iran 2010 Damghan 2010 Hosseinabad 2012 East Azerbaijan 2012 Zohan 2013 Bushehr 2013 Saravan 2013 Borazjan 2014 Murmuri 2017 Kermanshah List of earthquakes in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.",
"6": "wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran&oldid=817516263 '' Categories : Earthquakes in Iran Lists of earthquakes by country Iran history - related lists Lists of events in Iran Hidden categories : M mag M w M s ML M uk Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Hrvatski 日本 語 Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
2,
3,
1,
6,
5,
4,
0
] |
[
2,
3,
1,
6,
5
] |
-7569792100939124605
|
where is the light between two oceans filmed
|
[
"New Zealand",
"Australia",
"New Zealand",
"Australia"
] |
{
"0": "The Light Between Oceans ( film ) - wikipedia The Light Between Oceans ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Light Between Oceans Theatrical release poster Directed by Derek Cianfrance Produced by David Heyman Jeffrey Clifford Screenplay by Derek Cianfrance Based on The Light Between Oceans by M.L. Stedman Starring Michael Fassbender Alicia Vikander Rachel Weisz Bryan Brown Jack Thompson Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Adam Arkapaw Edited by Jim Helton Ron Patane Production companies DreamWorks Pictures Reliance Entertainment Participant Media Heyday Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Entertainment One Films ( UK ) Release date September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) ( Venice ) September 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 02 ) ( United States ) November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 132 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Language English Budget $20 million Box office $26 million The Light Between Oceans is a 2016 romantic period drama film written and directed by Derek Cianfrance and based on the 2012 novel of the same name by M.L. Stedman . An international co-production between the United States , Australia , the United Kingdom , and New Zealand , the film stars Michael Fassbender , Alicia Vikander , Rachel Weisz , Bryan Brown , and Jack Thompson . The film tells the story of a lighthouse keeper and his wife who rescue and adopt an infant girl adrift at sea . Years later , the couple discovers the child 's true parentage and are faced with the moral dilemma of their actions . The Light Between Oceans had its world premiere at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival on September 1 , 2016 , where it competed for the Golden Lion . The film was released by Touchstone Pictures in North America on September 2 , 2016 , being the last DreamWorks Pictures film distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures through their 2011 output deal .",
"1": "The film was released in the United Kingdom on November 1 , 2016 , by Entertainment One Films . It received mixed reviews and grossed $26 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Post-production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Tom Sherbourne , a traumatised and withdrawn hero of World War I , is hired as a lightkeeper at Janus Rock , a lighthouse off the coast of Western Australia . He falls in love with a local girl , Isabel Graysmark , and they marry in 1921 . Isabel loses two pregnancies in three years , and fears she may never become a mother . Shortly after Isabel 's second miscarriage , a rowboat containing a dead man and a newborn baby girl washes up on the shore near the lighthouse . Tom knows that regulations require him to report the discovery . However , Isabel fears that the baby will almost certainly be sent to an orphanage , and persuades Tom to pass the baby off as their own . Tom grudgingly agrees . He buries the man on the island and they name the girl Lucy . As Tom and Isabel are about to have Lucy christened on the mainland , Tom sees a woman , Hannah Roennfeldt , kneeling in front of a grave , bearing the names of Frank Roennfeldt and his baby daughter Grace Ellen , who were lost at sea on the day they found Lucy , 26 April 1923 . Tom fears that Lucy might very well be Hannah 's missing daughter . He writes anonymously to her to tell her that her husband is dead but that her baby is safe and well cared - for . Four years later , Tom , Isabel , and Lucy , who have enjoyed an idyllic life together , attend a ceremony for the anniversary of Tom 's lighthouse , and they strike up a conversation with Hannah and her sister , Gwen Potts . They learn that Frank was a German , that Hannah 's marrying him so soon after the First World war was controversial , and that he had been accosted in the street by a drunken crowd .",
"2": "He jumped into a rowboat and fled along with his baby daughter . Tormented by his conscience , Tom sends Hannah a small rattle that was found with Lucy on the boat . One of Tom 's co-workers recognizes the rattle on a reward poster , and reports him to the police . Tom takes full responsibility , claiming he bullied Isabel into complying . Isabel is enraged that Tom is willing to give Lucy away , and breaks off contact with him after his arrest . Lucy is returned to her birth family , but initially rejects and hates them , having no memory of them . She refuses to answer to `` Grace '' , and even runs away in an effort to go back to the lighthouse . The police accuse Tom of murdering Frank , and are unable to draw an answer from the distraught Isabel as to whether he was dead when they discovered him . Just as Tom is about to be taken by boat to Albany for trial , Isabel reads a letter which Tom had sent her , writing of how he had not deserved his happiness with her and how carrying the blame will assuage his guilt for surviving the war . She jumps on the boat and confesses everything . Moved by their gesture , Hannah offers to speak on their behalf at trial . Lucy has at last begun to bond with her biological mother and grandfather , who agrees to call her `` Lucy - Grace '' as a compromise . In 1950 , an adult Lucy - Grace Rutherford , accompanied by her baby son Christopher , tracks Tom down . She has not been in contact with the Sherbournes for over twenty years , as they had agreed not to contact her for the rest of her childhood . Isabel has recently died , still tormented with guilt for her actions , and Tom gives Lucy - Grace a letter that she wrote for her in case she ever made contact . An emotional Lucy - Grace thanks Tom , the only father she knew , for rescuing and raising her for the few years on Janus , and they promise to stay in touch .",
"3": "Cast ( edit ) Michael Fassbender as Tom Sherbourne Alicia Vikander as Isabel Graysmark Sherbourne Rachel Weisz as Hannah Roennfeldt Bryan Brown as Septimus Potts Jack Thompson as Ralph Addicott Caren Pistorius as Lucy - Grace Rutherford ( Adult Lucy - Grace ) Florence Clery as 4 - year - old Lucy Sherbourne / Grace Roennfeldt / Lucy - Grace Georgie Jean Gascoigne as 1 - year - old Lucy / Grace Elliot and Evangeline Newbery as Baby Lucy / Grace Anthony Hayes as Vernon Knuckey Emily Barclay as Gwen Potts Leon Ford as Frank Roennfeldt Thomas Unger as Bluey Benedict Hardie as Harry Garstone Jane Menelaus as Violet Graysmark Garry McDonald as Bill Graysmark Production ( edit ) DreamWorks acquired the rights to the novel on November 27 , 2012 , with David Heyman and Jeffrey Clifford producing through Heyday Films . DreamWorks approached Derek Cianfrance at the behest of Steven Spielberg , who was impressed by Cianfrance 's Blue Valentine . In September 2013 , Cianfrance was announced to direct the film . In May 2014 , Michael Fassbender was announced in the film . In June 2014 , Alicia Vikander joined the cast of the film , followed by Rachel Weisz in July 2014 . Participant Media joined the production in August 2014 . Filming ( edit ) The Light Between Oceans film location , George Street , Port Chalmers , New Zealand Principal photography started in September 2014 , with filming locations in New Zealand and Australia . Filming took place in Dunedin , Port Chalmers and on the Otago Peninsula , Saint Bathans in Central Otago and at the Cape Campbell Lighthouse in Marlborough . Filming sites included the former Dunedin Prison in Dunedin and Stuart Street at the former King Edward Technical College building . Footage aboard a steam train was filmed in October inside a refurbished wooden `` bird cage '' passenger carriage from the Pleasant Point Railway in South Canterbury .",
"4": "Mainline Steam Heritage Trust used Ja 1240 `` Jessica '' for the movie and it was transferred from the trust 's Christchurch depot to Dunedin for filming to take place . While the scene in which the locomotive is used was set in 1918 , locomotive Ja 1240 was built in 1947 and was the second New Zealand Railways JA class locomotive to be built . Built at New Zealand Railways Hillside workshops in Dunedin it ran exclusively in the South Island of New Zealand from 1947 until 1971 . In November the production moved to Australia and filming began in Stanley , Tasmania where the crews transformed some locations in the town including the pier , which was refurbished , and the road , which was covered in gravel . Production wrapped on November 24 , 2014 . Post-production ( edit ) Cianfrance spent a year editing the film , with little breaks in between with the first cut of the film ending up at 2 hours and 20 minutes . Release ( edit ) The Light Between Oceans held its world premiere at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival on September 1 , 2016 . The film was distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures through the Touchstone Pictures banner , being the last DreamWorks film to be released under the original agreement with Walt Disney Studios . Disney released the film in the United States on September 2 , 2016 . Disney opted not to give the film a limited release , a method often used by studios for adult dramas , and instead issued the film in general wide release at 1,500 locations with focus on upscale venues . Disney also distributed The Light Between Oceans overseas , except for territories in Europe , the Middle East and Africa , where distribution was handled by Mister Smith Entertainment through other third - party film distributors ; Entertainment One Films in the United Kingdom , Reliance in India , Arthouse in Russia , Eagle Pictures in Italy , and Phantom Film in Japan . The Light Between Oceans was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , DVD , and digital download on January 24 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Light Between Oceans grossed $12.5 million in North America and $13.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $26 million , against a budget of $20 million .",
"5": "In the United States , the film was released on September 2 , 2016 , alongside Morgan , and was projected to gross $6 -- 9 million from around 1,500 theaters in its opening weekend . It grossed $1.4 million on its first day and $4.8 million in its opening weekend , finishing 6th at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) The Light Between Oceans received mixed reviews from critics . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 59 % , based on 205 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Light Between Oceans presents a well - acted and handsomely mounted adaptation of its bestselling source material , but ultimately tugs on the heartstrings too often to be effective . '' On Metacritic , the film has an average score of 60 out of 100 , based on 44 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . According to CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' , on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Light Between Oceans ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Light Between Oceans ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Light Between Oceans '' . Venice Film Festival . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Venice Film Festival 2016 '' . Deadline. 28 July 2016 . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Fassbender , Alicia Vikander 's ' Light Between Oceans ' Lands Fall Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Do n't Breathe ' to Top Newcomers in Slow Labor Day Weekend '' .",
"6": "Variety . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cranswick , Amie ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` First poster for The Light Between Oceans starring Michael Fassbender and Alicia Vikander '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Light Between Oceans ' Critical Roundup : Derek Cianfrance 's Melodrama Leaves Reviewers at Sea '' . IndieWire . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Acquiring Debut Novel ' The Light Between Oceans ' '' . deadline.com . November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Light Between Oceans ' Director Talks Living on an Island With Alicia Vikander , Michael Fassbender '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Cianfrance To Direct DreamWorks Adaptation ' The Light Between Oceans ' '' . deadline.com . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/michael-fassbender-finds-light-oceans/ ^ Jump up to : `` Alicia Vikander Landing Leads In ' Light Between Oceans ' And ' Danish Girl ' '' . deadline.com . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Weisz joins Michael Fassbender in Derek Cianfrance 's ' The Light Between Oceans ' '' . slashfilm.com . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Weisz in Talks to Join Michael Fassbender in ' Light Between Oceans ' '' . thewrap.com . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Participant Joins DreamWorks On Spielberg Cold War Pic & ' The Light Between Oceans ' '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` The Light Between Oceans Filming Locations '' .",
"7": "IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Sets Fall Start For ' Light Between Oceans ' With Michael Fassbender , Alicia Vikander , Rachel Weisz '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men star heads to Marlborough '' . stuff.co.nz . Jump up ^ Loughrey , David ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Incredibly valuable ' - City , surrounds lure film - makers '' . odt.co.nz . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elder , Vaughan ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Major ' film coup for Otago '' . odt.co.nz . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Elder , Vaughan ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Busy time for film support crew '' . odt.co.nz . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lights , camera , action '' . odt.co.nz . October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sargent , Aryelle ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Dreamworks film brings set to Stanley '' . theadvocate.com.au . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sargent , Aryelle ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Stanley transformed '' . theadvocate.com.au . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dadson , Manika ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Stanley abuzz as filming nears '' . examiner.com.au . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 11 / 24 / 14 : Natalie Portman Wraps Up Pride and Prejudice and Zombies , Point Break Swims to Shore & More '' . SSN Insider . November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Derek Cianfrance on ' Light Between Oceans ' , the Lengthy Editing Process , the Release Date , and More '' . Collider.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGovern , Joe ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` The Light Between Oceans director on Michael Fassbender , Alicia Vikander : ' The movie witnessed love ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Venice Film Festival Unveils Lineup for 73rd Edition '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Light Between Oceans '' . Venice Film Festival . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Fassbender - Alicia Vikander Drama ' Light Between Oceans ' Gets September Release '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ; Gregg Kilday ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg , Jeff Skoll Team to Form Amblin Partners , Strike Distribution Deal With Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Studios , Participant Media , Reliance Entertainment and Entertainment One Form Amblin Partners , a New Film , Television and Digital Content Creation Company '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . Universal City , California . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Film projects in various stages of production include : `` The BFG , '' and `` The Light Between Oceans , '' scheduled for release by Disney in 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Oscar Bait Fassbender - Vikander Film ' The Light Between Oceans ' Dated For Next Awards Season '' . Deadline.com .",
"9": "Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D ' Alessandro , Anthony ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Light Between Oceans ' Opens Soft : Did Disney Dump Final DreamWorks Release ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` David Garrett , Ralpho Borgos Hope to Take Mr. Smith Shingle to the Summit '' . Variety . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woburn , Dan ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` First Trailer For Oscar 2017 Favourite The Light Between Oceans '' . What Culture . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Emma ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Fassbender - Alicia Vikander drama sells to Russia '' . Screendaily.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tosini , Matteo ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Venezia 73 : Michael Fassbender e Alicia Vikander nel trailer italiano di La Luce sugli Oceani '' . Bad Taste . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Romance ' The Light Between Oceans ' Hits Blu - ray In January 2 '' . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Do n't Breathe ' likely to beat ' Light Between Oceans ' and ' Morgan ' in Labor Day box office '' . LosAngelesTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day Box Office Offers Few Options With ' Morgan ' , ' Light Between Oceans ' '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Breathe ' Still Has Oxygen , ' Suicide Squad ' Seizes $300 M+ , ' Morgan ' D.O.A. : Labor Day Weekend B.O. -- Saturday Update '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` The Light Between Oceans ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ `` The Light Between Oceans Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . CinemaScope .",
"11": "External links ( edit ) 2010s portal Australia portal cinema of the United States portal New Zealand portal United Kingdom portal Official website The Light Between Oceans on IMDb The Light Between Oceans at Box Office Mojo The Light Between Oceans at Metacritic The Light Between Oceans at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Derek Cianfrance Brother Tied ( 1998 ) Blue Valentine ( 2010 ) The Place Beyond the Pines ( 2012 ) The Light Between Oceans ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Light_Between_Oceans_(film)&oldid=834563632 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s historical films 2010s romantic drama films American films Australian films British films New Zealand films Films directed by Derek Cianfrance Films shot in New Zealand Films shot in Tasmania Films set in Western Australia Films set in the 1920s Films based on British novels Films based on historical novels Historical romance films World War I films American historical films Australian historical films New Zealand historical films British historical films Touchstone Pictures films DreamWorks Pictures films Participant Media films Heyday Films films Entertainment One films Constantin Film films Nordisk Film films Films scored by Alexandre Desplat Films produced by David Heyman American romantic drama films Australian drama films New Zealand drama films Films based on Australian novels Films about babies Films about adoption Dilemmas Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 12 : 08 .",
"12": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
12,
7,
4,
10,
11,
2,
9,
3,
1,
8,
6,
0,
5
] |
[
4,
12,
7,
10,
11,
2,
9
] |
4111832413661656986
|
how many customers does edf have in the uk
|
[
"5.7 million customer accounts",
"5.7 million",
"5.7 million",
"5.7 million",
"5.7 million"
] |
{
"0": "EDF Energy - Wikipedia EDF Energy Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2010 ) EDF Energy plc Type Subsidiary Industry Energy Founded 2002 Headquarters London , England , UK Key people Simone Rossi ( CEO ) Products Gas Electricity Revenue £ 8,030 million GBP Number of employees 13,331 Parent Électricité de France Website www.edfenergy.com EDF Energy is an integrated energy company in the United Kingdom , with operations spanning electricity generation and the sale of gas and electricity to homes and businesses throughout the United Kingdom . It employs 13,331 people and handles 5.7 million customer accounts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 No Dash For Gas action 3 Electricity generation 3.1 Fossil fuel 3.2 Wind 3.3 Nuclear 3.4 Renewable energy 3.5 Carbon intensity 4 Sponsorship 5 Marketing 6 Distribution network operators 7 EDF Energy 's main locations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) EDF Energy Customers ( trading as EDF Energy ) is wholly owned by the French state - owned EDF ( Électricité de France ) and was formed in 2002 following the acquisition and mergers of SEEBOARD Plc ( formerly the South Eastern Electricity Board ) , London Electricity Plc ( formerly the London Electricity Board or LEB ) , SWEB Energy Plc ( formerly the South Western Electricity Board ) and two coal - fired power stations and a combined cycle gas turbine power station . In 2009 , EDF Energy took control of the UK nuclear generator , British Energy , buying share capital from the government . This made EDF Energy one of the UK 's largest generators , as well as the largest distribution network operator . The Development Branch of EDF Energy was formed in April 2004 , bringing together the separate infrastructure interests of what were LE Group , SEEBOARD and SWEB .",
"1": "The focus for the Branch is development activity through the participation in major new infrastructure projects , largely in the public sector through Public - private partnership ( PPP ) and Private Finance Initiative ( PFI ) type schemes . The Development Branch of EDF Energy was later dissolved in October 2006 . The electricity distribution ( or downstream ) networks formerly known as EDF Energy Networks were sold in Nov 2010 to Hong Kong - based Cheung Kong Group ( CKG ) , owned by billionaire Li Ka Shing . Later , EDF Energy Networks was renamed to UK Power Networks . In December 2014 , EDF sold three small UK - based wind farms with a combine capacity of 73 megawatts to the China General Nuclear Power Group for an estimated £ 100 million . In November 2017 , EDF Energy sold its majority stake in five wind farms across Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire for £ 98 million . No Dash for gas action ( edit ) In February 2013 EDF Energy sought an estimated £ 5 million in damages from environmental activists from the No Dash for Gas campaign who occupied the EDF - owned West Burton CCGT power station in October 2012 , and pleaded guilty to charges of aggravated trespass . It is unusual in the UK for companies to seek damages from protesters . Environmentalist George Monbiot , writing in the Guardian , said EDF was conducting a strategic lawsuit against public participation , `` part of a global strategy by corporations to stifle democracy '' , and predicted the `` disastrous unintended consequences of an attempt at censorship '' could result in the Streisand effect and be comparable to the McLibel case . The activists received support in the days since the case became public with over six thousand signatures on a supportive petition at Change.org within the first day , and over 64,000 by the time EDF dropped their lawsuit on 13 March 2013 , saying that this was `` a fair and reasonable solution '' after the protesters had `` agreed in principle to accept a permanent injunction which prevents them from entering multiple sites operated by EDF Energy '' .",
"2": "Electricity generation ( edit ) Fossil fuel ( edit ) Cottam Power Station EDF owns two 2,000 MW coal - fired power stations , Cottam and West Burton , both located near Retford in Nottinghamshire , giving EDF the highest coal - fired generational capacity of any energy company in the UK . It also owns the 790 MW Sutton Bridge CCGT power station , and constructed a new 1,311 MW CCGT station at West Burton , which opened in 2011 . Wind ( edit ) EDF also owns and operates 3 wind farms , at Kirkheaton in Northumberland and the High Hedley Hope wind farm near Tow Law in County Durham , and the Teesside Offshore Wind near Redcar , Teesside . Nuclear ( edit ) Following the acquisition of British Energy in 2009 , the EDF Energy portfolio includes eight nuclear power stations . They are seven AGR power stations ( Dungeness B ; Hinkley Point B ; Hunterston B ; Hartlepool ; Heysham 1 ; Heysham 2 & Torness ) and one PWR power station ( Sizewell B) and total nearly 9000MW of installed capacity . In 2007 EDF announced its intention to construct up to 4 new EPR reactors ; two at Hinkley Point C ( currently scheduled to start operation in 2025 ) and two at Sizewell C. EDF plans to build and operate the new plants through its subsidiary NNB Generation Company ( NNB GenCo ) . In August 2014 , the company announced it had shut down 4 of its 15 reactors for a period of eight weeks to investigate potential cracking in the boiler spine . In February 2016 , EDF announced that it would keep four of its UK nuclear plants open . Heysham 1 and Hartlepool will have their life extended by five years until 2024 , while Heysham 2 and Torness will see their closure dates pushed back by seven years to 2030 . Renewable Energy ( edit ) The Ecologist magazine reported that in 2004 EDF Energy spent virtually nothing on the construction of new renewable energy generation .",
"3": "On their website EDF reports that it is currently investing GBP 2 million in Marine Current Turbines , which use tidal power to generate electricity ; however , these turbines are still at the research and prototype phase and EDF expect them to be operational `` within the next five years '' dependent upon `` a successful pilot . '' EDF also has several ongoing renewable developments in windfarms . In 2007 EDF had an installed renewable energy generating capacity of 1.8 MW , representing 0.08 % of their total capacity of approximately 4,865 MW . In June 2008 EDF announced the formation of EDF Energy Renewables , a 50 : 50 joint venture with EDF Energies Nouvelles , with the stated intention of becoming a ' major force in the UK renewable energies market ' . In July 2009 , Ecotricity started legal proceedings against EDF Energy for the alleged misuse of the Green Union Flag logo , used to promote the Team Green Britain campaign . In 2013 , the 62 MW offshore Teesside Wind Farm started operation . Carbon intensity ( edit ) Year Production ( TWh ) Emission ( Gt CO ) kg CO / MWh 2002 20 15.8 772 2003 23 17.5 776 25 20.5 812 2005 23 18.5 807 2006 25 20.8 818 2007 26 21.1 826 2008 27 21.9 805 2009 72 23.8 330 See also : List of European power companies by carbon intensity Sponsorship ( edit ) EDF Energy London Eye EDF Energy has sponsored several ITV shows , including Soapstar Superstar and City Lights .",
"4": "It also sponsored coverage of the 2006 World Cup in Germany ( shared with Budweiser ) and coverage of the 2007 Rugby World Cup ( shared with Peugeot ) Since 2005 , EDF Energy has been the main sponsor of the EDF Energy Cup -- the Rugby Union domestic cup for the 12 English Premiership clubs and the 4 Welsh regions -- also known as the Anglo - Welsh Cup . In July 2007 EDF Energy was confirmed as another Level One sponsor for London 2012 with exclusive branding rights and Olympic team sponsorship for the 2008 , 2010 and 2012 games as well as being the official energy provider . In August 2008 EDF Energy formed a partnership with The British Red Cross to help vulnerable people to get support during power failures . In January 2011 EDF Energy took over sponsorship from British Airways of the London Eye , on a 3 - year deal renaming the London Eye as the EDF Energy London Eye . Marketing ( edit ) On 4 January 2008 EDF Energy began advertising on the television through ITV , Channel 4 , Channel 5 and various Satellite channels . EDF Energy are using `` It 's not easy being green '' as their slogan to target a new greener eco-friendly image . In 2009 , with Euro RSCG London , EDF Energy created the Team Green Britain campaign , in which Olympic athletes encouraged Britons to be more environmentally aware . On 2 April 2012 , EDF Energy launched an advert including their new mascot Zingy . Distribution network operators ( edit ) EDF Energy is an energy supplier for homes across the country . They do not however manage the network of towers and cables that distributes electricity - these are maintained by distribution network operators ( DNOs ) which vary from region to region . If , for instance , there is a power outage it is necessary to contact the appropriate DNO rather than the energy supplier . See entry on distribution network operator for a full list . EDF Energy 's main locations ( edit ) EDF Energy 's main offices are located in London , Exeter , Crawley and Barnwood .",
"5": "See also ( edit ) Energy portal Nuclear technology portal Renewable energy portal Energy policy of the United Kingdom Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom Green electricity in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.edf.fr/sites/default/files/contrib/groupe-edf/espaces-dedies/espace-finance-fr/informations-financieres/informations-reglementees/document-de-reference/edf-ddr_2016-en.pdf Jump up ^ `` EDF Group 2007 Annual Report , PDF page 72 '' ( PDF ) . EDF Group . ^ Jump up to : `` About British Energy '' . British Energy . Jump up ^ `` Shareholder Information '' . EDF Energy . Jump up ^ `` China 's CGN to buy three small UK wind farms from EDF '' ( Press release ) . Reuters. 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EDF sells majority stake in five UK wind farms '' . businessgreen.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Garvin , Daniel ( 21 February 2013 ) . `` How to occupy a power station : exclusive footage of No Dash For Gas as they prepare to shut down the West Burton plant -- video '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Environmental activists No Dash For Gas occupied two 300ft chimneys at the EDF - owned gas - fired power station in West Burton , Nottinghamshire , in November 2012 . Exclusive footage shows the group 's meticulous preparation for the action . They closed the facility for eight days -- the longest occupation of a power plant in the UK . Protesters reject government plans to invest heavily in new gas power stations and instead call for massive investment in renewables Jump up ^ `` Press release : EDF suing climate activists for £ 5 million - protesters face losing homes '' . No Dash for Gas . 20 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 27 February 2013 .",
"6": "Following the week - long shut - down and occupation of EDF 's West Burton gas - fired power station last October by campaign group ' No Dash for Gas ' , EDF has launched a civil claim for damages against the group and associated activists for costs the company claims to have incurred -- a figure it puts at £ 5 million Jump up ^ Ball , James ( 20 February 2013 ) . `` Activists claim police siding with power company EDF in lawsuit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . The action includes an injunction barring those named from the site , but -- in an unusual move in the UK -- also has a provision to recover damages , interest , and court costs from the activists ... John Sauven , the executive director of Greenpeace ... `` EDF 's lawsuit represents the opening of a new front against peaceful protest '' Jump up ^ Monbiot , George ( 25 February 2013 ) . `` Will EDF become the Barbra Streisand of climate protest ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . The energy giant is part of a global strategy by corporations to stifle democracy ... The Streisand effect , in other words , is blowback : disastrous unintended consequences of an attempt at censorship ... The best - known example is Britain 's famous McLibel case , in which McDonald 's tried to sue two penniless activists ... EDF might find itself in similar trouble . Jump up ^ Read , Simon ( 14 March 2013 ) . `` Energy giant EDF drops lawsuit against climate change protesters after backlash '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . Campaigners claimed the climb down as a major victory after a backlash in which hundreds of customers deserted the company and 64,000 people signed an online petition . Jump up ^ Ball , James ( 13 March 2013 ) . `` EDF drops lawsuit against environmental activists after backlash '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Generating energy '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ - Department of Energy and Climate Change ' Digest of UK energy statistics ' ( DUKES ) Archived 28 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Generating energy '' .",
"7": "Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ West Burton Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Station , EDF Web Site Jump up ^ `` Generating energy '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EDF Group 2007 Annual Report , PDF page 74 '' ( PDF ) . EDF Group . Jump up ^ Point , Hinkley ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Press release : Agreements in place for construction of Hinkley Point C nuclear power station '' . EDF Energy . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Defect in UK nuclear plant boiler leads EDF Energy to shut four reactors '' . Business Sun . 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EDF to keep four UK nuclear plants open for years longer - BBC News '' . Bbc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Green Electricity ... Are you being conned '' . The Ecologist. 1 June 2005 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` EDF Energy powers Marine Current Turbine 's First Commercial Prototype '' . EDF Website. 3 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` EDF Renewables Generation & Development '' . Performance Report 2005 . Jump up ^ `` EDF Group 2007 Annual Report , PDF page 75 '' ( PDF ) . EDF Group . Jump up ^ `` EDF Energies Nouvelles and EDF Energy to form joint venture in the United Kingdom '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Ecotricity threatens legal action against EDF in green Union flag row '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Lee ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` First power from EDF 's Teesside '' . Recharge . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News - British Red Cross '' . www.redcross.org.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2017 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ EDF Energy website , accessed 7 August 2012 Archived 11 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Save today , Save tomorrow , EDF Energy '' . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How to save energy ? - Electricity and Gas Saving Tips '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The GB electricity distribution network '' . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) EDF Energy United Kingdom power companies Big Six suppliers British Gas EDF Energy E. ON UK Npower SSE Scottish Power Distribution companies Northern Powergrid SP Energy Networks Electricity North West Western Power Distribution Scottish and Southern Energy Power Distribution UK Power Networks Transmission companies National Grid Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission SP Transmission SGN Other suppliers The Co-operative Energy Ecotricity ESB International Extra Energy First Utility Good Energy Opus Energy Ovo Energy Telecom Plus Total Gas & Power Electricity generation in Greater London Companies and organisations Current EDF Energy Hardy Oil and Gas International Power Former The Energy Group Pre-nationalisation electric power companies London Electricity Board National Power Power stations Biomass Active Heathrow T2 Coal Closed Acton Lane Barking A ,",
"9": "B + C Battersea Blackwall Point Brimsdown Brunswick Wharf Croydon A + B Deptford Fulham Greenwich Grosvenor Gallery Hackney Kingston Lots Road Neasden Stepney West Ham Woolwich Gas Active Barking Citigen Croydon Enfield Greenwich Taylors Lane Closed Bulls Bridge Future Barking Reach ( extension ) Incinerators / Waste Active Belvedere Crossness Edmonton SELCHP Closed Shoreditch Oil Active Greenwich ( co-fired ) Closed Bankside Belvedere Brunswick Wharf ( co-fired ) Lots Road Wind Active Dagenham Energy in the United Kingdom ( hide ) Companies Coal Anglo American Asia Energy BHP ENRC Glencore Rio Tinto UK Coal Oil and gas Integrated BP Royal Dutch Shell Exploration and production Afren BHP Cairn Energy Centrica Dana Petroleum Desire Petroleum Emerald Energy EnQuest Essar Energy Hardy Oil and Gas JKX Oil & Gas Melrose Resources Ophir Energy Perenco Premier Oil Regal Petroleum Rockhopper Exploration SOCO International Star Energy Tullow Oil Supply Greenergy Murco Petroleum Support Abbot Group AMEC Ensco Expro Hunting Petrofac Qserv Score Group Weir Group WesternGeco Wood Group Utilities Generation and supply Integrated Centrica EDF Energy E.",
"10": "ON UK RWE npower Scottish Power SSE Generation Drax Group Falck Renewables Horizon Nuclear Power International Power Vattenfall United Kingdom Vedanta Resources Supply The Co-operative Energy Ecotricity ESB International Extra Energy Firmus Energy First Utility Good Energy Green Energy LoCO2 Energy Opus Energy Ovo Energy Phoenix Natural Gas Telecom Plus Distribution Electricity Electricity North West Northern Powergrid SP Energy Networks SSE Power Distribution UK Power Networks Western Power Distribution Gas Firmus Energy National Grid Northern Gas Networks Phoenix Natural Gas SGN Wales & West Utilities Transmission Electricity National Grid Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission SP Energy Networks Gas National Grid Other Aggreko APX Group Aquamarine Power Ecogen EnServe Geothermal Engineering Hi - Gen Power Mark Group Wavegen Companies with headquarters and / or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in italics Ultimate parent company is not UK - based Integrated in the United States ,",
"11": "no generation or supply activities in the UK Energy sources Coal Coal Authority Coal - fired power stations Coal mines Coal mining regions Confederation of UK Coal Producers Greenhouse gas emissions History Miners ' strike National Coal Board Open - pit coal mining Electricity Association of Electricity Producers BritNed East -- West Interconnector Energy switching services Economy 7 Economy 10 Electricity billing Green electricity Grid Trade Master Agreement HVDC Cross-Channel HVDC Moyle HVDC Norway -- UK Isle of Man to England Interconnector National Grid Control Reserve Service New Electricity Trading Arrangements Power stations Timeline of the electricity supply industry Nuclear Advanced gas - cooled reactor Franco -- British Nuclear Forum Magnox National Nuclear Laboratory Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Nuclear Liabilities Fund Nuclear power stations Office for Nuclear Regulation Sellafield United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Oil and gas BBL Pipeline Dash for Gas Forties pipeline system Fuel protests Gas infrastructure Greenhouse gas emissions Hydrocarbon Oil Duty Oil and Gas Authority National Transmission System Natural gas fields Natural gas - fired power stations North Sea oil Oil & Gas UK Oil fields Oil - fired power stations Oil infrastructure Oil refineries Petroleum revenue tax Renewables Biofuels Biodiesel Biofuel power stations National Non-Food Crops Centre Renewable Fuels Agency Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation Geothermal Geothermal power stations Hydroelectricity Hydroelectric power stations Severn Barrage Wave farms Solar power Wind power List of offshore wind farms List of onshore wind farms North Sea Offshore Grid Wind power in Scotland Government and regulation Organisations Carbon Trust Cenex Committee on Climate Change Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Department of Energy and Climate Change Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Energy Saving Trust Environment Agency Office of Gas and Electricity Markets Legislation and initiatives Carbon Emission Reduction Target Climate Change Act 2008 Climate Change Agreement Climate Change Levy Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006 CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme Display Energy Certificate Energy Act 2013",
"12": "Energy Performance Certificate Fossil Fuel Levy Low Carbon Building Programme National Industrial Symbiosis Programme Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation Planning Act 2008 Renewable Heat Incentive Renewables Obligation United Kingdom Climate Change Programme Non-governmental organisations Charities and pressure groups Ashden Award BioRegional Campaign against Climate Change Centre for Alternative Technology National Energy Action Stop Climate Chaos Tyndall Centre Industry bodies Combined Heat and Power Association Energy Institute Energy Networks Association Energy Retail Association Green Power Forum RenewableUK Utilities Intermediaries Association Research Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology Energy Technologies Institute Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research NaREC Oil Depletion Analysis Centre Sunbury Research Centre UK Energy Research Centre Energy conservation Association for the Conservation of Energy British Energy Efficiency Federation Close the Door campaign Code for Sustainable Homes Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme EcoHomes Energy efficiency in British housing Energy Saving Trust Energy Saving Trust Recommended Greenhouse gas emissions HTB National Home Energy Rating Category Nuclear power in the United Kingdom Energy in the United Kingdom Nuclear power Companies Current EDF Energy Magnox Ltd Rolls - Royce Sellafield Ltd Sheffield Forgemasters Urenco New build operators Horizon Nuclear Power NNB Generation Company NuGeneration Defunct British Energy British Nuclear Fuels British Nuclear Group Magnox Electric Nuclear Electric Scottish Nuclear",
"13": "Organisations Civil Nuclear Constabulary National Nuclear Laboratory Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Nuclear Industry Association Nuclear Institute Nuclear Liabilities Fund Office for Nuclear Regulation United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Reactors AGR Dungeness B Hartlepool Heysham 1 Heysham 2 Hinkley Point B Hunterston B Torness FBR ( closed ) Dounreay Magnox ( closed ) Berkeley Bradwell Calder Hall Chapelcross Dungeness A Hinkley Point A Hunterston A Oldbury Sizewell A Trawsfynydd Wylfa PWR Active Sizewell B Planned Hinkley Point C Moorside Non-reactor sites Capenhurst uranium enrichment Sellafield Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant Windscale fire Springfields ( fuel manufacture ) Winfrith ( research and development ) Anti-nuclear Cumbrians Opposed to a Radioactive Environment Energy Fair Stop Hinkley Other Franco - British Nuclear Forum Nuclear or Not ?",
"14": "Nuclear Power and the Environment Nuclear power in Scotland Sustainable Development Commission Tier 1 -- UK Nuclear Site Management & Licensing Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EDF_Energy&oldid=820666173 '' Categories : Utilities of the United Kingdom Power companies of the United Kingdom Nuclear power companies of the United Kingdom Energy in England Companies based in London Energy companies established in 2002 Non-renewable resource companies established in 2002 2002 establishments in the United Kingdom Électricité de France Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use British English from December 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 22 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
6,
3,
2,
1,
8,
4,
7,
5,
10,
9,
14,
12,
11,
13
] |
[
0,
6,
3,
2,
1,
8
] |
-1068194435575341560
|
when does the next episode of rebels come out
|
[
"February 19, 2018",
"February 19, 2018",
"February 19, 2018",
"February 19, 2018",
"February 19, 2018"
] |
{
"0": "List of Star Wars Rebels episodes - wikipedia List of Star Wars Rebels episodes Jump to : navigation , search Star Wars Rebels is an American 3D CGI animated television series produced by Lucasfilm and Lucasfilm Animation . Beginning fourteen years after Revenge of the Sith and five years before A New Hope , Rebels takes place during an era when the Galactic Empire is securing its grip on the galaxy . Imperial forces are hunting down the last of the Jedi Knights while a fledgling rebellion against the Empire is taking form . The series was previewed throughout August 2014 with a set of shorts introducing the main characters before the television film pilot episode premiered on Disney Channel on October 3 , 2014 . The regular series premiered on Disney XD on October 13 , 2014 . The second season started on June 20 , 2015 , and the third season premiered on September 24 , 2016 . As of November 6 , 2017 , 68 episodes of Star Wars Rebels have aired . The two - part season three finale aired on March 25 , 2017 . On March 31 , it was announced that the show would return for a fourth season . On April 15 , executive producer Dave Filoni announced that the fourth season would also be the final season . On September 2 , 2017 , a second trailer for season four was released during a panel at Fan Expo in Canada , and the date for the season 's premiere was announced as October 16 , 2017 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Shorts ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.5 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External Links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Shorts August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) September 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) 15 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) March 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) 22 June 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 20 ) March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 22 September 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 24 ) March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) 16 October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) Episodes ( edit ) Shorts ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` The Machine in the Ghost '' Dave Filoni Greg Weisman August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 101A In the aftermath of a raid on an Imperial supply convoy , the Ghost and its crew -- Hera , Kanan , and Chopper -- are pursued by TIE fighters , who take out the shields and communication system on the Ghost . Following a dog fight , only one TIE fighter remains , and rather than following contradictory orders from both Kanan and Hera , Chopper destroys it himself .",
"2": "`` Art Attack '' Justin Ridge Greg Weisman August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 101B Sabine infiltrates a TIE fighter landing platform in order to create a diversion to allow the Ghost to escape . She plays around with the stormtroopers , mocking them as she moves around and over the TIEs . When a trooper corners her , she attacks and escapes , leaving behind an explosive , the explosion of which she marvels as a work of art , and covers the stormtroopers with purple paint . `` Entanglement '' Justin Ridge Henry Gilroy & Simon Kinberg August 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 25 ) 101C Zeb walks through an alley on Lothal , believing it to be the agreed - upon rendezvous point with Kanan . He comes across two stormtroopers harassing a salesman , but when he interferes , they call for reinforcements . As stormtroopers fire at him , they accidentally cause a fuel leak in their own TIE fighter , which explodes . `` Property of Ezra Bridger '' Dave Filoni Simon Kinberg September 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) 101D Ezra witnesses a sky battle between the Ghost and a TIE fighter , the latter of which is shot down . He manages to open the hatch , but the TIE fighter pilot shows no gratitude for being saved and instead angrily rebukes Ezra for touching his ship . Ezra steals several items from the TIE fighter , including the pilot 's helmet . Angered further , the pilot opens fire on Ezra , who evades the fire and incapacitates the pilot with his energy slingshot , before walking off wearing the pilot 's helmet . Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S.",
"3": "viewers ( millions ) `` Spark of Rebellion '' Steward Lee & Steven G. Lee Simon Kinberg October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) 102 103 2.74 Darth Vader ( James Earl Jones ) orders the Inquisitor to ensure that `` the children of the Force '' do not become Jedi and that , if they do not join the Empire , they be destroyed . Ezra Bridger is an orphan on Lothal , an Outer Rim world . He interferes with the theft of blaster rifles from the Empire by Ghost crew members Kanan Jarrus , Sabine Wren , and Garazeb `` Zeb '' Orrelios . Ezra ends up stuck with the crew while making their getaway and also meets Captain Hera Syndulla and C1 astromech droid Chopper . Ezra finds a lightsaber and a holocron in Kanan 's room and steals the holocron . The rifles are sold to buy food and information from black market dealer and crime lord Cikatro Vizago . The food is given to the displaced people of Lothal while the information leads them to the location of several Wookiees captured by the Empire . However , this is a trap , and Ezra is captured by Agent Kallus . Ezra somehow opens the holocron and sees a message from Obi Wan Kenobi . Ezra is saved by the Ghost crew after learning where the Wookiees have been sent . During the rescue of the Wookiees , Kanan draws his lightsaber , revealing himself as a Jedi , and together with the Wookiees defeat Agent Kallus and the troopers and escape . Having proven himself by opening the holocron , Kanan offers to make Ezra his apprentice . Agent Kallus informs an Inquisitor he has located a Jedi .",
"4": "`` Droids in Distress '' Steward Lee Greg Weisman October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 104 1.03 The Ghost crew steal a shipment of disruptor weapons from Minister Maketh Tua to sell to Vizago , accidentally bringing the Imperially serviced droids C - 3PO ( Anthony Daniels ) and R2 - D2 with them in the process . Zeb objects to the mission since the same weapons were used to nearly wipe out his species , the Lasats . On the Ghost Hera is annoyed Kanan has not yet started Ezra 's Jedi training . Agent Kallus intercepts C - 3PO 's distress call and follows the Ghost to Lothal . Zeb sees that Agent Kallus uses a Bo Rifle , a weapon only used by the Lasat Honor Guard , which Kallus had taken from a Guardsman he killed himself . In the ensuing duel between Zeb and Kallus , Ezra saves Zeb by using the Force for the first time to push Kallus away , allowing the crew to escape after setting the weapons to self - destruct as a diversion . Kanan returns the two droids to their rightful owner Bail Organa , who surveys R2 - D2 's recordings of the rebel crew 's actions . `` Fighter Flight '' Steven G. Lee Kevin Hopps October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 105 0.58 On the Ghost Chopper ends up causing a fight between Ezra and Zeb so Hera sends them out on a supply run together to keep them from bickering with each other , specifying that they do not return without a rare meiloorun fruit . The two find that the market 's sole supply of meilooruns has been purchased by the Empire . Ezra 's attempt to steal the fruit leads to an entanglement against the stormtroopers , forcing Zeb to hijack a TIE fighter for the two to escape in . En route to their rendezvous with the Ghost , the two find farmer Morad Sumar -- a friend of Ezra 's parents -- and his family being arrested over a property dispute with the Empire .",
"5": "Using the TIE fighter to their advantage , Ezra and Zeb are able to rescue Sumar and retrieve the fruit . On their return to the Ghost after supposedly crashing the fighter Hera is pleased to see Ezra and Zeb are more friendly towards each other . However , a new fight breaks out when Ezra and Zeb realise their fight was Chopper 's fault . 5 5 `` Rise of the Old Masters '' Steward Lee Henry Gilroy October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) 106 0.95 Ezra has started his Jedi training but struggles with the basics whilst Kanan also struggles in his new role as a Master . The rebels discover an underground transmission by Senator Gall Trayvis reporting that Jedi Master Luminara Unduli has survived Order 66 and is being held in a high - security Imperial prison on Stygeon Prime . Frustrated with his own inability to teach Ezra , Kanan leads his crew to rescue Luminara hoping she would be a more capable teacher for Ezra . Upon reaching her cell , Kanan and Ezra discover that Luminara is long dead , and that her remains were being used as bait by an Inquisitor to lure the Jedi into a trap . The two work together to escape the Inquisitor before Hera rescues them aboard the Phantom . After Ezra reveals his insecurities over Kanan trying to give him to another Master , Kanan resolves to train Ezra himself . 6 6 `` Breaking Ranks '' Steven G. Lee Greg Weisman November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 107 0.64 Ezra goes undercover as an Imperial Academy cadet to help foil a shipment of kyber crystals . Thanks to his training Ezra quickly proves the most capable student in the class . During his operation , he befriends fellow cadets Zare Leonis and Jai Kell , the former of whom has similarly infiltrated the academy in search of his missing sister Dhara . After completing the mission , Ezra discovers that the Inquisitor , having taken notice of his and Jai 's abilities , intends to take them prisoner . With Zare and the other rebels ' help , the three are able to fight their way out of the facility during an Imperial walker training exercise .",
"6": "Jai goes into hiding while Zare remains at the academy to continue his search for Dhara . 7 7 `` Out of Darkness '' Steward Lee Kevin Hopps November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 108 0.60 Choppers antics cause Ezra and Zeb to forget to carry out an important repair on Hera 's second ship , the Phantom . Hera and Sabine set out to an abandoned Republic asteroid base to retrieve supplies provided by Fulcrum , an anonymous informant whom Hera has been in contact with . Sabine voices her displeasure towards Hera 's secrecy about their mission , feeling as though neither she nor Kanan trust her . Due to the fuel tank leaking on the Phantom , the two are left stranded on the base , which is infested with deadly fyrnocks . The two work together to survive the creatures long enough for the rest of the crew to rescue them aboard the Ghost , allowing Sabine to overcome her trust issues while Hera tells her to have faith in the growing rebellion . Ezra and Zeb promise to properly fix the Phantom this time . 8 8 `` Empire Day '' Steven G. Lee Henry Gilroy November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 109 0.67 Kanan tries to teach Ezra how to use the Force to make a connection to other living creatures . The rebels destroy the Empires new prototype TIE Fighter during a parade celebrating the 15th anniversary of the Empire 's creation . Ezra , who was born on the same day , is preoccupied with his feelings towards his missing parents and opts out of the mission . He soon discovers that his parents ' Rodian friend Tseebo is wanted by the Empire , and rejoins his friends to look for him . Tseebo is found hiding in the basement of Ezra 's old house where Ezra reveals his parents were arrested for making anti Empire radio broadcasts , after which Tseebo had gone to work for the Empire . The rebels learn that Tseebo has allowed himself to be implanted with cybernetics so he could steal information that is valuable to the Empire , though the sheer amount of information he uploaded has affected his mind .",
"7": "The Rebels smuggle him off of Lothal aboard the Ghost . During the ensuing chase led by the Inquisitor , Tseebo regains his senses and reveals that he knows what happened to Ezra 's parents . 9 9 `` Gathering Forces '' Steward Lee Greg Weisman November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 110 0.66 Learning that Tseebo failed to save his parents from being abducted by the Empire , Ezra lashes out at Tseebo for betraying his parents ' trust . Amidst the chase , the Imperials manage to attach a homing beacon on the hull of the Phantom , which Kanan opts to detach from the Ghost in hyperspace with himself and Ezra on board to mislead the Imperials . The two arrive at Fort Anaxes , where Kanan teaches Ezra to forgive Tseebo by admitting his fear of not knowing what happened to his parents . The two manage to tame the fyrnocks by connecting to them through the Force and set them against the arriving Imperial forces , but are cornered by the Inquisitor who injures Kanan . Overcome with anger , Ezra uses the dark side of the Force to summon a giant fyrnock against the Inquisitor , allowing the two to escape . Kanan is worried he has not taught Ezra to resist the dark side . Back on the Ghost Sabine gives Ezra a picture of his parents she found in his house . Afterwards , the Ghost crew take Tseebo to Fulcrum , while Hera offers to relay to Ezra what Tseebo knows of his parents ' fate . 10 10 `` Path of the Jedi '' Dave Filoni Charles Murray January 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 05 ) 111 0.57 Concerned with Ezra 's previous display of the dark side against the Inquisitor , Kanan brings him to a hidden Jedi Temple on Lothal to be tested for his readiness in Jedi training . Whilst Kanan stays behind Ezra makes his way through the temple alone and is faced with a series of visions showing the Inquisitor killing Kanan and the rest of the Ghost crew .",
"8": "After seeing through the illusions , Ezra is guided by the disembodied voice of Jedi Master Yoda , ( Frank Oz ) who helps him admit his fear of being alone again . Kanan also speaks with Yoda about his own ability to teach Ezra . Yoda leads Ezra to a kyber crystal , which he uses to build his own unusual looking lightsaber . 11 11 `` Idiot 's Array '' Steward Lee Kevin Hopps January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 112 0.53 Zeb bets and loses Chopper to smuggler Lando Calrissian ( Billy Dee Williams ) in a game of Sabacc , forcing the Ghost crew to assist Lando with a dangerous smuggling run to get their droid back . However , during the smuggling run Lando trades Hera to crime lord Azmorigan ( James Hong ) in exchange for a puffer pig which can detect precious minerals for mining purposes , leaving Hera to escape in an escape pod . Humiliated , Azmorigan and his henchmen intercept the rebels on Lothal to take revenge . The crew successfully drive the gangsters away , during which Ezra reveals his lightsaber is a lightsaber / blaster hybrid that fires stun blasts . The Rebels part ways with Lando , though not before Chopper steals the fuel to Lando 's ship , which the smuggler concedes as payment for their help . 12 12 `` Vision of Hope '' Steven G. Lee Henry Gilroy February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 113 0.71 During lightsaber practice Ezra has a fragmented vision of meeting Gall Trayvis , ( Brent Spiner ) an exiled Imperial senator and rebel sympathizer , and assumes that Trayvis knows about his parents . The rebels receive a transmission from Trayvis notifying them of a secret rally on Lothal , but Ezra receives a tip from Zare Leonis that Kallus is planning to use the senator to lure the rebels into a trap . Following Trayvis 's transmission , the rebels find him and save him from Agent Kallus by escaping into Lothal 's sewer systems .",
"9": "To Ezra 's dismay , Trayvis reveals himself to have been an Imperial spy using his anti Imperial transmissions to identify Rebel sympathisers and claims that Ezra 's parents are dead and gone . Having suspected his treachery , Hera outsmarts Trayvis and knocks him out so that the rebels can escape . Although disappointed by the betrayal , Ezra and the other rebels remain hopeful of their cause . 13 13 `` Call to Action '' Steward Lee Greg Weisman & Simon Kinberg February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 114 0.60 Grand Moff Tarkin visits Lothal to deal with the Rebels . In light of discovering that Trayvis is actually an Imperial spy , the rebels debate broadcasting a message to the nearby star systems about their cause . Ezra adamantly supports the idea , since his parents had broadcast secret messages from their basement for years . Kanan decides to invade the main Imperial communications tower on Lothal . Tarkin has the Inquisitor execute Commandant Aresko and Taskmaster Grint for incompetence . The Rebels think they have the element of surprise , but they do not take into account the arrival of Tarkin , who has deduced where they will strike . The Inquisitor and Kallus are sent out to capture Kanan alive to earn back Tarkin 's trust . When the Imperial forces attack the group at the tower , Kanan instructs the team to leave him and thus is captured . The team is able to have Ezra send a message of hope , urging those living under the oppression of the Empire to fight , before Tarkin orders the tower to be destroyed , ending their broadcast . 14 14 `` Rebel Resolve '' Justin Ridge Charles Murray & Henry Gilroy February 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 115 0.55 After failing to find where Kanan is being detained , Hera is urged by Fulcrum to put the crew of the Ghost into hiding . Against Hera 's orders to leave Kanan , Ezra devises a plan to rescue him . He strikes a deal with Vizago for an unspecified favor in the future and learns that due to the destruction of the Imperial communications tower the Empire is forced to send all its messages via courier droids .",
"10": "Meanwhile , Kanan is brought aboard Tarkin 's ship where he is tortured by the Inquisitor as the Empire hopes to gain more information about the rebels . The crew of the Ghost substitute a disguised Chopper for an Imperial courier droid so he can access the Empires data on Kanan , eventually learning that Tarkin plans to transfer Kanan to the prison on Mustafar , where according to Hera , Jedi go to die . 15 15 `` Fire Across the Galaxy '' Dave Filoni Simon Kinberg March 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) 116 0.72 The crew of the Ghost seize an Imperial Gozanti - Class Cruiser transport and use a Sabine - repainted TIE fighter that Zeb and Ezra had previously stolen to infiltrate and disable Tarkin 's star destroyer in the Mustafar system . Ezra frees Kanan using the duct system while Hera , Sabine and Zeb attempt to secure an escape route . Ambushed in the engine room , Ezra and Kanan face the Inquisitor in a final lightsaber duel . Kanan , believing Ezra to have been killed , resolves to never give up and succeeds in destroying the Inquisitor 's lightsaber and rupturing the ship 's engine . After being defeated by Kanan and giving a cryptic warning about the arrival of a more powerful enemy , the Inquisitor commits suicide . Ezra is alive and escapes with Kanan . Both groups successfully emerge from the doomed destroyer with stolen TIEs . The stolen transport also appears flown by Chopper along with a number of other ships including the Ghost . They all successfully escape into hyperspace . Senator Organa greets the Ghost crew by hologram and Fulcrum , who piloted the Ghost during the rescue , is revealed to be Ahsoka Tano , who tells the group that they are just one cell out of many working for a larger rebellion . On Lothal following the Inquisitor 's death , Tarkin introduces Agent Kallus to another agent selected by Emperor Palpatine to hunt the rebels : Darth Vader . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod .",
"11": "code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 16 17 `` The Siege of Lothal '' Bosco Ng & Brad Rau Henry Gilroy June 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 20 ) 201 202 0.59 On orders to hunt down the Rebels and especially the Jedi among them , Darth Vader begins an oppressive campaign against Lothal 's populace in order to find the group . The Ghost crew starts working with the wider Rebel cells , but are divided between joining the larger network and waging open war on the Empire , or staying out of a large - scale fight . The situation is even more complicated when Minister Maketh Tua , fearing punishment for failing to neutralize the Lothal rebels , tries to defect to them in order to escape Vader , offering to reveal the truth behind why the Emperor wants the planet . However , Vader uses this to his advantage and orchestrates Tua 's murder by shuttle explosion , framing the rebels for the act and turning Lothal 's population against them . The Ghost crew tries to flee but are cornered by Vader , who injures Kanan and Sabine and nearly kills Ezra before they finally escape . After being smuggled off - world by Lando Calrissian to escape the Empire , the demoralized crew meet up with Ahsoka 's rebel cell , but Vader pursues them and proceeds to wipe out most of the rebel ships , discovering Ahsoka 's presence during a mental encounter via the Force . Ahsoka 's mind is temporarily overwhelmed in the process . She later joins the Ghost crew as they vow to join the wider fight against the Empire . Darth Vader later reports Ahsoka 's existence to Emperor Palpatine , who issues Vader new orders to dispatch another one of their Inquisitors to capture the crew of the Ghost . 18 `` The Lost Commanders '' Dave Filoni & Sergio Paez Matt Michnovetz October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 203 0.46 Having barely escaped total destruction of the rebel cell Phoenix Squadron by Darth Vader , Ahsoka Tano sends the Ghost Crew to locate a former military commander somewhere in the Seelos system who has the knowledge of useful hideouts in the Outer Rim .",
"12": "The crew discover the commander to be former clone trooper Captain Rex , accompanied by Commander Wolffe and clone commando Gregor . Kanan is immediately hostile due to the clones ' role in Order 66 although Rex claims they removed their brain chips . Ezra negotiates with Rex for information relating to potential bases . In return Gregor enlists them for a hunt by using Zeb as bait to catch an elusive Joopa . With the hunt successful , Rex holds up his end of the deal but Sabine discovers that Wolffe betrayed the Ghost crew 's location to the Empire . A skirmish with an Imperial probe damages the Phantom shuttle , the crew is temporarily stranded with the clones waiting for an Imperial assault . 19 `` Relics of the Old Republic '' Bosco Ng Steven Melching October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 204 0.54 The Empire tracks the Lothal Rebels to Seelos . Admiral Konstantine and Agent Kallus arrive at the Seelos System to capture the Jedi . Rex gives the Lothal Rebels a datachip containing old Republic bases in the Outer Rim . Ezra tries to persuade the clones to join the Rebellion , but Rex and the clones instead offer to delay the Empire so the Lothal Rebels can escape . Agent Kallus commands the clones to hand over the Rebels , but when Rex refuses , Kallus arrives with three AT - ATs . Taking advantage of a sandstorm and the Force , Kanan , Ezra and the clones use their AT - TE 's main gun to destroy one of the AT - ATs . Meanwhile , Admiral Konstantine is summoned away by Darth Vader . Instead of meeting him , the admiral meets Fifth Brother , who claims that he will succeed where Kallus and Konstantine have failed . The Lothal Rebels prepare to leave on the Phantom , but Ezra is unwilling to leave Rex and the clones behind . Kanan , Ezra , and Zeb commandeer one of the AT - ATs and turn its weapons on Kallus ' AT - AT which Rex destroys with a critical hit . Kallus flees the battle on a speeder . Hera returns to pick up the clones and the Ghost crew .",
"13": "Returning to the Rebel flotilla , the Lothal Rebels and Rex reunite with Ahsoka . 20 5 `` Always Two There Are '' Brad Rau Kevin Hopps October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 205 0.54 Zeb , Sabine , and Chopper , with Ezra volunteering himself to avoid Kanan and Rex , head out to an old republic medical base in search of vital medical supplies only to be encountered by the Seventh Sister and the Fifth Brother . The Seventh Sister captures Ezra and interrogates him about the whereabouts of Ahsoka Tano while Sabine is also captured by the Fifth Brother . Zeb and Chopper eventually rescue them and they all barely escape the inquisitors and head back to the rebel fleet where Ezra pointedly questions Kanan about the extra inquisitors . 21 6 `` Brothers of the Broken Horn '' Saul Ruiz Bill Wolkoff November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 206 0.55 Ezra receives a distress signal from Vizago 's ship . Ezra and Chopper decide to see what has happened . When Ezra and Chopper arrive at the ship , they find out that the ship has been taken over by Hondo Ohnaka . They find out that Vizago is captured inside the ship and Ezra helps him get it back . 22 7 `` Wings of the Master '' Dave Filoni & Sergio Paez Steven Melching November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 207 0.55 Phoenix Squadron tries to break an Imperial blockade in order to provide food supplies to those who need it , but their transport is destroyed and the mission fails . Hera is then tasked go to a planet whose atmosphere is very difficult to fly in to get a ship being built by a Mon Calamari named Quarrie that can break the blockade . After nearly crashing her shuttle , Hera manages to convince Quarrie to let her pilot the ship , called the Blade Wing , or B - Wing for short .",
"14": "With the Blade Wing 's firepower , Hera manages to singlehandedly destroy one of the Imperial blockade ships , allowing the Ghost to break the blockade and deliver the needed supplies . 23 8 `` Blood Sisters '' Bosco Ng Kevin Hopps November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 208 0.47 Sabine is sent by Hera to acquire an unknown information courier . She goes with Ezra and Chopper and they find that the courier is a clunky droid . They then encounter Ketsu Onyo , ( Gina Torres ) an old `` friend '' of Sabine 's who works as a bounty hunter and is now after the droid . When some Storm Troopers begin to fire at them , Sabine and Chopper steal a ship and go off planet with the droid , unfortunately with Ezra left behind . Ketsu also escapes and after a confrontation with Sabine with her personal ship , captures Chopper and the two meet up to trade the droids . Their activity draws the attention of an Empire ship and the two team up to escape by setting charges on the stolen ship . Sabine is knocked out and almost left to go with the ship , but Ketsu saves her and the explosion allows them to fly the droid to a rebel location and then meet back up with Ezra and Hera before Ketsu leaves on better terms with Sabine . 24 9 `` Stealth Strike '' Brad Rau Matt Michnovetz November 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 25 ) 209 0.55 Ezra and Commander Sato are captured when a new Imperial weapon -- an experimental Interdictor cruiser -- generates a gravity well strong enough to pull ships out of hyperspace . Hera sends Kanan , Rex and Chopper to rescue them , using a stolen shuttle , stormtrooper armor , and Rex 's knowledge of Imperial codes and protocols to infiltrate the cruiser . Ezra and Chopper head to the reactor to sabotage the cruiser , but Rex is captured as he and Kanan escort Sato and his crew to their shuttle .",
"15": "Kanan heads back to rescue Rex and they deploy an escape pod , as Chopper 's sabotage causes the gravity well projectors to overload , pulling the other Imperial cruisers towards the Interdictor and destroying it . 25 10 `` The Future of the Force '' Saul Ruiz Bill Wolkoff December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 210 0.49 Ahsoka informs Kanan that she 's continuing her investigation on the Sith Lord Darth Vader , but finding information on him is difficult . In the mean time , she receives word of two sets of coordinates that cross the Imperial net . She heads to look into one of them while dispatching Kanan , Ezra , Zeb , and Chopper to the other . Ahsoka arrives at her location first , a ransacked passenger ship adrift in space , and finds signs of weapon damage all over . The lone survivor , a grandmother , claims `` two redblades '' kidnapped her grandchild from her and disappeared . Ahsoka informs the team at their destination on a distant planet that the two Inquisitors are involved . Zeb and Chopper locate the Inquisitors ' fighters at the spaceport and reclaim the baby stored in one before destroying them , while Kanan and Ezra find the distressed mother of the second child . Chopper takes the first child to the Phantom shuttle while Zeb encounters the Inquisitors on the street after relieving a fleeing droid of the second baby . Kanan , Zeb , and Ezra discover that the children are force sensitive and were targeted by the Inquisitors to ensure they do not become Jedi . They attempt to lose the Inquisitors through a housing block on their way back to the shuttle , but are overpowered by them . Ahsoka appears and easily defeats both of the Inquisitors while the rest escape , using the Force to jump up and join them in the shuttle as it passes overhead . The Rebels escape , but not before one of Seventh Sister 's probe droids hears Ezra saying they 're going to the planet Garel .",
"16": "26 11 `` Legacy '' Mel Zwyer Henry Gilroy December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 211 0.55 Ezra has a vivid dream about his parents , which he is convinced is a vision which will lead him to discover their fate . Hera and Kanan reveal that they have secretly spent months investigating Imperial prisons , and have heard about a recent prison break . As the Ghost prepares to return to Lothal to investigate Ezra 's visions , the Imperial fleet arrives at Garel based on the intelligence from the Seventh Sister 's probe droid . Ezra and Kanan escape to Lothal in the Phantom , while the Ghost remains behind to assist the escape of the rebel fleet . On Lothal , Ezra follows a Loth - cat which appeared in his dream to Prisoner X-10 , one of the escapees who is the former Governor of Lothal , Ryder Azadi . Azadi tells Ezra that his parents heard his broadcast and it had inspired them to organize the prison break in which he had escaped , however Ezra 's parents had been killed during the breakout . While saddened at his parents ' deaths , Ezra takes solace in that they heard his message , and Kanan comforts him by telling him that his parents live on inside him . 27 12 `` A Princess on Lothal '' Bosco Ng Steven Melching January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) 212 0.60 While Ezra grapples with the news about his parents , the rebels make plans with Senator Bail Organa to secure three much - needed cruisers . Leading the mission is an agent hand - picked by the Senator : his daughter , Princess Leia . Leia meets up with Kanan and Ezra and plans to have the Rebels `` steal '' her ships so as not to reveal Alderaan 's support . However , their plans are thwarted when Imperial security proves to be much stronger than expected . The trio link back up with rest of the Ghost crew , rescuing Azadi from an Imperial patrol in the process . Leia then inspires the crew to come up with plan to steal the cruisers , with Leia distracting the guards while the Phantom provides air support and Azadi disables the gravity locks on the cruisers .",
"17": "The plan is a success , with the Rebels managing to steal all three cruisers while Leia blames the Imperials for their `` failure '' to protect them . Inspired by the actions of Leia and Rebels , Azadi decides to join the cause . 28 13 `` The Protector of Concord Dawn '' Brad Rau Henry Gilroy & Kevin Hopps January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 213 0.48 With the Empire tightening its cordon around Lothal , the Rebels look for a new smuggling route . Hera and Sabine head out to the world of Concord Dawn to request safe passage from the Protectors , the Mandalorian faction that controls the world . However , the Protectors reveal that they have sided with the Empire and immediately attack . Hera and Sabine manage to escape , but Hera is critically wounded . Kanan and Sabine return to Concord Dawn , with Kanan still wanting to negotiate with the Protectors and Sabine wanting to get revenge for Hera . They discover the Protector 's leader , Fenn Rau ( Kevin McKidd ) , is being bribed by the Empire . Kanan meets with Rau , revealing that Rau had saved his life during the Clone Wars . Meanwhile , Sabine attempts to sabotage the Protectors ' fighters but is caught . She reveals to the Protectors that she is from House Vizsla , and challenges Rau to single combat . Working together , Kanan and Sabine capture Rau , and he agrees to allow the Rebels safe passage through Concord Dawn . 29 14 `` Legends of the Lasat '' Saul Ruiz Matt Michnovetz February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 214 0.56 Following a tip from Hondo , the Ghost crew rescues a pair of Lasats from Imperial custody : Chava the Wise and Gron , who both recognize Zeb as Captain of the Lasan Honor Guard . Chava and Gron explain that they are searching for the mythical world of Lira San , where the surviving Lasats can find refuge . However , Zeb is reluctant to help due to his guilt over failing to protect Lasan from the Empire .",
"18": "With some encouragement from Ezra , Zeb transforms his Bo - Rifle into its true form and combines it with Chava 's staff , revealing Lira San 's location in uncharted Wild Space . However , they find their way blocked by a dense cluster of black holes while Agent Kallus pursues them . Trusting in Chava 's wisdom , Zeb uses the energy from his Bo - Rifle to create a protective field around the Ghost , allowing it to navigate the black hole cluster safely . On the other side , they find the world of Lira San , which is the true home planet of the Lasat people . After dropping off Chava and Gron , Zeb decides to stay on the Ghost in order to find more Lasat survivors to guide back to Lira San . It is in this episode that the `` ancient '' names of the sides of The Force are first revealed by Chava , calling the light side the ashla , and the dark side the bogan , and repeated by The Bendu on Atollon in a later episode of Rebels . 30 15 `` The Call '' Mel Zwyer Bill Wolkoff February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 215 0.59 The Ghost crew is on a mission to capture a fuel shipment from the Mining Guild to the Empire , in order to restock the Rebel fleet 's own dwindling supplies . While travelling to the Guild 's asteroid refinery , the Ghost encounters a flock of Purrgil , space - travelling creatures whom Hera considers dangerous . However , Ezra manages to establish contact with them through the Force and learns that his crew and the Purrgil actually pursue the same basic goal , if for slightly differing priorities . Upon reaching the Mining Guild base , the crew finds the Mining Guild attempting to exterminate the Purrgil . Kanan decides to raid the base , steal the shipment , and then destroy the base by igniting the rest of the fuel . However , Ezra stops him when he realizes that the Purrgil also need the fuel . When it appears as if the Mining Guild forces will overwhelm the crew , the Purrgil arrive and attack the Mining Guild , giving the crew the time they need to escape with the fuel .",
"19": "As the Ghost flies away , the crew witnesses the Purrgil going into hyperspace , confirming rumors that they are a migratory species capable of faster - than - light travel without technology . 31 16 `` Homecoming '' Bosco Ng Steven Melching February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 216 0.51 In order to provide a safe shelter for their fighters , the Rebels plan to capture an Imperial carrier currently stationed above Ryloth , Hera 's home planet . In order to pull the mission off , the Ghost crew contacts Hera 's father , the famed Twi'lek resistance fighter Cham Syndulla . However , Cham desires to destroy the carrier as a demonstration of power , and only grudgingly agrees to capture it . Hera later tells Ezra that she and her father are not on the best of terms , as Hera believes Cham is obsessed with the Twi'lek Resistance while Cham believes Hera 's faith in the Rebellion is misguided . Piloting a captured TIE Bomber , Hera successfully infiltrates the crew and Cham 's team into the carrier , but Cham 's team betrays them and moves to destroy the carrier . Ezra uses a Jedi mind trick on the captain to have the crew abandon ship while Zeb and Sabine subdue Cham 's men . Hera manages to convince Cham to help her , and they destroy a pursuing Imperial cruiser , achieving the demonstration Cham wanted . After adding the carrier to the Rebel fleet , Hera and Cham reconcile their relationship before parting ways . 32 17 `` The Honorable Ones '' Brad Rau Kevin Hopps February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 217 0.56 The Ghost crew receives a tip about Imperial activity around the planet Geonosis and go to investigate only to find the planet completely devoid of life and evidence of a large weapon having been constructed in orbit . When the crew boards one of the abandoned construction modules , they are ambushed by Agent Kallus . Most of the crew is able to escape back to the ship , but Zeb is forced to take an escape pod .",
"20": "Kallus pursues Zeb into the pod , which gets damaged during their struggle and the pair crash land on one of Geonosis ' icy moons . Kallus ' leg is injured in the crash , and he and Zeb are forced to work together to survive by fending off hostile monsters and climbing out of the cave they are trapped in . During this , Kallus admits to Zeb that he respects Lasats as warriors , but dislikes them due to his first squad being wiped out by a Lasat . He also reveals he did not agree with the Empire 's decision to exterminate the Lasats and that the Bo Rifle he claimed to have stolen from a dead Lasat Honour Guard was actually given to him by the guard after defeating him in an honourable duel . Upon reaching the surface , they activate their emergency transponder . The Ghost arrives to rescue Zeb shortly after . Kallus wishes to take his chances and wait for Imperial rescue rather than be a Rebel prisoner , and both he and Zeb part ways with a newfound respect for each other . Returning to his Star Destroyer , Kallus is greeted rather coldly , even by Imperial standards , and the episode concludes with him sitting in his quarters , deep in thought . 33 18 `` Shroud of Darkness '' Saul Ruiz Henry Gilroy March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) 218 0.68 Ezra and Kanan , after facing off with the Inquisitors again , decide it is not safe for them to be around the Rebels while they are being targeted by the Empire , and decide to get advice from Ahsoka . On her advice , the three set out for the Jedi Temple on Lothal , where each have a separate vision ; Ezra , of Master Yoda , Kanan , of the Temple Guard who is testing him , and Ahsoka , of Anakin / Vader .",
"21": "As the Inquisitors track the group to the temple and force their way inside , Ezra is told by Yoda to `` find Malachor '' , Kanan is warned by the Guard , who reveals himself as the former Grand Inquisitor , to beware Ezra 's temptation of the Dark Side , dubbing Kanan the official rank of Jedi Knight , a rank he was never able to achieve due to the execution of Order 66 and the extermination of the Jedi Order . During her vision , Ahsoka faces her guilt over not being present during the fall of the Jedi , while also accepting the fact that her former master , Anakin Skywalker , has become the Sith Lord Darth Vader . The three escape as the shades of the Temple Guards hold off the Inquisitors . Vader and the Empire 's forces arrive at the Temple , as Ahsoka informs Ezra that Malachor is not a person , but a place . 34 19 `` The Forgotten Droid '' Mel Zwyer Matt Michnovetz March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) 219 0.58 While on a Ghost crew mission to steal fuel , Chopper steals a replacement strut for his original leg . Chopper is separated from the Ghost crew and finds himself stranded on an Imperial freighter . He is eventually discovered by the ship 's inventory droid , AP - 5 , but does not report him upon finding out that Chopper is a veteran of the Clone Wars , just like him . AP - 5 complains to Chopper that the Empire does not appreciate his previous role as a strategist , and the freighter crew constantly mistreats him . Chopper removes AP - 5 's restraining bolt , and the two work together to trap the crew in the cargo hold and detach it from the ship . Chopper makes contact with the Ghost , and AP - 5 warns them that the Empire knows their destination and has set up a trap . AP - 5 is shot by the freighter captain as he transmits new coordinates , but the Ghost crew manages to repair him by using parts from the leg Chopper stole .",
"22": "35 20 `` The Mystery of Chopper Base '' Bosco Ng Steven Melching March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 220 0.53 After finally finding a planet that is safe from the Empire , the Rebel fleet lands to set up their base . However , one of their scouts goes missing after setting up a sensor beacon . Sabine and Rex go to investigate when they are attacked by a swarm of Krykna spiders . Sabine is rescued by the Ghost crew , but Rex is captured by the spiders . The crew follows them and rescues Rex , but can not escape upon finding that the spiders have trapped the Ghost with a web . Sabine discovers that the spiders can not go near the sensor beacons they had set up , and uses one to ward them away while the rest of the crew cuts the web and escapes . Back at the base , instead of abandoning the planet , the Rebels use their sensor beacons as a makeshift barrier to keep the spiders away . Ezra , Kanan , and Ahsoka decide to head for Malachor to find a way to deal with the Inquisitors . 36 37 21 22 `` Twilight of the Apprentice '' Dave Filoni Dave Filoni & Simon Kinberg & Steven Melching March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 221 222 0.69 Ahsoka , Ezra , Kanan and Chopper arrive on Malachor -- a Sith world long forbidden to the Jedi -- in search of knowledge , discovering a cavern containing a Sith Temple amid the site of an ancient battlefield between Sith and Jedi who used cross guard lightsabers . They soon are attacked by a new Inquisitor , the Eighth Brother , who is hunting a mysterious hermit calling himself `` Old Master . '' When Ezra encounters the hermit , he reveals himself to be Maul ( Sam Witwer ) and offers to help Ezra get into the Temple , aiding him in recovering a Sith holocron . When the other Inquisitors arrive and alert Darth Vader of their presence , Ezra convinces the group to work together in spite of Kanan 's fears that Maul is corrupting his student , allowing them to finally kill the three Inquisitors .",
"23": "However , Maul soon betrays the group and blinds Kanan with his lightsaber , revealing his true intentions of making Ezra his apprentice . Although sightless , Kanan dons the mask of a fallen Jedi Temple Guard and manages to throw Maul from the top of the temple . Ahsoka finally faces Darth Vader -- who has cornered Ezra and destroyed his lightsaber -- and comes to terms with his identity as Anakin Skywalker as she engages him in a duel , while Kanan and Ezra remove the Sith Holocron . Unable to abandon her old Master , Ahsoka stays within the crumbling temple and stalls Vader while Ezra , Kanan , and Chopper flee the planet and reunite with the Ghost crew . Maul flees Malachor while Vader , who survived the destruction of the temple , walks away as a convor watches from above . As the Ghost crew tries to cope with their losses , Ezra continues to meditate on the Sith Holocron and finally succeeds in opening it . Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 38 39 `` Steps Into Shadow '' Bosco Ng and Mel Zwyer Steven Melching & Matt Michnovetz September 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 24 ) 301 -- 302 0.56 Six months after the events of the previous season , Ezra leads a mission to rescue Hondo Ohnaka from an imperial prison , wielding a new lightsaber and displaying Force skills that he 's learned from the Sith Holocron in the process . Hondo 's intel regards a squadron of Y - Wings due to be destroyed at an Imperial shipyard that the Rebels set out to appropriate , with Ezra being given command of the mission . Kanan , meanwhile , is struggling with his blindness when he discovers Ezra 's use of the Holocron and confiscates it , before being summoned out into the Atollon wilds by a mysterious call that proves to be from the Bendu , ( Tom Baker ) an ancient Force user who is neither Jedi nor Sith .",
"24": "Meanwhile , Governor Pryce decides that the growing rebel threat requires a greater response and requisitions the Seventh Fleet , which is revealed to be under the leadership of the recently promoted Grand Admiral Thrawn ( Lars Mikkelsen ) . The Bendu helps Kanan to realize that the Force grants him abilities that can make up for his lost sight , and on sensing Ezra 's peril on the mission Kanan leaves to go help him , leaving the Holocron with the Bendu . The Rebels manage to secure a handful of fighters but lose the Phantom after Ezra sets the shipyard plummeting , and it is only the timely arrival of the Ghost and other rebel ships saves them after Thrawn determines that they are not dealing with the entire rebel fleet and orders his forces to allow their escape . Ezra is suspended , but expresses his gratitude to Kanan for rejoining the action while the rebels learn that the Y - Wings are to be delivered to General Dodonna 's unit . 40 `` The Holocrons of Fate '' Steward Lee Henry Gilroy October 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) 303 0.41 Kanan Jarrus , Ezra Bridger , and some rebel soldiers are about to dock on to another rebel cruiser . That cruiser is seen to be damaged so they board to investigate . There is a soldier laying on the ground who claims that a `` red blade '' cut him and was forced to give up the Ghost crew 's location . They contact Hera only to find out that Maul has already captured them . Kanan and Ezra agree to give Maul both the Sith and Jedi Holocrons . If not , the rest of the crew of the Ghost will die . Kanan and Ezra return to the Bendu to retrieve the Sith holocron . The Bendu firsts tests Kanan and Ezra by having them navigate a spider infested cave . Kanan teaches Ezra to be able to move among the spiders without alerting them and retrieve the holocron . The Bendu then warns the pair that if the Jedi and Sith holocrons are combined , they would be able to grant the wielder immeasurable knowledge , but at a price . Kanan and Ezra then meet with Maul . Kanan rescues the Ghost crew while Maul combines the Holocrons with Ezra .",
"25": "Kanan manages to interrupt the process . Maul flees , now knowledgeable that someone is still alive . Ezra receives visions of various locations , including `` twin suns '' , but can not make sense of them , and Kanan assures him they will find the answers . 41 `` The Antilles Extraction '' Saul Ruiz Gary Whitta October 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) 304 0.51 The Rebellion begins suffering heavy casualties due to Imperial ambushes on their convoys , and they risk running out of pilots . Fortunately , they receive a tip from a new `` Fulcrum '' that several Imperial cadets at Skystrike Academy are willing to defect . Sabine is selected to infiltrate the academy and she meets and befriends a fellow cadet named Wedge Antilles ( Nathan Kress ) . Ezra and Kanan wait in space with a transport ready to evacuate Sabine once she finds the defectors . Meanwhile , Governor Pryce and Agent Kallus arrive at the academy to root out the defectors . Sabine figures out Wedge is one of the defectors , and assures him that she will get him and his friends Hobbie and Rake to the Rebellion . Pryce then organizes a trap by arranging a training flight in space . Sabine and Wedge take the bait , only to find out their fighters have been sabotaged . Sabine , Wedge , and Hobbie are captured and Rake is killed while Ezra and Kanan are forced to retreat . Pryce attempts to interrogate Sabine , but Sabine manages to knock her out and escape , freeing Wedge and Hobbie as well . Kallus secretly provides assistance to Sabine in order to repay his debt to Zeb . Sabine and Wedge manage to steal a TIE Bomber , rendezvous with Ezra , and return to the Rebel base safely .",
"26": "42 5 `` Hera 's Heroes '' Mel Zwyer Nicole Dubuc October 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) 305 0.40 The Ghost crew makes a supply run to the Twi'lek resistance on Ryloth , only to find out from Cham that under Thrawn 's leadership , the Imperials have begun to seize the upper hand , and have captured their home and converted it into their headquarters . This also means that their `` kalikori '' , an important family heirloom , is in Imperial hands as well . Determined to retrieve her kalikori , Hera decides to return to her home and infiltrate the Imperial headquarters . She and Ezra sneak into the base while the rest of the crew and Cham distract the Imperial patrols . However , Thrawn predicts Hera 's actions and captures her and Ezra , and decides to keep her kalikori for himself . He then arranges a deal with Cham where Hera and Ezra 's lives will be spared if Cham turns himself in . However , with Chopper 's help , Hera creates a distraction by destroying her home and the Imperial HQ with explosives and everybody escapes on the Ghost . Meanwhile , Thrawn observes the entire event , and impressed with Hera 's ingenuity , decides to let the rebels escape . Back on the Ghost , Hera reassures her crew that even though she was n't able to recover her kalikori , the most important thing is that she 's back with her family and friends . 43 6 `` The Last Battle '' Bosco Ng Brent Friedman October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) 306 0.45 On a salvage mission to an old Clone Wars battlefield led by Captain Rex , the Ghost crew is captured by a unit of old battle droids . Their commander , a Super Tactical Droid , managed to avoid the army - wide shutdown command and wants to pit his forces against Rex and the Jedi in order to conclude whether the Separatist or Republic forces are superior once and for all . As Rex , Ezra , and Kanan battle the droids , Chopper manages to sneak away and send a distress signal to Hera and Sabine . However , the Empire also receives the distress call and dispatches an assault force .",
"27": "Rex and the Jedi manage to reach the Super Tactical Droid , and Ezra points out to him that neither the Republic nor the Separatists won the Clone Wars , but were in fact both defeated by the Empire . Ezra also notes that since the Separatists were originally fighting to resist tyranny , the battle droids should naturally oppose the Empire . The Super Tactical Droid sees the logic in Ezra 's words , and the Ghost crew and the droids work together to escape the Imperial assault force in a pair of old shuttles . Calculating that the Rebellion has less than 1 % chance of succeeding against the Empire , the Super Tactical Droid amicably parts ways with the Rebels . Rex congratulates Ezra for doing what no Senator , Clone , or Jedi ever could : convincing clones and battle droids to set aside their differences . Note : This episode pays homage to its predecessor Star Wars : The Clone Wars as the title logo is stylized after its predecessor and the closing credits theme is the same one from The Clone Wars . 44 7 `` Imperial Supercommandos '' Steward Lee Christopher Yost November 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 05 ) 307 0.55 Sabine continues to try to convince Fenn Rau to have his Protectors formally join the Rebellion , but Fenn remains staunchly loyal to Mandalore . When contact with the Protectors is lost , Sabine , Ezra , and Chopper are sent with Fenn to investigate . However , when they arrive , they find the Protectors base completely destroyed . After they destroy an Imperial probe droid , a squad of Imperial Mandalorians led by Gar Saxon arrive to investigate . Ezra and Chopper are captured while Sabine and Fenn manage to escape . While spying on Gar , Fenn realizes that the Empire intended to destroy him and the Protectors all along , and he decides to join forces with Sabine . Sabine rescues Ezra and Chopper , but Fenn seemingly betrays them when he takes their shuttle and escapes without them . Gar explains how Sabine 's defection to the Rebellion caused disgrace to her family , who have now pledged their allegiance to the Empire .",
"28": "Sabine , Ezra , and Chopper try to flee from Gar and his men , and are assisted by Fenn who helps them escape , but not before Sabine defeats Gar in hand to hand combat . Fenn , impressed by Sabine 's loyalty to the Rebellion and her friends , decides to officially join the Rebellion . 45 8 `` Iron Squadron '' Saul Ruiz Matt Michnovetz November 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 19 ) 308 0.41 The Ghost crew arrives at a planet to help evacuate anti-Imperial dissidents . They are assisted by another armed freighter that identifies itself as Iron Squadron . Commander Sato explains that Iron Squadron used to be led by his brother , but he was killed in combat , leaving the squadron under the leadership of his headstrong nephew Mart ( Zachary Gordon ) . While the rest of the crew evacuates the dissidents , Ezra and Sabine board Iron Squadron 's ship and meet Mart and his crew . However , they are young and inexperienced , and their hyperspace drive is inoperable . When Thrawn learns of Iron Squadron , he sends a larger force . Ezra , Sabine , and Mart 's crew flee while Mart stays behind to try to fight the Imperials but his freighter is disabled . The Ghost crew and Commander Sato return to rescue Mart , and barely manage to escape Thrawn 's ambush . Now safe , Mart and his friends decide to join the rebels . 46 9 `` The Wynkahthu Job '' Mel Zwyer Gary Whitta November 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 26 ) 309 0.44 The Rebels form an uneasy alliance with Hondo in order to break into an abandoned Imperial ship to steal its valuable cargo , with Hondo promising them a shipment of proton bombs in return . However , the cargo ship is dangerously close to a heavy storm , making any salvage attempt hazardous . They enlist the aid of AP - 5 , but Kanan and Hera are worried that Ezra puts too much trust in Hondo . The group manages to board the ship and finds the cargo they are looking for .",
"29": "However , as they load the cargo onto the Ghost , they are attacked by Imperial Sentry droids which were protecting the ship . Both the Rebels and Hondo 's crew manage to narrowly escape the cargo ship before it plunges into the storm , and while the Rebels were able to retrieve most of the proton bombs , Hondo was unable to secure any of the treasure . In addition , Ezra comes to realize how little Hondo cares about his own crew or `` business partners '' . 47 10 `` An Inside Man '' Steward Lee Nicole Dubuc December 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 03 ) 311 0.36 Ezra and Kanan return to Lothal to scout the Imperial factory there , intending to destroy it . With the help of a local resistance cell led by Azadi , they manage to infiltrate the factory disguised as workers in order to gain intelligence on a new weapon the Empire is developing . However , Thrawn is also present in the factory and locks it down , suspecting rebel spies are sabotaging the vehicles being made there . Ezra , Kanan , and Chopper manage to steal the weapon data , and are assisted by Kallus , who reveals that he is Fulcrum . The three manage to escape the factory in stolen walkers and get the data to the rebels . After analyzing the data , they discover that Thrawn is developing a new type of TIE Fighter : the TIE Defender , which unlike other TIE Fighters , comes equipped with shields . Thrawn deduces that the rebels could not have retrieved the data without help from the inside . However , instead of hunting for the spy , Thrawn decides to wait , intending to use the spy against the rebels . 48 11 `` Visions and Voices '' Bosco Ng Brent Friedman December 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) 310 0.43 Ezra is plagued by visions of Maul , who approaches him and Kanan as they consult the Bendu , offering a deal . Maul threatens to reveal Chopper Base to the Empire unless Ezra accompanies him to complete a ritual in order to reveal to both of them the information they sought from the Jedi and Sith holocrons .",
"30": "Maul and Ezra arrive on Dathomir , where they use dark magic to complete their holocron vision -- a desert planet with two suns , where what they both seek is located . As the ritual completes , Ezra and Maul are attacked by the spirits of the Nightsister clan . Kanan and Sabine arrive , having tracked Ezra to Dathomir , but they are possessed by the Nightsisters and made to attack Ezra and Maul . Maul escapes , and Ezra uses the Force to push Sabine out of the range of the altar which is the source of the spirits ' power . He offers himself to the Nightsisters to free Kanan , but then destroys the altar . As they leave , Sabine grabs the darksaber used by Maul . Kanan asks Ezra about his vision and he reveals that his means to defeat the Sith and the target of Maul 's vengeance are one and the same ; the Jedi Master Obi - Wan Kenobi . 49 12 `` Ghosts of Geonosis : Part 1 '' Saul Ruiz Dave Filoni & Steven Melching January 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) 312 0.56 After the legendary Saw Gerrera ( Forest Whitaker ) and his rebel squad go missing on Geonosis , the Ghost crew is sent to investigate . Ezra , Kanan , Rex , and Chopper split off to search for Saw while Hera , Sabine , and Zeb stay behind to salvage a still operational shield generator . Ezra and his group are rescued from a battle droid ambush by Saw , who explains that the droids killed the rest of his team , and that they were rebuilt by a Geonosian survivor . Ezra , Saw , and the rest of the group pursue the Geonosian and it activates more battle droids which attack Sabine and Zeb . Ezra manages to corner the Geonosian and Saw destroys its control device , disabling all of the battle droids . Saw then begins to interrogate the Geonosian , demanding that it tell him what the Empire was building on Geonosis .",
"31": "50 13 `` Ghosts of Geonosis : Part 2 '' Mel Zwyer Dave Filoni & Matthew Michnovetz January 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) 313 0.57 In response to Saw 's questions , the Geonosian ( nicknamed `` Klik - Klak '' ) draws two circles in the dirt . Not understanding what Klik - Klak is trying to say , Saw handcuffs Klik - Klak and forces him to lead them deeper into the ruins . Ezra becomes concerned at the hostility Saw is showing to Klik - Klak , and Rex explains that Saw 's sister was killed by a Geonosian - built gunship during the Clone Wars . Meanwhile , an Imperial patrol detects life signs on Geonosis and sends scouts to investigate . Underground , Klik - Klak leads the Rebels to his hideout , where he was protecting a Geonosian Queen egg . The rebels then bring Klik - Klak back to the Ghost , where Saw begins torturing Klik - Klak and threatens to destroy the egg if he does not talk , ignoring the crew 's objections . Ezra then points out Saw would be no better than the Empire if he destroys the Geonosians ' last chance of survival as a species , causing Saw to reconsider . However , the Imperials send an attack force after the Ghost , forcing it to flee deep underground . In an underground chamber , they find large containers full of poison gas that the Imperials had used to exterminate the Geonosians . Saw decides to give the Geonosians a second chance at survival and lets Klik - Klak go . Klik - Klak flees deeper into the tunnels . The Rebels then try to escape with the gas containers to use them as proof of the Empire 's atrocities , but they are lost when they blast their way through an Imperial cruiser . Bail Organa notes that without the containers , there is insufficient evidence for the Senate to act , but the pictures the crew had taken can be used as propaganda to further the Rebel cause .",
"32": "Kanan reminds Ezra that like Saw , not all Rebels fight for the same cause or for the same reasons , but Hera muses that despite her misgivings about him , Saw proved that he was better than the Imperials . 51 14 `` Warhead '' Bosco Ng Gary Whitta January 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 14 ) 314 0.37 While the rest of the Ghost 's crew and Phoenix Squadron are away on an exercise mission , Zeb is left in charge of security at Chopper Base . At the same time , the Empire launches a large number of disguised infiltrator droids throughout the galaxy , and one of these units lands near Chopper Base . Damaged by the Krykna spiders and losing its memory , it is taken in by Zeb , Chopper and AP - 5 ; but after a warning from Agent Kallus about the nature of their foundling , Zeb tries to apprehend it . Once it realizes that it is inside a rebel base , the droid 's original programming kicks back in and it adopts combat mode , and cannibalizing the base 's droids to repair itself , the infiltrator proves a tough nut to crack , especially since this battle is confined to a storage area filled with explosive ordnance . After a hard struggle , Zeb and the droids manage to take it down before it can transmit its position to the Empire , but the infiltrator activates a self - destruct device inside its chassis . Faced with the prospect of the droid either blowing up the base or the Empire coming to look for it when it fails to report , Zeb instructs AP - 5 to set the detonator to stall its countdown until the infiltrator transmits its collected information to the Empire . After reactivation , the droid travels back to its base ship and blasts it apart when it self - destructs ; but this event nevertheless gives Grand Admiral Thrawn enough information to narrow down his search for the rebel base .",
"33": "52 15 `` Trials of the Darksaber '' Steward Lee Dave Filoni January 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 21 ) 315 0.48 Upon being told by Fenn Rau what status the darksaber Sabine recovered from Dathomir holds among the Mandalorians -- especially the prestigious House Vizsla , who once ruled Mandalore -- Kanan decides that Sabine should wield it in order to rally the Mandalorians into the ranks of the Rebel Alliance . Sabine , who resents her family , reluctantly agrees to the proposal and retreats with Kanan and Ezra to the Bendu 's abode to be trained in the saber 's use , but her persisting frustration at the expectations thrust upon her starts to gnaw on Kanan 's own patience . Tensions ensue between the two , which culminate in Sabine walking away from her training ; but after a talk with Hera and a mutual apology upon Sabine 's return , Kanan offers her the darksaber , and the training begins in earnest . As it progresses , Sabine is also forced by Kanan to let loose with her own emotional turmoil , revealing at last the truth about her past ; she felt guilty about what the weapons she designed in her time at the Imperial Academy had done to her own people and that she wanted to make up for it by saving them from the Empire 's clutches , only to see her own family turning their backs on her due to their fear of the Empire . Upon this difficult confession , Kanan , Ezra and Rau profess their loyalty to Sabine , no matter what course she will eventually choose . 53 16 `` Legacy of Mandalore '' Mel Zwyer Christopher Yost February 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 18 ) 317 0.36 Sabine , Ezra , Kanan and Rau travel from Atollon to Krownest in the Mandalore sector in order to straighten out matters with Sabine 's estranged family . However , the initial reception is quite hostile , since Sabine is still considered a traitor to her family due to her defection from the Empire .",
"34": "Upon being presented with the darksaber , Sabine 's mother , Countess Ursa , allows her daughter the benefit of a personal conversation , but is still too fearful of an Imperial reprisal against her people , and her husband held hostage , to join with the Rebellion , and so she decides to sell out the Jedi to Gar Saxon in exchange for Sabine 's freedom . Saxon , however , immediately goes back on his word and denounces the entire Clan Wren traitors to the Empire . Clan Wren and the rebels start fighting back against the Imperial collaborators , and wielding Ezra 's lightsaber , Sabine engages in a personal duel against Saxon and the darksaber . Sabine emerges victorious , but as she turns away from him and Saxon prepares to shoot her in the back , Ursa kills him instead , thus restoring her broken ties with her daughter . Foreseeing the chaos Mandalore will face with the demise of its Imperial governor , Sabine and Rau decide to stay behind and help restore order , and for Sabine to find the one person who is truly worthy of leading her people into the war against the Empire . 54 17 `` Through Imperial Eyes '' Saul Ruiz Nicole Dubuc & Henry Gilroy February 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 25 ) 316 0.42 An Imperial light cruiser over Lothal intercepts a shuttle fleeing the planet . On board are Ezra Bridger ( disguised as a bounty hunter ) and the droids Chopper and AP - 5 . Ezra tells Agent Kallus that the Rebels believe the Empire has intercepted his last transmission as Fulcrum , and they have come to help him defect if his cover is blown . Grand Admiral Thrawn arrives in his Star Destroyer Chimaera , and informs the officers on board that he has asked Colonel Yularen of the ISB to locate the Rebel spy in their midst . Kallus swaps his code cylinder with that of Lieutenant Lyste , and uses Lyste 's credentials to free Ezra and infiltrate Thrawn 's office , where the droids erase Atollon from Thrawn 's database and transmit clearance codes for Kanan and Rex to rescue them .",
"35": "Lyste , believing Governor Pryce to be the traitor , stuns her as she tries to stop the rebels from leaving , and he is arrested as the spy . With Lyste believed to be Fulcrum , Kallus decides to remain with the Empire -- although in conversation with Yularen , Thrawn reveals that he knows Kallus is the spy , and intends to use him to their advantage . 55 18 `` Secret Cargo '' Bosco Ng Matt Michnovetz March 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) 318 0.42 The crew of the Ghost waits in a junk field to rendezvous with and refuel a Rebel ship carrying a secret cargo . The Ghost is found by an Imperial infiltrator probe droid , which the crew manages to destroy , but not before it transmits their location to the Empire . The Rebel ship arrives , and the `` cargo '' is revealed to be Senator Mon Mothma , who is on the run after recently speaking out against the Emperor in the Senate . Two Imperial cruisers arrive , and Ezra joins Gold Squadron to fight off the TIE fighters and disable one of the cruisers , as Mothma and her crew evacuate to the Ghost . Grand Admiral Thrawn surmises that Hera will attempt to escape the sector via the Archeon Nebula , and he sends two Star Destroyers and the prototype TIE Defender to intercept them . Hera manages to destroy two TIEs by flying close to a star , but the Defender survives and manages to destroy most of Gold Squadron except for Ezra and Gold Leader . As the Ghost leaves the nebula , it is caught in a tractor beam by Governor Pryce 's Star Destroyer . Ezra and Gold Leader manage to disable the TIE Defender with ion cannons , then exit the nebula and fire their proton torpedoes into it , triggering an explosion which causes massive damage to the Star Destroyers . Escaping into hyperspace , the Ghost brings Mothma to Dantooine , where she transmits a message to all Rebel cells , urging the formation of the Rebel Alliance . As the Ghost crew watches in amazement , dozens of capital ships from around the galaxy drop out of hyperspace in response to the call to rebellion .",
"36": "56 19 `` Double Agent Droid '' Steward Lee Brent Friedman March 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 11 ) 319 0.36 Chopper , AP - 5 , and Wedge are sent on a mission to an Imperial facility to steal access codes for the factory on Lothal . AP - 5 manages to successfully locate and steal the codes . Meanwhile , Chopper accesses the Imperial network and draws the attention of the Controller , an Imperial agent who controls an advanced spy ship . Using his ship 's capabilities , the Controller remotely seizes control of Chopper , intending to use him to locate the Rebel base . With their mission successful , Chopper , AP - 5 , and Wedge head back to rendezvous with the Ghost . AP - 5 begins to suspect something is wrong when Chopper acts uncharacteristically nice . The rest of the crew thinks AP - 5 is just squabbling with Chopper again though Hera begins to have her suspicions as well . The Controller then uses Chopper to lock the crew in the cargo hold while he attempts to hack the Ghost 's computer . AP - 5 manages to override the door controls , allowing the crew to disable Chopper . Angry that the Imperials have harmed her droid , Hera sends a counter signal back to the Controller , overloading his ship 's systems and causing it to explode . Chopper returns to normal and begins bickering with AP - 5 again . 57 20 `` Twin Suns '' Dave Filoni Dave Filoni & Henry Gilroy March 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 18 ) 320 0.40 After receiving a holocron message , Ezra tells the Ghost crew that they must go to Tatooine to save Obi - Wan Kenobi from Maul . The crew refuses , as they believe that Kenobi is dead and the message is a trap set by Maul . Ezra and Chopper sneak away and head to Tatooine , but things go wrong as their ship is destroyed by Tusken Raiders . Guided by the holocron , Ezra and Chopper set off across the desert in search for Kenobi .",
"37": "After several hours of aimless wandering , Chopper runs out of power and shuts down . Ezra is then haunted by visions of Maul , telling him that he failed his loved ones . Shortly afterwards , Ezra passes out . Upon awakening , he finds that Kenobi has rescued him and Chopper . Ezra tries to warn Kenobi that Maul is after him and asks him to help the rebellion . However , Kenobi refuses , and says that he has no intention of fighting Maul , though it is now inevitable , and that the rebellion already has what it needs to fight the Empire . As Maul finds the pair , Kenobi sends Ezra to safety and quickly defeats Maul ; before Maul dies , Kenobi reveals to him that he is watching over whom he believes is the Chosen One . Ezra and Chopper return to base on Maul 's ship . Ezra tells the rebels that Maul is gone , and apologizes for sneaking away . The episode ends with Kenobi watching a young Luke Skywalker at the Lars moisture farm from a distance . 58 21 `` Zero Hour : Part 1 '' Justin Ridge Steven Melching March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) 321 0.49 Various Rebel cells begin gathering at Atollon to prepare for the attack on Lothal . However , Thrawn is aware of the Rebel plans and tells Governor Pryce and Grand Moff Tarkin that The real performance is about to begin and he has already planned a trap for them . Kallus tries to warn the Rebels , but is captured by Thrawn . Thrawn traces Kallus 's transmission and determines the Rebel base 's location at Atollon . Thrawn sends his fleet to Atollon , which includes two Interdictor Cruisers . With the Interdictors in orbit , it is impossible for the Rebel ships to escape and the fleet is forced to fight a losing battle against the Imperials . Knowing that their only chance is to send someone out to summon the rest of the Rebel fleet , Commander Sato sacrifices himself by crashing his carrier into one of the Interdictors , giving Ezra a window to escape . On Atollon , Kanan attempts to ask the Bendu for help , but the Bendu is reluctant due to its neutral role .",
"38": "Kanan then accuses the Bendu of being a coward , which angers the Bendu and it disappears . In hyperspace , Ezra contacts Mon Mothma for help , but she is unable to send reinforcements due to fear of them getting caught in another of Thrawn 's traps . With no options left , Ezra decides to ask Sabine for help . 59 22 `` Zero Hour : Part 2 '' Justin Ridge Henry Gilroy & Matt Michnovetz March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) 322 0.50 With the battle going poorly , the Rebels are forced to retreat back to their base on Atollon and activate its shield generator , protecting them from the Imperial fleet 's bombardment . Thrawn responds by sending a ground force to assault the base . Ezra reaches Sabine and manages to convince her and Rau to lead a small Mandalorian force to destroy the remaining Interdictor cruiser , which will allow the Rebels to escape . Thrawn 's forces manage to breach the base 's defenses , but before he can capture the Rebels , the Bendu intervenes , attacking the Imperial forces and distracting them long enough for the Rebels to evacuate , but attacks them as well . At the same time , Ezra and Sabine manage to destroy the Interdictor . Kallus manages to escape imprisonment and ejects in an escape pod to be picked up by the Ghost crew . The Rebel fleet then escapes . Back on the surface , Thrawn manages to incapacitate the Bendu , who warns Thrawn that it has already foreseen his defeat . Refusing to believe this , Thrawn attempts to kill the Bendu , personally , but it disappears before the shot could even hit it . The remaining Rebel fleet leaves to rendezvous with the rest of the Rebellion at Yavin IV , and Hera promises to help Sabine and the Mandalorians on an upcoming mission . Ezra is worried about the massive defeat the Rebellion has suffered , but Kanan points out that it is in fact a victory since they managed to escape . He then tells Ezra that he foresees a future where everybody is free , but that they will have to fight to make it happen . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No.",
"39": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 60 `` Heroes of Mandalore : Part 1 '' Steward Lee Henry Gilroy & Steven Melching October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 401 N / A Sabine , Kanan and Ezra lead Clan Wren in a raid on a Clan Saxon outpost to rescue Sabine 's father who is being held captive by Clan Saxon on behalf of the Empire . The outpost turns out to be a trap to capture Sabine but they are rescued by Lady Bo - Katan of Clan Kryze . As Bo - Katan should have become ruler of Mandalore after her sister , Duchess Satine , was murdered , Sabine attempts to give her the Darksaber but Bo - Katan refuses to accept it . Sabine 's father is to be moved to the capital city for a public execution so Sabine plans to rescue him as he is being transported there . They attack the convoy and succeed in rescuing Sabine 's father , Alrich Wren , who turns out to be as much of an artist as Sabine . Sabine is contacted by her mother just as the Empire reveals a new weapon , the sound of which Sabine recognises . They rush to the site of the attack and find every Mandalorian warrior vaporized . Sabine is devastated as she realises they were killed by a weapon she personally designed for the Empire . 61 `` Heroes of Mandalore : Part 2 '' Saul Ruiz Christopher Yost October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 402 N / A Sabine is relieved to find her mother and brother have survived the Empire 's attack . As more Imperials arrive , Sabine and her allies are rescued by Clan Kryze , while Bo - Katan and Ezra destroy the pursuing TIE fighters . Saxon shows a recording of the weapon 's field test to Thrawn -- the weapon superheats an alloy in Mandalorian armor , killing the occupant , but leaving stormtroopers unharmed .",
"40": "At Bo - Katan 's camp , her men confront Sabine for her role in the creation of the weapon which she named the Duchess , after Bo - Katan 's sister , Satine . Sabine convinces Clan Kryze to join her in a raid on Saxon 's Star Destroyer to destroy the weapon . During the assault , Sabine is incapacitated by Saxon , who orders her to adjust to weapon to its full power . She does so , but she instead recalibrates the weapon to target Imperial armor , which stuns the Imperial troops . Sabine slashes the weapon with the Darksaber , breaching its power core and destroying the Star Destroyer . At the Kryze camp , Sabine gives Bo - Katan the Darksaber , making her the true leader of Mandalore . 62 `` In the Name of the Rebellion : Part 1 '' Sergio Paez Gary Whitta October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 403 0.26 Ezra , Kanan and Sabine arrive on Yavin 4 to join the main group of the Rebel Alliance . Hera 's squadron also arrives , having barely survived an Imperial ambush , which Bail Organa attributes to an Imperial communications relay on Jalindi . A droid projects a hologram of Saw Gerrera , who mocks Mon Mothma for her unwillingness to go to any lengths to defeat the Empire , and Mothma angrily responds , refusing to stoop to the violence and extremism committed by Gerrera 's cell . She sends the Ghost crew on a mission to intercept the relay 's transmissions . Sabine inadvertently connects them to the main channel on an approaching light cruiser , forcing Ezra to impersonate an Imperial officer -- unfortunately it is the very officer who is commanding the cruiser , Brom Titus . Sabine calls for Hera to pick them up , as they have been seen . Before she can do so , a U-Wing piloted by Gerrera arrives , picks up Ezra and Sabine , then bombs the relay dish , destroying it and the cruiser . Hera demands Gerrera transfer Ezra and Sabine , but he jumps into hyperspace .",
"41": "63 `` In the Name of the Rebellion : Part 2 '' Bosco Ng Matt Michnovetz October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 404 0.25 Gerrera convinces Ezra and Sabine to aid him in discovering the secret weapon he is convinced the Empire is working on . They board an Imperial cargo shuttle disguised as a regular civilian spacecraft , and discover a group of prisoner engineers from the planet Coruscant who are being shipped to Jedha for an apparent project . Gerrera insists that this is more evidence of a secret weapon . They also find a giant kyber crystal , which they plan to haul out of there with the prisoners . Chopper attempts to get the prisoners out of harm 's way via escape pod , though they are stopped by the Empire . When the plans to get the crystal off of the ship fail , Gerrera blasts it so that it will explode . He calls Two - Tubes to pick him up , and Ezra and Sabine are rescued by the Ghost crew after destroying a massive Star Destroyer . The engineers decide they want to join the Rebel cause , and they head back to Yavin IV . 64 5 `` The Occupation '' Steward Lee Christopher Yost October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 405 0.20 The rebels are informed by Ryder Azadi that the Empire is building a new and improved version of the TIE Defender . Ezra and the Ghost crew depart for Lothal , using Vizago to smuggle them in because the Empire has severely tightened its grip around the planet and nearly crushed the local rebel cell . They find the environment ruined from the Empire 's activities , and that some acquaintances like Old Joe were arrested and executed for aiding rebels . Identified and chased , Ezra 's crew finds unexpected aid from Ezra 's old Academy friend Jai Kell and Azadi himself , who ferry them to safety , but are sorely disappointed to hear that the Rebel Alliance is unable to execute a liberation strike on Lothal . Ezra tries to stay optimistic by telling them that they can destroy the TIE Defender factory by working together , though Azadi remains skeptical due to having witnessed the capabilities of the new TIE Defender .",
"42": "65 6 `` Flight of the Defender '' Saul Ruiz Dave Filoni & Steven Melching October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 406 0.19 The Ghost crew scouts an Imperial air field where the new TIE Defender is being tested . Sabine hits upon the idea of stealing its flight data recorder to obtain the information the rebels need about the TIE , but unfortunately Grand Admiral Thrawn appears to witness a combat demonstration of the new fighter . Cornered , Sabine steals the fighter to get herself and Ezra to safety , but due to an installed kill switch the fighter ends up stranded in the hills of Lothal . While hiding the TIE 's hyperdrive for later retrieval and then trying to evade the Imperial search parties , Ezra catches several unexpected glimpses of a white Loth - Wolf , a rare predatory species . Eventually , the Loth - Wolf appears before him , sends Sabine to sleep and carries them back to their friends , only to disappear as mysteriously as it appeared , leaving Ezra with a strange parting message to ponder over . 66 7 `` Kindred '' Sergio Paez Dave Filoni & Henry Gilroy November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 407 N / A Ezra , Jai Kell and Zeb move to secure the TIE Defender 's hyperdrive before the Imperial recovery team can find it , but Thrawn has already dispatched an additional helper for the search : Rukh , an assassin and unerringly accurate tracker . As Zeb takes the hyperdrive to safety , Ezra and Jai end up being chased by Rukh ; they elude him with much difficulty , but a tracking beacon Rukh attached to their speeder leads Governor Pryce to the Ghost crew 's hideout . While Hera and Chopper evacuate to Yavin with the stolen flight recorder , the rest of the rebels face the incoming Imperials to cover their retreat . Just before the two groups clash , the white Loth - Wolf reappears and leads them into a hidden tunnel complex imbued with the Force .",
"43": "Walking mysterious paths , the rebels inexplicably find themselves in a hidden settlement halfway across the planet which was visited in ancient times by the Jedi who erected the secret temple on Lothal , and discover that the Loth - Wolf is a messenger of the Force , here to tell them of a more sinister goal pursued by the Empire . 67 8 `` Crawler Commandeers '' Bosco Ng Matt Michnovetz November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 408 N / A After the Lothal rebels have taken shelter in the ancient settlement , they discover a Mining Guild ore crawler stripping Lothal 's surface for raw materials passing by , and decide to hijack it to establish contact with Hera and the Yavin rebel base with its communicators . However , the crawler 's captain manages to shut down the vehicle and raise the alarm , and as Sabine works to reactivate it , Kanan and Zeb discover a number of slaves in the hull , among them Vizago , who was sold to the Guild by the Empire . Working together , the rebels and the former slaves allay an incoming Imperial patrol investigating the distress call and prevent the captain from destroying the crawler . In the meantime , Hera , unwilling to wait any longer , inspires rebel command to conduct an immediate assault on the factory where the TIE Defender is being produced , and after communication is established , Ezra 's team agrees to coordinate the impending assault from the planet 's surface . 68 9 `` Rebel Assault '' Steward Lee Dave Filoni & Steven Melching November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 409 N / A Hera and her assault team arrive at Lothal and begin to battle their way past the Imperial blockade , while the Ghost crew on the ground sabotage the anti-aircraft batteries to allow an unhindered attack on the TIE factory at Lothal 's capital . However , with Thrawn coordinating the Imperial defenses , the Rebel attack force is annihilated , with only a few survivors -- Hera , Chopper and pilot Mart Mattin -- managing to reach the surface and regroup safely .",
"44": "As Hera 's group attempts to slip out of the city under constant assailing by Rukh , Kanan returns to the capital to look for her , only to be stopped by the Loth - Wolf , and he asks it what he should do . Hera manages to open an escape route , but is captured by Rukh before she can use it . Mart and Chopper are then picked up by Kanan and brought to the rebels ' hideout as the Loth - Wolf watches . 69 10 `` Jedi Night '' TBA TBA February 19 , 2018 ( February 19 , 2018 ) TBA TBD 70 11 `` DUME '' TBA TBA February 19 , 2018 ( February 19 , 2018 ) TBA TBD 71 12 `` Wolves and a Door '' TBA TBA February 26 , 2018 ( February 26 , 2018 ) TBA TBD 72 13 `` A World Between Worlds '' TBA TBA February 26 , 2018 ( February 26 , 2018 ) TBA TBD 73 14 `` A Fool 's Hope '' TBA TBA March 5 , 2018 ( March 5 , 2018 ) TBA TBD 74 - 75 15 - 16 `` Family Reunion and Farewell '' TBA TBA March 5 , 2018 ( March 5 , 2018 ) TBA TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McLean , Thomas ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars Rebels ' Unveils Kanan , the Cowboy Jedi '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels : Spark of Rebellion Premieres Friday , October 3 on Disney Channel '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fight Against the Empire Will Continue in Star Wars Rebels Season Three '' . StarWars.com . November 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 .",
"45": "Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Rebels Season 3 Announced '' . Slash Film . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rebels Season 3 Premiere Set for September 24 '' . August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- star wars rebels on disney xd '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : MLB Division Series Tops Night + ' Friday Night Smackdown ' , ' Inside the MLB ' , ' Star Wars : Rebels ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Series Premiere Makes ' Star Wars Rebels ' Disney XD 's Number 1 Animated Series Ever With Over 1 Million Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Finals ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney XD 's `` Star Wars Rebels '' Posts Series High in Kids 6 -- 11 and `` Gravity Falls '' Scores Ratings High in Boys 6 -- 11 `` . The Futon Critic . October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ESPN Continues Win Streak with ' Monday Night Football ' '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ABC , NBC Share Victory '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks .",
"46": "Archived from the original on November 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : Modest Start for ' State of Affairs ' on NBC '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : Cable News Networks Rise with Ferguson Coverage '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Finals ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monday Cable Finals ( Report ) . Nielsen Media Research . January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : 2.2. 2015 '' . Show Buzz Daily . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Note : The ratings are in the comments section . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Better Call Saul ' on AMC Tops All Cable Among Adults 18 -- 49 '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Note : The rating is in the comments section . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' The Night Shift ' on NBC Stumbles in Return , Fox 's ' Sleepy Hollow ' Mild Season - Ender '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Note : The rating 's in the comments section . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Gozanti - Class Cruiser '' . StarWars.com .",
"47": "Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : 3.2. 2015 '' . Show Buzz Daily . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Siege of Lothal Had 591,000 Viewers '' . Rebels Hidden Fortress . June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 10.28. 2015 '' . SHOWBUZZDAILY . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.4. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.11. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` EXPANDED SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily .",
"48": "Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.25. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.9. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ StarWars Databank entry on Lira San Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.17.",
"49": "2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.16. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.30. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . March 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Articles ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Articles ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.8. 2016 '' .",
"50": "Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Articles ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Articles ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Articles ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Articles ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Articles ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Articles ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Articles ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Articles ( January 10 , 2017 ) .",
"51": "`` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary WhittaVerified account ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Gary Whitta on Twitter : `` I wrote this one ! Excited for everyone to see it ! ... `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 .",
"52": "Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - saturday - cable - originals - network - finals '' . ShowBuzz Daily . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals Network Finals '' . ShowBuzzDaily . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In the Name of the Rebellion : Part One '' . Disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Articles ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Occupation '' . Disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Articles ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flight of the Defender '' . Disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kindred '' . Disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crawler Commandeers '' . Disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rebel Assault '' . Disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Names For Two Rebels Episodes After The Fall Finale Surface '' . starwarsnewsnet.com . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` STAR WARS REBELS ' OMINOUS NEW TRAILER ANNOUNCES MIDSEASON PREMIERE DATE '' . Nerdist.com . January 19 , 2018 .",
"53": "Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Star Wars Rebels Media Episodes A New Dawn ( 2014 , novel ) Servants of the Empire ( 2014 -- 2015 , novel series ) Thrawn ( 2017 , novel ) Characters Kanan Jarrus Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Other Television films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage The Battle for Endor Radio dramas Star Wars Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Languages The Force Physics Species Bantha Ewok Hutt Sarlacc Tusken Raiders Wookiee List of Star Wars creatures Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Technology",
"54": "Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe Characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert",
"55": "Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_Wars_Rebels_episodes&oldid=822276753 '' Categories : Star Wars Rebels Star Wars lists Star Wars Lists of American animated television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Čeština Deutsch Español 한국어 Magyar Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 12 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
49,
44,
50,
52,
18,
48,
36,
26,
27,
47,
51,
41,
33,
16,
43,
42,
55,
35,
20,
53,
1,
15,
31,
5,
6,
13,
32,
22,
28,
12,
54,
38,
39,
4,
46,
24,
17,
2,
7,
9,
19,
11,
45,
25,
21,
30,
37,
14,
40,
0,
29,
23,
34,
3,
10,
8
] |
[
49,
44,
50,
52,
18
] |
-8329948368908923978
|
who starred in the movie the day the earth stood still
|
[
"Keanu Reeves",
"Jennifer Connelly",
"Jaden Smith",
"Kathy Bates",
"Jon Hamm",
"John Cleese",
"Kyle Chandler",
"Keanu Reeves",
"Jennifer Connelly",
"Jaden Smith",
"Kathy Bates",
"Jon Hamm",
"John Cleese",
"Kyle Chandler",
"Keanu Reeves",
"Jennifer Connelly",
"Jaden Smith",
"Kathy Bates",
"Jon Hamm",
"John Cleese",
"Kyle Chandler"
] |
{
"0": "The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 2008 film ) - wikipedia The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 2008 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Day the Earth Stood Still Theatrical release poster Directed by Scott Derrickson Produced by Paul Harris Boardman Gregory Goodman Erwin Stoff Screenplay by David Scarpa Based on The Day the Earth Stood Still by Edmund H. North `` Farewell to the Master '' by Harry Bates Starring Keanu Reeves Jennifer Connelly Jaden Smith Kathy Bates Jon Hamm John Cleese Kyle Chandler Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography David Tattersall Edited by Wayne Wahrman Production companies 3 Arts Entertainment Dune Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 12 ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $233.1 million The Day the Earth Stood Still is a 2008 American science fiction film , a loose adaptation of the 1951 film of the same name . The screenplay by David Scarpa is based on the 1940 classic science fiction short story `` Farewell to the Master '' by Harry Bates and on the 1951 screenplay adaptation by Edmund H. North . Directed by Scott Derrickson and starring Keanu Reeves as Klaatu , this version replaces the Cold War theme of nuclear warfare with the contemporary issue of humankind 's environmental damage to the planet . It follows Klaatu , an alien sent to try to change human behavior or eradicate humans from Earth . The film was originally scheduled for release on May 9 , 2008 , but was released on a roll - out schedule beginning December 12 , 2008 , screening in both conventional and IMAX theaters . The critical reviews were mainly negative , with 186 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes showing only 21 % of them were positive ; typically the film was found to be `` heavy on special effects , but without a coherent story at its base '' . In its opening week , the film took top spot at the U.S. box office and went on to gross over $233 million worldwide .",
"1": "The Day the Earth Stood Still was released on home video on April 7 , 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Effects 4 Music 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1928 , a solitary mountaineer encounters a glowing sphere . He loses consciousness and when he wakes , the sphere has gone and there is a scar on his hand where a sample of his DNA has been taken . In the present day , a rapidly moving object is detected beyond Jupiter 's orbit and forecast to impact Manhattan . It is moving at 30,000 kilometers per second , enough to destroy all life on Earth . The United States government hastily assembles a group of scientists , including Dr. Helen Benson and her friend Dr. Michael Granier , to develop a survival plan . As it nears the planet , the object slows down just before impact . Revealed to be a large spherical spaceship , it lands gently in Central Park . The sphere is quickly surrounded by NYPD and heavily armed US military forces . An alien emerges and Helen moves forward to greet it ; but amidst the confusion , the alien is shot . A gigantic robot appears and temporarily disables everything in the vicinity before the wounded alien voices the command `` Klaatu barada nikto '' to shut down the robot 's defensive response . The alien 's exterior is found to be a bioengineered space suit , composed of placenta - like material covering a human - like being . The being quickly ages into Klaatu , who looks like the mountaineer from 1928 . Klaatu informs Secretary of Defense Regina Jackson that he is a representative of a group of civilizations , sent to talk to the leaders of Earth about saving the planet . When Jackson instead sends him to be interrogated , Klaatu escapes and reconnects with Helen and her stepson , Jacob , telling them that he must finish his mission to `` save the Earth '' . The presence of the sphere , and other smaller ones that begin to appear all over the world , causes widespread panic .",
"2": "The military launches a drone attack on the Central Park sphere , but are thwarted by the robot . The military takes a weapons - free approach , cautiously enclosing the robot , soon nicknamed `` GORT '' ( for Genetically Organized Robotic Technology ) , and transporting it to Mount Weather , an underground facility in Virginia . Klaatu meets with another alien , Mr. Wu , who has lived on Earth for 70 years . Wu tells Klaatu that he has found the human race to be destructive , stubborn and unwilling to change , which matches Klaatu 's experiences . Klaatu orders the smaller spheres to collect specimens of animal species , to preserve them for later reintroduction to the Earth . He clarifies for Helen that he means to save the Earth from destruction by humankind . When a policeman attempts to take them into custody , Klaatu kills him then promptly revives the officer , telling Helen and Jacob that he did this to simply disarm an obstacle to his mission . Hoping to persuade Klaatu to change his mind about humanity , Helen takes him to the home of Professor Barnhardt , a Nobel Prize winner . They discuss how Klaatu 's own race went through a drastic , collaborative evolution to prevent the demise of their own planet . Barnhardt pleads that Earth is at the same precipice , and humanity should be given a chance to understand that it too must change . While the adults are talking , Jacob calls the authorities to come and arrest Klaatu . While the military is examining GORT , the robot transforms into a swarm of winged , insect - like , nano - machines that self - replicate as they consume every man - made object in their path . The swarm soon devours the entire facility , emerging above ground to continue feeding . The military capture Helen while Klaatu and Jacob escape on foot . As they travel , Klaatu learns more about humanity through Jacob . When Jacob contacts Helen and arranges to meet at his father 's grave , the Secretary sends her to try to change Klaatu 's mind . At the grave , Jacob is heartbroken that Klaatu can not resurrect his long dead father . As Helen and Jacob have a tear - filled reunion , Klaatu 's cumulative observations of humans convinces him to stop the swarm . Dr.",
"3": "Granier drives them to the Central Park sphere , but the swarm has reached massive proportions . Klaatu trudges through the swarm to the sphere , touching it moments before his own body is consumed . The sphere deactivates the swarm , saving humanity , but at the expense of electrical activity on Earth , per Klaatu 's warning that there will be a price to the modern human way of life . The giant sphere leaves the Earth . Cast ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Keanu Reeves as Klaatu , an alien messenger in human form . Reeves dislikes remakes , but was impressed by the script , which he deemed a reimagining . He enjoyed the original film as a child and became fonder of it as an adult when he understood how relevant it was , but prefers this version because it lacked the contradictory message of Klaatu `` laying down the law ( ... ) almost as though the alien had the bigger stick . '' Reeves acknowledged his Klaatu is `` inverted '' from the original , starting `` sinister and tough '' but becoming `` more human , '' whereas the original was `` more human than human '' before revealing his `` big stick '' in his ending speech . He compared the remake 's Klaatu to the wrathful God who floods the world in the Old Testament , but is gentle and forgiving by the time of the New Testament . He spent many weeks revising the script , trying to make Klaatu 's transition from alien in human form to one who appreciates their emotions and beliefs subtle and nuanced . Derrickson , the director , said that although Reeves would not use actions `` that are highly unusual or highly quirky '' , he nevertheless `` keeps you aware of the fact that this being you 're walking through this movie with is not a human being . '' At Reeves ' insistence , the classic line `` Klaatu barada nikto '' was added to the script after initially being omitted .",
"4": "The line was recorded many times , and it was decided to combine two recordings : one where Reeves said it normally , and a reversed version where he said the line backwards , creating an `` alien '' effect . Jennifer Connelly as Helen Benson , a famed astrobiologist at Princeton University who is recruited by the government to study Klaatu . Connelly was Derrickson 's first choice for the part . She is a fan of the original film and felt Patricia Neal 's original portrayal of Helen was `` fabulous '' , but trusted the filmmakers with their reinterpretation of the story and of Helen , who was a secretary in the original . Connelly emphasized that Helen is amazed when she meets Klaatu , as she never believed she would encounter a sentient alien like him , after speculating on extraterrestrial life for so long . Connelly was dedicated to understanding her scientific jargon , with Seth Shostak stating she did `` everything short of writing a NASA grant application '' . Kathy Bates as Regina Jackson , the United States Secretary of Defense . Bates had only two weeks to film her scenes , so she often requested Derrickson act out her lines so she would directly understand his aims for her dialogue , rather than interpret vague directions . Jaden Smith as Jacob Benson , Helen 's rebellious eight - year - old stepson . His conflict with his stepmother was worsened by the death of his father , and he initially dislikes Klaatu , believing him to be a potential stepfather . Jacob replaces the character of Bobby ( Billy Gray ) in the original , and his relationship with Helen was written as a microcosm of how Klaatu comes to see humanity -- the alien sees their cold and distant relationship as normal human behavior , and their reconciliation forces him to change his mind . Smith had met Keanu Reeves before - on the set of The Matrix sequels , which featured his mother Jada Pinkett - Smith - although he was only three years old at the time . John Cleese as Professor Karl Barnhardt , a Nobel Prize - winning physicist who specializes in the evolutionary basis of altruism . Helen takes Klaatu to him to further change his mind . The role was the most difficult to cast , and eventually the filmmakers decided to approach Cleese , noting `` Who would you rather make the argument ( to Klaatu ) for mankind than John Cleese ? ''",
"5": "Stoff , a producer , had met Cleese a few times beforehand and had noted his intellect . The actor was surprised the filmmakers were interested in him , and decided playing a dramatic role would be easier than to play a comedic one at his age . He was often reminded to speed up his dialogue so that Reeves would not appear in synchronity with normal human speech patterns . Cleese said he is not interested in extraterrestrial life because he often philosophizes about the purpose of life and why humans are distracted by trivial matters . Cleese spoke about portraying abilities outside his own experience in the scene in which Klaatu corrects a formula Barnhardt has written on a blackboard : `` The trouble is , I had to be able to write the equation , because Barnhardt has been working on it for 60 years . I learned to carefully copy things down that mean nothing to me at all . In A Fish Called Wanda , I spoke a lot of Russian without having any idea what it means . '' Jon Hamm as Dr. Michael Granier , a NASA official who recruits Helen into his scientific team investigating Klaatu . Granier is fascinated by Klaatu , but is torn between his official obligation to detain the alien and protect his country . Hamm acknowledged science fiction was a niche genre when the original film was made , and that it used science fiction to make topical issues more approachable . Hamm had the same feelings for this remake . Originally , Hamm 's character was French and named Michel . Although he is interested in math and science , Hamm found his technical dialogue difficult and had to film his lines repeatedly . Kyle Chandler as John Driscoll , an official in the US Government , who leads the research on G.O.R.T. at an underground facility . Robert Knepper as Colonel James Hong as Mr. Wu John Rothman as Dr. Myron Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 1994 , 20th Century Fox and Erwin Stoff had produced the successful Keanu Reeves film Speed . Stoff was at an office at the studio when he saw a poster for the 1951 film The Day the Earth Stood Still , which made him ponder a remake with Reeves as Klaatu .",
"6": "By the time David Scarpa started writing a draft of the script in 2005 , Thomas Rothman was in charge of Fox and felt a responsibility to remake the film . Scarpa felt everything about the original film was still relevant , but changed the allegory from nuclear war to environmental damage because `` the specifics of ( how ) we now have the capability to destroy ourselves have changed . '' Scarpa noted the recent events of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 informed his mindset when writing the screenplay . He scrapped Klaatu 's speech at the conclusion of the story because `` audiences today are ( un ) willing to tolerate that . People do n't want to be preached to about the environment . We tried to avoid having our alien looking out over the garbage in the lake and crying a silent tear ( from the 1970s Keep America Beautiful ads ) . '' Director Scott Derrickson admired the original film 's director Robert Wise , whom he met as a film student . He generally dislikes remakes , but he enjoyed the script , which he decided was a retelling of the story and not a true remake . He also explained that The Day the Earth Stood Still is not a widely seen classic film , unlike The Wizard of Oz , which he would not bother remaking . Derrickson 's benchmark was Philip Kaufman 's 1978 remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers . Klaatu was made more menacing than in the original , because the director felt he had to symbolize the more complex era of the 2000s . There was debate over whether to have Klaatu land in Washington , D.C. , as in the original ; but Derrickson chose New York City because he liked the geometry of Klaatu 's sphere landing in Central Park . Derrickson also did not write in Gort 's original backstory , which was already absent from the script he read . He already thought the script was a good adaptation and did n't want the negative connotations of fascism from the original film . Astronomer Seth Shostak served as scientific consultant on the film , reviewed the script several times for errors , gave suggestions for making the scientists appear less dry , and noted that they would refer to one another on a first - name basis .",
"7": "He said , `` Real scientists do n't describe an object entering the solar system as ' notable for the fact that it was not moving in an asteroidal ellipse , but moving at nearly three times ten to the seventh meters per second . ' More likely , they would say that there was ' a goddamned rock headed our way ! ' '' Filming ( edit ) Filming took place from December 12 , 2007 , to March 19 , 2008 , at Vancouver Film Studios , Vancouver Forum , Deer Lake , Jericho Park , and Simon Fraser University . The film was originally scheduled for release on May 9 , 2008 , but it was delayed until December 12 , 2008 , because filming commenced later than scheduled . By the time preproduction had started , Scarpa had written 40 drafts of the script . The film was mostly shot on sets because it was winter in Vancouver . Derrickson was fascinated by color schemes . He chose blue - green and orange as the primary colors for The Day the Earth Stood Still . The missile silo converted by the military for experimenting on Gort emphasized gray and orange , which was inspired by an image of lava flowing through a gray field . Derrickson opted to shoot on traditional film , and rendered the colors in post-production to make them more subtle , for realism . To film Barnhardt and Klaatu writing equations on a blackboard , general relativity sums were drawn by Marco Peloso from the University of Minnesota and William Hiscock of Montana State University in faint pencil marks . Keanu Reeves and John Cleese drew over these in chalk . As Fox had a mandate to become a carbon neutral company by 2011 , The Day the Earth Stood Still 's production had an environmentally friendly regimen . `` Whether it was because of this movie thematically or it was an accident of time , there were certain things production-wise we 've been doing and been asked to do and so on , '' said Erwin Stoff . To prevent the wasting of paper , concept art , location stills and costume tests were posted on a website created by the production for crew members to reference . Costumes were kept for future Fox productions or given to homeless shelters , rather than thrown away .",
"8": "Hybrid vehicles were used and crew members had orders to turn off their car engines if they sat in their vehicles for more than three minutes . Effects ( edit ) The redesigned Gort and behind him , the new biological spaceship resembling an orb Weta Digital created the majority of the effects , with additional work by Cinesite and Flash Film Works . The machines of Klaatu 's people have a biological basis rather than a mechanical one , as Derrickson theorized that their mastery of ecology would demonstrate their level of sophistication . Derrickson deemed a modern audience would find the original 's flying saucer amusingly obsolete and unique to the original 's milieu . The director also noted that the original The Day the Earth Stood Still had influenced many films , so his technicians needed to bring new ideas to the remake . The effects team approached the new spacecraft 's design as inter-dimensional portals resembling orbs . The script had specified the inside of the orbs as a `` white limbo - y thing '' , but visual - effects consultant Jeff Okun explained this was deleted for being too `` cheesy '' . Derrickson felt not showing the inside of the ship , unlike the original , would make the audience more curious . As well as computer - generated spheres -- such as Klaatu 's 300 - foot ( 91 m ) ship , or a 3,000 - foot ( 910 m ) tall orb that rises from the sea -- 700 - pound ( 320 kg ) spheres , 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) in diameter , were sculpted by Custom Plastics , which built spheres for Disney theme parks . The spheres were split in two to make transportation easier . It was difficult placing lights inside them without making them melt . The visual - effects team looked at natural objects , including water droplets and the surfaces of Jupiter and Saturn for the spheres ' texture . Derrickson emphasized a Trinity - like relationship between the sphere , Klaatu , and Gort . Klaatu is initially depicted as a radiant focus of sentient light . He is then depicted as a 7 - foot - tall ( 2.1 m ) gray `` walking womb '' shape which finally takes on a completely human appearance . The filmmakers conceived the transitional form because they pondered the idea of humans mistaking space suits for alien skin .",
"9": "Computer - generated imagery and practical effects achieved the transformation . Todd Masters ( Slither ) directed the creation of the alien form , using thermal plastic and silicone . The script described Gort as nanotechnology by the time the director signed on , although it did not specify Gort 's appearance . The 15th draft of the script had depicted the robot as a four - legged `` Totem '' that stands upright after firing its weapon beam . Okun explained there were many more `` horrific '' or `` amazing '' concepts , but it made sense that the robot would assume a familiar human shape . He cited the Monolith from 2001 : A Space Odyssey as an inspiration for Gort 's texture , noting `` it 's a simple shape , it has no emotion ( ... ) it just simply is '' , which makes Gort more frightening because the audience can not tell what he is thinking . The animators estimated the computer - generated robot as 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) tall , whereas in the original he was played by the 7 - foot - 7 - inch ( 2.31 m ) tall Lock Martin . Gort 's computer model was programmed to reflect light , and the filmmakers spent time on motion - capture sessions to guide the performance . An actor wore weights on his hands and feet , allowing the animators to bring a sense of weight and power to Gort . His destructive capabilities were based on locust swarms , although the idea of metal - eating insects goes back to Stephen Vincent Benét 's 1933 poem `` Metropolitan Nightmare '' . Music ( edit ) The Day the Earth Stood Still : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Tyler Bates Released December 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 16 ) Length 52 : 43 Label Varèse Sarabande The Day the Earth Stood Still : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was orchestrated and conducted by Timothy Williams . Tyler Bates was brought in to compose the score for The Day the Earth Stood Still after Derrickson heard his work on The Devil 's Rejects and Slither . Instead of imitating the original score by Bernard Herrmann , Bates decided to try to convey the updated message of the new film , and he assumed that most people would not even realize it was a remake .",
"10": "Bates said , `` People revere an original property and feel that it 's sacred , but frankly , there 's a good story to be retold , as it applies to the climate of the world now . If that 's something beyond the scope of a person 's ability to take in , on a new level , without necessarily using the original as a criteria for whether or not they 're going to enjoy it , then they probably should n't bother themselves with it . '' The origins for the sound on the new score came from Bates attending the filming of a few scenes with Reeves and Smith . When he got back to L.A. , he created a sound loop on his GuitarViol to which Derrickson responded , `` I think that 's the score ! '' , when it was played for him . Bates utilized the theremin , which Herrmann heavily used for the original film 's score . Bates and the theremin player he hired used the instrument in a manner reminiscent of a sound effect , especially during Klaatu 's surgery . A short segment from Bach 's Goldberg Variations is heard playing in the background of the Professor 's home when Klaatu visits the Professor which was not included in the film 's accompanying soundtrack release . Release ( edit ) Before its release , The Day the Earth Stood Still was nominated for Best Visual Effects and Best Sound at the 2008 Satellite Awards . On the film 's December 12 , 2008 release , the Deep Space Communications Network at Cape Canaveral was to transmit the film to Alpha Centauri . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Keanu Reeves and Scott Derrickson on film promotion in Mexico . December 12 , 2008 . Metacritic , a film review aggregator , gave the film a 40 / 100 approval rating based on 34 reviews by top rated reviewers , placing it in the `` mixed reviews '' category . Based on 186 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , only 21 % of them were positive . The majority found the film `` heavy on special effects , but without a coherent story at its base , ( the film ) is a subpar re-imagining of the 1951 science - fiction classic . ''",
"11": "Bruce Paterson of the Australian Film Critics Association gave the film 3 out of 5 stars , writing that the generally poor reception for the film was `` a sad fate for a surprisingly sincere tribute to Robert Wise 's 1951 classic . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times ' congratulated ' Keanu Reeves 's performance and wrote in his review that `` This contemporary remake of the science - fiction classic knew what it was doing when it cast Keanu Reeves , the movies ' greatest stone face since Buster Keaton . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times was not impressed with Reeves ' performance , commenting that `` even Klaatu looks bored and distracted , much as he did back when we knew him as Neo . '' William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer gave the film a B minus and wrote , `` It 's a decent enough stab at being what the old movie was to its time , following the same basic plot , full of respectful references to its model , updated with a gallery of fairly imaginative special effects . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two stars and noted that the film had `` taken its title so seriously that the plot stands still along with it '' , but also stated that it was `` an expensive , good - looking film that is well - made by Scott Derrickson '' . Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two stars and wrote in her review she felt the film was `` musty and derivative '' and thought its only bright spot was 10 - year - old Jaden Smith 's `` engaging , lively performance '' . At the 2009 Razzie Awards , the film was nominated for Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel , but lost the award to Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . The film was nominated in the category of `` Best Single Visual Effect of the Year '' at the 7th Visual Effects Society Awards but lost to The Curious Case of Benjamin Button . Box Office ( edit ) The Day the Earth Stood Still opened in North America on December 12 , 2008 . During that opening weekend , and despite poor response from critics , the film reached the # 1 spot , grossing $30,480,153 from 3,560 theaters with an $8,562 average per theater .",
"12": "Out of the film 's opening weekend income , 12 % was from IMAX ; it was `` the highest IMAX share yet for a two - dimensional title '' . In 2008 , it was the 27th highest - grossing film during its opening weekend but 40th for the entire year . The Day the Earth Stood Still was able to stay in the top 10 for its first four weeks in theaters . The film ended up grossing $79,366,978 domestically and $153,726,881 in foreign markets , a total of $233,093,859 . Home Media ( edit ) The Day the Earth Stood Still was released on DVD and Blu - ray on April 7 , 2009 , almost four months after its release and only five days after its theater run ended . Bonus features include commentary with Scarpa along with a picture - in - picture showing the special effects footage , concept art , and photos . It also includes several featurettes : `` Build Your Own Gort '' , `` Re-Imagining The Day '' , `` Unleashing Gort '' , `` Watching the Skies : In Search of Extraterrestrial Life '' , and `` The Day the Earth was Green . '' Also included were three still galleries and the film 's trailer . Packaged with the film on a separate disc , is the original 1951 film . The Blu - ray release features a D - BOX motion code . According to data by Home Media Magazine , it came in first for rentals during its first and second weeks . For the first week of its release it was ranked first in Blu - ray sales , and second on the regular DVD sales chart , behind Bedtime Stories , totaling $14,650,377 ( not including Blu - ray ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` 20th Century Fox Stops the World to Beam The Day The Earth Stood Still into Deep Space '' ( Press release ) .",
"13": "MarketWatch. 2008 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still : The IMAX Experience '' . 2008 - 12 - 09 . Archived from the original ( Website announcement ) on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Day the Earth Stood Still Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ David Scarpa ( 2009 ) . The Day the Earth Stood Still ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Writer 's DVD commentary ^ Jump up to : Damon Wise ( December 2008 ) . `` Keanu Barada Nikto '' . Empire . pp. 143 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Dennis Lim ( 2008 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Keanu Reeves ' freaky flights of fancy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Steve Biodrowsk ( 2008 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Day the Earth Stood Still - Preview '' . Cinefantastique . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production notes '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Shawn Adler ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` ' The Day The Earth Stood Still ' Trailer Is Here ! '' . MTV Movies Blog . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Cindy White ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) . `` On Set : Day The Earth Stood Still '' . SCI FI Wire . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : More Earth Spoilers '' . SCI FI Wire. 2008 - 12 - 10 .",
"14": "Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Seth Shostak ( 2008 - 12 - 08 ) . `` On the Set of The Day the Earth Stood Still '' . Space.com . Imaginova . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Rotten ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) . `` The Day the Earth Stood Still Set Visit Q & A '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Paulington James Christensen ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Keanu Reeves and Jennifer Connelly Prepare Us for The Day the Earth Stood Still ! '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Mueller ( December 2008 ) . `` Excellent adventure , or bogus journey ? '' . Total Film . pp. 68 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Scott Brown ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) . `` The Looming Deluge of Eco-Disaster Flicks '' . Wired . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Alistair Harkness ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Director Scott Derrickson tells why he agreed to reinvent The Day The Earth Stood Still for the modern era '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Rotten ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Set Visit : The Day the Earth Stood Still '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ George Rousch ( 2008 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : 1 - 1 With Day The Earth Stood Still Director Scott Derrickson '' . Latino Review . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 .",
"15": "Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Film Production Chart '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Glen Schaefer ( 2008 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Sun shines on Day Earth Stood Still set '' . National Post . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) . `` ' Transformers ' sequel sets 2009 date '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Heather Newgen ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Making the Earth Stand Still '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` No Gort ! ! No `` Klaatu Barada Nikto '' ! ! Uncapie Goes Postal On THE DAY THE EARTH STOOD STILL Remake Script ! ! `` . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Larson , Randall ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Tyler Bates on Score Day the Earth Stood Still '' . Cinefantastique . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Patrick Lee ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` Q&A : Earth 's Director '' . Syfy . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still - Soundtrack '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on 13 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandow , Greg ( 19 December 2008 ) . `` The day the '' . Arts Journal Blog . Archived from the original on 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 .",
"16": "In the background , on the scientist 's stereo , we hear a recording of the Goldberg Variations Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( 2008 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Int'l Press Academy announces nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Screen '' . Cinephilia . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 2008 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Review : ' The Day the Earth Stood Still ' - Los Angeles Times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 2008 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Review : ' The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 2008 ) - It 's All Over Earthlings ( Do n't Flee to New Jersey ) ' - New York Times '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( 2008 - 12 - 11 ) . `` ' The Day the Earth Stood Still : ' Timing gives sci - fi remake a fighting chance '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still Review - Roger Ebert '' . Chicago Sun - Times . 2008 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 2008 - 12 - 14 ) . `` ' The Day the Earth Stood Still ' does n't do original justice '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Annual VES Awards '' . visual effects society . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( December 15 , 2008 ) . `` ' The Day the Earth ' Stalls '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still Box Office Summary '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Martin ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` The Day the Earth Stood still blu - ray Review '' . Blu-Ray.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still '' . The Numbers website . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 2008 film ) Official website The Day the Earth Stood Still on IMDb The Day the Earth Stood Still at AllMovie The Day the Earth Stood Still at the TCM Movie Database The Day the Earth Stood Still at Box Office Mojo The Day the Earth Stood Still at Metacritic The Day the Earth Stood Still at Rotten Tomatoes The Day the Earth Stood Still Versions `` Farewell to the Master '' ( 1940 short story ) 1951 film 2008 film Universe Klaatu Gort `` Klaatu barada nikto '' Films directed by Scott Derrickson Hellraiser : Inferno ( 2000 ) The Exorcism of Emily Rose ( 2005 ) The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 2008 ) Sinister ( 2012 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"18": "php?title=The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still_(2008_film)&oldid=822149480 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films American science fiction films Canadian films 2000s science fiction films Performance capture in film American films Environmental films American film remakes Films set in New York City Films set in New Jersey Films shot in Vancouver Films using computer - generated imagery IMAX films 20th Century Fox films Apocalyptic films Films directed by Scott Derrickson Dune Entertainment films Robot films Films about extraterrestrial life Films scored by Tyler Bates Nanotechnology in fiction Self - replicating machines in fiction Noah 's Ark in film Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use mdy dates from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 18 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
4,
5,
14,
3,
0,
18,
2,
11,
13,
6,
8,
10,
16,
9,
7,
1,
15,
17,
12
] |
[
4,
5,
14,
3,
0
] |
-8180956769613953861
|
what is the highest peak in the ozarks
|
[
"Buffalo Lookout",
"Lookout",
"Buffalo Lookout",
"Buffalo Lookout",
"Buffalo Lookout"
] |
{
"0": "Ozarks - wikipedia Ozarks Jump to : navigation , search `` Ozark '' redirects here . For other uses , see Ozark ( disambiguation ) . Ozarks Ozark Highlands ; Ozark Mountains ; Ozark Plateaus View of the Ozarks from the Buffalo National River , Newton County , Arkansas Highest point Peak Buffalo Lookout Elevation 2,561 ft ( 781 m ) 37 ° 10 ′ N 92 ° 30 ′ W / 37.167 ° N 92.500 ° W / 37.167 ; - 92.500 Geography Country United States State / Province Arkansas Kansas Missouri Oklahoma Geology Age of rock Paleozoic to Proterozoic The Saint Francois Mountains , viewed here from Knob Lick Mountain , are the exposed geologic core of the Ozarks . Elevation map of the Ozarks . The Ozarks , also referred to as the Ozark Mountains and Ozark Plateau , is a physiographic region in the U.S. states of Arkansas , Missouri , Oklahoma , and Kansas . The Ozarks cover a significant portion of northern Arkansas and southern Missouri , extending from Interstate 40 in Arkansas to the suburbs of St. Louis . A portion of the Ozarks extends into northeastern Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas . There are two mountain ranges within the Ozarks : the Boston Mountains of Arkansas and the St. Francois Mountains of Missouri . Buffalo Lookout , the highest point in the Ozarks , is located in the Boston Mountains . Geologically , the area is a broad dome with the exposed core in the St. Francois Mountains . The Ozarks cover nearly 47,000 square miles , making it the most extensive highland region between the Appalachians and Rockies . Together with the Ouachita Mountains , the area is known as the U.S. Interior Highlands .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Physiographic subregions 3 Geology 4 Ecology and conservation 5 Lakes and streams 6 Regional economy 6.1 Traditional economic activity 6.2 Current economic activities 7 Culture 7.1 Religion 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Folklore 10.2 History 10.3 Tourism 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) Ozarks is a toponym believed to be derived as a linguistic corruption of the French abbreviation aux Arcs ( short for aux Arkansas , or `` of / at Arkansas '' in English ) in the decades prior to the French and Indian War , aux Arkansas originally referring to the trading post at Arkansas Post , located in wooded Arkansas Delta lowland area above the confluence of the Arkansas River with the Mississippi River . `` Arkansas '' seems to be the French version of what the Illinois tribe ( further up the Mississippi ) called the Quapaw , who lived in eastern Arkansas in the area of the trading post . Eventually , the term came to refer to all Ozark Plateau drainage into the Arkansas and Missouri Rivers . An alternative origin for the name `` Ozark '' involves the French term aux arcs . In the later 17th and early 18th centuries , French cartographers mapped the Arkansas and Mississippi Rivers . The large , top most arc or bend in this part of the Arkansas River was referred to as the aux arcs -- the top or most northern arc in the whole of the lower Arkansas . Travelers arriving by boat would disembark at this top bend of the river to explore the Ozarks ; the town of Ozark , Arkansas is located on the north bank at this location . Other possible derivations include aux arcs meaning `` ( land ) of the arches '' in reference to the dozens of natural bridges formed by erosion and collapsed caves in the Ozark region . These include Clifty Hollow Natural Bridge ( actually a series of arches ) in Missouri , and Alum Cove in the Ozark -- St. Francis National Forest . It is even suggested aux arcs is an abbreviation of aux arcs - en - ciel , French for `` toward the rainbows '' which are a common sight in the mountainous regions .",
"2": "After the Louisiana Purchase , American travelers in the region referred to various features of the upland areas using the term Ozark , such as Ozark Mountains and Ozark forests . By the early 20th century , the Ozarks had become a generic term . Physiographic subregions ( edit ) The Ozarks consist of five physiographic subregions : the Boston Mountains of north Arkansas and Cookson Hills of east Oklahoma the Springfield Plateau of southwest Missouri , northeast Oklahoma , and northwest Arkansas and including Springfield and Joplin in Missouri , Tahlequah in Oklahoma and Fayetteville and Harrison in Arkansas ; the White River Hills along the White River including Branson , Mountain Home to Batesville ; the Salem Plateau or Central Plateau which includes a broad band across south central Missouri and north central Arkansas including the Lebanon , Salem and West Plains areas ; the Courtois Hills of southeastern Missouri ; the Osage - Gasconade Hills around the Lake of the Ozarks ; the Saint Francois Mountains ; the Missouri River and Mississippi River border areas along the eastern and northeastern flanks . Karst features such as springs , losing streams , sinkholes and caves are common in the limestones of the Springfield Plateau and abundant in the dolostone bedrock of the Salem Plateau and Boston Mountains . Missouri is known as `` The Cave State '' with over 6000 recorded caves ; the majority of these caves are found in the Ozark counties . The Ozark Plateaus aquifer system affects groundwater movement in all areas except the igneous core of the St. Francois Mountains . Geographic features include limestone and dolomite glades , which are rocky , desert - like area on hilltops . Kept open by periodic fires that limit growth of grasses and forbs in shallow soil , glades are home to collared lizards , tarantulas , scorpions , cacti and other species more typical of the desert southwest . The Boston Mountains contain the highest elevations of the Ozarks with peaks over 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) and form some of the greatest relief of any formation between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains. The Ouachita Mountains to the south rise a few hundred feet higher , but are not geographically associated with the Ozarks .",
"3": "The Boston Mountains portion of the Ozarks extends north of the Arkansas River Valley 20 to 35 miles ( 32 to 56 km ) and is approximately 200 miles ( 320 km ) and are bordered by the Springfield and Salem Plateau to the north of the White River . Summits can reach elevations of just over 2,560 feet ( 780 m ) with valleys 500 to 1,550 feet ( 472 m ) deep ( 150 m to 450 m ) . Turner Ward Knob is the highest named peak . Located in western Newton County , Arkansas , its elevation is 2,463 feet ( 751 m ) . Nearby , five unnamed peaks have elevations at or slightly above 2,560 feet ( 780 m ) . Drainage is primarily to the White River , with the exception of the Illinois River , although there also is considerable drainage from the south slopes of the Boston Mountains to the Arkansas River . Major streams of this type include Lee Creek , Frog Bayou , Mulberry River , Spadra Creek , Big Piney Creek , Little Piney Creek , Illinois Bayou , Point Remove Creek , and Cadron Creek . Many Ozark waterways have their headwaters in the uplands of the Boston formation , including the Buffalo , King 's , Mulberry , Little Red and White rivers . Topography is mostly gently rolling in the Springfield and Salem Plateaus , whereas the Saint Francois Mountains are more rugged . Although the Springfield formation 's surface is primarily Mississippian limestone and chert , the Salem Plateau is older Ordovician dolostones , limestones , and sandstones . Both are rife with karst topography and form long , flat plains . The formations are separated by steep escarpments that dramatically interrupt the rolling hills . Although much of the Springfield Plateau has been denuded of the surface layers of the Boston Mountains , large remnants of these younger layers are present throughout the southern end of the formation , possibly suggesting a peneplain process . The Springfield Plateau drains through wide , mature streams ultimately feeding the White River . Geology. ( edit ) The Saint Francois Mountains in the northeastern Ozarks are the eroded remnants of an ancient range which form the geological core of the highland dome .",
"4": "The igneous and volcanic rocks of the Saint Francois Mountains are the exposed remains of a Proterozoic mountain range hundreds of millions of years old . The remaining hills are the exposed portion of an extensive terrane ( the Spavinaw terrane in part ) of granitic and rhyolitic rocks dating from 1485 to 1350 mya that stretches from Ohio to western Oklahoma . The core of the range existed as an island in the Paleozoic seas . Reef complexes occur in the sedimentary layers surrounding this ancient island . These flanking reefs were points of concentration for later ore - bearing fluids which formed the rich lead - zinc ores that have been and continue to be mined in the area . The igneous and volcanic rocks extend at depth under the relatively thin veneer of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and form the basal crust of the entire region . Grey dolomite laid down c. 500 mya nonconformally overlies reddish rhyolite that formed close to 1500 mya in the St. Francois Mountains . A major unconformity in the region attests that the Ozarks were above sea level for several hundred million years from the time of the volcanism in the Precambrian until the mid-Cambrian with an erosionally produced relief of up to 1500 feet . The seas encroached during the late Cambrian producing the Lamotte Sandstone , 200 to 300 feet ( 61 to 91 m ) thick , followed by carbonate sedimentation . Coral reefs formed around the granite and rhyolite islands in this Cambrian sea . This carbonate formation , the Bonneterre now mostly dolomite , is exposed around the St. Francis mountains , but extends in the subsurface throughout the Ozarks and reaches a thickness of 400 to 1,500 feet ( 120 to 460 m ) . The Bonneterre is overlain by 500 to 600 feet ( 150 to 180 m ) of dolomite , often sandy , silty or cherty , forming the Elvins Group and the Potosi and Eminence Formations . Withdrawal of the seas resulted in another unconformity during the latest Cambrian and early Ordovician periods . Hydrothermal mineralizing fluids formed the rich lead ore deposits of the Lead Belt during this time .",
"5": "Outcrop of Roubidoux sandstone along a bluff in Douglas County , Missouri Sedimentation resumed in the Ordovician with the deposition of the Gunter sandstone , the Gasconade dolomite and the prominent Roubidoux sandstone and dolomite . The sandstone of the Roubidoux forms prominent bluffs along the streams eroding into the southern part of the Salem Plateau . The Roubidoux and Gunter sandstones serve as significant aquifers when present in the subsurface . The source of the sands is considered to be the emerging Wisconsin Dome to the northeast . The Ozark region remained as a subsiding shallow carbonate shelf environment with a significant thickness of cherty dolomites as the Jefferson City , Cotter and Powell formations . Portions of the Ozark Plateau , the Springfield plateau of southwest Missouri and northern Arkansas , are underlain by Mississippian cherty limestones locally referred to as Boone chert consisting of limestone and chert layers . These are eroded and form steep hills , valleys and bluffs . The Boston Mountains are a high and deeply dissected plateau . The rocks of the region are essentially little disturbed , flat - lying sedimentary layers of Paleozoic age . The highest ridges and peaks are capped by Pennsylvanian sandstone such as the basal Atoka and the `` Middle Bloyd '' . The deeply eroded valleys are cut into Mississippian limestone and below that layer Ordovician dolomite . During the Pennsylvanian Period the Ozark Plateau was uplifted as a result of the Ouachita orogeny . During the late Paleozoic the deep ocean basin that existed in central and southern Arkansas was lifted when South America collided with North America creating the folded Ouachita Mountains and uplifting the Ozark plateau to the north . Ecology and Conservation ( edit ) Formal conservation in the region began when the Ozark National Forest was created by proclamation of President Theodore Roosevelt in 1908 to preserve 917,944 acres ( 3,714.79 km ) across five Arkansas counties . Another 608,537 acres ( 2,462.66 km ) were added the following year . The initial forest included area as far south as Mount Magazine and as far east as Sylamore .",
"6": "In 1939 , Congress established Mark Twain National Forest at nine sites in Missouri . Wildlife management areas were founded in the 1920s and 30s to restore populations to viable numbers . Land was also added to Ozark National Forest during this period , with over 544,000 acres ( 2,200 km ) in total additions . Some land was reclaimed by the government through the Resettlement Administration during the Great Depression . In 1976 , Congress established Hercules - Glades Wilderness , the first of 13 designated wilderness areas in the Ozarks . In 1986 , Congress established the Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge in northeast Oklahoma . Protected areas ensure the recovery of endangered and threatened species of animals and plants , including the Ozark big - eared bat , Indiana bat , eastern small - footed bat , southeastern bat , southeastern big - eared bat ; longnose darter , Ozark cavefish , Ozark cave crayfish , Bowman 's cave amphipod , Ozark cave amphipod , bat cave isopod ; and Ozark chinquapin . It is a habitat of migratory birds and contains geological , archeological , historical , and paleontological resources . Commercial farms and processing operations are known to raise levels of chemical and biological contaminants in Ozark streams , threatening water supplies , recreational use and endangered native species . Lakes and streams ( edit ) Big Spring , the largest freshwater spring in the Ozarks , discharges 304 million US gallons ( 1,150,000 m ) of water per day into the Current River . Canoers on the Current River in the Ozark National Scenic Riverways . Roark Bluff on the Buffalo National River View of the Ozarks from Ha Ha Tonka State Park on Lake of the Ozarks , Camden County , Missouri . The United States Army Corps of Engineers lakes that were created by damming the White River beginning in 1911 with Lake Taneycomo have provided a large tourist , boating and fishing economy along the Missouri -- Arkansas border . Six lakes were created by dams in the White River basin from 1911 through 1960 . White River lakes include Lake Sequoyah , a small recreational fishing lake east of Fayetteville , Arkansas , formed in 1961 ; Sequoyah is the uppermost impoundment on the White River .",
"7": "Below Sequoyah ( northeast of Fayetteville ) is Beaver Lake , formed in 1960 . The White River continues northeasterly into Table Rock Lake ( 1958 ) in Missouri , which feeds directly into Taneycomo , where the river zigzags southeasterly into Arkansas forming Bull Shoals Lake along the Arkansas - Missouri line . Completed in 1952 , Bull Shoals is the furthest downstream lake on the White River proper . Lake Norfork was formed by damming the North Fork River , a tributary of the White River , in 1941 . The Lake of the Ozarks , Pomme de Terre Lake , and Truman Lake in the northern Ozarks were formed by impounding the Osage River and its tributary the Pomme de Terre River in 1931 , 1961 and 1979 respectively . Grand Lake in northeast Oklahoma was created in 1940 . Stockton Lake was formed by damming the Sac River near the city of Stockton , Missouri in 1969 and supplements the water supply of Springfield in nearby Greene County . Most of the dams were built for the dual purpose of flood control and hydropower generation . The creation of the lakes significantly altered the Ozark landscape and affected traditional Ozark culture through displacement . The streams provided water and power to communities , farms and mills concentrated in the valleys prior to impoundment . Many cemeteries , farm roads , river fords and railways were lost when the lakes came , disrupting rural culture , travel and commerce . Baxter County , Arkansas alone saw nearly four - hundred people displaced to make way for the reservoir created by Norfork Dam . The town of Forsyth , Missouri was relocated in its entirety to a spot two miles ( 3 km ) from its previous location . Prior to damming , the White and Osage River basins were similar to the current conditions of the Buffalo , Elk , Niangua , Gasconade , Big Piney , Current , Jacks Fork , Eleven Point and Meramec rivers . The Buffalo National River was created by an Act of Congress in 1972 as the nation 's first National River administered by the National Park Service . The designation came after over a decade of battling a proposed Army Corps dam in the media , legislature , and courts to keep the river free flowing .",
"8": "Today , the Buffalo sees approximately 800,000 visitors camping , canoeing , floating , hiking , and tubing annually . In Missouri , the Ozark National Scenic Riverways , was established in 1964 along the Current and Jacks Fork rivers as the first US national park based on a river system . The Eleven Point River is included in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System established in 1968 . These river parks annually draw a combined 1.5 million recreational tourists to the least populated counties in Arkansas and Missouri . Many other waterways and streams have their headwaters in the Boston Mountains such as the Mulberry River , the White River , War Eagle Creek , Little Mulberry Creek , Lee Creek , Big Piney Creek , and the Little Red River . To the south , the Arkansas River valley separates the Boston Mountains from the Ouachita Mountains . Missouri Ozark rivers include the Gasconade , Big Piney and the Niangua River in the north central region . The Meramec River and its tributaries Huzzah Creek and Courtois Creek are found in the northeastern Ozarks . The Black and St. Francis Rivers mark the eastern crescent of the Ozarks . The James , Spring and North Fork Rivers are in south central Missouri . Forming the West central border of the Ozarks from Missouri through Kansas and into Oklahoma are Spring River and its tributary Center Creek . Grand Falls , Missouri 's largest natural waterfall , a chert outcropping , includes bluffs and glades on Shoal Creek south of Joplin . All these river systems see heavy recreational use in season , including the Elk River in Southwest Missouri and its tributary Big Sugar Creek . Ozark rivers and streams are typically clear water , with baseflows sustained by many seeps and springs and flow through forests along limestone and dolomite bluffs . Gravel bars are common along shallow banks , while deep holes are found along bluffs . Except during periods of heavy rain or snow melt -- when water levels rise quite rapidly -- their level of difficulty is suitable for most canoeing and tubing . Fish hatcheries are common due to the abundance of springs and waterways . The Neosho National Fish Hatchery was built in 1888 ; it was the first Federal hatchery .",
"9": "The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission , Missouri Department of Conservation and United States Fish and Wildlife Service operate numerous warm and cold water hatcheries and trout parks ; private hatcheries such as Rockbridge are found throughout the region . Regional economy ( edit ) Traditional Economic activity ( edit ) The Ozarks contain ore deposits of lead , zinc , iron and barite . Many of these deposits have been depleted by historic mining activities , but much remains and is currently being mined in the Lead Belt of southeast Missouri . Historically the lead belt around the Saint Francois Mountains and the Tri-state district lead - zinc mining area around Joplin , Missouri , have been very important sources of metals . Mining practices common in the early 20th century left significant abandoned underground mine problems and heavy metal contamination in topsoil and groundwater in the Tri-state district . Much of the area supports beef cattle ranching , and dairy farming is common across the area . Dairy farms are usually cooperative affairs , with small farms selling to a corporate wholesaler who packages product under a common brand for retail sales . Petroleum exploration and extraction also takes place in the Oklahoma portion of the Ozarks , as well as in the east half of the Boston Mountains in Arkansas . Logging of both softwood and hardwood timber species on both private land and in the National Forests has long been an important economic activity . The majority of the Ozarks is forested ; oak - hickory is the predominant type ; Eastern Junipers are common , with stands of pine often seen in the southern range . Less than a quarter of the region has been cleared for pasture and cropland . Forests that were heavily logged during the early - to - mid-20th century have recovered ; much of the remaining timber in the Ozarks is second - growth forest . However , deforestation of frontier forest contributed through erosion to increased gravel bars along Ozark waterways in logged areas ; stream channels have become wider and shallower and deepwater fish habitat has been lost . The numerous rivers and streams of the region saw hundreds of water - powered timber and grist mills . Mills were important centers of culture and commerce ; dispersed widely throughout the region , mills served local needs , often thriving within a few miles of another facility . Few Ozark mills relied on inefficient water wheels for power ; most utilized a dam , millrace and water turbine .",
"10": "CCC lookout on White Rock Mountain , Franklin County , Arkansas During the New Deal , the Civilian Conservation Corps employed hundreds in the construction of nearly 400 fire lookouts throughout the Ozarks at 121 known sites in Arkansas and 257 in Missouri . Of those lookouts , about half remain , and many of them are in use by the Forest Service . A 2007 report by the National Trust for Historic Preservation deemed these fire lookouts and related structures as one of America 's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places . In the 1960s federal activity promoted modernization , especially through better transportation and tourism . The Ozarks Regional Commission sponsored numerous projects . Current Economic activities ( edit ) Tourism is the growth industry of the Ozarks as evidenced by the growth of the Branson , Missouri , entertainment center celebrating the traditional Ozark culture . The rapidly growing Northwest Arkansas metropolitan area has also become a tourist hub , drawing nationwide attention for Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville , Arkansas . Poultry farming and food processing are significant industries throughout the region . The Tyson Foods corporation and ConAgra Foods each operates several hundred poultry farms and processing plants throughout the Ozarks . Schreiber Foods has operations throughout southern Missouri . Stillwell foods has frozen vegetable and other food processing centers in eastern Oklahoma . The trucking industry is important to the regional economy with national carriers based there including J.B. Hunt , ABF and Prime , Inc ... Springfield remains an operational hub for BNSF Railway . Logging and timber industries are also significant in the Ozark economy with operations ranging from small family run sawmills to large commercial concerns . Fortune 500 companies such as Wal - Mart in Bentonville , Arkansas , Leggett & Platt and O'Reilly Auto Parts are based in the Ozarks . The area is also home to several Missouri wine regions including the Ozark Highlands and Ozark Mountain American Viticultural Areas . Culture ( edit ) See also : Culture of Arkansas Ozark also refers to the distinctive culture , architecture , and dialect shared by the people who live on the plateau . Early settlers in Missouri were American pioneers who came West from the Southern Appalachians at the beginning of the 19th century , followed in the 1840s and 1850s by Irish and German immigrants .",
"11": "Much of the Ozark population is of English , Scots - Irish , and German descent , often including some Native American ancestry , and the Ozark families from which the regional culture derived tend to have lived in the area since the 19th century . The first public school in Jasper County , Missouri Early settlers relied on hunting , fishing , and trapping , and foraging to supplement their diets and incomes . Today hunting and fishing for recreation are common activities and an important part of the tourist industry . Foraging for mushrooms ( especially morels ) and for ginseng is common and financially supported by established buyers in the area . Other forages include poke , watercress , persimmons and pawpaw ; wild berries such as blackberry , black raspberry , raspberry , red mulberry , black cherry , wild strawberry and dewberry ; and wild nuts such as black walnut and even acorns . Edible native legumes , wild grasses and wildflowers are plentiful , and beekeeping is common . Print and broadcast media have explored Ozark culture broadly . Books set in the Ozarks include Where the Red Fern Grows , The Shepherd of the Hills and As a Friend . The 1999 film Ride with the Devil , based on the book Woe to Live On , depicts warfare in Southwest Missouri during the Civil War . Winter 's Bone , a novel by Daniel Woodrell ( author of Woe to Live On ) reflects on contemporary methamphetamine culture and its impact on families on the plateau . Released as a feature film in 2010 , Winter 's Bone received the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival , as well as other awards . Several early and influential country - music television and radio programs originated from Springfield in the 1950s and ' 60s , including ABC - TV 's Ozark Jubilee and The Slim Wilson Show on KYTV . The Clampett clan of The Beverly Hillbillies TV show provide a stereotypical depiction of Ozark people . Ozark musicians include Porter Wagoner and old - time fiddler Bob Holt . Examples of commercial interpretations of traditional Ozark culture include the two major family theme parks in the region , Silver Dollar City and the now defunct Dogpatch U.S.A. ; and the resort entertainment complex in Branson .",
"12": "Ozark Folkways in Winslow , Arkansas and Ozark Folk Center State Park in Mountain View , Arkansas interpret regional culture through musical performance and exhibitions of pioneer skills and crafts . Traditional Ozark culture includes stories and tunes passed orally between generations through community music parties and other informal gatherings . Many of these tunes and tales can be traced to having British origins and to German folklore . Moreover , historian Vance Randolph attributes the formation of much Ozark lore to individual families when `` backwoods parents begin by telling outrageous whoppers to their children and end by half believing the wildest of these tales themselves . '' Randolph collected Ozark folklore and lyrics in volumes such as the national bestseller Pissing in the Snow and Other Ozark Folktales ( University of Illinois Press , 1976 ) , Ozark Folksongs ( University of Missouri Press , 1980 ) , a four - volume anthology of regional songs and ballads collected in the 1920s and 1930s , and Ozark Magic and Folklore ( Courier Dover Publications , 1964 ) . Evidenced by Randolph 's extensive field work , many Ozark anecdotes from the oral tradition are often bawdy , full of wild embellishments on everyday themes . In 1941 -- 42 , commissioned by Alan Lomax of the Archive of Folk Culture , Randolph returned to the Ozarks with a portable recording machine from the Library of Congress and captured over 800 songs , ballads and instrumentals . Selected from among these several hundred recordings , 35 tracks were released on Various Artists : Ozark Folksongs ( Rounder Records ) in 2001 . Artist 's Point , located along the Boston Mountains Scenic Loop in Crawford County , Arkansas Square dances were an important social avenue throughout the Ozarks into the 20th century . Square dances sprang up wherever people concentrated around mills and timber camps , springs , fords , and in towns small and large . Geographically isolated communities saw their own local dance tunes and variations develop . Of all the traditional musicians in the Ozarks , the fiddler holds a distinct place in both the community and folklore . Community fiddlers revered for carrying local tunes ; regionally , traveling fiddlers brought new tunes and entertainment , even while many viewed their arrival as a threat to morality .",
"13": "In 2007 , Gordon McCann , a chronicler of Ozarks folklife and fiddle music for over four decades , donated a collection of audio recordings , fieldnotes and photographs to Missouri State University in Springfield . The collection includes more than 3,000 hours of fiddle music and interviews recorded at jam sessions , music parties , concerts and dances in the Ozarks . Selected audio recordings along with biographical sketches , photographs and tune histories were published in Drew Beisswenger and Gordon McCann 's 2008 book / 37 track CD set Mel Bay Presents Ozarks Fiddle Music : 308 Tunes Featuring 30 Legendary Fiddlers With Selections from 50 Other Great Ozarks Fiddlers . From 1973 to 1983 , the Bittersweet project , which began as an English class at Lebanon , Missouri High School , collected 476 taped and transcribed interviews , published 482 stories and took over 50,000 photographs documenting traditional Ozark culture . Population influx since the 1950s , coupled with geographically lying in both the Midwest and Upper South , proximity to the Mississippi embayment , the Osage and Northern Plains , contributes to changing cultural values in the Ozarks . Theme parks and theatres seen to reflect regional values have little in common with traditional Ozark culture . Community tradition bearers remain active , in decreasing numbers , far afield of commercial offers . Religion ( edit ) Ozark religion , like that of Appalachia , was predominantly Baptist and Methodist during periods of early settlement ; it tends to the conservative or individualistic , with Anglicans , Assemblies of God , Baptists including Southern Baptists , Church of Christ , Pentecostals , and other Protestant denominations present , as well as Catholics . Religious organizations headquartered in the Ozarks include the Assemblies of God and the Baptist Bible Fellowship International in Springfield . See also ( edit ) National Forests of the Ozarks Mark Twain National Forest Ozark -- St. Francis National Forest Ozark National Rivers and Wild Scenic Riverways Buffalo National River Ozark National Scenic Riverways Eleven Point National Wild and Scenic River Hiking Trail Systems of the Ozarks Ozark Trail Ozark Highlands Trail U.S.",
"14": "Wilderness Areas in the Ozarks ( show ) Bell Mountain Wilderness Buffalo National River Wilderness Devils Backbone Wilderness East Fork Wilderness Hercules - Glades Wilderness Hurricane Creek Wilderness Irish Wilderness Leatherwood Wilderness Paddy Creek Wilderness Piney Creek Wilderness Richland Creek Wilderness Rockpile Mountain Wilderness Upper Buffalo Wilderness United States physiographic regions List of U.S. multistate regions Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project The Old Ozark Auto Trail Green Country Cookson Hills Carthage Underground Ships named Ozark USS Ozark ( 1863 ) USS Ozark ( BM - 7 ) USS Ozark ( LSV - 2 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1967 ) . Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States , p. 137 . Houghton Mifflin , Boston . Jump up ^ Randolph , Vance . The Ozarks : An American Survival of Primitive Society . New York : The Vanguard Press , p. 14 . 1931 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Morris S. Unequal Laws Unto a Savage Race : European Legal Traditions in Arkansas , 1686 - 1836 . University of Arkansas Press , Fayetteville. 1985 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Morris S. Colonial Arkansas 1686 - 1804 : A Social and Cultural History . University of Arkansas Press , Fayetteville. 1991 . Jump up ^ E. Joan Wilson Miller . The naming of the land in the Arkansas Ozarks : A study in culture processes . Abstract Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 59 ( 2 ) , 240 -- 251 . 1969 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Conor . Ozarks geology : Clifty Creek Natural Area includes natural bridge Archived 4 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , The Ozarks Chronicle , Rolla , Mo . Jump up ^ Morrow , Lynn ( 1996 ) . `` Ozark / Ozarks : Establishing a Regional Term '' . White River Valley Historical Quarterly . 36 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 8 September 2006 . Jump up ^ McMillen , Margot Ford .",
"15": "A to Z Missouri : The Dictionary of Missouri Place Names , Columbia , Missouri : Pebble Publishing , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 9646625 - 4 - X Jump up ^ Jerry D. Vineyard and Gerald L. Feder . Springs of Missouri . Missouri Department of Natural Resources and U.S. Geological Survey . 1974 ( revised 1982 ) . ^ Jump up to : Karst , Springs and Caves in Missouri , Missouri Department of Natural Resources Jump up ^ House , Scott ( 14 May 2005 ) . `` Fact Sheet on 6000 Caves '' . The Missouri Speleological Survey , Inc . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Milton. The Ozarks as a Region : A Geographer 's Description , OzarksWatch , Vol . I , No. 4 , Spring 1988 . Jump up ^ Ozark Aquifer Map , United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : Project Tour - A quick visit to the Ozarks Stream Geomorphology Project , United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` HA 730 - D Ozark Plateaus aquifer system text '' . usgs.gov . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Spatial Interaction Webs in Ozark Glades ! John Chase , Assistant Professor . Washington University in St. Louis . Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ware , Stewart . Rock Outcrop Plant Communities ( Glades ) in the Ozarks : A Synthesis , Abstract . The Southwestern Naturalist , Vol. 47 , No. 4 ( Dec. , 2002 ) , pp. 585 - 597 . Jump up ^ Guccione , Margaret J. ( January 7 , 2008 ) . `` Boston Mountains '' . Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture . Butler Center for Arkansas Studies at the Central Arkansas Library System . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foti , Thomas ( August 26 , 2011 ) . `` Ozark Mountains '' . Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture .",
"16": "Butler Center for Arkansas Studies at the Central Arkansas Library System . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark Plateaus '' . Arkansas Geological Survey . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Purdue , A.H. ( Nov -- Dec 1901 ) . `` Physiography of the Boston Mountains , Arkansas '' . The Journal of Geology. 9 ( 8 ) : 697 . Bibcode : 1901JG ... 9 ... 694P . doi : 10.1086 / 620967 . Jump up ^ Purdue , A.H. ( Nov -- Dec 1901 ) . `` Physiography of the Boston Mountains , Arkansas '' . The Journal of Geology. 9 ( 8 ) : 698 -- 700 . Bibcode : 1901JG ... 9 ... 694P . doi : 10.1086 / 620967 . Jump up ^ Denison , Rodger E. , et al. , Geology and Geochemistry of the Precambrian Rocks in the Central Interior Region of the United States , Geological Survey Professional Paper 1241 - C , 1984 ^ Jump up to : A.G. Unklesbay , Jerry D. Vineyard . Missouri Geology -- Three Billion Years of Volcanoes , Seas , Sediments , and Erosion , University of Missouri Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 0836 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Ozark Plateaus '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : United States Forest Service ( 1981 ) . For the Trees : An Illustrated History of the Ozark - St. Francis National Forests 1908 -- 1978 . Jump up ^ `` Endangered Species Guidesheet '' . Missouri Department of Conservation . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Research Project : Poultry Manure Management To Reduce Non-Point Source Phosphorus Pollution '' . United States Department of Agriculture : Agricultural Research Service . Jump up ^ Haggard , B.E. ; Moore , P.A.",
"17": ", Jr ; Chaubey , I. ; Stanley , E.H. ( September 2003 ) . `` Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations and Export from an Ozark Plateau Catchment in the United States '' . Biosystems Engineering . 86 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 85 . doi : 10.1016 / S1537 - 5110 ( 03 ) 00100 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Water Quality Report : 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Missouri Department of Natural Resources : Water Protection Program . 1 April 2007 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Spellman , Derek ( 16 July 2009 ) . `` Tribe urges swimmers to stay clear of Lost Creek , Spring River for now '' . The Joplin Globe . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Boss , Stephen K. , Heil - Chapdelaine , Vanessa M. Mapping Landscape Change : An Historic and Bathymetric Study of Lake Sequoyah , Washington County , Arkansas ^ Jump up to : Watkins , Conor . The Meramec Basin Project : A Look Back 25 Years Later . Ozark Mountain Experience . Article 69 & 70 Combined . 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Mountain Home ( Baxter County ) : The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Rex R. Campbell , Mary . Hughes , Colleen . A Revolution in the Heartland : Changes in Rural Culture , Family and Communities , 1900 -- 2000 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... University of Missouri : Department of Rural Sociology . Columbia , Missouri . 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Area and Economic Overview : Southwest Missouri Overall Economic Development Program . Southwest Missouri Council of Governments White Paper . Jump up ^ E. Joan Wilson Miller . Abstract The Ozark Culture Region as Revealed by Traditional Materials . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , Volume 58 Issue 1 , Pages 51 - 77 . 3 January 1967 . Jump up ^ Suzie , Rogers ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Buffalo National River '' .",
"18": "Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture . Butler Center for Arkansas Studies at the Central Arkansas Library System . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ozark National Scenic Riverways '' . Nps.gov. 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eleven Point River '' . National Wild & Scenic Rivers . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . Archived from the original on 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas Lake Map , River Map and Water Resources '' . geology.com . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ MS Panfil , RB Jacobson . Hydraulic Modeling of In - channel Habitats in the Ozark Highlands of Missouri : Assessment of Physical Habitat Sensitivity to Environmental Change . USGS - Biological Resources Division . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Missouri Fish Hatcheries and Trout Parks Archived 27 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fish Hatcheries in Arkansas '' . Arkansas Department of Parks & Tourism. 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rockbridge '' . Watersheds.org . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lasmanis , Raymond . Tri-State and Viburnum Trend Districts , Rocks & Minerals , 1 November 1997 . Archived 12 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ GeoKansas : Lead and Zinc Mining , Kansas Geological Survey . Updated 5 May 2005 . Jump up ^ Primary Distinguishing Characteristics of Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Revised April 2000 . Jump up ^ Index to the old mills of Missouri . Hosted by rootsweb , this incomplete list includes almost 250 old mills in Missouri alone . Jump up ^ Barry County , MO Mills ( Rootsweb ) Jump up ^ Suggs , George E. , Jr . Water Mills of the Missouri Ozarks . University of Oklahoma Press : Norman , Oklahoma . 1990 Jump up ^ `` Arkansas '' . Firelookout.org .",
"19": "Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri '' . Firelookout.org . Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : National Trust Names Historic Structures in Missouri 's Mark Twain National Forest One of America 's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places of 2007 Jump up ^ J. Blake Perkins , `` Growing the Hills : The Ozarks Regional Commission and the Politics of Economic Development in the Mid-American Highlands , 1960s -- 1970s , '' Missouri Historical Review , 107 ( April 2013 ) , 144 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , Robert E. Shepherd of the Hills Country : Tourism Transforms the Ozarks , 1880s - 1930s . The Journal of American Culture , Volume 27 Issue 1 , Pages 117 - 119 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jayne ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wal - Mart 's hometown : ' Mayberry ' goes Manhattan '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andy Ostmeyer . Original Ozarks : Evidence of settlement before 1830 hard to find . Joplin Globe . 21 June 2009 . According to the National Register of Historic Places , the Rice - Upshaw House , ca. 1826 , `` is one of the two oldest remaining standing buildings in Arkansas , and a rare surviving example of a building from Arkansas ' territorial period '' ; Wolf House , ca . 1825 , overlooks the junction of the Norfork and White rivers ; the Craighead - Henry House , ca . 1816 , is `` one of the oldest known structures in the interior ( Missouri ) Ozarks . '' ^ Jump up to : Randolph , Vance . Ozark Magic and Folklore. 367 pages . Courier Dover Publications , 1964 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Milton D . The Ozarks : Land and Life , University of Arkansas Press , 2nd ed. , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 55728 - 714 - 7 Jump up ^ Phillips , Jan .",
"20": "Wild Edibles of Missouri . Missouri Department of Conservation , 2nd edition ( 1998 ) . Cover , Introduction , Acknowledgments and Preface ; Chapters Archived 8 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ; Color Plates . Jump up ^ The Naturalist . High Plains Films . Doug Hawes - Davis , Director . 32 minutes , Color / B&W , 2001 . Jump up ^ Gander , Forrest . As a Friend Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... New York City : New Directions Publishing Corporation . 2008 . Jump up ^ Woodrell , Daniel . Woe to Live On . Henry Holt , 1987 . Jump up ^ Ward L. Schrantz . Jasper County , Missouri in the Civil War . 1923 . Jump up ^ Woodrell , Daniel . Winter 's Bone. Little , Brown and Company , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Henigan , Julie . Play Me Something Quick and Devilish : Bob Holt -- Old - Time Square Dance Fiddler , Musical Traditions , Article MT021 , June 1998 . Jump up ^ Aunt Shelle Stormoe . How to Spot a Genuine Ozark Hillbilly. 23 October 2008 . Archived 4 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Vic . Review of Ozark Folksongs , Musical Traditions , January 2001 . Jump up ^ Randolph , Vance . `` University of Illinois Press Catalog Entry on ' ' Pissing in the Snow and Other Ozark Folktales ' ' '' . Press.uillinois.edu . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Florer , Faith L. Book Review . Pissing in the snow and other Ozark folktales . Whole Earth Review . Summer , 1987 . `` Because of their -- ahem -- subject matter , the tales contained in this volume could not be published with Randolph 's four great collections of Ozark material published in the 1950s , and have until recently been circulating only in manuscript and on elusive microfilm . '' Jump up ^ `` Rounder Records Catalog Entry '' . Rounder.com. 2012 - 12 - 06 .",
"21": "Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Karen Mulrenin , Rita Saeger and Terry Brandt. Old - Time Ozark Square Dancing . Bittersweet , Volume II , No. 1 , Fall 1974 . ^ Jump up to : Foreman , Diana . Fiddlin ' Around . Bittersweet , Volume V , No. 2 , Winter 1977 . ^ Jump up to : Edited and photography by Allen Gage. Old - Time Fiddling : A Traditional Folk Art With Four Ozark Musicians , Bittersweet , Volume IX , No. 3 , Spring 1982 . Jump up ^ Gordon McCann pledges collection to Missouri State University : Four decades of material will be housed in Meyer Library . Missouri State University Press Release . 26 September 2007 . Archived 13 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bittersweet '' . Thelibrary.springfield.missouri.org . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Jam Sessions in Southwest Missouri . Missouri State University Libraries . Jump up ^ Bob Holt : Fiddler from the Missouri Ozarks . Local Legacies project of the Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives Maps & Reports '' . Thearda.com . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives Maps & Reports '' . Thearda.com . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Beisswenger , Drew & Gordon McCann ( 2008 ) Mel Bay Presents Ozarks Fiddle Music : 308 Tunes Featuring 30 Legendary Fiddlers With Selections from 50 Other Great Ozarks Fiddlers , 217 p. , page includes the CD 's 37 track titles , ISBN 0 - 7866 - 7730 - 9 . Rafferty , Milton D . The Ozarks : Land and Life ( 2nd ed . University of Arkansas Press , 2001 ) , comprehensive coverage of geography , history , culture , and society Randolph , Vance . The Ozarks : An American Survival of Primitive Society ( 1931 . Rossiter , Phyllis .",
"22": "A Living History of the Ozarks ( Gretna , La. : Pelican , 1992 ) , a massive guidebook Folklore ( edit ) Gilmore , Robert Karl . Ozark Baptizings , Hangings , and Other Diversions : Theatrical Folkways of Rural Missouri , 1885 - 1910 ( University of Oklahoma Press , 1984 ) Morrow , Lynn , and James Keefe , eds . White River Chronicles ( University of Arkansas Press , 1994 ) , based on the Turnbo Collection McNeil , W.K. ( 1995 ) . Ozark Country . Univ . Press of Mississippi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60473 - 817 - 9 . Randolph , Vance . Ozark Folksongs ( 4 vol . University of Missouri Press , 1980 ) History ( edit ) A reminiscent history of the Ozark region : comprising a condensed general history , a brief descriptive history of each county , and numerous biographical sketches of prominent citizens of such counties ( 1894 ) full text Tourism ( edit ) Morrow , Lynn , and Linda Myers - Phinney . Shepherd of the Hills Country : Tourism Transforms the Ozarks , 1880s -- 1930s ( University of Arkansas Press , 1999 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ozark Mountains . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ozarks . Conor Watkins ' Ozark Mountain Experience `` Ozark Mountain Forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Ozark National Scenic Riverways Smith , Scott M. `` Ozark Aquifer '' . Introduction to Hydrogeology . Emporia State University . Ozark Plateau National Wildlife Refuge Underground Ozarks Ozark Mountains , Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture , The Central Arkansas Library System . The Intimate Wild : Ozark Highlands Trail , National Geographic , 10 / 2008 . `` Closest to Everlastin ' '' : Ozark Agricultural Biodiversity and Subsistence Traditions , 9 / 2010 . Abbott , B. Nick ; Marston , Richard A. ( 2009 ) .",
"23": "`` Ozark Plateau '' . Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society . National Scenic Byways of the Ozarks ( show ) Arkansas Scenic 7 Byway Ozark Highlands Scenic Byway Pig Trail Scenic Byway Sylamore Scenic Byway Blue Buck Knob Scenic Byway Glade Top Trail Sugar Top Scenic Byway State of Kansas Topeka ( capital ) Topics Index History Timeline Governors Delegations Landmarks People Places Geography Tourist attractions Seal of Kansas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Cherokee Strip Cross Timbers Dissected Till Plains East Central Four State Area Flint Hills High Plains North Central Osage Plains Ozarks Red Hills Santa Fe Trail Region Smoky Hills Southeast Largest cities ( 1 ) Wichita ( 2 ) Overland Park ( 3 ) Kansas City ( 4 ) Olathe ( 5 ) Topeka ( 6 ) Lawrence ( 7 ) Shawnee ( 8 ) Manhattan ( 9 ) Lenexa ( 10 ) Salina ( 11 ) Hutchinson ( 12 ) Leavenworth ( 13 ) Leawood ( 14 ) Dodge City ( 15 ) Garden City ( 16 ) Junction City ( 17 ) Emporia ( 18 ) Derby ( 19 ) Prairie Village ( 20 ) Liberal ( 21 ) Hays ( 22 ) Pittsburg ( 23 ) Gardner ( 24 ) Newton ( 25 ) Great Bend ( 26 )",
"24": "McPherson ( 27 ) El Dorado ( 28 ) Ottawa ( 29 ) Winfield ( 30 ) Arkansas City ( 31 ) Andover ( 32 ) Lansing ( 33 ) Merriam ( 34 ) Atchison ( 35 ) Haysville ( 36 ) Parsons ( 37 ) Coffeyville ( 38 ) Mission ( 39 ) Independence ( 40 ) Augusta ( 41 ) Chanute ( 42 ) Wellington ( 43 ) Fort Scott ( 44 ) Park City ( 45 ) Bonner Springs ( 46 ) Valley Center ( 47 ) Pratt ( 48 ) Bel Aire ( 49 ) Roeland Park ( 50 ) Abilene Counties Allen Anderson Atchison Barber Barton Bourbon Brown Butler Chase Chautauqua Cherokee Cheyenne Clark Clay Cloud Coffey Comanche Cowley Crawford Decatur Dickinson Doniphan Douglas Edwards Elk Ellis Ellsworth Finney Ford Franklin Geary Gove Graham Grant Gray Greeley Greenwood Hamilton Harper Harvey Haskell Hodgeman Jackson Jefferson Jewell Johnson Kearny Kingman Kiowa Labette Lane Leavenworth Lincoln Linn Logan Lyon Marion Marshall McPherson Meade Miami Mitchell Montgomery Morris Morton Nemaha Neosho Ness Norton Osage Osborne Ottawa Pawnee Phillips Pottawatomie Pratt Rawlins Reno Republic Rice Riley Rooks Rush Russell",
"25": "Saline Scott Sedgwick Seward Shawnee Sheridan Sherman Smith Stafford Stanton Stevens Sumner Thomas Trego Wabaunsee Wallace Washington Wichita Wilson Woodson Wyandotte Lists List of counties in Kansas List of townships in Kansas List of cities in Kansas List of unincorporated communities in Kansas List of ghost towns in Kansas Lists of people from Kansas State of Oklahoma Oklahoma City ( capital ) Topics History Government Governor ( List ) Symbols People Geography Earthquakes Media Newspapers Radio TV Sports Tourist attractions Unassigned Lands Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Arklatex Central Cherokee Outlet Cross Timbers Four State Area Flint Hills Green Country Kiamichi Country Little Dixie Northwestern Oklahoma City Metro Ouachita Mountains The Ozarks Panhandle South Central Southwestern Texoma Tulsa Metro Western Largest cities Ardmore Bartlesville Bixby Broken Arrow Del City Duncan Edmond Enid Lawton Midwest City Muskogee Moore Norman Oklahoma City Owasso Ponca City Shawnee Stillwater Tulsa Yukon Counties Adair Alfalfa Atoka Beaver Beckham Blaine Bryan Caddo Canadian Carter Cherokee Choctaw Cimarron Cleveland Coal",
"26": "Comanche Cotton Craig Creek Custer Delaware Dewey Ellis Garfield Garvin Grady Grant Greer Harmon Harper Haskell Hughes Jackson Jefferson Johnston Kay Kingfisher Kiowa Latimer Le Flore Lincoln Logan Love Major Marshall Mayes McClain McCurtain McIntosh Murray Muskogee Noble Nowata Okfuskee Oklahoma Okmulgee Osage Ottawa Pawnee Payne Pittsburg Pontotoc Pottawatomie Pushmataha Roger Mills Rogers Seminole Sequoyah Stephens Texas Tillman Tulsa Wagoner Washington Washita Woods Woodward Mountains of Arkansas Ouachita Mountains Mount Magazine Ozarks Three Brothers Others Boston Mountains Glazypeau Mountain Mount Nebo Petit Jean Pinnacle Mountain Rich Mountain Shinall Mountain Sugarloaf Mountain U.S. Interior Highlands Mountains of Missouri Ozarks St. Francois Mountains Buck Mountain ( St. Francois County ) Hogan Mountain Hughes Mountain Ketcherside Mountain Pilot Knob Russell Mountain Shepherd Mountain Stony Mountain Taum Sauk Mountain Wildcat Mountain Other peaks in and around the St. Francois of SE Missouri Aley Mountain Anderson Mountain Bain Hill Bald Knob Beck Mountain Big Hill Black Mountain Blackjack Hill Blue Mountain Bread Tray Mountain Brown Mountain ( Iron County ) Brown Mountain ( St.",
"27": "Francois County ) Buck Mountain ( Iron County ) Buck Mountain ( Madison County ) Buckner Mountain Buford Mountain Butler Hill Cedar Hill Chalk Hill Clark Mountain Finleys Mountains Gibson Hill Goggins Mountain Grassy Mountain Gray Mountain Gruner Hill Johnson Mountain Klondike Hill Lee Mountain Lewis Hill Lindsey Mountain Logan Mountain Murphy Hill Oak Mountain Pine Mountain Rickus Hill Round Mountain ( Reynolds County ) Round Mountain ( Washington County ) Ruble Mountain Sandy Hill Sherrill Mountain Silver Mountain Simms Mountain Stono Mountain Sugar Hill Sulphur Mountain Tims Mountain Tin Mine Mountain Tribby Mountain Vail Mountain Wiggins Hill Wilkinson Mountain Wolf Mountain Other peaks in the Ozarks Baird Mountain Bobs Knob Chula Vista Lead Hill Lime Kiln Mountain Others Bird Hill Blue Mound Bowler Hill Bone Hill Jackson Hill Monkey Mountain Wagon Knob See also : U.S. Interior Highlands Mountains of Oklahoma Ouachita Mountains Kiamichi Mountains Big Mountain Rodney Mountain Others Lost Mountain Rich Mountain Wichita Mountains Mount Pinchot Mount Scott Quartz Mountain Quartz Mountains Others Antelope Hills Arbuckle Mountains Black Mesa Boston Mountains Glass Mountains Ozarks Sans Bois Mountains U.S. Interior Highlands Wilton Mountain VIAF : 316733918 GND : 4116860 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozarks&oldid=829751749 '' Categories : Ozarks Mountain ranges of Arkansas Mountain ranges of Kansas Mountain ranges of Missouri Mountain ranges of Oklahoma Plateaus of the United States U.S.",
"28": "Interior Highlands Civilian Conservation Corps in Arkansas Civilian Conservation Corps in Missouri Regions of Arkansas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano Кыргызча 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська اردو 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 16 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
19,
20,
24,
14,
17,
16,
8,
21,
10,
7,
18,
12,
3,
26,
6,
15,
23,
22,
1,
11,
13,
4,
5,
27,
28,
2,
25,
9
] |
[
0,
19,
20,
24,
14
] |
-6045543986067197523
|
what is the setting of the book hoot
|
[
"Florida and into the town of Coconut Cove",
"Florida",
"Florida",
"Florida"
] |
{
"0": "Hoot ( novel ) - wikipedia Hoot ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hoot Cover of Hoot Author Carl Hiaasen Country United States Language English Genre Realistic Fiction Published 2002 Alfred A. Knopf Media type Print Pages 292 ISBN 0 - 330 - 41529 - 8 OCLC 53393228 Hoot is a 2002 young adult novel by Carl Hiaasen . The setting takes place in Florida , where new arrival Roy makes two oddball friends and a bad enemy , and joins an effort to stop construction of a pancake house which would destroy a colony of burrowing owls who live on the site . The book won a Newbery Honor award in 2003 . A film adaptation of the book was released in May 2006 , starring Logan Lerman , Brie Larson , and Cody Linley . Hiaasen and Wil Shriner , the director and script - writer , `` fought long and hard to stay truthful to the book . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Publication history 4 Themes 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The main character Roy Eberhardt moves to Florida and into the town of Coconut Cove , where his classmate Dana Matherson starts bullying him . On the bus to school , Roy sees a boy running barefoot outside . Roy tries to leave the bus , but Dana viciously chokes and strangles him . He escapes after punching Dana in the face , breaking his nose , and then exiting the bus . But Roy ca n't catch the running boy because a golf ball hits Roy in the head . The school suspends him from the bus for two weeks and orders Roy to write an apology to Dana . Roy calls for a truce , but Dana refuses to accept .",
"1": "A cafe called Mother Paula 's All - American Pancake House decides to build a franchise in Coconut Cove , but vandalism delays the work . Roy learns the running boy is the vandal known as `` Mullet Fingers '' , and they become friends . Mullet Fingers vandalizes and delays construction to save an endangered species -- the burrowing owl -- that live on the site . The construction foreman , named Leroy `` Curly '' Branitt , denies the owls ' existence . Roy helps Mullet Fingers prove otherwise and tells his class about the owls , how construction will kill the endangered species , and encourages them to join him in protests . Roy and his classmates attend the ground breaking and expose the truth . This includes the company 's illegal removal of an environmental impact statement from their files . This revelation saves the owls and their habitat . Mother Paula 's All - American Pancake House blames former employees and promises to preserve the property as an owl sanctuary . Mullet Fingers 's mother sees him protesting with Roy and his classmates and goes in front of all the cameras and attempts to hog all the attention . Two days later , Mullet Fingers climbs out his home 's bathroom window and is mistaken for a burglar . Mullet Fingers 's mother lies to the police and says he stole a very valuable toe ring . They believe her , and he 's sent to a juvenile detention center where he escapes . In the last chapter Roy discovers that Mullet Fingers 's real name is Napoleon Bridger Leep . Characters ( edit ) Roy Andrew Eberhardt -- the new kid at Trace Middle School and the main protagonist , who quickly makes an enemy of the school bully , Dana Matherson , and makes two unusual friends , Beatrice Leep and her truant step - brother `` Mullet Fingers '' . Beatrice Leep -- `` a tall girl with curly blond hair and red - framed glasses . '' She is described as sinewy , tomboyish and aggressive , and is a member of the soccer team . At Trace Middle School , she 's known as `` Beatrice The Bear '' `` Mullet Fingers '' / Napoleon Bridger -- Beatrice 's step brother , initially known to Roy as the mysterious barefoot kid .",
"2": "His name is not given until the final chapter ; the nickname `` Mullet Fingers '' refers to his ability to catch a mullet with his bare hands . He has a bad relationship with his mother , who had sent him to military school . He usually runs away from his family to live on his own . Officer David Delinko -- an officer in the Coconut Cove police department , who is investigating the vandalism at the Mother Paula 's All - American Pancake House construction site . Dutiful and ambitious , he develops sympathy for the owls and aids the kids . Leroy `` Curly '' Branitt - the foreman on the Mother Paula 's Pancake House construction site , where all of the mysterious vandalism happens . Officer Delinko notes the irony of his nickname , as he is `` bald as a beach ball '' . He is also `` cranky , '' `` unsmiling , '' and suspicious of everyone . Dana Matherson -- torments underclassmen as the typical bully . Just like other bullies , he is an antagonist who finds inflicting pain on others quite pleasurable . His mother fights with him and is a big bully just like him , and his father seems to try to discipline him . He was hit in the nose by Roy in an earlier chapter and does n't forget it . Mr. and Mrs. Eberhardt -- Roy 's parents . They are sensible and supportive . Mr. Eberhardt works in the federal Department of Justice , and helps Roy by checking Mother Paula 's building permits . Mrs. Eberhardt likes yoga and is protective of Roy . Chuck E. Muckle -- the `` vice president of Corporate Relations '' at Mother Paula 's All - American Pancake House , and the novel 's primary antagonist . He is portrayed as an arrogant , manipulative , ruthless , and corrupt executive , who pretends owls do not live on the site so he can bulldoze over their homes . Leon and Lonna Leep contrast in personality . Mr Leep is Beatrice 's decent but apathetic father , an ex-NBA player . He is remarried to a temperamental waitress , Lonna Leep , who wants all the attention she can get , and hates her son .",
"3": "Kimberly Lou Dixon -- an actress who plays Mother Paula , the spokesperson for Mother Paula 's All - American Pancake House . Garrett -- Roy 's best and only friend at Trace Middle School . A skateboarder , popular in school , the king of phony farts , and a D student . His mother is also the school counselor . Ms. Viola Hennepin -- the vice principal at Trace Middle School . She attempts to discipline Roy on several occasions such as suspending him from the school bus for two weeks , though she knows Dana strangled him . She is described as having one long jet - black hair protruding out of her upper lip ; which later mysteriously becomes blonde . Publication history ( edit ) Carl Hiaasen started writing children 's books when he realized that the other novels that he had written were too adult for his nieces and nephews . In writing his first young adult novel , Hiaasen faced some challenges : `` The biggest challenge was trying not to subconsciously ' write down ' for young readers . '' Hiaasen said , `` When I was creating the character in Hoot , I 'm sure I stole liberally from my pre-adolescence . '' Themes ( edit ) The themes in the novel are friendship , teamwork , growing up , corruption , parental love , kinship , environmentalism and integrity . The character goes through different adventures to get here . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2003 Newbery Medal and Honor Books '' . Association for Library Service to Children . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hoot ( 2006 ) -- Movie Details -- Yahoo ! Movies '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Hiaasen , Carl . `` Frequently Asked Questions : Movies '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2010 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Hiaasen , p. 39 Jump up ^ Hiaasen , p. 14 Jump up ^ Hiaasen , p. 4 Jump up ^ Hiaasen , p. 253 Jump up ^ Hiaasen , Carl . `` Frequently Asked Questions '' .",
"4": "Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Study Guide : HOOT by Carl Hiaasen '' . TheBestNotes.com . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . References ( edit ) Hiaasen , Carl . Hoot . Yearling : New York , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 440 - 41939 - 5 External links ( edit ) Carl Hiaasen 's Website Study Guide for `` Hoot '' ( hide ) Carl Hiaasen Novels Tourist Season ( 1985 ) Double Whammy ( 1987 ) Skin Tight ( 1989 ) Native Tongue ( 1991 ) Strip Tease ( 1993 ) Stormy Weather ( 1995 ) Lucky You ( 1997 ) Sick Puppy ( 2000 ) Basket Case ( 2002 ) Skinny Dip ( 2004 ) Nature Girl ( 2006 ) Star Island ( 2010 ) Bad Monkey ( 2013 ) Razor Girl ( 2016 ) Young Adult Novels Hoot ( 2002 ) Flush ( 2005 ) Scat ( 2009 ) Chomp ( 2012 ) Skink - No Surrender ( 2014 ) Non-Fiction Team Rodent : How Disney Devours the World ( 1998 ) Kick Ass ( 1999 ) Paradise Screwed ( 2001 ) The Downhill Lie ( 2008 ) Dance Of The Reptiles ( 2014 ) Short Stories Tart of Darkness ( 2003 ) Works by Carl Hiaasen and William Montalbano Powder Burn ( 1981 ) Trap Line ( 1982 ) A Death in China ( 1984 ) Other Naked Came the Manatee ( 1996 ) Films Striptease ( 1996 ) Hoot ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"5": "php?title=Hoot_(novel)&oldid=819916734 '' Categories : 2002 American novels 2002 children 's books American young adult novels Newbery Honor - winning works Eco-terrorism in fiction Environmental fiction books Novels set in Florida Novels by Carl Hiaasen American novels adapted into films Alfred A. Knopf books Cruelty to animals in fiction Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from April 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 00 : 52 . About Wikipedia",
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
1,
2,
5,
4,
0,
3
] |
[
5,
1,
2,
4,
0,
3
] |
-5572089201376761233
|
where is late night with jimmy kimmel filmed
|
[
"Hollywood Masonic Temple (now known as the El Capitan Entertainment Centre)",
"the Hollywood Masonic Temple (now known as the El Capitan Entertainment Centre)"
] |
{
"0": "Jimmy Kimmel Live ! - Wikipedia Jimmy Kimmel Live ! Jump to : navigation , search Jimmy Kimmel Live ! Created by Jimmy Kimmel Written by Steve O'Donnell ( head writer ; 2003 -- 08 ) Gary Greenberg and Molly McNearney ( co-head writers ; 2008 -- present ) Directed by Andy Fisher Presented by Jimmy Kimmel Starring Sal Iacono Dicky Barrett ( announcer ) Cleto and the Cletones ( band ) Guillermo Rodriguez ( security / sidekick ) Theme music composer Cleto Escobedo III Les Pierce Jimmy Kimmel Jonathan Kimmel Opening theme `` Jimmy Kimmel Live ! '' , sung by Robert Goulet Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 2,694 Production Executive producer ( s ) Jimmy Kimmel Daniel Kellison ( 2003 ) Duncan Gray ( 2003 -- 06 ) Jill Leiderman ( 2006 -- present ) Jason Schrift ( 2007 -- present ) Doug DeLuca ( 2007 -- present ) Producer ( s ) Erin Irwin Ken Crosby Chris Fraticelli David Craig Tony Romero Location ( s ) Hollywood Masonic Temple Hollywood , California Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Jackhole Productions ( 2003 -- present ) Touchstone Television ( 2003 -- 07 ) ABC Studios ( 2007 -- present ) Distributor Buena Vista Television ( 2003 -- 07 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( 2003 -- 09 ) 720p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( 2009 -- present ) Original release January 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 26 ) -- present External links Website Jimmy Kimmel Live ! is an American late - night talk show , created and hosted by Jimmy Kimmel , and broadcast on ABC .",
"1": "The nightly hour - long show made its debut on January 26 , 2003 , as part of ABC 's lead - out programming for Super Bowl XXXVII . Jimmy Kimmel Live ! is produced by Jackhole Productions in association with ABC Studios . Having aired for more than twice as long as either The Dick Cavett Show ( 1969 -- 1975 ) or Politically Incorrect ( 1997 -- 2002 ) , it is the longest running late - night talk show in ABC 's history at 15 years and counting as of January 12 , 2018 . For its first ten years , the show aired at either the midnight or 12 : 05 am timeslots before moving to 11 : 35 pm ET beginning on January 8 , 2013 to more directly compete with The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Late Show with David Letterman while bumping the ABC nightly news program Nightline to 12 : 35 am ET . Following the subsequent retirements of Leno in February 2014 , Letterman in May 2015 , and Jon Stewart in August 2015 , Kimmel became the fourth - longest serving current host in network late - night television under Conan O'Brien , Bill Maher , and Carson Daly . Contrary to its name , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! does not air live ; instead , it is shot at 4 p.m. Pacific Time on the day of broadcast . On occasion it airs a special live edition , usually after major events like the Academy Awards ceremonies ( except the last two years , where Kimmel has hosted the actual ceremony ) and four to seven half - hour episodes with some basketball theming under the title Jimmy Kimmel Game Night airing in primetime that lead into ABC 's coverage of the NBA Finals in June each year . Until 2009 , new episodes aired five nights a week ; from 2009 to 2012 , the Friday episode was a rebroadcast of a recent episode . Starting with the January 2013 move , the Friday episode had been retitled Jimmy Kimmel Live ! This Week , which showed highlights from the entire week of shows . However , the show has since reverted to airing a rebroadcast of a recent episode on Fridays , though current events do allow for new occasional Friday episodes .",
"2": "On April 14 , 2009 after the March sweeps break , the show began broadcasting in 720p high definition . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Talent 1.2 Kimmel and Matt Damon 1.2. 1 `` I 'm F * * king Matt Damon '' video 1.2. 2 Jimmy Kimmel Sucks ! 1.3 Jay Leno parody 1.4 Sets 1.5 Music 2 Openings 2.1 Cold open 2.2 Show opening 3 Notable segments 3.1 Mean Tweets 3.2 This Week In Unnecessary Censorship 3.3 Jimmy Kimmel YouTube Challenge 3.4 Lie Witness News 3.5 Jimmy Kimmel Pedestrian Question 3.6 Halloween candy YouTube segments 3.7 Other end - of - show segments 4 International broadcasts 5 US Television Ratings ( Late Night Talk Shows ) 6 Controversies 6.1 Detroit sports violence 6.2 `` Kill the Chinese '' 6.3 YouTube Gaming 6.4 Melania Trump accent joke 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Primetime Emmy Awards 7.2 Creative Arts Emmy Awards 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The show began on January 26 , 2003 , replacing Politically Incorrect ; ABC had originally intended to give Jon Stewart his own late - night program following Nightline , but Kimmel was chosen instead . The show , stunted early on by an ABC affiliate body which was fulfilling existing syndication contracts for post-local news sitcom and entertainment newsmagazines and thus delaying the show ( and making the `` Live ! '' title somewhat of a misnomer ) , started behind the ratings of Late Show with David Letterman , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Late Night with Conan O'Brien , and The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn , but gradually moved up in the ratings into 2004 , and became a fairly strong competitor , capturing about half the audience of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . Jimmy Kimmel Live !",
"3": "is ABC 's first attempt at a traditional late - night talk show since its attempt to revive The Dick Cavett Show in the 1980s . ABC had earlier attempted to directly compete with NBC 's Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in the 1960s and 1970s with The Les Crane Show , which was more of a serious interview program than light entertainment , The Joey Bishop Show ( 1967 - 1969 ) , featuring Rat Pack member Joey Bishop with Regis Philbin as sidekick , the original Dick Cavett Show ( 1969 - 1975 ) with Dick Cavett in a show that featured a mixture of cultural , popular entertainment and intellectual figures and was considered more highbrow than Carson and even a short - lived revival of NBC 's Tonight Starring Jack Paar under the name Jack Paar Tonite , which alternated weeks with Cavett in 1973 . While Cavett was the longest - lasting and best remembered of these attempts , none seriously threatened the domination of the Tonight Show . ABC 's long - running Nightline series which premiered in 1979 during the Iran hostage crisis and continued at 11 : 30 until 2013 was able to compete with the Tonight Show , however , particularly on days when there were major news events or ongoing crises . The growth and development of cable news and the emergence of the internet and the 24 - hour news cycle eroded Nightline 's originally unique , and later preeminent position as a source for late evening national and international news and its value as a counterprogramming against Tonight and other late - night talk shows . As a result , in 2012 , Nightline switched places on ABC 's schedule with Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . Despite its name , the show has not actually aired live since 2004 , when censors were unable to properly bleep censor a barrage of swearing from actor Thomas Jane . Talent ( edit ) The show 's house band is Cleto and the Cletones , led by saxophonist Cleto Escobedo III , a childhood friend of Kimmel . The other `` Cletones '' of the band are Cleto Escobedo Jr.",
"4": ", the bandleader 's father , on tenor and alto saxophone , Jeff Babko on keyboards , Toshi Yanagi on guitar , Jimmy Earl on bass , and Jonathan Dresel on drums . Like other talk shows with live bands , Cleto and the Cletones play the show 's opening and closing themes and play into and out of commercial breaks . ( They usually play through the entire break for the studio audience . ) The show 's opening theme was written by Les Pierce , Jonathan Kimmel and Cleto Escobedo III and sung by Robert Goulet . The show originally had guest co-hosts each week who would sit at the desk with Kimmel and participate in skits and questioning each night 's guests . The show also featured guest announcers , until comedian Andy Milonakis took over as the show 's announcer from late 2003 to 2004 . He would also appear in comedy bits for the show . Then in 2004 , Mighty Mighty Bosstones singer Dicky Barrett took over as the show 's announcer when the Bosstones went on hiatus . The band has since become active again , and performed live on the show in 2009 . Since its inception , stand - up comedian Don Barris has performed as the warmup comic for the in - studio audience , although he rarely appears on camera ; before joining JKL , Barris was the warmup comic for The Man Show . Francis `` Uncle Frank '' Potenza , Kimmel 's real - life uncle , served as a security guard for the show , and appeared regularly in bits on - camera with Kimmel and other employees of the show . He was a New York City police officer and a personal security guard for Frank Sinatra . Potenza did not appear regularly from December 2009 through March 2010 , due to illness . ( In the interim , he did appear on the seventh anniversary show on January 26 , 2010 . ) However , he later returned as a semi-regular . Potenza died on August 23 , 2011 , at the age of 77 . Guillermo Rodriguez is the parking lot security guard for the show , and frequently serves as a celebrity gossip correspondent in a segment called `` Guillermo 's Hollywood Round - Up . ''",
"5": "Veatrice Rice was another parking lot security guard who had several of her own segments on the show until her death from cancer on January 21 , 2009 . Kimmel and Matt Damon ( edit ) Frequently at the end of the show , Kimmel thanks the guests as usual , but then adds , `` Our apologies to Matt Damon , we ran out of time . '' Kimmel told TMZ.com that he says this `` for no good reason at all , '' continuing , `` A star like Matt Damon would never be scheduled to appear near the end of the show where he can be bumped . '' Damon told Parade magazine that Kimmel said he first did it at a low moment at the end of a show which had substandard guests . The show 's producer liked the joke , and Kimmel continued to do it on subsequent shows for their amusement . On September 12 , 2006 , Damon appeared on the show . A montage of clips demonstrating the numerous times Kimmel performed the bit was shown and , after a very lengthy introduction by Kimmel , Damon appeared on stage . After a few seconds , Kimmel apologized and stated that the show was out of time . He asked Damon if he could return the next night , to which Damon replied , `` Go f * * k yourself . '' An infuriated Damon continued to curse at Kimmel throughout the rolling of the credits , ultimately slapping the desk and walking off the set . In the December 17 , 2006 issue of USA Weekend , Kimmel acknowledged that the Damon incident was a joke . In the show which aired on June 5 , 2007 , Kimmel sent his sidekick Guillermo to the Ocean 's Thirteen premiere to interview Damon , though when he started the interview , he said that they were out of time , at which point Damon assumed that Kimmel sent him . In the August 2 , 2007 episode , Kimmel then announced that Guillermo was taking on the role of Jason Bourne , who was played by Damon , for The Bourne Ultimatum . A clip was shown in which Guillermo was playing Bourne , until Damon showed up and thought that Kimmel was now trying to bump him from his movie . Damon tried to chase Guillermo but Guillermo slapped him and jumped through a wall .",
"6": "In Kimmel 's 2010 post-Oscar show , he featured a clip called `` The Handsome Men 's Club , '' which ended with Damon telling Kimmel , `` We 're all out of time , '' then bursting into evil laughter after Kimmel was ejected from the club for not being handsome enough . Damon was part of the all - star cast assembled by Kimmel for his 2012 Oscars parody , which was a mock trailer for a non-existent blockbuster called Movie : The Movie . Damon appears briefly , only to be informed his scene had been cut from the `` film '' after which he is shown storming out of the studio ( as part of the trailer ) , cursing at Kimmel . In August 2013 , Guillermo crashed a Matt Damon interview , about his upcoming movie Elysium , by promoting his own movie called `` Estupido '' , about a stupid man , which poster had an arrow pointing towards Matt Damon . At the end of the interview , Matt removed the poster , revealing on the other side the name of another Guillermo movie called `` Ass Face '' , also with an arrow pointing towards Matt . Matt accuses Guillermo of acting on Kimmel 's orders and , facing the camera , starts to say `` you ... '' , at which time it cuts to Guillermo 's promo which ends with Matt 's face turning into an ass . During Kimmel 's 2016 post-Oscar special , Ben Affleck wore a very large coat for his appearance , and Damon emerged from the coat for the interview . However , he was removed from the studio by an enraged Kimmel , who then moved on to interview Affleck . Later , Damon appeared in a sketch about the movie that Affleck stars in , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , reprising his role as astronaut Mark Watney . When Kimmel hosted the 89th Academy Awards on February 26 , 2017 , he renewed his feud with Damon , first in a skit harshly criticizing Damon 's film We Bought a Zoo , having the announcer introduce him as only the unnamed `` guest '' of Ben Affleck , and personally conducting the orchestra to play him off while Damon was talking ( before announcing the nominees and award winner ) .",
"7": "`` I 'm f * * king Matt Damon '' video ( edit ) In a segment that aired on January 31 , 2008 , Kimmel 's then long - time girlfriend Sarah Silverman appeared on the show and announced , via a music video , that she had been `` Fucking Matt Damon . '' Damon took an additional jab at Kimmel 's long running gag by telling Kimmel at the end of the video , `` Jimmy , we 're out of time . Sorry . '' On February 24 , on Kimmel 's third post-Oscar show , he debuted his rebuttal video announcing that he 's `` f * * king Ben Affleck . '' Kimmel introduced his star - studded musical by addressing Damon and vowing , `` You take something I love from me , I 'm gon na take something you love from you . '' Affleck is Damon 's longtime acting and writing collaborator ; the two first became prominent as such for Good Will Hunting and later channeled this collaboration into Project Greenlight . In addition to Affleck , the video featured Robin Williams , Don Cheadle , Harrison Ford , William Shatner , Hynden Walch , Cameron Diaz , Christina Applegate , Benji Madden and Joel Madden from Good Charlotte , Dicky Barrett , Christopher Mintz - Plasse , Lance Bass , Dominic Monaghan , Meat Loaf , Pete Wentz , Joan Jett , Huey Lewis , Perry Farrell , Macy Gray , Rebecca Romijn , Josh Groban , Jessica DiCicco , and unnamed choir singers as recording booth singers , along with Brad Pitt as a delivery man . The video gained widespread media attention , with Kimmel jokingly telling the New York Times , `` Every once in a while , Hollywood rallies itself for a worthy cause . '' On its end - of - the - decade `` best - of '' list , Entertainment Weekly put Damon as an action star at No. 60 and the Silverman video on No. 62 , writing , `` A talk - show host 's famous comedian girlfriend confesses in a catchy song that she 's shtupping No. 60 ? Yeah , that 'll go viral . '' In late February 2008 , Quick Stop Entertainment premiered a parody video entitled `` I 'm F * * king Seth Rogen '' as a promotion for Zack and Miri Make a Porno .",
"8": "The Seth Rogen version was unedited . The videos have also been parodied in a scene at the end of Disaster Movie ; in the original version all the characters sing that they 're `` dating '' each other , but in the uncensored DVD version they all sing they 're `` f * * king '' each other . In July 2008 , the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences announced that `` I 'm F * * king Matt Damon '' had received a Creative Arts Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics , competing against two songs from the Flight of the Conchords show , one from MADtv , and another from Phineas and Ferb . It won in that category , as well as for editing . Silverman , who accepted the award , thanked Damon who , she stated , had little to do with the video 's popularity , and Kimmel `` who broke my heart -- who will have a special place in my heart . '' Jimmy Kimmel Sucks ! ( edit ) For the 10th anniversary episode on January 24 , 2013 , Damon took over hosting duties ; for the occasion , the show was renamed Jimmy Kimmel Sucks ! The episode began with a sequence of clips showing Kimmel `` bumping '' Damon , and continued with Damon taking command of the show , while Kimmel was tied to a chair and gagged for the remainder of the episode . Damon then replaced Guillermo with Andy Garcia and bandleader Cleto with Sheryl Crow , before bringing in Robin Williams to do the monologue . The show had numerous guests , including Nicole Kidman , Gary Oldman , Amy Adams , Reese Witherspoon , Demi Moore , and Sarah Silverman , along with an on - screen cameo by Ben Affleck during Damon 's monologue . There were also numerous taped pieces congratulating Damon on hosting , including by Jennifer Lopez , Sally Field , John Krasinski , Robert De Niro , Don Cheadle , Oprah Winfrey , and Kimmel 's parents . Damon also `` revealed '' that Kimmel keeps `` bumping '' Damon out of jealousy : a clip shows Kimmel 's unsuccessful attempts to audition for all movie roles that Damon played . At the episode 's end , Damon turns the `` We ran out of time '' joke on Kimmel after asking Kimmel if he had anything to say .",
"9": "The episode was the highest - rated late night show that evening , and ABC elected to rebroadcast it in primetime the following week . Jay Leno parody ( edit ) Kimmel performed an entire show in character as Jay Leno during the 2010 Tonight Show conflict . During the 2010 Tonight Show conflict , Kimmel donned a gray wig and fake chin , performing his entire January 12 , 2010 show in character as Jay Leno . With his bandleader , Cleto Escobedo , parodying Leno 's bandleader Kevin Eubanks , Kimmel started out his monologue with `` It 's good to be here on ABC . Hey , Cleto , you know what ABC stands for ? Always Bump Conan . '' He also referenced the `` People of Earth '' letter written by Conan O'Brien , noting how O'Brien declined to participate in the `` destruction '' of The Tonight Show , commenting as Leno that `` Fortunately , though , I will ! I 'll burn it down if I have to ! '' Leno called Kimmel the next morning to discuss the bit , and at the end of the call , Leno suggested he come over and appear on his show . When his booking department called to confirm his appearance on a `` 10 at 10 '' segment , Kimmel agreed immediately . When he received the questions for his January 14 appearance -- such as `` What 's your favorite snack junk food ? '' -- he realized Leno intended to neutralize the scathing parody and paint the two as friends . Kimmel , however , was upfront with wanting to discuss the fiasco at hand , and upon his appearance , attempted to steer the questions that way : when asked about his favorite prank , he responded , `` I think the best prank I ever pulled was , I told a guy once , ' Five years from now I 'm going to give you my show . ' And then when the five years came , I gave it to him and I took it back , almost instantly . '' Another example came from when Leno asked , `` Ever order anything off the TV ? '' Kimmel replied , `` Like when NBC ordered your show off the TV ? '' Following similar remarks to more questions , Kimmel closed the segment with this comment : `` Listen , Jay . Conan and I have children .",
"10": "All you have to take care of is cars ! We have lives to lead here ! You 've got eight hundred million dollars ! For God 's sakes , leave our shows alone ! '' Leno never fought back and accepted the bit as comedy ( he ascribed it as Kimmel attempting to score some publicity ) , but Leno 's producer , Debbie Vickers , was furious . Kimmel discussed the appearance during an interview with Marc Maron for the latter 's podcast in 2012 . Kimmel stated that he felt O'Brien was not given a proper chance , but that he was also motivated by his own history with Leno . According to Kimmel , Leno had some years prior been in serious discussions with ABC about the possibility of jumping ship from NBC . During this period , Leno initiated a friendship with Kimmel , wanting to ensure that they would be on good terms if the move was made . ( Under that scenario , Leno would have taken Kimmel 's time slot and become his lead - in . ) However , after Leno made the arrangement to remain at NBC , `` those conversations were gone , '' according to Kimmel . Realizing that Leno 's relationship with him had been artificial , Kimmel felt `` worked over , '' reasoning that Leno was using the ABC discussions as a bargaining tactic to try to get his old job back . Sets ( edit ) The stage where the show is taped has gone through many changes , from the addition of a platform in front of the stage for Kimmel to do his monologue , to various stage backgrounds . In January 2005 , the show 's original set , at the TV studio in the Hollywood Masonic Temple ( now known as the El Capitan Entertainment Centre ) , which had video screens in the background and the band performing on the left side of the stage , was replaced with the current set , which has a city in the background . The band now performs on the right side of the stage . In the special February 25 , 2007 episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live !",
"11": "( the second `` After the Academy Awards '' show ) , the second set was slightly tweaked when an illustrated picture of a city , which was seen in the background from January 2005 to February 2007 , was replaced with a 3D collage of Los Angeles and Hollywood ( including the adjacent Dolby Theatre ( formerly Kodak Theatre ) across from the studio where his show is broadcast from ) . The 3D image , which was first used during Lionel Richie 's outdoor stage performances in the September 16 , 2006 episode , was created by artists Colin Cheer and Brian Walters . A brand - new set was unveiled January 8 , 2013 , coinciding with the show 's move to the earlier 11 : 35 p.m. timeslot . The new set is similar to the previous one , though the desk and chairs are no longer a stationary set element , and are only brought out for the guest interviews . Later , the traditional city duratrans was replaced with a large floor - to - ceiling curved video display known as the `` Wall of America '' , which most of the time displays the traditional background , but is now also able to be used for video pieces and bits , along with interviews ( including ones where Kimmel is not at his desk ; an instance of this was an interview through Cisco 's Jabber Guest with actress Viola Davis after the first - season finale of How to Get Away With Murder in February 2015 where she was unable to fly to Los Angeles from the East Coast due to weather issues ) which are branded under Cisco Systems 's telepresence technology . The desk / chairs component of the set is also not permanently staged unlike most talk shows , being quickly built on - stage only after Kimmel has finished his monologue , skits and bits at center stage . Music ( edit ) The Jimmy Kimmel Live Concert Series segment comprises a musical performance at the end of the show , which is performed on either an indoor or outdoor stage , or on location . Coors Light sponsored most of the show 's musical performances from 2004 to 2006 . In June 2005 , the show partnered with Pontiac for its concerts , which were held on the `` Pontiac Garage '' outdoor stage in Hollywood , until the sponsor 's parent company , General Motors , filed for bankruptcy in 2009 and announced the termination of the brand .",
"12": "Beginning in October 2009 , Anheuser - Busch 's Bud Light ( initially Bud Light Golden Wheat in 2009 -- 10 ) replaced Pontiac as the segment 's sponsor . In January 2013 , Sony took over sponsorship . In 2014 , AT&T took over sponsorship , then in 2015 Samsung replaced AT&T as the segment 's sponsor , in 2016 Cîroc replaced Samsung as the segment 's sponsor and in 2017 Mercedes - Benz became the segment 's sponsor . Openings ( edit ) Jimmy Kimmel and Sal Iacono Cold open ( edit ) When the show aired at 12 : 05 ET , the show began with a two - minute segment before the theme song and actual show . Originally a miniature monologue and preview of the guests , the segment expanded to include miniature skits and other ways to plug a product from one of the show 's sponsors . ( These , better known as `` integrated commercials , '' are rarely repeated . ) The cold open device was later adopted by The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson , and also remains in use by James Corden for occasional segments for his version . These segments were dropped when the show moved to 11 : 35 . Show opening ( edit ) On October 27 , 2011 , the show introduced a new opening sequence that shows Kimmel zip - lining through Hollywood until he arrives at the theater . In January 2015 , the show premiered a new opening . However , with every broadcast , the show 's announcer , Dicky Barrett , consistently starts off by saying , `` From Hollywood , it 's Jimmy Kimmel Live ! Tonight ... '' and then listing the show 's guests . At the end of the opening , Barrett comes up with a different introduction quip every time such as `` without further ado '' or `` I warned you '' and finishing with saying `` Here 's Jimmy Kimmel ! '' while elongating the `` - el '' sound just to give the show its own uniqueness . Notable segments ( edit ) The Harrison Ford vs. Chewbacca feud .",
"13": "On July 27 , 2011 , Ford appeared in a pre-show segment in which he is shown arguing in his dressing room with Chewbacca , his former co-star from the original Star Wars trilogy over an unexplained issue apparently related to Chewbacca cheating with Ford 's wife . On April 17 , 2013 , during another appearance on Kimmel , Chewbacca appeared in the audience during a question - and - answer session ; Ford reignited the argument regarding Chewie 's apparent dalliance with his wife , and the staged segment ended with a furious Ford `` storming '' out of the studio . Finally , on November 24 , 2015 , Ford settles his feud with Chewbacca by saving him from suicide , and remembering together the good old times . Feud with Kanye West . The rap musician launched a tirade directed at Kimmel on Twitter after a September 25 , 2013 sketch involving two children re-enacting West 's recent interview with BBC Radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet . Kimmel reveals the following night that West called him to demand an apology shortly before taping . In October 2013 , Kimmel had West back on the show and apologized to him . Birth of William Kimmel . Returning to the show on May 1 , 2017 after a hiatus , Jimmy , in his monologue , tearfully recounted the open - heart surgery his newborn son , William , had to undergo after it was discovered he had a congenital disease . Furthermore , the host made an impassioned plea to lawmakers in the United States government on both sides to ensure everyone has access to health care , referencing repeated efforts by Republicans in the House of Representatives to repeal the Affordable Care Act ( an effort , by coincidence , House Republicans managed to reach later that week , on May 4 ) . To care for his child , Kimmel took the rest of the week off , with guest hosts Will Arnett , Anthony Anderson , Kristen Bell and David Spade filling in . In November 2017 Shaquille O'Neal , Dave Grohl , Channing Tatum and Jennifer Lawrence filled in as guest hosts for Kimmel when his son had his second heart surgery . Mean Tweets ( edit ) In March 2012 , in honor of Twitter 's six - year anniversary , Jimmy Kimmel Live !",
"14": "featured a segment called `` Mean Tweets '' with celebrities -- including Will Ferrell , Jason Bateman , Kristen Bell , Roseanne Barr , Anna Faris , and Kathy Griffin -- reading aloud actual tweets directed toward them by Twitter users while the song `` Everybody Hurts '' by R.E.M. plays in the background . The segment was extremely popular , with more than 38 million views on YouTube by April 2015 . Additional `` Mean Tweets '' editions have aired , featuring celebrities including Julia Roberts , Tom Hanks , Adam Sandler , Britney Spears , Sofía Vergara , Jon Hamm , Julia Louis - Dreyfus , Aaron Paul , Benedict Cumberbatch , Cate Blanchett , Matt Damon , and Bill Murray . The tweets selected for the segment are invariably abusive , vulgar , or rude , often objecting to the celebrity 's physical appearance or perceived lack of talent . In many cases , the celebrity is then afforded the opportunity for a brief response to the mean tweet . The show has also aired several themed editions of `` Mean Tweets , '' including special NBA , NFL , college football , and music editions . In March 2015 , President Barack Obama took part in a `` President Obama edition '' of `` Mean Tweets , '' during which he read tweets from people mocking his jeans and blaming him for the high price of beer . The Obama segment attracted more than 10 million views in one day . On occasion , Kimmel will introduce a surprise celebrity guest for a live `` Mean Tweet '' , which was later compiled on YouTube . Celebrities who appeared on stage include Jeff Bridges and Halle Berry . This week in unnecessary censorship ( edit ) Kimmel and his staff will put together a compilation of clips from television shows and newscasts censored as if the people in the clips are using profanity on television jokingly ' sponsored and compiled ' by ABC itself and the Federal Communications Commission . Jimmy Kimmel YouTube challenge ( edit ) Kimmel will give out a challenge to viewers asking them to videotape themselves pulling a prank on a family member or significant other , and then revealing that `` Jimmy Kimmel told me to do it '' . The best clips are then aired on the show . Lie witness news ( edit ) A correspondent not seen on camera will ask pedestrians on Hollywood Boulevard a fake question related to an actual current news event .",
"15": "Most of the people answering the question will usually play along , giving the impression that they believe that the so - called fake event really happened . Jimmy Kimmel pedestrian question ( edit ) Kimmel will send a `` correspondent '' not seen on camera to ask a set of random pedestrians a question related to a certain theme . Kimmel will then have the audience guess the answer to the question , then will reveal the answer to the audience . Halloween candy YouTube segments ( edit ) Starting in 2011 , every Halloween , Kimmel asks his viewers to take away their children 's Halloween candy , videotape their kids reactions once they tell their kids that they ate their Halloween candy , and post it on YouTube with the respective hashtag . Once his team has compiled all the YouTube videos , he airs them on his broadcast days later . These segments have attracted criticism for potential promotion of emotional abuse . Other end - of - show segments ( edit ) At the end of some shows , there are comedians doing comedy . This is occasionally seen in place of the Jimmy Kimmel Live Concert Series segment . Another end - of - show segment is the rarely seen Future Talent Showcase . International broadcasts ( edit ) Jimmy Kimmel Live ! airs worldwide on various outlets . In Australia , The Comedy Channel began airing the program in September 2009 ; however , it was replaced in March 2010 by the return of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . The Comedy Channel resumed airing the program from September 22 , 2015 . In India Jimmy Kimmel Live ! premiered with its 14th season , and has aired on weeknights since at 11pm ( IST ) and 9 : 30pm ( PST ) on Star World and Star World HD . The show airs 12 hours after the U.S. broadcast since September 23 , 2015 . In Canada , the show previously aired on BiteTV and CHCH and aired on Citytv from 2012 until September 20 , 2014 . Even after its move to 11 : 35 , Citytv continued to tape delay the show to midnight to maintain its hour - long late night newscasts . Jimmy Kimmel Live ! moved to The Comedy Network beginning on September 22 , 2014 , initially airing in simulcast with ABC .",
"16": "However , in January 2015 , the program was yet again tape - delayed to midnight in favor of The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore . Jimmy Kimmel Live ! aired on The Comedy Network until the end of August , 2017 . The following month , the show was added to CMT Canada 's schedule . In Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nepal and Bhutan Jimmy Kimmel Live ! premiered with its 14th season , and has aired on weeknights since at 11pm ( IST ) and 9 : 30pm ( PST ) on India ' channel Star World and Star World HD . The show airs 12 hours after the U.S. broadcast since September 23 , 2015 . US Television Ratings ( Late Night Talk Shows ) ( edit ) Season Nielsen Rank Nielsen Rating Tied With 2002 - 03 1.7 N / A 2003 - 04 5 1.6 `` Last Call with Carson Daly '' 2004 - 05 5 1.5 `` Last Call with Carson Daly '' 2005 - 06 5 1.6 N / A 2006 - 07 5 1.8 N / A 2007 - 08 1.7 `` The Late Late Show '' 2008 - 09 5 1.7 `` The Daily Show '' 2009 - 10 1.7 `` The Late Late Show '' 2010 - 11 1.7 N / A 2011 - 12 1.8 N / A 2012 - 13 2.5 N / A 2013 - 14 2.6 N / A 2014 - 15 2.6 N / A 2015 - 16 N / A N / A N / A 2016 - 17 N / A N / A N / A 2017 - 18 TBD TBD N / A Controversies ( edit ) This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies .",
"17": "Please help to create a more neutral presentation , with details put in their proper context . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( April 2014 ) Detroit sports violence ( edit ) During Game 2 of the 2004 NBA Finals in Detroit , Kimmel appeared on ABC 's halftime show to make an on - air plug for that night 's episode . He suggested that if the Detroit Pistons defeated the Los Angeles Lakers , `` they 're gon na burn the city of Detroit down ... and it 's not worth it . '' Kimmel was referring to the violence that erupted in Detroit after the Tigers won the 1984 World Series . Officials at Detroit 's ABC affiliate , WXYZ - TV , immediately announced that night 's show would not air on the station . Hours later , ABC officials followed suit and pulled that night 's show from the entire network . Kimmel issued a tongue - in - cheek apology at first , saying that if `` the Lakers win , I plan to overturn my own car . '' WXYZ 's then - news director Andrea Parquet - Taylor rejected the apology , saying that Kimmel `` tried to turn it into another bad joke . '' Kimmel apologized again , saying he failed to take into account the embarrassment many Detroiters still felt about the 1984 violence . The second apology was enough for ABC to reinstate the program the following evening . Kimmel would later broadcast a series of shows from Detroit in an effort to make amends . `` Kill the Chinese '' ( edit ) During the October 16 , 2013 episode , Kimmel held the `` Kids Table '' segment to invite several 6 -- 7 - year - old children to discuss the U.S. debt problem : `` We owe the Chinese a lot of money , 1.3 trillion dollars . '' A boy immediately suggested to `` kill everyone in China . '' This comment elicited some laughter from the audience and Kimmel laughed it off and commented , `` That 's an interesting idea . '' He later asked , `` Should we allow the Chinese to live ? '' The boy stuck to his answer . The show has drawn fire from offended Asian Americans and Chinese citizens . An online poll showed that 90 % of the respondents were angered , saddened or guarded about the show .",
"18": "Overseas Chinese communities and domestic Chinese citizens alike have rallied together and created a petition to the White House and a campaign on Facebook boycotting Kimmel 's decision to air the comment on his show and asking that the show be investigated for its promotion of genocide and racism against the Chinese . The petition demanded that ABC should `` cut the show and issue a formal apology . '' The petitioner argued that `` ( t ) he kids might not know any better . However , Jimmy Kimmel and ABC 's management are adults . They had a choice not to air this racist program , which promotes racial hatred . '' Meanwhile , not all viewers of the parody found it objectionable . Gu Xiaoming , a professor at the School of Humanities at Fudan University , believed that some were reading too much into comments from a child , and the show reflected Americans ' anxiety on the debt crisis to some extent . The clip of this segment has since been removed from Kimmel 's YouTube account , but can still be seen when viewing the entire episode . On November 7 , 2013 , the White House petition had drawn more than 100,000 signatures . The White House was expected to review the filing and issue some sort of public response for petitions that gather enough support to pass the 100,000 mark . With respect to the petition , White House spokesman said , `` Every petition that crosses the threshold will be reviewed by the appropriate staff and receive a response . '' ABC first sent an apology letter to the 80 - 20 Initiative , an organization promoting equal opportunities for Asian Americans , for allowing the comment `` Kill everyone in China '' to air . This letter , signed by ABC senior executives , read in part : `` We would never purposefully broadcast anything to upset the Chinese community , Asian community , anyone of Chinese descent or any community at large . Our objective is to entertain . '' This letter also said that ABC had removed the controversial comment from all media platforms and would remove it from future airing . The chairman of the 80 - 20 Initiative , S.B. Woo , lodged the protest with ABC after he found out the segment was actually not live , and he considered this apology not a victory at all and could be more satisfactory for Asian - American communities .",
"19": "During the October 28 , 2013 episode of his show , Kimmel addressed this issue , stating that `` I thought it was obvious that I did n't agree with that statement , but apparently it was n't , so I just wanted to say , I 'm sorry , I apologize . '' On October 28 , 2013 , Asian Americans marched through the streets of San Francisco protesting about Kimmel 's show and his supposed condoning of genocide . They gathered around ABC headquarters in New York City and demanded a more elaborate apology and that an ABC representative come receive letters of protest . On November 1 , 2013 , Chinese American demonstrators , mainly from Houston , gathered outside ABC 's local office building to protest the offensive skit the show aired `` kill everyone in China . '' The crowds shouted slogans like `` Shame on ABC , '' `` Boycott ABC , '' and `` Fire Kimmel . '' . However , protesters were still not satisfied with ABC 's apology and organized a nationwide protest against ABC on November 9 in 27 cities , including a rally outside ABC 's headquarters in Burbank . The 80 - 20 initiative , however , accepted ABC 's November 8 apology and has said it would like to `` build bridges '' with ABC . YouTube Gaming ( edit ) During the August 27 , 2015 episode , Kimmel made a sketch parody making fun of the YouTube Gaming platform , and the `` let 's play '' culture in general . He received a great deal of criticism from the members of the gaming community on YouTube . The upload of the sketch is the most disliked video on his channel . Kimmel received death threats in the video 's comments section , which Kimmel made fun of with two other videos a few days later . The two reaction videos also received negative reception . Melania Trump accent joke ( edit ) In an April 2018 segment , Kimmel made a joke about First Lady Melania Trump 's pronunciation of words while reading to children at an annual White House Easter celebration . The comments offended some viewers who objected to jokes about Trump 's Slovenian accent . The comments led to a Twitter feud between Kimmel and pundit Sean Hannity ( Hannity called Kimmel a `` despicable disgrace '' and `` ass clown '' ; Kimmel rejoined that Hannity was the `` whole ass circus '' ) .",
"20": "Kimmel made comments about the relationship between Hannity and President Trump . Kimmel later said `` By lampooning Sean Hannity 's deference to the President , I most certainly did not intend to belittle or upset members of the gay community and to those who took offense , I apologize , I will take Sean Hannity at his word that he was genuinely offended by what I believed and still believe to be a harmless and silly aside referencing our First Lady 's accent . '' Kimmel said that his wife and son were the subjects of `` vile '' death threats as a result of his comments . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref .",
"21": "2012 Outstanding Variety Series Jimmy Kimmel , Jill Leiderman , Doug DeLuca , Jason Schrift , Erin Irwin , Jennifer Sharron , Ken Crosby , David Craig Nominated 2013 Outstanding Variety Series Jimmy Kimmel , Jill Leiderman , Doug DeLuca , Jason Schrift , Erin Irwin , Jennifer Sharron , Ken Crosby , David Craig Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series Andy Fisher ( Episode : `` Episode 13 - 1810 '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series Gary Greenberg , Molly McNearney , Tony Barbieri , Jonathan Bines , Sal Iacono , Jimmy Kimmel , Rick Rosner , Danny Ricker , Eric Immerman , Jeff Loveness , Josh Halloway , Bess Kalb , Joelle Boucai and Bryan Paulk Nominated 2014 Outstanding Variety Series Jimmy Kimmel , Jill Leiderman , Doug DeLuca , Jason Schrift , Erin Irwin , David Craig , Molly McNearney , Tony Romero , Gary Greenberg , Jennifer Sharron , Josh Weintraub , Ken Crosby and Seth Weidner Nominated 2015 Outstanding Variety Talk Series Jimmy Kimmel , Jill Leiderman , Doug DeLuca , Jason Schrift , Erin Irwin , David Craig , Gary Greenberg , Jennifer Sharron , Tony Romero , Molly McNearney , Josh Weintraub , Ken Crosby and Seth Weidner Nominated 2016 Outstanding Variety Talk Series Jimmy Kimmel , Jill Leiderman , Doug DeLuca , Jason Schrift , Erin Irwin , David Craig , Gary Greenberg , Jennifer Sharron , Tony Romero , Molly McNearney , Josh Weintraub , Ken Crosby and Seth Weidner Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2007 Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video Control for a Series Ervin D. Hurd , Parker Bartlett , Randy Gomez , Jr.",
"22": ", Greg Grouwinkel , Mark Gonzalez , Garrett Hurt , Ritch Kenney , Kris Wilson , Mike Malone , Marc Hunter and Guy Jones ( Episode : `` Jay Z Show '' ) Nominated 2008 Outstanding Picture Editing of Clip Packages for Talk , Performance , Award or Reality Competition Programs James Crowe ( Episode : `` 5th Year Anniversary Show -- I 'm F * * * ing Matt Damon '' ) Won Jason Bielski ( Episode : `` After the Academy Awards -- I 'm F * * * ing Ben Affleck '' ) Nominated Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video Control for a Series Ervin D. Hurd , Parker Bartlett , Randy Gomez , Jr. , Greg Grouwinkel , Garrett Hurt , Ritch Kenney , Kris Wilson , Gary Taillon and Chris Gray ( Episode : `` After the Academy Awards '' ) Nominated Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics Tony Barbieri , Sal Iacono , Wayne McClammy , Sarah Silverman and Dan Warner ( Song : `` I 'm F * * * ing Matt Damon '' ) Won 2009 Outstanding Lighting Direction ( Electronic , Multi-Camera ) for Variety , Music or Comedy Programming Christian Hibbard and Matt Ford ( Episode : `` Episode 09 - 1182 '' ) Nominated Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video Control for a Series Ervin D. Hurd , Parker Bartlett , Randy Gomez Jr. Marc Hunter , Garrett Hurt , Ritch Kenney , Bernd Reinhardt , Kris Wilson , Roy Walker , Guy Jones and Chris Gray ( Episode : `` Episode 09 - 1182 '' ) Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Variety , Nonfiction ,",
"23": "or Reality Programming Rodney Munoz ( Episode : `` Episode 09 - 1266 '' ) Won Outstanding Short Form Picture Editing Kevin McCullough ( Episode : `` Episode 10 - 1304 -- The Late Night Wars '' ) Nominated Brian Marsh ( Episode : `` Episode 10 - 1330 -- The Handsome Men 's Club '' ) Nominated 2011 Outstanding Short Form Picture Editing Brian Marsh ( Episode : `` After The Academy Awards -- The President 's Speech '' ) Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design / Lighting Direction for a Variety Series Christian Hibbard ( Episode : `` Michel Gondry Directs '' ) Nominated 2013 Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video Control for a Series Ervin D. Hurd , Kris Wilson , Ritch Kenney , Parker Bartlett , Greg Grouwinkel , Randy Gomez , Garrett Hurt , Bernd Reinhardt and Guy Jones ( Episode : `` Episode 12 - 1776 '' ) Nominated 2014 Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video Control for a Series Ervin D. Hurd , Parker Bartlett , Danny Bonilla , Nick Gomez , Randy Gomez , Greg Grouwinkel , Garrett Hurt , Ritch Kenney , Bernd Reinhardt , Kris Wilson and Guy Jones ( Episode : `` In Austin '' ) Nominated Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series James Crowe , Jason Bielski , Brian Marsh , Kevin McCullough and Matt Williams ( Episode : `` Behind the Scandelabra '' ) Nominated 2016 Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video Control for a Series Ervin D. Hurd , Kris Wilson , Parker Bartlett , Greg Grouwinkel , Nick Gomez , Garrett Hurt , Bernd Reinhardt , Mark Gonzales , James Alario , Kevin Murphy , Carlos Rios , Marc Hunter and Guy Jones ( Episode : `` In Brooklyn '' ) Nominated See also ( edit ) List of late night network TV programs List of late - night American network TV programs Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ' '' . epguides . Jump up ^ It 's Jimmy Kimmel vs.",
"24": "Leno and Letterman in January ; ABC moves ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' to 11 : 35 , ' Nightline ' to 12 : 35 , The Washington Post , August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Kimmel Signs On for 2 More Years with ABC , retrieved May 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Kimmel Live ! '' . 1iota.com ( Official audience - ticket site ) . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` Tuned In : WTAE anchor calm in crisis '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Late Night TV Ratings For The Week Of July 23 - 27 , 2012 '' . Zap2It . August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yuan , Jada ( 2012 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Jimmy Kimmel Takes On Brooklyn And Two New Rivals '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ E ! article : `` Jimmy Kimmel Live 's Uncle Frank Dead at 77 . Jump up ^ Hauser , Brooke ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` Matt Damon on Paparazzi Showdowns and Karaoke Dates '' . Parade . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ USA WEEKEND Magazine Jump up ^ Ram , Archana ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Jimmy Kimmel 's Handsome Men 's Club '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Kimmel pranks ' Estupido ' Matt Damon during ' Elysium ' interview '' . TODAY . August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Crashes Matt Damon Interview , Jimmy Kimmel Live channel '' . YouTube . August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joanna Robinson ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Ben Affleck Try to Smuggle Matt Damon into Jimmy Kimmel 's Oscar Special '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ Kimmel vs. Damon feud : Jimmy Kimmel brings friendly feud with Matt Damon to the Oscars ABC 15 , February 26 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Emmy Award '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wyatt , Edward ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` Late - Night TV Satires Become Online Hits '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 100 greatest movies , TV shows , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` QUICK STOP EXCLUSIVE : I 'm F * * king Seth Rogen '' . Quick Stop Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 60th Primetime Emmy Awards Academy of Television Arts & Sciences '' . Cdn.emmys.tv . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Damon Takes Over Jimmy Kimmel Live '' . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Jimmy Kimmel 's Matt Damon Episode To Get Primetime Encore '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carter 2010 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Carter 2010 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Carter 2010 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Carter 2010 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ The Young Turks ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` Kimmel Goes At Leno On His Show '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Carter 2010 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 249 -- Jimmy Kimmel '' . WTF with Marc Maron ; January 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford fights with Chewbacca on Jimmy Kimmel '' , Inside TV , July 27 , 2011 ; accessed April 18 , 2013 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford gives Chewbacca a piece of his mind on Jimmy Kimmel Live '' , EW.com , April 18 , 2013 ; accessed April 18 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Watch Harrison Ford & Chewbacca End Their Feud on ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Kanye West goes after Jimmy Kimmel in Twitter rant over BBC interview spoof , late - night host responds : ' Right now we 're at DefKanye Five ' '' , New York Daily News , September 27 , 2013 ; accessed September 28 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` ' A lot of people think you 're a jerk ' , says Jimmy Kimmel after grovelling apology to ' genius ' Kanye West in gushing interview '' . Daily Mail . 10 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` House Passes Measure to Repeal and Replace the Affordable Care Act , '' from The New York Times , 5 / 4 / 2017 Jump up ^ Lacey Rose ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Jimmy Kimmel Reveals Newborn Son 's Open - Heart Surgery in Emotional Monologue '' . HollywoodReporter.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Lawrence , Channing Tatum Among ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' Guest Hosts ^ Jump up to : Hendricks , Jaclyn ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Jimmy Kimmel 's ' Mean Tweets ' bit reaches major milestone '' . The New York Post . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities Read Mean Tweets # 1 '' . Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mean Tweets -- NBA Edition '' . Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mean Tweets -- NFL Edition '' . Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ `` Mean Tweets -- CFP Edition '' . Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . January 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mean Tweets -- Music Edition # 2 '' . Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/jimmy-kimmel-wants-to-prank-kids-why-are-we-laughing/2017/10/20/9be17716-aed0-11e7-9e58-e6288544af98_story.html Jump up ^ https://childrensmd.org/browse-by-age-group/toddler-pre-school/hey-jimmy-kimmel-you%E2%80%99re-teaching-our-kids-how-to-bully/ Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Kimmel Show replaced by Leno '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Kimmel out of Comedy '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Jimmy Kimmel Live returning to Comedy channel '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kimmel is coming to India ! '' . IndianTelevision . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Comedy Network Acquires JIMMY KIMMEL LIVE '' . June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Nightly Show ' is coming to Comedy ! '' . The Comedy Network . Bell Media . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . -- Jump up ^ `` The TV Ratings Guide : Before Late Night Became A Toilet of Trumpster Fire Jokes -- The 1991 - 2015 Late Night Talk Show Ratings '' . ^ Jump up to : Susman , Gary ( 11 June 2004 ) .",
"28": "`` The Ban Show '' . Entertainment Weekly . ew.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Kimmel 's ' Kids Table ' Suggests The US Kill Everyone In China Instead Of Repaying Its Debt '' . Business Insider . October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Jimmy Kimmel Leaves 90 % of Chinese Angered , Saddened or On Guard '' . Time . October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese community rallies against Jimmy Kimmel for ' kill everyone in China ' comment '' . South China Morning Post . October 25 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kill everyone in China ' : Outrage over comment during Jimmy Kimmel skit '' . South China Morning Post . October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Kimmel ' Kid 's Table ' Skit Controversy : Outrage Over ' Kill Everyone In China ' Comment Sparks White House Petition '' . International Business Times . October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Online fury over child 's comments '' . Global Times . October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kimmel 's ' Kids Table ' Is Pretty Much The Best Political Talk Show Ever , But Not Everyone Is Laughing ( UPDATE ) '' . Huffington Post . October 25 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Skit That Offended Chinese May Get White House Response '' . The New York Times . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` White House to Respond to Jimmy Kimmel - Protest Petition '' . Time . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Petition Against Jimmy Kimmel Draws Enough Support to Merit White House Response '' .",
"29": "Wall Street Journal . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Jimmy Kimmel 's China joke became an issue for the White House '' . The Washington Post . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC apologizes for child 's joke on Kimmel 's show '' . Associated Press . October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' apologizes for ' kill everyone in China ' sketch '' . Los Angeles Times . October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC apologises for ' kill everyone in China ' comment on Jimmy Kimmel show '' . South China Morning Post . 28 October 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Apologizes for ' Kill Everyone in China ' Line on Jimmy Kimmel Live '' . Wall Street Journal blog . October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Kimmel apologizes for ' killing everyone in China ' skit '' . CNN . October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kids Say the Most Divisive Things : Asian Americans Protest Jimmy Kimmel '' . Time . October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jimmy Kimmel ' skit sparks protest after child suggests ' kill everyone in China ' '' . NBC News . October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds in Houston protest against ABC 's offensive skit '' . Xinhua. 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Kimmel controversy : Protesters still not happy with ABC '' . Los Angeles Times . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ `` 80 -- 20 Urges building Deeper Relationships with ABC '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Jimmy Kimmel 's Jab At YouTube Gaming Backfired '' . Kotaku . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amy Lieu , Outrage at Kimmel comments on Melania surges as protest petition exceeds 50K signatures , Fox News ( April 8 , 2018 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kimmel apologizes for Melania Trump joke amid feud with Sean Hannity , Associated Press ( April 8 , 2018 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kim Willis , Jimmy Kimmel quits feud with Sean Hannity , apologizes for joking about Melania Trump , USA Today ( April 8 , 2018 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Jimmy Kimmel Live '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Carter , Bill ( 2010 ) . The War for Late Night : When Leno Went Early and Television Went Crazy . New York , NY : Plume . ISBN 978 - 0452297494 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on IMDb Jimmy Kimmel Live ! at TV.com Current late night talk and news satire comedy shows in the United States Network ABC Jimmy Kimmel Live !",
"31": "CBS The Late Show with Stephen Colbert The Late Late Show with James Corden NBC The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon Late Night with Seth Meyers Last Call with Carson Daly PBS Amanpour on PBS Beyond 100 Days Cable BET The Rundown with Robin Thede Bravo Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen Comedy Central The Jim Jefferies Show The Daily Show with Trevor Noah The Opposition with Jordan Klepper The President Show Fox News The Greg Gutfeld Show HBO Real Time with Bill Maher Last Week Tonight with John Oliver National Geographic StarTalk TBS Conan Full Frontal with Samantha Bee TruTV The Chris Gethard Show Streaming Hulu I Love You , America with Sarah Silverman See also Morning Daytime talk Evening news Late night Overnight news Sunday talk Newsmagazines Tabloid ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Alex , Inc. ( since 2018 ) America 's Funniest Home Videos ( since 1989 ) American Housewife ( since 2016 ) American Idol ( since 2018 ) The Bachelor ( since 2002 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( since 2018 ) The Bachelorette ( 2003 -- 2005 ;",
"32": "since 2008 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2014 ) Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise ( since 2015 ) Battle of the Network Stars ( since 2017 ) Black - ish ( since 2014 ) Boy Band ( since 2017 ) Celebrity Family Feud ( since 2015 ) Child Support ( since 2018 ) The Crossing ( since 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars ( since 2005 ) Deception ( since 2018 ) Designated Survivor ( since 2016 ) For the People ( since 2018 ) Fresh Off the Boat ( since 2015 ) The Goldbergs ( since 2013 ) The Gong Show ( since 2017 ) The Good Doctor ( since 2017 ) The Great American Baking Show ( since 2015 ) The Great Christmas Light Fight ( since 2013 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( since 2005 ) How to Get Away with Murder ( since 2014 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( since 2017 ) Match Game ( since 2016 ) The Middle ( since 2009 ) Modern Family ( since 2009 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) Quantico ( since 2015 ) Roseanne ( 1988 -- 1997 ; since 2018 ) Shark Tank ( since 2009 ) Steve Harvey 's Funderdome ( since 2017 ) Somewhere Between ( since 2017 ) Speechless ( since 2016 ) Splitting Up Together ( since 2018 ) Station 19 ( since 2018 ) The Toy Box ( since 2017 ) To Tell the Truth ( since 2016 ) Daytime The Chew ( since 2011 ) General Hospital ( since 1963 ) The View ( since 1997 ) Late night Jimmy Kimmel Live !",
"33": "( since 2003 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) News 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) ABC World News Tonight ( since 1953 ) America This Morning ( since 1982 ) Good Morning America ( since 1975 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) Sundays with Alec Baldwin ( since 2018 ) This Week ( since 1981 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) World News Now ( since 1992 ) Sports ESPN College Football on ABC Indianapolis 500 IndyCar Series on ABC NBA on ABC ESPN Saturday Night Football WNBA on ESPN Formula One Saturday morning Born to Explore with Richard Wiese Jack Hanna 's Wild Countdown Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin Sea Rescue Upcoming Dancing with the Stars Junior ( 2018 ) The Rookie ( TBA ) Take Two ( TBA ) Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Talk Show The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2011 ) Late Night with Jimmy Fallon ( 2012 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2013 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( 2014 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2015 ) Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ( 2016 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( 2016 ) Jimmy Kimmel Live !",
"34": "( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Kimmel_Live!&oldid=838202909 '' Categories : 2003 American television series debuts 2000s American late - night television series 2010s American late - night television series 2000s American variety television series 2010s American variety television series American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs Super Bowl lead - out programs Television series by ABC Studios ABC late - night programming Sarah Silverman Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2011 Use mdy dates from April 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles needing POV - check from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 15 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
10,
11,
32,
12,
30,
34,
29,
17,
31,
4,
28,
26,
16,
1,
24,
33,
15,
13,
27,
6,
25,
3,
0,
5,
23,
19,
9,
22,
2,
8,
21,
20,
18,
7,
14
] |
[
10,
11,
32,
12,
30,
34
] |
5108477420886439064
|
who sold the most records elvis or the beatles
|
[
"The Beatles",
"The Beatles",
"The Beatles",
"The Beatles"
] |
{
"0": "List of best - selling Music artists - wikipedia List of best - selling Music artists Jump to : navigation , search This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales . The artists in the following tables are listed with both their claimed sales figure along with their total of certified units and are ranked in descending order , with the artist with the highest amount of claimed sales at the top . If two or more artists have the same claimed sales , they are then ranked by certified units . The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units ( for each country ) within the provided sources include sales of albums , singles , compilation - albums , music videos as well as downloads of singles and full - length albums . Sales figures , such as those from Soundscan , which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine , have not been included in the certified units column . As of 2017 , based on both sales claims and certified units , The Beatles are considered the highest - selling band . Elvis Presley is considered the highest - selling individual artist based on sales claims and Rihanna is the highest - selling individual artist based on certified units . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 Artists by reputed sales 2.1 250 million or more records 2.2 200 million to 249 million records 2.3 120 million to 199 million records 2.4 100 million to 119 million records 2.5 80 million to 99 million records 2.6 75 million to 79 million records 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Definitions All artists included on this list , which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20 % in certified units . That is why Cliff Richard , Diana Ross , Scorpions , Bing Crosby , Gloria Estefan , Deep Purple , Iron Maiden , Tom Jones , The Jackson 5 , Dionne Warwick , the Spice Girls , Dolly Parton , Ozzy Osbourne , Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list .",
"1": "The more recent the artist , the higher the required percentage of certified units , so artists such as Rihanna , Chris Brown , Taylor Swift , Flo Rida , Katy Perry , Justin Bieber , Adele , Lady Gaga , Bruno Mars , Nicki Minaj and Ed Sheeran are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75 % in certified units . The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . All certified units are converted from Gold / Platinum / Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies . The certified units percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts . The requirements of certified units are designed to avoid inflated sales figures , which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes . The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources . For clarity , the sources used , say the term `` records '' ( singles , albums , videos ) and not `` albums '' . However , if all available sources for an artist or band say `` albums '' , such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount . This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists ' available certified units : inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high , are not used . The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists ' certified units . In other words , the available certified units for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones . The certified units of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures . This is because Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification . For this reason , some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units . The over certified figures , however , are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications , one such example is Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA , yet during the time of the certification , it had sold 5.4 million downloads .",
"2": "The certified units for some artists / bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification . Issued certifications for songs which have been recorded by multiple artists including featured artists are added to each artist 's total amount of certified units , as all the artists would have played a significant part in a song . For example `` This Is What You Came For '' and `` Where Them Girls At '' include Rihanna and Flo Rida , Nicki Minaj as featured artists respectively , so the certifications issued for these songs are added to the total amount of certified units for all involved artists . However , the certifications issued for songs that have been recorded by four or more artists are not included as the artists involved would have played minor roles , examples of such songs are Kanye West 's `` Monster '' and / or `` All Day '' . Artists by reputed sales 250 million or more records The Beatles Elvis Presley Michael Jackson Madonna Elton John Led Zeppelin Pink Floyd To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the tables below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the tables is based on Retail Value : each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Beatles United Kingdom 1960 -- 1970 1962 Rock / Pop 7002271300000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 271.3 million US : 212.250 million JPN : 4.950 million UK : 18.245 million GER : 8 million FRA : 3.890 million CAN : 14.455 million AUS : 3.060 million ITA : 355,000 BRA : 550,000 SWE 485,000 SPA : 1.250 million SWI : 350,",
"3": "000 BEL : 265,000 ARG : 1.606 million DEN : 270,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 175,000 NZ : 660,000 600 million 500 million Elvis Presley United States 1954 -- 1977 1954 Rock and roll / Pop / Country 7002223100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 223.1 million US : 199.150 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 13.145 million GER : 1.2 million FRA : 2.590 million CAN : 2.925 million AUS : 1.797 million ITA : 105,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE 380,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 105,000 SWI : 185,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 110,000 DEN : 120,000 AUT : 205,000 FIN : 213,945 NZ : 117,500 600 million 500 million Michael Jackson United States 1964 -- 2009 1971 Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B 7002185300000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 185.3 million US : 104.5 million JPN : 4.650 million UK : 28.245 million GER : 11.275 million FRA : 11.375 million CAN : 4.670 million AUS : 6.670 million ITA : 1.170 million BRA : 280,000 SWE : 1.230 million SPA : 1.995 million MEX : 3.670 million SWI : 910,000 BEL : 365,000 ARG : 124,000 DEN : 1.224 million AUT : 1.197 million POL : 530,000 FIN : 384,127 NZ : 902,",
"4": "500 350 million 300 million Madonna United States 1979 -- present 1982 Pop / Dance / Electronica 7002170700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 170.7 million US : 85.675 million JPN : 6.450 million UK : 28.845 million GER : 12.4 million FRA : 12.81 million CAN : 6.030 million AUS : 4.717 million ITA : 465,000 BRA : 3.440 million SWE : 1.070 million SPA : 2.815 million MEX : 510,000 SWI : 1.080 million BEL : 690,000 ARG : 1.098 DEN : 407,000 AUT : 602,500 POL : 530,000 FIN : 652,686 NZ : 417,500 300 million 275 million Elton John United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Pop / Rock 7002169300000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 169.3 million US : 117.850 million JPN : 1.1 million UK : 22.595 million GER : 7.9 million FRA : 4.825 million CAN : 5.975 million AUS : 2.947 million BRA : 835,000 SWE : 740,000 SPA : 1.2 million MEX : 100,000 SWI : 1.313 million BEL : 390,000 ARG : 128,000 DEN : 150,000 AUT : 765,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 163,481 NZ : 255,000 300 million 250 million Led Zeppelin United Kingdom 1968 -- 1980 1969 Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock 7002140000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 140 million US : 114.1 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 9.530 million GER : 3.775 million FRA : 2.",
"5": "310 million CAN : 4.710 million AUS : 2.8 million ITA : 420,000 BRA : 820,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 211,000 ARG : 360,000 POL : 120,000 300 million 200 million Pink Floyd United Kingdom 1965 -- 1996 , 2014 1967 Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock 7002119100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 119.1 million US : 78 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 11.520 million GER : 7.5 million FRA : 6.360 million CAN : 6.790 million AUS : 2.932 million ITA : 1.685 million BRA : 540,000 SWE : 220,000 SPA : 625,000 SWI : 390,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 582,000 AUT : 460,000 POL : 590,000 NZ : 787,500 250 million 200 million The column for certified sales includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 200 million to 249 million records Rihanna Eminem Mariah Carey Queen Celine Dion Whitney Houston AC / DC Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Rihanna Barbados United States 2005 -- present 2005 R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip - hop 7002255600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 255.6 million US : 188.55 million JPN : 1.4 million UK : 31.1 million GER : 10.075 million FRA : 1.465 million CAN : 3.120 million AUS : 9.325 million ITA : 1.550 million BRA : 705,000 SWE : 2.480 million SPA : 1.470 million MEX : 410,",
"6": "000 SWI : 840,000 BEL : 660,000 DEN : 1.127 AUT : 135,000 POL : 500,000 IRE : 240,000 NZ : 682,500 230 million Eminem United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7002215200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 215.2 million US : 163.2 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 23.625 million GER : 6.450 million FRA : 3.288 million CAN : 3.930 million AUS : 5.807 million ITA : 665,000 BRA : 220,000 SWE : 910,000 SPA : 290,000 MEX : 365,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 505,000 DEN : 656,000 > AUT : 362,500 PL : 250,000 FIN : 124,547 IRE : 285,000 NZ : 600,000 220 million 200 million Mariah Carey United States 1988 -- present R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip - hop 7002137300000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 137.3 million US : 92.6 million JPN : 14.5 million UK : 10.220 million GER : 3.750 million FRA : 4.690 million CAN : 4.1 million AUS : 3.515 million ITA : 200,000 BRA : 835,000 SWE : 425,000 SPA : 1 million SWI : 515,000 BEL : 175,000 DEN : 280,000 AUT : 200,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 200 million 175 million Queen United Kingdom 1971 -- present 1973 Rock 7002125700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 125.7 million US : 65 million JPN : 2.",
"7": "850 million UK : 29.075 million GER : 11.875 million FRA : 4.495 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.167 million ITA : 505,000 BRA : 970,000 SWE : 190,000 SPA : 1.720 million SWI : 1.256 million BEL : 100,000 DEN : 205,000 ARG : 1.080 million AUT : 900,000 POL : 810,000 FIN : 366,152 NZ : 275,000 200 million 170 million Celine Dion Canada 1981 -- present 1981 Pop 7002125100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 125.1 million US : 56.550 million JPN : 7.150 million UK : 13.615 million GER : 8 million FRA : 15.768 million CAN : 12.245 million AUS : 3.302 million BRA : 505,000 SWE : 1.105 million SPA : 1 million SWI : 1.685 million BEL : 1.885 million ARG : 340,000 DEN : 370,000 AUT : 440,000 POL : 680,000 FIN : 356,183 NZ : 192,500 200 million 175 million Whitney Houston United States 1977 -- 2012 1984 R&B / Soul / Pop 7002114900000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 114.9 million US : 76.775 million JPN : 4.3 million UK : 15.205 million GER : 5.6 million FRA : 2.275 million CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.755 million ITA : 140,000 BRA : 1.025 SWE : 1.035 million SPA : 1.260 million SWI : 845,000 BEL : 215,000 DEN : 140,000 AUT : 535,000 POL : 180,",
"8": "000 FIN : 247,222 200 million 170 million AC / DC Australia 1973 -- present Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll 7002114900000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 114.9 million US : 79.7 million UK : 5.5 million GER : 10.3 million FRA : 4.180 million CAN : 2.490 million AUS : 7.740 million ITA : 775,000 SWE : 350,000 SPA : 1.355 million SWI : 894,000 BEL : 100,000 ARG : 594,000 DEN : 130,000 AUT : 380,000 FIN : 321,169 NZ : 140,000 200 million 150 million The Rolling Stones United Kingdom 1962 -- present 1963 Rock / Blues rock 7001978000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.8 million US : 74.750 million JPN : 950,000 UK : 8.970 million GER : 3.3 million FRA : 3.377 million AUS : 417,500 CAN : 3.025 million ITA : 205,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 690,000 SWI : 238,000 BEL : 120,000 ARG : 718,000 AUT : 300,000 POL : 140,000 NZ : 190,000 200 million ABBA Sweden 1972 -- 1982 1972 Pop / Disco 7001609000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.9 million US : 12.7 million JPN : 1.5 million UK : 19.170 million GER : 10.450 million FRA : 2.750 million CAN : 2.785 million AUS : 6.127 million BRA : 275,000 SWE : 800,000 SPA : 1.005 million MEX : 260,",
"9": "000 SWI : 600,000 BEL : 380,000 ARG : 238,000 DEN : 600,000 AUT : 175,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 656,319 NZ : 297,500 200 million 100 million 120 million to 199 million records Taylor Swift Garth Brooks Justin Bieber Eagles Bruno Mars Ed Sheeran Kanye West Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Taylor Swift United States 2006 -- present 2006 Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop - rock 7002184600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 184.6 million US : 159 million JPN : 2.950 million UK : 8.9 million GER : 1.050 FRA : 300,000 CAN : 4.740 million AUS : 5.530 million ITA : 285,000 BRA : 440,000 SWE : 280,000 MEX : 510,000 DEN : 140,000 > AUT : 100,000 NZ : 375,000 175 million Garth Brooks United States 1989 -- present 1989 Country 7002156100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 156.1 million US : 149.4 million UK : 520,000 CAN : 5.730 million AUS : 350,000 IRE : 120,000 160 million Eagles United States 1971 -- 1980 , 1994 -- present 1972 Rock 7002129600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 129.6 million US : 108.9 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 8.035 million GER : 925,000 FRA : 2.040 million CAN : 4.2 million AUS : 3.395 million SWE : 140,000 SPA : 500,000 SWI : 290,",
"10": "000 DEN : 185,000 > FIN : 124,749 NZ : 352,500 150 million U2 Ireland 1976 -- present 1980 Rock 7002107100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 107.1 million US : 53.1 million JPN : 1.450 million UK : 18.720 million GER : 5.125 million FRA : 5.125 million CAN : 7.155 million AUS : 4.412 million ITA : 855,000 BRA : 2.675 million SWE : 515,000 SPA : 2.295 million MEX : 835,000 SWI : 696,000 BEL : 750,000 ARG : 806,000 DEN : 473,000 AUT : 522,500 POL : 370,000 FIN : 235,460 IRE : 316,000 NZ : 765,000 150 million Billy Joel United States 1964 -- present 1971 Pop / Rock 7002102600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 102.6 million US : 87.950 million JPN : 2 million UK : 5.655 million GER : 1.250 million FRA : 925,000 CAN : 3.275 million AUS : 1.267 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 162,500 150 million Phil Collins United Kingdom 1980 -- 2011 , 2015 -- present 1981 Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary 7001884000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 88.4 million US : 39.850 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 15.850 million GER : 13.8 million FRA : 6.410 million CAN : 3.375 million AUS : 1.522 BRA : 1.370 million SWE : 245,000 SPA : 2.150 million SWI : 973,000 BEL : 305,",
"11": "000 ARG : 1.044 million AUT : 440,000 FIN : 182,581 NZ : 122,500 150 million Aerosmith United States 1970 -- present 1973 Hard rock 7001847000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 84.7 million US : 70.250 million JPN : 2.7 million UK : 3.230 million GER : 2 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.950 million AUS : 225,000 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 600,000 SWE : 260,000 SPA : 200,000 MEX : 230,000 SWI : 145,000 ARG : 338,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 FIN : 101,722 150 million Frank Sinatra United States 1935 -- 1995 1939 Pop / Swing 7001375000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 37.5 million US : 28.2 million UK : 5.645 million GER : 1 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 650,000 AUS : 315,000 BRA : 350,000 SWE : 130,000 SPA : 500,000 ARG : 188,000 150 million Barbra Streisand United States 1960 -- present 1963 Pop / Adult contemporary 7001975000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.5 million US : 82.450 million UK : 5.765 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 3.150 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 2.152 million SWE : 120,000 SPA : 150,000 FIN : 186,501 NZ : 137,500 145 million Justin Bieber Canada United States 2008 -- present 2009 Pop / Teen pop , Dance pop 7002148300000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 148.",
"12": "3 million US : 101.5 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 18.285 million GER : 3.8 million FRA : 1.098 CAN : 5.780 million AUS : 4.795 million ITA : 1.845 million BRA : 810,000 SWE : 2.020 million SPA : 880,000 MEX : 2.970 million BEL : 450,000 DEN : 2.250 million POL : 370,000 AUT : 140,000 NZ : 615,000 140 million Bruno Mars United States 2004 -- present Pop rock / R&B 7002126200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 126.2 million US : 89.5 million JPN : 1.2 million UK : 14.5 million GER : 3.4 million FRA : 1.950 million CAN : 5.240 million AUS : 5.810 million ITA : 710,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 490,000 MEX : 810,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 360,000 DEN : 375,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 577,500 PHL : 330,000 130 million Ed Sheeran United Kingdom 2004 -- present 2011 Pop / Folk pop 7002121800000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 121.8 million US : 54 million JPN : 350,000 UK : 35.160 million GER : 7.2 million FRA : 1.691 million CAN : 6.360 million AUS : 7.420 million ITA : 2.390 million SWE : 1.360 million SPA : 730,000 MEX : 180,000 SWI : 475,000 BEL : 555,000 DEN : 2.115 million AUT : 340,000 POL : 360,000 NZ : 1.",
"13": "140 million 126 million Kanye West United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop / Electronic / Pop rock 7002109200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 109.2 million US : 93.750 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 11.080 million GER : 300,000 CAN : 1.180 million AUS : 2.135 million ITA : 160,000 SWE : 160,000 DEN : 424,000 121 million Bruce Springsteen United States 1972 -- present 1973 Rock 7002101700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 101.7 million US : 76.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 7.345 million GER : 4.325 million FRA : 1.887 million CAN : 3.2 million AUS : 3.362 million ITA : 575,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 810,000 SPA : 1.730 million SWI : 400,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 290,000 FIN : 449,800 IRE : 189,500 NZ : 375,000 120 million Bee Gees United Kingdom Australia 1963 -- 2003 2009 -- 2012 1963 Pop / Disco 7001684000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 68.4 million US : 42.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 9.125 million GER : 6.675 million FRA : 3.4 million CAN : 3.215 million AUS : 1.187 million BRA : 350,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 415,000 ARG : 188,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 380,",
"14": "000 120 million 100 million to 119 million records Katy Perry Adele Lady Gaga Jay - Z Metallica Lil Wayne B'z Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Lady Gaga United States 2005 -- present 2008 Pop / Dance / Electronic 7002101400000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 101.4 million US : 69.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 11.585 million GER : 3.350 million FRA : 1.647 million CAN : 2.4 million AUS : 2.890 million ITA : 840,000 BRA : 470,000 SWE : 680,000 SPA : 410,000 MEX : 420,000 SWI : 445,000 BEL : 270,000 DEN : 340,000 AUT : 182,500 POL : 130,000 IRE : 165,000 NZ : 277,500 114 million Metallica United States 1981 -- present Heavy metal / Thrash metal 7001948000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 94.8 million US : 73.3 million JPN : 900,000 UK : 3.535 million GER : 3.525 million FRA : 940,000 CAN : 3.885 million AUS : 2.637 million ITA : 180,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 675,000 SPA : 420,000 MEX : 430,000 SWI : 560,000 BEL : 335,000 DEN : 180,000 ARG : 874,000 AUT : 340,000 POL : 735,000 FIN : 530,676 NZ : 315,000 110 million Katy Perry United States 2001 -- present 2008 Pop 7002137300000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 137.",
"15": "3 million US : 104 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 13.010 million GER : 3.350 million FRA : 867,000 CAN : 6.160 million AUS : 5.3 million ITA : 780,000 BRA : 625,000 SWE : 600,000 SPA : 180,000 MEX : 900,000 SWI : 160,000 BEL : 135,000 DEN : 235,000 AUT : 247,500 NZ : 360,000 100 million Adele United Kingdom 2006 -- present 2008 Pop , soul 7002105200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 105.2 million US : 61 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 20.850 million GER : 4.7 million CAN : 6.120 million AUS : 3.955 million ITA : 1.570 million BRA : 1.310 million SWE : 240,000 SPA : 800,000 MEX : 1.490 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 795,000 DEN : 812,500 POL : 300,000 FIN : 151,639 NZ : 577,500 100 million Jay - Z United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop 7002100100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 100.1 million US : 84.7 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 9.320 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.6 million AUS : 1.260 ITA : 180,000 SWE : 130,000 100 million Lil Wayne United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7001910000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 91 million US : 87.7 million UK : 2.460 million CAN : 280,000 AUS : 630,",
"16": "000 100 million B'z Japan 1988 -- present Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock 7001857000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 85.7 million JPN : 85.75 million 100 million Bon Jovi United States 1983 -- present Hard rock / Glam metal 7001841009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 84.1 million US : 49.9 million JPN : 4.400 million UK : 9.490 million GER : 5.650 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 4.735 million AUS : 3.030 million ITA : 135,000 BRA : 435,000 SWE : 365,000 SPA : 1.620 million MEX : 250,000 SWI : 1.275 million AUT : 725,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 358,000 POL : 110,000 FIN : 422,500 NZ : 210,000 100 million Linkin Park United States 1996 -- present 2000 Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock 7001828000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 82.8 million US : 61.6 million JPN : 1.550 million UK : 6.605 million GER : 5.850 million FRA : 1.025 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 1.485 million ITA : 640,000 BRA : 595,000 SWE : 165,000 SPA : 175,000 MEX : 225,000 SWI : 435,000 BEL : 140,000 DEN : 175,000 AUT : 252,500 POL : 220,000 FIN : 120,469 NZ : 252,500 100 million Coldplay United Kingdom 1996 -- present 1999 Alternative rock , Pop rock , Pop 7001817000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 81.7 million US : 30.",
"17": "6 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 25.245 million GER : 4.350 million FRA : 3.013 CAN : 3.525 million AUS : 3.795 million ITA : 2.795 million BRA : 340,000 SWE : 750,000 SPA : 1.030 million MEX : 1.890 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 765,000 ARG : 528,000 DEN : 894,000 AUT : 197,500 POL : 240,000 IRE : 210,000 NZ : 345,000 100 million Britney Spears United States 1998 -- present 1998 Pop / Dance / Dance - pop 7001815000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 81.5 million US : 46.2 million JPN : 2.1 million UK : 10.750 million GER : 5.350 million FRA : 3.732 million CAN : 3.680 million AUS : 3.165 million ITA : 200,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 1.010 million SPA : 990,000 MEX : 1.175 million SWI : 485,000 AUT : 365,000 BEL : 935,000 ARG : 248,000 DEN : 187,500 POL : 210,000 FIN : 143,627 NZ : 240,000 100 million Beyoncé United States 1997 -- present 2002 R&B / Pop 7001816009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 81.6 million US : 56.150 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 14.545 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 560,000 CAN : 1.395 million AUS : 2.975 million ITA : 260,000 BRA : 390,000 SWE : 120,000 SPA : 1.030 million MEX : 110,",
"18": "000 SWI : 165,000 BEL : 115,000 DEN : 312,500 POL : 100,000 NZ : 210,000 100 million Rod Stewart United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001781009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78.1 million US : 43.650 million JPN : 450,000 UK : 18.630 million GER : 3.8 million FRA : 1.8 million CAN : 4.055 million AUS : 2.610 million BRA : 980,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 290,000 SWI : 100,000 ARG : 524,000 AUT : 100,000 POL : 220,000 IRE : 195,000 NZ : 280,000 100 million Fleetwood Mac United Kingdom United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Pop 7001771009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 77.1 million US : 51.250 million UK : 14.585 million GER : 3.5 million FRA : 800,000 AUS : 2.767 million CAN : 2.950 million SPA : 300,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 NZ : 572,500 100 million Guns N ' Roses United States 1985 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001745000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 74.5 million US : 48.5 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 6.350 million GER : 4.1 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.520 million AUS : 2.410 ITA : 685,000 BRA : 1.9 million SWE : 485,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 760,000 SWI : 365,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 1.",
"19": "248 million AUT : 365,000 POL : 160,000 IRE : 105,000 NZ : 270,000 100 million George Strait United States 1981 -- present 1984 Country 7001728000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72.8 million US : 72.150 million CAN : 705,000 100 million Backstreet Boys United States 1993 -- present 1995 Pop 7001720000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72 million US : 41.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 4.875 million GER : 7 million FRA : 325,000 CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.4 million BRA : 1.625 million SWE : 655,000 SPA : 1.850 million MEX : 1.475 million SWI : 415,000 BEL : 425,000 ARG : 740,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 171,390 NZ : 132,500 100 million Neil Diamond United States 1966 -- present 1966 Pop / Rock 7001686009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 68.6 million US : 55.9 million UK : 7.330 million GER : 1 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.725 million AUS : 2.085 million SPA : 100,000 NZ : 127,500 100 million Santana United States 1966 -- present 1969 Rock 7001645999999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.6 million US : 50.295 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 2.980 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.510 million CAN : 1.660 million AUS : 855,000 BRA : 375,000 SWE : 125,000 SPA : 450,",
"20": "000 MEX : 405,000 SWI : 375,000 BEL : 190,000 ARG : 158,000 AUT : 145,000 POL : 205,000 NZ : 135,000 100 million Prince United States 1976 -- 2016 1978 Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock 7001642000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.2 million US : 48.950 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 7.045 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 2.110 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.120 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 177,500 100 million Kenny Rogers United States 1958 -- present Country / Pop 7001601000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 61.4 million US : 54.050 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 2.520 million CAN : 4.6 million AUS : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Paul McCartney United Kingdom 1960 -- present 1970 Rock 7001606000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.6 million US : 41.450 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 12.425 million GER : 1.525 million FRA : 1.305 million CAN : 1.955 million AUS : 465,000 SWE : 210,000 SPA : 640,000 DEN : 210,000 100 million Simon & Garfunkel United States 1956 -- present 1964 Folk rock 7001589000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 58.9 million US : 42.6 million JPN : 700,000 UK : 6.620 million GER : 2.325 million FRA : 3.",
"21": "9 million CAN : 1.425 million AUS : 390,000 ITA : 100,000 SWE : 150,000 SWI : 450,000 AUT : 100,000 FIN : 163,350 100 million Janet Jackson United States 1982 -- present 1982 R&B / Pop 7001521000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 52.1 million US : 39.750 million JPN : 1.6 million UK : 4.760 million GER : 1.4 million FRA : 1.475 million CAN : 1.460 million AUS : 1.155 SWE : 105,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 170,000 BEL : 125,000 100 million Julio Iglesias Spain 1968 -- present 1968 Latin 7001510000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51 million US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 1.620 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 6.1 million CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 505,000 ITA : 400,000 NLD : 950,000 BRA : 12.475 million SWE : 290,000 SPA : 8.7 million MEX : 2.975 million BEL : 125,000 ARG : 3.220 million FIN : 131,636 100 million Chicago United States 1967 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001483000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48.3 million US : 44.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 1.490 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 1.865 million SPA : 100,000 100 million Dire Straits United Kingdom 1977 -- 1995 1978 Rock 7001454000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.",
"22": "4 million US : 15.5 million UK : 11.8 million GER : 3.750 million FRA : 5.3 million CAN : 2.575 million AUS : 2.190 million ITA : 385,000 BRA : 175,000 SWE : 360,000 SPA : 1.380 million SWI : 1 million BEL : 100,000 AUT : 300,000 FIN : 471,530 NZ : 155,000 100 million Bob Dylan United States 1959 -- present 1963 Folk / Rock 7001453000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.3 million US : 35.6 million UK : 6.025 million GER : 625,000 FRA : 800,000 CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 480,000 SWI : 175,000 NZ : 105,000 100 million Def Leppard United Kingdom 1977 -- present 1979 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001418009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.8 million US : 35.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.960 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 2.995 million AUS : 385,000 SWE : 150,000 MEX : 200,000 SWI : 125,000 100 million Cher United States 1964 -- present 1965 Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk 7001410000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41 million US : 21.9 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 6.510 million GER : 4.175 million FRA : 1.525 million CAN : 1.340 million AUS : 1.530 million ITA : 300,000 NLD : 375,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE : 850,000 SPA : 600,000 MEX : 200,",
"23": "000 SWI : 295,000 BEL : 275,000 ARG : 106,000 DEN : 300,000 AUT : 250,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 150,000 100 million Genesis United Kingdom 1967 -- 1999 2006 -- present 1969 Progressive rock / Pop rock 7001399000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 39.9 million US : 21.650 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 7.325 million GER : 5.875 million FRA : 3.460 million CAN : 805,000 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 250,000 SWI : 400,000 100 million Olivia Newton - John Australia 1966 -- present 1966 Pop 7001357000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.7 million US : 27 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 3.950 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 450,000 100 million James Taylor United States 1968 -- present 1970 Rock / Pop 7001355000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.5 million US : 34.650 million UK : 655,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 100,000 100 million Stevie Wonder United States 1961 -- present 1962 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million US : 21.650 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 8.285 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 1.550 million SPA : 250,000 100 million David Bowie United Kingdom 1962 -- 2016 1967 Art rock / Glam rock / Pop 7001335000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 33.",
"24": "5 million US : 13.7 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 13.095 million GER : 525,000 FRA : 2.380 million CAN : 2.315 million AUS : 635,000 ITA : 345,000 SPA : 170,000 NZ : 142,500 100 million Tina Turner United States 1955 -- present Rock / Pop 7001328009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.8 million US : 12.7 million UK : 8.145 million GER : 6.050 million FRA : 1.135 million CAN : 1.560 million AUS : 480,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 565,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 630,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 241,954 100 million Linda Ronstadt United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Folk / Country 7001325000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.5 million US : 31.5 million UK : 435,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 500,000 100 million Donna Summer United States 1968 -- 2012 Pop / Disco / R&B 7001308000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.8 million US : 24.5 million UK : 3.735 million FRA : 900,000 CAN : 1.550 million BRA : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million The Beach Boys United States 1961 -- present 1962 Rock / Pop / Surf Rock 7001305000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.5 million US : 25.6 million UK : 3.410 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 400,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 492,500 SPA : 250,",
"25": "000 100 million The Who United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1965 Rock / Hard rock 7001271000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 27.1 million US : 22.150 million UK : 4.105 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 425,000 ITA : 125,000 100 million Barry White United States 1972 -- 2003 1973 R&B / Soul 7001217000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 21.7 million US : 16.5 million UK : 3.665 million FRA : 1.1 million CAN : 150,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 150,000 100 million 80 million to 99 million records Chris Brown Nicki Minaj Shania Twain Flo Rida Pink Justin Timberlake Van Halen Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Shania Twain Canada 1993 -- present Country pop 7001759000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 75.9 million US : 54.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 6.795 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 975,000 CAN : 6.880 million AUS : 2.360 million BRA : 475,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 100,000 MEX : 100,000 SWI : 310,000 BEL : 250,000 ARG : 120,000 DEN : 210,000 AUT : 115,000 NZ : 402,500 90 million Pink United States 1995 -- present 2000 Pop , Pop rock , R&B 7001685000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 68.5 million US : 32.225 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 13.375 million GER : 5.",
"26": "725 million FRA : 1.198 million CAN : 4.130 million AUS : 8.225 million ITA : 425,000 SWE : 530,000 MEX : 360,000 SWI : 545,000 BEL : 235,000 DEN : 281,500 AUT : 417,500 NZ : 450,000 90 million The Carpenters United States 1969 -- 1983 1969 Pop 7001460000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46 million US : 34.6 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 7.950 million GER : 250,000 CAN : 275,000 BRA : 100,000 90 million Lionel Richie United States 1968 -- present 1981 Pop / R&B 7001404000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 40.4 million US : 28.650 million UK : 6.355 million GER : 1.050 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 2.380 million AUS : 260,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 145,000 90 million Earth , Wind & Fire United States 1969 -- present 1971 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001358009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.8 million US : 31.8 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 2.725 million FRA : 500,000 CAN : 360,000 90 million Johnny Cash United States 1954 -- 2003 1956 Country / Rock and roll / Gospel 7001310000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 31 million US : 25.7 million UK : 3.910 million GER : 400,000 CAN : 490,000 AUS : 522,500 90 million Justin Timberlake United States 1992 -- present 2002 Pop , R&B ,",
"27": "Neo soul 7001644000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.4 million US : 43.2 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 11.120 million GER : 2.550 million FRA : 578,000 CAN : 2.480 million AUS : 2.310 million ITA : 270,000 SWE : 210,000 SPA : 120,000 MEX : 330,000 SWI : 230,000 BEL : 270,000 DEN : 385,000 POL : 140,000 NZ : 185,000 88 million Chris Brown United States 2005 -- present 2005 Pop / R&B , Hip hop 7001988000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 98.8 million US : 84.050 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 9.180 million GER : 450,000 CAN : 770,000 AUS : 2.520 million ITA : 140,000 BRA : 570,000 SWE : 310,000 MEX : 150,000 DEN : 152,500 NZ : 215,000 86 million Nicki Minaj United States 2008 -- present Hip hop , Pop 7001827000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 82.7 million US : 66.5 million JPN : 450,000 UK : 8.3 million GER : 1 million FRA : 566,000 CAN : 720,000 AUS : 3.115 million ITA : 485,000 BRA : 250,000 SWE : 420,000 SPA : 220,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 120,000 DEN : 220,000 NZ : 232,500 85 million R.E.M. United States 1980 -- 2011 Alternative rock 7001426000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.6 million US : 21.",
"28": "150 million UK : 8.765 million GER : 4.275 million FRA : 1.450 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 1.030 ITA : 225,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 500,000 SPA : 1.1 million SWI : 450,000 BEL : 108,000 ARG : 158,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 350,000 IRE : 127,500 NZ : 105,000 85 million Flo Rida United States 2007 -- present 2007 Hip - hop , Hip house , EDM 7001705000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 70.5 million US : 49 million JPN : 650,000 UK : 7.960 million GER : 3.4 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.090 million AUS : 3.605 million ITA : 360,000 SWE : 780,000 SPA : 140,000 MEX : 330,000 SWI : 420,000 DEN : 205,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 247,500 80 million Ayumi Hamasaki Japan 1998 -- present 1998 J - pop / Pop / dance / electronic 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million JPN : 64.3 million 80 million Van Halen United States 1978 -- present 1978 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million US : 57.8 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 740,000 GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2.450 million BRA : 200,000 80 million Red Hot Chili Peppers United States 1983 -- present Funk rock / Alternative rock 7001585000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 58.",
"29": "5 million US : 32.250 million JPN : 2.6 million UK : 10.595 million GER : 2.650 million FRA : 1.420 million CAN : 2.020 million AUS : 2.625 million ITA : 530,000 BRA : 515,000 SWE : 390,000 SPA : 640,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 170,000 ARG : 406,000 DEN : 227,000 AUT : 247,500 POL : 245,000 FIN : 171,951 NZ : 285,000 80 million Foreigner United States United Kingdom 1976 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard Rock 7001496000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 49.6 million US : 45.1 million UK : 1.300 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 700,000 AUS : 105,000 SWI : 125,000 80 million The Doors United States 1965 -- 1973 1967 Psychedelic rock 7001469000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46.9 million US : 36.6 million UK : 2.040 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 1.9 million CAN : 2.780 million AUS : 1.022 million ITA : 130,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 125,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million George Michael United Kingdom 1981 -- 2016 1984 Pop 7001468000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46.8 million US : 20.8 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.850 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.217 million CAN : 1.",
"30": "870 million AUS : 2.205 million BRA : 350,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 850,000 SWI : 335,000 BEL : 215,000 ARG : 118,000 DEN : 380,000 AUT : 140,000 POL : 340,000 NZ : 140,000 80 million Reba McEntire United States 1975 -- present Country / Country Pop 7001427000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.7 million US : 41.9 million CAN : 850,000 80 million Meat Loaf United States 1968 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard rock 7001418009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.8 million US : 23.6 million UK : 9.665 million GER : 2.350 million CAN : 3.380 million AUS : 2.522 million SWE : 100,000 SWI : 115,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Tom Petty United States 1976 -- 2017 1977 Rock 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million US : 31.250 million UK : 1 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 1.7 million SWE : 200,000 80 million Johnny Hallyday France 1957 -- 2017 1960 Rock / Pop 7001250000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 25 million FRA : 24.272 million SWI : 268,000 BEL : 460,",
"31": "000 80 million 75 million to 79 million records Maroon 5 Journey The Black Eyed Peas Usher Kenny G Tupac Shakur Robbie Williams Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Black Eyed Peas United States 1995 -- present 1998 Hip - hop / R&B / Dance 7001556000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 55.6 million US : 29.4 million JPN : 1.250 million UK : 10.8 million GER : 2.250 million FRA : 2.650 million CAN : 2.7 million AUS : 3.270 million ITA : 365,000 BRA : 255,000 SWE : 300,000 SPA : 460,000 MEX : 390,000 SWI : 460,000 BEL : 460,000 DEN : 161,000 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 340,000 76 million Maroon 5 United States 1994 -- present 2002 Pop rock / Funk rock / Dance - pop 7001648000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.8 million US : 36.7 million JPN : 2 million UK : 9.960 million GER : 2.250 FRA : 792,000 CAN : 3.9255 million AUS : 2.975 million ITA : 760,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 770,000 SPA : 230,000 MEX : 3.365 DEN : 462,500 NZ : 300,000 75 million Journey United States 1973 -- present Rock / Soft rock 7001621000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 62.1 million US : 59.7 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.4 million CAN : 725,",
"32": "000 75 million Usher United States 1991 -- present R&B / Pop 7001550000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 55 million US : 40.435 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 8.525 million GER : 1.150 FRA : 210,000 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 2.112 million SWE : 105,000 SWI : 170,000 DEN : 137,500 NZ : 150,000 75 million Kenny G United States 1982 -- present 1984 Smooth jazz 7001521000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 52.1 million US : 48.1 million JPN : 700,000 UK : 360,000 CAN : 950,000 AUS : 245,000 BRA : 1.350 million SPA : 450,000 75 million Tupac Shakur United States 1991 -- 1996 1991 Hip hop 7001513000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51.3 million US : 46.2 million UK : 3.435 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 820,000 AUS : 430,000 75 million Robbie Williams United Kingdom 1990 -- present Pop rock 7001511000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51.1 million US : 500,000 UK : 27.550 million GER : 9.775 million FRA : 2.695 million CAN : 250,000 AUS : 2.905 million ITA : 385,000 SWE : 445,000 SPA : 440,000 MEX : 1.595 million SWI : 983,000 BEL : 600,000 ARG : 462,000 DEN : 676,500 AUT : 917,500 POL : 140,000 FIN : 235,743 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 445,",
"33": "000 75 million Enya Ireland 1982 -- present New - age / Celtic 7001500000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50 million US : 26.5 million JPN : 4.6 million UK : 5.250 million GER : 4.2 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 1.540 million AUS : 1.505 BRA : 1.650 million SWE : 390,000 SPA : 1.760 million MEX : 125,000 SWI : 370,000 BEL : 460,000 ARG : 390,000 DEN : 100,000 AUT : 185,000 POL : 120,000 NZ : 135,000 75 million Alabama United States 1972 -- present 1980 Country / Pop rock 7001480000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48 million US : 46.8 million CAN : 1.2 million 75 million Nirvana United States 1987 -- 1994 1989 Grunge / Alternative rock 7001467000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46.7 million US : 26.5 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 5.970 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 2.5 million CAN : 2.970 million AUS : 1.362 ITA : 600,000 BRA : 725,000 SWE : 380,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 475,000 SWI : 190,000 BEL : 350,000 ARG : 522,000 DEN : 160,000 AUT : 230,000 POL : 335,000 NZ : 215,000 75 million Bryan Adams Canada 1979 -- present 1979 Rock 7001448000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 44.8 million US : 21 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 8.",
"34": "675 million GER : 4.1 million FRA : 650,000 CAN : 5.120 million AUS : 2.010 million BRA : 100,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 250,000 DEN : 105,000 AUT : 375,000 FIN : 183,444 75 million The Police United Kingdom 1977 -- 1986 2007 -- 2008 1978 Pop / Rock 7001392000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 39.2 million US : 23.150 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 8.560 million GER : 1.775 million FRA : 3.340 million CAN : 875,000 AUS : 407,500 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 140,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 100,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 228,000 75 million Bob Marley Jamaica 1962 -- 1981 Reggae 7001389000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 38.9 million US : 21.850 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 7.4 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 4.735 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 350,000 ITA : 250,000 SWE : 120,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 303,000 ARG : 376,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 427,500 75 million Barry Manilow United States 1973 -- present 1973 Pop / Soft rock 7001365000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 36.5 million US : 33.3 million UK : 2.825 million CAN : 400,",
"35": "000 75 million Kiss United States 1972 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001278000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 27.8 million US : 26 million CAN : 1.495 million UK : 100,000 AUS : 130,000 ARG : 112,000 75 million Aretha Franklin United States 1956 -- present 1961 Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B 7001247000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 24.7 million US : 23.5 million UK : 840,000 FRA : 275,000 CAN : 150,000 75 million See also List of best - selling albums List of best - selling singles List of best - selling girl groups List of highest - certified music artists in the United States List of best selling digital artists in the United States IFPI Global Recording Artist of the Year Notes Jump up ^ To be on this list , artists who began charting : before 1975 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 % in certified units . between 1975 -- 1990 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 -- 64 % in certified units . ( That is 2.9 % for each additional year after 1975 ) between 1990 -- 2000 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 64 -- 70 % in certified units . ( That is 0.6 % for each additional year after 1990 ) between 2000 -- present are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 70 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 0.66 % for each additional year after 2000 ) Jump up ^ Below you can get an understanding as to when certifications for songs are added to the total certified sales of the listed artists . One lead artist and one featured artist . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both , the lead artist and the featured artist as both will have almost equal amount of part ) . Two lead artists.",
"36": "( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both lead artists as both will have almost equal amount of part ) . Two lead artists and one featured artist . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of both lead artists as well as the featured artist . Both lead artists will play a significant part in a song and the part of the featured artist also should be significant enough ) . One lead artist and two featured artists . ( The issued certification ( s ) should be added to the total of the lead artist and to the total of both featured artists as almost all should have equal amount of part ) . ^ Jump up to : Certification systems have been established periodically throughout the past half century ; thus , certification databases are not able to cover all sales . Some ( or all ) records released and sold prior to a certification system 's establishment year may not be found within the available searchable certification databases . Year of establishment ( from largest market to smallest based on Retail Value each market generates respectively ) : United States : 1958 Japan : 1989 : United Kingdom : 1973 Germany : 1975 France : 1973 Canada : 1975 Australia : 1997 ( online certification - database has begun since 1997 . Certifications ; however , existed in Australia since the 1970s ) Italy : 2009 ( online certification - database covers certifications issued since 2009 . Certifications ; however , have existed in Italy since the 1990s ) Netherlands : 1978 Brazil : 1990 Sweden : 1987 Spain : 1979 Mexico : 1999 Switzerland : 1989 Belgium : 1997 Argentina : 1980 Denmark : 2001 ( online certifications for Denmark start from 2001 . Certifications ; however , existed in Denmark since the early 1990s ) Austria : 1990 Poland : 1995 Finland : 1971 Ireland : 2005 New Zealand : July 1978 Certified sales might sometimes be larger than actual sales , if stores order more albums than they are able to sell , due to certifications generally being determined by shipments and not actual sales . Often , however , actual sales are larger than certified sales , since record labels must pay a fee to obtain certifications .",
"37": "Record companies often apply for certifications only when a record reaches a multiple certification - levels , meaning certifications might not be visible in the databases for more than a short period of time after an album reached a certification level . As global music sales declined in the 2000s mostly due to CD burning and downloading from unauthorized sites , certification bodies opted to reduce their certification levels . See the changes in Certification - award - levels in the following markets : United States ( Note , U.S. certification - award - levels for singles before 1989 were : 1,000,000 for Gold and 2,000,000 for Platinum . Also , U.S. certification - awards for Shortform albums before September 1996 were : 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum ) Japan United Kingdom Germany France Canada ( Canadian certification - award - levels for singles before February 1982 were : 75,000 for Gold and 150,000 for Platinum ) Italy Netherlands Brazil Sweden Spain Mexico Switzerland Belgium Argentina Denmark Austria : Poland Finland New Zealand : ( NZ certification levels before June 2007 were : 5,000 for Gold , 10,000 for Platinum ) ( The levels for singles were adjusted again on June 17 , 2016 from previous 7,500 for Gold , 15,000 for Platinum , to 15,000 for Gold , 30,000 for Platinum ) References Jump up ^ NEWSLINE : A Former Music Executive . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Troubles in Store . Spin Magazine . Spin Media L.L.C. February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Debuts Album Award With Streams '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music streaming numbers now count toward Canada 's Gold / Platinum certifications '' . National Music Centre . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Now Counts Streaming Towards Certified Sales Awards '' .",
"38": "musicbusinessworldwide.com . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum : We Found Love '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Best - Selling Songs & Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ Yearbook 2017 : IFPI Global Music Report 2017 ( Page 5 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bundesverband Musikindustrie : Internationales : Abb. 28 / / Umsätze aus dem europäischen Musikverkauf '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Beatles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Gold Disc Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BVMI : Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications depuis 1973 '' ( InfoDisc : Certifications from 1973 ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNEP : Les Certifications '' .",
"39": "Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Canada : Gold & Platinum searchable database '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` F.I.M.I : Federazione Industria Musicale Itaiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` PMB : Certificados '' ( in Portuguese ) . Pro-Música Brasil . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld & Platina IFPI '' ( Gold & Platinum IFPI ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROMUSICAE Charts : Home > Weekly charts '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 928 -- 939 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitparade.ch : Edelmetall '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 .",
"40": "Note that the certifications for DVDs need to be retrieved by selecting the years at `` http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp '' ^ Jump up to : `` Awards 1997 -- 2003 '' . Belgian Entertainment Association . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop : Goud En Platina '' . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino ( albums and DVDs ) '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Austria : Gold & Platin '' ( in German ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Austria . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish certification awards 1995 -- present '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recorded Music New Zealand : The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioscope : Latest Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Radioscope . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 .",
"41": "Jump up ^ `` Fans Mark 50th Anniversary of Beatlemania in US '' . Voice of America . February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hotten , Russell ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Beatles at 50 : From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Did ' Thriller ' Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Elvis Presley ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 913 -- 929 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 940 -- 952 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amprofon Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 15 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu .",
"42": "Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 43 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot : Kulta - ja platinalevyt '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albany VFW Post 584 to host night with Elvis Sunday '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Emma ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` In pictures : When Elvis Presley landed at Prestwick airport '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Salo , Jackie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Elvis Presley Quotes : 10 Things He Said To Remember The Icon On Anniversary Of His Death '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Michael Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc Les Certifications depuis 1973 ( singles ) '' . InfoDisc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 6th July 2009 ( Issue 1010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 13th July 2009 ( Issue 1011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association .",
"43": "Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sverige Toplistan : Sök '' . Sverige Toplistan ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Note : To retrieve the certifications , type in artist 's name in the box of `` Sök '' , and then click on `` Visa '' of the desired album / single / video ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 952 -- 966 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin i august '' . IFPI Denmark . September 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Denmark : Søg Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' King of Pop ' Michael Jackson was born today '' . Geo News . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Peter ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Jackson was star the world could not ignore '' . CNN . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : 100 facts about the king of pop '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Agencies , China Daily ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` 50 facts about Michael Jackson that made him a legend '' . China Daily .",
"44": "Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Madonna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 210 ( Madonna ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin november / december / januar '' . IFPI Denmark . February 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 22 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts '' . IFPI Denmark . April 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & platin januar 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandle , Chris ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna compares herself to Picasso , saying she 's going to be creative until the day she dies '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Candice ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna announces first tour to Australia in over two decades , first ever concert in New Zealand '' . ABC News of Australia . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : healthy pop star admits to ' weakness ' for sticky toffee pudding '' . The Daily Telegraph . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Elton John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic .",
"45": "Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forårets guld - og platincertificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Barney ; Boyle , Danny ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Elton John ' overwhelmed ' by fans ' kindness after contracting ' potentially deadly ' infection '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hebditch , Jon ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sir Elton John to play Aberdeen this weekend '' . The Press and Journal of Scotland . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sir Elton John wins first Brits Icon award '' . BBC News . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Archuleta , Jon ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Elton John adds more Las Vegas shows in 2016 '' . KVVU - TV . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Led Zeppelin ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certifications Albums -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 10 / 11 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 10th August 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 .",
"46": "Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Celebration Day ' for Led Zeppelin fans '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Jane ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jimmy Page reflects on Led Zeppelin '' . The Age . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Jury finds Led Zeppelin did n't steal ' Stairway to Heaven ' riff '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbrick , Greg ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Music DVD / CD Review : Led Zeppelin -- Celebration Day '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Pink Floyd ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Pink Floyd to release a new album in 2014 , entitled The Endless River '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : January 1995 ( Page 6 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd 's Waters Angry At Music Streaming '' . Sky News . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Royal Mail Marks 50 Years of Pink Floyd With Special Stamps '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd drummer fears for young musicians trying to break through '' . Times of Malta . September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Rihanna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic .",
"47": "Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2017 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts ( 31 / 03 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i september '' . IFPI Denmark . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts : Certtifications - Awards '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seales , Rebecca ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Cyntoia Brown : Rihanna and Kim Kardashian back jailed teen '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Rebecca ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna and the other female stars living the life dating billionaires '' . News.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Eminem ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 17 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Greg ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Defiant Ones ' - partners who put the word out about hip - hop revolution '' . The National of Abu Dhabi . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allan , Eamon ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem 's glaring homophobia '' . Mail & Guardian .",
"48": "Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Mariah Carey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 ( Million Seller List by Year ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 ( Mariah Carey ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 4 ( UGE 51 - 2016 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey will return to Vegas for a handful of Christmastime concerts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Isaza , Marcella ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey Confirms New Beau ; Talks New Single , Tour '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporter , AFP ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey asks fans to pray for sick husband '' . ABC News of Australia . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` For Mariah Carey , the angel is in the details '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Queen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2004 年 ( 2004 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan .",
"49": "Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Castle , Jill ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` The 20 Queen facts you can share with your mates at the Hydro '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vass , Eszter ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Queen + Adam Lambert to perform in Budapest '' . Daily News Hungary . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Proefrock , Stacia . `` Allmusic : Celine Dion ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 1995 年 ( 1995 million - seller list ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( July 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 47 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 22 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Conor , Gaffey ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Celine Dion Salutes Her Gabonese Imitator '' . Newsweek . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 .",
"50": "Jump up ^ Ptashnick , Victoria ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Céline Dion joins Twitter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Learning to love Celine Dion '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barhat , Vikram Singh ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Celine Dion : Taking Chances tour to heights '' . Gulf News . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Whitney Houston ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( January 2014 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 27th February 2012 Issue No. 1148 ( for single `` I Will Always Love You '' and albums `` The Bodyguard Soundtrack '' , `` Whitney Houston '' ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Whitney Houston : 10 Career - Defining Moments '' . Time . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Two Whitney Houston documentaries are in production , but only one has the estate 's blessing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music world stunned at Whitney Houston 's death '' . ABC News of Australia . April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's grave marked with famous lyrics '' . BBC News . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen .",
"51": "`` Allmusic : AC / DC ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC : Rock 's ' kick in the guts ' '' . BBC News . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Ronan ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' AC / DC 's music is the best antidepressant there is ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC fans salute musical celebration of Bon Scott 's wild life and times '' . The Scotsman . July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Martin ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` MSPs tell AC / DC ... We Salute You '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Rolling Stones ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ; Dixon , Louise ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Rolling Stones celebrate 50 years on stage '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` HBO documentary will celebrate 50 years of the Rolling Stones '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : ABBA ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 2001 ( Gold Album - Page 8 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 .",
"52": "Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum Database ( February 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( September 8 , 1979 ) . ABBA 's Australian certifications at Billboard Magazine ( September 8 , 1979 issue ) . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 25 - 2004 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 28 April 2014 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 19 March 2007 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abba dig out archive track for The Visitors re-release '' . BBC News . January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lengel , Kerry ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Mamma Mia ! ' at ASU Gammage '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA , Hollies , Genesis enter Rock Hall in NYC bash '' . The Register Citizen Newspaper . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 .",
"53": "^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Taylor Swift ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2018 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor - made ' 80s sounds '' . New Straits Times . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Garth Brooks ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks sells 51,000 tickets for Edmonton shows '' . CBC News . December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Eagles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edgers , Geoff ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Glenn Frey , ' the one who started it all ' with the Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : U2 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 22 / 09 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' .",
"54": "IFPI Denmark . November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Lara ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Former U2 manager Paul McGuinness : Cracking crime on the Côte d'Azur '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Billy Joel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Billy Joel will be back at Fenway in August '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Phil Collins ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Phil Collins ' fans rejoice : Artist announces end of retirement '' . CNN . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Aerosmith ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 ARIA Singes Chart : Annual Charts '' . ARIA . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Aerosmith says new album brings `` a little of 1975 back '' `` . Reuters . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Frank Sinatra ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 .",
"55": "Jump up ^ `` Exhibition traces of the life of an American icon : Frank Sinatra '' . Euronews . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Barbra Streisand ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helen Brown , Helen ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Barbra Streisand , O2 Arena , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collar , Matt . `` Allmusic : Justin Bieber ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bieber 's Step to Stardom '' . Calgary Herald . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Bruno Mars ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 12 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PARI : List of PARI Gold , Platinum & Diamond Awardees '' . Philippine Association of the Record Industry . PARI . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Sandra Hale ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Native Grammy award nominees head to Madison Square Garden '' . News From Indian Country . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Ed Sheeran ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Daniel ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Comment : Why do we love Ed Sheeran so much ? '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason .",
"56": "`` Allmusic : Kanye West ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold / Platinum database : October 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Track Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Chris ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bluesfest review : Twenty minutes late , Kanye West still captures massive crowd '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Bruce Springsteen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april '' . IFPI Denmark . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Brian ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Springsteen has high hopes for radical marketing wheeze '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 27 May 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 448 . Jump up ^ Maury Dean ( 2003 ) . Rock ' N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora Publishing . p. 283 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Bee Gees ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 1996 ( Page 5 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : November 1996 ( Page 4 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan .",
"57": "Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Barry Gibb honors brothers at sold out show , reveals Bee Gees ' best song '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Lady Gaga ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dove , Steve ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Luke Bryan , Lady Gaga , Kendrick Lamar and Macklemore & Ryan Lewis to Perform at 2013 AMAs '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Metallica ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 07 / 10 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Reading and Leeds 2015 : Metallica confirmed as first headliners with Jamie T also set to play '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Katy Perry ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Andrews , Travis ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is the first judge named for new ' American Idol ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Davis . `` Allmusic : Adele ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg Kot ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Adele 's best conversation is with her band at United Center '' . Chicago Tribune .",
"58": "Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Jay - Z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lachno , James ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jay Z reclaims the hip - hop throne : V Festival , Hylands Park , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Lil Wayne ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leitereg , Neal ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Lil Wayne gets $10 million for Miami Beach home with skate park and shark lagoon '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : B'z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Culross , Mikey Hirano ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Meeting of the Masters '' . Rafu Shimpo . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bon Jovi ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 28th January 2008 ( Issue 935 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi 's Australian certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Bon Jovi Leads 2018 Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Inductees : ' It 's About Time ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Linkin Park ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic .",
"59": "Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington : Lead singer of Linkin Park remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Coldplay ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Matt ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Coldplay tribute act set to present a field full of stars at Harpenden fundraiser '' . Herts Advertiser of St Albans . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Britney Spears ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april ( 01 / 05 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 6 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Hunter ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Finally , our elected officials are giving Britney Spears the respect she deserves '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Beyonce ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Company : Beyoncé '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Conciones Top 20 Anual 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten .",
"60": "Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woodall , Bernie ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce 's father confirms the birth of her twins in Twitter message '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Rod Stewart ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Sir Rod Stewart : ' I was conceived in an Anderson bomb shelter during the Second World War ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Fleetwood Mac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 29 June 2003 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . June 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 16 September 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Bill Clinton repays a favor to Fleetwood Mac at MusiCares ceremony '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Guns N ' Roses ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Walters , Greta ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses ' Axl Rose dismisses death hoax : ' If I 'm dead , do I have to pay taxes ? ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald .",
"61": "Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : George Strait ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Annie ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` George Strait debuts new single ahead of forthcoming album '' . United Press International . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Backstreet Boys ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2001 年 ( 2001 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Katherine ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Backstreet Boys are back '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Neil Diamond ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1996 ARIA Album Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to stop touring after Parkinson 's diagnosis '' . Sky News . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Santana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Szaroleta , Tom ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Echoes of Woodstock : Santana one of the few big names still on the road '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Prince ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 .",
"62": "Jump up ^ Hanrahan , Mark ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Purple reigns at London exhibition charting Prince 's career '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vinopal & Erlewine , David & Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kenny Rogers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( June 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Valcourt , Keith ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Kenny Rogers : ' Christmas Once Again ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Paul McCartney ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Sweden : Certifications for 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer ( page 75 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Chris ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Paul McCartney wanted a free Brooklyn Nets T - shirt more than anything '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Simon & Garfunkel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 .",
"63": "Jump up ^ Welch , Andy ( December 1 , 2012 ) . `` The singer with Art '' . The Shuttle . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Janet Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Lindsay ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` ' Women Who Rock ' : Janet Jackson '' . WJW ( TV ) . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Julio Iglesias ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julio Iglesias 30th Anniversary . Billboard . May 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff , CTVNews.ca ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Julio Iglesias was a ' bad singer ' at start of his career '' . CTV News . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Chicago ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital downloads : February 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Things You Did n't Know About Chicago '' . Rolling Stone . April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Dire Straits ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Michael ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dire Straits reunion ' not on the horizon ' , says band founder John Illsley ahead of Tayside gigs '' . The Courier of Dundee . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen .",
"64": "`` Allmusic : Bob Dylan ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan makes no mention of Nobel prize at Las Vegas concert '' . The Irish Times . October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Def Leppard ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report Issue # 850 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Kevin ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Def Leppard sponsor Rhiwbina rugby under - 10s in Cardiff '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Cher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cher 's Australia 's certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard magazine : Believe in the Album ( Issue January 22 , 2000 page 2 ) '' . Billboard . January 22 , 2000 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box magazine : Cash Box Great Britain ( Issue February 4 , 1967 page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Cashbox . February 4 , 1967 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box magazine : Cash Box Great Britain ( PDF of Full Issue February 4 , 1967 page 58 ) '' ( PDF ) . Cashbox . February 4 , 1967 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cher 's Dutch certifications sent by NVPI team '' ( PDF ) . NVPI . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI email -- Greatest Hits 1999 certification '' . IFPI Denmark .",
"65": "Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . RIANZ . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Believe : ' The Cher Show ' to premiere in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Genesis ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Book excerpt : Phil Collins ' `` Not Dead Yet '' `` . CBS News . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Olivia Newton - John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Newton - John 's new battle with cancer 25 years after initial diagnosis '' . The Australian . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : James Taylor ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` James Taylor , Al Pacino , Mavis Staples selected for Kennedy Center Honors '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Stevie Wonder ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spera , Keith ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Stevie Wonder 's ' Songs in the Key of Life ' tour coming to New Orleans '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 .",
"66": "^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : David Bowie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rebel , rebel : We profile singing legend David Bowie '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : Tina Turner ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben , Cosgrove ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tina Turner : Unpublished Photos of the Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Time . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Linda Ronstadt ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kepler , Adam W ( August 25 , 2013 ) . `` Linda Ronstadt Is Ill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Donna Summer ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` Disco Queen Donna Summer re-Embraces the Spotlight '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : The Beach Boys ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Valcourt , Keith ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` The Beach Boys Al Jardine : ' No , You 're the Greatest ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder & Erlewine , Bruce & Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Who ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim , Masters ( June 30 , 2014 ) .",
"67": "`` The Who say UK tour begins ' long goodbye ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogen , Ed . `` Allmusic : Barry White ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` R&B Singer Barry White Dies - 2003 - 07 - 05 '' . Voice of America . October 30 , 2009 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Shania Twain ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Harriet ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' That do n't impress me much ' : Shania Twain reveals Brad Pitt 's naked body inspired lyrics '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Pink ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newsroom , KLKN ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Pink concert at Pinnacle Bank Arena announced '' . KLKN . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Carpenters ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum database ( June 2009 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Karen Carpenter and the mystery of the missing album '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Lionel Richie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 .",
"68": "Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 05 / 05 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poplak , Richard ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Slay you , slay me ' - when Lionel Richie sang for Muammar Gaddafi '' . Daily Maverick . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Earth , Wind & Fire ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2011 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( April 2013 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Earth , Wind & Fire founder Maurice White dead at 74 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Johnny Cash ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Rebecca ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` More Johnny Cash material will be released says son '' . BBC News . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Justin Timberlake ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murgue , Hermance ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : depuis le `` nipplegate '' , les mille et unes vies de Justin Timberlake `` . L'Express .",
"69": "Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Chris Brown ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reports , Staff ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Brown to play Burgettstown '' . The Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Nicki Minaj ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abimboye , Micheal ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Stevie Wonder , Mariah Carey , others to perform at BET Awards '' . Premium Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R.E.M. ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Mike ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Mills : A Rock Star of Fantasy Sports '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Flo Rida ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Courter , Barry ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Flo Rida , Dustin Lynch , Bret Michaels , Wallflowers complete Riverbend lineup '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : Ayumi Hamasaki ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( オリコン ) 浜崎 あゆみ 、 ソロ 初 の 総 売上 5000 万 枚 超え 「 ファン の みんなの 記録 」 ( First solo artist with over 50 million in sales ) '' .",
"70": "Oricon . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 年間 ありがとう ! 「 ケータイ ランキング 」 発表 ! アーティスト 1 位 は EXILE 、 楽曲 は GReeeeN 「 キセキ 」 ~ レコチョク の ケータイ 向け 「 着うた ( R ) 」 「 着うた フル ( R ) 」 サービス 12 / 15 終了 '' . Oricon . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Van Halen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Van Halen to Release First Concert Album With David Lee Roth '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Red Hot Chili Peppers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer : Page 15 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jimmy , Blake ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers make a triumphant return to Reading and Leeds festival '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Foreigner ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The remarkable comeback of Foreigner 's Mick Jones '' . CBS News . December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 .",
"71": "^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Doors ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' When You 're Strange ' looks at Doors , Morrison with fresh sensibility , footage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` Allmusic : George Michael ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( UGE 20 - 2004 '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elise , Abigail ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Freedom ' singer and ex-Wham ! member George Michael died from heart failure , says manager '' . WCVB - TV . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Reba McEntire ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Three decades after her first hit , Reba McEntire -- now 60 -- is poised for a comeback '' . National Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Meat Loaf ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Matt ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Meat Loaf collapses onstage in Canada '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Tom Petty ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty : Highlights from four decades in rock'n'roll '' . ABC News of Australia .",
"72": "October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Johnny Hallyday ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Vidéos -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Legendary French Singer Johnny Hallyday Is Being Treated for Cancer '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : The Black Eyed Peas ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 31 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Eyed Peas will reunite for new album , says will.i.am '' . The Daily Telegraph . April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Maroon 5 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Levine , Maroon 5 Sign With WME '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Journey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( September 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) .",
"73": "Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch again - Friday 's programme '' . BBC News . June 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Lynda . `` Allmusic : Usher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lyttle , Kevin ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Usher replaces The Weeknd to wrap up COTA 's USGP F1 card '' . Austin American - Statesman . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yanow , Scott . `` Allmusic : Kenny G ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahbubani , Rhea ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` All that practice for all that jazz '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephan . `` Allmusic : 2 Pac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac blamed race in Madonna breakup letter '' . BBC News . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Robbie Williams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adejobi , Alicia ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` The hidden success of Robbie Williams ahead of Heavy Entertainment Show album release '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Enya ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 .",
"74": "Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Enya says tour would be ' very possible ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Alabama ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Alabama country music star Jeff Cook suffering from Parkinson 's '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Nirvana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : 7th November 2011 ( Issue No. 1132 ) '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 ARIA Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana to be elevated to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . BBC News . December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bryan Adams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian certifications for Bryan Adams '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 .",
"75": "Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` An exclusive behind the scenes look at the ' Pretty Woman ' musical , coming to Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Police ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2002 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2005 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2007 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( August 9 , 2014 ) . `` Andy Summers finds new magic in Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Qatar Tribune . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Bob Marley ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 20 / 05 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meschino , Patricia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Music and Marketing Genius of Bob Marley , 34 Years After His Passing '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Barry Manilow ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 .",
"76": "Jump up ^ `` Barry Manilow Broadway comeback hit by bronchitis '' . BBC News . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kiss ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gene Simmons shows his Family Jewels '' . The Age . December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Aretha Franklin ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roti , Jessi ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Aretha Franklin is still the queen , and the keeper , of soul '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About RIAJ : History '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About BPI Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Albums '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( October 2 , 1976 ) . CRIA . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certifications '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos -- Certificados '' ( Brazilian Association of Record Producers -- Certificates ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 .",
"77": "Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier certification database covering the years 1999 -- 2010 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community -- Awards '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards 1997 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capif '' ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Guld - og platinplader er devalueret ( Gold and Platinum awards are lowered ) . b.dk ( in Danish ) . April 24 , 2003 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot '' ( IFPI Statistics ) ( in Finnish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Finland . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bialik , Carl ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Spun : The Off - the - Wall Accounting of Record Sales '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The awards : Certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Recording Industry -- World Sales 2003 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Takes The Crop ( February 14 , 2008 ) '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 14 , 1989 ) . `` New Golden Rule : 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIIA Certifications '' . Billboard .",
"78": "August 10 , 1996 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAJ Certs Plan Criticized . Recording Industry Association of Japan . October 25 , 2003 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 現 基準 - 旧 基準 ( ~ 2003.06 ) '' ( Current criteria - Former Criteria ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Timeline '' ( PDF ) . BPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Verleihgrenzen '' ( Guidelines for Gold and Platinum awards ) ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( July 26 , 2006 ) . France Lowers Gold Standard . Billboard . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Singles '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Definitions '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CRIA Reports 46 % Rise for Disk Certifications . Billboard magazine . February 27 , 1982 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Newsline : Italian Label Body FIMI . Billboard magazine . February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI Lowers Gold , Platinum Levels '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certification - award - levels '' ( Words ) ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 .",
"79": "Jump up ^ `` Tabela de Níveis de Certificação Pro-Música '' ( Levels for Certifications ( most recent ) ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Níveis de Certificação '' ( Levels for Certifications ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2009 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Certification - award - levels '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Global Newsline : Spain Lowers Certifications . Billboard magazine . November 26 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Top 100 Albums ( SEMANA 37 : del 07.09. 2009 al 13.09. 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier changes in certification - levels including levels for Pre-loaded albums / singles and Mater Ringtones ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` 35 .",
"80": "Standard for Certifying Awards of Countries ( Unit sales ) ( Page 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . RIAJ . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2007 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark Revamps Certification Levels . Billboard . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nye regler for platinplader til downloads ( New rule for Gold and Platinum downloads ) . gaffa.dk. April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark : Guld og platin . IFPI ( Denmark ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certification levels for Austria ( all periods ) '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . ^ Jump up to : GSA : Austria . Billboard magazine . December 6 , 1997 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pełny Tekst Regulaminu Przyznawania Wyróżnień '' ( Complete Rules of Awards ) ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Certification - levels '' ( PDF ) . ZPAV . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Music Charts of NZ : June 4 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . rianz.org.nz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On Demand Streams Added To New Zealand Top 40 Album Charts '' . scoop.co.nz . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 .",
"81": "Music industry Companies and organizations Representatives ARIA BVMI BPI Music Canada FIMI IFPI ( worldwide ) PROMUSICAE RIAA SNEP Music publishers BMG Rights Management EMI Music Publishing Fox Music Imagem MGM Music Music catalog Sony / ATV Music Publishing Universal Music Publishing Group Warner / Chappell Music Record labels Major : Sony Music Universal Music Group Warner Music Group Independent : Independent UK record labels Live music CTS Eventim Live Nation LiveStyle Ticketmaster Genres Avant - garde Blues Contemporary R&B Country Crossover Dance Disco Drum and bass Easy listening Electronica Experimental Folk Funk Gospel Hip hop Instrumental Jazz Latin Metal Motown New Age Operatic pop Pop Punk Reggae Rock Soul Soundtrack World Sectors and roles Album cover design Artists and repertoire ( A&R ) Disc jockey Distribution Entertainment law Music education Music executive Music journalism Music publisher Music store Music venue Musical instruments Professional audio store Promotion Radio promotion Record label Record shop Road crew Talent manager Tour promoter Production Arrangement Composer Conductor Disc jockey Hip hop producer Horn section Record producer Recording artist Rhythm section Orchestrator Session musician Singer Backup singer Ghost singer Vocal coach Songwriter Ghostwriter Sound engineer Release formats Album Extended play ( EP ) / Mini album Single Music video Promotional recording Phonograph record Eight - track Compact cassette CD DVD Airplay Music download Streaming media Live shows Concert Concert tour Concert residency Music festival Music competition Charts ARIA Charts Billboard Hot 100 Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Gaon Music Chart G - Music Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart GfK Entertainment Charts Entertainment Monitoring Africa Oricon Charts New Zealand Singles Chart Sino Chart SNEP Singles Chart Sverigetopplistan UK Singles Chart Publications Billboard HitQuarters Hot Press Kerrang !",
"82": "Mojo Musica e dischi NME Q Rolling Stone Smash Hits Top of the Pops Television Channels Channel V CMT TheCoolTV Fuse Heartland Juice Mnet MTV MTV2 Tr3s MuchMusic The Music Factory Viva VH1 The Country Network Series Idol franchise Popstars Star Academy The Voice The X Factor Rising Star Achievements Music award Best - selling music artists Best - selling albums Best - selling albums by country Best - selling singles Highest - grossing concert tours Highest - attended concerts Global Recording Artist of the Year Other Album sales Album - equivalent unit A-side and B - side Backmasking Christian music industry Hidden track Grammy Museum White label Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"83": "php?title=List_of_best-selling_music_artists&oldid=838547572 '' Categories : Lists of bestsellers Lists of musicians Rock music Popular music Lists of best - selling music artists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 18 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
4,
3,
29,
38,
41,
20,
10,
8,
34,
7,
22,
70,
28,
13,
24,
23,
66,
12,
16,
18,
21,
30,
39,
33,
26,
62,
75,
19,
17,
44,
57,
71,
2,
55,
60,
15,
27,
11,
32,
6,
31,
5,
51,
73,
76,
56,
25,
81,
52,
74,
69,
50,
0,
64,
68,
79,
49,
72,
59,
77,
9,
48,
36,
14,
43,
35,
42,
47,
46,
45,
82,
65,
61,
53,
54,
83,
58,
63,
67,
40,
78,
80,
37,
1
] |
[
38,
4,
3,
29
] |
-6024214514106149305
|
what is the system of government in japan
|
[
"constitutional monarchy",
"constitutional monarchy",
"a constitutional monarchy in which the power of the Emperor is limited and is relegated primarily to ceremonial duties",
"constitutional monarchy",
"constitutional monarchy"
] |
{
"0": "Government of Japan - wikipedia Government of Japan Jump to : navigation , search Government of Japan Seal of the Government Overview State Japan Leader Prime Minister Appointed by The Emperor Main organ Cabinet Responsible to National Diet Headquarters Chiyoda ward , Tokyo Website www.japan.go.",
"1": "jp Japan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Japan Constitution ( show ) The Constitution History Laws The Monarchy ( show ) Emperor ( list ) Akihito Crown Prince Naruhito Imperial House Imperial Household Agency Legislature ( show ) National Diet House of Representatives Speaker Tadamori Oshima Vice-Speaker Hirotaka Akamatsu House of Councillors President Chuichi Date Vice-President Akira Gunji Leader of the Opposition Yukio Edano Executive ( show ) Prime Minister ( list ) Shinzō Abe Deputy Prime Minister Tarō Asō Government Cabinet Ministries Administrative Agencies Judiciary ( show ) Chief Justice ( list ) Itsurō Terada Supreme Court Intellectual Property High Court Administrative Divisions ( show ) Prefectures Governors ( list ) Subprefectures Districts Municipalities Mergers and Dissolutions Submunicipalities Elections ( show ) House of Councillors 2007 2013 2016 House of Representatives 2009 2012 2014 2017 Next General Election Political parties ( show ) Major parties Liberal Democratic Constitutional Democratic Kibō no Tō Other parties Foreign relations ( show ) Foreign policy Related topics ( show ) National Police Imperial Guard Special Assault Team Special Investigation Team Self - Defense Force Air Ground Maritime Japan portal Other countries Atlas Government of Japan Japanese name Kanji 日 本 国 政 府 Hiragana に っ ぽ ん こ く せ い ふ ( formal ) に ほ ん こ く せ い ふ ( informal ) ( show ) Transcriptions Romanization Nipponkoku Seifu ( formal ) Nihonkoku Seifu ( informal ) The government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy in which the power of the Emperor is limited and is relegated primarily to ceremonial duties . As in many other states , the Government is divided into three branches : the Executive branch , the Legislative branch and the Judicial branch .",
"2": "The Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Japan , adopted in 1947 . It is a unitary state , containing forty - seven administrative divisions , with the Emperor as its head of state . His role is ceremonial and he has no powers related to Government . Instead , it is the Cabinet , composing of the Ministers of State and the Prime Minister , that directs and controls the Government . The Cabinet is the source of power of the Executive branch , and is formed by the Prime Minister , who is the head of government . He or she is designated by the National Diet and appointed to office by the Emperor . The National Diet is the legislature , the organ of the Legislative branch . It is bicameral , consisting of two houses with the House of Councillors being the upper house , and the House of Representatives being the lower house . Its members are directly elected from the people , who are the source of sovereignty . The Supreme Court and other inferior courts make up the Judicial branch , and they are independent from the executive and the legislative branches . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 The Emperor 3 Executive 3.1 Prime Minister 3.2 The Cabinet 3.3 Ministries 4 Legislative 4.1 House of Representatives 4.2 House of Councillors 5 Judicial 5.1 Supreme Court 5.2 High Courts 5.3 Penal system 6 Local Government 6.1 Local Authorities 6.2 Structure of Local Government 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the Meiji Restoration , Japan was ruled by successive military shoguns . During this period , effective power of the government resided in the Shogun , who officially ruled the country in the name of the Emperor . The Shoguns were the hereditary military governors , with their modern rank equivalent to a generalissimo . Although the Emperor was the sovereign who appointed the Shogun , his roles were ceremonial and he took no part in governing the country . This is often compared to the present role of the Emperor , whose official role is to appoint the Prime Minister .",
"3": "The Meiji Restoration in 1868 led to the resignation of Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu , agreeing to `` be the instrument for carrying out '' the Emperor 's orders . This event restored the country to Imperial rule and the proclamation of the Empire of Japan . In 1889 , the Meiji Constitution was adopted in a move to strengthen Japan to the level of western nations , resulting in the first parliamentary system in Asia . It provided a form of mixed constitutional - absolute monarchy , with an independent judiciary , based on the Prussian model of the time . A new aristocracy known as the Kazoku was established . It merged the ancient court nobility of the Heian period , the Kuge , and the former Daimyo , feudal lords subordinate to the Shogun . It also established the Imperial Diet , consisting of the House of Representatives and the House of Peers . Members of the House of Peers were made up of the Imperial Family , the Kazoku , and those nominated by the Emperor , while members of the House of Representatives were elected by direct male suffrage . Despite clear distinctions between powers of the executive branch and the Emperor in the Meiji Constitution , ambiguity and contradictions in the Constitution eventually led to a political crisis . It also devalued the notion of civilian control over the military , which meant that the military could develop and exercise a great influence on politics . Following the end of World War II , the Constitution of Japan was adopted as an intention to replace the previous Imperial rule with a form of Western - style liberal democracy . The Emperor ( edit ) Imperial Standard The Emperor of Japan ( 天皇 ) is the head of the Imperial Family and the ceremonial head of state . He is defined by the Constitution to be `` the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people '' . However , he is not the nominal Chief Executive and he possesses only certain ceremonially important powers . He has no real powers related to the Government as stated clearly in article 4 of the Constitution . Article 6 of the Constitution of Japan delegates the Emperor the following ceremonial roles : Appointment of the Prime Minister as designated by the Diet . Appointment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court as designated by the Cabinet .",
"4": "While the Cabinet is the source of executive power and most of its power is exercised directly by the Prime Minister , several of its powers are exercised by the Emperor . The powers exercised via the Emperor , as stipulated by Article 7 of the Constitution , are : Promulgation of amendments of the constitution , laws , cabinet orders and treaties . Convocation of the Diet . Dissolution of the House of Representatives . Proclamation of general election of members of the Diet . Attestation of the appointment and dismissal of Ministers of State and other officials as provided for by law , and of full powers and credentials of Ambassadors and Ministers . Attestation of general and special amnesty , commutation of punishment , reprieve , and restoration of rights . Awarding of honors . Attestation of instruments of ratification and other diplomatic documents as provided for by law . Receiving foreign ambassadors and ministers . Performance of ceremonial functions . The Emperor is known to hold the nominal ceremonial authority . For example , the Emperor is the only person that has the authority to appoint the Prime Minister , even though the Diet has the power to designate the person fitted for the position . One such example can be prominently seen in the 2009 Dissolution of the House of Representatives . The House was expected to be dissolved on the advice of the Prime Minister , but was temporarily unable to do so for the next general election , as both the Emperor and Empress were visiting Canada . In this manner , the Emperor 's modern role is often compared to those of the Shogunate period and much of Japan 's history , whereby the Emperor held great symbolic authority but had little political power ; which is often held by others nominally appointed by the Emperor himself . Today , a legacy has somewhat continued for a retired Prime Minister who still wields considerable power , to be called a Shadow Shogun ( 闇 将軍 ) . Unlike his European counterparts , the Emperor is not the source of sovereign power and the government does not act under his name . Instead , the Emperor represents the State and appoints other high officials in the name of the State , in which the Japanese people hold sovereignty . Article 5 of the Constitution , in accordance with the Imperial Household Law , allows a regency to be established in the Emperor 's name , should the Emperor be unable to perform his duties .",
"5": "Historically , the Imperial House of Japan is said to be the oldest continuing hereditary monarchy in the world . According to the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki , Japan was founded by the Imperial House in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu ( 神武 天皇 ) . Emperor Jimmu was the first Emperor of Japan and the ancestor of all of the Emperors that followed . He is , according to Japanese mythology , the direct descendant of Amaterasu ( 天 照 大御神 ) , the sun goddess of the native Shinto religion , through Ninigi , his great - grandfather . The Current Emperor of Japan ( 今 上 天皇 ) is Akihito . He was officially enthroned on November 12 , 1990 . He is styled as His Imperial Majesty ( 天皇 陛下 ) , and his reign bears the era name of Heisei ( 平成 ) . Naruhito , the Crown Prince of Japan , is the heir apparent to the Chrysanthemum Throne . Executive ( edit ) The Executive branch of Japan is headed by the Prime Minister . The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet , and is designated by the legislative organ , the National Diet . The Cabinet consists of the Ministers of State and may be appointed or dismissed by the Prime Minister at any time . Explicitly defined to be the source of executive power , it is in practice , however , mainly exercised by the Prime Minister . The practice of its powers is responsible to the Diet , and as a whole , should the Cabinet lose confidence and support to be in office by the Diet , the Diet may dismiss the Cabinet en masse with a motion of no confidence . Prime Minister ( edit ) Crest of the Prime Minister of Japan The Prime Minister of Japan ( 内閣 総理 大臣 ) is designated by the National Diet and serves a term of four years or less ; with no limits imposed on the number of terms the Prime Minister may hold . The Prime Minister heads the Cabinet and exercises `` control and supervision '' of the executive branch , and is the head of government and commander - in - chief of the Japan Self - Defense Forces .",
"6": "The Prime Minister is vested with the power to present bills to the Diet , to sign laws , to declare a state of emergency , and may also dissolve the Diet 's House of Representatives at will . He or she presides over the Cabinet and appoints , or dismisses , the other Cabinet ministers . Both houses of the National Diet designates the Prime Minister with a ballot cast under the run - off system . Under the Constitution , should both houses not agree on a common candidate , then a joint committee is allowed to be established to agree on the matter ; specifically within a period of ten days , exclusive of the period of recess . However , if both houses still do not agree to each other , the decision made by the House of Representatives is deemed to be that of the National Diet . Upon designation , the Prime Minister is presented with their commission , and then formally appointed to office by the Emperor . As a candidate designated by the Diet , he or she is required to report to the Diet whenever demanded . The Prime Minister must also be both a civilian and a member of either house of the Diet . For a list of Prime Ministers prior to 2001 , see List of Prime Ministers of Japan . No .",
"7": "Name ( English ) Name ( Japanese ) Gender Took Office Left Office Term Alma Mater Junichiro Koizumi 小泉 純一郎 Male April 26 , 2001 September 26 , 2006 5 Years Keio University University College London Shinzō Abe 安倍 晋三 Male September 26 , 2006 September 26 , 2007 1 Year Seikei University Yasuo Fukuda 福田 康夫 Male September 26 , 2007 September 24 , 2008 1 Year Waseda University Taro Aso 麻生 太郎 Male September 24 , 2008 September 16 , 2009 1 Year Gakushuin University 5 Yukio Hatoyama 鳩山 由紀夫 Male September 16 , 2009 June 2 , 2010 1 Year University of Tokyo Stanford University 6 Naoto Kan 菅 直人 Male June 8 , 2010 September 2 , 2011 1 Year Tokyo Institute of Technology 7 Yoshihiko Noda 野田 佳彦 Male September 2 , 2011 December 26 , 2012 1 Year Waseda University 8 Shinzō Abe 安倍 晋三 Male December 26 , 2012 Present - Seikei University ※ As of November 18 , 2017 The Cabinet ( edit ) Cabinet Office Building 2nd Building of the Central Government The Cabinet of Japan ( 内閣 ) consists of the Ministers of State and the Prime Minister . The members of the Cabinet are appointed by the Prime Minister , and under the Cabinet Law , the number of members of the Cabinet appointed , excluding the Prime Minister , must be fourteen or less , but may only be increased to nineteen should a special need arise .",
"8": "Article 68 of the Constitution states that all members of the Cabinet must be civilians and the majority of them must be chosen from among the members of either house of the National Diet . The precise wording leaves an opportunity for the Prime Minister to appoint some non-elected Diet officials . The Cabinet is required to resign en masse while still continuing its functions , till the appointment of a new Prime Minister , when the following situation arises : The Diet 's House of Representatives passes a non-confidence resolution , or rejects a confidence resolution , unless the House of Representatives is dissolved within the next ten ( 10 ) days . When there is a vacancy in the post of the Prime Minister , or upon the first convocation of the Diet after a general election of the members of the House of Representatives . Conceptually deriving legitimacy from the Diet , whom it is responsible to , the Cabinet exercises its power in two different ways . In practice , much of its power is exercised by the Prime Minister , while others are exercised nominally by the Emperor . Article 73 of the Constitution of Japan expects the Cabinet to perform the following functions , in addition to general administration : Administer the law faithfully ; conduct affairs of state . Manage foreign affairs . Conclude treaties . However , it shall obtain prior or , depending on circumstances , subsequent approval of the Diet . Administer the civil service , in accordance with standards established by law . Prepare the budget , and present it to the Diet . Enact cabinet orders in order to execute the provisions of this Constitution and of the law . However , it can not include penal provisions in such cabinet orders unless authorized by such law . Decide on general amnesty , special amnesty , commutation of punishment , reprieve , and restoration of rights . Under the Constitution , all laws and cabinet orders must be signed by the competent Minister and countersigned by the Prime Minister , before being formally promulgated by the Emperor . Also , all members of the Cabinet can not be subject to legal action without the consent of the Prime Minister ; however , without impairing the right to take legal action . For an updated list of members of the Cabinet , see Current Cabinet of Japan .",
"9": "Office Incumbent Prime Minister Shinzō Abe Deputy Prime Minister Minister of Finance Minister of State for Financial Services Minister in charge of Overcoming Deflation Tarō Asō Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications Minister of State for Women 's Empowerment Minister of State for the Social Security and Tax Number System Seiko Noda Minister of Justice Yōko Kamikawa Minister of Foreign Affairs Tarō Kōno Minister of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology Minister in charge of Education Rebuilding Yoshimasa Hayashi Minister of Health , Labour and Welfare Minister for Working - style Reform Minister in charge of the Abduction Issue Minister of State for the Abduction Issue Katsunobu Katō Minister of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries Ken Saitō Minister of Economy , Trade and Industry Minister of State for Industrial Competitiveness Minister for Economic Cooperation with Russia Minister in charge of the Response to the Economic Impact caused by the Nuclear Accident Minister of State for the Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation Hiroshige Sekō Minister of Land , Infrastructure ,",
"10": "Transport and Tourism Minister of State for Water Cycle Policy Keiichi Ishii Minister of the Environment Minister of State for Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Masaharu Nakagawa Minister of Defense Itsunori Onodera Chief Cabinet Secretary Minister in charge of Alleviating the Burden of the Bases in Okinawa Yoshihide Suga Minister of State for Reconstruction Minister in charge of Comprehensive Policy Coordination for Revival from the Nuclear Accident at Fukushima Masayoshi Yoshino Chairperson of the National Public Safety Commission Minister in charge of Building National Resilience Minister of State for Disaster Management Hachiro Okonogi Minister of State for Okinawa and Northern Territories Affairs Minister of State for Consumer Affairs and Food Safety Minister of State for Ocean Policy Minister in charge of Territorial Issues Tetsuma Esaki Minister for Promoting Dynamic Engagement of All Citizens Minister in charge of Information Technology Policy Minister of State for Measures for Declining Birthrate Minister of State for Gender Equality Minister of State for the `` Cool Japan '' Strategy Minister of State for the Intellectual Property Strategy Minister of State for Science and Technology Policy Minister of State for Space Policy Masaji Matsuyama Minister in charge of Economic Revitalisation Minister for Human Resources Development Minister in charge of Total Reform of Social Security and Tax Minister of State for Economic and Fiscal Policy Toshimitsu Motegi Minister of State for Regional Revitalization Minister of State for Regulatory Reform Minister in charge of Regional Revitalization Minister of State for Administrative Reform Minister of State for Civil Service Reform Hiroshi Kajiyama Minister of State for the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games Shunichi Suzuki ※ As of November 18 , 2017 Ministries ( edit ) Agency for Cultural Affairs Office Building Politics of the Constitution of Japan The Ministries of Japan ( 行政 機関 ) consist of eleven ministries and the Cabinet Office . Each ministry is headed by a Minister of State , which are mainly senior legislators , and are appointed from among the members of the Cabinet by the Prime Minister . The Cabinet Office , formally headed by the Prime Minister , is an agency that handles the day - to - day affairs of the Cabinet .",
"11": "The ministries are the most influential part of the daily - exercised executive power , and since few ministers serve for more than a year or so necessary to grab hold of the organisation , most of its power lies within the senior bureaucrats . Cabinet Office National Public Safety Commission National Police Agency Consumer Affairs Agency Financial Services Agency Fair Trade Commission Food Safety Commission Imperial Household Agency ※ Manages the Imperial Household . Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Environmental Dispute Coordination Commission Fire and Disaster Management Agency Ministry of Justice Public Security Examination Commission Public Security Intelligence Agency Public Prosecutors Office Ministry of Foreign Affairs Reconstruction Agency Ministry of Finance National Tax Agency Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology ( MEXT ) Agency for Cultural Affairs ※ Promotes Arts and Culture , manages copyrights , as well as funding for cultural events in music , theater , dance , art exhibitions , and film - making , and making improvements to the national language . Ministry of Health , Labour , and Welfare Pension Service Central Labour Relations Commission Ministry of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries Fisheries Agency Forestry Agency Ministry of Economy , Trade and Industry ( METI ) Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Small and Medium Enterprise Agency Patent Office ※ Administers the laws relating to patents , utility models , designs , and trademarks . Ministry of Land , Infrastructure , Transport and Tourism ( MLIT ) Japan Transport Safety Board Japan Tourism Agency Japan Meteorological Agency Japan Coast Guard Ministry of the Environment Nuclear Regulation Authority Ministry of Defense National Security Council Self - Defense Forces ( Ground / Maritime / Air ) ※ As of November 18 , 2017 The Board of Audit ( 会計 検査 院 ) is the only unique body of the Government ; in which , the Board is totally independent from the Diet and the Cabinet . It reviews government expenditures and submits an annual report to the Diet . Article 90 of the Constitution of Japan and the Board of Audit Act of 1947 gives this body substantial independence from both controls . Legislative ( edit ) National Diet Building , Nagatachō , Chiyoda - ku , Tokyo Main article : National Diet The Legislative branch organ of Japan is the National Diet ( 国会 ) .",
"12": "It is a bicameral legislature , composing of a lower house , the House of Representatives , and an upper house , the House of Councillors . Empowered by the Constitution to be `` the highest organ of State power '' and the only `` sole law - making organ of the State '' , its houses are both directly elected under a parallel voting system and is ensured by the Constitution to have no discrimination on the qualifications of each members ; whether be it based on `` race , creed , sex , social status , family origin , education , property or income '' . The National Diet , therefore , reflects the sovereignty of the people ; a principle of popular sovereignty whereby the supreme power lies within , in this case , the Japanese people . The Diet responsibilities includes the making of laws , the approval of the annual national budget , the approval of the conclusion of treaties and the selection of the Prime Minister . In addition , it has the power to initiate draft constitutional amendments , which , if approved , are to be presented to the people for ratification in a referendum before being promulgated by the Emperor , in the name of the people . The Constitution also enables both houses to conduct investigations in relation to government , demand the presence and testimony of witnesses , and the production of records , as well as allowing either house of the Diet to demand the presence of the Prime Minister or the other Minister of State , in order to give answers or explanations whenever so required . The Diet is also able to impeach Court judges convicted of criminal or irregular conduct . The Constitution , however , does not specify the voting methods , the number of members of each house , and all other matters pertaining to the method of election of the each members , and are thus , allowed to be determined for by law . Under the provisions of the Constitution and by law , all adults aged over 18 are eligible to vote , with a secret ballot and a universal suffrage , and those elected have certain protections from apprehension while the Diet is in session . Speeches , debates , and votes cast in the Diet also enjoy parliamentary privileges . Each house is responsible for disciplining its own members , and all deliberations are public unless two - thirds or more of those members present passes a resolution agreeing it otherwise . The Diet also requires the presence of at least one - third of the membership of either house in order to constitute a quorum .",
"13": "All decisions are decided by a majority of those present , unless otherwise stated by the Constitution , and in the case of a tie , the presiding officer has the right to decide the issue . A member can not be expelled , however , unless a majority of two - thirds or more of those members present passes a resolution therefor . Under the Constitution , at least one session of the Diet must be convened each year . The Cabinet can also , at will , convoke extraordinary sessions of the Diet and is required to , when a quarter or more of the total members of either house demands it . During an election , only the House of Representatives is dissolved . The House of Councillors is however , not dissolved but only closed , and may , in times of national emergency , be convoked for an emergency session . The Emperor both convokes the Diet and dissolves the House of Representatives , but only does so on the advice of the Cabinet . For bills to become Law , they are to be first passed by both houses of the National Diet , signed by the Ministers of State , countersigned by the Prime Minister , and then finally promulgated by the Emperor ; however , without specifically giving the Emperor the power to oppose legislation . House of Representatives ( edit ) Chamber of the House of Representatives The House of Representatives of Japan ( 衆議院 ) is the Lower house , with the members of the house being elected once every four years , or when dissolved , for a four - year term . As of November 18 , 2017 , it has 465 members . Of these , 176 members are elected from 11 multi-member constituencies by a party - list system of proportional representation , and 289 are elected from single - member constituencies. 233 seats are required for majority . The House of Representatives is the more powerful house out of the two , it is able to override vetoes on bills imposed by the House of Councillors with a two - thirds majority . It can , however , be dissolved by the Prime Minister at will . Members of the house must be of Japanese nationality ; those aged 18 years and older may vote , while those aged 25 years and older may run for office in the lower house . The legislative powers of the House of Representatives is considered to be more powerful than that of the House of Councillors .",
"14": "While the House of Councillors has the ability to veto most decisions made by the House of Representatives , some however , can only be delayed . This includes the legislation of treaties , the budget , and the selection of the Prime Minister . The Prime Minister , and collectively his Cabinet , can in turn , however , dissolve the House of Representatives whenever intended . While the House of Representatives is considered to be officially dissolved upon the preparation of the document , the House is only formally dissolved by the dissolution ceremony . The dissolution ceremony of the House is as follows : The document is rubber stamped by the Emperor , and wrapped in a purple silk cloth ; an indication of a document of state act , done on behalf of the people . The document is passed on to the Chief Cabinet Secretary at the House of Representatives President 's reception room . The document is taken to the Chamber for preparation by the General - Secretary . The General - Secretary prepares the document for reading by the Speaker . The Speaker of the House of Representatives promptly declares the dissolution of the House . The House of Representatives is formally dissolved . It is customary that , upon the dissolution of the House , members will shout the Three Cheers of Banzai ( 萬歲 ) . House of Councillors ( edit ) Chamber of the House of Councillors The House of Councillors of Japan ( 参議院 ) is the Upper house , with half the members of the house being elected once every three years , for a six - year term . As of November 18 , 2017 , it has 242 members . Of these , 73 are elected from the 47 prefectural districts , by single non-transferable votes , and 48 are elected from a nationwide list by proportional representation with open lists . The House of Councillors can not be dissolved by the Prime Minister . Members of the house must be of Japanese nationality ; those aged 18 years and older may vote , while those aged 30 years and older may run for office in the upper house . As the House of Councillors can veto a decision made by the House of Representatives , the House of Councillors can cause the House of Representatives to reconsider its decision . The House of Representatives however , can still insist on its decision by overwriting the veto by the House of Councillors with a two - thirds majority of its members present .",
"15": "Each year , and when required , the National Diet is convoked at the House of Councillors , on the advice of the Cabinet , for an extra or an ordinary session , by the Emperor . A short speech is , however , usually first made by the Speaker of the House of Representatives before the Emperor proceeds to convoke the Diet with his Speech from the throne . Judicial ( edit ) Supreme Court Building , Chiyoda - ku , Tokyo Tokyo High Court Building Main article : Judicial system of Japan The Judicial branch of Japan consist of the Supreme Court , and four other lower courts ; the High Courts , District Courts , Family Courts and Summary Courts . Divided into four basic tiers , the Court 's independence from the executive and legislative branches are guaranteed by the Constitution , and is stated as : `` no extraordinary tribunal shall be established , nor shall any organ or agency of the Executive be given final judicial power '' ; a feature known as the Separation of Powers . Article 76 of the Constitution states that all the Court judges are independent in the exercise of their own conscience and that they are only bounded by the Constitution and the laws . Court judges are removable only by public impeachment , and can only be removed , without impeachment , when they are judicially declared mentally or physically incompetent to perform their duties . The Constitution also explicitly denies any power for executive organs or agencies to administer disciplinary actions against judges . However , a Supreme Court judge may be dismissed by a majority in a referendum ; of which , must occur during the first general election of the National Diet 's House of Representatives following the judge 's appointment , and also the first general election for every ten years lapse thereafter . Trials must be conducted , with judgment declared , publicly , unless the Court `` unanimously determines publicity to be dangerous to public order or morals '' ; with the exception for trials of political offenses , offenses involving the press , and cases wherein the rights of people as guaranteed by the Constitution , which can not be deemed and conducted privately . Court judges are appointed by the Cabinet , in attestation of the Emperor , while the Chief Justice is appointed by the Emperor , after being nominated by the Cabinet ; which in practice , known to be under the recommendation of the former Chief Justice . The Legal system in Japan has been historically influenced by Chinese law ; developing independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki .",
"16": "It has , however , changed during the Meiji Restoration , and is now largely based on the European civil law ; notably , the civil code based on the German model still remains in effect . A quasi-jury system has recently came into use , and the legal system also includes a bill of rights since May 3 , 1947 . The collection of Six Codes makes up the main body of the Japanese statutory law . All Statutory Laws in Japan are required to be rubber stamped by the Emperor with the Privy Seal of Japan ( 天皇 御璽 ) , and no Law can take effect without the Cabinet 's signature , the Prime Minister 's countersignature and the Emperor 's promulgation . Supreme Court ( edit ) The Supreme Court of Japan ( 最高 裁判所 ) is the court of last resort and has the power of Judicial review ; as defined by the Constitution to be `` the court of last resort with power to determine the constitutionality of any law , order , regulation or official act '' . The Supreme Court is also responsible for nominating judges to lower courts and determining judicial procedures . It also oversees the judicial system , overseeing activities of public prosecutors , and disciplining judges and other judicial personnel . High Courts ( edit ) The High Courts of Japan ( 高等 裁判所 ) has the jurisdiction to hear appeals to judgments rendered by District Courts and Family Courts , excluding cases under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court . Criminal appeals are directly handled by the High Courts , but Civil cases are first handled by District Courts . There are eight High Courts in Japan : the Tokyo , Osaka , Nagoya , Hiroshima , Fukuoka , Sendai , Sapporo , and Takamatsu High Courts . Penal system ( edit ) The Penal system of Japan ( 矯正 施設 ) is operated by the Ministry of Justice . It is part of the criminal justice system , and is intended to resocialize , reform , and rehabilitate offenders . The ministry 's Correctional Bureau administers the adult prison system , the juvenile correctional system , and three of the women 's guidance homes , while the Rehabilitation Bureau operates the probation and the parole systems .",
"17": "Local government ( edit ) Administrative divisions of Japan Administrative divisions of Japan Prefectural Prefectures Sub-prefectural Subprefectures Districts Municipal Designated cities Core cities Special cities Cities Special wards ( Tokyo ) Towns Villages Sub-municipal Wards The Local Governments of Japan ( 地方 公共 団体 ) are unitary , in which local jurisdictions largely depend on the national government both administratively and financially . They are established as an act of devolution . Under the Constitution , all matters pertaining to the local self - government is allowed to be determined for by law ; more specifically , the Local Autonomy Law . The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications intervenes significantly in local government , as do other ministries . This is done chiefly financially because many local government jobs need funding initiated by national ministries . This is dubbed as the `` thirty - percent autonomy '' . The result of this power is a high level of organizational and policy standardization among the different local jurisdictions allowing them to preserve the uniqueness of their prefecture , city , or town . Some of the more collectivist jurisdictions , such as Tokyo and Kyoto , have experimented with policies in such areas as social welfare that later were adopted by the national government . Local Authorities ( edit ) Japan is divided into forty - seven administrative divisions , the prefectures are : one metropolitan district ( Tokyo ) , two urban prefectures ( Kyoto and Osaka ) , forty - three rural prefectures , and one `` district '' , Hokkaidō . Large cities are subdivided into wards , and further split into towns , or precincts , or subprefectures and counties . Cities are self - governing units administered independently of the larger jurisdictions within which they are located . In order to attain city status , a jurisdiction must have at least 500,000 inhabitants , 60 percent of whom are engaged in urban occupations . There are self - governing towns outside the cities as well as precincts of urban wards . Like the cities , each has its own elected mayor and assembly . Villages are the smallest self - governing entities in rural areas . They often consist of a number of rural hamlets containing several thousand people connected to one another through the formally imposed framework of village administration . Villages have mayors and councils elected to four - year terms .",
"18": "Structure of local government ( edit ) Each jurisdiction has a chief executive , called a governor ( 知事 , chiji ) in prefectures and a mayor ( 市町村 長 , shichōsonchō ) in municipalities . Most jurisdictions also have a unicameral assembly ( 議会 , gikai ) , although towns and villages may opt for direct governance by citizens in a general assembly ( 総会 , sōkai ) . Both the executive and assembly are elected by popular vote every four years . Local governments follow a modified version of the separation of powers used in the national government . An assembly may pass a vote of no confidence in the executive , in which case the executive must either dissolve the assembly within ten days or automatically lose their office . Following the next election , however , the executive remains in office unless the new assembly again passes a no confidence resolution . The primary methods of local lawmaking are local ordinance ( 条例 , jōrei ) and local regulations ( 規則 , kisoku ) . Ordinances , similar to statutes in the national system , are passed by the assembly and may impose limited criminal penalties for violations ( up to 2 years in prison and / or 1 million yen in fines ) . Regulations , similar to cabinet orders in the national system , are passed by the executive unilaterally , are superseded by any conflicting ordinances , and may only impose a fine of up to 50,000 yen . Local governments also generally have multiple committees such as school boards , public safety committees ( responsible for overseeing the police ) , personnel committees , election committees and auditing committees . These may be directly elected or chosen by the assembly , executive or both . All prefectures are required to maintain departments of general affairs , finance , welfare , health , and labor . Departments of agriculture , fisheries , forestry , commerce , and industry are optional , depending on local needs . The Governor is responsible for all activities supported through local taxation or the national government . See also ( edit ) Government Sovereignty Sovereign state Politics of Japan Japanese honors system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook Japan '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 5 September 2015 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ Article 4 ( 1 ) , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 65 , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 68 ( 1 ) , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 67 ( 1 ) , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 6 ( 1 ) , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 1 , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 76 ( 2 ) , Section 6 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Chaurasla , Radhey Shyam ( 2003 ) . History of Japan . New Delhi : Atlantic Publishers and Distributors . p. 10 . ISBN 9788126902286 . Jump up ^ Koichi , Mori ( December 1979 ) . `` The Emperor of Japan : A Historical Study in Religious Symbolism '' . Japanese Journal of Religious Studies . 6 / 4 : 535 -- 540 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bob Tadashi , Wakabayashi ( 1991 ) . `` In Name Only : Imperial Sovereignty in Early Modern Japan '' . Journal of Japanese Studies . 7 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 57 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Satow , Ernest Mason ( Aug 23 , 2013 ) . A Diplomat in Japan . Project Gutenberg . p. 282 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Asia 's First Parliament '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Nature of Sovereignty in Japan , 1870s -- 1920s '' ( PDF ) . University of Colorado Boulder . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Lebra , Takie Sugiyama ( 1992 ) . Japanese social organization ( 1 ed . ) .",
"20": "Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . p. 51 . ISBN 9780824814205 . Jump up ^ Article 34 , Section 3 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan ( 1889 ) Jump up ^ Article 35 , Section 3 of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan ( 1889 ) Jump up ^ Skya , Walter A. ( 2009 ) . Japan 's holy war the ideology of radical Shintō ultranationalism . Durham : Duke University Press . p. 40 . ISBN 9780822392460 . Jump up ^ Martin , Bernd ( 2006 ) . Japan and Germany in the modern world ( 1 . paperback ed . ) . New York ( u.a. ) : Berghahn Books . p. 31 . ISBN 9781845450472 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution : Context and History '' ( PDF ) . Hart Publishing . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 4 , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ `` Did the Emperor of Japan really fall from being a ruler to a symbol '' ( PDF ) . Tsuneyasu Takeda . Instructor , Keio University . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Japanese Emperor and Empress Visited in Vancouver '' . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A shadow of a shogun '' . The Economist . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fundamental Structure of the Government of Japan '' . Prime Minister 's Official Residence Website . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 5 , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ `` Japan 's royal family pose for unusual New Year photo '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kitagawa , Joseph M. ( 1987 ) . On understanding Japanese religion . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 9780691102290 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ Smith , Robert J. ( 1974 ) . Ancestor worship in contemporary Japan ( ( Repr . ) . ed . ) . Stanford , Calif. : Stanford University Press . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 9780804708739 . Jump up ^ `` Kojiki '' . Ō no Yasumaro . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nihon Shoki '' ( PDF ) . Prince Toneri . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Enthronement and Ceremonies '' . Imperial Household Agency . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20th Anniversary of His Majesty the Emperor 's Accession to the Throne '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 69 , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 72 , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 7 , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 67 ( 2 ) , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 63 , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 66 ( 2 ) , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ http://japan.kantei.go.jp/97_abe/meibo/daijin/1208723_10042.html Jump up ^ `` 内閣 法 '' . Government of Japan . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toshiaki Endo appointed Olympics minister '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 1 September 2015 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ Article 68 , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 68 ( 2 ) , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 75 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ `` 第 3 次 安倍 内閣 閣僚 等 名簿 '' . Prime Minister 's Official Residence Website . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CABINET PROFILES '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bureaucrats of Japan '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Links to Ministries and Other Organizations '' . Prime Minister 's Official Residence Website . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ministries and Agencies '' . Government of Japan Website . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Audit of Japan '' . Board of Audit . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 43 ( 1 ) , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 96 , Section 9 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 64 ( 1 ) , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Diet enacts law lowering voting age to 18 from 20 '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 56 ( 1 ) , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 55 , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 53 , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 54 ( 2 ) , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 45 , Section 4 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 解散 と 万歳 '' .",
"23": "Democratic Party of Japan . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 小泉 進次郎 氏 、 衆議院 解散 でも 万歳 し なかっ た 「 なぜ 今 、 解散 か 」 '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 開会 式 '' . House of Councillors . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of the Judicial System in Japan '' . Supreme Court of Japan . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 76 , Section 6 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 78 , Section 6 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 79 ( 2 ) , Section 6 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 82 ( 2 ) , Section 6 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ `` Change at the top court 's helm '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Dean , Meryll ( 2002 ) . Japanese legal system : text , cases & materials ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Cavendish . pp. 55 -- 58 . ISBN 9781859416730 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese Civil Code '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MacArthur and the American Occupation of Japan '' . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 74 , Section 5 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Article 7 ( 1 ) , Section 1 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ `` II . The law - making process '' . Cabinet Legislation Bureau . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Privy Seal and State Seal '' . Imperial Household Agency . Retrieved 6 September 2015 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ `` Promulgation of Laws '' . National Printing Bureau . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 81 , Section 6 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Overview of the Judicial System in Japan '' . Supreme Court of Japan . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Correction Bureau '' . Ministry of Justice . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rehabilitation Bureau '' . Ministry of Justice . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 三 割 自治 `` Local Government '' . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 92 , 93 , 94 and 95 , Section 8 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : `` AUTHORITY OF THE NATIONAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION '' . Duke University School of Law . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Local Autonomy Law '' . Government of Japan . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Large City System of Japan '' ( PDF ) . National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 93 ( 2 ) , Section 8 of the Constitution of Japan ( 1947 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Local Autonomy in Japan Current Situation & Future Shape '' ( PDF ) . Council of Local Authorities for International Relations . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An Outline of Local Government in Japan '' ( PDF ) . Council of Local Authorities for International Relations . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Organization of Local Government Administration in Japan '' ( PDF ) . National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . External Links ( edit ) Background notes of the US Department of State ,",
"25": "Japan 's Government Search official Japanese Government documents and records Facts about Japan by CIA 's The World Factbook Video of the Enthronement Ceremony of the Emperor Video of the National Diet Convocation Ceremony Video of the House of Representatives Dissolution Ceremony Japan articles History Chronology Prehistory Paleolithic Ancient history Jōmon Yayoi Kofun Antiquity history Asuka Nara Heian Post-antiquity history Kamakura Muromachi Azuchi -- Momoyama Edo Modern history Bakumatsu Empire of Japan Meiji Taishō Shōwa Post-war Post-occupation Heisei By topic Economic Education Military Naval Imperial Army Imperial Navy Overseas actions Geography Addresses Archipelago Cities Districts Earthquakes Environment Extreme points Islands Lakes Prefectures Regions Rivers Towns Villages Politics Constitution Pre-war Elections Emperor list Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Judiciary Law Law enforcement National Diet House of Councillors House of Representatives Political parties Self - Defense Forces Air Ground Maritime Government Cabinet Fiscal policy Foreign policy Ministries Prime Minister list Deputy Prime Minister Economy Agriculture , forestry ,",
"26": "fishing Central bank International rankings Labor Manufacturing Energy solar power Telecommunications Transport Yen Society Crime Demographics Education Etiquette Gambling Housing Languages Religion Sexuality Smoking Women Kyariaūman Culture Aesthetics Anime / Manga Architecture Art Bonsai Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore folktales Gardens Geisha Games Ikebana Kawaii Literature Martial arts Media Music Mythology Names Onsen / Sentō Sport Tea ceremony Television Theatre Japan portal Japanese government ministries and agencies Cabinet Cabinet Secretariat Cabinet Legislation Bureau National Security Council National Personnel Authority Cabinet Office Imperial Household Agency Fair Trade Commission National Public Safety Commission and National Police Agency Personal Information Protection Commission Financial Services Agency Consumer Affairs Agency Reconstruction Agency Internal Affairs and Communications ( List ) Justice ( List ) Foreign Affairs ( List ) Finance ( List ) Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology ( List ) Health , Labour , and Welfare ( List ) Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries ( List ) Economy , Trade and Industry ( List ) Land , Infrastructure , Transport and Tourism ( List ) Environment ( List ) Defense ( List ) Board of Audit ( constitutionally independent ) Government of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"27": "php?title=Government_of_Japan&oldid=812034385 '' Categories : Subdivisions of Japan Government of Japan Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 15 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
4,
3,
1,
2,
5,
15,
13,
12,
8,
6,
11,
25,
16,
20,
19,
21,
0,
14,
22,
23,
27,
7,
18,
24,
26,
17,
9,
10
] |
[
1,
4,
3,
2,
5
] |
-4034246013770107217
|
what was the code name of the us program to develop an atomic bomb
|
[
"The Manhattan Project",
"Manhattan",
"The Manhattan Project",
"Development of Substitute Materials"
] |
{
"0": "Manhattan Project - wikipedia Manhattan Project Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the atomic bomb project . For other uses , see Manhattan Project ( disambiguation ) . Manhattan District The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon . Active 1942 -- 1946 Disbanded 15 August 1947 Country United States United Kingdom Canada Branch U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Garrison / HQ Oak Ridge , Tennessee , U.S. Anniversaries 13 August 1942 Engagements Allied invasion of Italy Allied invasion of France Allied invasion of Germany Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Allied occupation of Japan Commanders Notable commanders James C. Marshall Kenneth Nichols Insignia Shoulder patch that was adopted in 1945 for the Manhattan District Manhattan Project emblem ( unofficial ) The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons . It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada . From 1942 to 1946 , the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs . The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District ; `` Manhattan '' gradually superseded the official codename , Development of Substitute Materials , for the entire project . Along the way , the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart , Tube Alloys . The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939 , but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US $2 billion ( about $22 billion in 2016 dollars ) . Over 90 % of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material , with less than 10 % for development and production of the weapons . Research and production took place at more than 30 sites across the United States , the United Kingdom , and Canada . Two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war : a relatively simple gun - type fission weapon and a more complex implosion - type nuclear weapon .",
"1": "The Thin Man gun - type design proved impractical to use with plutonium so a simpler gun - type called Little Boy was developed that used uranium - 235 , an isotope that makes up only 0.7 percent of natural uranium . Chemically identical to the most common isotope , uranium - 238 , and with almost the same mass , it proved difficult to separate the two . Three methods were employed for uranium enrichment : electromagnetic , gaseous and thermal . Most of this work was performed at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . In parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium . After the feasibility of the world 's first artificial nuclear reactor was demonstrated in Chicago at the Metallurgical Laboratory , it designed the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge and the production reactors in Hanford , Washington , in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into plutonium . The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium . The Fat Man implosion - type weapon was developed in a concerted design and development effort by the Los Alamos Laboratory . The project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear weapon project . Through Operation Alsos , Manhattan Project personnel served in Europe , sometimes behind enemy lines , where they gathered nuclear materials and documents , and rounded up German scientists . Despite the Manhattan Project 's tight security , Soviet atomic spies successfully penetrated the program . The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion - type bomb at the Trinity test , conducted at New Mexico 's Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 16 July 1945 . Little Boy and Fat Man bombs were used a month later in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , respectively . In the immediate postwar years , the Manhattan Project conducted weapons testing at Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads , developed new weapons , promoted the development of the network of national laboratories , supported medical research into radiology and laid the foundations for the nuclear navy . It maintained control over American atomic weapons research and production until the formation of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in January 1947 .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Feasibility 2.1 Proposals 2.2 Bomb design concepts 3 Organization 3.1 Manhattan District 3.2 Military Policy Committee 3.3 Collaboration with the United Kingdom 4 Project sites 4.1 Oak Ridge 4.2 Los Alamos 4.3 Chicago 4.4 Hanford 4.5 Canadian sites 4.5. 1 British Columbia 4.5. 2 Ontario 4.5. 3 Northwest Territories 4.6 Heavy water sites 5 Uranium 5.1 Ore 5.2 Isotope separation 5.2. 1 Centrifuges 5.2. 2 Electromagnetic separation 5.2. 3 Gaseous diffusion 5.2. 4 Thermal diffusion 5.3 Aggregate U-235 production 6 Plutonium 6.1 X-10 Graphite Reactor 6.2 Hanford reactors 6.3 Separation process 6.4 Weapon design 6.5 Trinity 7 Personnel 8 Secrecy 8.1 Censorship 8.2 Soviet spies 9 Foreign intelligence 10 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 10.1 Preparations 10.2 Bombings 11 After the war 12 Cost 13 Legacy 14 Notes 15 References 15.1 General , administrative , and diplomatic histories 15.2 Technical histories 15.3 Participant accounts 16 External links Origins The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility . There were fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop one first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries . In August 1939 , Hungarian - born physicists Leó Szilárd and Eugene Wigner drafted the Einstein -- Szilárd letter , which warned of the potential development of `` extremely powerful bombs of a new type '' .",
"3": "It urged the United States to take steps to acquire stockpiles of uranium ore and accelerate the research of Enrico Fermi and others into nuclear chain reactions . They had it signed by Albert Einstein and delivered to President Franklin D. Roosevelt . Roosevelt called on Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards to head the Advisory Committee on Uranium to investigate the issues raised by the letter . Briggs held a meeting on 21 October 1939 , which was attended by Szilárd , Wigner and Edward Teller . The committee reported back to Roosevelt in November that uranium `` would provide a possible source of bombs with a destructiveness vastly greater than anything now known . '' The Advisory Committee on Uranium became the National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) Committee on Uranium when that organization was formed on 27 June 1940 . Briggs proposed spending $167,000 on research into uranium , particularly the uranium - 235 isotope , and the recently discovered plutonium . On 28 June 1941 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8807 , which created the Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) , with Vannevar Bush as its director . The office was empowered to engage in large engineering projects in addition to research . The NDRC Committee on Uranium became the S - 1 Section of the OSRD ; the word `` uranium '' was dropped for security reasons . In Britain , Frisch and Rudolf Peierls at the University of Birmingham had made a breakthrough investigating the critical mass of uranium - 235 in June 1939 . Their calculations indicated that it was within an order of magnitude of 10 kilograms ( 22 lb ) , which was small enough to be carried by a bomber of the day . Their March 1940 Frisch -- Peierls memorandum initiated the British atomic bomb project and its Maud Committee , which unanimously recommended pursuing the development of an atomic bomb . In July 1940 , Britain had offered to give the United States access to its scientific research , and the Tizard Mission 's John Cockcroft briefed American scientists on British developments . He discovered that the American project was smaller than the British , and not as far advanced . As part of the scientific exchange , the Maud Committee 's findings were conveyed to the United States .",
"4": "One of its members , the Australian physicist Mark Oliphant , flew to the United States in late August 1941 and discovered that data provided by the Maud Committee had not reached key American physicists . Oliphant then set out to find out why the committee 's findings were apparently being ignored . He met with the Uranium Committee and visited Berkeley , California , where he spoke persuasively to Ernest O. Lawrence . Lawrence was sufficiently impressed to commence his own research into uranium . He in turn spoke to James B. Conant , Arthur H. Compton and George B. Pegram . Oliphant 's mission was therefore a success ; key American physicists were now aware of the potential power of an atomic bomb . On 9 October 1941 , President Roosevelt approved the atomic program after he convened a meeting with Vannevar Bush and Vice President Henry A. Wallace . To control the program , he created a Top Policy Group consisting of himself -- although he never attended a meeting -- Wallace , Bush , Conant , Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , and the Chief of Staff of the Army , General George C. Marshall . Roosevelt chose the Army to run the project rather than the Navy , because the Army had more experience with management of large - scale construction projects . He also agreed to coordinate the effort with that of the British , and on 11 October he sent a message to Prime Minister Winston Churchill , suggesting that they correspond on atomic matters . Feasibility Proposals A 1940 meeting at Berkeley : Ernest O. Lawrence , Arthur H. Compton , Vannevar Bush , James B. Conant , Karl T. Compton , and Alfred L. Loomis The S - 1 Committee held its meeting on 18 December 1941 `` pervaded by an atmosphere of enthusiasm and urgency '' in the wake of the attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent United States declaration of war upon Japan and then on Germany . Work was proceeding on three different techniques for isotope separation to separate uranium - 235 from the more abundant uranium - 238 .",
"5": "Lawrence and his team at the University of California , Berkeley , investigated electromagnetic separation , while Eger Murphree and Jesse Wakefield Beams 's team looked into gaseous diffusion at Columbia University , and Philip Abelson directed research into thermal diffusion at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and later the Naval Research Laboratory . Murphree was also the head of an unsuccessful separation project using gas centrifuges . Meanwhile , there were two lines of research into nuclear reactor technology , with Harold Urey continuing research into heavy water at Columbia , while Arthur Compton brought the scientists working under his supervision from Columbia , California and Princeton University to join his team at the University of Chicago , where he organized the Metallurgical Laboratory in early 1942 to study plutonium and reactors using graphite as a neutron moderator. Briggs , Compton , Lawrence , Murphree , and Urey met on 23 May 1942 to finalize the S - 1 Committee recommendations , which called for all five technologies to be pursued . This was approved by Bush , Conant , and Brigadier General Wilhelm D. Styer , the chief of staff of Major General Brehon B. Somervell 's Services of Supply , who had been designated the Army 's representative on nuclear matters . Bush and Conant then took the recommendation to the Top Policy Group with a budget proposal for $54 million for construction by the United States Army Corps of Engineers , $31 million for research and development by OSRD and $5 million for contingencies in fiscal year 1943 . The Top Policy Group in turn sent it to the President on 17 June 1942 and he approved it by writing `` OK FDR '' on the document . Bomb design concepts Different fission bomb assembly methods explored during the July 1942 conference Compton asked theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer of the University of California , Berkeley , to take over research into fast neutron calculations -- the key to calculations of critical mass and weapon detonation -- from Gregory Breit , who had quit on 18 May 1942 because of concerns over lax operational security . John H. Manley , a physicist at the Metallurgical Laboratory , was assigned to assist Oppenheimer by contacting and coordinating experimental physics groups scattered across the country .",
"6": "Oppenheimer and Robert Serber of the University of Illinois examined the problems of neutron diffusion -- how neutrons moved in a nuclear chain reaction -- and hydrodynamics -- how the explosion produced by a chain reaction might behave . To review this work and the general theory of fission reactions , Oppenheimer and Fermi convened meetings at the University of Chicago in June and at the University of California , Berkeley , in July 1942 with theoretical physicists Hans Bethe , John Van Vleck , Edward Teller , Emil Konopinski , Robert Serber , Stan Frankel , and Eldred C. Nelson , the latter three former students of Oppenheimer , and experimental physicists Emilio Segrè , Felix Bloch , Franco Rasetti , John Henry Manley , and Edwin McMillan . They tentatively confirmed that a fission bomb was theoretically possible . There were still many unknown factors . The properties of pure uranium - 235 were relatively unknown , as were those of plutonium , an element that had only been discovered in February 1941 by Glenn Seaborg and his team . The scientists at the Berkeley conference envisioned creating plutonium in nuclear reactors where uranium - 238 atoms absorbed neutrons that had been emitted from fissioning uranium - 235 atoms . At this point no reactor had been built , and only tiny quantities of plutonium were available from cyclotrons . Even by December 1943 , only two milligrams had been produced . There were many ways of arranging the fissile material into a critical mass . The simplest was shooting a `` cylindrical plug '' into a sphere of `` active material '' with a `` tamper '' -- dense material that would focus neutrons inward and keep the reacting mass together to increase its efficiency . They also explored designs involving spheroids , a primitive form of `` implosion '' suggested by Richard C. Tolman , and the possibility of autocatalytic methods , which would increase the efficiency of the bomb as it exploded . Considering the idea of the fission bomb theoretically settled -- at least until more experimental data was available -- the Berkeley conference then turned in a different direction . Edward Teller pushed for discussion of a more powerful bomb : the `` super '' , now usually referred to as a `` hydrogen bomb '' , which would use the explosive force of a detonating fission bomb to ignite a nuclear fusion reaction in deuterium and tritium .",
"7": "Teller proposed scheme after scheme , but Bethe refused each one . The fusion idea was put aside to concentrate on producing fission bombs . Teller also raised the speculative possibility that an atomic bomb might `` ignite '' the atmosphere because of a hypothetical fusion reaction of nitrogen nuclei . Bethe calculated that it could not happen , and a report co-authored by Teller showed that `` no self - propagating chain of nuclear reactions is likely to be started . '' In Serber 's account , Oppenheimer mentioned it to Arthur Compton , who `` did n't have enough sense to shut up about it . It somehow got into a document that went to Washington '' and was `` never laid to rest '' . Organization Manhattan District The Chief of Engineers , Major General Eugene Reybold , selected Colonel James C. Marshall to head the Army 's part of the project in June 1942 . Marshall created a liaison office in Washington , D.C. , but established his temporary headquarters on the 18th floor of 270 Broadway in New York , where he could draw on administrative support from the Corps of Engineers ' North Atlantic Division . It was close to the Manhattan office of Stone & Webster , the principal project contractor , and to Columbia University . He had permission to draw on his former command , the Syracuse District , for staff , and he started with Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Nichols , who became his deputy . Manhattan Project Organization Chart , 1 May 1946 Because most of his task involved construction , Marshall worked in cooperation with the head of the Corps of Engineers Construction Division , Major General Thomas M. Robbins , and his deputy , Colonel Leslie Groves . Reybold , Somervell and Styer decided to call the project `` Development of Substitute Materials '' , but Groves felt that this would draw attention . Since engineer districts normally carried the name of the city where they were located , Marshall and Groves agreed to name the Army 's component of the project the Manhattan District . This became official on 13 August , when Reybold issued the order creating the new district . Informally , it was known as the Manhattan Engineer District , or MED . Unlike other districts , it had no geographic boundaries , and Marshall had the authority of a division engineer . Development of Substitute Materials remained as the official codename of the project as a whole , but was supplanted over time by `` Manhattan '' .",
"8": "Marshall later conceded that , `` I had never heard of atomic fission but I did know that you could not build much of a plant , much less four of them for $90 million . '' A single TNT plant that Nichols had recently built in Pennsylvania had cost $128 million . Nor were they impressed with estimates to the nearest order of magnitude , which Groves compared with telling a caterer to prepare for between ten and a thousand guests . A survey team from Stone & Webster had already scouted a site for the production plants . The War Production Board recommended sites around Knoxville , Tennessee , an isolated area where the Tennessee Valley Authority could supply ample electric power and the rivers could provide cooling water for the reactors . After examining several sites , the survey team selected one near Elza , Tennessee . Conant advised that it be acquired at once and Styer agreed but Marshall temporized , awaiting the results of Conant 's reactor experiments before taking action . Of the prospective processes , only Lawrence 's electromagnetic separation appeared sufficiently advanced for construction to commence . Marshall and Nichols began assembling the resources they would need . The first step was to obtain a high priority rating for the project . The top ratings were AA - 1 through AA - 4 in descending order , although there was also a special AAA rating reserved for emergencies . Ratings AA - 1 and AA - 2 were for essential weapons and equipment , so Colonel Lucius D. Clay , the deputy chief of staff at Services and Supply for requirements and resources , felt that the highest rating he could assign was AA - 3 , although he was willing to provide a AAA rating on request for critical materials if the need arose . Nichols and Marshall were disappointed ; AA - 3 was the same priority as Nichols ' TNT plant in Pennsylvania . Military Policy Committee Oppenheimer and Groves at the remains of the Trinity test in September 1945 , two months after the test blast and just after the end of World War II . The white overshoes prevented fallout from sticking to the soles of their shoes . Bush became dissatisfied with Colonel Marshall 's failure to get the project moving forward expeditiously , specifically the failure to acquire the Tennessee site , the low priority allocated to the project by the Army and the location of his headquarters in New York City .",
"9": "Bush felt that more aggressive leadership was required , and spoke to Harvey Bundy and Generals Marshall , Somervell , and Styer about his concerns . He wanted the project placed under a senior policy committee , with a prestigious officer , preferably Styer , as overall director . Somervell and Styer selected Groves for the post , informing him on 17 September of this decision , and that General Marshall ordered that he be promoted to brigadier general , as it was felt that the title `` general '' would hold more sway with the academic scientists working on the Manhattan Project . Groves ' orders placed him directly under Somervell rather than Reybold , with Colonel Marshall now answerable to Groves . Groves established his headquarters in Washington , D.C. , on the fifth floor of the New War Department Building , where Colonel Marshall had his liaison office . He assumed command of the Manhattan Project on 23 September . Later that day , he attended a meeting called by Stimson , which established a Military Policy Committee , responsible to the Top Policy Group , consisting of Bush ( with Conant as an alternate ) , Styer and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell . Tolman and Conant were later appointed as Groves ' scientific advisers . On 19 September , Groves went to Donald Nelson , the chairman of the War Production Board , and asked for broad authority to issue a AAA rating whenever it was required . Nelson initially balked but quickly caved in when Groves threatened to go to the President . Groves promised not to use the AAA rating unless it was necessary . It soon transpired that for the routine requirements of the project the AAA rating was too high but the AA - 3 rating was too low . After a long campaign , Groves finally received AA - 1 authority on 1 July 1944 . According to Groves , `` In Washington you became aware of the importance of top priority . Most everything proposed in the Roosevelt administration would have top priority . That would last for about a week or two and then something else would get top priority '' . One of Groves ' early problems was to find a director for Project Y , the group that would design and build the bomb . The obvious choice was one of the three laboratory heads , Urey , Lawrence , or Compton , but they could not be spared .",
"10": "Compton recommended Oppenheimer , who was already intimately familiar with the bomb design concepts . However , Oppenheimer had little administrative experience , and , unlike Urey , Lawrence , and Compton , had not won a Nobel Prize , which many scientists felt that the head of such an important laboratory should have . There were also concerns about Oppenheimer 's security status , as many of his associates were Communists , including his brother , Frank Oppenheimer ; his wife , Kitty ; and his girlfriend , Jean Tatlock . A long conversation on a train in October 1942 convinced Groves and Nichols that Oppenheimer thoroughly understood the issues involved in setting up a laboratory in a remote area and should be appointed as its director . Groves personally waived the security requirements and issued Oppenheimer a clearance on 20 July 1943 . Collaboration with the United Kingdom Main article : British contribution to the Manhattan Project The British and Americans exchanged nuclear information but did not initially combine their efforts . Britain rebuffed attempts by Bush and Conant in 1941 to strengthen cooperation with its own project , codenamed Tube Alloys , because it was reluctant to share its technological lead and help the United States develop its own atomic bomb . An American scientist who brought a personal letter from Roosevelt to Churchill offering to pay for all research and development in an Anglo - American project was poorly treated , and Churchill did not reply to the letter . The United States as a result decided as early as April 1942 that if its offer was rejected , they should proceed alone . The British , who had made significant contributions early in the war , did not have the resources to carry through such a research program while fighting for their survival . As a result , Tube Alloys soon fell behind its American counterpart . and on 30 July 1942 , Sir John Anderson , the minister responsible for Tube Alloys , advised Churchill that : `` We must face the fact that ... ( our ) pioneering work ... is a dwindling asset and that , unless we capitalise it quickly , we shall be outstripped . We now have a real contribution to make to a ' merger . ' Soon we shall have little or none . '' That month Churchill and Roosevelt made an informal , unwritten agreement for atomic collaboration .",
"11": "Groves confers with James Chadwick , the head of the British Mission The opportunity for an equal partnership no longer existed , however , as shown in August 1942 when the British unsuccessfully demanded substantial control over the project while paying none of the costs . By 1943 the roles of the two countries had reversed from late 1941 ; in January Conant notified the British that they would no longer receive atomic information except in certain areas . While the British were shocked by the abrogation of the Churchill - Roosevelt agreement , head of the Canadian National Research Council C.J. Mackenzie was less surprised , writing `` I ca n't help feeling that the United Kingdom group ( over ) emphasizes the importance of their contribution as compared with the Americans . '' As Conant and Bush told the British , the order came `` from the top '' . The British bargaining position had worsened ; the American scientists had decided that the United States no longer needed outside help , and they wanted to prevent Britain exploiting post-war commercial applications of atomic energy . The committee supported , and Roosevelt agreed to , restricting the flow of information to what Britain could use during the war -- especially not bomb design -- even if doing so slowed down the American project . By early 1943 the British stopped sending research and scientists to America , and as a result the Americans stopped all information sharing . The British considered ending the supply of Canadian uranium and heavy water to force the Americans to again share , but Canada needed American supplies to produce them . They investigated the possibility of an independent nuclear program , but determined that it could not be ready in time to affect the outcome of the war in Europe . By March 1943 Conant decided that British help would benefit some areas of the project . James Chadwick and one or two other British scientists were important enough that the bomb design team at Los Alamos needed them , despite the risk of revealing weapon design secrets . In August 1943 Churchill and Roosevelt negotiated the Quebec Agreement , which resulted in a resumption of cooperation between scientists working on the same problem . Britain , however , agreed to restrictions on data on the building of large - scale production plants necessary for the bomb . The subsequent Hyde Park Agreement in September 1944 extended this cooperation to the postwar period . The Quebec Agreement established the Combined Policy Committee to coordinate the efforts of the United States , United Kingdom and Canada .",
"12": "Stimson , Bush and Conant served as the American members of the Combined Policy Committee , Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Colonel J.J. Llewellin were the British members , and C.D. Howe was the Canadian member . Llewellin returned to the United Kingdom at the end of 1943 and was replaced on the committee by Sir Ronald Ian Campbell , who in turn was replaced by the British Ambassador to the United States , Lord Halifax , in early 1945 . Sir John Dill died in Washington , D.C. , in November 1944 and was replaced both as Chief of the British Joint Staff Mission and as a member of the Combined Policy Committee by Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson . When cooperation resumed after the Quebec agreement , the Americans ' progress and expenditures amazed the British . The United States had already spent more than $1 billion ( $11,400,000,000 today ) , while in 1943 , the United Kingdom had spent about £ 0.5 million . Chadwick thus pressed for British involvement in the Manhattan Project to the fullest extent and abandon any hopes of a British project during the war . With Churchill 's backing , he attempted to ensure that every request from Groves for assistance was honored . The British Mission that arrived in the United States in December 1943 included Niels Bohr , Otto Frisch , Klaus Fuchs , Rudolf Peierls , and Ernest Titterton . More scientists arrived in early 1944 . While those assigned to gaseous diffusion left by the fall of 1944 , the 35 working with Lawrence at Berkeley were assigned to existing laboratory groups and stayed until the end of the war . The 19 sent to Los Alamos also joined existing groups , primarily related to implosion and bomb assembly , but not the plutonium - related ones . Part of the Quebec Agreement specified that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . In June 1945 , Wilson agreed that the use of nuclear weapons against Japan would be recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee . The Combined Policy Committee created the Combined Development Trust in June 1944 , with Groves as its chairman , to procure uranium and thorium ores on international markets .",
"13": "The Belgian Congo and Canada held much of the world 's uranium outside Eastern Europe , and the Belgian government in exile was in London . Britain agreed to give the United States most of the Belgian ore , as it could not use most of the supply without restricted American research . In 1944 , the Trust purchased 3,440,000 pounds ( 1,560,000 kg ) of uranium oxide ore from companies operating mines in the Belgian Congo . In order to avoid briefing US Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. on the project , a special account not subject to the usual auditing and controls was used to hold Trust monies . Between 1944 and the time he resigned from the Trust in 1947 , Groves deposited a total of $37.5 million into the Trust 's account . Groves appreciated the early British atomic research and the British scientists ' contributions to the Manhattan Project , but stated that the United States would have succeeded without them . He also said that Churchill was `` the best friend the atomic bomb project had ( as ) he kept Roosevelt 's interest up ... He just stirred him up all the time by telling him how important he thought the project was . '' The British wartime participation was crucial to the success of the United Kingdom 's independent nuclear weapons program after the war when the McMahon Act of 1946 temporarily ended American nuclear cooperation . Project sites A selection of US and Canadian sites important to the Manhattan Project . Click on the location for more information . Oak Ridge Main article : Clinton Engineer Works Shift change at the Y - 12 uranium enrichment facility at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge , Tennessee on 11 August 1945 . By May 1945 , 82,000 people were employed at the Clinton Engineer Works . Photograph by the Manhattan District photographer Ed Westcott . The day after he took over the project , Groves took a train to Tennessee with Colonel Marshall to inspect the proposed site there , and Groves was impressed . On 29 September 1942 , United States Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson authorized the Corps of Engineers to acquire 56,000 acres ( 23,000 ha ) of land by eminent domain at a cost of $3.5 million . An additional 3,000 acres ( 1,200 ha ) was subsequently acquired .",
"14": "About 1,000 families were affected by the condemnation order , which came into effect on 7 October . Protests , legal appeals , and a 1943 Congressional inquiry were to no avail . By mid-November U.S. Marshals were tacking notices to vacate on farmhouse doors , and construction contractors were moving in . Some families were given two weeks ' notice to vacate farms that had been their homes for generations ; others had settled there after being evicted to make way for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the 1920s or the Norris Dam in the 1930s . The ultimate cost of land acquisition in the area , which was not completed until March 1945 , was only about $2.6 million , which worked out to around $47 an acre . When presented with Public Proclamation Number Two , which declared Oak Ridge a total exclusion area that no one could enter without military permission , the Governor of Tennessee , Prentice Cooper , angrily tore it up . Initially known as the Kingston Demolition Range , the site was officially renamed the Clinton Engineer Works ( CEW ) in early 1943 . While Stone & Webster concentrated on the production facilities , the architectural and engineering firm Skidmore , Owings & Merrill designed and built a residential community for 13,000 . The community was located on the slopes of Black Oak Ridge , from which the new town of Oak Ridge got its name . The Army presence at Oak Ridge increased in August 1943 when Nichols replaced Marshall as head of the Manhattan Engineer District . One of his first tasks was to move the district headquarters to Oak Ridge although the name of the district did not change . In September 1943 the administration of community facilities was outsourced to Turner Construction Company through a subsidiary , the Roane - Anderson Company ( for Roane and Anderson Counties , in which Oak Ridge was located ) . Chemical engineers , including William J. Wilcox Jr. and Warren Fuchs , were part of `` frantic efforts '' to make 10 % to 12 % enriched uranium 235 , known as the code name `` tuballoy tetroxide '' , with tight security and fast approvals for supplies and materials .",
"15": "The population of Oak Ridge soon expanded well beyond the initial plans , and peaked at 75,000 in May 1945 , by which time 82,000 people were employed at the Clinton Engineer Works , and 10,000 by Roane - Anderson . Fine - arts photographer , Josephine Herrick , and her colleague , Mary Steers , helped document the work at Oak Ridge . Los Alamos Main article : Project Y Wikisource has original text related to this article : Los Alamos Ranch School Seizure Letter The idea of locating Project Y at Oak Ridge was considered , but in the end it was decided that it should be in a remote location . On Oppenheimer 's recommendation , the search for a suitable site was narrowed to the vicinity of Albuquerque , New Mexico , where Oppenheimer owned a ranch . In October 1942 , Major John H. Dudley of the Manhattan Project was sent to survey the area , and he recommended a site near Jemez Springs , New Mexico . On 16 November , Oppenheimer , Groves , Dudley and others toured the site . Oppenheimer feared that the high cliffs surrounding the site would make his people feel claustrophobic , while the engineers were concerned with the possibility of flooding . The party then moved on to the vicinity of the Los Alamos Ranch School . Oppenheimer was impressed and expressed a strong preference for the site , citing its natural beauty and views of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains , which , it was hoped , would inspire those who would work on the project . The engineers were concerned about the poor access road , and whether the water supply would be adequate , but otherwise felt that it was ideal . Physicists at a Manhattan District - sponsored colloquium at the Los Alamos Laboratory on the Super in April 1946 . In the front row are Norris Bradbury , John Manley , Enrico Fermi and J.M.B. Kellogg . Robert Oppenheimer , in dark coat , is behind Manley ; to Oppenheimer 's left is Richard Feynman . The Army officer on the left is Colonel Oliver Haywood .",
"16": "Patterson approved the acquisition of the site on 25 November 1942 , authorizing $440,000 for the purchase of the site of 54,000 acres ( 22,000 ha ) , all but 8,900 acres ( 3,600 ha ) of which were already owned by the Federal Government . Secretary of Agriculture Claude R. Wickard granted use of some 45,100 acres ( 18,300 ha ) of United States Forest Service land to the War Department `` for so long as the military necessity continues '' . The need for land , for a new road , and later for a right of way for a 25 - mile ( 40 km ) power line , eventually brought wartime land purchases to 45,737 acres ( 18,509.1 ha ) , but only $414,971 was spent . Construction was contracted to the M.M. Sundt Company of Tucson , Arizona , with Willard C. Kruger and Associates of Santa Fe , New Mexico , as architect and engineer . Work commenced in December 1942 . Groves initially allocated $300,000 for construction , three times Oppenheimer 's estimate , with a planned completion date of 15 March 1943 . It soon became clear that the scope of Project Y was greater than expected , and by the time Sundt finished on 30 November 1943 , over $7 million had been spent . Map of Los Alamos site , New Mexico , 1943 -- 45 Because it was secret , Los Alamos was referred to as `` Site Y '' or `` the Hill '' . Birth certificates of babies born in Los Alamos during the war listed their place of birth as PO Box 1663 in Santa Fe . Initially Los Alamos was to have been a military laboratory with Oppenheimer and other researchers commissioned into the Army . Oppenheimer went so far as to order himself a lieutenant colonel 's uniform , but two key physicists , Robert Bacher and Isidor Rabi , balked at the idea . Conant , Groves and Oppenheimer then devised a compromise whereby the laboratory was operated by the University of California under contract to the War Department .",
"17": "Chicago Main article : Metallurgical Laboratory An Army - OSRD council on 25 June 1942 decided to build a pilot plant for plutonium production in Red Gate Woods southwest of Chicago . In July , Nichols arranged for a lease of 1,025 acres ( 415 ha ) from the Cook County Forest Preserve District , and Captain James F. Grafton was appointed Chicago area engineer . It soon became apparent that the scale of operations was too great for the area , and it was decided to build the plant at Oak Ridge , and keep a research and testing facility in Chicago . Delays in establishing the plant in Red Gate Woods led Compton to authorize the Metallurgical Laboratory to construct the first nuclear reactor beneath the bleachers of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago . The reactor required an enormous amount of graphite blocks and uranium pellets . At the time , there was a limited source of pure uranium . Frank Spedding of Iowa State University were able to produce only two short tons of pure uranium . Additional three short tons of uranium metal was supplied by Westinghouse Lamp Plant which was produced in a rush with makeshift process . A large square balloon was constructed by Goodyear Tire to encase the reactor . On 2 December 1942 , a team led by Enrico Fermi initiated the first artificial self - sustaining nuclear chain reaction in an experimental reactor known as Chicago Pile - 1 . The point at which a reaction becomes self - sustaining became known as `` going critical '' . Compton reported the success to Conant in Washington , D.C. , by a coded phone call , saying , `` The Italian navigator ( Fermi ) has just landed in the new world . '' In January 1943 , Grafton 's successor , Major Arthur V. Peterson , ordered Chicago Pile - 1 dismantled and reassembled at Red Gate Woods , as he regarded the operation of a reactor as too hazardous for a densely populated area . At the Argonne site , Chicago Pile - 3 , the first heavy water reactor , went critical on 15 May 1944 . After the war , the operations that remained at Red Gate moved to the new site of the Argonne National Laboratory about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) away .",
"18": "Hanford Main article : Hanford Site By December 1942 there were concerns that even Oak Ridge was too close to a major population center ( Knoxville ) in the unlikely event of a major nuclear accident . Groves recruited DuPont in November 1942 to be the prime contractor for the construction of the plutonium production complex . DuPont was offered a standard cost plus fixed - fee contract , but the President of the company , Walter S. Carpenter , Jr. , wanted no profit of any kind , and asked for the proposed contract to be amended to explicitly exclude the company from acquiring any patent rights . This was accepted , but for legal reasons a nominal fee of one dollar was agreed upon . After the war , DuPont asked to be released from the contract early , and had to return 33 cents . Hanford workers collect their paychecks at the Western Union office . DuPont recommended that the site be located far from the existing uranium production facility at Oak Ridge . In December 1942 , Groves dispatched Colonel Franklin Matthias and DuPont engineers to scout potential sites . Matthias reported that Hanford Site near Richland , Washington , was `` ideal in virtually all respects '' . It was isolated and near the Columbia River , which could supply sufficient water to cool the reactors that would produce the plutonium . Groves visited the site in January and established the Hanford Engineer Works ( HEW ) , codenamed `` Site W '' . Under Secretary Patterson gave his approval on 9 February , allocating $5 million for the acquisition of 40,000 acres ( 16,000 ha ) of land in the area . The federal government relocated some 1,500 residents of White Bluffs and Hanford , and nearby settlements , as well as the Wanapum and other tribes using the area . A dispute arose with farmers over compensation for crops , which had already been planted before the land was acquired . Where schedules allowed , the Army allowed the crops to be harvested , but this was not always possible . The land acquisition process dragged on and was not completed before the end of the Manhattan Project in December 1946 . The dispute did not delay work .",
"19": "Although progress on the reactor design at Metallurgical Laboratory and DuPont was not sufficiently advanced to accurately predict the scope of the project , a start was made in April 1943 on facilities for an estimated 25,000 workers , half of whom were expected to live on - site . By July 1944 , some 1,200 buildings had been erected and nearly 51,000 people were living in the construction camp . As area engineer , Matthias exercised overall control of the site . At its peak , the construction camp was the third most populous town in Washington state . Hanford operated a fleet of over 900 buses , more than the city of Chicago . Like Los Alamos and Oak Ridge , Richland was a gated community with restricted access , but it looked more like a typical wartime American boomtown : the military profile was lower , and physical security elements like high fences , towers , and guard dogs were less evident . Canadian sites Main article : Montreal Laboratory British Columbia Cominco had produced electrolytic hydrogen at Trail , British Columbia , since 1930 . Urey suggested in 1941 that it could produce heavy water . To the existing $10 million plant consisting of 3,215 cells consuming 75 MW of hydroelectric power , secondary electrolysis cells were added to increase the deuterium concentration in the water from 2.3 % to 99.8 % . For this process , Hugh Taylor of Princeton developed a platinum - on - carbon catalyst for the first three stages while Urey developed a nickel - chromia one for the fourth stage tower . The final cost was $2.8 million . The Canadian Government did not officially learn of the project until August 1942 . Trail 's heavy water production started in January 1944 and continued until 1956 . Heavy water from Trail was used for Chicago Pile 3 , the first reactor using heavy water and natural uranium , which went critical on 15 May 1944 . Ontario The Chalk River , Ontario , site was established to rehouse the Allied effort at the Montreal Laboratory away from an urban area . A new community was built at Deep River , Ontario , to provide residences and facilities for the team members .",
"20": "The site was chosen for its proximity to the industrial manufacturing area of Ontario and Quebec , and proximity to a rail head adjacent to a large military base , Camp Petawawa . Located on the Ottawa River , it had access to abundant water . The first director of the new laboratory was Hans von Halban . He was replaced by John Cockcroft in May 1944 , who in turn was succeeded by Bennett Lewis in September 1946 . A pilot reactor known as ZEEP ( zero - energy experimental pile ) became the first Canadian reactor , and the first to be completed outside the United States , when it went critical in September 1945 , ZEEP remained in use by researchers until 1970 . A larger 10 MW NRX reactor , which was designed during the war , was completed and went critical in July 1947 . Northwest territories The Eldorado Mine at Port Radium was a source of uranium ore . Heavy water sites Main article : P - 9 Project Although DuPont 's preferred designs for the nuclear reactors were helium cooled and used graphite as a moderator , DuPont still expressed an interest in using heavy water as a backup , in case the graphite reactor design proved infeasible for some reason . For this purpose , it was estimated that 3 long tons ( 3.0 t ) of heavy water would be required per month . The P - 9 Project was the government 's code name for the heavy water production program . As the plant at Trail , which was then under construction , could produce 0.5 long tons ( 0.51 t ) per month , additional capacity was required . Groves therefore authorized DuPont to establish heavy water facilities at the Morgantown Ordnance Works , near Morgantown , West Virginia ; at the Wabash River Ordnance Works , near Dana and Newport , Indiana ; and at the Alabama Ordnance Works , near Childersburg and Sylacauga , Alabama . Although known as Ordnance Works and paid for under Ordnance Department contracts , they were built and operated by the Army Corps of Engineers . The American plants used a process different from Trail 's ; heavy water was extracted by distillation , taking advantage of the slightly higher boiling point of heavy water .",
"21": "Uranium Ore The key raw material for the project was uranium , which was used as fuel for the reactors , as feed that was transformed into plutonium , and , in its enriched form , in the atomic bomb itself . There were four known major deposits of uranium in 1940 : in Colorado , in northern Canada , in Joachimsthal in Czechoslovakia , and in the Belgian Congo . All but Joachimstal were in allied hands . A November 1942 survey determined that sufficient quantities of uranium were available to satisfy the project 's requirements . Nichols arranged with the State Department for export controls to be placed on uranium oxide and negotiated for the purchase of 1,200 long tons ( 1,200 t ) of uranium ore from the Belgian Congo that was being stored in a warehouse on Staten Island and the remaining stocks of mined ore stored in the Congo . He negotiated with Eldorado Gold Mines for the purchase of ore from its refinery in Port Hope , Ontario , and its shipment in 100 - ton lots . The Canadian government subsequently bought up the company 's stock until it acquired a controlling interest . While these purchases assured a sufficient supply to meet wartime needs , the American and British leaders concluded that it was in their countries ' interest to gain control of as much of the world 's uranium deposits as possible . The richest source of ore was the Shinkolobwe mine in the Belgian Congo , but it was flooded and closed . Nichols unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate its reopening and the sale of the entire future output to the United States with Edgar Sengier , the director of the company that owned the mine , Union Minière du Haut Katanga . The matter was then taken up by the Combined Policy Committee . As 30 percent of Union Minière 's stock was controlled by British interests , the British took the lead in negotiations . Sir John Anderson and Ambassador John Winant hammered out a deal with Sengier and the Belgian government in May 1944 for the mine to be reopened and 1,720 long tons ( 1,750 t ) of ore to be purchased at $1.45 a pound . To avoid dependence on the British and Canadians for ore , Groves also arranged for the purchase of US Vanadium Corporation 's stockpile in Uravan , Colorado .",
"22": "Uranium mining in Colorado yielded about 800 long tons ( 810 t ) of ore . Mallinckrodt Incorporated in St. Louis , Missouri , took the raw ore and dissolved it in nitric acid to produce uranyl nitrate . Ether was then added in a liquid -- liquid extraction process to separate the impurities from the uranyl nitrate . This was then heated to form uranium trioxide , which was reduced to highly pure uranium dioxide . By July 1942 , Mallinckrodt was producing a ton of highly pure oxide a day , but turning this into uranium metal initially proved more difficult for contractors Westinghouse and Metal Hydrides . Production was too slow and quality was unacceptably low . A special branch of the Metallurgical Laboratory was established at Iowa State College in Ames , Iowa , under Frank Spedding to investigate alternatives . This became known as the Ames Project , and its Ames process became available in 1943 . Uranium refining at Ames A `` bomb '' ( pressure vessel ) containing uranium halide and sacrificial metal , probably magnesium , being lowered into a furnace After the reaction , the interior of a bomb coated with remnant slag A uranium metal `` biscuit '' from the reduction reaction Isotope separation Natural uranium consists of 99.3 % uranium - 238 and 0.7 % uranium - 235 , but only the latter is fissile . The chemically identical uranium - 235 has to be physically separated from the more plentiful isotope . Various methods were considered for uranium enrichment , most of which was carried out at Oak Ridge . The most obvious technology , the centrifuge , failed , but electromagnetic separation , gaseous diffusion , and thermal diffusion technologies were all successful and contributed to the project . In February 1943 , Groves came up with the idea of using the output of some plants as the input for others . Oak Ridge hosted several uranium separation technologies . The Y - 12 electromagnetic separation plant is in the upper right . The K - 25 and K - 27 gaseous diffusion plants are in the lower left , near the S - 50 thermal diffusion plant . ( The X-10 was for plutonium production . ) Centrifuges The centrifuge process was regarded as the only promising separation method in April 1942 .",
"23": "Jesse Beams had developed such a process at the University of Virginia during the 1930s , but had encountered technical difficulties . The process required high rotational speeds , but at certain speeds harmonic vibrations developed that threatened to tear the machinery apart . It was therefore necessary to accelerate quickly through these speeds . In 1941 he began working with uranium hexafluoride , the only known gaseous compound of uranium , and was able to separate uranium - 235 . At Columbia , Urey had Karl Cohen investigate the process , and he produced a body of mathematical theory making it possible to design a centrifugal separation unit , which Westinghouse undertook to construct . Scaling this up to a production plant presented a formidable technical challenge . Urey and Cohen estimated that producing a kilogram ( 2.2 lb ) of uranium - 235 per day would require up to 50,000 centrifuges with 1 - meter ( 3 ft 3 in ) rotors , or 10,000 centrifuges with 4 - meter ( 13 ft ) rotors , assuming that 4 - meter rotors could be built . The prospect of keeping so many rotors operating continuously at high speed appeared daunting , and when Beams ran his experimental apparatus , he obtained only 60 % of the predicted yield , indicating that more centrifuges would be required . Beams , Urey and Cohen then began work on a series of improvements which promised to increase the efficiency of the process . However , frequent failures of motors , shafts and bearings at high speeds delayed work on the pilot plant . In November 1942 the centrifuge process was abandoned by the Military Policy Committee following a recommendation by Conant , Nichols and August C. Klein of Stone & Webster . Electromagnetic separation Main article : Y - 12 Project Electromagnetic isotope separation was developed by Lawrence at the University of California Radiation Laboratory . This method employed devices known as calutrons , a hybrid of the standard laboratory mass spectrometer and cyclotron . The name was derived from the words California , university and cyclotron . In the electromagnetic process , a magnetic field deflected charged particles according to mass . The process was neither scientifically elegant nor industrially efficient .",
"24": "Compared with a gaseous diffusion plant or a nuclear reactor , an electromagnetic separation plant would consume more scarce materials , require more manpower to operate , and cost more to build . Nonetheless , the process was approved because it was based on proven technology and therefore represented less risk . Moreover , it could be built in stages , and rapidly reach industrial capacity . Giant Alpha I racetrack at Y - 12 Marshall and Nichols discovered that the electromagnetic isotope separation process would require 5,000 short tons ( 4,500 tonnes ) of copper , which was in desperately short supply . However , silver could be substituted , in an 11 : 10 ratio . On 3 August 1942 , Nichols met with Under Secretary of the Treasury Daniel W. Bell and asked for the transfer of 6,000 tons of silver bullion from the West Point Bullion Depository . `` Young man , '' Bell told him , `` you may think of silver in tons but the Treasury will always think of silver in troy ounces ! '' Eventually , 14,700 short tons ( 13,300 tonnes ; 430,000,000 troy ounces ) were used . The 1,000 - troy - ounce ( 31 kg ) silver bars were cast into cylindrical billets and taken to Phelps Dodge in Bayway , New Jersey , where they were extruded into strips 0.625 inches ( 15.9 mm ) thick , 3 inches ( 76 mm ) wide and 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . These were wound onto magnetic coils by Allis - Chalmers in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . After the war , all the machinery was dismantled and cleaned and the floorboards beneath the machinery were ripped up and burned to recover minute amounts of silver . In the end , only 1 / 3,600,000 th was lost . The last silver was returned in May 1970 . Responsibility for the design and construction of the electromagnetic separation plant , which came to be called Y - 12 , was assigned to Stone & Webster by the S - 1 Committee in June 1942 . The design called for five first - stage processing units , known as Alpha racetracks , and two units for final processing , known as Beta racetracks .",
"25": "In September 1943 Groves authorized construction of four more racetracks , known as Alpha II . Construction began in February 1943 . When the plant was started up for testing on schedule in October , the 14 - ton vacuum tanks crept out of alignment because of the power of the magnets , and had to be fastened more securely . A more serious problem arose when the magnetic coils started shorting out . In December Groves ordered a magnet to be broken open , and handfuls of rust were found inside . Groves then ordered the racetracks to be torn down and the magnets sent back to the factory to be cleaned . A pickling plant was established on - site to clean the pipes and fittings . The second Alpha I was not operational until the end of January 1944 , the first Beta and first and third Alpha I 's came online in March , and the fourth Alpha I was operational in April . The four Alpha II racetracks were completed between July and October 1944 . Operators , so - called Calutron Girls , photographed by Ed Westcott , at their calutron control panels at Y - 12 . Gladys Owens , the woman seated in the foreground , did not know what she had been involved with until seeing this photo in a public tour of the facility fifty years later . Tennessee Eastman was contracted to manage Y - 12 on the usual cost plus fixed - fee basis , with a fee of $22,500 per month plus $7,500 per racetrack for the first seven racetracks and $4,000 per additional racetrack . The calutrons were initially operated by scientists from Berkeley to remove bugs and achieve a reasonable operating rate . They were then turned over to trained Tennessee Eastman operators who had only a high school education . Nichols compared unit production data , and pointed out to Lawrence that the young `` hillbilly '' girl operators were outperforming his PhDs . They agreed to a production race and Lawrence lost , a morale boost for the Tennessee Eastman workers and supervisors . The girls were `` trained like soldiers not to reason why '' , while `` the scientists could not refrain from time - consuming investigation of the cause of even minor fluctuations of the dials . ''",
"26": "Y - 12 initially enriched the uranium - 235 content to between 13 % and 15 % , and shipped the first few hundred grams of this to Los Alamos in March 1944 . Only 1 part in 5,825 of the uranium feed emerged as final product . Much of the rest was splattered over equipment in the process . Strenuous recovery efforts helped raise production to 10 % of the uranium - 235 feed by January 1945 . In February the Alpha racetracks began receiving slightly enriched ( 1.4 % ) feed from the new S - 50 thermal diffusion plant . The next month it received enhanced ( 5 % ) feed from the K - 25 gaseous diffusion plant . By August K - 25 was producing uranium sufficiently enriched to feed directly into the Beta tracks . Gaseous diffusion Main article : K - 25 The most promising but also the most challenging method of isotope separation was gaseous diffusion . Graham 's law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular mass , so in a box containing a semi-permeable membrane and a mixture of two gases , the lighter molecules will pass out of the container more rapidly than the heavier molecules . The gas leaving the container is somewhat enriched in the lighter molecules , while the residual gas is somewhat depleted . The idea was that such boxes could be formed into a cascade of pumps and membranes , with each successive stage containing a slightly more enriched mixture . Research into the process was carried out at Columbia University by a group that included Harold Urey , Karl P. Cohen , and John R. Dunning . Oak Ridge K - 25 plant In November 1942 the Military Policy Committee approved the construction of a 600 - stage gaseous diffusion plant . On 14 December , M.W. Kellogg accepted an offer to construct the plant , which was codenamed K - 25 . A cost plus fixed - fee contract was negotiated , eventually totaling $2.5 million . A separate corporate entity called Kellex was created for the project , headed by Percival C. Keith , one of Kellogg 's vice presidents . The process faced formidable technical difficulties .",
"27": "The highly corrosive gas uranium hexafluoride would have to be used , as no substitute could be found , and the motors and pumps would have to be vacuum tight and enclosed in inert gas . The biggest problem was the design of the barrier , which would have to be strong , porous and resistant to corrosion by uranium hexafluoride . The best choice for this seemed to be nickel . Edward Adler and Edward Norris created a mesh barrier from electroplated nickel . A six - stage pilot plant was built at Columbia to test the process , but the Norris - Adler prototype proved to be too brittle . A rival barrier was developed from powdered nickel by Kellex , the Bell Telephone Laboratories and the Bakelite Corporation . In January 1944 , Groves ordered the Kellex barrier into production . Kellex 's design for K - 25 called for a four - story 0.5 - mile ( 0.80 km ) long U-shaped structure containing 54 contiguous buildings . These were divided into nine sections . Within these were cells of six stages . The cells could be operated independently , or consecutively within a section . Similarly , the sections could be operated separately or as part of a single cascade . A survey party began construction by marking out the 500 - acre ( 2.0 km ) site in May 1943 . Work on the main building began in October 1943 , and the six - stage pilot plant was ready for operation on 17 April 1944 . In 1945 Groves canceled the upper stages of the plant , directing Kellex to instead design and build a 540 - stage side feed unit , which became known as K - 27 . Kellex transferred the last unit to the operating contractor , Union Carbide and Carbon , on 11 September 1945 . The total cost , including the K - 27 plant completed after the war , came to $480 million . The production plant commenced operation in February 1945 , and as cascade after cascade came online , the quality of the product increased . By April 1945 , K - 25 had attained a 1.1 % enrichment and the output of the S - 50 thermal diffusion plant began being used as feed . Some product produced the next month reached nearly 7 % enrichment .",
"28": "In August , the last of the 2,892 stages commenced operation . K - 25 and K - 27 achieved their full potential in the early postwar period , when they eclipsed the other production plants and became the prototypes for a new generation of plants . Thermal diffusion Main article : S - 50 Project The thermal diffusion process was based on Sydney Chapman and David Enskog 's theory , which explained that when a mixed gas passes through a temperature gradient , the heavier one tends to concentrate at the cold end and the lighter one at the warm end . Since hot gases tend to rise and cool ones tend to fall , this can be used as a means of isotope separation . This process was first demonstrated by Klaus Clusius and Gerhard Dickel in Germany in 1938 . It was developed by US Navy scientists , but was not one of the enrichment technologies initially selected for use in the Manhattan Project . This was primarily due to doubts about its technical feasibility , but the inter-service rivalry between the Army and Navy also played a part . The S - 50 plant is the dark building to the upper left behind the Oak Ridge powerhouse ( with smoke stacks ) . The Naval Research Laboratory continued the research under Philip Abelson 's direction , but there was little contact with the Manhattan Project until April 1944 , when Captain William S. Parsons , the naval officer in charge of ordnance development at Los Alamos , brought Oppenheimer news of encouraging progress in the Navy 's experiments on thermal diffusion . Oppenheimer wrote to Groves suggesting that the output of a thermal diffusion plant could be fed into Y - 12 . Groves set up a committee consisting of Warren K. Lewis , Eger Murphree and Richard Tolman to investigate the idea , and they estimated that a thermal diffusion plant costing $3.5 million could enrich 50 kilograms ( 110 lb ) of uranium per week to nearly 0.9 % uranium - 235 . Groves approved its construction on 24 June 1944 . Groves contracted with the H.K. Ferguson Company of Cleveland , Ohio , to build the thermal diffusion plant , which was designated S - 50 . Groves 's advisers , Karl Cohen and W.I. Thompson from Standard Oil , estimated that it would take six months to build . Groves gave Ferguson just four .",
"29": "Plans called for the installation of 2,142 48 - foot - tall ( 15 m ) diffusion columns arranged in 21 racks . Inside each column were three concentric tubes . Steam , obtained from the nearby K - 25 powerhouse at a pressure of 1,000 pounds per square inch ( 6,900 kPa ) and temperature of 545 ° F ( 285 ° C ) , flowed downward through the innermost 1.25 - inch ( 32 mm ) nickel pipe , while water at 155 ° F ( 68 ° C ) flowed upward through the outermost iron pipe . Isotope separation occurred in the uranium hexafluoride gas between the nickel and copper pipes . Work commenced on 9 July 1944 , and S - 50 began partial operation in September . Ferguson operated the plant through a subsidiary known as Fercleve . The plant produced just 10.5 pounds ( 4.8 kg ) of 0.852 % uranium - 235 in October . Leaks limited production and forced shutdowns over the next few months , but in June 1945 it produced 12,730 pounds ( 5,770 kg ) . By March 1945 , all 21 production racks were operating . Initially the output of S - 50 was fed into Y - 12 , but starting in March 1945 all three enrichment processes were run in series . S - 50 became the first stage , enriching from 0.71 % to 0.89 % . This material was fed into the gaseous diffusion process in the K - 25 plant , which produced a product enriched to about 23 % . This was , in turn , fed into Y - 12 , which boosted it to about 89 % , sufficient for nuclear weapons . Aggregate u-235 production About 50 kilograms ( 110 lb ) of uranium enriched to 89 % uranium - 235 was delivered to Los Alamos by July 1945 . The entire 50 kg , along with some 50 % - enriched , averaging out to about 85 % enriched , were used in Little Boy . Plutonium The second line of development pursued by the Manhattan Project used the fissile element plutonium .",
"30": "Although small amounts of plutonium exist in nature , the best way to obtain large quantities of the element is in a nuclear reactor , in which natural uranium is bombarded by neutrons . The uranium - 238 is transmuted into uranium - 239 , which rapidly decays , first into neptunium - 239 and then into plutonium - 239 . Only a small amount of the uranium - 238 will be transformed , so the plutonium must be chemically separated from the remaining uranium , from any initial impurities , and from fission products . X-10 graphite reactor Main article : X-10 Graphite Reactor Workers load uranium slugs into the X-10 Graphite Reactor . In March 1943 , DuPont began construction of a plutonium plant on a 112 - acre ( 0.5 km ) site at Oak Ridge . Intended as a pilot plant for the larger production facilities at Hanford , it included the air - cooled X-10 Graphite Reactor , a chemical separation plant , and support facilities . Because of the subsequent decision to construct water - cooled reactors at Hanford , only the chemical separation plant operated as a true pilot . The X-10 Graphite Reactor consisted of a huge block of graphite , 24 feet ( 7.3 m ) long on each side , weighing around 1,500 long tons ( 1,500 t ) , surrounded by 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) of high - density concrete as a radiation shield . The greatest difficulty was encountered with the uranium slugs produced by Mallinckrodt and Metal Hydrides . These somehow had to be coated in aluminum to avoid corrosion and the escape of fission products into the cooling system . The Grasselli Chemical Company attempted to develop a hot dipping process without success . Meanwhile , Alcoa tried canning . A new process for flux-less welding was developed , and 97 % of the cans passed a standard vacuum test , but high temperature tests indicated a failure rate of more than 50 % . Nonetheless , production began in June 1943 . The Metallurgical Laboratory eventually developed an improved welding technique with the help of General Electric , which was incorporated into the production process in October 1943 .",
"31": "Watched by Fermi and Compton , the X-10 Graphite Reactor went critical on 4 November 1943 with about 30 long tons ( 30 t ) of uranium . A week later the load was increased to 36 long tons ( 37 t ) , raising its power generation to 500 kW , and by the end of the month the first 500 milligrams ( 0.018 oz ) of plutonium was created . Modifications over time raised the power to 4,000 kW in July 1944 . X-10 operated as a production plant until January 1945 , when it was turned over to research activities . Hanford reactors Main article : Hanford Site Although an air - cooled design was chosen for the reactor at Oak Ridge to facilitate rapid construction , it was recognized that this would be impractical for the much larger production reactors . Initial designs by the Metallurgical Laboratory and DuPont used helium for cooling , before they determined that a water - cooled reactor would be simpler , cheaper and quicker to build . The design did not become available until 4 October 1943 ; in the meantime , Matthias concentrated on improving the Hanford Site by erecting accommodations , improving the roads , building a railway switch line , and upgrading the electricity , water and telephone lines . Aerial view of Hanford B - Reactor site , June 1944 As at Oak Ridge , the most difficulty was encountered while canning the uranium slugs , which commenced at Hanford in March 1944 . They were pickled to remove dirt and impurities , dipped in molten bronze , tin , and aluminum - silicon alloy , canned using hydraulic presses , and then capped using arc welding under an argon atmosphere . Finally , they were subjected to a series of tests to detect holes or faulty welds . Disappointingly , most canned slugs initially failed the tests , resulting in an output of only a handful of canned slugs per day . But steady progress was made and by June 1944 production increased to the point where it appeared that enough canned slugs would be available to start Reactor B on schedule in August 1944 . Work began on Reactor B , the first of six planned 250 MW reactors , on 10 October 1943 .",
"32": "The reactor complexes were given letter designations A through F , with B , D and F sites chosen to be developed first , as this maximised the distance between the reactors . They would be the only ones constructed during the Manhattan Project . Some 390 long tons ( 400 t ) of steel , 17,400 cubic yards ( 13,300 m ) of concrete , 50,000 concrete blocks and 71,000 concrete bricks were used to construct the 120 - foot ( 37 m ) high building . Construction of the reactor itself commenced in February 1944 . Watched by Compton , Matthias , DuPont 's Crawford Greenewalt , Leona Woods and Fermi , who inserted the first slug , the reactor was powered up beginning on 13 September 1944 . Over the next few days , 838 tubes were loaded and the reactor went critical . Shortly after midnight on 27 September , the operators began to withdraw the control rods to initiate production . At first all appeared well but around 03 : 00 the power level started to drop and by 06 : 30 the reactor had shut down completely . The cooling water was investigated to see if there was a leak or contamination . The next day the reactor started up again , only to shut down once more . Fermi contacted Chien - Shiung Wu , who identified the cause of the problem as neutron poisoning from xenon - 135 , which has a half - life of 9.2 hours . Fermi , Woods , Donald J. Hughes and John Archibald Wheeler then calculated the nuclear cross section of xenon - 135 , which turned out to be 30,000 times that of uranium . Fortunately , DuPont engineer George Graves had deviated from the Metallurgical Laboratory 's original design in which the reactor had 1,500 tubes arranged in a circle , and had added an additional 504 tubes to fill in the corners . The scientists had originally considered this overengineering a waste of time and money , but Fermi realized that by loading all 2,004 tubes , the reactor could reach the required power level and efficiently produce plutonium . Reactor D was started on 17 December 1944 and Reactor F on 25 February 1945 . Separation process Map of the Hanford Site .",
"33": "Railroads flank the plants to the north and south . Reactors are the three northernmost red squares , along the Columbia River . The separation plants are the lower two red squares from the grouping south of the reactors . The bottom red square is the 300 area . Meanwhile , the chemists considered the problem of how plutonium could be separated from uranium when its chemical properties were not known . Working with the minute quantities of plutonium available at the Metallurgical Laboratory in 1942 , a team under Charles M. Cooper developed a lanthanum fluoride process for separating uranium and plutonium , which was chosen for the pilot separation plant . A second separation process , the bismuth phosphate process , was subsequently developed by Seaborg and Stanly G. Thomson . This process worked by toggling plutonium between its + 4 and + 6 oxidation states in solutions of bismuth phosphate . In the former state , the plutonium was precipitated ; in the latter , it stayed in solution and the other products were precipitated . Greenewalt favored the bismuth phosphate process due to the corrosive nature of lanthanum fluoride , and it was selected for the Hanford separation plants . Once X-10 began producing plutonium , the pilot separation plant was put to the test . The first batch was processed at 40 % efficiency but over the next few months this was raised to 90 % . At Hanford , top priority was initially given to the installations in the 300 area . This contained buildings for testing materials , preparing uranium , and assembling and calibrating instrumentation . One of the buildings housed the canning equipment for the uranium slugs , while another contained a small test reactor . Notwithstanding the high priority allocated to it , work on the 300 area fell behind schedule due to the unique and complex nature of the 300 area facilities , and wartime shortages of labor and materials . Early plans called for the construction of two separation plants in each of the areas known as 200 - West and 200 - East . This was subsequently reduced to two , the T and U plants , in 200 - West and one , the B plant , at 200 - East .",
"34": "Each separation plant consisted of four buildings : a process cell building or `` canyon '' ( known as 221 ) , a concentration building ( 224 ) , a purification building ( 231 ) and a magazine store ( 213 ) . The canyons were each 800 feet ( 240 m ) long and 65 feet ( 20 m ) wide . Each consisted of forty 17.7 - by - 13 - by - 20 - foot ( 5.4 by 4.0 by 6.1 m ) cells . Work began on 221 - T and 221 - U in January 1944 , with the former completed in September and the latter in December . The 221 - B building followed in March 1945 . Because of the high levels of radioactivity involved , all work in the separation plants had to be conducted by remote control using closed - circuit television , something unheard of in 1943 . Maintenance was carried out with the aid of an overhead crane and specially designed tools . The 224 buildings were smaller because they had less material to process , and it was less radioactive . The 224 - T and 224 - U buildings were completed on 8 October 1944 , and 224 - B followed on 10 February 1945 . The purification methods that were eventually used in 231 - W were still unknown when construction commenced on 8 April 1944 , but the plant was complete and the methods were selected by the end of the year . On 5 February 1945 , Matthias hand - delivered the first shipment of 80 grams ( 2.6 ozt ) of 95 % - pure plutonium nitrate to a Los Alamos courier in Los Angeles . Weapon design Main article : Project Y A row of Thin Man casings . Fat Man casings are visible in the background . In 1943 , development efforts were directed to a gun - type fission weapon with plutonium called Thin Man . Initial research on the properties of plutonium was done using cyclotron - generated plutonium - 239 , which was extremely pure , but could only be created in very small amounts .",
"35": "Los Alamos received the first sample of plutonium from the Clinton X-10 reactor in April 1944 and within days Emilio Segrè discovered a problem : the reactor - bred plutonium had a higher concentration of plutonium - 240 , resulting in up to five times the spontaneous fission rate of cyclotron plutonium . Seaborg had correctly predicted in March 1943 that some of the plutonium - 239 would absorb a neutron and become plutonium - 240 . This made reactor plutonium unsuitable for use in a gun - type weapon . The plutonium - 240 would start the chain reaction too quickly , causing a predetonation that would release enough energy to disperse the critical mass with a minimal amount of plutonium reacted ( a fizzle ) . A faster gun was suggested but found to be impractical . The possibility of separating the isotopes was considered and rejected , as plutonium - 240 is even harder to separate from plutonium - 239 than uranium - 235 from uranium - 238 . Work on an alternative method of bomb design , known as implosion , had begun earlier under the direction of the physicist Seth Neddermeyer . Implosion used explosives to crush a subcritical sphere of fissile material into a smaller and denser form . When the fissile atoms are packed closer together , the rate of neutron capture increases , and the mass becomes a critical mass . The metal needs to travel only a very short distance , so the critical mass is assembled in much less time than it would take with the gun method . Neddermeyer 's 1943 and early 1944 investigations into implosion showed promise , but also made it clear that the problem would be much more difficult from a theoretical and engineering perspective than the gun design . In September 1943 , John von Neumann , who had experience with shaped charges used in armor - piercing shells , argued that not only would implosion reduce the danger of predetonation and fizzle , but would make more efficient use of the fissionable material . He proposed using a spherical configuration instead of the cylindrical one that Neddermeyer was working on . An implosion - type nuclear bomb By July 1944 , Oppenheimer had concluded plutonium could not be used in a gun design , and opted for implosion .",
"36": "The accelerated effort on an implosion design , codenamed Fat Man , began in August 1944 when Oppenheimer implemented a sweeping reorganization of the Los Alamos laboratory to focus on implosion . Two new groups were created at Los Alamos to develop the implosion weapon , X ( for explosives ) Division headed by explosives expert George Kistiakowsky and G ( for gadget ) Division under Robert Bacher . The new design that von Neumann and T ( for theoretical ) Division , most notably Rudolf Peierls , had devised used explosive lenses to focus the explosion onto a spherical shape using a combination of both slow and fast high explosives . The design of lenses that detonated with the proper shape and velocity turned out to be slow , difficult and frustrating . Various explosives were tested before settling on composition B as the fast explosive and baratol as the slow explosive . The final design resembled a soccer ball , with 20 hexagonal and 12 pentagonal lenses , each weighing about 80 pounds ( 36 kg ) . Getting the detonation just right required fast , reliable and safe electrical detonators , of which there were two for each lens for reliability . It was therefore decided to use exploding - bridgewire detonators , a new invention developed at Los Alamos by a group led by Luis Alvarez . A contract for their manufacture was given to Raytheon . To study the behavior of converging shock waves , Robert Serber devised the RaLa Experiment , which used the short - lived radioisotope lanthanum - 140 , a potent source of gamma radiation . The gamma ray source was placed in the center of a metal sphere surrounded by the explosive lenses , which in turn were inside in an ionization chamber . This allowed the taking of an X-ray movie of the implosion . The lenses were designed primarily using this series of tests . In his history of the Los Alamos project , David Hawkins wrote : `` RaLa became the most important single experiment affecting the final bomb design '' . Within the explosives was the 4.5 - inch ( 110 mm ) thick aluminum pusher , which provided a smooth transition from the relatively low density explosive to the next layer , the 3 - inch ( 76 mm ) thick tamper of natural uranium .",
"37": "Its main job was to hold the critical mass together as long as possible , but it would also reflect neutrons back into the core . Some part of it might fission as well . To prevent predetonation by an external neutron , the tamper was coated in a thin layer of boron . A polonium - beryllium modulated neutron initiator , known as an `` urchin '' because its shape resembled a sea urchin , was developed to start the chain reaction at precisely the right moment . This work with the chemistry and metallurgy of radioactive polonium was directed by Charles Allen Thomas of the Monsanto Company and became known as the Dayton Project . Testing required up to 500 curies per month of polonium , which Monsanto was able to deliver . The whole assembly was encased in a duralumin bomb casing to protect it from bullets and flak . Remote handling of a kilocurie source of radiolanthanum for a RaLa Experiment at Los Alamos The ultimate task of the metallurgists was to determine how to cast plutonium into a sphere . The difficulties became apparent when attempts to measure the density of plutonium gave inconsistent results . At first contamination was believed to be the cause , but it was soon determined that there were multiple allotropes of plutonium . The brittle α phase that exists at room temperature changes to the plastic β phase at higher temperatures . Attention then shifted to the even more malleable δ phase that normally exists in the 300 ° C to 450 ° C range . It was found that this was stable at room temperature when alloyed with aluminum , but aluminum emits neutrons when bombarded with alpha particles , which would exacerbate the pre-ignition problem . The metallurgists then hit upon a plutonium - gallium alloy , which stabilized the δ phase and could be hot pressed into the desired spherical shape . As plutonium was found to corrode readily , the sphere was coated with nickel . The work proved dangerous . By the end of the war , half the experienced chemists and metallurgists had to be removed from work with plutonium when unacceptably high levels of the element appeared in their urine .",
"38": "A minor fire at Los Alamos in January 1945 led to a fear that a fire in the plutonium laboratory might contaminate the whole town , and Groves authorized the construction of a new facility for plutonium chemistry and metallurgy , which became known as the DP - site . The hemispheres for the first plutonium pit ( or core ) were produced and delivered on 2 July 1945 . Three more hemispheres followed on 23 July and were delivered three days later . Trinity Main article : Trinity ( nuclear test ) Because of the complexity of an implosion - style weapon , it was decided that , despite the waste of fissile material , an initial test would be required . Groves approved the test , subject to the active material being recovered . Consideration was therefore given to a controlled fizzle , but Oppenheimer opted instead for a full - scale nuclear test , codenamed `` Trinity '' . The explosives of `` the gadget '' were raised to the top of the tower for the final assembly . In March 1944 , planning for the test was assigned to Kenneth Bainbridge , a professor of physics at Harvard , working under Kistiakowsky . Bainbridge selected the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield as the site for the test . Bainbridge worked with Captain Samuel P. Davalos on the construction of the Trinity Base Camp and its facilities , which included barracks , warehouses , workshops , an explosive magazine and a commissary . Groves did not relish the prospect of explaining the loss of a billion dollars worth of plutonium to a Senate committee , so a cylindrical containment vessel codenamed `` Jumbo '' was constructed to recover the active material in the event of a failure . Measuring 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) long and 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) wide , it was fabricated at great expense from 214 long tons ( 217 t ) of iron and steel by Babcock & Wilcox in Barberton , Ohio . Brought in a special railroad car to a siding in Pope , New Mexico , it was transported the last 25 miles ( 40 km ) to the test site on a trailer pulled by two tractors .",
"39": "By the time it arrived , however , confidence in the implosion method was high enough , and the availability of plutonium was sufficient , that Oppenheimer decided not to use it . Instead , it was placed atop a steel tower 800 yards ( 730 m ) from the weapon as a rough measure of how powerful the explosion would be . In the end , Jumbo survived , although its tower did not , adding credence to the belief that Jumbo would have successfully contained a fizzled explosion . A pre-test explosion was conducted on 7 May 1945 to calibrate the instruments . A wooden test platform was erected 800 yards ( 730 m ) from Ground Zero and piled with 100 long tons ( 100 t ) of TNT spiked with nuclear fission products in the form of an irradiated uranium slug from Hanford , which was dissolved and poured into tubing inside the explosive . This explosion was observed by Oppenheimer and Groves 's new deputy commander , Brigadier General Thomas Farrell . The pre-test produced data that proved vital for the Trinity test . For the actual test , the weapon , nicknamed `` the gadget '' , was hoisted to the top of a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) steel tower , as detonation at that height would give a better indication of how the weapon would behave when dropped from a bomber . Detonation in the air maximized the energy applied directly to the target , and generated less nuclear fallout . The gadget was assembled under the supervision of Norris Bradbury at the nearby McDonald Ranch House on 13 July , and precariously winched up the tower the following day . Observers included Bush , Chadwick , Conant , Farrell , Fermi , Groves , Lawrence , Oppenheimer and Tolman . At 05 : 30 on 16 July 1945 the gadget exploded with an energy equivalent of around 20 kilotons of TNT , leaving a crater of Trinitite ( radioactive glass ) in the desert 250 feet ( 76 m ) wide . The shock wave was felt over 100 miles ( 160 km ) away , and the mushroom cloud reached 7.5 miles ( 12.1 km ) in height . It was heard as far away as El Paso , Texas , so Groves issued a cover story about an ammunition magazine explosion at Alamogordo Field .",
"40": "Personnel In June 1944 , the Manhattan Project employed some 129,000 workers , of whom 84,500 were construction workers , 40,500 were plant operators and 1,800 were military personnel . As construction activity fell off , the workforce declined to 100,000 a year later , but the number of military personnel increased to 5,600 . Procuring the required numbers of workers , especially highly skilled workers , in competition with other vital wartime programs proved very difficult . In 1943 , Groves obtained a special temporary priority for labor from the War Manpower Commission . In March 1944 , both the War Production Board and the War Manpower Commission gave the project their highest priority . Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. , speaks to service personnel Oak Ridge Tennessee in August 1945 Tolman and Conant , in their role as the project 's scientific advisers , drew up a list of candidate scientists and had them rated by scientists already working on the project . Groves then sent a personal letter to the head of their university or company asking for them to be released for essential war work . At the University of Wisconsin -- Madison , Stanislaw Ulam gave one of his students , Joan Hinton , an exam early , so she could leave to do war work . A few weeks later , Ulam received a letter from Hans Bethe , inviting him to join the project . Conant personally persuaded Kistiakowsky to join the project . One source of skilled personnel was the Army itself , particularly the Army Specialized Training Program . In 1943 , the MED created the Special Engineer Detachment ( SED ) , with an authorized strength of 675 . Technicians and skilled workers drafted into the Army were assigned to the SED . Another source was the Women 's Army Corps ( WAC ) . Initially intended for clerical tasks handling classified material , the WACs were soon tapped for technical and scientific tasks as well . On 1 February 1945 , all military personnel assigned to the MED , including all SED detachments , were assigned to the 9812th Technical Service Unit , except at Los Alamos , where military personnel other than SED , including the WACs and Military Police , were assigned to the 4817th Service Command Unit .",
"41": "An Associate Professor of Radiology at the University of Rochester School of Medicine , Stafford L. Warren , was commissioned as a colonel in the United States Army Medical Corps , and appointed as chief of the MED 's Medical Section and Groves ' medical advisor . Warren 's initial task was to staff hospitals at Oak Ridge , Richland and Los Alamos . The Medical Section was responsible for medical research , but also for the MED 's health and safety programs . This presented an enormous challenge , because workers were handling a variety of toxic chemicals , using hazardous liquids and gases under high pressures , working with high voltages , and performing experiments involving explosives , not to mention the largely unknown dangers presented by radioactivity and handling fissile materials . Yet in December 1945 , the National Safety Council presented the Manhattan Project with the Award of Honor for Distinguished Service to Safety in recognition of its safety record . Between January 1943 and June 1945 , there were 62 fatalities and 3,879 disabling injuries , which was about 62 percent below the rate of private industry . Secrecy A 1945 Life article estimated that before the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings `` probably no more than a few dozen men in the entire country knew the full meaning of the Manhattan Project , and perhaps only a thousand others even were aware that work on atoms was involved . '' The magazine wrote that the more than 100,000 others employed with the project `` worked like moles in the dark '' . Warned that disclosing the project 's secrets was punishable by 10 years in prison or a $10,000 ( $108,000 today ) fine , they saw enormous quantities of raw materials enter factories with nothing coming out , and monitored `` dials and switches while behind thick concrete walls mysterious reactions took place '' without knowing the purpose of their jobs . A billboard encouraging secrecy among Oak Ridge workers Oak Ridge security personnel considered any private party with more than seven people as suspicious , and residents -- who believed that US government agents were secretly among them -- avoided repeatedly inviting the same guests . Although original residents of the area could be buried in existing cemeteries , every coffin was reportedly opened for inspection . Everyone , including top military officials , and their automobiles were searched when entering and exiting project facilities .",
"42": "One Oak Ridge worker stated that `` if you got inquisitive , you were called on the carpet within two hours by government secret agents . Usually those summoned to explain were then escorted bag and baggage to the gate and ordered to keep going . '' Nonetheless , despite being told that their work would help end the war and perhaps all future wars , not seeing or understanding the results of their often tedious duties -- or even typical side effects of factory work such as smoke from smokestacks -- and the war in Europe ending without the use of their work , caused serious morale problems among workers and caused many rumors to spread . One manager stated after the war : Well it was n't that the job was tough ... it was confusing . You see , no one knew what was being made in Oak Ridge , not even me , and a lot of the people thought they were wasting their time here . It was up to me to explain to the dissatisfied workers that they were doing a very important job . When they asked me what , I 'd have to tell them it was a secret . But I almost went crazy myself trying to figure out what was going on . Another worker told of how , working in a laundry , she every day held `` a special instrument '' to uniforms and listened for `` a clicking noise '' . She learned only after the war that she had been performing the important task of checking for radiation with a geiger counter . To improve morale among such workers Oak Ridge created an extensive system of intramural sports leagues , including 10 baseball teams , 81 softball teams , and 26 football teams . Censorship Security poster , warning office workers to close drawers and put documents in safes when not being used Voluntary censorship of atomic information began before the Manhattan Project . After the start of the European war in 1939 American scientists began avoiding publishing military - related research , and in 1940 scientific journals began asking the National Academy of Sciences to clear articles . William L. Laurence of The New York Times , who wrote an article for The Saturday Evening Post in September 1940 on atomic fission , later learned that government officials asked librarians nationwide in 1943 to withdraw the issue . The Soviets noticed the silence , however .",
"43": "In April 1942 nuclear physicist Georgy Flyorov wrote to Josef Stalin on the absence of articles on nuclear fission in American journals ; this resulted in the Soviet Union establishing its own atomic bomb project . The Manhattan Project operated under tight security lest its discovery induce Axis powers , especially Germany , to accelerate their own nuclear projects or undertake covert operations against the project . The government 's Office of Censorship , by contrast , relied on the press to comply with a voluntary code of conduct it published , and the project at first avoided notifying the office . By early 1943 newspapers began publishing reports of large construction in Tennessee and Washington based on public records , and the office began discussing with the project how to maintain secrecy . In June the Office of Censorship asked newspapers and broadcasters to avoid discussing `` atom smashing , atomic energy , atomic fission , atomic splitting , or any of their equivalents . The use for military purposes of radium or radioactive materials , heavy water , high voltage discharge equipment , cyclotrons . '' The office also asked to avoid discussion of `` polonium , uranium , ytterbium , hafnium , protactinium , radium , rhenium , thorium , deuterium '' ; only uranium was sensitive , but was listed with other elements to hide its importance . Soviet spies Main article : Atomic spies The prospect of sabotage was always present , and sometimes suspected when there were equipment failures . While there were some problems believed to be the result of careless or disgruntled employees , there were no confirmed instances of Axis - instigated sabotage . However , on 10 March 1945 , a Japanese fire balloon struck a power line , and the resulting power surge caused the three reactors at Hanford to be temporarily shut down . With so many people involved , security was a difficult task . A special Counter Intelligence Corps detachment was formed to handle the project 's security issues . By 1943 , it was clear that the Soviet Union was attempting to penetrate the project . Lieutenant Colonel Boris T. Pash , the head of the Counter Intelligence Branch of the Western Defense Command , investigated suspected Soviet espionage at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley . Oppenheimer informed Pash that he had been approached by a fellow professor at Berkeley , Haakon Chevalier , about passing information to the Soviet Union .",
"44": "The most successful Soviet spy was Klaus Fuchs , a member of the British Mission who played an important part at Los Alamos . The 1950 revelation of his espionage activities damaged the United States ' nuclear cooperation with Britain and Canada . Subsequently , other instances of espionage were uncovered , leading to the arrest of Harry Gold , David Greenglass , and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg . Other spies like George Koval and Theodore Hall remained unknown for decades . The value of the espionage is difficult to quantify , as the principal constraint on the Soviet atomic bomb project was a shortage of uranium ore . The consensus is that espionage saved the Soviets one or two years of effort . Foreign Intelligence Main article : Alsos Mission In addition to developing the atomic bomb , the Manhattan Project was charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear energy project . It was believed that the Japanese nuclear weapons program was not far advanced because Japan had little access to uranium ore , but it was initially feared that Germany was very close to developing its own weapons . At the instigation of the Manhattan Project , a bombing and sabotage campaign was carried out against heavy water plants in German - occupied Norway . A small mission was created , jointly staffed by the Office of Naval Intelligence , OSRD , the Manhattan Project , and Army Intelligence ( G - 2 ) , to investigate enemy scientific developments . It was not restricted to those involving nuclear weapons . The Chief of Army Intelligence , Major General George V. Strong , appointed Boris Pash to command the unit , which was codenamed `` Alsos '' , a Greek word meaning `` grove '' . Allied soldiers dismantle the German experimental nuclear reactor at Haigerloch . The Alsos Mission to Italy questioned staff of the physics laboratory at the University of Rome following the capture of the city in June 1944 . Meanwhile , Pash formed a combined British and American Alsos mission in London under the command of Captain Horace K. Calvert to participate in Operation Overlord . Groves considered the risk that the Germans might attempt to disrupt the Normandy landings with radioactive poisons was sufficient to warn General Dwight D. Eisenhower and send an officer to brief his chief of staff , Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith . Under the codename Operation Peppermint , special equipment was prepared and Chemical Warfare Service teams were trained in its use .",
"45": "Following in the wake of the advancing Allied armies , Pash and Calvert interviewed Frédéric Joliot - Curie about the activities of German scientists . They spoke to officials at Union Minière du Haut Katanga about uranium shipments to Germany . They tracked down 68 tons of ore in Belgium and 30 tons in France . The interrogation of German prisoners indicated that uranium and thorium were being processed in Oranienburg , 20 miles north of Berlin , so Groves arranged for it to be bombed on 15 March 1945 . An Alsos team went to Stassfurt in the Soviet Occupation Zone and retrieved 11 tons of ore from WIFO . In April 1945 , Pash , in command of a composite force known as T - Force , conducted Operation Harborage , a sweep behind enemy lines of the cities of Hechingen , Bisingen , and Haigerloch that were the heart of the German nuclear effort . T - Force captured the nuclear laboratories , documents , equipment and supplies , including heavy water and 1.5 tons of metallic uranium . Alsos teams rounded up German scientists including Kurt Diebner , Otto Hahn , Walther Gerlach , Werner Heisenberg , and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker , who were taken to England where they were interned at Farm Hall , a bugged house in Godmanchester . After the bombs were detonated in Japan , the Germans were forced to confront the fact that the Allies had done what they could not . Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Main article : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Preparations Starting in November 1943 , the Army Air Forces Materiel Command at Wright Field , Ohio , began Silverplate , the codename modification of B - 29s to carry the bombs . Test drops were carried out at Muroc Army Air Field , California , and the Naval Ordnance Test Station at Inyokern , California . Groves met with the Chief of United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) , General Henry H. Arnold , in March 1944 to discuss the delivery of the finished bombs to their targets .",
"46": "The only Allied aircraft capable of carrying the 17 - foot ( 5.2 m ) long Thin Man or the 59 - inch ( 150 cm ) wide Fat Man was the British Avro Lancaster , but using a British aircraft would have caused difficulties with maintenance . Groves hoped that the American Boeing B - 29 Superfortress could be modified to carry Thin Man by joining its two bomb bays together . Arnold promised that no effort would be spared to modify B - 29s to do the job , and designated Major General Oliver P. Echols as the USAAF liaison to the Manhattan Project . In turn , Echols named Colonel Roscoe C. Wilson as his alternate , and Wilson became Manhattan Project 's main USAAF contact . President Roosevelt instructed Groves that if the atomic bombs were ready before the war with Germany ended , he should be ready to drop them on Germany . Silverplate B - 29 Straight Flush . The tail code of the 444th Bombardment Group is painted on for security reasons . The 509th Composite Group was activated on 17 December 1944 at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , under the command of Colonel Paul W. Tibbets . This base , close to the border with Nevada , was codenamed `` Kingman '' or `` W - 47 '' . Training was conducted at Wendover and at Batista Army Airfield , Cuba , where the 393d Bombardment Squadron practiced long - distance flights over water , and dropping dummy pumpkin bombs . A special unit known as Project Alberta was formed at Los Alamos under Navy Captain William S. Parsons from Project Y as part of the Manhattan Project to assist in preparing and delivering the bombs . Commander Frederick L. Ashworth from Alberta met with Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz on Guam in February 1945 to inform him of the project . While he was there , Ashworth selected North Field on the Pacific Island Tinian as a base for the 509th Composite Group , and reserved space for the group and its buildings . The group deployed there in July 1945 . Farrell arrived at Tinian on 30 July as the Manhattan Project representative . Most of the components for Little Boy left San Francisco on the cruiser USS Indianapolis on 16 July and arrived on Tinian on 26 July .",
"47": "Four days later the ship was sunk by a Japanese submarine . The remaining components , which included six uranium - 235 rings , were delivered by three C - 54 Skymasters of the 509th Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron . Two Fat Man assemblies travelled to Tinian in specially modified 509th Composite Group B - 29s . The first plutonium core went in a special C - 54 . A joint targeting committee of the Manhattan District and USAAF was established to determine which cities in Japan should be targets , and recommended Kokura , Hiroshima , Niigata , and Kyoto . At this point , Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson intervened , announcing that he would be making the targeting decision , and that he would not authorize the bombing of Kyoto on the grounds of its historical and religious significance . Groves therefore asked Arnold to remove Kyoto not just from the list of nuclear targets , but from targets for conventional bombing as well . One of Kyoto 's substitutes was Nagasaki . Bombings In May 1945 , the Interim Committee was created to advise on wartime and postwar use of nuclear energy . The committee was chaired by Stimson , with James F. Byrnes , a former US Senator soon to be Secretary of State , as President Harry S. Truman 's personal representative ; Ralph A. Bard , the Under Secretary of the Navy ; William L. Clayton , the Assistant Secretary of State ; Vannevar Bush ; Karl T. Compton ; James B. Conant ; and George L. Harrison , an assistant to Stimson and president of New York Life Insurance Company . The Interim Committee in turn established a scientific panel consisting of Arthur Compton , Fermi , Lawrence and Oppenheimer to advise it on scientific issues . In its presentation to the Interim Committee , the scientific panel offered its opinion not just on the likely physical effects of an atomic bomb , but on its probable military and political impact . At the Potsdam Conference in Germany , Truman was informed that the Trinity test had been successful . He told Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , that the US had a new superweapon , without giving any details . This was the first official communication to the Soviet Union about the bomb , but Stalin already knew about it from spies .",
"48": "With the authorization to use the bomb against Japan already given , no alternatives were considered after the Japanese rejection of the Potsdam Declaration . Little Boy explodes over Hiroshima , Japan , 6 August 1945 ( left ) ; Fat Man explodes over Nagasaki , Japan , 9 August 1945 ( right ) . On 6 August 1945 , a Boeing B - 29 Superfortress ( Enola Gay ) of the 393d Bombardment Squadron , piloted by Tibbets , lifted off from North Field , and Little Boy in its bomb bay . Hiroshima , the headquarters of the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division and a port of embarkation , was the primary target of the mission , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternatives . With Farrell 's permission , Parsons , the weaponeer in charge of the mission , completed the bomb assembly in the air to minimize the risks during takeoff . The bomb detonated at an altitude of 1,750 feet ( 530 m ) with a blast that was later estimated to be the equivalent of 13 kilotons of TNT . An area of approximately 4.7 square miles ( 12 km ) was destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 -- 7 % damaged . About 70,000 to 80,000 people , of whom 20,000 were Japanese combatants and 20,000 were Korean slave laborers , or some 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed immediately , and another 70,000 injured . On the morning of 9 August 1945 , a second B - 29 ( Bockscar ) , piloted by the 393d Bombardment Squadron 's commander , Major Charles W. Sweeney , lifted off with Fat Man on board . This time , Ashworth served as weaponeer and Kokura was the primary target . Sweeney took off with the weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . When they reached Kokura , they found cloud cover had obscured the city , prohibiting the visual attack required by orders . After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low , they headed for the secondary target , Nagasaki .",
"49": "Ashworth decided that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured , but a last - minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed a visual approach as ordered . The Fat Man was dropped over the city 's industrial valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Mitsubishi - Urakami Ordnance Works in the north . The resulting explosion had a blast yield equivalent to 21 kilotons of TNT , roughly the same as the Trinity blast , but was confined to the Urakami Valley , and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills , resulting in the destruction of about 44 % of the city . The bombing also crippled the city 's industrial production extensively and killed 23,200 -- 28,200 Japanese industrial workers and 150 Japanese soldiers . Overall , an estimated 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 injured . Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on 19 August , with three more in September and a further three in October . Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied , and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on 11 and 14 August . At Los Alamos , technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core . Although cast , it still needed to be pressed and coated , which would take until 16 August . It could therefore have been ready for use on 19 August . On 10 August , Truman secretly requested that additional atomic bombs not be dropped on Japan without his express authority . Groves suspended the third core 's shipment on his own authority on 13 August . On 11 August , Groves phoned Warren with orders to organize a survey team to report on the damage and radioactivity at Hiroshima and Nagasaki . A party equipped with portable Geiger counters arrived in Hiroshima on 8 September headed by Farrell and Warren , with Japanese Rear Admiral Masao Tsuzuki , who acted as a translator . They remained in Hiroshima until 14 September and then surveyed Nagasaki from 19 September to 8 October . This and other scientific missions to Japan would provide valuable scientific and historical data . The necessity of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki became a subject of controversy among historians .",
"50": "Some questioned whether an `` atomic diplomacy '' would not have attained the same goals and disputed whether the bombings or the Soviet declaration of war on Japan was decisive . The Franck Report was the most notable effort pushing for a demonstration but was turned down by the Interim Committee 's scientific panel . The Szilárd petition , drafted in July 1945 and signed by dozens of scientists working on the Manhattan Project , was a late attempt at warning President Harry S. Truman about his responsibility in using such weapons . After the War Presentation of the Army -- Navy `` E '' Award at Los Alamos on 16 October 1945 . Standing , left to right : J. Robert Oppenheimer , unidentified , unidentified , Kenneth Nichols , Leslie Groves , Robert Gordon Sproul , William Sterling Parsons . Seeing the work they had not understood produce the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs amazed the workers of the Manhattan Project as much as the rest of the world ; newspapers in Oak Ridge announcing the Hiroshima bomb sold for $1 ( $11 today ) . Although the bombs ' existence was public , secrecy continued , and many workers remained ignorant of their jobs ; one stated in 1946 , `` I do n't know what the hell I 'm doing besides looking into a -- -- -- and turning a -- -- -- alongside a -- -- -- . I do n't know anything about it , and there 's nothing to say '' . Many residents continued to avoid discussion of `` the stuff '' in ordinary conversation despite it being the reason for their town 's existence . In anticipation of the bombings , Groves had Henry DeWolf Smyth prepare a history for public consumption . Atomic Energy for Military Purposes , better known as the `` Smyth Report '' , was released to the public on 12 August 1945 . Groves and Nichols presented Army -- Navy `` E '' Awards to key contractors , whose involvement had hitherto been secret . Over 20 awards of the Presidential Medal for Merit were made to key contractors and scientists , including Bush and Oppenheimer . Military personnel received the Legion of Merit , including the commander of the Women 's Army Corps detachment , Captain Arlene G. Scheidenhelm . At Hanford , plutonium production fell off as Reactors B , D and F wore out , poisoned by fission products and swelling of the graphite moderator known as the Wigner effect .",
"51": "The swelling damaged the charging tubes where the uranium was irradiated to produce plutonium , rendering them unusable . In order to maintain the supply of polonium for the urchin initiators , production was curtailed and the oldest unit , B pile , was closed down so at least one reactor would be available in the future . Research continued , with DuPont and the Metallurgical Laboratory developing a redox solvent extraction process as an alternative plutonium extraction technique to the bismuth phosphate process , which left unspent uranium in a state from which it could not easily be recovered . Bomb engineering was carried out by the Z Division , named for its director , Dr. Jerrold R. Zacharias from Los Alamos . Z Division was initially located at Wendover Field but moved to Oxnard Field , New Mexico , in September 1945 to be closer to Los Alamos . This marked the beginning of Sandia Base . Nearby Kirtland Field was used as a B - 29 base for aircraft compatibility and drop tests . By October , all the staff and facilities at Wendover had been transferred to Sandia . As reservist officers were demobilized , they were replaced by about fifty hand - picked regular officers . Nichols recommended that S - 50 and the Alpha tracks at Y - 12 be closed down . This was done in September . Although performing better than ever , the Alpha tracks could not compete with K - 25 and the new K - 27 , which had commenced operation in January 1946 . In December , the Y - 12 plant was closed , thereby cutting the Tennessee Eastman payroll from 8,600 to 1,500 and saving $2 million a month . President Harry S. Truman signs the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 , establishing the United States Atomic Energy Commission . Nowhere was demobilization more of a problem than at Los Alamos , where there was an exodus of talent . Much remained to be done . The bombs used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were like laboratory pieces ; work would be required to make them simpler , safer and more reliable . Implosion methods needed to be developed for uranium in place of the wasteful gun method , and composite uranium - plutonium cores were needed now that plutonium was in short supply because of the problems with the reactors .",
"52": "However , uncertainty about the future of the laboratory made it hard to induce people to stay . Oppenheimer returned to his job at the University of California and Groves appointed Norris Bradbury as an interim replacement . In fact , Bradbury would remain in the post for the next 25 years . Groves attempted to combat the dissatisfaction caused by the lack of amenities with a construction program that included an improved water supply , three hundred houses , and recreation facilities . Two Fat Man -- type detonations were conducted at Bikini Atoll in July 1946 as part of Operation Crossroads to investigate the effect of nuclear weapons on warships . Able was detonated on 1 July 1946 . The more spectacular Baker was detonated underwater on 25 July 1946 . After the bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki , a number of Manhattan Project physicists founded the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , which began as an emergency action undertaken by scientists who saw urgent need for an immediate educational program about atomic weapons . In the face of the destructiveness of the new weapons and in anticipation of the nuclear arms race several project members including Bohr , Bush and Conant expressed the view that it was necessary to reach agreement on international control of nuclear research and atomic weapons . The Baruch Plan , unveiled in a speech to the newly formed United Nations Atomic Energy Commission ( UNAEC ) in June 1946 , proposed the establishment of an international atomic development authority , but was not adopted . Following a domestic debate over the permanent management of the nuclear program , the United States Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) was created by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 to take over the functions and assets of the Manhattan Project . It established civilian control over atomic development , and separated the development , production and control of atomic weapons from the military . Military aspects were taken over by the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project ( AFSWP ) . Although the Manhattan Project ceased to exist on 31 December 1946 , the Manhattan District was not abolished until 15 August 1947 .",
"53": "Cost Manhattan Project costs through 31 December 1945 Site Cost ( 1945 USD ) Cost ( 2017 USD ) % of total Oak Ridge $1.19 billion $12.9 billion 7001629000000000000 ♠ 62.9 % Hanford $390 million $4.22 billion 7001206000000000000 ♠ 20.6 % Special operating materials $103 million $1.12 billion 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 % Los Alamos $74.1 million $802 million 7000390000000000000 ♠ 3.9 % Research and development $69.7 million $755 million 7000370000000000000 ♠ 3.7 % Government overhead $37.3 million $403 million 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 % Heavy water plants $26.8 million $290 million 7000140000000099999 ♠ 1.4 % Total $1.89 billion $20.5 billion The project expenditure through 1 October 1945 was $1.845 billion , equivalent to less than nine days of wartime spending , and was $2.191 billion when the AEC assumed control on 1 January 1947 . Total allocation was $2.4 billion . Over 90 % of the cost was for building plants and producing the fissionable materials , and less than 10 % for development and production of the weapons . A total of four weapons ( the Trinity gadget , Little Boy , Fat Man , and an unused bomb ) were produced by the end of 1945 , making the average cost per bomb around $500 million in 1945 dollars . By comparison , the project 's total cost by the end of 1945 was about 90 % of the total spent on the production of US small arms ( not including ammunition ) and 34 % of the total spent on US tanks during the same period . Legacy See also : Nuclear weapons in popular culture The political and cultural impacts of the development of nuclear weapons were profound and far - reaching .",
"54": "William Laurence of the New York Times , the first to use the phrase `` Atomic Age '' , became the official correspondent for the Manhattan Project in spring 1945 . In 1943 and 1944 he unsuccessfully attempted to persuade the Office of Censorship to permit writing about the explosive potential of uranium , and government officials felt that he had earned the right to report on the biggest secret of the war . Laurence witnessed both the Trinity test and the bombing of Nagasaki and wrote the official press releases prepared for them . He went on to write a series of articles extolling the virtues of the new weapon . His reporting before and after the bombings helped to spur public awareness of the potential of nuclear technology and motivated its development in the United States and the Soviet Union . The Lake Ontario Ordnance Works ( LOOW ) near Niagara Falls became a principal repository for Manhattan Project waste for the Eastern United States . All of the radioactive materials stored at the LOOW site -- including thorium , uranium , and the world 's largest concentration of radium - 226 -- were buried in an `` Interim Waste Containment Structure '' ( in the foreground ) in 1991 . The wartime Manhattan Project left a legacy in the form of the network of national laboratories : the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Argonne National Laboratory and Ames Laboratory . Two more were established by Groves soon after the war , the Brookhaven National Laboratory at Upton , New York , and the Sandia National Laboratories at Albuquerque , New Mexico . Groves allocated $72 million to them for research activities in fiscal year 1946 -- 1947 . They would be in the vanguard of the kind of large - scale research that Alvin Weinberg , the director of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory , would call Big Science . The Naval Research Laboratory had long been interested in the prospect of using nuclear power for warship propulsion , and sought to create its own nuclear project . In May 1946 , Nimitz , now Chief of Naval Operations , decided that the Navy should instead work with the Manhattan Project . A group of naval officers were assigned to Oak Ridge , the most senior of whom was Captain Hyman G. Rickover , who became assistant director there . They immersed themselves in the study of nuclear energy , laying the foundations for a nuclear - powered navy .",
"55": "A similar group of Air Force personnel arrived at Oak Ridge in September 1946 with the aim of developing nuclear aircraft . Their Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft ( NEPA ) project ran into formidable technical difficulties , and was ultimately cancelled . The ability of the new reactors to create radioactive isotopes in previously unheard - of quantities sparked a revolution in nuclear medicine in the immediate postwar years . Starting in mid-1946 , Oak Ridge began distributing radioisotopes to hospitals and universities . Most of the orders were for iodine - 131 and phosphorus - 32 , which were used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer . In addition to medicine , isotopes were also used in biological , industrial and agricultural research . On handing over control to the Atomic Energy Commission , Groves bid farewell to the people who had worked on the Manhattan Project : Five years ago , the idea of Atomic Power was only a dream . You have made that dream a reality . You have seized upon the most nebulous of ideas and translated them into actualities . You have built cities where none were known before . You have constructed industrial plants of a magnitude and to a precision heretofore deemed impossible . You built the weapon which ended the War and thereby saved countless American lives . With regard to peacetime applications , you have raised the curtain on vistas of a new world . In 2014 , the United States Congress passed a law providing for a national park dedicated to the history of the Manhattan Project . The Manhattan Project National Historical Park was established on 10 November 2015 . Notes Footnotes Jump up ^ The reaction Teller was most concerned with was : 14 7N + 14 7N → 24 12 Mg + 4 2He ( alpha particle ) + 17.7 MeV . Jump up ^ In Bethe 's account , the possibility of this ultimate catastrophe came up again in 1975 when it appeared in a magazine article by H.C. Dudley , who got the idea from a report by Pearl Buck of an interview she had with Arthur Compton in 1959 . The worry was not entirely extinguished in some people 's minds until the Trinity test . Jump up ^ Natural self - sustaining nuclear reactions have occurred in the distant past .",
"56": "Jump up ^ The allusion here is to the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus , who reached the Caribbean in 1492 . Citations ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 16 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , pp. 337 -- 338 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 8807 Establishing the Office of Scientific Research and Development '' . 28 June 1941 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , pp. 322 -- 325 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Phelps 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Phelps 2010 , pp. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , pp. 372 -- 374 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 30 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , pp. 3 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , pp. 37 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , pp. 32 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 416 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp.",
"57": "42 -- 44 Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Serber & Rhodes 1992 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 54 -- 56 Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 417 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Bethe 1991 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Rhodes 1986 , p. 419 . Jump up ^ Konopinski , E. J ; Marvin , C. ; Teller , Edward ( 1946 ) . `` Ignition of the Atmosphere with Nuclear Bombs '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved 23 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Bethe 1991 , pp. xi , 30 . Jump up ^ Broad , William J. ( 30 October 2007 ) . `` Why They Called It the Manhattan Project '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Fine & Remington 1972 , p. 652 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 76 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Fine & Remington 1972 , p. 654 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 57 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Fine & Remington 1972 , p. 657 . Jump up ^ `` Science : Atomic Footprint '' . TIME. 17 September 1945 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , pp. 74 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 4 -- 5 .",
"58": "Jump up ^ Fine & Remington 1972 , pp. 659 -- 661 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 80 -- 82 . ^ Jump up to : Ermenc 1989 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 61 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1976 , pp. 206 -- 207 . ^ Jump up to : Villa 1981 , pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Bernstein 1976 , pp. 206 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1976 , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Stacey 1970 , p. 517 Jump up ^ Bernstein 1976 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1976 , pp. 209 -- 212 . ^ Jump up to : Fakley , Dennis C. ( Winter -- Spring 1983 ) . `` The British Mission '' . Los Alamos Science ( 7 ) : 186 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1976 , pp. 213 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 168 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1976 , pp. 216 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 340 -- 342 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , pp. 242 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Hunner 2004 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1976 , pp. 223 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 90 , 299 -- 306 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson & Jackson 1981 , pp.",
"59": "168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson & Jackson 1981 , pp. 39 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Fine & Remington 1972 , pp. 663 -- 664 . Jump up ^ `` Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review , Vol. 25 , Nos. 3 and 4 , 2002 '' . ornl.gov . Archived from the original on 25 August 2009 . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 327 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Johnson & Jackson 1981 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Johnson & Jackson 1981 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson & Jackson 1981 , pp. 14 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , pp. 443 -- 446 . Jump up ^ William J. ( Bill ) Wilcox Jr. , Oak Ridge City Historian , Retired Technical Director for the Oak Ridge Y - 12 & K - 25 Plants , 11 November 2007 , EARLY DAYS OF OAK RIDGE AND WARTIME Y - 12 , Retrieved 22 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` Josephine Herrick 's Photo Legacy Comes Into View '' . Women 's enews . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Fine & Remington 1972 , pp. 664 -- 665 . Jump up ^ `` 50th Anniversary Article : Oppenheimer 's Better Idea : Ranch School Becomes Arsenal of Democracy '' . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 66 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , pp. 328 -- 331 .",
"60": "Jump up ^ `` Secretary of Agriculture granting use of land for Demolition Range '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . 8 April 1943 . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunner 2004 , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Hunner 2004 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Hunner 2004 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 230 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 67 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : `` Site A / Plot M , Illinois , Decommissioned Reactor Site Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FRONTIERS Research Highlights 1946 -- 1996 '' ( PDF ) . Officeof PublicAffairs , ArgonneNational Laboratory . p. 11 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , John ( 19 June 1981 ) . `` A Manhattan Project Postscript '' ( PDF ) . Science . AAAS. 212 ( 4501 ) : 1369 -- 1371 . Bibcode : 1981Sci ... 212.1369 W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 212.4501. 1369 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 17746246 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Libby 1979 , pp. 214 -- 216 . Jump up ^ `` CP - 1 ( Chicago Pile 1 Reactor ) '' . Argonne National Laboratory . U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 108 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 195 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Holl , Hewlett & Harris 1997 , p. 428 . Jump up ^ Fermi , Enrico ( 1946 ) . `` The Development of the first chain reaction pile '' .",
"61": "Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 90 : 20 -- 24 . JSTOR 3301034 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 68 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , pp. 108 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 452 -- 457 . Jump up ^ Thayer 1996 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 463 -- 464 . ^ Jump up to : Waltham 2002 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ `` ZEEP -- Canada 's First Nuclear Reactor '' . Canada Science and Technology Museum . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 8 , 62 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 201 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Smyth 1945 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Smyth 1945 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 285 -- 288 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 291 -- 292 . Jump up ^ Ruhoff & Fain 1962 , pp. 3 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Smyth 1945 , pp. 154 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 22 -- 23 .",
"62": "Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , pp. 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Smyth 1945 , pp. 164 -- 165 . ^ Jump up to : Fine & Remington 1972 , p. 684 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 126 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 138 -- 139 . Jump up ^ `` The Calutron Girls '' . SmithDRay . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 143 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 30 -- 32 , 96 -- 98 Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 150 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 154 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 126 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 158 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 167 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Smyth 1945 , pp. 161 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 175 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 170 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp.",
"63": "178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 180 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 300 -- 302 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen 1995b , p . V - 112 . ^ Jump up to : Smyth 1945 , pp. 130 -- 132 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , pp. 204 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 208 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 78 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 222 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Thayer 1996 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Hanford Cultural and Historic Resources Program 2002 , p. 1.16 Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 216 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 304 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 220 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Howes & Herzenberg 1999 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Libby 1979 , pp. 182 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Thayer 1996 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Thayer 1996 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 184 -- 185 . Jump up ^ Hanford Cultural and Historic Resources Program 2002 , pp. 2 -- 4.15 - 2 - 4.18 Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 214 -- 216 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Thayer 1996 , p. 11 .",
"64": "Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 219 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 226 -- 229 Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 250 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 242 -- 244 Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 129 -- 130 Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 130 -- 131 Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 245 -- 248 Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 245 ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 294 -- 296 Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 299 ^ Jump up to : Hansen 1995b , p . V - 123 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 301 -- 307 Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 148 -- 154 Jump up ^ Hawkins , Truslow & Smith 1961 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1995a , p . I - 298 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 1969 , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 308 -- 310 Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Baker , Hecker & Harbur 1983 , pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p. 288 Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , p.",
"65": "290 Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 330 -- 331 Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 318 -- 319 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 478 -- 481 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 174 -- 175 Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 365 -- 367 ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , p. 512 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 360 -- 362 Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 367 -- 370 Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 372 -- 374 Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 514 -- 517 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 349 -- 350 . Jump up ^ Ulam 1976 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 350 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 358 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ Wickware , Francis Sill ( 20 August 1945 ) . `` Manhattan Project : Its Scientists Have Harnessed Nature 's Basic Force '' . Life . p. 91 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mystery Town Cradled Bomb : 75,000 in Oak Ridge , Tenn . Worked Hard and Wondered Long about Their Secret Job '' . Life . 20 August 1945 . p. 94 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 .",
"66": "Jump up ^ `` The Secret City / Calutron operators at their panels , in the Y - 12 plant at Oak Ridge , Tennessee , during World War II '' . The Atlantic . 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wellerstein , Alex ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Oak Ridge Confidential , or Baseball for Bombs '' . Restricted Data . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wickware , Francis Sill ( 9 September 1946 ) . `` Oak Ridge '' . Life . p. 2 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Warren , Cecil ( 7 August 1945 ) . `` Atomic Bomb Secrecy Related By Ex-Worker '' . The Miami News . pp. 1 -- A . Jump up ^ Sweeney 2001 , pp. 196 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Holloway 1994 , pp. 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 253 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Sweeney 2001 , pp. 198 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : `` No News Leaked Out About Bomb '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Associated Press . 8 August 1945 . p. 5 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 263 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 258 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 261 -- 265 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 142 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969 , pp. 312 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969 , p. 472 . Jump up ^ Broad , William J. ( 12 November 2007 ) . `` A Spy 's Path : Iowa to A-Bomb to Kremlin Honor '' . The New York Times . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 .",
"67": "Jump up ^ Holloway 1994 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 187 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 194 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 200 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 283 -- 285 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 286 -- 288 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 289 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Goudsmit 1947 , pp. 174 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 333 -- 340 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 380 -- 381 ^ Jump up to : Groves 1962 , pp. 253 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 379 -- 380 Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 259 -- 262 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 386 -- 388 Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 268 -- 276 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , pp. 530 -- 532 . Jump up ^ Holloway 1994 , pp. 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ `` Potsdam and the Final Decision to Use the Bomb '' . The Manhattan Project : An Interactive History .",
"68": "US Department of Energy , Office of History and Heritage Resources . Archived from the original on 22 November 2010 . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 315 -- 319 . Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 392 -- 393 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey : The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' ( PDF ) . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . 19 June 1946 : 9 , 36 . Retrieved 15 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Buttry , Daniel . `` Life Arises from Hiroshima : Legacy of slavery still haunts Japan '' . Our Values . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing -- Facts about the Atomic Bomb '' . Hiroshimacommittee.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nuke - Rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons ( The Contemporary anthology series ) . The Spirit That Moves Us Press . 1 May 1984 . pp. 22 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 343 -- 346 . ^ Jump up to : Hoddeson et al. 1993 , pp. 396 -- 397 Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162 . George Washington University . 13 August 1945 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Litz 's Interview ( 2012 ) '' . Manhattan Project Voices . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Wellerstein , Alex ( 16 August 2013 ) . `` The Third Core 's Revenge '' . Restricted Data . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Barton J. ( Spring 1991 ) . `` Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki : Early Thinking about Tactical Nuclear Weapons '' . International Security . 15 ( 4 ) : 149 -- 173 .",
"69": "ISSN 0162 - 2889 . JSTOR 2539014 . Jump up ^ Ahnfeldt 1966 , pp. 886 -- 889 . Jump up ^ Home & Low 1993 , p. 537 . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' . National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162 . George Washington University . 27 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Frisch 1970 , pp. 107 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 399 -- 400 . Jump up ^ `` Petition to the President of the United States , 17 July 1945 . Miscellaneous Historical Documents Collection '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 348 -- 362 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1985 , pp. 592 -- 593 . Jump up ^ Hansen 1995b , p . V - 152 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 625 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , pp. 225 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , pp. 216 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 624 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 630 , 646 Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 594 . Jump up ^ Grodzins & Rabinowitch 1963 , p. vii . Jump up ^ Gosling 1994 , pp. 55 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Groves 1962 , pp. 394 -- 398 . Jump up ^ Jones 1985 , p. 600 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 723 -- 724 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1987 , pp. 34 -- 35 .",
"70": "Jump up ^ `` Atomic Bomb Seen as Cheap at Price '' . Edmonton Journal . 7 August 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Laurence , William L. ( 26 September 1945 ) . `` Drama of the Atomic Bomb Found Climax in July 16 Test '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Sweeney 2001 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Holloway 1994 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ `` The Community LOOW Project : A Review of Environmental Investigations and Remediation at the Former Lake Ontario Ordnance Works '' ( PDF ) . King Groundwater Science , Inc . September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls Storage Site , New York '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . 31 August 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenks , Andrew ( July 2002 ) . `` Model City USA : The Environmental Cost of Victory in World War II and the Cold War '' . Environmental History . 12 ( 77 ) : 552 . Jump up ^ DePalma , Anthony ( 10 March 2004 ) . `` A Toxic Waste Capital Looks to Spread it Around ; Upstate Dump is the Last in the Northeast '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 633 -- 637 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1961 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969 , pp. 72 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969 , pp. 490 -- 493 , 514 -- 515 Jump up ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969 , pp. 252 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , p. 655 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Project National Historical Park '' . United States Department of Energy . Retrieved 2 August 2015 .",
"71": "Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Project National Historical Park '' . Department of Energy . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . References General , administrative , and diplomatic Histories Bernstein , Barton J. ( June 1976 ) . `` The Uneasy Alliance : Roosevelt , Churchill , and the Atomic Bomb , 1940 -- 1945 '' . The Western Political Quarterly . University of Utah . 29 ( 2 ) : 202 -- 230 . doi : 10.2307 / 448105 . JSTOR 448105 . Campbell , Richard H. ( 2005 ) . The Silverplate Bombers : A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B - 29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2139 - 8 . OCLC 58554961 . Fine , Lenore ; Remington , Jesse A. ( 1972 ) . The Corps of Engineers : Construction in the United States ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 834187 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . Freeman Lindsey A. ( 2015 ) . Longing for the Bomb : Oak Ridge and Atomic Nostalgia . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . Frisch , David H. ( June 1970 ) . `` Scientists and the Decision to Bomb Japan '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science . 26 ( 6 ) : 107 -- 115 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Gilbert , Keith V. ( 1969 ) . History of the Dayton Project ( PDF ) . Miamisburg , Ohio : Mound Laboratory , Atomic Energy Commission . OCLC 650540359 . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Gosling , Francis George ( 1994 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Washington , DC : United States Department of Energy , History Division . OCLC 637052193 . Gowing , Margaret ( 1964 ) .",
"72": "Britain and Atomic Energy , 1935 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan Publishing . OCLC 3195209 . Grodzins , Morton ; Rabinowitch , Eugene , eds. ( 1963 ) . The Atomic Age : Scientists in National and World Affairs . New York : Basic Book Publishing . OCLC 15058256 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Anderson , Oscar E. ( 1962 ) . The New World , 1939 -- 1946 ( PDF ) . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07186 - 7 . OCLC 637004643 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Duncan , Francis ( 1969 ) . Atomic Shield , 1947 -- 1952 . A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07187 - 5 . OCLC 3717478 . Holl , Jack M. ; Hewlett , Richard G. ; Harris , Ruth R. ( 1997 ) . Argonne National Laboratory , 1946 -- 96 . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02341 - 5 . Holloway , David ( 1994 ) . Stalin and the Bomb : The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy , 1939 -- 1956 . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06056 - 4 . OCLC 29911222 . Howes , Ruth H. ; Herzenberg , Caroline L. ( 1999 ) . Their Day in the Sun : Women of the Manhattan Project . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 56639 - 719 - 7 . OCLC 49569088 . Hunner , Jon ( 2004 ) . Inventing Los Alamos : The Growth of an Atomic Community . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3891 - 6 . OCLC 154690200 .",
"73": "Johnson , Charles ; Jackson , Charles ( 1981 ) . City Behind a Fence : Oak Ridge , Tennessee , 1942 -- 1946 . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 303 - 5 . OCLC 6331350 . Jones , Vincent ( 1985 ) . Manhattan : The Army and the Atomic Bomb ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 10913875 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . Phelps , Stephen ( 2010 ) . The Tizard Mission : the Top - Secret Operation that Changed the Course of World War II . Yardley , Pennsylvania : Westholme . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59416 - 116 - 2 . OCLC 642846903 . Rhodes , Richard ( 1986 ) . The Making of the Atomic Bomb . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 44133 - 7 . OCLC 13793436 . Stacey , C.P. ( 1970 ) . Arms , Men and Government : The War Policies of Canada , 1939 -- 1945 ( PDF ) . The Queen 's Printer by authority of the Minister of National Defence . OCLC 610317261 . Sweeney , Michael S. ( 2001 ) . Secrets of Victory : The Office of Censorship and the American Press and Radio in World War II . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2598 - 0 . Villa , Brian L. ( 1981 ) . `` Chapter 11 : Alliance Politics and Atomic Collaboration , 1941 -- 1943 '' . In Sidney , Aster . The Second World War as a National Experience : Canada . The Canadian Committee for the History of the Second World War , Department of National Defence . OCLC 11646807 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Williams , Mary H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C.",
"74": ": Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1358166 . Technical Histories Ahnfeldt , Arnold Lorentz , ed. ( 1966 ) . Radiology in World War II . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Surgeon General , Department of the Army . OCLC 630225 . Baker , Richard D. ; Hecker , Siegfried S. ; Harbur , Delbert R. ( 1983 ) . Plutonium : A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist 's Dream ( PDF ) . Los Alamos Science . Los Alamos National Laboratory . pp. 142 -- 151 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . Ermenc , Joseph J. , ed. ( 1989 ) . Atomic Bomb Scientists : Memoirs , 1939 -- 1945 . Westport , Connecticut and London : Meckler . ISBN 0 - 88736 - 267 - 2 . ( 1967 interview with Groves ) Hanford Cultural and Historic Resources Program , U.S. Department of Energy ( 2002 ) . History of the Plutonium Production Facilities , 1943 -- 1990 . Richland , Washington : Hanford Site Historic District . OCLC 52282810 . Hansen , Chuck ( 1995a ) . Volume I : The Development of US Nuclear Weapons . Swords of Armageddon : US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945 . Sunnyvale , California : Chukelea Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791915 - 1 - 0 . OCLC 231585284 . Hansen , Chuck ( 1995b ) . Volume V : US Nuclear Weapons Histories . Swords of Armageddon : US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945 . Sunnyvale , California : Chukelea Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791915 - 0 - 3 . OCLC 231585284 . Hawkins , David ; Truslow , Edith C. ; Smith , Ralph Carlisle ( 1961 ) .",
"75": "Manhattan District history , Project Y , the Los Alamos story ( PDF ) . Los Angeles : Tomash Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 938228 - 08 - 0 . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Originally published as Los Alamos Report LAMS - 2532 Hoddeson , Lillian ; Henriksen , Paul W. ; Meade , Roger A. ; Westfall , Catherine L. ( 1993 ) . Critical Assembly : A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years , 1943 -- 1945 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44132 - 3 . OCLC 26764320 . Home , R.W. ; Low , Morris F. ( September 1993 ) . `` Postwar Scientific Intelligence Missions to Japan '' . Isis . University of Chicago Press on behalf of History of Science Society . 84 ( 3 ) : 527 -- 537 . doi : 10.1086 / 356550 . JSTOR 235645 . Ruhoff , John ; Fain , Pat ( June 1962 ) . The First Fifty Critical days . Mallinckrodt Uranium Division News . Vol. 7 . St. Louis : Mallinckrodt Incorporated . Archived from the original on 30 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Serber , Robert ; Rhodes , Richard ( 1992 ) . The Los Alamos Primer : The First Lectures on How to Build an Atomic Bomb . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07576 - 5 . OCLC 23693470 . ( Available on Wikimedia Commons ) Smyth , Henry DeWolf ( 1945 ) . Atomic Energy for Military Purposes : the Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb under the Auspices of the United States Government , 1940 -- 1945 . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . OCLC 770285 . Thayer , Harry ( 1996 ) .",
"76": "Management of the Hanford Engineer Works In World War II : How the Corps , DuPont and the Metallurgical Laboratory Fast Tracked the Original Plutonium Works . New York : American Society of Civil Engineers Press . ISBN 0 - 7844 - 0160 - 8 . OCLC 34323402 . Waltham , Chris ( 20 June 2002 ) . An Early History of Heavy Water ( PDF ) . Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of British Columbia . arXiv : physics / 0206076 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Weinberg , Alvin M. ( 21 July 1961 ) . `` Impact of Large - Scale Science on the United States '' . Science , New Series . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 134 ( 3473 ) : 161 -- 164 . Bibcode : 1961Sci ... 134 ... 161W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 134.3473. 161 . JSTOR 1708292 . Participant accounts Bethe , Hans A. ( 1991 ) . The Road from Los Alamos . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 74012 - 1 . OCLC 22661282 . Compton , Arthur ( 1956 ) . Atomic Quest . New York : Oxford University Press . OCLC 173307 . Goudsmit , Samuel A. ( 1947 ) . Alsos . New York : Henry Schuman . ISBN 0 - 938228 - 09 - 9 . OCLC 8805725 . Groves , Leslie ( 1962 ) . Now it Can be Told : The Story of the Manhattan Project . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 306 - 70738 - 1 . OCLC 537684 . Libby , Leona Marshall ( 1979 ) . Uranium People . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 16242 - 3 . OCLC 4665032 .",
"77": "Nichols , Kenneth David ( 1987 ) . The Road to Trinity : A Personal Account of How America 's Nuclear Policies Were Made . New York : William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 06910 - X . OCLC 15223648 . Ulam , Stanislaw ( 1976 ) . Adventures of a Mathematician . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07154 - 9 . OCLC 1528346 . External links `` U.S. Department of Energy , OSTI , R&D Accomplishments : The Manhattan Project '' . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . `` U.S. Department of Energy , OSTI , R&D Accomplishments : The Manhattan Project -- Its Story : Background , Establishment , Operations , Immediate Influences , and Long - term Influences '' . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . `` Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues '' . Washington and Lee University . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II , A Collection of Primary Sources '' . George Washington University . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . `` Atomic Heritage Foundation '' . Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . `` Voices of the Manhattan Project '' . Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Features hundreds of audio / visual interviews with Manhattan Project veterans . `` History Center : Los Alamos National Laboratory '' . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . `` ORNL : The first 50 Years : History of ORNL '' . ORNL Review . 25 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . ( hide ) Manhattan Project Timeline Sites Ames Berkeley Chicago Dayton Hanford Inyokern Los Alamos Montreal New York Oak Ridge Trinity Wendover Heavy water sites Administrators",
"78": "Vannevar Bush Arthur Compton James Conant Priscilla Duffield Thomas Farrell Leslie Groves John Lansdale Ernest Lawrence James Marshall Franklin Matthias Dorothy McKibbin Kenneth Nichols Robert Oppenheimer Deak Parsons William Purnell Frank Spedding Charles Thomas Paul Tibbets Bud Uanna Harold Urey Stafford Warren Ed Westcott Roscoe Wilson Scientists Luis Alvarez Robert Bacher Hans Bethe Aage Bohr Niels Bohr Norris Bradbury James Chadwick John Cockcroft Harry Daghlian Enrico Fermi Richard Feynman Val Fitch James Franck Klaus Fuchs Maria Goeppert - Mayer George Kistiakowsky George Koval Ralph Lapp Willard Libby Edwin McMillan Mark Oliphant Norman Ramsey Isidor Isaac Rabi James Rainwater Bruno Rossi Glenn Seaborg Emilio Segrè Louis Slotin Henry DeWolf Smyth Leo Szilard Edward Teller Stanisław Ulam John von Neumann John Wheeler Eugene Wigner Robert Wilson Leona Woods Operations Alsos Mission Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Operation Crossroads Operation Peppermint Project Alberta Silverplate 509th Composite Group Enola Gay Bockscar The Great Artiste Weapons Fat Man Little Boy Pumpkin bomb Thin Man Related topics Atomic Energy Act of 1946 British contribution Chicago Pile - 1 Demon core Einstein -- Szilárd letter Interim Committee Oppenheimer security hearing Plutonium Quebec Agreement RaLa Experiment S -",
"79": "1 Executive Committee S - 50 Project Smyth Report Uranium X-10 Graphite Reactor Manhattan Project World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia",
"80": "Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord",
"81": "Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania",
"82": "Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Portal New Mexico during World War II People Jack Aeby Jerry C. Begay John J. Dempsey Thomas Farrell Enrico Fermi Leslie Groves John E. Miles Chester Nez Lloyd Oliver Willard Varnell Oliver J. Robert Oppenheimer Merril Sandoval Emilio G.",
"83": "Segrè Frank Tsosie Thompson Military installations Alamogordo Army Airfield Camp Lordsburg Clovis Army Airfield Carlsbad Army Airfield Deming Army Airfield Fort Stanton Fort Sumner Army Aifield Hobbs Army Airfield Kirtland Field Los Alamos National Laboratory Roswell Army Airfield White Sands Proving Ground See also 200th Coast Artillery American Theater Arizona during World War II Bat bomb Code talker Escape from Fort Stanton Lordsburg Killings Manhattan Project Military history of the United States during World War II Nevada during World War II New Mexico World War II Army Airfields Santa Fe Riot Trinity Portals Access related topics World War II portal Nuclear technology portal Chemistry portal Physics portal History of science portal Intelligence portal International relations portal United States Army portal Weapons of mass destruction portal Canada portal New Mexico portal Tennessee portal Washington portal United Kingdom portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote VIAF : 124438256 LCCN : n88074979 ISNI : 0000 0001 2242 7230 GND : 4278070 - 6 NLA : 35354474 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manhattan_Project&oldid=821380031 '' Categories : Manhattan Project Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Code names Military history of the United States during World War II Military history of Canada during World War II Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II Military projects Nuclear history of the United States Nuclear weapons of the United States Nuclear weapons program of the United States Projects established in 1942 Secret military programs 1942 establishments in the United States 1946 disestablishments in the United States Explosives engineering History of the Manhattan Project Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from October 2012 Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers",
"84": "Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português",
"85": "Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 03 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
76,
72,
1,
6,
55,
54,
71,
50,
35,
36,
37,
24,
29,
33,
75,
21,
43,
30,
32,
77,
51,
27,
28,
74,
0,
45,
73,
52,
49,
22,
5,
2,
47,
7,
23,
26,
31,
13,
39,
34,
40,
46,
48,
19,
79,
78,
38,
3,
41,
53,
42,
8,
44,
20,
68,
83,
12,
25,
17,
10,
60,
4,
18,
16,
81,
61,
15,
11,
9,
70,
65,
57,
67,
69,
66,
58,
14,
59,
63,
82,
80,
62,
56,
84,
64,
85
] |
[
76,
72,
1,
6,
55
] |
652186521668571077
|
who plays dr. sloan on kevin saves the world
|
[
"Richard Masur",
"Richard Masur",
"Richard Masur",
"Richard Masur",
"Richard Masur"
] |
{
"0": "Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World - wikipedia Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World Jump to : navigation , search Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World Genre Fantasy Comedy - drama Created by Michele Fazekas Tara Butters Starring Jason Ritter JoAnna Garcia Swisher Kimberly Hebert Gregory India de Beaufort J. August Richards Chloe East Dustin Ybarra Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 12 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michele Fazekas Tara Butters Chris Dingess Craig DiGregorio Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Fazekas & Butters ABC Studios Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Original release October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) -- present Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( stylized as Kevin ^ Saves the World ) is an American high - concept angelic - themed fantasy comedy - drama television series that was created and executive produced by Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters for ABC Studios . The series airs on ABC as a Tuesday night entry during the 2017 -- 18 television season , and was greenlit on May 11 , 2017 . The series premiered on October 3 , 2017 . The show is set in Taylor , Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring / Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Kevin , a down - on - his - luck man who survived a suicide attempt , moves in with his twin sister Amy , an engineer and professor at the local college , and Amy 's teenage daughter Reese . Shortly after , he discovers a celestial being named Yvette ; Yvette claims that God has tasked Kevin with saving the world , and sent Yvette to guide and protect him .",
"1": "Only Kevin can see and hear Yvette , so his conversations appear to be hallucinations to those around him . The series also explores a mystery , as there are supposed to be 36 righteous souls in each generation , but for unknown reasons , Kevin is the only one left . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jason Ritter as Kevin Finn JoAnna Garcia as Amy Cabrera ( née Finn ) Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Yvette India de Beaufort as Kristin Allen J. August Richards as Sheriff Deputy Nathan Purcell Chloe East as Reese Cabrera Dustin Ybarra as Tyler Medina Recurring / Guest ( edit ) Barbara Eve Harris as Colonel O'Donnell Michael Harney as Karl Gilmore Sam Huntington as Jake Gilmore Lesley Boone as Lucille Emma Bell as Deb Christian Ochoa as Ben Lauren Blumenfeld as Ava Richard Masur as Dr. Sloane Kate Flannery as Anne Will Sasso as Dave Brandon Quinn as Ignacio `` Iggy '' DePerro Anjali Bhimani as Susan Allen Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Paul McGuigan Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 4.17 After getting fired from his Wall Street job and surviving a suicide attempt , Kevin Finn returns to his hometown to live with his twin sister Amy , a widowed mom , and her teenage daughter Reese . While Amy is away at a work assignment , a meteor crashes to earth near her home . Kevin and Reese investigate , and when Kevin touches the meteorite , he is hurtled backward . He begins having strange visions , including a mysterious woman named Yvette that only Kevin can see . Yvette calls herself one of God 's messengers , tasked with locating the 36 righteous souls of this generation , of which Kevin is the only one known to be left .",
"2": "`` Listen Up '' Kevin Dowling Craig DiGregorio & Jack Kenny October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 3.61 Yvette tells Kevin that not even she knows what happened to the other 35 righteous ones , and that they 'll have to let the universe guide them . She explains that Kevin needs to strengthen his soul by performing good deeds . While helping the son of a brewery pub owner find his true path , Kevin reconnects with his ex-girlfriend Kristin and the two sleep together . They ponder getting back together , but both remember how badly Kevin treated Kristin in the past and decide it 's not a good idea . Kevin has a vision of an island surrounded by ocean . `` Sweet Little Lies '' Peter Leto Chris Dingess & Davah Avena October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 3.26 Kevin tries to intervene as a wedding planner for Deb , whose former childhood friend proposed to her when she got cancer . But now that Deb is healthy , she reveals to Kevin that she does not want to get married . Kevin has a vision of a mariachi band . Yvette meets with Ava , a celestial messenger like herself . Ava says she will gather all the other messengers to meet about finding the rest of the righteous , but come meeting time , they are the only two to show up . Ava then says that she too is giving up . `` How to be Good '' J. Miller Tobin Teleplay by : Brant Englestein Story by : Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2.87 Kevin helps Lucille , Tyler 's rude boss at the diner , and gets dragged into a feud between Lucille and her estranged sister , Anne . Kevin later has a vision of being in an Asian marketplace . Reese confronts Kevin about the strange things she 's observed , and asks if the meteorite gave him superpowers .",
"3": "5 `` Brutal Acts of Kindness '' Rob Hardy Craig DiGregorio October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2.71 After Yvette convinces him to withdraw his entire $30,000 severance pay and give it away , Kevin helps a woman who can not afford her son 's diabetes medication . He later has a vision of being chased by a tiger through a jungle . Amy finds Reese 's journal and sees that Kevin caused Reese to be thrown in jail . She angrily tells Kevin to pack up and move out . 6 `` Rocky Road '' Wendey Stanzler Jack Kenny November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2.91 Kevin begins looking for places to stay , hitting up Tyler , Kristin and Nathan . He also helps a man who lost his job 18 months ago look for work , learning that the man never told his wife and has now exhausted their life savings . Angry at her mom , Reese skips school and runs away to an abandoned factory . Kevin and Amy arrive to talk her down , but Reese slips from her perch and falls . Yvette suspends Reese in mid air for a couple of seconds , allowing Kevin to get underneath and catch her . A dumbfounded Amy observes , and starts seeing Kevin the way Reese has seen him . Kevin gets a printout of all his previous visions , plus a new one of mountaintops in the clouds . 7 `` Dave '' Ron Underwood Chris Dingess November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2.62 Kevin and Yvette are joined by Dave ( Will Sasso ) , another celestial messenger , who helps them on Kevin 's next assignment . The assignment turns out to be helping Kristin 's cancer - stricken mother Susan ( Anjali Bhimani ) find some joy while living out her last days . Kevin later sees a vision of a flaming gazebo . Meanwhile , Amy wants to use science to figure out what she witnessed when Reese fell , and soon meets Iggy ( Brandon Quinn ) , a theology professor who tries to convince her that it 's okay for some things to remain unexplained .",
"4": "Also , Nathan tells Reese he wants to ask Amy out on a date , but Reese will not give him permission . 8 `` Chrysalis '' Metin Hüseyin Kevin Deiboldt December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 2.62 Kevin sees a vision of blue butterflies , and follows one to an art class held by Ethan ( Enoch King ) . Kevin offers to help Ethan get over his fear of rejection by taking him to an art show , later realizing this will conflict with Reese 's school play . Dave appears and reveals himself to Ethan , offering to take him to the art showing so Kevin can be with his family . At the same time , Yvette meets with Ava , who tells her that Dave has turned all the celestial messengers against her . Kevin angrily confronts Yvette about being able to reveal herself to other people , and asks what else she 's hidden from him . Yvette admits she does not know if the other 35 righteous really exist , and is operating on faith alone . Kevin chooses to work with Dave , which backfires when Ethan gets scared and backs out of the show . Kevin returns to Yvette while making things right with Ethan by setting up a surprise showing of Ethan 's paintings . Ethan offers a painting of a blue butterfly to Kevin as a thank you , also telling Kevin about a trip he took that inspired it . Kevin now knows where the next righteous soul will be found . Elsewhere , Kristin helps Amy prepare for her first date with Iggy , but later notices that Amy will not tell Nathan about the date . 9 `` Probably '' Tamra Davis Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 2.49 Kevin travels to Laos , taking Tyler along . The two are befriended by Vong ( David Huynh ) , whom Kevin and Yvette briefly think is the next righteous but he 's not . Kevin sees another of his visions and wants to press on , but Yvette now has doubts and thinks Dave may have been right . Yvette appears as human and is approached by Tyler , who finds her fascinating .",
"5": "The two dance to a mariachi band ( another of Kevin 's earlier visions ) , which renews Yvette 's faith . Kevin and Tyler , with help from Lucille on video chat , then help Vong 's wife deliver their first child , and it turns out the baby is the next righteous soul . Back at home , Reese tells Amy that Nathan wanted to ask her out . Amy meets Nathan the next day and tells him about Iggy , but says she now knows she was n't yet ready to date and is glad she realized this with someone she does n't truly care about . Nathan later does something special for Amy . 10 `` The Ugly Sleep '' J. Miller Tobin Davah Avena January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 2.62 Kevin helps Charlie ( Trent Garrett ) , who is despondent over a recent breakup , meet someone new , but when the someone new turns out to be Kristin , it leads to awkwardness . The situation causes Charlie to realize the girl he left is his one true love , and he returns to her . Inspired by Kevin 's good deeds , Reese befriends a new girl at school who is struggling to fit in . Meanwhile , Yvette sees that Tyler is still smitten over her and tries to figure out a way to help him move on . Kevin has a vision of a snow - covered area in the woods . As the episode closes , Kristin tells Kevin that she submitted his name for an open substitute teacher position . 11 `` Solo '' Lee Rose Kevin Deiboldt January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 2.39 On his first day as a substitute teacher , Kevin encounters an introverted kid named Adam and extracts information about who will be the target of the annual `` Freshman Prank '' . After Adam reveals the target is Kristin , he becomes even more disliked for squealing . Kevin tries to help Adam become noticed for something else -- namely , pulling off the most legendary Freshman Prank since the one Kevin engineered 20 years ago . Meanwhile , Amy and Nathan have an awkward first date , but later enjoy helping Kevin , Adam and Tyler as they plan the prank .",
"6": "Adam has a vision of being on the deck of a crabbing boat . 12 `` Caught White - Handed '' Jennifer Lynch Brant Englestein January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 2.46 Reese is with Kevin when he tracks his next subject , and she realizes her uncle has stumbled upon the mysterious `` acorn fairy '' -- a person who has been doing good deeds around Taylor for the last ten years . In trying to help the woman ( Kathleen Wilhoite ) , Kevin unintentionally causes her real identity to be revealed , along with her criminal past . Meanwhile , Yvette learns that the person responding to Tyler 's ads searching for her is Kevin , who says he was just trying to figure out a way to let his friend down easy . This backfires when Tyler decides to travel to Canada to locate his true love . Kevin has a vision of the boat from the previous episode , but this time Tyler is with him . 13 `` Fishtail '' J. Miller Tobin Craig DiGregorio & Chris Dingess February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) TBD Production ( edit ) The series was originally called The Gospel of Kevin , but the name was changed since the show was not `` overtly religious '' . The series was picked up for a 16 - episode full season on November 10 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) Cristela Alonzo , who played a lead role as the heaven - sent entity in the original pilot , was replaced by Kimberly Hebert Gregory after the series was picked up . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 3 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.17 N / A 2.17 N / A 6.33 `` Listen Up '' October 10 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.",
"7": "61 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Sweet Little Lies '' October 17 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.26 TBD 1.75 TBD 5.01 `` How to be Good '' October 24 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.87 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Brutal Acts of Kindness '' October 31 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.71 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Rocky Road '' November 7 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.91 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Dave '' November 14 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Chrysalis '' December 5 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Probably '' December 12 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.49 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` The Ugly Sleep '' January 2 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Solo '' January 9 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.39 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Caught White - Handed '' January 16 , 2018 0.6 / 2 2.46 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` Fishtail '' February 6 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.73 / 10 based on 22 reviews .",
"8": "The website 's consensus reads , `` Breezily entertaining , Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World relies on its likable lead to carry its still - sketchy premise , hinting at deeper potential that 's yet to develop . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 18 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders ' The Mayor ' , Zach Braff Comedy , ' Gospel of Kevin ' , ' Crossing ' , ' Good Doctor ' , Shondaland Drama to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for Marvel 's ' Inhumans , ' Daveed Diggs ' ' The Mayor ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' series premiere react : Meet the last of the Righteous '' . EW.com. 2017 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 .",
"9": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bull ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) .",
"10": "`` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - kevin ( probably ) saves the world on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malone , Michael ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Show Name Changes ( Probably ) Help the Series '' . Broadcasting & Cable : 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC : ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' Gets 3 - Episode Back Order , ' The Mayor ' Gets 3 More Scripts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' : Kimberly Hébert Gregory To Co-Star On ABC Series , Replacing Cristela Alonzo '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 .",
"11": "External links ( edit ) Official website Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) America 's Funniest Home Videos ( since 1989 ) American Housewife ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor ( since 2002 ) Black - ish ( since 2014 ) Child Support ( since 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars ( since 2005 ) Designated Survivor ( since 2016 ) Fresh Off the Boat ( since 2015 ) The Goldbergs ( since 2013 ) The Good Doctor ( since 2017 ) The Great American Baking Show ( since 2015 ) The Great Christmas Light Fight ( since 2013 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( since 2005 ) How to Get Away with Murder ( since 2014 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( since 2017 ) Match Game ( since 2016 ) The Middle ( since 2009 ) Modern Family ( since 2009 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) Quantico ( since 2015 ) Scandal ( since 2012 ) Shark Tank ( since 2009 ) Somewhere Between ( since 2017 ) Speechless ( since 2016 ) The Toy Box ( since 2017 ) Summer The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The Bachelorette ( 2003 -- 2005 ; since 2008 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2014 ) Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise ( since 2015 ) Battle of the Network Stars ( since 2017 ) Boy Band ( since 2017 ) Celebrity Family Feud ( since 2015 ) The Gong Show ( since 2017 ) Steve Harvey 's Funderdome ( since 2017 ) To Tell the Truth ( since 2016 ) What Would You Do ?",
"12": "( since 2008 ) Daytime The Chew ( since 2011 ) General Hospital ( since 1963 ) The View ( since 1997 ) Late night Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( since 2003 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) News 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) ABC World News Tonight ( since 1953 ) America This Morning ( since 1982 ) Good Morning America ( since 1975 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) This Week ( since 1981 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) World News Now ( since 1992 ) Sports ESPN College Football on ABC Indianapolis 500 IndyCar Series on ABC NBA on ABC ESPN Saturday Night Football WNBA on ESPN Saturday morning Born to Explore with Richard Wiese Jack Hanna 's Wild Countdown Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin Sea Rescue Upcoming Alex , Inc. ( 2018 ) American Idol ( 2018 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( 2018 ) The Crossing ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars : Athletes Edition ( 2018 ) Deception ( 2018 ) For the People ( 2018 ) Roseanne ( 2018 ) Splitting Up Together ( 2018 ) Station 19 ( 2018 ) Take Two ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_(Probably)_Saves_the_World&oldid=821797469 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American Broadcasting Company network shows American fantasy television series Angelic - themed television series Television series by ABC Studios English - language television programs Television shows set in Texas Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 18 : 07 . About Wikipedia",
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
9,
2,
11,
4,
7,
3,
5,
8,
10,
1,
12,
6,
0
] |
[
1,
9,
2,
11,
4
] |
6888564389182753601
|
who shot first in the shot heard around the world
|
[
"Americans acting under orders"
] |
{
"0": "Shot heard round the World - wikipedia Shot heard round the World Jump to : navigation , search `` The shot heard round the world '' is a phrase referring to several historical incidents , particularly the opening of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Skirmish at the North Bridge 2 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 3 Widespread idiomatic use 4 References Skirmish at the North Bridge ( edit ) Main article : Battles of Lexington and Concord The opening stanza of `` Concord Hymn '' is inscribed at the base of The Minute Man statue by Daniel Chester French , located at the North Bridge in Concord , Massachusetts . By the rude bridge that arched the flood , Their flag to April 's breeze unfurled , Here once the embattled farmers stood , And fired the shot heard round the world . − Emerson , `` Concord Hymn '' The phrase comes from the opening stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' ( 1837 ) and refers to the first shot of the American Revolution . According to Emerson 's poem , this pivotal shot occurred at the Old North Bridge in Concord , Massachusetts , where the first British soldiers fell in the battles of Lexington and Concord . Historically , no single shot can be cited as the first shot of the battle or the war . Shots were fired earlier at Lexington , Massachusetts where eight Americans were killed and a British soldier was slightly wounded , but accounts of that event are confused and contradictory , and it has been characterized as a massacre rather than a battle . The North Bridge skirmish did see the first shots by Americans acting under orders , the first organized volley by Americans , the first British fatalities , and the first British retreat . The towns of Lexington and Concord and their partisans have debated over the point of origin for the Revolutionary War since 1824 , when the Marquis de Lafayette visited the towns . He was welcomed to Lexington hearing it described as the `` birthplace of American liberty '' , but he was then informed in Concord that the `` first forcible resistance '' was made there . President Grant considered not attending the 1875 centennial celebrations in the area to evade the issue .",
"1": "In 1894 , Lexington petitioned the state legislature to proclaim April 19 as `` Lexington Day '' , to which Concord objected ; the current name for the holiday is Patriots ' Day . Emerson lived in a house known as the Old Manse at the time when he was composing the `` Concord Hymn , '' from which his grandfather and father ( then a young child ) had witnessed the skirmish . The house is located approximately 300 feet ( 91 m ) from the North Bridge . Assassination of Franz Ferdinand ( edit ) Main article : Assassination of Franz Ferdinand The phrase `` shot heard round the world '' has taken on a different meaning in Europe and in the Commonwealth of Nations , countries that were part of the British Empire and formerly known as the British Commonwealth . It has become associated with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 , an event considered to be one of the immediate causes of World War I. Serbian Gavrilo Princip fired two shots , the first hitting Franz Ferdinand 's wife Sophie , Duchess of Hohenberg , and the second hitting the Archduke himself . The death of Franz Ferdinand , heir to the Austro - Hungarian throne , propelled Austria - Hungary and the rest of Europe into World War I . Widespread idiomatic use ( edit ) `` Shot heard round the world '' continues to be a stock phrase in the 21st century , widely used to refer to unusual events in general , and has been applied to numerous dramatic moments in sports . For example , it refers to the winning goal of Paul Henderson in the final seconds of the 8th and final match to secure Team Canada 's victory in the 1972 Canada - USSR Summit - series . The goal was made famous by a Frank Lennon photograph . In American baseball , the `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' ( usually spelled with an apostrophe ) denotes the game - winning walk - off home run by New York Giants outfielder Bobby Thomson off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca at the Polo Grounds to win the National League pennant on October 3 , 1951 . The Giants won the game 5 - 4 as a result of the home run , defeating their traditional rivals in their pennant playoff series , though they eventually lost the World Series to the Yankees .",
"2": "References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Parker , Brock ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` The old tavern debate : Which town fired first ? '' . Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners LLC. 285 ( 118 ) : B1 , B13 . Jump up ^ Candy Spelling ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' . HuffPost Entertainment - The Blog . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Dean ( 2013 ) . `` 1972 Canada - Soviet Hockey Goal '' . famouspictures.org . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peretz , Howard G. ( 1999 ) . It Ai n't Over ' Till The Fat Lady Sings : The 100 Greatest Sports Finishes of All Time . New York : Barnes and Nobles Books . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 1707 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shot_heard_round_the_world&oldid=836875293 '' Categories : Ralph Waldo Emerson English phrases American Revolutionary War World War I Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 11 : 14 . About Wikipedia",
"3": null,
"4": null,
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
1,
0,
2
] |
[
0,
1,
2
] |
-535526287211445155
|
what is the area code for phoenix arizona
|
[
"602",
"480",
"623",
"602",
"480",
"623",
"602",
"480",
"623"
] |
{
"0": "List of Arizona area codes - wikipedia List of Arizona area codes Jump to : navigation , search Clickable map of Arizona area codes in blue ( and border states ) This is a list of telephone area codes in Arizona . 602 - For telephone numbers in Phoenix city proper except for Ahwatukee and some western parts of the city . 520 - Southern Arizona , including Tucson , Nogales , Casa Grande and Tombstone . 480 - Maricopa County and parts of Pinal County , east of the Phoenix city limits and the Phoenix neighborhood of Ahwatukee . Includes Mesa , Scottsdale , Tempe , Chandler , Gilbert , Queen Creek , San Tan Valley , Apache Junction and Fountain Hills . 623 - Maricopa County , west of the Phoenix city limits and some western parts of the city . Includes the cities of Glendale , Goodyear , Avondale , Tolleson , Buckeye , Sun City , Litchfield Park , Surprise and Peoria . 928 - Northern and Western Arizona , including Yuma , Flagstaff , the Grand Canyon , Payson , Prescott , Lake Havasu City , Bullhead City , and Kingman . History ( edit ) Originally , Arizona only had one area code : 602 . In 1995 , the state of Arizona was split into two area codes . Maricopa County retained area code 602 , and the rest of the state adopted area code 520 . In 1999 , Maricopa County was divided into area codes 602 , 480 , and 623 ( see above section for descriptions ) . In 2001 , the state outside of Maricopa County was divided into northern and southern halves . The southern half retained area code 520 , and the northern half was assigned area code 928 .",
"1": "See also ( edit ) List of NANP area codes North American Numbering Plan External links ( edit ) NANPA Area Code Map of Arizona Lists of area codes in the North American Numbering Plan Canada Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Nunavut Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Oceania American Samoa Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Guam United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah U.S. Government Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Arizona_area_codes&oldid=752142333 '' Categories : Area codes in Arizona Lists of United States area codes Arizona - related lists Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Français Română Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2016 , at 18 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"2": null,
"3": null,
"4": null,
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
1
] |
[
0,
1
] |
-4643939675634395319
|
who is the owner of the crowne plaza
|
[
"InterContinental Hotels Group",
"InterContinental Hotels Group",
"InterContinental Hotels Group",
"InterContinental Hotels Group",
"InterContinental Hotels Group"
] |
{
"0": "Crowne Plaza - wikipedia Crowne Plaza Jump to : navigation , search Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts Type Upscale Hotels & Resorts Industry Hotel Founded Headquarters Denham , United Kingdom Number of locations 410 Area served Worldwide Parent InterContinental Hotels Group Website Crown Plaza Crowne Plaza is a multinational chain of full service , upscale hotels catering to business travelers and to the meetings and conventions market . It forms part of the InterContinental Hotels Group family of brands , which include InterContinental Hotels & Resorts and Holiday Inn Hotels & Resorts , and operates in 52 countries with more than 400 hotels , usually located in city centers , resorts , coastal towns or near major airports . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Notable properties 3 Sponsorship 4 Gallery 5 References History ( edit ) Crowne Plaza in Kochi , India A room at Crowne Plaza London Docklands Originally branded as `` Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza '' , the first United States Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza Hotel was opened in Rockville , Maryland , in 1983 . Within a couple of years the brand was spun off as an independent chain ( still owned at the time by Holiday Inn ) . The first Crowne Plaza Resort opened in Madeira , Portugal , in 1999 . Today , the brand represents 410 hotels globally in 52 countries with 112,317 rooms ( as of March 2016 ) and an expanding 81 hotels in the pipeline . In 1990 , the InterContinental Hotels Group purchased the Holiday Inn family ; today its portfolio includes the luxury brand InterContinental Hotels & Resorts , the upscale boutique brand Hotel Indigo , the upscale extended stay brand Staybridge Suites , the midscale extended stay brand Candlewood Suites , the midscale , full service brand Holiday Inn Hotels & Resorts , Holiday Inn Club Vacations , EVEN Hotels , HUALUXE Hotels & Resorts , and the midscale limited service brand Holiday Inn Express . Notable properties ( edit ) The Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport is the former terminal building of Liverpool Speke Airport , constructed in the 1930s and used until 1986 . Its notable art deco features led to its listing as a heritage building , and subsequent conversion to a hotel .",
"1": "The Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers is the first hotel in Denmark to generate all of its power from renewable sources , including solar panels and geothermal heating and cooling pumps . Its stationary bicycles are connected to generators , which provide electricity to the hotel . Crowne Plaza Belgrade , renovated 2012 -- 13 , is the biggest Crowne Plaza hotel in Europe . Crowne Plaza Hong Kong Causeway Bay opened in 2009 and is the first Crowne Plaza in Hong Kong . Sponsorship ( edit ) Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts is the title sponsor of the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial - a PGA Tour golf tournament held annually in Fort Worth , Texas . Starting in 2012 , they are also officially sponsoring PGA Tour 's 2010 's Rookie of the Year , Rickie Fowler . Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts have been the sponsor of the British FIA World Touring Car Championship driver Andy Priaulx , a multiple touring car champion , since 2006 . They now continue to support him in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) , a popular European touring car championship , as an official sponsor of BMW Motorsport along with the American LeMans Series ( ALMS ) where Californian Joey Hand represents the brand for both series . Gallery ( edit ) Crowne Plaza Bangkok Lumpini Park , Bangkok , Thailand . Hamilton Crowne Plaza , Washington , D.C. Edmonton , Alberta , Canada Shanghai , Jiading , China Prague , Czech Republic Nuevo Laredo , Mexico Torreón , Mexico İzmir , Turkey Bratislava , Slovakia Kansas City , Missouri , USA New York City , New York , USA Huizhou , China Kochi , India Crowne Plaza Belgrade , Serbia Newton , Massachusetts , USA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` InterContinental Hotels Group - About our brands - Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts '' . InterContinental Hotels Group ( IHG ) . 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 29 .",
"2": "Jump up ^ http://www.businesstraveller.asia/asia-pacific/news/crowne-plaza-arrives-in-hongkong-via-causeway-bay Jump up ^ `` Nomination of Rickie Fowler as Rookie of the Year 2010 on '' . Pgatour.com. 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Official partnerships of Crowne Plaza Hotels & Resorts '' . Ichotelsgroup.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crowne Plaza . InterContinental Hotels Group Brands Current avid Candlewood Suites Crowne Plaza Even Hotels Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express Holiday Inn Garden Court Hotel Indigo HUALUXE Hotels & Resorts IHG Army Hotels InterContinental Kimpton Hotels & Restaurants Staybridge Suites Former Holiday Inn Sunspree Resorts Notable hotels Crowne Plaza Crowne Plaza Beirut Crowne Plaza Belgrade Crowne Plaza Billings Crowne Plaza Christchurch ( former ) Crowne Plaza Christchurch ( current ) Crowne Plaza İzmir Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport Crowne Plaza Niagara Falls -- Fallsview Crowne Plaza San Antonio Crowne Plaza Shanghai Anting Golf Crowne Plaza Times Square New York InterContinental InterContinental Amstel Amsterdam InterContinental Bali InterContinental Boston InterContinental Bucharest InterContinental Carlton Cannes InterContinental Dhaka InterContinental Dublin InterContinental Geneva InterContinental Hanoi Landmark 72 InterContinental Hong Kong InterContinental Kabul InterContinental Kuwait Downtown InterContinental Kyiv InterContinental London Park Lane InterContinental Miami InterContinental New York Barclay InterContinental Nha Trang InterContinental Paris Le",
"3": "Grand InterContinental Phnom Penh Hotel Ponce Intercontinental InterContinental San Francisco InterContinental Mark Hopkins San Francisco Shimao Wonderland Intercontinental InterContinental Toronto Centre InterContinental Warsaw Willard InterContinental Washington People Patrick Cescau Andy Cosslett Ian Prosser Richard Solomons Juan Trippe Kemmons Wilson Other Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Challenge Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial Category Commons Hotel chains Accor Adagio Fairmont Hotels Formule 1 / F1 / Formula 1 Ibis Budget Styles Mama Shelter Mercure / Grand Mercure MGallery Novotel Suite Novotel Pullman Raffles The Sebel Sofitel Swissotel Thalassa sea & spa BTG Homeinns Fairyland Hotel Home Inn Jianguo Jinglun Motel 168 Nanyuan Yitel Carlson Rezidor Country Inns & Suites Park Inn Park Plaza Quorvus Collection Radisson Radisson Blu Radisson Red Choice Hotels Ascend Collection Cambria Hotels & Suites Clarion Comfort Inn Comfort Suites Econo Lodge MainStay Suites Quality Inn Rodeway Inn Sleep Inn Suburban Extended Stay Hotel Hilton Canopy by Hilton Conrad Hotels Curio collection DoubleTree Embassy Suites Hampton by Hilton Hilton Garden Inn Hilton Grand Vacations Hilton Hotels & Resorts Home2 Suites Homewood Suites Tru by Hilton Waldorf Astoria",
"4": "Hospitality International Downtowner Inns Master Host Inns Passport Inns Red Carpet Inn Scottish Inns Hyatt Andaz Grand Hyatt Hyatt Hyatt Centric Hyatt House Hyatt Place Hyatt Regency Hyatt Zilara / Hyatt Ziva Park Hyatt InterContinental Candlewood Suites Crowne Plaza Even Hotels Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express Hotel Indigo InterContinental Kimpton Hotels Staybridge Suites Jinjiang 7 Days Inn Bestay Goldmet Inn Jin Jiang Hotels Jinjiang Inn Louvre Hotels Metropolo Vienna Marriott AC Hotels Aloft Hotels Autograph Collection Bulgari Hotels & Resorts Courtyard Delta Hotels Design Hotels EDITION Hotels Element by Westin ExecuStay Fairfield Inn Four Points Gaylord Hotels Grand Residences JW Marriott Le Méridien The Luxury Collection Marriott Conference Centers Marriott Executive Apartments Marriott Golf Marriott Hotels & Resorts Marriott Vacation Club Moxy Hotels Protea Hotels Renaissance Hotels Residence Inn Ritz - Carlton Ritz - Carlton Destination Club St. Regis Sheraton SpringHill Suites TownePlace Suites Tribute Portfolio W Hotels Westin Okura Nikko Hotel JAL Nikko Okura Pan Pacific Pan Pacific Parkroyal Red Lion 3 Palms Hotels & Resorts America 's Best Inns Americas Best Value Inns Canadas Best Value Inns Country Hearth Inns & Suites GuestHouse Hotel RL Jameson Inn Lexington Hotels & Inns Red Lion Hotels",
"5": "Red Lion Inn & Suites Settle Inn Shangri - La Hotels Hotel Jen Kerry Hotels Shangri - La Traders Hotels Taj Hotels Gateway Ginger Taj Vivanta Two Roads Alila Hotels & Resorts Destination Hotels Joie de Vivre Hotels Thompson Hotels tommie Wyndham AmericInn Baymont Inn & Suites Days Inn Dolce Hotels and Resorts Hawthorn Suites Howard Johnson Knights Inn Microtel Inn And Suites Ramada Super 8 Travelodge TRYP by Wyndham Wingate by Wyndham Wyndham Grand Wyndham Hotels & Resorts Other Ace Aerowisata Aman Resorts Apex Aqua Archipelago Best Western Boscolo Budget Host Canad Inns Canalta Center Parcs Club Med Club Quarters Coast Cobblestone Dan Drury Easy Hotel Extended Stay America Fiesta Inn Four Seasons Hoshino Huazhu Hotels Iberostar InTown Suites Isrotel ITC Hotels Jumeirah Kempinski La Quinta Leading Hotels of the World Loews Lotte Magnuson Mandarin Oriental Marco Polo Masters Inn Meliá MGM Resorts Millennium & Copthorne Morgans Motel 6 Motel One Mövenpick My Place Hotels NH Oberoi Omni Outrigger Paradores Peninsula Pestana Pousadas de Portugal Premier Inn Prince Pueblo Bonito Red Roof Inn RIU Sandman Santika Indonesia Scandic Standard",
"6": "Steigenberger Swiss - Belhotel The Leela Thistle Toyoko Inn Trident Trump Value Place Virgin Defunct Adam 's Mark Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts AmeriHost Inn AmeriSuites Crest Hotels Cross Country Inn Denizen Hotels Esso Motor Hotel Exel Inn Forte Fred Harvey Friendship Inn Hiway House Imperial 400 Jack Tar Hotels Nickelodeon Resorts by Marriott The Real Hotel Company Roundtowner Inn Shoney 's Inn Statler Hotels Summerfield Suites Susse Chalet Tage Inn United Hotels Company of America Vantage Hospitality Wilson World Hotels Lists Hotels chained - brand largest United States Motels Category Commons Hotel chains in the United Kingdom Budget Britannia Hotels Comfort Inn Days Inn EasyHotel Holiday Inn Express Hotel Formule 1 Hotel Ibis Ibis Budget Innkeeper 's Lodge Metro Inns Premier Inn Sleep Inn Travelodge UK YOTEL Mid-market Apex Hotels Best Western GB Clarion Hotels Crerar Hotels Four - Pillars Hotels Holiday Inn The Hotel Collection Jurys Inn McMillan Hotels Mercure Hotels Novotel Park Inn Park Plaza Hotels & Resorts Peel Hotels Principal Hayley Quality Hotels Swallow Hotels Thistle Hotels Wetherspoons Upscale / full service Belmond Champneys Clermont Hotels & Residences Corus Hotels Crowne Plaza Club Quarters Dorchester Collection DoubleTree Epoque Hotels Exclusive Hotels Fairmont",
"7": "Hotels and Resorts Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Hand Picked Hotels Hilton Hotels & Resorts Hotel du Vin InterContinental Malmaison Mandarin Oriental Marriott Hotels & Resorts Morgans Hotel Group Maybourne Hotel Group Radisson Hotels Ralph Trustees Renaissance Hotels Rocco Forte Hotels Sofitel Starwood Hotels Swissôtel Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces Defunct Crest Hotels Ramada Jarvis The Real Hotel Company Stakis Hotels Trusthouse Forte Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crowne_Plaza&oldid=817896938 '' Categories : 1983 establishments in Maryland Companies established in 1983 Hotel chains Intercontinental Hotels Group brands Crowne Plaza hotels Hidden categories : Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Français Slovenčina Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 05 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
4,
0,
5,
3,
2,
7,
6,
1
] |
[
0,
4,
5,
3,
2,
7
] |
6586950871559654777
|
who has hit a double century in the ranji trophy for jharkhand in 2016
|
[
"Jaydev Shah",
"Jaydev Shah"
] |
{
"0": "2016 -- 17 Ranji Trophy Group B - wikipedia 2016 -- 17 Ranji Trophy Group B Jump to : navigation , search 2016 - 17 Ranji Trophy Group B The Ranji Trophy , awarded to the winners Dates 6 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) -- 18 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 18 ) Administrator ( s ) BCCI Cricket format First - class cricket Tournament format ( s ) Round - robin Host ( s ) India Participants 9 ← 2015 -- 16 2017 -- 18 → 2016 -- 17 Indian domestic cricket season Men 2016 -- 17 Duleep Trophy 2016 -- 17 Ranji Trophy ( Group A , Group B , Group C ) 2016 -- 17 Irani Cup 2016 -- 17 Inter State Twenty - 20 Tournament 2016 -- 17 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2016 -- 17 Vijay Hazare Trophy ( Group A , Group B , Group C , Group D ) 2016 -- 17 Deodhar Trophy Women 2016 -- 17 Senior women 's one day league 2016 -- 17 Senior women 's challenger trophy 2016 -- 17 Senior women 's T20 league 2016 -- 17 Senior women 's cricket inter zonal three day game The 2016 -- 17 Ranji Trophy is the 83rd season of the Ranji Trophy , the first - class cricket tournament in India . It is being contested by 28 teams divided into three groups . Groups A and B comprise nine teams and Group C comprises ten teams . The round 1 fixture between Rajasthan and Saurashtra was moved from Chennai to Vizianagaram because of the senior women 's one - day league . The round 2 fixture between Jharkhand and Karnataka was moved from Tamil Nadu to Greater Noida because of the Kaveri River water dispute . Karnataka , Jharkhand and Odisha all qualified for the knockout stage of the tournament , with Odisha qualifying for the knockout stage for the first time since the 2000 -- 01 tournament .",
"1": "Jharkhand finished top of the table after winning their final match by an innings and 93 runs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Points table 2 Fixtures 2.1 Round 1 2.2 Round 2 2.3 Round 3 2.4 Round 4 2.5 Round 5 2.6 Round 6 2.7 Round 7 2.8 Round 8 2.9 Round 9 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Points table ( edit ) Team Pld Pts NRR Jharkhand 8 5 0 0 39 + 0.399 Karnataka 8 5 0 37 + 0.273 Odisha 8 5 0 22 + 0.054 Delhi 8 0 21 + 0.579 Maharashtra 8 0 21 -- 0.059 Vidarbha 8 0 20 -- 0.025 Saurashtra 8 0 18 + 0.101 Rajasthan 8 0 12 -- 0.637 Assam 8 5 0 8 -- 0.620 Top three teams advanced to knockout stage .",
"2": "Fixtures ( edit ) Round 1 ( edit ) 6 -- 9 October Scorecard Saurashtra Rajasthan 430 ( 97.3 overs ) Jaydev Shah 193 ( 228 ) Mahipal Lomror 2 / 16 ( 5 overs ) 105 ( 38.4 overs ) Manender Singh 44 ( 59 ) Shaurya Sanandia 6 / 14 ( 9.4 overs ) 30 / 4 ( 14 overs ) ( f / o ) Rajat Bhatia 14 ( 11 ) Jaydev Unadkat 2 / 4 ( 6 overs ) Match drawn Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex , Vizianagaram Umpires : Jayaraman Madanagopal and Ravi Subramanian Player of the match : Jaydev Shah ( Saurashtra ) Rajasthan won the toss and elected to field . Mahipal Lomror ( Rajasthan ) made his first - class debut . 6 -- 9 October Scorecard Odisha Vidarbha 150 ( 78.1 overs ) Biplab Samantray 53 ( 133 ) Shrikant Wagh 3 / 13 ( 13 overs ) 272 / 6 d ( 102 overs ) Faiz Fazal 99 ( 246 ) Deepak Behera 3 / 35 ( 19 overs ) 274 / 9 d ( 102.1 overs ) Govinda Poddar 58 ( 98 ) Akshay Wakhare 3 / 61 ( 20 overs ) Match drawn Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium , Visakhapatnam Umpires : S. Shankar and R. Sundar Player of the match : Faiz Fazal ( Vidarbha ) Odisha won the toss and elected to bat . Sandeep Pattnaik , Subhranshu Senapati ( Odisha ) ; and Lalit Yadav ( Vidarbha ) all made their first - class debuts .",
"3": "6 -- 9 October Scorecard Assam Delhi 193 ( 76.3 overs ) Tarjinder Singh 61 * ( 100 ) Pradeep Sangwan 3 / 47 ( 16.3 overs ) 589 / 8 d ( 128.1 overs ) Nitish Rana 146 ( 124 ) Abu Nechim 5 / 106 ( 25 overs ) 313 ( 96.3 overs ) Jamaluddin Syed Mohammad 82 ( 154 ) Manan Sharma 5 / 108 ( 26.3 overs ) Delhi won by an innings and 83 runs Moti Bagh Stadium , Vadodara Umpires : Abhijit Deshmukh and Sadashiv Iyer Player of the match : Pradeep Sangwan ( Delhi ) Delhi won the toss and elected to field . 6 -- 9 October Scorecard Maharashtra Jharkhand 210 ( 71.1 overs ) Ankit Bawne 78 ( 160 ) Varun Aaron 4 / 47 ( 15 overs ) 306 ( 105.2 overs ) Kaushal Singh 130 ( 200 ) Anupam Sanklecha 5 / 71 ( 32.2 overs ) 188 ( 61.4 overs ) Kedar Jadhav 56 ( 77 ) Shahbaz Nadeem 3 / 43 ( 12.4 overs ) 93 / 4 ( 19.5 overs ) Virat Singh 33 * ( 73 ) Anupam Sanklecha 2 / 29 ( 10 overs ) Jharkhand won by 6 wickets Karnail Singh Stadium , Delhi Umpires : Balwant Sharma and Chirra Ravikanthreddy Player of the match : Kaushal Singh ( Jharkhand ) Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field . Ruturaj Gaikwad ( Maharashtra ) made his first - class debut . Kaushal Singh ( Jharkhand ) scored his maiden first - class century .",
"4": "Round 2 ( edit ) 13 -- 16 October Scorecard Odisha Saurashtra 228 ( 80.5 overs ) Sandeep Pattnaik 123 ( 213 ) Dharmendrasinh Jadeja 4 / 67 ( 23.5 overs ) 186 ( 67.3 overs ) Jaydev Shah 64 ( 98 ) Basant Mohanty 4 / 58 ( 20 overs ) 169 ( 64.4 overs ) Subhranshu Senapati 57 ( 101 ) Deepak Punia 5 / 39 ( 11.4 overs ) 179 ( 101 overs ) Sagar Jogiyani 68 ( 295 ) Suryakant Pradhan 5 / 69 ( 22 overs ) Odisha won by 32 runs Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : S. Shankar and R. Sundar Player of the match : Suryakant Pradhan ( Odisha ) Saurashtra won the toss and elected to field . Saurabh Rawat ( Odisha ) made his first - class debut . 13 -- 16 October Scorecard Maharashtra Delhi 635 / 2 d ( 173 overs ) Swapnil Gugale 351 * ( 521 ) Navdeep Saini 2 / 44 ( 14.1 overs ) 590 ( 155 overs ) Rishabh Pant 308 ( 326 ) Mohsin Sayyed 3 / 121 ( 27 ) 58 / 0 ( 15 overs ) Harshad Khadiwale 38 * ( 40 ) Match drawn Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Krishnaraj Srinath and Shavir Tarapore Player of the match : Swapnil Gugale ( Maharashtra ) Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat . Mohsin Sayyed and Naushad Shaikh ( Maharashtra ) both made their first - class debuts . Swapnil Gugale and Ankit Bawne ( Maharashtra ) made the second - highest partnership in first - class cricket with 594 runs . Their partnership was also the highest in all matches in the history of the Ranji Trophy .",
"5": "Swapnil Gugale became the seventh captain to score a triple century in the Ranji Trophy . Rishabh Pant ( Delhi ) became the fourth - youngest player to score a triple century in first - class cricket . 13 -- 16 October Scorecard Karnataka Jharkhand 577 / 6 d ( 172 overs ) Ravikumar Samarth 235 ( 462 ) Ashish Kumar 3 / 78 ( 33 overs ) 374 ( 115.1 overs ) Ishan Kishan 159 * ( 211 ) Krishnappa Gowtham 3 / 97 ( 32.1 overs ) 162 / 3 ( 53.4 overs ) Karun Nair 54 * ( 86 ) Samar Quadri 3 / 62 ( 20 overs ) Match drawn Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground , Greater Noida Umpires : Abhijit Deshmukh and Nitin Pandit Player of the match : Ravikumar Samarth ( Karnataka ) Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat . Kaunain Abbas ( Karnataka ) made his first - class debut . 13 -- 16 October Scorecard Assam Rajasthan 195 ( 84.1 overs ) Rishav Das 93 ( 221 ) Pankaj Singh 5 / 39 ( 21.3 overs ) 272 ( 105.4 overs ) Mahipal Lomror 89 ( 242 ) Arup Das 4 / 53 ( 26 overs ) 69 ( 20.2 overs ) Rishav Das 16 ( 43 ) Aniket Choudhary 5 / 35 ( 10 overs ) Rajasthan won by an innings and 8 runs Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium , Visakhapatnam Umpires : K.N. Ananthapadmanabhan and Nand Kishore Player of the match : Mahipal Lomror ( Rajasthan ) Rajasthan won the toss and elected to field .",
"6": "Round 3 ( edit ) 20 -- 23 October Scorecard Jharkhand Rajasthan 209 ( 73.5 overs ) Kaushal Singh 56 ( 114 ) Pankaj Singh 5 / 60 ( 21 overs ) 207 ( 83.2 overs ) Manender Singh 50 ( 103 ) Shahbaz Nadeem 7 / 74 ( 25 overs ) 277 ( 76.5 overs ) Ishank Jaggi 100 ( 141 ) Mahipal Lomror 5 / 51 ( 16.5 overs ) 237 ( 90.5 overs ) Chetan Bist 77 ( 136 ) Shahbaz Nadeem 5 / 94 ( 37 overs ) Jharkhand won by 42 runs Moti Bagh Stadium , Vadodara Umpires : Rajesh Deshpande and Virender Sharma Player of the match : Shahbaz Nadeem ( Jharkhand ) Jharkhand won the toss and elected to bat . Pratyush Singh ( Jharkhand ) made his first - class debut . 20 -- 23 October Scorecard Saurashtra Maharashtra 657 / 8 d ( 170.5 overs ) Jaydev Shah 217 ( 270 ) Mohsin Sayyed 4 / 90 ( 24.5 overs ) 182 ( 56.2 overs ) Murtaza Trunkwala 64 ( 139 ) Dharmendrasinh Jadeja 5 / 41 ( 15.2 overs ) 345 / 8 ( 130 overs ) ( f / o ) Murtaza Trunkwala 117 ( 227 ) Dharmendrasinh Jadeja 4 / 64 ( 48 overs ) Match drawn Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex , Vizianagaram Umpires : K.N. Ananthapadmanabhan and Nand Kishore Player of the match : Jaydev Shah ( Saurashtra ) Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field . Murtaza Trunkwala ( Maharashtra ) made his first - class debut . Jaydev Shah became the first captain of Saurashtra to score a double century .",
"7": "20 -- 23 October Scorecard Delhi Karnataka 90 ( 35.5 overs ) Rishabh Pant 24 ( 20 ) Sreenath Aravind 4 / 12 ( 11 overs ) 414 ( 141.3 overs ) C.M. Gautam 63 * ( 143 ) Varun Sood 4 / 80 ( 30.3 overs ) 164 ( 43 overs ) Unmukt Chand 38 ( 72 ) Krishnappa Gowtham 5 / 35 ( 9 overs ) Karnataka won by an innings and 160 runs Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Pashchim Pathak and Nikhil Patwardhan Player of the match : Krishnappa Gowtham ( Karnataka ) Karnataka won the toss and elected to field . 20 -- 23 October Scorecard Vidarbha Assam 416 ( 142.2 overs ) Ganesh Satish 105 ( 199 ) Swarupam Purkayastha 5 / 133 ( 35.2 overs ) 227 ( 90.1 overs ) Swarupam Purkayastha 44 * ( 56 ) Aditya Sarwate 5 / 72 ( 20 overs ) 73 / 2 ( 39 overs ) ( f / o ) Rahul Hazarika 33 * ( 121 ) Aditya Sarwate 1 / 11 ( 6 overs ) Match drawn St Xavier 's College Ground , Thumba Umpires : Navdeep Singh and Krishnaraj Srinath Player of the match : Aditya Sarwate ( Vidarbha ) Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat .",
"8": "Round 4 ( edit ) 27 -- 30 October Scorecard Odisha Delhi 237 ( 77.4 overs ) Subhranshu Senapati 76 ( 153 ) Varun Sood 3 / 23 ( 12.4 overs ) 495 / 8 d ( 144.5 overs ) Gautam Gambhir 147 ( 232 ) Dhiraj Singh 4 / 84 ( 29.5 overs ) 274 / 8 ( 133 overs ) Biplab Samantray 88 ( 221 ) Ishant Sharma 3 / 51 ( 27 overs ) Match drawn Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium , Chandigarh Umpires : Sivasubramaniyan Shankar and Ravi Subramanian Player of the match : Gautam Gambhir ( Delhi ) Delhi won the toss and elected to field . 27 -- 30 October Scorecard Maharashtra Rajasthan 461 ( 147.4 overs ) Naushad Shaikh 143 ( 305 ) Pankaj Singh 4 / 62 ( 32.4 overs ) 330 ( 123.4 overs ) Manender Singh 63 ( 185 ) Mohsin Sayyed 3 / 71 ( 26 overs ) 145 ( 61 overs ) Chirag Khurana 36 ( 64 ) Nathu Singh 3 / 32 ( 15 overs ) 4 / 0 ( 6 overs ) Vineet Saxena 4 * ( 18 ) Match drawn Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Yeshwant Barde and Nand Kishore Player of the match : Naushad Shaikh ( Maharashtra ) Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat .",
"9": "27 -- 30 October Scorecard Assam Karnataka 325 ( 108.5 overs ) Amit Verma 166 * ( 316 ) Sreenath Aravind 5 / 70 ( 27 overs ) 570 / 9 d ( 138.4 overs ) Stuart Binny 156 ( 158 ) Arup Das 4 / 86 ( 31.4 overs ) 264 ( 85 overs ) Amit Verma 74 ( 120 ) Krishnappa Gowtham 7 / 108 ( 34 overs ) 21 / 0 ( 3 overs ) Mayank Agarwal 17 * ( 10 ) Karnataka won by 10 wickets Bandra Kurla Complex , Mumbai Umpires : Navdeep Singh and Pashchim Pathak Player of the match : Amit Verma ( Assam ) Assam won the toss and elected to bat . 27 -- 30 October Scorecard Vidarbha Jharkhand 105 ( 42 overs ) Jitesh Sharma 21 ( 16 ) Vikash Singh 4 / 24 ( 11 overs ) 362 / 8 d ( 122.5 overs ) Ishank Jaggi 112 * ( 213 ) Akshay Karnewar 2 / 45 ( 18 overs ) 444 ( 152.2 overs ) Sanjay Ramaswamy 102 ( 203 ) Ashish Kumar 4 / 89 ( 33 overs ) 75 / 4 ( 24.5 overs ) Saurabh Tiwary 35 * ( 49 ) Shrikant Wagh 3 / 36 ( 9.5 overs ) Match drawn Krishnagiri Stadium , Wayanad Umpires : Puttarangaiah Jayapal and Krishnaraj Srinath Player of the match : Ishank Jaggi ( Jharkhand ) Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field . Vikash Singh ( Jharkhand ) ; Rajneesh Gurbani and Akshay Karnewar ( Vidarbha ) all made their first - class debuts .",
"10": "Round 5 ( edit ) 5 -- 8 November Scorecard Jharkhand Delhi 493 ( 119.4 overs ) Ishan Kishan 273 ( 336 ) Suboth Bhati 3 / 80 ( 23.4 overs ) 334 ( 96.2 overs ) Rishabh Pant 117 ( 106 ) Sunny Gupta 3 / 62 ( 20.2 overs ) 480 / 6 ( 126 overs ) ( f / o ) Rishabh Pant 135 ( 67 ) Shahbaz Nadeem 3 / 185 ( 46 overs ) Match drawn St Xavier 's College Ground , Thumba Umpires : Anil Dandekar and Nitin Pandit Player of the match : Ishan Kishan ( Jharkhand ) Delhi won the toss and elected to field . In the second innings of the match Rishabh Pant scored India 's fastest first - class hundred . 5 -- 8 November Scorecard Karnataka Vidarbha 267 ( 77 overs ) Krishnappa Gowtham 60 * ( 59 ) Lalit Yadav 5 / 46 ( 20.5 overs ) 176 ( 66.4 overs ) Jitesh Sharma 61 ( 122 ) Shreyas Gopal 3 / 22 ( 8 overs ) 209 ( 58.4 overs ) Vinay Kumar 56 ( 86 ) Shrikant Wagh 4 / 59 ( 20.4 overs ) 111 ( 36.4 overs ) Jitesh Sharma 61 ( 78 ) Vinay Kumar 5 / 28 ( 9.4 overs ) Karnataka won by 189 runs Moti Bagh Stadium , Vadodara Umpires : Navdeep Singh and Rohan Pandit Player of the match : Vinay Kumar ( Karnataka ) Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field .",
"11": "5 -- 8 November Scorecard Saurashtra Assam 153 ( 52.4 overs ) Jaydev Unadkat 46 * ( 68 ) Arup Das 7 / 49 ( 15 overs ) 171 ( 62.4 overs ) Arun Karthik 57 ( 120 ) Jaydev Unadkat 6 / 48 ( 22.4 overs ) 81 ( 39.5 overs ) Amitoze Singh 30 ( 48 ) Arup Das 5 / 21 ( 13.5 overs ) 66 / 1 ( 15.4 overs ) Rishav Das 30 * ( 41 ) Jaydev Unadkat 1 / 28 ( 6 overs ) Assam won by 9 wickets Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Yeshwant Barde and Nitin Menon Player of the match : Arup Das ( Assam ) Assam won the toss and elected to field . 5 -- 8 November Scorecard Rajasthan Odisha 323 ( 105.4 overs ) S.F. Khan 110 ( 203 ) Govinda Poddar 3 / 59 ( 25.4 overs ) 172 ( 49.1 overs ) Deepak Behera 67 ( 113 ) Aniket Choudhary 4 / 42 ( 12 overs ) 508 / 6 d ( 156 overs ) ( f / o ) Subhranshu Senapati 137 ( 254 ) S.F. Khan 2 / 42 ( 16 overs ) Match drawn Dhruve Pandove Stadium , Patiala Umpires : Saiyed Khalid and Krishnaraj Srinath Player of the match : S.F. Khan ( Rajasthan ) Odisha won the toss and elected to field . Abhishek Yadav ( Odisha ) ; Rahul Chahar , Amitkumar Gautam and Salman Khan ( Rajasthan ) all made their first - class debuts .",
"12": "Round 6 ( edit ) 13 -- 16 November Scorecard Saurashtra Jharkhand 277 ( 78.3 overs ) Prerak Mankad 96 ( 137 ) Ashish Kumar 4 / 52 ( 19 overs ) 467 ( 101.5 overs ) Ishank Jaggi 173 ( 209 ) Kushang Patel 5 / 95 ( 25 overs ) 144 ( 48.3 overs ) Prerak Mankad 40 * ( 63 ) Samar Quadri 4 / 46 ( 13.3 overs ) Jharkhand won by an innings and 46 runs Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium , Agartala Umpires : Saiyed Khalid and Sadashiv Iyer Player of the match : Ishank Jaggi ( Jharkhand ) Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field . 13 -- 16 November Scorecard Assam Odisha 301 ( 121.5 overs ) Kunal Saikia 135 ( 309 ) Basant Mohanty 3 / 18 ( 24 overs ) 459 / 7 d ( 148 overs ) Govinda Poddar 225 ( 364 ) Arup Das 3 / 60 ( 21 overs ) 164 / 4 ( 75.0 overs ) Rishav Das 68 ( 222 ) Dhiraj Singh 2 / 27 ( 20 overs ) Match drawn Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Umesh Dubey and Belur Ravi Player of the match : Govinda Poddar ( Odisha ) Assam won the toss and elected to bat . This fixture was originally scheduled to be held in Delhi , but was moved due to concerns about smog pollution . Abinash Saha ( Odisha ) made his first - class debut .",
"13": "13 -- 16 November Scorecard Vidarbha Maharashtra 59 ( 28 overs ) Shalabh Shrivastava 19 ( 24 ) Anupam Sanklecha 7 / 25 ( 11 overs ) 332 ( 86.1 overs ) Naushad Shaikh 127 ( 172 ) Lalit Yadav 5 / 81 ( 23 overs ) 270 ( 76.1 overs ) Shrikant Wagh 69 * ( 73 ) Anupam Sanklecha 7 / 69 ( 25.1 overs ) Maharashtra won by an innings and 3 runs Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Yeshwant Barde and David Millns Player of the match : Anupam Sanklecha ( Maharashtra ) Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field . Pradeep Dadhe ( Maharashtra ) made his first - class debut . 13 -- 16 November Scorecard Karnataka Rajasthan 374 ( 99.1 overs ) Mayank Agarwal 81 ( 127 ) Tanveer - Ul - Haq 5 / 82 ( 24 overs ) 148 ( 54 overs ) Siddharth Dobal 47 ( 61 ) Vinay Kumar 4 / 28 ( 15 overs ) 298 / 6 d ( 62.1 overs ) Lokesh Rahul 106 ( 131 ) Rajesh Bishnoi 4 / 87 ( 19.1 overs ) 131 ( 37 overs ) S.F. Khan 39 ( 41 ) Vinay Kumar 5 / 54 ( 11 overs ) Karnataka won by 393 runs Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex , Vizianagaram Umpires : Anil Dandekar and Vineet Kulkarni Player of the match : Vinay Kumar ( Karnataka ) Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat . Rajesh Bishnoi ( Rajasthan ) made his first - class debut .",
"14": "Round 7 ( edit ) 21 -- 24 November Scorecard Karnataka Odisha 179 ( 66.2 overs ) Chidhambaram Gautam 54 ( 84 ) Basant Mohanty 3 / 46 ( 19 overs ) 342 ( 117.1 overs ) Saurabh Rawat 85 ( 124 ) Shreyas Gopal 5 / 75 ( 27 overs ) 393 ( 121.2 overs ) Chidhambaram Gautam 95 ( 240 ) Dhiraj Singh 5 / 98 ( 29.2 overs ) 63 / 0 ( 32 overs ) Ranjit Singh 35 * ( 96 ) Match drawn Palam A Ground , Model Sports Complex , Delhi Umpires : David Millns and Tapan Sharma Player of the match : Saurabh Rawat ( Odisha ) Odisha won the toss and elected to field . 21 -- 24 November Scorecard Rajasthan Delhi 238 ( 71.3 overs ) Amitkumar Gautam 106 ( 182 ) Navdeep Saini 3 / 28 ( 15 overs ) 307 ( 91.4 overs ) Rishabh Pant 75 ( 59 ) Tanveer - Ul - Haq 3 / 55 ( 16 overs ) 221 ( 85.4 overs ) Rajesh Bishnoi 89 ( 162 ) Pradeep Sangwan 3 / 31 ( 16 overs ) 156 / 8 ( 41.4 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 49 ( 70 ) Tanveer - Ul - Haq 2 / 28 ( 8 overs ) Delhi won by 2 wickets Krishnagiri Stadium , Wayanad Umpires : Yeshwant Barde and Sadashiv Iyer Player of the match : Amitkumar Gautam ( Rajasthan ) Delhi won the toss and elected to field .",
"15": "21 -- 24 November Scorecard Maharashtra Assam 542 ( 144 overs ) Kedar Jadhav 115 ( 106 ) Abu Nechim 3 / 83 ( 22 overs ) 256 ( 77 overs ) Rishav Das 86 ( 201 ) Anupam Sanklecha 8 / 73 ( 22 overs ) 234 ( 73.0 overs ) ( f / o ) Arun Karthik 87 ( 177 ) Mohsin Sayyed 4 / 47 ( 18 overs ) Maharashtra won by an innings and 52 runs MA Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Lubabalo Gcuma and Nand Kishore Player of the match : Anupam Sanklecha ( Maharashtra ) Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat . Mrinmoy Dutta ( Assam ) made his first - class debut . 21 -- 24 November Scorecard Saurashtra Vidarbha 301 ( 86.1 overs ) Sheldon Jackson 116 ( 149 ) Rajneesh Gurbani 4 / 85 ( 21 overs ) 347 ( 147.5 overs ) Faiz Fazal 94 ( 204 ) Vandit Jivrajani 4 / 93 ( 42 overs ) 189 ( 80 overs ) Snell Patel 62 ( 104 ) Azhar Sheikh 4 / 31 ( 16 overs ) 146 / 2 ( 35 overs ) Ganesh Satish 56 * ( 70 ) Deepak Punia 1 / 13 ( 4 overs ) Vidarbha won by 8 wickets Karnail Singh Stadium , Delhi Umpires : Belur Ravi and Chirra Ravikanthreddy Player of the match : Sanjay Ramaswamy ( Vidarbha ) Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field .",
"16": "Round 8 ( edit ) 29 November -- 2 December Scorecard Karnataka Saurashtra 200 ( 64.1 overs ) Manish Pandey 75 ( 122 ) Jay Chauhan 3 / 52 ( 18.1 overs ) 359 ( 115 overs ) Prerak Mankad 126 ( 165 ) Vinay Kumar 4 / 54 ( 24 overs ) 216 ( 92.4 overs ) Kaunain Abbas 74 ( 200 ) Jay Chauhan 4 / 71 ( 36.4 overs ) 58 / 6 ( 18.4 overs ) Prerak Mankad 14 * ( 22 ) Krishnappa Gowtham 4 / 14 ( 7.4 overs ) Saurashtra won by 4 wickets Dhruve Pandove Stadium , Patiala Umpires : Ulhas Gandhe and Nikhil Patwardhan Player of the match : Prerak Mankad ( Saurashtra ) Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat . Jay Chauhan and Kishan Parmar ( Saurashtra ) both made their first - class debuts . 29 November -- 2 December Scorecard Odisha Maharashtra 319 ( 84.5 overs ) Biplab Samantray 89 ( 192 ) Anupam Sanklecha 5 / 75 ( 23.5 overs ) 94 ( 26 overs ) Anupam Sanklecha 18 ( 33 ) Suryakant Pradhan 4 / 34 ( 10 overs ) 107 ( 36.4 overs ) ( f / o ) Anupam Sanklecha 22 ( 23 ) Biplab Samantray 4 / 34 ( 7.4 overs ) Odisha won by an innings and 118 runs Krishnagiri Stadium , Wayanad Umpires : Chirra Ravikanthreddy and Ravi Subramanian Player of the match : Biplab Samantray ( Odisha ) Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field .",
"17": "29 November -- 2 December Scorecard Vidarbha Delhi 183 ( 62.3 overs ) Shalabh Srivastava 62 ( 93 ) Sumit Narwal 4 / 38 ( 18 overs ) 250 / 8 d ( 81 overs ) Manan Sharma 82 * ( 119 ) Rajneesh Gurbani 4 / 76 ( 26 overs ) 37 / 3 ( 19.0 overs ) Faiz Fazal 14 ( 37 ) Vikas Tokas 1 / 7 ( 3 overs ) Match drawn MA Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Chirra Ravikanthreddy and Ravi Subramanian Player of the match : Manan Sharma ( Delhi ) Delhi won the toss and elected to field . No play was possible on day 3 due to rain . Siddhesh Wath ( Vidarbha ) made his first - class debut . 29 November -- 2 December Scorecard Jharkhand Assam 316 ( 118 overs ) Ishank Jaggi 93 ( 179 ) Krishna Das 4 / 65 ( 36 overs ) 126 ( 52.2 overs ) Pallavkumar Das 30 ( 68 ) Rahul Shukla 4 / 48 ( 12.2 overs ) 111 / 5 ( 20.2 overs ) Ishank Jaggi 34 * ( 15 ) Arup Das 3 / 49 ( 10.2 overs ) 299 ( 104.4 overs ) ( f / o ) Rishav Das 113 ( 256 ) Rahul Shukla 3 / 74 ( 22 overs ) Jharkhand won by 5 wickets Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex , Vizianagaram Umpires : P. Jayapal and R. Sundar Player of the match : Rahul Shukla ( Jharkhand ) Assam won the toss and elected to field .",
"18": "Round 9 ( edit ) 7 -- 10 December Scorecard Saurashtra Delhi 92 ( 33.2 overs ) Prerak Mankad 33 ( 35 ) Pradeep Sangwan 4 / 25 ( 10.2 overs ) 237 ( 58.3 overs ) Pradeep Sangwan 75 ( 100 ) Kushang Patel 5 / 72 ( 17.3 overs ) 420 ( 127.4 overs ) Kishan Parmar 149 ( 250 ) Navdeep Saini 3 / 122 ( 29 overs ) 271 ( 78.1 overs ) Milind Kumar 55 ( 165 ) Saurya Sanandiya 5 / 93 ( 25 overs ) Saurashtra won by 4 runs IPCL Sports Complex Ground , Vadodara Umpires : K.N. Ananthapadmanabhan and Krishnaraj Srinath Player of the match : Kishan Parmar ( Saurashtra ) Delhi won the toss and elected to field . 7 -- 10 December Scorecard Maharashtra Karnataka 163 ( 56 overs ) Rohit Motwani 32 ( 120 ) Vinay Kumar 5 / 46 ( 17 overs ) 327 ( 110 overs ) Pavan Deshpande 70 ( 139 ) Anupam Sanklecha 3 / 78 ( 32 overs ) 218 ( 47.3 overs ) Kedar Jadhav 86 ( 59 ) David Mathias 3 / 37 ( 10 overs ) 39 / 0 ( 10 overs ) Ravikumar Samarth 25 * ( 34 ) Karnataka won by 10 wickets Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium , Chandigarh Umpires : Nitin Pandit and Anil Chaudhary Player of the match : Vinay Kumar ( Karnataka ) Karnataka won the toss and elected to field . Arjun Hoysala and Pavan Deshpande ( Karnataka ) both made their first - class debuts .",
"19": "7 -- 10 December Scorecard Rajasthan Vidarbha 140 ( 41.1 overs ) Manender Singh 27 ( 49 ) Aditya Sarwate 3 / 22 ( 9 overs ) 116 ( 41.3 overs ) Siddhesh Wath 50 ( 80 ) Tanveer - Ul - Haq 6 / 21 ( 10.3 overs ) 163 ( 54.5 overs ) Amitkumar Gautam 51 ( 138 ) Lalit Yadav 6 / 60 ( 15.5 overs ) 191 / 4 ( 31.2 overs ) Siddhesh Wath 64 ( 65 ) Pankaj Singh 2 / 96 ( 12 overs ) Vidarbha won by 6 wickets Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground , Greater Noida Umpires : Jayaraman Madanagopal and C.K. Nandan Player of the match : Siddhesh Wath ( Vidarbha ) Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field . 15 -- 18 December Scorecard Odisha Jharkhand 152 ( 84 overs ) Sandeep Pattnaik 43 ( 174 ) Shahbaz Nadeem 4 / 31 ( 26 overs ) 348 ( 121 overs ) Kaushal Singh 86 * ( 125 ) Basant Mohanty 3 / 56 ( 24 overs ) 103 ( 46.3 overs ) Sandeep Pattnaik 16 ( 69 ) Kaushal Singh 3 / 17 ( 10 overs ) Jharkhand won by an innings and 93 runs St Xavier 's College Ground , Thumba Umpires : Shavir Tarapore and Sadashiv Iyer Player of the match : Kaushal Singh ( Jharkhand ) Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field . The date of this fixture was scheduled to take place a few days later than originally planned following the death of J Jayalalithaa .",
"20": "See also ( edit ) 2016 -- 17 Ranji Trophy 2016 -- 17 Ranji Trophy Group A 2016 -- 17 Ranji Trophy Group C References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ranji Trophy to have its earliest final '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iyer , Lad to miss opener ; Unmukt to lead Delhi '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 4 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saurashtra knock Delhi out ; Odisha through '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 10 December 2016 . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nadeem , Kaushal inflict innings - defeat on Odisha '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ranji Trophy , 2016 - 17 Points table '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pant , Chand and Rana dominate Assam '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The second - highest partnership in first - class cricket '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rishabh Pant : fourth - youngest triple - centurion in first - class cricket '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 16 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Karnataka 324 ahead ; Nadeem helps Jharkhand snatch two - run lead '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 21 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rishabh Pant hits India 's fastest first - class hundred '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ranji Trophy matches shifted out of smog - hit Delhi '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 8 November 2016 .",
"21": "Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Odisha - Jharkhand Ranji game rescheduled '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 6 December 2016 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Series home at ESPN Cricinfo ( hide ) Ranji Trophy Seasons 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 --",
"22": "85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Current teams Andhra Pradesh Assam Baroda Bengal Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Hyderabad Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mumbai Odisha Punjab Railways Rajasthan Saurashtra Services Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Vidarbha Former teams Army Central Provinces and Berar Eastern Punjab Northern India Northern Punjab Patiala Sindh Southern Punjab Travancore - Cochin Western India Records List of Ranji Trophy records Triple centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.",
"23": "org/w/index.php?title=2016 -- 17_Ranji_Trophy_Group_B&oldid = 812697437 '' Categories : Ranji Trophy seasons Domestic cricket competitions in 2016 -- 17 2016 in Indian cricket 2017 in Indian cricket Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 09 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
10,
6,
16,
2,
18,
14,
19,
7,
4,
8,
13,
11,
21,
17,
15,
20,
3,
12,
1,
22,
9,
5,
23,
0
] |
[
6,
10,
16,
2,
18
] |
-2861251994173843450
|
what is the meaning of lord shiva lingam
|
[
"reminds of the Omnipotent Lord"
] |
{
"0": "Lingam - wikipedia Lingam Jump to : navigation , search A Shiva lingam in Abu , Rajasthan , India `` Linga '' and `` Shivling '' redirect here . For other uses , see Linga ( disambiguation ) and Shivling ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Shaivism Deities ( show ) Paramashiva ( Supreme being ) Shiva - Shakti Sadasiva Rudra Bhairava Parvati Durga Kali Ganesha Murugan Others Scriptures and texts ( show ) Agamas and Tantras Vedas Svetasvatara Tirumurai Shivasutras Vachanas Philosophy ( show ) Three Components Pati Pashu Pasam Three bondages Anava Karma Maya 36 Tattvas Yoga Practices ( show ) Vibhuti Rudraksha Panchakshara Bilva Maha Shivaratri Yamas - Niyamas Guru - Linga - Jangam Schools ( show ) Adi Margam Pashupata Kalamukha Kapalika Mantra Margam Saiddhantika Siddhantism Non - Saiddhantika Kashmir Shaivism Pratyabhijna Vama Dakshina Kaula : Trika - Yamala - Kubjika - Netra Others Veerashaiva - Lingayatism Nath Siddhar Srouta Nusantara Agama Siwa Scholars ( show ) Lakulisa Abhinavagupta Vasugupta Utpaladeva Nayanars Meykandar Nirartha Basava Sharana Srikantha Appayya Navnath Related ( show ) Nandi Tantrism Jyotirlinga Shiva Temples Hinduism portal Lingam ( Sanskrit : लिंगम् , IAST : liṅgaṃ , lit .",
"1": "`` sign , symbol or mark '' ; also linga , Shiva linga ) , is an abstract or aniconic representation of the Hindu deity Shiva , used for worship in temples , smaller shrines , or as self - manifested natural objects . In traditional Indian society , the linga is seen as a symbol of the energy and potential of Shiva himself . The lingam is often represented as resting on yoni ( Sanskrit word , lit . `` origin '' or `` source '' , `` vulva '' ) , a symbol of Goddess Durga in Hinduism . Other aconistic representations are yoni ( of Shakti ) and Shaligram ( of Vishnu ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Origin 3 Historical period 4 Making of Lingam according to Scriptures 5 Naturally occurring Lingams 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Definition ( edit ) A 10th - century four - headed stone lingam ( Mukhalinga ) from Nepal The lingam is a column - like or oval ( egg - shaped ) symbol of Shiva , the Formless All - pervasive Reality , made of stone , metal , or clay . The Shiva Linga is a symbol of Lord Shiva -- a mark that reminds of the Omnipotent Lord , which is formless . In Shaivite Hindu temples , the linga is a smooth cylindrical mass symbolising Shiva . It is found at the centre of the temple , often resting in the middle of a rimmed , disc - shaped structure , a representation of Shakti . Origin ( edit ) Lingodbhava Shiva : God Shiva appears as in an infinite Linga fire - pillar , as Vishnu as Varaha tries to find the bottom of the Linga while Brahma tries to find its top . This infinite pillar conveys the infinite nature of Shiva . Terracotta Shiva Linga figurines found in excavations at Indus Valley Civilization site of Kalibangan and other sites provide evidence of early Shiva Linga worship from circa 3500 BCE to 2300 BCE . Anthropologist Christopher John Fuller wrote that although most sculpted images ( murtis ) are anthropomorphic , the aniconic Shiva Linga is an important exception .",
"2": "Some believe that linga - worship was a feature of indigenous Indian religion . There is a hymn in the Atharvaveda that praises a pillar ( Sanskrit : stambha ) , and this is one possible origin of linga worship . Some associate Shiva - Linga with this Yupa - Stambha , the sacrificial post . In the hymn , a description is found of the beginning-less and endless Stambha or Skambha , and it is shown that the said Skambha is put in place of the eternal Brahman . The Yupa - Skambha gave place in time to the Shiva - Linga . In the Linga Purana the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the supreme nature of Mahâdeva ( the Great God , Shiva ) . The Hindu scripture Shiva Purana describes the origin of the lingam , known as Shiva - linga , as the beginning-less and endless cosmic pillar ( Stambha ) of fire , the cause of all causes . Lord Shiva is pictured as emerging from the Lingam -- the cosmic pillar of fire -- proving his superiority over the gods Brahma and Vishnu . This is known as Lingodbhava . The Linga Purana also supports this interpretation of lingam as a cosmic pillar , symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva . According to the Linga Purana , the lingam is a complete symbolic representation of the formless Universe Bearer -- the oval - shaped stone is the symbol of the Universe , and the bottom base represents the Supreme Power that holds the entire Universe in it . A similar interpretation is also found in the Skanda Purana : `` The endless sky ( that great void which contains the entire universe ) is the Linga , the Earth is its base . At the end of time the entire universe and all the Gods finally merge in the Linga itself . '' In yogic lore , the linga is considered the first form to arise when creation occurs , and also the last form before the dissolution of creation . It is therefore seen as an access to Shiva or that which lies beyond physical creation .",
"3": "In the Mahabharata , at the end of Dwaraka Yuga , Lord Shiva says to his disciples that in the coming Kali Yuga , He would not appear in any particular form , but instead as the formless and omnipresent . Historical period ( edit ) A lingam with a swastika at the Katas Raj Temples in northern Pakistan . Mural painting depicting Shiva with the Lingam in the Palace of Mehrangarh Fort , Jodhpur . According to Shaiva Siddhanta , which was for many centuries the dominant school of Shaiva theology and liturgy across the Indian subcontinent ( and beyond it in Cambodia ) , the linga is the ideal substrate in which the worshipper should install and worship the five - faced and ten - armed Sadāśiva , the form of Shiva who is the focal divinity of that school of Shaivism . The oldest example of a lingam that is still used for worship is in Gudimallam . It dates to the 2nd century BC . A figure of Shiva is carved into the front of the lingam . The lingam is the considered to be the primordial representation of pure form devoid of energy . Making of lingam according to scriptures ( edit ) The Saiva Agamas says `` one can worship this Great God Shiva in the form of a Lingam made of mud or sand , of cow dung or wood , of bronze or black granite stone . But the purest and most sought - after form is the quartz crystal ( Sphatika ) , a natural stone not carved by man but made by nature , gathered molecule by molecule over hundreds , thousands or millions of years , grown as a living body grows , but infinitely more slowly . Such a creation of nature is itself a miracle worthy of worship . '' Hindu scripture rates crystal as the highest form of Siva Lingam . Naturally occurring lingams ( edit ) Lingam in the cave at Amarnath Spatika ( quartz ) lingam illuminated by laser at Kadavul temple . An ice lingam at Amarnath in the western Himalayas forms every winter from ice dripping on the floor of a cave and freezing like a stalagmite . It is very popular with pilgrims. .",
"4": "In Kadavul Temple , a 700 - pound , 3 - foot - tall , naturally formed Spatika ( quartz ) Lingam is installed . In future this crystal lingam will be housed in the Iraivan Temple . it is claimed as among the largest known sphatika ( Quartz ) self formed lingams . Hindu scripture rates crystal as the highest form of Siva Lingam . Shivling , 6,543 metres ( 21,467 ft ) , is a mountain in Uttarakhand ( the Garhwal region of Himalayas ) . It arises as a sheer pyramid above the snout of the Gangotri Glacier . The mountain resembles a Shiva lingam when viewed from certain angles , especially when travelling or trekking from Gangotri to Gomukh as part of a traditional Hindu pilgrimage . A lingam is also the basis for the formation legend ( and name ) of the Borra Caves in Andhra Pradesh . See also ( edit ) Axis mundi Banalinga Hindu iconography Jangam Jyotirlinga Lingayatism Mukhalinga Pancharamas Shaligram Spatika Lingam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson , W.J. ( 2009 ) . A dictionary of Hinduism ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780191726705 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Fowler , Jeaneane ( 1997 ) . Hinduism : beliefs and practices . Brighton ( u.a. ) : Sussex Acad. Press . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 9781898723608 . ^ Jump up to : `` lingam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010 . Jump up ^ Sivananda ( 1996 ) . Lord Siva and His Worship . Worship of Siva Linga : The Divine Life Trust Society . ISBN 81 - 7052 - 025 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Sanskrit Wiktionary for Yoni '' . Sanskrit Wiktionary .",
"5": "Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Constance ; Ryan , James D. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Infobase publishing . p. 156 . ISBN 0816075646 . Jump up ^ Das , Subhamoy . `` What is Shiva Linga ? '' . About.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blurton , T.R. ( 1992 ) . `` Stone statue of Shiva as Lingodbhava '' . Extract from Hindu art ( London , The British Museum Press ) . British Museum site . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Tanga , Surbhi Gupta ( August 2016 ) . `` Call for an International Museum & Research Center for Harrapan Civilization , at Rakhigarhi '' ( PDF ) . INTACH Haryana newsletter . Haryana State Chapter of INTACH : 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Lipner , Julius J. ( 2017 ) . Hindu Images and Their Worship with Special Reference to Vaisnavism : A Philosophical - theological Inquiry . London ; New York : Routledge , Taylor & Francis Group . p. 39 . ISBN 9781351967822 . OCLC 985345208 . Jump up ^ The Camphor Flame : Popular Hinduism and society in India , pg. 58 at Books.Google.com ^ Jump up to : Singh , Nagendra Kr. ( 1997 ) . Encyclopaedia of Hinduism ( 1st ed . ) . New Delhi : Centre for International Religious Studies . p. 1567 . ISBN 9788174881687 . ^ Jump up to : Harding , Elizabeth U. ( 1998 ) . `` God , the Father '' . Kali : The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 156 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1450 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Vivekananda , Swami . `` The Paris Congress of the History of Religions '' .",
"6": "The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda . Vol. 4 . Jump up ^ Chaturvedi . Shiv Purana ( 2006 ed . ) . Diamond Pocket Books . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7182 - 721 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The linga Purana '' . astrojyoti . Retrieved 10 April 2012 ... It was almost as if the linga had emerged to settle Brahma and Vishnu 's dispute . The linga rose way up into the sky and it seemed to have no beginning or end . Jump up ^ Sivananda , Swami ( 1996 ) . `` Worship of Siva Linga '' . Lord Siva and His Worship . The Divine Life Trust Society . Jump up ^ `` Reading the Vedic Literature in Sanskrit '' . is1.mum.edu . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Linga -- A Doorway to No - thing '' . 18 July 2013 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Dominic Goodall , Nibedita Rout , R. Sathyanarayanan , S.A.S. Sarma , T. Ganesan and S. Sambandhasivacarya , The Pañcāvaraṇastava of Aghoraśivācārya : A twelfth - century South Indian prescription for the visualisation of Sadāśiva and his retinue , Pondicherry , French Institute of Pondicherry and Ecole française d'Extréme - Orient , 2005 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Klostermaier , Klaus K. ( 2007 ) . A Survey of Hinduism ( 3 . ed . ) . Albany , N.Y. : State University of New York Press . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7082 - 4 . Jump up ^ Elgood , Heather ( 2000 ) . Hinduism and the Religious Arts . London : Cassell . p. 47 .",
"7": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9865 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` A Clear Crystal Vision : The Story of Iraivan 's Lingam '' . himalayanacademy . Jump up ^ `` Gurudeva Siva Vision Day '' . himalayanacademy . Jump up ^ `` rare crystal lingam '' . Jump up ^ `` Amarnath : Journey to the shrine of a Hindu god '' . July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ under the section `` GENERAL INTRODUCTION '' . `` Kadavul Hindu Temple '' . Himalayanacademy . Jump up ^ `` Iraivan Temple In the News '' . Jump up ^ `` Rare Crystal Siva Lingam Arrives At Hawaii Temple '' . hinduismtoday . Jump up ^ `` BORRA CAVES '' . Arakuvalleytourism . section = LEGEND . Sources ( edit ) Basham , A.L. The Wonder That Was India : A survey of the culture of the Indian Sub-Continent before the coming of the Muslims , Grove Press , Inc. , New York ( 1954 ; Evergreen Edition 1959 ) . Schumacher , Stephan and Woerner , Gert . The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion , Buddhism , Taoism , Zen , Hinduism , Shambhala , Boston , ( 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 87773 - 980 - 3 . Chakravarti , Mahadev . The Concept of Rudra - Śiva Through the Ages , Delhi : Motilal Banarasidass ( 1986 ) , ISBN 8120800532 . Davis , Richard H. ( 1992 ) . Ritual in an Oscillating Universe : Worshipping Śiva in Medieval India . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691073866 . Drabu , V.N. Śaivāgamas : A Study in the Socio - economic Ideas and Institutions of Kashmir ( 200 B.C. to A.D. 700 ) , New Delhi : Indus Publishing ( 1990 ) , ISBN 8185182388 . Ram Karan Sharma .",
"8": "Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam : Eight Collections of Hymns Containing One Thousand and Eight Names of Śiva . With Introduction and Śivasahasranāmākoṣa ( A Dictionary of Names ) . ( Nag Publishers : Delhi , 1996 ) . ISBN 81 - 7081 - 350 - 6 . This work compares eight versions of the Śivasahasranāmāstotra . The preface and introduction ( in English ) by Ram Karan Sharma provide an analysis of how the eight versions compare with one another . The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit . Kramrisch , Stella ( 1988 ) . The Presence of Siva . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 9788120804913 . Further reading ( edit ) Daniélou , Alain ( 1991 ) . The Myths and Gods of India : The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism . Inner Traditions / Bear & Company . pp. 222 -- 231 . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 354 - 7 Versluis , Arthur ( 2008 ) , The Secret History of Western Sexual Mysticism : Sacred Practices and Spiritual Marriage , Destiny Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59477 - 212 - 2 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lingam . Famous Temple Having Shivling in Delhi NCR Shaivism History History of Shaivism Deities Shiva Sadyojata Vamadeva Aghora Tatpurusha Ishana Nataraja Dakshinamurthy Harihara Shakti Ardhanarishvara Parvati Ganesha Kartikeya Nandi Texts Shvetashvatara Upanishad Shivarahasya Purana Shiva Purana Shiva Sutras of",
"9": "Vasugupta Mantra / Stotra Om Namah Shivaya Rudrashtakam Mahamrityunjaya Mantra Shiva Tandava Stotram Shiva Sahasranama Shiv Chalisa Shri Rudram Chamakam Shiva mahimna stotram Philosophical Traditions Shaiva Siddhanta Pashupata Shaivism Kashmir Shaivism Veera Shaivism Siddha Siddhanta Shiva Advaita Shaiva Smartas Jyotirlingas Bhimāśankara Ghuṣmeśvara Kedāranātha Viśveśvara Mallikārjuna Mahākāleśvara Nāgeśvara Omkāreśvara Rāmeśvara Somanātha Tryambakeśvara Vaidyanātha Pancha Bhoota Stalam Chidambaram Temple ( Ether ) Sri Kalahasti Temple ( Air ) Annamalaiyar Temple ( Fire ) Thiruvanaikaval Temple ( Water ) Ekambareswarar Temple ( Earth ) Temples Amarnath Brihadeeswarar Kailash Mansarovar Katasraj temple Lingaraj Temple Meenakshi Tirunelveli Panch Kedar Kedarnath Tungnath Rudranath Madhyamaheshwar Kalpeshwar Pancha Sabhai Ratna Sabai Pon Sabai Velli Sabai Thamira Sabai Chitira Sabai Tiruchengode Thirukutralam Vadakkum Nathan List of Shiva temples in India Traditional Observances Kanwar Yatra",
"10": "Lingam Rasalingam Maha Shivaratri Pradosha Shiva Puja Siddha Vibhuti Other names Worship in Hinduism Main topics Aarti Bhajan Darśana Deities Festivals Homa ( Yajna ) Kirtan Mantra Murti Tilaka Utsava Vrata Yatra Rituals Puja Abhisheka Bhog Naivedhya Panchamakara Panchamrita Parikrama Pranāma Prasad Pushpanjali Homa Yajna Agnicayana Agnihotra Agnikaryam Aupasana Dhuni Kaamya karma Pravargya Purushamedha Putrakameshti Viraja Homa Other Achamana Archana Ashirvad Ashvamedha Darśana Karmkand Kumbhabhishekham Nitya karma Ngejot Panchayatana puja Prana pratishta Sandhyavandanam Shuddhi Shrauta Upakarma Prayer Meditation Ajapa japa Bhajan Brahmamuhurtha Jagran Jai Sri Ram Japa Kirtan Om Sandhyavandanam Shaktipat Stotra Third eye Yoga Mantras Om Hare Krishna Om Namah Shivaya Gayatri Mantra Objects",
"11": "Puja thali Altar Banalinga Banana leaf Biruda Coconut Dhunachi Dhuni Dhupa Diya Cāmara Garland Ghanta Joss stick Kalasha Kamandalu Khirapat Kindi Paduka Palki Panchamrita Pandal Pinda Prayer beads Rangoli Shankha Tilaka Upanayana Uthsavar Yagnopaveetham Materials Agarwood Alta Camphor Charu Ghee Incense Kumkuma Marigold Milk Panchagavya Rudraksha Sandalwood Sindoor Soma Tulsi Turmeric Vibhuti Instruments Dholak Harmonium Karatalas Khol Manjira Mridangam Tabla Iconography Lingam Murti Om Pindi Shaligram Swastika Yoni more . Places Ashram Dwajasthambam Ghat Kalyani Matha Temple Pilgrimage sites Roles Guru Pandit Pujari Rishi Sadhu Sannyasa Swami Yogi more . Sacred animals Nāga Nag Panchami Nagaradhane Sacred plants Trees Akshayavat Ashoka Banyan Kadamba Kalpavriksha Parijaat Peepal Sacred groves Fruits and other plants Bael Kusha grass Lotus Tulsi ( Tulasi chaura Tulsi Vivah ) See also Firewalking Sanskara Temple dance Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=Lingam&oldid=838522037 '' Categories : Forms of Shiva Shaivism Objects used in Hindu worship Hindu symbols Hindu iconography Hindu philosophical concepts Phallic symbols Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from July 2011 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 15 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
2,
5,
9,
3,
12,
6,
7,
11,
10,
4,
8,
1,
0
] |
[
1,
2,
5,
9,
3,
12
] |
-3137549228567557230
|
what are the 5 pillars of faith of islam
|
[
"life",
"prayer",
"concern for the needy",
"self-purification",
"the pilgrimage"
] |
{
"0": "Five Pillars of Islam - wikipedia Five Pillars of Islam Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) Part of a series on Islam Aqidah Five Pillars of Islam ( show ) Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj Sunni ( show ) Six articles of belief God Prophets Holy books Angels The Last Judgement Predestination Sunni theological traditions Ilm al - Kalam Ash'ari Maturidi Sunni Murji'ah Traditionalist Shi'a ( show ) Twelver Principles Tawhid Adalah Prophecy Imamah Qiyamah Practices Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj Khums Jihad Commanding what is just Forbidding what is evil Tawalla Tabarra Seven pillars of Ismailism Walayah Tawhid Salah Zakat Sawm Hajj Jihad Other Shia concepts of Aqidah Imamate Batin Sixth Pillar of Islam Other schools of theology ( show ) Khawarij Ibadi Murji'ah Qadariyah Muʿtazila Sufism Including : Jahmi ; Karramiyya ; Alawites & Qizilbash Sevener - Qarmatians , Assassins & Druzes Ajardi , Azariqa , Bayhasiyya , Najdat & Sūfrī Nūkkārī ; Bahshamiyya & Ikhshîdiyya Alevism , Bektashi Order & Qalandariyya Islam portal Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( show ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( hide ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( show ) Quran Tafsir Sunnah ( Hadith ,",
"1": "Sirah ) Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( show ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( show ) Academics Animals Art Calendar Children Demographics Denominations Economics Education Feminism Festivals Finance LGBT Madrasa Moral teachings Mosque Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Social welfare Women Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal The Five Pillars of Islam ( arkān al - Islām أركان الإسلام ; also arkān al - dīn أركان الدين `` pillars of the religion '' ) are five basic acts in Islam , considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life . They are summarized in the famous hadith of Gabriel . The Shia , Ahmadiyya , and Sunni agree on the essential details for the performance and practice of these acts , but the Shia do not refer to them by the same name ( see Ancillaries of the Faith , for the Twelvers , and Seven pillars of Ismailism ) . They make up Muslim life , prayer , concern for the needy , self - purification , and the pilgrimage , if one is able .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Pillars of Sunni Islam 1.1 Shahada : Faith 1.2 Salah : Prayer 1.3 Zakāt : Charity 1.4 Sawm : Fasting 1.5 Hajj : pilgrimage to Mecca 2 Pillars of Shia Islam 2.1 Twelvers 2.2 Ismailis 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 5.1 Books and journals 5.2 Encyclopedias 6 External links Pillars of Sunni Islam The Five Pillars of Islam An artwork depicting the 5 pillars Shahada : Faith Shahada is a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God ( Allah ) and that Muhammad is God 's messenger . It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic : lā ʾilāha ʾillā - llāhu muḥammadun rasūlu - llāh ( لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله ) `` There is no god but God ( and ) Muhammad is the messenger of God . '' It is essential to utter it to become a Muslim and to convert to Islam . Ṣalāh : prayer Afghan politicians and foreign diplomats praying ( making salah ) at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul , Afghanistan . Salah ( ṣalāh ) is the Islamic prayer . Salah consists of five daily prayers according to the Sunna ; the names are according to the prayer times : Fajr ( dawn ) , Dhuhr ( noon ) , ʿAṣr ( afternoon ) , Maghrib ( evening ) , and ʿIshāʾ ( night ) . The Fajr prayer is performed before sunrise , Dhuhr is performed in the midday after the sun has surpassed its highest point , Asr is the evening prayer before sunset , Maghrib is the evening prayer after sunset and Isha is the night prayer .",
"3": "All of these prayers are recited while facing in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and form an important aspect of the Muslim Ummah . Muslims must wash before prayer ; this washing is called wudu ( `` purification '' ) . The prayer is accompanied by a series of set positions including ; bowing with hands on knees , standing , prostrating and sitting in a special position ( not on the heels , nor on the buttocks ) . A Muslim may perform their prayer anywhere , such as in offices , universities , and fields . However , the mosque is the more preferable place for prayers because the mosque allows for fellowship . Zakāt : charity Zakāt or alms - giving is the practice of charitable giving based on accumulated wealth . The word zakāt can be defined as purification and growth because it allows an individual to achieve balance and encourages new growth . The principle of knowing that all things belong to God is essential to purification and growth . Zakāt is obligatory for all Muslims who are able to do so . It is the personal responsibility of each Muslim to ease the economic hardship of others and to strive towards eliminating inequality . Zakāt consists of spending a portion of one 's wealth for the benefit of the poor or needy , like debtors or travelers . A Muslim may also donate more as an act of voluntary charity ( sadaqah ) , rather than to achieve additional divine reward . There are five principles that should be followed when giving the zakāt : The giver must declare to God his intention to give the zakāt . The zakāt must be paid on the day that it is due . After the offering , the payer must not exaggerate on spending his money more than usual means . Payment must be in kind . This means if one is wealthy then he or she needs to pay a portion of their income . If a person does not have much money , then they should compensate for it in different ways , such as good deeds and good behavior toward others . The zakāt must be distributed in the community from which it was taken . Sawm : fasting Muslims traditionally break their fasts in the month of Ramadan with dates ( like those offered by this date seller in Kuwait City ) , as was the recorded practice ( Sunnah ) of Muhammad .",
"4": "Three types of fasting ( Siyam ) are recognized by the Quran : Ritual fasting , fasting as compensation for repentance ( both from sura Al - Baqara ) , and ascetic fasting ( from Al - Ahzab ) . Ritual fasting is an obligatory act during the month of Ramadan . Muslims must abstain from food and drink from dawn to dusk during this month , and are to be especially mindful of other sins . Fasting is necessary for every Muslim that has reached puberty ( unless he / she suffers from a medical condition which prevents him / her from doing so ) . The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek nearness and to look for forgiveness from God , to express their gratitude to and dependence on him , atone for their past sins , and to remind them of the needy . During Ramadan , Muslims are also expected to put more effort into following the teachings of Islam by refraining from violence , anger , envy , greed , lust , profane language , gossip and to try to get along with fellow Muslims better . In addition , all obscene and irreligious sights and sounds are to be avoided . Fasting during Ramadan is obligatory , but is forbidden for several groups for whom it would be very dangerous and excessively problematic . These include pre-pubescent children , those with a medical condition such as diabetes , elderly people , and pregnant or breastfeeding women . Observing fasts is not permitted for menstruating women . Other individuals for whom it is considered acceptable not to fast are those who are ill or traveling . Missing fasts usually must be made up for soon afterward , although the exact requirements vary according to circumstance . Hajj : pilgrimage to Mecca The Hajj is a pilgrimage that occurs during the Islamic month of Dhu al - Hijjah to the holy city of Mecca . Every able - bodied Muslim is obliged to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life . When the pilgrim is around 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) from Mecca , he / she must dress in Ihram clothing , which consists of two white sheets . Both men and women are required to make the pilgrimage to Mecca . After a Muslim makes the trip to Mecca , he / she is known as a hajj / hajja ( one who made the pilgrimage to Mecca ) .",
"5": "The main rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba termed Tawaf , touching the Black Stone termed Istilam , traveling seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah termed Sa'yee , and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina termed Ramee . The pilgrim , or the haji , is honoured in the Muslim community . Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God , not a means to gain social standing . The believer should be self - aware and examine their intentions in performing the pilgrimage . This should lead to constant striving for self - improvement . A pilgrimage made at any time other than the Hajj season is called an Umrah , and while not mandatory is strongly recommended . Also , they make a pilgrimage to the holy city of Jerusalem in their alms - giving feast . Pillars of Shia Islam Twelvers Twelver Shia Islam has five Usul al - Din and ten Furu al - Din , i.e. , the Shia Islamic beliefs and practices . The Twelver Shia Islam Usul al - Din , equivalent to a Shia Five Pillars , are all beliefs considered foundational to Islam , and thus classified a bit differently from those listed above . They are : Tawhid ( monotheism : belief in the oneness of Allah ) Adl ( divine justice : belief in Allah 's justice ) Nubuwwah ( prophethood ) Imamah ( succession to Muhammad ) Mi'ad ( the day of judgment and the resurrection ) In addition to these five pillars , there are ten practices that Shia Muslims must perform , called the Ancillaries of the Faith ( Arabic : furūʿ al - dīn ) . Salah Sawm Zakat , similar to Sunni Islam , it applies to money , cattle , silver , gold , dates , raisins , wheat , and barley . Khums : an annual taxation of one - fifth ( 20 % ) of the gains that a year has been passed on without using . Khums is paid to the Imams ; indirectly to poor and needy people . Hajj Jihad Enjoining good Forbidding wrong Tawalla : expressing love towards good . Tabarra : expressing disassociation and hatred towards evil .",
"6": "Ismailis Main article : Seven pillars of Ismailism Isma'ilis have their own pillars , which are as follows : Walayah `` Guardianship '' denotes love and devotion to God , the prophets , and the Ismaili Imams and their representatives Tawhid , `` Oneness of God '' . Salah : Unlike Sunni and Twelver Muslims , Nizari Ismailis reason that it is up to the current imām to designate the style and form of prayer . Zakat : with the exception of the Druze , all Ismaili madhhabs have practices resembling that of Sunni and Twelvers , with the addition of the characteristic Shia khums . Sawm : Nizaris and Musta'lis believe in both a metaphorical and literal meaning of fasting . Hajj : For Ismailis , this means visiting the imām or his representative and that this is the greatest and most spiritual of all pilgrimages . The Mustaali maintain also the practice of going to Mecca . The Druze interpret this completely metaphorically as `` fleeing from devils and oppressors '' and rarely go to Mecca . Jihad `` Struggle '' : `` the Greater Struggle '' and `` the Lesser Struggle '' . See also Islamic theology Sixth Pillar of Islam Jewish principles of faith References Jump up ^ `` Pillars of Islam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pillars of Islam '' . Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies . United Kingdom : Oxford University . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Five Pillars '' . United Kingdom : Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Five Pillars of Islam '' . Canada : University of Calgary . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Five Pillars of Islam '' . United Kingdom : BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Pillars of Islam , Oxford Islamic Studies Online Jump up ^ Hooker , Richard ( July 14 , 1999 ) .",
"7": "`` arkan ad - din the five pillars of religion '' . United States : Washington State University . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . United States : Central Intelligence Agency . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hajj Jump up ^ From the article on the Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online Jump up ^ Matthew S. Gordon and Martin Palmer , ' ' Islam ' ' , Info base Publishing , 2009 . Books.Google.fr. 2009 . p. 87 . ISBN 9781438117782 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ridgeon ( 2003 ) , p. 258 Jump up ^ Zakat , Encyclopaedia of Islam Online Jump up ^ Zakat Alms - giving Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 183 -- 187 Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 196 Jump up ^ Quran 33 : 35 Jump up ^ Fasting , Encyclopedia of the Qur'an ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Farah ( 1994 ) , p. 144 - 145 Jump up ^ talhaanjum_9 Jump up ^ Esposito ( 1998 ) , p. 90 , 91 Jump up ^ Tabatabaei ( 2002 ) , p. 211,213 Jump up ^ `` For whom fasting is mandatory '' . USC - MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts . Archived from the original on 8 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 184 Jump up ^ Khan ( 2006 ) , p. 54 Jump up ^ Islam , The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Farah ( 1994 ) , p. 145 - 147 ^ Jump up to : Hoiberg ( 2000 ) , p. 237 -- 238 Jump up ^ Goldschmidt ( 2005 ) , p.",
"8": "48 Jump up ^ See chapter on `` Islamic Beliefs ( the Pillars of Islam ) '' in Invitation to Islam by Sayed Moustafa Al - Qazwini . http://www.al-islam.org/invitation/ Jump up ^ Walsh , John Evangelist . Walking shadows : Orson Welles , William Randolph Hearst , and Citizen Kane . Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press / Popular Press , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Fundamental Beliefs of Muslims '' . Comprehensive Database Mstbsryn , missionaries and Rhyaftgan . Jump up ^ `` Isma'ilism '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 . Bibliography Books and journals Brockopp , Jonathan ; Tamara Sonn ; Jacob Neusner ( 2000 ) . Judaism and Islam in Practice : A Sourcebook . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21673 - 7 . Farah , Caesar ( 1994 ) . Islam : Beliefs and Observances ( 5th ed . ) . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1853 - 0 . Muhammad Hedayetullah ( 2006 ) . Dynamics of Islam : An Exposition . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55369 - 842 - 5 . Khan , Arshad ( 2006 ) . Islam 101 : Principles and Practice . Khan Consulting and Publishing , LLC . ISBN 0 - 9772838 - 3 - 6 . Kobeisy , Ahmed Nezar ( 2004 ) . Counseling American Muslims : Understanding the Faith and Helping the People . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32472 - 7 . Momen , Moojan ( 1987 ) . An Introduction to Shi ` i Islam : The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi ` ism . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 03531 - 5 . Levy , Reuben ( 1957 ) . The Social Structure of Islam . UK : Cambridge University Press .",
"9": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09182 - 4 . Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei ( 2002 ) . Islamic teachings : An Overview and a Glance at the Life of the Holy Prophet of Islam . R. Campbell ( translator ) . Green Gold . ISBN 0 - 922817 - 00 - 6 . Arthur Goldschmidt Jr . & Lawrence Davidson ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East ( 8th ed . ) . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4275 - 7 . Hoiberg , Dale ; Indu Ramchandani ( 2000 ) . Students ' Britannica India . Encyclopædia Britannica ( UK ) Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 760 - 5 . Ridgeon , Lloyd ( 2003 ) . Major World Religions ( 1st ed . ) . RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 29796 - 7 . Encyclopedias P.J. Bearman ; Th . Bianquis ; C.E. Bosworth ; E. van Donzel ; W.P. Heinrichs ( eds . ) . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Brill Academic Publishers . ISSN 1573 - 3912 . Salamone Frank , ed. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Religious Rites , Rituals , and Festivals ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94180 - 8 . External links Tenets of Islam Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online Pillars of Islam . A brief description of the Five Pillars of Islam . Five Pillars of Islam . Complete information about The Five Pillars of Islam . Islam topics Outline of Islam Beliefs God in Islam Tawhid Muhammad In Islam Prophets of Islam Angels Revelation Predestination Judgement",
"10": "Day Five Pillars Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj History Leaders Timeline of Muslim history Conquests Golden Age Historiography Sahaba Ahl al - Bayt Shi'a Imams Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Córdoba Fatimid Almohad Sokoto Ottoman Religious texts Quran Sunnah Hadith Tafsir Seerah Denominations Sunni Shia Ibadi Nation of Islam Ahmadiyya Quranism Non-denominational Life Culture Animals Art Calendar Children Clothing Holidays Mosques Madrasas Moral teachings Music Philosophy Political aspects Qurbani Science medieval Social welfare Women LGBT Islam by country Law Jurisprudence Economics Banking Economic history Sukuk Takaful Murabaha Riba Hygiene Ghusl Miswak Najis Tayammum Toilet Wudu Marriage Sex Marriage contract Mahr Mahram Masturbation Nikah Nikah Mut'ah Zina Other aspects Cleanliness Criminal Dhabiĥa Dhimmi Divorce Diet Ethics Etiquette Gambling Gender segregation Honorifics Hudud Inheritance Jizya Leadership",
"11": "Ma malakat aymanukum Military POWs Slavery Sources of law Theological baligh kalam Islamic studies Arts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy Carpets Gardens Geometric patterns Music Pottery Medieval science Alchemy and chemistry Astronomy Cosmology Geography and cartography Mathematics Medicine Ophthalmology Physics Philosophy Early Contemporary Eschatology Theological Other areas Astrology Creationism ( evolution ) Feminism Inventions Liberalism and progressivism Literature poetry Psychology Shu'ubiyya Conversion to mosques Other religions Christianity Mormonism Protestantism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Sikhism Related topics Apostasy Criticism of Islam Cultural Muslim Islamism Criticism Post-Islamism Qutbism Salafi movement Islamophobia Incidents Islamic terrorism Islamic view of miracles Domestic violence Nursing Persecution of Muslims Quran and miracles Symbolism Islam portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Pillars_of_Islam&oldid=833381778 '' Categories : Cultural lists Five Pillars of Islam Commandments Islamic terminology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2012 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages",
"12": "Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk پښتو Patois Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple",
"13": "English Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Wolof Yorùbá 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 06 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
3,
5,
4,
10,
11,
2,
9,
1,
7,
6,
0,
8,
12,
13
] |
[
3,
5,
4,
10,
11,
2
] |
1197187060494900515
|
when does season 8 of vampire diaries come out
|
[
"on October 21, 2016",
"October 21, 2016",
"October 21, 2016",
"October 21, 2016",
"October 21, 2016"
] |
{
"0": "The Vampire Diaries ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia The Vampire Diaries ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Vampire Diaries ( season 8 ) Season 8 DVD Cover Starring Paul Wesley Ian Somerhalder Kat Graham Candice King Zach Roerig Matt Davis Michael Malarkey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network The CW Original release October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) -- March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of The Vampire Diaries episodes The Vampire Diaries , an American supernatural drama , was renewed for an eighth season by The CW on March 11 , 2016 . On July 23 , 2016 , the CW announced that the upcoming season would be the series ' last and would consist of 16 episodes . The season premiered on October 21 , 2016 and concluded on March 10 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Special appearance 1.5 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Casting 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Main ( edit ) Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett Candice King as Caroline Forbes Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman Michael Malarkey as Lorenzo `` Enzo '' St.",
"1": "John Recurring ( edit ) Kristen Gutoskie as Seline Demetrius Bridges as Dorian Williams Allison Scagliotti as Georgie Dowling Nathalie Kelley as Sybil Lily Rose Mumford as Josette `` Josie '' Saltzman Tierney Mumford as Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Saltzman Wolé Parks as Arcadius `` Cade '' Joel Gretsch as Peter Maxwell Sammi Hanratty as Violet Fell Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan Reece Odum as Karen Special guest ( edit ) Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood Chris Wood as Malachai `` Kai '' Parker Special appearance ( edit ) Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers Marguerite MacIntyre as Liz Forbes David Anders as John Gilbert Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Josette `` Jo '' Laughlin Jasmine Guy as Sheila Bennett Arielle Kebbel as Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson Jaz Sinclair as Beatrice Bennett Natashia Williams as Lucy Bennett Guest ( edit ) Aisha Duran as Virginia St. John Tristin Mays as Sarah Nelson Alexandra Chando as Tara Evan Gamble as Henry Wattles Persia White as Abby Bennett Wilson Melinda Clarke as Kelly Donovan Nina Dobrev as Katherine Pierce / Elena Gilbert Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 156 `` Hello Brother '' Michael A. Allowitz Julie Plec & Kevin Williamson October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) T27. 13301 0.98 A humanity-less Damon and Enzo are on a killing spree as per the vault monster 's orders .",
"2": "Based on fresh leads , Stefan and Bonnie visit the slaughterhouse that Damon and Enzo now call home and try talking sense into them , but the duo are in no way even close to disobeying the vault monster . Alaric and his interns manage to delve deeper into the vault cave and discover ancient remains that have distinct Greek roots . Caroline has her hands full with finding clues and taking care of the kids along with the new nanny , Seline . On another side , Virginia St. John had escaped and gone straight for Seline . Caroline was right on time to save her kids , Seline and grill Virginia on spilling the beans about the vault monster but it was of no use , as Virginia bled to death . Bonnie was reminiscing about her and Enzo when she , along with Alaric , connected a similarity between a certain Greek story Enzo used to tell her and his current method of killing his victims . They all point towards Sirens or The Messengers of The Devil - a Greek myth according to which Fauns use mind control to lure their victims to their death . As the episode draws to a close , Damon and Enzo look on as the vault monster rises from the death pool with death gleaming in her eyes . 157 `` Today Will Be Different '' Pascal Verschooris Melinda Hsu Taylor October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) T27. 13302 0.90 The siren , Sybil can not figure out why Enzo wo n't fully submit to her and in an attempt to get in his head and find out what 's holding him back , she learns about Sarah Salvatore ; the last living Salvatore apart from Damon and Stefan . Sybil tasks Damon , who never knew about Sarah , to kill her . A list of victims named Sarah Nelson ( `` Nelson '' being Sarah 's assumed surname ) appears and Stefan , Caroline , and Bonnie go to the real Sarah 's apartment to protect her from Damon and Enzo , the former of who is knocked out by Sarah with vervain upon their arrival . Enzo tells Bonnie they will both be in danger if he does n't return to Sybil so Bonnie knocks him out and attempts to escape .",
"3": "Eventually , she must let him go but the two share a passionate kiss and he tells her he will never stop fighting for her . At Sarah 's apartment , Damon attempts to kill her but Stefan tells him who she is and begs him to let her go for Elena . Damon lets her go , but Sybil shows up at that moment and kills Sarah . She is upset that Damon is tied to Elena so she changes his memories of Elena to her . Now fully submitted to Sybil , Damon walks out with her . When Enzo returns to Sybil , she gets in his head and sees his kiss with Bonnie . Meanwhile Alaric and his co-worker Georgie discover an artifact with a symbol that Georgie has tattooed on herself that she saw in a hellish state of mind after a near - death experience . In the end , Caroline moves into the Salvatore residence with Stefan , where she discovers he has made a room for her and Alaric 's kids to stay and in the dresser drawer , an engagement ring . After making Stefan officially pop the question , Caroline accepts his proposal . 158 `` You Decided That I Was Worth Saving '' Michael Karasick Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) T27. 13303 0.94 Sybil realizes that both Damon and Enzo are tied to Bonnie and that she is main cause of whatever unwillingness to submit to her that either of them has left . Bonnie wants to put the search on Damon and Enzo on hold to help Caroline shop for a wedding dress but their day is ruined when Damon attacks . Caroline manages to save Bonnie but Sybil launches a new plan in which she forces Enzo and Damon to fight to death . Sybil introduces herself to Bonnie and Caroline and she tells Bonnie that she must choose between the two men . Bonnie , Caroline , and Stefan manage a head start to Damon and Enzo and try to keep the two from killing each other . However Damon eventually gains the upper hand just as Sybil arrives and Bonnie tells her that she chooses Enzo .",
"4": "However , Enzo being the more stubborn of the two , Sybil decides to instead force Enzo to shut off his humanity with Bonnie 's life as a threat ; when Enzo 's humanity is off , Sybil sends Damon to kill Bonnie anyway and Alaric saves her last second and the ensuing supernatural violence is witnessed by Georgie . Bonnie takes Enzo back to their cabin to work on restoring his humanity . Stefan , Alaric , and Caroline , have Sybil captured now with Damon out to fulfill her mysterious plans . 159 `` An Eternity of Misery '' Rob Hardy Brett Matthews & Neil Reynolds November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) T27. 13304 1.00 More than two thousand years ago , Sybil asks her `` sister '' , fellow siren , to tell her a happy story . Her sister tells her about Arcadius `` Cade '' , a man with psychic abilities that was killed for what he was . In his last breath , he used his powers to create a new world where his soul traveled upon his burning at the stake . In the present , Sybil tells Stefan that her boss wants him to know the full story of her and her sister . Sybil 's sister Seline , posing as the nanny of Alaric 's kids , forces Georgie to trap Alaric in the vault and makes Georgie look like the other siren . Sybil 's boss , revealed to be Cade who gave Seline and Sybil their immortality , tortures the souls of humans , considering them to be the most evil in the world . Seline kills Georgie and Georgie 's soul is sucked into what appears to be Hell , where Cade will torture her soul while Seline eats her body . Meanwhile Damon goes after an object that he is subconsciously aware that Sybil wants ; he ends up attacking and nearly killing a man , who is revealed as Matt Donovan 's father . Matt saves his father from Damon , afterward telling him about the existence of vampires . Damon tells Matt that he killed Tyler Lockwood . Matt finds Tyler 's body , confirming Damon killed him .",
"5": "160 5 `` Coming Home Was a Mistake '' James Thompson Celine Geiger November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) T27. 13305 0.92 Matt informs the others of Tyler 's death and when he , Caroline , Stefan , and Alaric go to bury him , they are met by Damon . Matt learns that before Tyler died , he was looking for a siren named Seline with the now deceased Virginia . Seline babysits the twins on her day off and takes them to the carnival . They win a goldfish , which is dead , so Seline decides to explain the process of burial to the twins and tells them about Cade . Damon goes to Sybil wanting to be free of her mind control , which she denies him and is upset that he apparently had n't fully submitted to her . Damon meets Stefan at the carnival where he is knocked out by Caroline . Stefan puts Damon in his coffin to hide until they can defeat the sirens . When Georgie 's remain are discovered , the Armory is left alone and Sybil escapes , taking the tuning fork with her and then frees Damon from the coffin , who has decided not to feel and fully submit to her . Meanwhile Bonnie uses a magical candle from the Armory to keep Enzo inside the cabin and then lights the cabin aflame to use her impending to death to forcibly switch Enzo 's humanity back on . It works and Enzo and Bonnie meet up with the others at the carnival to say goodbye to Tyler . Caroline shows Matt pictures of the girls on her phone and Matt recognizes Seline as the siren . Alaric and Caroline rush to the house only to find Seline and the twins gone with a kids - drawing of Elizabeth , Josette , Seline , and Cade . 161 6 `` Detoured On Some Random Backwoods Path to Hell '' Paul Wesley Alan McElroy December 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) T27. 13306 1.05 Damon and Sybil meet up with Seline and the twins at a diner . Seline reveals her plan to offer up Josette and Elizabeth to Cade for the freedom of her and Sybil 's souls .",
"6": "Alaric and Caroline desperately search for their daughters . Meanwhile Sybil decides to punish Enzo for escaping her by singing to him over the phone , thus putting herself in his subconscious where she tortures him . Stefan uses the predicament to speak to Sybil through Enzo to try and find Josette and Elizabeth . Damon , Sybil , Seline , Josette and Elizabeth arrive at a motel where they use magic to summon Cade . Sybil tells Stefan where she is on the condition he comes alone and promises him an offer he can not refuse . At the motel , Cade is at first interested in Seline 's offer to have the twins become his slaves in about a decade or so until Sybil gives Cade her own offer of the Salvatore brothers instead . Stefan tells Caroline that he offered up his soul and that he was granted twenty - four more hours to be with her . Bonnie and Enzo may finally be free of Sybil , who leaves his subconscious after her meeting with Cade . Alaric and Matt attack Damon , because of the former 's belief that it is necessary to keep his kids safe and Alaric stakes him in the heart . 162 7 `` The Next Time I Hurt Somebody , It Could Be You '' Tanya Hamilton Shukree Hassan Tilghman December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) T27. 13307 0.98 On the night of Christmas Eve 1917 , the ripper Stefan drinks blood from a camp full of people . In the present , Stefan is determined to make the most out of his final day with Caroline over a Christmas Eve dinner . Unfortunately , Damon and Sybil crash the party and Damon stakes Stefan sending him to a meeting with Cade . Cade reveals that on that Christmas Eve a century ago , Seline had witnessed the murder Stefan inflicted on the camp of people and wanted to trade places with him , only to realize he was n't evil and she erased his memory of their meeting and his slaughter of the camp . However , Cade had decided way back then that Stefan was a perfect servant for him . Meanwhile , distraught over the ruined Christmas festivities , Caroline gives Damon a present that could alter his decision to kill someone that night .",
"7": "Bonnie and Enzo find Seline and ask her for the tuning fork to which she agrees to give them on the condition that she can remove the psychic powers she had planted inside of Josette and Elizabeth , hoping to redeem herself and not go to hell when she dies . When Damon and Sybil leave the party , Damon gives her Caroline 's present , not having known what it was . When he sees it is Elena 's old necklace , he rips out Sybil 's heart and leaves her to die . Stefan proposes a deal to Cade to turn off his humanity , so that he can feed Cade souls more rapidly in exchange for Cade shortening his contract to serving him for only a year as opposed to eternity . Cade agrees to the deal but makes it apparent that he doubts Stefan will want to leave him after serving him for a year . Caroline spends her last few hours with her daughters before Alaric takes them away to be safe and it is discovered that Bonnie and the twins also all receive splitting headaches when the tuning fork is used around them . In the end , Damon and Stefan drive out of Mystic Falls and Stefan turns off his humanity . 163 8 `` We Have History Together '' Ian Somerhalder Matthew D'Ambrosio January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) T27. 13308 0.95 Stefan decides that he wants Tara , a young doctor , to be Cade 's next meal . In his plot to find the darkness within her , he knocks up Damon on vervain and keeps him on bed rest in the hospital . Stefan learns that Tara 's parents were killed by a drunk driver and compels her into believing that Damon was the driver in an attempt to convince her to kill Damon . She eventually gives into her darkness so Stefan takes her to be fed on by Cade . Meanwhile in Mystic Falls , Caroline 's job sends her to her old high school where she discovers Sybil has used her siren ability to get herself a job as a teacher . Sybil uses her powers to make the class tie themselves to trees with one remaining student to set them ablaze unless Caroline retrieves an old bell for her for a mysterious reason .",
"8": "Matt is annoyed with his father for having abandon him and even more so when he discovers that he is the one that got rid of the bell by throwing it in the lake under Wickery Bridge , which is revealed to be because Matt 's family actually founded the town and made the bell , but it was taken over by the founding family . It is then revealed that the bell was discovered in 2009 , after Elena 's parents ' car went into the lake and is now in Caroline 's garage ; Caroline and Sybil go to retrieve it but Seline had taken it , leaving a note for Sybil to taunt her . Damon ca n't seem to rid himself of Elena 's necklace , even going after it after throwing it out the car window , showing that he has enough humanity to care about Elena . Sybil also creates doubt inside of Caroline about Stefan coming back from his ripper phase when his contract with Cade is up and even if he does , he could become a ripper again at any time . 164 9 `` The Simple Intimacy of the Near Touch '' Geoff Shotz Neil Reynolds & Penny Cox January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) T27. 13309 0.86 Damon has the bell striker so Sybil makes him return to Mystic Falls to give it to her . While Damon does return , he realizes he can tell Sybil no and ultimately denies her the striker and locks her up . Meanwhile Stefan turns Violet into vampire during the Miss Mystic Falls pageant and Caroline comforts her after returning her engagement ring to Stefan . Also , Seline is determined to assemble the bell herself and reveals it can kill sirens and that she wants to kill Sybil as a part of righting her past misdeeds and she teams up with Dorian to do so . Elsewhere , Enzo gives a vial of his blood to Bonnie in the form of a necklace , hoping she 'll become a vampire to be with him for eternity . However , with her life tied to Elena 's she is unsure of how it would affect her . In the end , Bonnie suggests that Enzo take the cure and Sybil , chained up by Damon , uses her powers to return Damon 's humanity to him , flooding him with guilt from his recent actions under the siren 's control .",
"9": "165 10 `` Nostalgia 's a Bitch '' Kellie Cyrus Brett Matthews January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) T27. 13310 0.94 Sybil has put Damon into a catatonic state , forcing Bonnie and Caroline to free her so that she will release him in exchange for the bell . However , Sybil realizes Damon 's mind is in an induced hellish state , put there by himself because of his guilt . Bonnie and Caroline go into his subconscious to speak with Damon and tell him they forgive him for everything . Meanwhile Stefan kills Violet and reveals that Cade is requiring more souls so he makes a deal to acquire the bell for Sybil so that Damon will be conscious again and do his share of killing . Afterward , Seline offers another deal , which involves Matt ringing the bell twelve times in order to release hell on earth and kill everyone in Mystic Falls . Stefan compels Matt into doing so and then goes to retrieve Damon after being told that the Damon 's need for forgiveness is about him . Once inside Damon 's head , Stefan realizes Damon needs to forgive Stefan for turning him into a vampire all those years ago , causing every terrible thing that has happened since . Damon wakes up and Stefan is chained and told by Caroline that she loves him and she will do whatever it takes to restore his humanity . Damon stops Matt at the eleventh ring , which stops hell from burning the town , but allows enough power for Cade to come to the real world . In the final scene , Cade meets Sybil and Seline at a diner , where after telling the sirens that he 'll take it from there , lights them on fire . 166 11 `` You Made a Choice to Be Good '' Carol Banker Melinda Hsu Taylor & Celine Geiger February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) T27. 13311 0.92 Cade frees Stefan from captivity and sends him on a mission . He then tells Damon that his work is n't cutting it and that by sundown he must either kill one hundred people or Caroline .",
"10": "Bonnie encourages Enzo to complete his bucket list before taking the cure ; once complete , they travel to a house she bought in New York where she is secretly keeping Elena . Caroline and Damon scheme to give the cure to Cade so that they can kill him and Bonnie reluctantly agrees to draw Elena 's blood and give them the dosage instead of Enzo . Cade later reveals that his mission for Stefan was also to kill a hundred people or Elena . Stefan chose the latter and so Damon races to New York to stop him . Stefan compels Bonnie 's realtor to sign the house over to herself and then invite him in so that he can get to Elena . Bonnie draws the blood from Elena and then gives it to Stefan after Stefan arrives at the house and kills Enzo . 167 12 `` What Are You ? '' Darren Genet Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) T27. 13312 1.11 Stefan is arrested following his transition back into a human . Caroline manages to compel the police of his innocence but it does n't erase the guilt inside of him . Bonnie is devastated about Enzo 's death and her mother , Abby , comes to her house to console her . The two discover that Enzo is trying to communicate with Bonnie and that when he died , Bonnie opened the door between hell and earth . She tries to pull Enzo from hell but Abby ultimately burns his body , knowing that he would just drag Bonnie down with him . Cade tells Damon that their contract is up because of Stefan no longer being a vampire and tells Damon that he will claim Stefan 's soul to take to hell at midnight if Damon does n't retrieve the Maxwell journal . Matt , Alaric , and Dorian attempt to discover why the journal is important and Matt sees events from 1790 where his ancestor Ethan and Bonnie 's ancestor Beatrice created the Maxwell bell and then encountered Seline and Sybil . The sirens forced Ethan to ring the bell twelve times and send hellfire to the town and he killed one hundred people . Beatrice trapped Seline and Sybil in the vault and Ethan wrote how to kill Cade in the Maxwell journal .",
"11": "In the present , Damon takes the journal and gives it to Cade , who burns it . Damon later tells Alaric that he is certain a certain artifact they have is how to kill the devil , having heard Sybil say it once . In the last scene , Damon and Alaric make plans to kill Cade and then Kai mysteriously walks in and says he has a better idea . 168 13 `` The Lies Will Catch Up with You '' Tony Solomons Neil Reynolds February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) T27. 13313 0.99 It is revealed that when Matt rang the bell eleven times and Cade came to Mystic Falls , Kai was able to as well , but only halfway , so he enlists Damon and Alaric 's help to bring him back fully in exchange for him waking up Elena . Matt and Caroline learn that everyone Stefan ever compelled are now remembering things they 've forgotten . This includes Dorian , who abducts Stefan and explains that he now recalls Stefan murdering his family back when Stefan was being forced to work for Klaus . Dorian shoots Stefan , but then regrets it and tries to get him to a hospital . Cade comes to Stefan during an out of body state as a result of him dying and tells Stefan that Caroline would be better off without him . In the hospital , Stefan breaks up with Caroline and tells her that he is leaving Mystic Falls . Bonnie finds out that she has psychic powers and tries to contact Enzo . She does with Cade 's help and learns that like when Cade created hell , she created a place where Enzo 's spirit now resides . Alaric brings the girls to see Caroline and tells her that they have lost control of their powers . Cade learns Kai escaped from hell and Damon tries to convince him that he can only be fully redeemed and saved from Cade if he brings back Elena . They go to her casket where Kai stabs Damon , tells him that he does n't believe in redemption , and escapes with Elena while Damon falls to the floor , desiccating .",
"12": "169 14 `` It 's Been a Hell of a Ride '' Pascal Verschooris Brett Matthews & Shukree Hassan Tilghman February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) T27. 13314 1.04 Enzo encourages Bonnie to forgive Stefan . Kai gives Elena to Cade and Cade keeps Damon from dying so as to use him to get the dagger that can kill the devil and deliver it to him in exchange for Elena . Damon keeps Stefan from leaving when telling him that Cade has Elena ; they go after Kai , who has the dagger , and get it from him as well as abducting him and trapping him in the Armory . Caroline goes to Kai for help with the twins ' uncontrollable siphoning to which Kai reveals that the Armory causes an outburst of witch siphoning powers and then uses that power to escape and go after the girls . Alaric rings the Maxwell bell to weaken Cade while Stefan goes to kill the devil ; however , Kai calls him and reveals his intentions to kill the twins and so Alaric must deal with that and since he is n't ringing the bell , Cade overpowers Stefan . Eventually , Alaric and Caroline defeat Kai and then Alaric reveals that he wants the two of them to run a school for kids like Josie and Elizabeth . Damon meets Cade and Stefan in the cave and Cade tries to force him to choose between the deaths of Elena or Stefan . Damon ends up choosing himself ; he kills himself but is rescued by Bonnie who fights Cade for his soul . While Cade and Bonnie 's psychic powers are battling , Stefan uses the dagger on Cade and kills him . A psychic blast from Cade 's death sends Damon 's soul back into his body ; Bonnie makes it clear that she has n't forgiven Stefan but he tells her that he wo n't give up on her forgiveness . Stefan also re-proposes to Caroline and she accepts . Bonnie traps Kai in another prison world and he tells her that when Cade died , the person given power over hell was Katherine ; Bonnie relays this information to Damon .",
"13": "170 15 `` We 're Planning a June Wedding '' Chris Grismer Story by : Jen Vestuto & Melissa Marlette Teleplay by : Melinda Hsu Taylor March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) T27. 13315 1.14 Matt 's mother , Kelly returns to Mystic Falls claiming to want to be there for Matt , but it is soon revealed that she is working with Katherine and had been after having died two years ago . Damon concocts a plan to lure out Katherine by throwing the last minute wedding of Stefan and Caroline . Damon and Stefan also construct a dagger made from Katherine 's bones to kill her . Bonnie tells Caroline she ca n't be at the wedding of the man who killed Enzo , but Enzo encourages her to go for her best friend . At the wedding , Kelly slits Peter 's throat after a failed attempt to get the dagger from him . Everyone expects Katherine to interrupt the ceremony , but she does n't , so Stefan and Caroline say their vows and actually get married . During the reception , Bonnie goes with the twins to the Lockwood house ; Kelly interrupts Damon 's speech and reveals that the Lockwood house is going to catch fire because she started a gas leak . The fire starts with Bonnie and the girls in the house . However , Josie and Elizabeth are able to siphon Bonnie 's magic to save them and they all use their power to escape with Bonnie having to lose her connection to Enzo in the process . In the end , Kelly reveals that Katherine 's plan was to distract them with the housefire while a now resurrected Vicki Donovan has returned and begins ringing the Maxwell bell to bring hellfire to Mystic Falls ; as the bell rings , Bonnie falls to the ground , nose bleeding , and presumably dying . 171 16 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Julie Plec Julie Plec & Kevin Williamson March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) T27. 13316 1.15 As Stefan and Caroline attempt to revive Bonnie , Bonnie enters the state between life and death and sees Elena . Enzo comes and tells Bonnie that it is n't her time and she returns to her body .",
"14": "Katherine finally reveals herself to the Salvatore brothers and even though Stefan stabs her with the dagger made from her bones , she comes back to Damon later , revealing that she can leave hell whenever she wants and that Cade had been under her control since her death . Vicki reveals that she wants to die from the hellfire so as not to return to hell , where she has been residing in a miserable existence . Vicki will ring the bell every five minutes until the end of the hour . Matt and the police evacuate the town . Alaric , Caroline , and the twins leave Mystic Falls when Bonnie comes up with a plan to use her magic to reverse the hellfire back into hell , destroying it and Katherine . Damon stays with Katherine in the tunnels under the Armory to make sure she is in hell when Bonnie does this ; Stefan comes forward to sacrifice himself instead , and Damon refuses , telling his brother he lov e him before compelling him to leave . However , Stefan is able to override the compulsion because he had vervain in his system and then hurries back into the tunnels , where he injects a syringe filled with his blood into Damon , making him human and then dies while making sure Katherine is in hell while her body is destroyed . Stefan visits Elena in the state between life and death , tells her what happened , and then joins Lexi in the afterlife . Some time later , Bonnie breaks Elena 's sleeping curse and Elena reunites with her , Damon , Caroline , Matt and Alaric . The Salvatore boarding house is turned into a school for supernatural children by Caroline and Alaric with Jeremy and Dorian among the people running it and a donation from Klaus . Matt is awarded with a bench in his honour for saving the town that night and announces that he 'll run for Mayor . Bonnie decides that she wants to travel the world and live her spared life to the fullest . Vicki , Tyler , Liz , Jo , and Enzo are shown watching over the living . After having lived their long and happy life together , Elena reunites with her parents , John , and Jenna in her form of Peace at the Gilbert family home , while Damon reunites with Stefan at the Salvatore mansion , concluding the series . Production ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 20 , 2016 .",
"15": "It was announced on July 23 , 2016 , that season 8 of The Vampire Diaries would be the series ' last . The season would contain 16 episodes . Filming for the season ended on February 8 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) On January 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Nina Dobrev would return as Elena Gilbert in the series finale . At the end of the episode , `` It 's Been a Hell of a Ride '' on February 24 , 2017 , it was revealed that Dobrev would reprise her role of Katherine Pierce as well . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Hello Brother '' October 21 , 2016 0.4 / 2 0.98 0.3 0.63 0.7 1.62 `` Today Will Be Different '' October 28 , 2016 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.4 0.72 0.7 1.62 `` You Decided That I Was Worth Saving '' November 4 , 2016 0.4 / 2 0.94 0.3 0.69 0.7 1.63 `` An Eternity of Misery '' November 11 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.00 0.3 0.73 0.7 1.72 5 `` Coming Home Was a Mistake '' November 18 , 2016 0.3 / 1 0.92 0.4 N / A 0.7 N / A 6 `` Detoured On Some Random Backwoods Path to Hell '' December 2 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.05 0.4 0.72 0.8 1.",
"16": "78 7 `` The Next Time I Hurt Somebody , It Could Be You '' December 9 , 2016 0.4 / 1 0.98 0.5 0.90 0.9 1.88 8 `` We Have History Together '' January 13 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.95 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` The Simple Intimacy of the Near Touch '' January 20 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.4 0.74 0.7 1.60 10 `` Nostalgia 's a Bitch '' January 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.94 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` You Made a Choice to Be Good '' February 3 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.92 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` What Are You ? '' February 10 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.11 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` The Lies Will Catch Up with You '' February 17 , 2017 0.4 / 1 0.99 0.4 0.75 0.8 1.74 14 `` It 's Been a Hell of a Ride '' February 24 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.04 0.4 0.69 0.8 1.74 15 `` We 're Planning a June Wedding '' March 3 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 TBD TBD TBD TBD 16 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' March 10 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.15 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 11 , 2016 ) .",
"17": "`` The CW Renews ALL 11 Series For Next Season , Including Veterans ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con : ' The Vampire Diaries ' to End With Season 8 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` The CW Fall Premiere Dates : Supergirl , The Flash , Arrow , TVD and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss Explains Damon and Enzo 's Dark Finale Twist , Offers Hope for ' Steroline ' in Season 8 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Asadi , Abby ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Candice King Q&A -- Denver 's very own vampire next door '' . 303 Magazine . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Julie Plec on Instagram Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Casts Kristen Gutoskie ; Christina Moses Joins ' The Originals ' '' . DeadLine . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AfterBuzz TV ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Julie Plec ( The Vampire Diaries ) at San Diego Comic - Con 2016 '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Casts Stitchers Star as Mysterious Season 8 Character '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Once , Grey 's , Walking Dead , Supernatural , Legends , Suits , TVD , Blindspot and More '' . TVLine .",
"18": "Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Instagram photo by Lily Rose * Miley * Tierney Jul 19 , 2016 at 1 : 14pm UTC '' . instagram.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 803 ) `` You Decided That I Was Worth Saving '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Vampire Diaries : Chris Wood returning as Kai '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vampire Diaries : Steven R. McQueen Returning as Jeremy for Series Finale '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niel , Dan ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Season 8 Finale Comebacks : Nina Dobrev , Sara Canning , David Anders , Steven McQueen And More '' . iTech Post . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Interview : we did just book `` Sheriff Forbes '' aka my best friend Marguerite McIntyre for a little cameo in the third episode . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : David Anders Hints at John Gilbert 's Series Finale Return '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tristin Mays ( @ Trizzio ) ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Guess who 's back ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( # 808 ) `` We Have History Together '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Vampire Diaries : Kelly Donovan returns ... for a wedding ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Season 8 Spoilers : Nina Dobrev Return Already Planned Out by Producer '' . australianetworknews.com . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ninadobrev `` I know it 's Thursday , but this is not a TBT . # BackOnSet # TVDForever '' `` . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' MacGyver ' adjust down vs. World Series : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up , all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts up , ' Dr. Ken , ' ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' & ' I Love Lucy ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 .",
"20": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' and ' Dateline ' adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ′ adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' adjusts up , ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Vampire Diaries ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2017 ) .",
"21": "`` ' When We Rise ' finale adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Grimm ' adjust down , ' Vampire Diaries ' finale holds : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Malarkey on Twitter Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig . `` The Vampire Diaries To End With Season 8 '' . KSiteTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' : Nina Dobrev To Return For Series Finale '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) .",
"22": "`` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 .",
"23": "External links ( edit ) ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come ,",
"24": "All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J.",
"25": "Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vampire_Diaries_(season_8)&oldid=836954614 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons The Vampire Diaries ( season 8 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 21 : 06 . About Wikipedia",
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
16,
20,
19,
13,
21,
18,
25,
17,
6,
0,
14,
23,
5,
22,
2,
9,
10,
11,
12,
1,
7,
15,
8,
24,
3,
4
] |
[
16,
20,
19,
13,
21
] |
-4656412633124562768
|
who won entertainer of the year country music awards
|
[
"Garth Brooks",
"Garth Brooks",
"Garth Brooks",
"Garth Brooks"
] |
{
"0": "Country music Association award for Entertainer of the Year - wikipedia Country music Association award for Entertainer of the Year Jump to : navigation , search Country Music Association Award for Entertainer of the Year Country United States Presented by Country Music Association First awarded 1967 Currently held by Garth Brooks ( 2017 ) The Country Music Association Awards is a major awards show in country music , with the highest honor being the award for Entertainer of the Year . Garth Brooks has won the most awards with six . In 1972 , Loretta Lynn became the first female artist to be honored with this award . Barbara Mandrell became the first artist to win twice . Recipients ( edit ) Six - time entertainer recipient Garth Brooks George Strait received the award in 1989 , 1990 and 2013 Taylor Swift is the youngest artist and second woman to win twice Brad Paisley received the honor in 2010 Four - time recipient Kenny Chesney Back - to - back winner Alan Jackson Dixie Chicks are the only female group to be crowned Shania Twain was the first non-American winner Two - time recipient Vince Gill is also a five - time male vocalist 1986 winner Reba McEntire Alabama have received the honor three times Barbara Mandrell is the first person to win twice 1979 recipient Willie Nelson 1978 entertainer of the year Dolly Parton is also a two - time female vocalist Loretta Lynn is the first woman to win entertainer of the year 1971 recipient Charley Pride was the only person of colour to win a CMA award until 2009 1968 recipient Glen Campbell Year Winner Nominees 2017 Garth Brooks Luke Bryan Eric Church Chris Stapleton Keith Urban 2016 Garth Brooks Carrie Underwood Luke Bryan Chris Stapleton Keith Urban 2015 Luke Bryan Miranda Lambert Eric Church Kenny Chesney Garth Brooks 2014 Luke Bryan Miranda Lambert Blake Shelton George Strait Keith Urban",
"1": "2013 George Strait Jason Aldean Luke Bryan Blake Shelton Taylor Swift 2012 Blake Shelton Jason Aldean Kenny Chesney Brad Paisley Taylor Swift 2011 Taylor Swift Jason Aldean Brad Paisley Blake Shelton Keith Urban Brad Paisley Lady Antebellum Miranda Lambert Keith Urban Zac Brown Band 2009 Taylor Swift Kenny Chesney Brad Paisley George Strait Keith Urban 2008 Kenny Chesney Brad Paisley George Strait Sugarland Keith Urban 2007 Kenny Chesney Brad Paisley Rascal Flatts George Strait Keith Urban 2006 Kenny Chesney Brooks & Dunn Alan Jackson Rascal Flatts Keith Urban 2005 Keith Urban Kenny Chesney Alan Jackson Toby Keith Brad Paisley Kenny Chesney Brooks & Dunn Alan Jackson Toby Keith Tim McGraw 2003 Alan Jackson Brooks & Dunn Kenny Chesney Toby Keith Tim McGraw 2002 Alan Jackson Brooks & Dunn Kenny Chesney Toby Keith George Strait Tim McGraw Brooks & Dunn Dixie Chicks Alan Jackson George Strait 2000 Dixie Chicks Faith Hill Alan Jackson Tim McGraw George Strait 1999 Shania Twain Garth Brooks Dixie Chicks Tim",
"2": "McGraw George Strait 1998 Garth Brooks Brooks & Dunn Vince Gill Tim McGraw George Strait Garth Brooks Brooks & Dunn Vince Gill Alan Jackson George Strait Brooks & Dunn Garth Brooks Vince Gill Alan Jackson George Strait 1995 Alan Jackson Brooks & Dunn Garth Brooks Vince Gill Reba McEntire Vince Gill Brooks & Dunn Garth Brooks Alan Jackson Reba McEntire Vince Gill Brooks & Dunn Garth Brooks Alan Jackson Reba McEntire Garth Brooks Vince Gill Alan Jackson Reba McEntire Travis Tritt 1991 Garth Brooks Clint Black Vince Gill Reba McEntire George Strait George Strait Clint Black Kathy Mattea Randy Travis Hank Williams , Jr . George Strait Reba McEntire Randy Travis Ricky Van Shelton Hank Williams , Jr . Hank Williams , Jr . The Judds Reba McEntire George Strait Randy Travis Hank Williams , Jr .",
"3": "The Judds Reba McEntire George Strait Randy Travis 1986 Reba McEntire The Judds Willie Nelson Ricky Skaggs George Strait 1985 Ricky Skaggs Alabama Lee Greenwood Reba McEntire George Strait 1984 Alabama Lee Greenwood Barbara Mandrell Ronnie Milsap Oak Ridge Boys Alabama Merle Haggard Barbara Mandrell Willie Nelson Ricky Skaggs 1982 Alabama Barbara Mandrell Willie Nelson Oak Ridge Boys Ricky Skaggs 1981 Barbara Mandrell Alabama George Jones Oak Ridge Boys Kenny Rogers 1980 Barbara Mandrell Charlie Daniels Band Larry Gatlin & The Gatlin Brothers Willie Nelson Kenny Rogers 1979 Willie Nelson Crystal Gayle Barbara Mandrell Kenny Rogers Statler Brothers 1978 Dolly Parton Crystal Gayle Ronnie Milsap Kenny Rogers Mel Tillis 1977 Ronnie Milsap Merle Haggard Waylon Jennings Dolly Parton Kenny Rogers 1976 Mel Tillis Waylon Jennings Ronnie Milsap Willie Nelson Dolly Parton John Denver Waylon Jennings Loretta Lynn Ronnie Milsap Conway Twitty Charlie Rich Roy Clark Mac Davis Loretta Lynn Olivia Newton - John 1973 Roy Clark Merle Haggard Tom T.",
"4": "Hall Loretta Lynn Charley Pride 1972 Loretta Lynn Merle Haggard Freddie Hart Charley Pride Jerry Reed 1971 Charley Pride Merle Haggard Loretta Lynn Jerry Reed Conway Twitty 1970 Merle Haggard Glen Campbell Eddy Arnold Johnny Cash Charley Pride 1969 Johnny Cash Glen Campbell Roy Clark Merle Haggard Charley Pride 1968 Glen Campbell Eddy Arnold Johnny Cash Merle Haggard Charley Pride 1967 Eddy Arnold Bill Anderson Merle Haggard Sonny James Buck Owens See also ( edit ) Academy of Country Music Award for Entertainer of the Year References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nominees and Winners - 2017 CMA Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Snubs and Surprises of 2017 CMA Awards Nominees : Taylor Swift Returns , Blake Shelton Nowhere to be Found '' . Jump up ^ `` 2016 cma winners - Google Search '' . www.google.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` CMA Awards 2015 : The Complete Winners List '' . Jump up ^ `` CMA Awards 2014 : And the Winners Are ... '' Jump up ^ `` CMA Awards 2013 : Full Winners List '' . Jump up ^ `` 2012 CMA Awards Winners -- Full List '' . Taste of Country . Jump up ^ `` 2011 CMA Awards Winners '' . The Boot . Jump up ^ `` CMA Awards 2010 : List of Winners '' .",
"5": "Country Music Association Awards Awards ceremonies 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Categories Entertainer of the Year Male Vocalist of the Year Female Vocalist of the Year Album of the Year Lifetime Achievement Related articles List of ceremonies Country Music Association Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Country_Music_Association_Award_for_Entertainer_of_the_Year&oldid=828514410 '' Categories : American country music Country music awards Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 01 : 00 . About Wikipedia",
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
2,
0,
1,
4,
3,
5
] |
[
2,
0,
1,
4,
3,
5
] |
8089219450279289059
|
batman and robin episode only fools and horses
|
[
"\"Heroes and Villains\""
] |
{
"0": "Heroes and Villains ( Only Fools and Horses ) - wikipedia Heroes and Villains ( Only Fools and Horses ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Heroes and Villains ( disambiguation ) . `` Heroes and Villains '' Only Fools and Horses episode Episode no . Episode 13 ( Christmas Special ) Directed by Tony Dow Written by John Sullivan Produced by Gareth Gwenlan Original air date 25 December 1996 ( 21.3 million viewers ) Running time 60 minutes 58 : 40 ( DVD ) 58 : 42 ( iTunes ) List of episodes `` Heroes and Villains '' is an episode of the BBC sitcom , Only Fools and Horses , first screened on 25 December 1996 as the first part of the 1996 Christmas trilogy and the thirteenth Christmas special . It attracted a UK television audience of 21.3 million , at the time a record for the show . In the episode , Del and Rodney are invited to a fancy dress party . They arrive dressed as Batman and Robin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Episode cast 3 Trivia 4 Reception 5 Popular culture 6 Music 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The episode opens with Rodney 's futuristic dream , in which a grown - up Damien , head of the now multinational and all - powerful Trotters Independent Traders , apparently rules the Western world in the year 2026 , barking orders to President Keanu Reeves to declare war on China , claiming that `` war is good '' . Del Boy ( who is now Lord of Peckham ) and Raquel live in a luxurious office block , Trotter Towers , but Rodney himself is merely an old messenger , Cassandra is a maid ( after Damien took over her bank and fired her ) , and Uncle Albert 's body has been preserved ( all he can say is his trademark phrase `` During the war ... '' on a constant loop ) . Rodney wakes up back in the present day on his birthday , on which he receives an identity bracelet from Del with the name `` Rooney '' .",
"1": "Del 's application for a council grant has been rejected , and Raquel receives a letter from her estranged parents , who want to meet her again . It emerges that Rodney and Cassandra have been trying for a baby , which leads to an unsuspecting Uncle Albert drinking one of Cassandra 's urine specimens , believing it to be apple juice . Meanwhile at Sid 's cafe , Trigger is telling everyone in earshot about a medal he received from the local council for using the same broom for twenty years , despite the fact that it has actually had 17 new heads and 14 new handles in that time . Del buys tickets for himself and Rodney to attend a publican 's fancy dress birthday party , Cassandra goes to Spain with her mother , and Raquel and Damien visit her parents . At Del 's insistence , he and Rodney go to the party dressed as Batman and Robin respectively , but their Reliant Regal van breaks down halfway there and they have to run the rest of the way . En route they interrupt an attempt to mug Councillor Murray and , emerging from the fog dressed as Batman and Robin , promptly scare away the thieves . Del and Rodney arrive at the party , unaware that the publican , Harry Malcolm , had in fact died the day before and the fancy dress has thus been cancelled in favour of a wake ( a fact that Boycie , who met them in the doorway , `` forgot '' to mention ) , and they burst into the main room singing the Batman theme tune . Del and Rodney are in the market the next day and see the gang of muggers again , this time attacking an elderly woman . Rodney gives chase , before one of the muggers then starts chasing him ; Del ultimately knocks the mugger unconscious with his suitcase . Del ( though not Rodney , much to his annoyance ) receives a medal for apprehending the gang . While at the awards ceremony , he meets Councillor Murray again , who offers to do him a favour in return for rescuing her . That night Del announces that his application for a council grant has now been approved , and Rodney reveals that Cassandra is pregnant .",
"2": "Episode cast ( edit ) Actor Role David Jason Del Boy Nicholas Lyndhurst Rodney Buster Merryfield Uncle Albert Tessa Peake - Jones Raquel Gwyneth Strong Cassandra Roger Lloyd - Pack Trigger John Challis Boycie Kenneth MacDonald Mike Sue Holderness Marlene Paul Barber Denzil Roy Heather Sid Angela Bruce Councillor Murray Douglas Hodge Old Damien Jamie Smith Damien Steve Weston Kenny Scott Marshall Gary ( mugger ) Dan Clark Scott ( mugger ) Furman Dar Kevin ( mugger ) Sheree Murphy Dawn ( mugger ) Bay White Old Lady Robin Meredith Mayor Richard Hicks Photographer Ted Shepherd Tom ( Commissionaire ) Trivia ( edit ) Douglas Hodge , who played Damien as an adult , was the real - life partner of Tessa Peake - Jones , who played his mother . Reception ( edit ) In a 2001 poll , Heroes and Villains was voted the UK 's favourite Christmas show of all time . It received 35 % of the vote in the survey of 1,500 viewers . Popular culture ( edit ) The Batman and Robin scene from the episode was partially re-created by actors during the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony . Music ( edit ) M People : Sight for Sore Eyes UB40 & Chrissie Hynde : I Got You Babe The Children Of Dunblane : Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door Dodgy : Good Enough Boyzone : Coming Home Now Spice Girls : 2 Become 1 Neal Hefti : Batman Theme Del Boy & Rodney Trotter : Three Lions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Day , Julia ( 7 December 2001 ) . `` Del Boy is Christmas number one '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Del tops Christmas TV poll '' . BBC News . 7 December 2001 . Retrieved 21 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Singh , Anita ( 10 August 2012 ) . `` London 2012 Closing Ceremony : here come the Spice Girls '' . The Daily Telegraph .",
"3": "External links ( edit ) `` Heroes and Villains '' at bbc.co.uk Heroes and Villains at IMDb Heroes and Villains at OFAH.net Episode Script ( hide ) Only Fools and Horses episodes Series 1 `` Big Brother '' `` Go West Young Man '' `` Cash and Curry '' `` The Second Time Around '' `` A Slow Bus to Chingford '' `` The Russians Are Coming '' Series 2 `` The Long Legs of the Law '' `` Ashes to Ashes '' `` A Losing Streak '' `` No Greater Love '' `` The Yellow Peril '' `` It Never Rains ... '' `` A Touch of Glass '' Series 3 `` Homesick '' `` Healthy Competition '' `` Friday the 14th '' `` Yesterday Never Comes '' `` May the Force Be with You '' `` Wanted '' `` Who 's a Pretty Boy ? '' Series 4 `` Happy Returns '' `` Strained Relations '' `` Hole in One '' `` It 's Only Rock and Roll '' `` Sleeping Dogs Lie '' `` Watching the Girls Go By '' `` As One Door Closes '' Series 5 `` From Prussia with Love '' `` The Miracle of Peckham '' `` The Longest Night '' `` Tea for Three '' `` Video Nasty '' `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ''",
"4": "Series 6 `` Yuppy Love '' `` Danger UXD '' `` Chain Gang '' `` The Unlucky Winner Is ... '' `` Sickness and Wealth '' `` Little Problems '' Series 7 `` The Sky 's the Limit '' `` The Chance of a Lunchtime '' `` Stage Fright '' `` The Class of ' 62 '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Uncle '' `` Three Men , a Woman and a Baby '' Specials 1980s `` Christmas Crackers '' `` Diamonds Are for Heather '' `` Thicker than Water '' `` To Hull and Back '' `` A Royal Flush '' `` The Frog 's Legacy '' `` Dates '' `` The Jolly Boys ' Outing '' 1990s `` Rodney Come Home '' `` Miami Twice '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Fatal Extraction '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Modern Men '' `` Time on Our Hands '' 2000s `` If They Could See Us Now '' `` Strangers on the Shore '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' Miscellaneous `` Christmas Trees '' `` Licensed to Drill '' `` White Mice '' `` Royal Variety Show '' `` The Robin Flies at Dawn '' `` Comic Relief Special '' `` Beckham in Peckham '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heroes_and_Villains_(Only_Fools_and_Horses)&oldid=810842467 '' Categories : 1996 British television episodes 1996 television specials British television specials Christmas television episodes Only Fools and Horses episodes Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 20 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
3,
1,
2,
4
] |
[
0,
3,
1,
2,
4
] |
3151927509337205301
|
who starred in the pirates of the caribbean
|
[
"Johnny Depp",
"Geoffrey Rush",
"Kevin McNally",
"Orlando Bloom",
"Keira Knightley",
"Jack Davenport",
"Jonathan Pryce"
] |
{
"0": "Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) - wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Pirates of the Caribbean Directed by Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) Rob Marshall ( 4 ) Joachim Rønning ( 5 -- 6 ) Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Ted Elliott ( 1 -- 4 ) Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) Story by Ted Elliott ( 1 , 4 ) Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 5 ) Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) Based on Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney ( 1 -- 5 ) On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers ( 4 ) Starring Johnny Depp Geoffrey Rush Kevin McNally Orlando Bloom ( 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Keira Knightley ( 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Jack Davenport ( 1 -- 3 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1 -- 3 ) Bill Nighy ( 2 -- 3 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 2 -- 3 ) Tom Hollander ( 2 -- 3 ) Chow Yun - fat ( 3 ) Penélope Cruz ( 4 ) Ian McShane ( 4 ) Javier Bardem ( 5 ) Brenton Thwaites ( 5 ) Kaya Scodelario ( 5 ) ( see below ) Music by Klaus Badelt ( 1 ) Hans Zimmer ( 1 -- 4 ) Rodrigo y Gabriela ( 4 ) Eric Whitacre ( 4 ) Geoff Zanelli ( 5 ) Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date The Curse of the Black Pearl : 000000002003 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2003 Dead Man 's Chest : 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 ,",
"1": "2006 At World 's End : 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2007 On Stranger Tides : 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 Dead Men Tell No Tales : 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 Running time 726 minutes ( 1 -- 5 ) Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 5 films ) : $1.274 billion Box office Total ( 5 films ) : $4,524,358,182 Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of American fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disney 's theme park ride of the same name . Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) , Rob Marshall ( 4 ) and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) . The series is primarily written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) ; other writers include Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) , Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) and Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) . The stories follow the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) , Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) . Characters such as Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ) and Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ) follow Jack , Will and Elizabeth in the course of the films . The fourth film features Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) and Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) , while the fifth film features Armando Salazar ( Javier Bardem ) , Henry Turner ( Brenton Thwaites ) and Carina Smyth ( Kaya Scodelario ) . The films take place in a fictional historical setting ; a world ruled by the British Empire , the East India Trading Company ( based on the real East India Company ) and the Spanish Empire , with pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers . The film series started in 2003 with Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , which received positive reviews from critics and grossed US $ 654 million worldwide .",
"2": "After the first film 's success , Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works . The franchise 's second film , subtitled Dead Man 's Chest , was released three years later in 2006 ; the sequel proved successful , breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere . Dead Man 's Chest ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office . The third film in the series , subtitled At World 's End , followed in 2007 earning $960 million , and Disney released a fourth film , subtitled On Stranger Tides , in 2011 in conventional 2D , Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D . On Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion , becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this . The franchise has grossed over $4.5 billion worldwide ; it is the tenth - highest - grossing film series of all time and it was the first franchise where more than one film grossed $1 billion worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) 1.2 Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) 1.3 At World 's End ( 2007 ) 1.4 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) 1.5 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 1.6 Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( TBA ) 2 Short film 2.1 Tales of the Code : Wedlocked ( 2011 ) 3 Production 3.1 First film 3.2 Second and third films 3.3 Fourth film 3.4 Fifth film 4 Principal cast 5 Crew 6 Music 6.1 Film soundtracks 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Critical and public response 7.3 Accolades 7.3. 1 Academy Awards 7.3. 2 Golden Globe Awards 7.3. 3 Golden Raspberry Awards 7.3. 4 MTV Movie Awards 7.3.",
"3": "5 Teen Choice Awards 8 References 9 External links Films ( edit ) Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley , who portrayed the principal characters . Only Depp and Rush reprised their roles in every film . Bloom and Knightley did not return for the fourth film and had cameo appearances for the fifth film . The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner 's love , Elizabeth Swann , from cursed pirates led by Jack 's mutinous former first mate , Captain Barbossa . Jack wants revenge against Barbossa , who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship , the Black Pearl , along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold . Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film . Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack 's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man 's Chest -- and inside , the heart of villainous Davy Jones -- which would give Beckett control of the seas . However , Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones , who made Jack captain of the Black Pearl for 13 years in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones ' ship , the Flying Dutchman . At World 's End ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and , with the help of the Flying Dutchman , he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever . To stand against the East India Trading Co. , Will , Elizabeth , Barbossa , and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones ' Locker . As one of the Nine Pirate Lords , Jack is needed in order to release an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett 's forces .",
"4": "On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover , Angelica . She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica 's father . Both are also in search of the Fountain ; Angelica to save her father 's soul , Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one - legged man . Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa , now a privateer in King George II 's Navy , who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth . Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Ghost Spanish Royal Navy soldiers led by Jack Sparrow 's old nemesis , Captain Armando Salazar , escape from the Devil 's Triangle , with the goal of killing every pirate at sea , including him . To survive , Jack seeks out the legendary Trident of Poseidon , a powerful artifact whose owner can control the seas and break curses . Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( tba ) ( edit ) Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back - to - back , although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development . On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be released . In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film . Shortly after , it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film .",
"5": "Short film ( edit ) Tales of the Code : wedlocked ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Wenches Scarlett ( Lauren Maher ) and Giselle ( Vanessa Branch ) fix each other up for their wedding , in which they would each marry their groom . Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man -- Jack Sparrow -- the two wenches find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer . The short film serves as a prequel to The Curse of the Black Pearl , explaining just why Jack Sparrow 's boat , the Jolly Mon , was seen sinking at the beginning of the whole story , and explaining why wenches Scarlett and Giselle were so upset with him , and it also implies how Cotton lost his tongue . The plot took inspiration from the `` Auction scene '' from the original ride . The short was directed by James Ward Byrkit , and was only included as a special feature in the US 15 - disc 3D Blu - ray / 2D Blu - ray / DVD + Digital Copy box set that includes films 1 -- 4 ; and in the similar UK five - disc set . Byrkit conceived the idea for the project while on sets Rick Heinrichs production designed for Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) . As the pirate cove sets from the feature films -- where the short film takes place -- were set to be demolished , the short project was prepped in a matter of days and shot over three days . Byrkit based the short film on the Pirate Code Book as it was a device that could tie into other stories later . Production ( edit ) First film ( edit ) In the early 1990s screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio conceived a supernatural spin on the pirate genre after completing work on Aladdin , but there was no interest from any studio . Undeterred , the writing team refused to give up the dream , waiting for a studio to pick up their take on a pirate tale . Disney had Jay Wolpert write a script based on the Pirates of the Caribbean , which producer Jerry Bruckheimer rejected , feeling it was `` a straight pirate movie '' .",
"6": "Bruckheimer brought Stuart Beattie in to rewrite the script in March 2002 , due to his knowledge of piracy , and later that month Elliott and Rossio were brought in . Elliott and Rossio , inspired by the opening narration of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride , decided to give the film a supernatural edge . As the budget rose , Michael Eisner and Robert Iger threatened to cancel the film , though Bruckheimer changed their minds when he showed them concept art and animatics . In June 2002 Gore Verbinski signed on to direct The Curse of the Black Pearl , and Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush signed on the following month to star . Verbinski was attracted to the idea of using modern technology to resurrect a genre , one that had disappeared after the Golden Age of Hollywood , and recalled his childhood memories of the ride , feeling the film was an opportunity to pay tribute to the `` scary and funny '' tone of it . Depp was attracted to the story as he found it quirky : rather than trying to find treasure , the crew of the Black Pearl were trying to return it in order to lift their curse ; also , the traditional mutiny had already taken place . Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa , as he knew he would not play it with attempts at complexity , but with a simple villainy that would suit the story 's tone . Orlando Bloom read the script after Rush , with whom he was working on Ned Kelly , suggested it to him . Keira Knightley came as a surprise to Verbinski : he had not seen her performance in Bend It Like Beckham and was impressed by her audition . Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann , but the role went to Jonathan Pryce , whom Depp idolized . Shooting for The Curse of the Black Pearl began on October 9 , 2002 and wrapped by March 7 , 2003 . Before its release , many executives and journalists had expected the film to flop , as the pirate genre had not been successful for years , the film was based on a theme - park ride , and Depp rarely made a big film . However , The Curse of the Black Pearl became both a critical and commercial success .",
"7": "Second and third films ( edit ) After seeing how well the first film was made , the cast and crew signed for two sequels to be shot back - to - back , a practical decision on Disney 's part to allow more time with the same cast and crew . Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio knew that with an ensemble cast , they were n't free to invent totally different situations and characters , as with the Indiana Jones and James Bond series , and so had to retroactively turn The Curse of the Black Pearl into the first of a trilogy . They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann 's embrace at the end of the first film , and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device . They settled on introducing Davy Jones , the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken , a mythology mentioned twice in the first film . They introduced the historical East India Trading Company ( also mentioned in the first film ) , which for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of personal freedom represented by pirates . Filming for the sequels began on February 28 , 2005 , with Dead Man 's Chest finishing on March 1 , 2006 , and At World 's End on January 10 , 2007 . The second film was also the first Disney theatrical feature film with the computer - generated Walt Disney Pictures logo . Fourth film ( edit ) Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film . As Gore Verbinski was unavailable , Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film . Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand - alone film , with a story that would support new characters , and incorporate elements from the novel , such as Blackbeard , the Fountain of Youth and mermaids -- the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films . Depp , Rush , Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles , and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica , Blackbeard 's daughter and Jack Sparrow 's love interest . A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain .",
"8": "After the costly production of two simultaneous films , Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment , giving a lower budget , which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects . It was also filmed in 3D , with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar . Filming for On Stranger Tides began June 14 , 2010 and ended on November 19 , 2010 . It was released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . With a budget of $378.5 million , On Stranger Tides holds the record for most expensive film ever made . Fifth film ( edit ) On January 14 , 2011 , it was confirmed that Terry Rossio would write the screenplay for the fifth installment , without his co-writer Ted Elliott . On January 11 , 2013 , Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film . On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were selected to direct . On August 22 , 2013 , the two revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales , alluding to the line well - known from the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park attractions . Although , the film was given an alternative title , Salazar 's Revenge , in selected European , South American and Asian countries for marketing purposes . They also confirmed that they were working on the film , speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson 's `` funny and touching '' script and that they are inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl . On September 10 , 2013 , Disney pushed back the film 's initial 2015 release , with sources indicating that a Summer 2016 release is likely . Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script issues were behind the delay , and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well - received outline . While Disney originally announced a release on July 7 , 2017 , Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on May 26 , 2017 . A spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea .",
"9": "According to Australian film industry sources , pre-production started in late September 2014 with filming expected to commence in February 2015 . This was officially confirmed by Disney and Ian Walker the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2 , 2014 , stating that filming will take place exclusively in Australia , being the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations . Production began in Australia on February 17 , 2015 and wrapped on July 9 , 2015 . Principal cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters List indicator ( s ) This table shows the recurring characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film , or that the character 's presence in the film has not yet been announced . A indicates a cameo appearance . A indicates an appearance wherein an actor 's facial features were digitally imprinted upon another actor 's face . A indicates an appearance as a younger version of a pre-existing character . Character Films Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Captain Jack Sparrow Johnny Depp Johnny Depp Anthony De La Torre Captain Hector Barbossa Geoffrey Rush Joshamee Gibbs Kevin McNally William `` Will '' Turner , Jr .",
"10": "Orlando Bloom Dylan Smith Orlando Bloom Orlando Bloom Elizabeth Swann Pirate King Keira Knightley Lucinda Dryzek Keira Knightley Keira Knightley Marty Martin Klebba Martin Klebba James Norrington Jack Davenport Weatherby Swann Jonathan Pryce Pintel Lee Arenberg Ragetti Mackenzie Crook Cotton David Bailie Mullroy Angus Barnett Angus Barnett Angus Barnett Murtogg Giles New Giles New Giles New Theodore Groves Greg Ellis Greg Ellis Gillette Damian O'Hare Damian O'Hare Anamaria Zoe Saldana Davy Jones Bill Nighy Silhouette only William Turner , Sr . Bootstrap Bill Stellan Skarsgård Cutler Beckett Tom Hollander Tia Dalma Calypso Naomie Harris Sao Feng Chow Yun - fat Captain Edward Teague Keith Richards Alexander Scheer Keith Richards Henry Turner Dominic Scott Kay Brenton Thwaites Lewis McGowan Scrum Stephen Graham Captain Edward Teach Blackbeard Ian McShane Angelica Teach Penélope Cruz Philip Swift Sam Claflin Syrena Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey Captain Armando Salazar Javier Bardem Carina Barbossa Carina Smyth Kaya Scodelario `` Uncle '' Jack Teague Paul McCartney Crew ( edit ) Film U.S.",
"11": "release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Cinematographer Producer Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl July 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 09 ) Gore Verbinski Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio and Stuart Beattie and Jay Wolpert Dariusz Wolski Jerry Bruckheimer Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest July 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End May 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) Rob Marshall Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio ( Based on : On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) Joachim Rønning & Espen Sandberg Jeff Nathanson Jeff Nathanson and Terry Rossio Paul Cameron Music ( edit ) Main article : List of songs featured in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series Film soundtracks ( edit ) Title U.S.",
"12": "release date Length Composer ( s ) Label Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( Original Soundtrack ) July 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 22 ) 43 : 50 Klaus Badelt and Hans Zimmer Walt Disney Records Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) July 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 04 ) 58 : 32 Hans Zimmer Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) 55 : 50 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) 77 : 11 Hans Zimmer and Rodrigo y Gabriela Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) 75 : 20 Geoff Zanelli Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film U.S.",
"13": "release date Box office gross All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide North America Worldwide Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl 000000002003 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2003 $305,413,918 $348,850,097 $654,264,015 64 108 $140 million Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2006 $423,315,812 $642,863,913 $1,066,179,725 17 21 $225 million Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2007 $309,420,425 $654,000,000 $963,420,425 61 35 $300 million Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 $241,071,802 $804,642,000 $1,045,713,802 119 23 $378.5 million Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 $172,558,876 $622,221,339 $794,780,215 254 69 $230 million Total $ 7009145178083300000 ♠ 1,451,780,833 $ 7009307257734900000 ♠ 3,072,577,349 $ 7009452435818200000 ♠ 4,524,358,182 14 10 $1.452 billion The Pirates of the Caribbean film series was successful at the box office , with each film grossing over $650 million , and all but Dead Men Tell No Tales at some point ranking among the fifty highest - grossing films of all time .",
"14": "It also became the first ever series to have multiple films passing the billion dollar mark in box office revenues with Dead Man 's Chest and On Stranger Tides , since followed by other film franchises . The Curse of the Black Pearl was the third - highest - grossing 2003 film in North America ( behind The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King and Finding Nemo ) and fourth worldwide ( behind The Return of the King , Finding Nemo and The Matrix Reloaded ) . Dead Man 's Chest was the most successful film of 2006 worldwide , and At World 's End led the worldwide grosses in 2007 , though being only fourth in North America ( behind Spider - Man 3 , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Shrek the Third ) . On Stranger Tides was the third - highest - grossing film of 2011 worldwide ( behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) and the fifth in North America . The first three sequels broke box office records upon release , of which the most notable are the opening - weekend record in North America ( Dead Man 's Chest ) , the Memorial - Day weekend record in North America ( At World 's End ) and the opening - weekend record outside North America ( On Stranger Tides ) . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl 79 % ( 210 reviews ) 63 ( 40 reviews ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 54 % ( 220 reviews ) 53 ( 37 reviews ) A − Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 45 % ( 220 reviews ) 50 ( 36 reviews ) A − Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides 32 % ( 262 reviews ) 45 ( 39 reviews ) B+ Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales 30 % ( 230 reviews ) 39 ( 45 reviews ) A − The series is noted for its high quality of acting talent , and is one of the aspects of the films that is always praised .",
"15": "The visual and practical effects are considered some of the best ever done on film , so much so that audiences believed certain CGI elements of the films were real and done practically . However , the plots of the four sequels have received mixed reviews , with the general consensus that they are too bloated and convoluted to follow . Pirates of the Caribbean is noted for reinvigorating the pirate genre of film after decades of either no pirate films or failed pirate films . The success of the series saw Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer try to replicate the franchise 's success by launching films such as Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time and The Lone Ranger , the latter of which directed by Gore Verbinski . Both movies failed critically and commercially . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise Academy Awards ( edit ) Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 11 Academy Awards , of which a single award was won . Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Actor in a Leading Role Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Art Direction Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Sound Editing Nominated Nominated Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Won Nominated Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Together , all the four films were nominated for a total of 2 Golden Globe Awards , of which neither were won .",
"16": "Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Golden Raspberry Awards ( edit ) Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Worst Actor Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Worst Supporting Actor Nominated ( Javier Bardem ) as Captain Armando Salazar Worst Screen Combo Nominated ( Johnny Depp & his worn - out drunk routine ) MTV Movie Awards ( edit ) Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 13 MTV Movie Awards , of which 4 were won . Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Best Movie Nominated Won Nominated Best Male Performance Won ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Best Female Performance Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Best Breakthrough Female Performance Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Best On - Screen Team Nominated ( Johnny Depp & Orlando Bloom ) Best Villain Nominated ( Geoffrey Rush ) Nominated ( Bill Nighy ) Best Comedic Performance Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) Together , the first four films were nominated for a total of 32 Teen Choice Awards , of which 17 were won .",
"17": "Award Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Choice Movie : Chemistry Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie : Fight / Action Sequence Won ( Johnny Depp vs Geoffrey Rush ) Choice Movie : Liar Won ( Johnny Depp ) Choice Movie : Liplock Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie : Female Breakout Star Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie Actor Won ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Nominated ( Brenton Thwaites ) Choice Summer Movie Won Nominated Choice Movie : Scream Won ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie Won Won Nominated Choice Movie : Rumble Won ( Orlando Bloom & Jack Davenport ) Won ( Orlando Bloom ) Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Won ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Male Hottie Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Choice Movie Actress Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Won ( Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Penélope Cruz ) Nominated ( Kaya Scodelario ) Choice Movie : Villain Won ( Bill Nighy ) Won ( Bill Nighy ) Nominated ( Ian McShane ) Nominated ( Javier Bardem ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Depp Movies List by Box Office Sales '' . JohnnyDeppMoviesList.org . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' Plot , Casting Announced as Production Begins '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 20 .",
"18": "Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Disney will set sail for ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' 5 & 6 back - to - back '' . 3 December 2010 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates 5 May Not Be Captain Jack 's Final Adventure '' . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/pirates-caribbean-5-dead-men-blu-ray-sales/ Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/pirates-caribbean-6-kaya-scodelario-return/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/ComicFade/status/915333922883432448 Jump up ^ Jim Byrkit . `` Wedlocked on Jim Byrkit 's portfolio '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( 2011 - 07 - 15 ) . `` As a creative renaissance man , writer - director James Ward Byrkit brings ' RANGO ' and ' PIRATES ' film to your screen '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gerard Raiti ( 2003 - 07 - 11 ) . `` ILM and Disney Make Pirate Perfection '' . VFXWorld . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean presskit Archived 2007 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed 2006 - 12 - 09 ^ Jump up to : Stax ( 2003 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Depp & Bruckheimer Talk Pirates '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Dean Schmitz .",
"19": "`` Greg 's Previews -- Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Ted Elliott , Terry Rossio , Stuart Beattie , Jay Wolpert ( 2003 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : Jerry Bruckheimer '' . Moviehole. 2007 - 05 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Gore Verbinski , Johnny Depp ( 2003 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . Jump up ^ Caroline Westbrook ( 2003 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Pirates films tests its stars '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty . `` How Pirates fits into Johnny Depp 's quirky career '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Brian ( October 21 , 2003 ) . `` Back - to - Back Pirates '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ According to Plan : The Harrowing and True Story of Dead Man 's Chest ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . 2006 . Jump up ^ Ted Elliott , Terry Rossio ( 2006 ) . Audio Commentary ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . Jump up ^ Charting the Return ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Buena Vista . 2006 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ `` Everything Relates Back to What Started Everything Off in the First '' . Production Notes . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles : The Voyage Begins '' . Production Notes . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 7 -- Return to The Bahamas '' . Production Notes . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Aloha Oe : Hawaii Farewell '' . Production Notes . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sheigh Crabtree ( 2006 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Old Disney magic in new animated logo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( 2011 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Producer Jerry Bruckheimer On Set Interview '' . Collider . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Stephen ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) . `` The Making of ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Stephen ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) . `` The Making of ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( 2011 - 02 - 03 ) .",
"21": "`` Screenwriter Terry Rossio On Set Interview : Pirates of the Caribbean 4 : On Stranger Tides '' . Collider . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Movie Interview -- Bruckheimer on Pirates of the Caribbean 4 '' . IGN. 2010 - 05 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Exclusive : Penelope Cruz To Play Johnny Depp 's Love Interest In New ' Pirates ' '' . MTV Movie News . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Fourth try aims to stir high ' Tides ' at B.O. '' Variety . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Eller , Claudia ; Chmielewski , Dawn C. ( 2010 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Not even Bruckheimer movies can escape budget cuts '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ @ BRUCKHEIMERJB ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Officially wrapped PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN : ON STRANGER TIDES this week . Excited to share trailer with you 12 / 17 . Stay tuned ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sarafin , Jarrod ( 2010 - 01 - 07 ) . `` PIRATES 4 Sails May 2011 '' . Mania.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 10 .",
"22": "Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( 2011 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Disney Sets Terry Rossio To Script Fifth ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Installment '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : FLEMING JR , MIKE ( 2013 - 05 - 29 ) . `` ' Kon - Tiki ' Helmers Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Land ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Title Revealed ! '' . ComingSoon.net. 2013 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 's Official Title Released Vh1 India '' . Vh1.in. 2013 - 08 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' title revealed -- Movies News '' . Digital Spy. 2013 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( 2017 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 : Ten Revelations From Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Release Info '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Billy Donnelly ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) .",
"23": "`` Interview : KON - TIKI Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg '' . This Is Infamous . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ′ Directors Tease ' Dead Men ' Sequel '' . MTV News . 2013 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Disney Delays Voyage Of ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' ; Eyeing 2016 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Delayed ; 2016 Release Likely '' . ComingSoon.net. 2013 - 09 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Delayed Beyond Summer 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Raise a Black Flag ! A New Pirates of the Caribbean Film Is Coming Disney Insider '' . Blogs.disney.com. 2014 - 07 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Set for Summer 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Sets Off Release Date Dominoes ; Rubs Against ' Ready Player One ' -- Will Spielberg Pic Move ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . 2016 - 01 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 gets green light to shoot in Australia '' . The Guardian . 2014 - 09 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Open for business ! Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 starts production Down Under with cast and crew arriving ... and Johnny Depp set to join them next year '' . Daily Mail . 2014 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bochenski , Natalie ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean movie confirmed to film in Queensland '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ′ Begins Production in Australia '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Disney , Depp return to ' Caribbean ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Matthew ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean 5 '' . The Age . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vejvoda , Jim ( February 17 , 2015 ) .",
"25": "`` Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Begins Production '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Quintana , Anna ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` We 're Only Watching ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' for Young Jack Sparrow Actor Anthony De La Torre ! '' . Life & Style . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush Says He 's Planning To Shoot ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' In The Spring '' . MTV.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Movie Interview -- Bruckheimer on Pirates of the Caribbean 4 '' . IGN . May 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( August 8 , 2003 ) . `` Pirates films tests its stars '' . BBC . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Orlando Bloom Will Return for the Fifth Pirates of the Caribbean Movie '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lindsey , Duncan ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Young Elizabeth Swann from Pirates Of The Caribbean is looking a lot different these days '' . Metro . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ugen , Rume . `` Remember Elizabeth Swan From Pirates Of The Caribbean ? She 's All Grown Up ! '' . Heart .",
"26": "Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Keira Knightley returns in new Pirates of the Caribbean trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full cast and crew for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ' ( 2003 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full cast and crew for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ' ( 2007 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : bigfootkam ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` More new footage # JohnnyDepp on # BlackPearl # KevinMcNally , # MartinKlebba , # GilesNew # AngusBarnett V1 '' . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Damian O'Hare '' . Hamilton Hodell Talent Management . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saldana : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' filming not to my taste '' . BreakingNews.ie . August 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( June 12 , 2006 ) . `` Exclusive : Pirates ' Bill `` Davy Jones '' Nighy `` . Comingsoon.net . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( May 30 , 2017 ) .",
"27": "`` There 's one extra scene after ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' -- here 's what it means '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 end credits scene : What does it mean for Pirates 6 villain ? '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matloff , Jason . `` Scene Stealer : Stellan Skarsgård '' . Premiere . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest - Tom Hollander interview '' . IndieLondon . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( May 26 , 2007 ) . `` The actress behind Tia Dalma 's black teeth '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( July 7 , 2005 ) . `` Chow Down for Pirates 3 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ WENN ( June 29 , 2006 ) . `` Keith Richards - Richards To Shoot Pirates Role In September '' . contactmusic.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp Wants Another Rolling Stone to Join Pirates of the Caribbean '' . The Daily Express . April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ SpyKyle ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ( Spoilers ) : Did anyone notice this easter egg during the flashback scene ? r / piratesofthecaribbean '' . reddit . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 .",
"28": "Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( 28 Mar 2017 ) . `` Pirates 5 : Will Turner 's Son Confirmed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 28 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Lewis Christmas ad Scot to star in Pirates of the Caribbean '' . The Scotsman . November 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Graham sails with ' Pirates 4 ' crew '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , Eric ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Penelope Cruz To Play Johnny Depp 's Love Interest In New ' Pirates ' '' . MTV Movie News . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin Added to Cast of Walt Disney Pictures ' / Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' Epic Adventure Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Slash Film . April 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Legends of On Stranger Tides . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ Singer , Leigh ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Astrid Berges - Frisbey Interview '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Paul McCartney Joins Johnny Depp & Crew For ' Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 .",
"29": "Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greg Dean Schmitz . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Greg 's Preview '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 13 , 2005 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stax ( June 25 , 2003 ) . `` Depp & Bruckheimer Talk Pirates '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full cast and crew for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ' ( 2006 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Full cast and crew for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' ( 2011 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( May 25 , 2007 ) . `` Depp Perception : Why For did Johnny really want to work for Walt Disney Studios ? '' . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Galloway , Stephen ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Making of ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Will Hit Theaters July 2015 ; ' Maleficent ' Moves to Summer 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Sets Terry Rossio To Script Fifth ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Installment '' . Deadline , com .",
"30": "Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides : Hans Zimmer Interview '' . MovieWeb . May 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schweiger , Daniel ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Audio : On The Score With Hans Zimmer '' . Film Music Magazine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Taps Composer Geoff Zanelli '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Fourth Pirates Of The Caribbean Is Most Expensive Movie Ever With Costs Of $410 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Production costs : $410.6 million ; rebate : $32.1 million Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo .",
"31": "Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Showdowns : ' Pirates ' Vs. ' Pirates ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pirates ' raid record books '' . Box Office Mojo. 2006 - 07 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Third ' Pirates ' Sacks Memorial Record '' . Box Office Mojo. 2007 - 05 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 2011 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Pirates ' Sails to New Overseas Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes .",
"33": "Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Alan ( August 8 , 2003 ) . `` Empire 's Pirates Of The Caribbean : The Curse Of The Black Pearl Movie Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 9 , 2003 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl '' . rogerebert.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( July 6 , 2006 ) . `` Empire 's Pirates Of The Caribbean Pirates Of The Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Movie Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Total Film -- Pirates Of The Caribbean : At World 's End '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Roeper , Richard . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 3 : At World 's End ( 2007 ; Rated PG - 13 ) '' . richardroeper.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 06 .",
"34": "^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Ray ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides : Review '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End DVD Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Breimeier , Russ ( July 7 , 2006 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest '' . ChristianityToday.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End - Review '' . New York Times . July 7 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 76th Academy Awards ( 2004 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl - Awards '' . IMDb. 9 July 2003 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Review : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End '' . ReelViews . May 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Dead Men Tell No Tales ' sinks Depp , ' Pirates ' '' . The Detroit News .",
"35": "Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` BBC News -- Mark Kermode savages new Pirates Of The Caribbean film '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , ' 2 stars '' . azcentral.com . Jump up ^ Hamilton , John ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Pirates in the Media '' . ABDO Publishing Company . Jump up ^ `` ' Prince of Persia ' weaker than hoped for in foreign debut '' . Los Angeles Times . May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prince of Persia : The Sands of Times reviews at Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Lone Ranger ' to Cost Disney $160 - $190 M in Q4 '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 76th Academy Award Winners '' . Blackflix.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees & Winners for the 79th Academy Awards '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 80th Academy Awards ( 2008 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy Awards . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 .",
"36": "External links ( edit ) Disney portal Official website ( hide ) Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Weatherby Swann Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Cite error : There are < ref group = note > tags on this page , but the references will not show without a ( ( reflist group = note ) ) template ( see the help page ) .",
"37": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)&oldid=838047254 '' Categories : English - language films American films 1740s in fiction 18th century in fiction Film series Films based on theme - park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) Pirate films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Good articles Pages with reference errors Pages with missing references list Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 16 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.",
"38": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
10,
17,
3,
16,
28,
0,
19,
1,
29,
25,
6,
21,
26,
7,
27,
35,
34,
9,
24,
36,
15,
4,
22,
30,
23,
33,
5,
18,
11,
8,
2,
32,
31,
20,
37,
14,
12,
13,
38
] |
[
10,
17,
3,
16,
28
] |
-5746351504194546943
|
when did harry potter and the sorcerers stone take place
|
[
"Harry Potter's first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry"
] |
{
"0": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) - Wikipedia Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . It includes attribution to IMDb , which may not be a reliable source for information . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone International poster displaying the Philosopher 's Stone title ( left ) and the American poster , designed by Drew Struzan , displaying the Sorcerer 's Stone title ( right ) . Directed by Chris Columbus Produced by David Heyman Screenplay by Steve Kloves Based on Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson John Cleese Robbie Coltrane Warwick Davis Richard Griffiths Richard Harris Ian Hart John Hurt Alan Rickman Fiona Shaw Maggie Smith Julie Walters Music by John Williams Cinematography John Seale Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce Production companies Heyday Films 1492 Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 4 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 04 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square ) 16 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 16 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 152 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $125 million Box office $974.8 million Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( released in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) is a 2001 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film is the first instalment in the long - running Harry Potter film series , and was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman .",
"1": "Its story follows Harry Potter 's first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as he discovers that he is a famous wizard and begins his education . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger . Warner Bros. bought the film rights to the book in 1999 for a reported £ 1 million ( $1.275 million ) . Production began in the United Kingdom in 2000 , with Chris Columbus being chosen to create the film from a short list of directors that included Steven Spielberg and Rob Reiner . Rowling insisted that the entire cast be British or Irish , and the film was shot at Leavesden Film Studios and historic buildings around the United Kingdom . The film was released in theatres in the United Kingdom and the United States on 16 November 2001 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing $974.8 million at the box office worldwide . The highest - grossing film of 2001 , it is the 34th highest - grossing of all - time ( 2nd at the time of its release ) and the second most successful instalment of the Harry Potter series behind Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . The film was nominated for many awards , including Academy Awards for Best Original Score , Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design . It was followed by seven sequels , beginning with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets in 2002 and ending with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in 2011 , nearly ten years after the first film 's release .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Design and special effects 3.4 Music 4 Differences from the book 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Albus Dumbledore , Minerva McGonagall , and Rubeus Hagrid , professors of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , deliver an orphaned infant named Harry Potter to his only remaining relatives , the Dursleys . Ten years later , Harry has been battling a disjointed life with the Dursleys , inadvertently causing an accident during a family outing , and begins receiving unsolicited letters by owls . Finally , Hagrid re-appears , and informs Harry that he is actually a wizard , and has been accepted into Hogwarts , against the Dursleys ' wishes . He also tells Harry of the latter 's past ; Harry is the orphaned son of two wizards who met their demise at the hands of Lord Voldemort , a malevolent , all - powerful wizard , by a Killing Curse , with Harry being the only survivor in the chaos thus , leading to his fame in the wizarding world as `` The Boy Who Lived '' . Hagrid takes Harry to Diagon Alley to purchase school supplies , then takes him to King 's Cross station to board a train to the school . While on the train , Harry meets Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . He also encounters Draco Malfoy , a spoiled child from a wealthy wizarding family , who eventually becomes Harry 's biggest rival . At the school , the students assemble in the great hall , where Harry and all the other first - year students are sorted by The Sorting Hat between four houses : Gryffindor , Hufflepuff , Ravenclaw , and Slytherin . Harry is placed into Gryffindor along with Ron and Hermione . At Hogwarts , Harry begins learning wizardry and discovers more about his past and his parents .",
"3": "Harry is also recruited for Gryffindor 's Quidditch team as a Seeker , which is rare for first - year students . While exploring the school one night , Harry and his friends discover a giant three - headed dog named Fluffy in a restricted area of the school . They later find out Fluffy is guarding the Philosopher 's Stone , an item that can be used to grant its owner immortality . Harry suspects that potions teacher Severus Snape is trying to obtain the stone in order to return Voldemort to physical form . The children learn from Hagrid that Fluffy will fall asleep if played music . Harry , Ron , and Hermione decide to try and find the stone before Snape does , but discover someone has already put Fluffy to sleep . They get past Fluffy and face a series of safeguards , which include surviving a deadly plant known as Devil 's Snare , a room filled with aggressive flying keys , and a dangerous life - sized game of chess . After getting past the tasks , Harry discovers that it was Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher Professor Quirrell who was trying to claim the stone , and that Snape was protecting Harry all along . Quirrell removes his turban and reveals a weak Voldemort to be living on the back of his head . Through an enchantment placed by Professor Dumbledore , Harry finds himself in possession of the stone . Voldemort attempts to convince Harry to give him the stone by promising to bring his parents back from the dead . When Harry refuses , Quirrell attacks , but Harry 's touch burns Quirrell 's skin and reduces him to dust , killing him . When Harry gets back up , Voldemort 's spirit rises from Quirrell 's ashes and passes through Harry , knocking him unconscious . Harry wakes up in the school 's hospital wing with Dumbledore at his side . Dumbledore explains that the stone has been destroyed and that Ron and Hermione are both fine . Dumbledore also reveals how Harry was able to defeat Quirrel ; when Harry 's mother died to save him , her death gave Harry a love - based protection against Voldemort . Harry , Ron , and Hermione are rewarded with house points for their heroic performances , tying them for first place with Slytherin . However , Neville Longbottom is awarded 10 points for attempting to stop his friends , giving Gryffindor enough points to win the House Cup .",
"4": "Harry returns home for the summer , happy to finally have a real home in Hogwarts . Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Harry Potter cast members Rowling insisted that the cast be kept British . Susie Figgis was appointed as casting director , working with both Columbus and Rowling in auditioning the lead roles of Harry , Ron and Hermione . Open casting calls were held for the main three roles , with only British children being considered . The principal auditions took place in three parts , with those auditioning having to read a page from the novel , then to improvise a scene of the students ' arrival at Hogwarts , and finally to read several pages from the script in front of Columbus . Scenes from Columbus ' script for the 1985 film Young Sherlock Holmes were also used in auditions . On 11 July 2000 , Figgis left the production , complaining that Columbus did not consider any of the thousands of children they had auditioned `` worthy '' . On 8 August 2000 , the virtually unknown Daniel Radcliffe and newcomers Rupert Grint and Emma Watson were selected to play Harry Potter , Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , respectively . Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , an 11 - year - old British orphan raised by his unwelcoming aunt and uncle , who learns of his own fame as a wizard known to have survived his parents ' murder at the hands of the psychopathic dark wizard Lord Voldemort as an infant when he is accepted to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Columbus had wanted Radcliffe for the role since he saw him in the BBC 's production of David Copperfield , before the open casting sessions had taken place , but had been told by Figgis that Radcliffe 's protective parents would not allow their son to take the part . Columbus explained that his persistence in giving Radcliffe the role was responsible for Figgis ' resignation . Radcliffe was asked to audition in 2000 , when Heyman and Kloves met him and his parents at a production of Stones in His Pockets in London . Heyman and Columbus successfully managed to convince Radcliffe 's parents that their son would be protected from media intrusion , and they agreed to let him play Harry .",
"5": "Rowling approved of Radcliffe 's casting , stating that `` having seen ( his ) screen test I do n't think Chris Columbus could have found a better Harry . '' Radcliffe was reportedly paid £ 1 million for the film , although he felt the fee was `` not that important '' . William Moseley , who was later cast as Peter Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia series , also auditioned for the role . Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , Harry 's best friend at Hogwarts . He decided he would be perfect for the part `` because ( he has got ) ginger hair , '' and was a fan of the series . Having seen a Newsround report about the open casting he sent in a video of himself rapping about how he wished to receive the part . His attempt was successful as the casting team asked for a meeting with him . Emma Watson as Hermione Granger , Harry 's other best friend and the trio 's brains . Watson 's Oxford theatre teacher passed her name on to the casting agents and she had to do over five interviews before she got the part . Watson took her audition seriously , but `` never really thought ( she ) had any chance of getting the role . '' The producers were impressed by Watson 's self - confidence and she outperformed the thousands of other girls who had applied . Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy , the trio 's enemy . John Cleese as Nearly Headless Nick , the ghost of Hogwarts ' Gryffindor House . Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , a half - giant and Hogwarts ' Groundskeeper . Coltrane was one of the two actors Rowling wanted most , along with Smith as McGonagall . Coltrane , who was already a fan of the books , prepared for the role by discussing Hagrid 's past and future with Rowling . According to Figgis , Robin Williams was interested in participating in the film , but was turned down for the Hagrid role because of the `` strictly British or Irish only '' rule which Columbus was determined to maintain . Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick , the Charms Master and head of Hogwarts ' Ravenclaw House . Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Harry 's Muggle ( non-magical ) uncle .",
"6": "Ian McNeice was considered for the role of Vernon . Richard Harris as Albus Dumbledore , Hogwarts ' Headmaster and one of the most famous and powerful wizards of all time . Harris initially rejected the role , only to reverse his decision after his granddaughter stated she would never speak to him again if he did not take it . Ian Hart as Quirinus Quirrell , the slightly nervous Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts , and also Lord Voldemort 's voice . David Thewlis auditioned for the part ; he would later be cast as Remus Lupin in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . John Hurt as Mr. Ollivander , the owner of Ollivanders , a highly regarded wandmaker . Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , the Potions Master and head of Hogwarts ' Slytherin House . Tim Roth was the original choice for the role , but he turned it down for Planet of the Apes . Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Harry 's Muggle aunt . Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall , the Deputy Headmistress , head of Gryffindor and transfiguration teacher at Hogwarts. Smith was one of the two actors Rowling wanted most , along with Coltrane as Hagrid . Julie Walters as Molly Weasley , Ron 's caring mother . She shows Harry how to get to Platform 9 ⁄ . Before Walters was cast , American actress Rosie O'Donnell held talks with Columbus about playing Mrs. Weasley . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 1997 , producer David Heyman searched for a children 's book that could be adapted into a well - received film . He had planned to produce Diana Wynne Jones ' novel The Ogre Downstairs , but his plans fell through . His staff at Heyday Films then suggested Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , which his assistant believed was `` a cool idea . '' Heyman pitched the idea to Warner Bros. and in 1999 , Rowling sold the company the rights to the first four Harry Potter books for a reported £ 1 million ( US $1,982,900 ) .",
"7": "A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British , nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she `` did n't want to give them control over the rest of the story '' by selling the rights to the characters , which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non-author - written sequels . Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the film , he declined the offer . Spielberg reportedly wanted the adaptation to be an animated film , with American actor Haley Joel Osment to provide Harry Potter 's voice , or a film that incorporated elements from subsequent books as well . Spielberg contended that , in his opinion , it was like `` shooting ducks in a barrel . It 's just a slam dunk . It 's just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts . There 's no challenge . '' Rowling maintains that she had no role in choosing directors for the films and that `` ( a ) nyone who thinks I could ( or would ) have ' veto - ed ' ( sic ) him ( Spielberg ) needs their Quick - Quotes Quill serviced . '' Heyman recalled that Spielberg decided to direct A.I. Artificial Intelligence instead . After Spielberg left , talks began with other directors , including : Chris Columbus , Terry Gilliam , Jonathan Demme , Mike Newell , Alan Parker , Wolfgang Petersen , Rob Reiner , Ivan Reitman , Tim Robbins , Brad Silberling , M. Night Shyamalan and Peter Weir . Petersen and Reiner both pulled out of the running in March 2000 , and the choice was narrowed down to Silberling , Columbus , Parker and Gilliam . Rowling 's first choice director was Terry Gilliam , but Warner Bros. chose Columbus , citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire as influences for their decision . Columbus pitched his vision of the film for two hours , stating that he wanted the Muggle scenes `` to be bleak and dreary '' but those set in the wizarding world `` to be steeped in color , mood , and detail . ''",
"8": "He took inspiration from David Lean 's adaptations of Great Expectations ( 1946 ) and Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) , wishing to use `` that sort of darkness , that sort of edge , that quality to the cinematography , '' taking the colour designs from Oliver ! and The Godfather . `` Harry Potter is the kind of timeless literary achievement that comes around once in a lifetime . Since the books have generated such a passionate following across the world , it was important to us to find a director that has an affinity for both children and magic . I ca n't think of anyone more ideally suited for this job than Chris . '' -- Lorenzo di Bonaventura Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay . He described adapting the book as `` tough '' , as it did not `` lend itself to adaptation as well as the next two books . '' Kloves often received synopses of books proposed as film adaptations from Warner Bros. , which he `` almost never read '' , but Harry Potter jumped out at him . He went out and bought the book , and became an instant fan of the series . When speaking to Warner Bros. , he stated that the film had to be British , and had to be true to the characters . Kloves was nervous when he first met Rowling as he did not want her to think he was going to `` ( destroy ) her baby . '' Rowling admitted that she `` was really ready to hate this Steve Kloves , '' but recalled her initial meeting with him : `` The first time I met him , he said to me , ' You know who my favourite character is ? ' And I thought , You 're gon na say Ron . I know you 're gon na say Ron . But he said ' Hermione . ' And I just kind of melted . '' Rowling received a large amount of creative control , an arrangement that Columbus did not mind . Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the film over 4 July 2001 weekend , making for such a short production window that several proposed directors pulled themselves out of the running . Due to time constraints , the date was put back to 16 November 2001 . Filming ( edit ) Alnwick Castle was used as a principal filming location for Hogwarts .",
"9": "Two British film industry officials requested that the film be shot in the United Kingdom , offering their assistance in securing filming locations , the use of Leavesden Film Studios , as well as changing the UK 's child labour laws ( adding a small number of working hours per week and making the timing of on - set classes more flexible ) . Warner Bros. accepted their proposal . Filming began on 17 September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and concluded on 23 March 2001 , with final work being done in July . Principal photography took place on 2 October 2000 at North Yorkshire 's Goathland railway station . Canterbury Cathedral and Scotland 's Inverailort Castle were both touted as possible locations for Hogwarts ; Canterbury rejected Warner Bros. proposal due to concerns about the film 's `` pagan '' theme . Alnwick Castle and Gloucester Cathedral were eventually selected as the principal locations for Hogwarts , with some scenes also being filmed at Harrow School . Other Hogwarts scenes were filmed in Durham Cathedral over a two - week period ; these included shots of the corridors and some classroom scenes . Oxford University 's Divinity School served as the Hogwarts Hospital Wing , and Duke Humfrey 's Library , part of the Bodleian , was used as the Hogwarts Library . Filming for Privet Drive took place on Picket Post Close in Bracknell , Berkshire . Filming in the street took two days instead of the planned single day , so payments to the street 's residents were correspondingly increased . For all the subsequent film 's scenes set in Privet Drive , filming took place on a constructed set in Leavesden Film Studios , which proved to have been cheaper than filming on location . London 's Australia House was selected as the location for Gringotts Wizarding Bank , while Christ Church , Oxford was the location for the Hogwarts trophy room . London Zoo was used as the location for the scene in which Harry accidentally sets a snake on Dudley , with King 's Cross Station also being used as the book specifies . The store in London used as the exterior of The Leaky Cauldron . Because the American title was different , all scenes that mention the philosopher 's stone by name had to be re-shot , once with the actors saying `` philosopher 's '' and once with `` sorcerer 's '' .",
"10": "The children filmed for four hours and then did three hours of schoolwork . They developed a liking for fake facial injuries from the makeup staff . Radcliffe was initially meant to wear green contact lenses as his eyes are blue , and not green like Harry 's , but the lenses gave Radcliffe extreme irritation . Upon consultation with Rowling , it was agreed that Harry could have blue eyes . Design and special effects ( edit ) Judianna Makovsky designed the costumes . She re-designed the Quidditch robes , having initially planned to use those shown on the cover of the American book , but deemed them `` a mess . '' Instead , she dressed the Quidditch players in `` preppie sweaters , 19th century fencing breeches and arm guards . '' Production designer Stuart Craig built the sets at Leavesden Studios , including Hogwarts Great Hall , basing it on many English cathedrals . Although originally asked to use an existing old street to film the Diagon Alley scenes , Craig decided to build his own set , comprising Tudor , Georgian and Queen Anne architecture . Columbus originally planned to use both animatronics and CGI animation to create the magical creatures , including Fluffy . Nick Dudman , who worked on Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , was given the task of creating the needed prosthetics , with Jim Henson 's Creature Shop providing creature effects . John Coppinger stated that the magical creatures that needed to be created had to be designed multiple times . The film features nearly 600 special effects shots , involving numerous companies . Industrial Light & Magic created Lord Voldemort 's face on the back of Quirrell , Rhythm & Hues animated Norbert ( Hagrid 's baby dragon ) ; and Sony Pictures Imageworks produced the Quidditch scenes . Music ( edit ) John Williams Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( soundtrack ) John Williams was selected to compose the score . Williams composed the score at his homes in Los Angeles and Tanglewood before recording it in London in August 2001 . One of the main themes is entitled `` Hedwig 's Theme '' ; Williams retained it for his finished score as `` everyone seemed to like it '' and therefore it was a recurring theme throughout the Harry Potter movies .",
"11": "Differences from the book ( edit ) Columbus repeatedly checked with Rowling to make sure he was getting minor details correct . Kloves described the film as being `` really faithful '' to the book . He added dialogue , of which Rowling approved . One of the lines originally included had to be removed after Rowling told him that it would directly contradict an event in the then - unreleased fifth Harry Potter novel Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Several minor characters have been removed from the film version , most prominent among them the spectral History of Magic teacher , Professor Binns , and Peeves the poltergeist . The book 's first chapter is from the viewpoint of Vernon and Petunia Dursley the day before they are given Harry to look after , highlighting how non-magical people react to magic . The film removes this , beginning with Professor Dumbledore , Professor McGonagall and Hagrid leaving Harry with the Dursleys ( although McGonagall tells Dumbledore how she had been watching the Dursleys all day ) . Harry 's less than pleasant times at Mrs. Figg 's are cut from the film while the boa constrictor from Brazil in the zoo becomes a Burmese Python in the film . Some conflicts , such as Harry and Draco 's encounter with each other in Madam Malkin 's robe shop and midnight duel , are not in the film . Some of Nicolas Flamel 's role is changed or cut altogether . Norbert is mentioned to have been taken away by Dumbledore in the film ; whilst the book sees Harry and Hermione have to take him by hand to Charlie Weasley 's friends . Rowling described the scene as `` the one part of the book that she felt ( could easily ) be changed '' . As such , the reason for the detention in the Forbidden Forest was changed : In the novel , Harry and Hermione are put in detention for being caught by Filch when leaving the Astronomy Tower after hours , Neville and Malfoy are given detention when caught in the corridor by Professor McGonagall . In the film , Harry , Hermione and Ron receive detention after Malfoy catches them in Hagrid 's hut after hours ( Malfoy however , is given detention for being out of bed after hours ) .",
"12": "Firenze the centaur , who is described in the book as being palomino with light blonde hair , is shown to be dark in the film . The Quidditch pitch is altered from a traditional stadium to an open field circled by spectator towers . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) The first teaser poster was released on 1 December 2000 . The first teaser trailer was released via satellite on 2 March 2001 and debuted in cinemas with the release of See Spot Run . The soundtrack was released on 30 October 2001 in a CD format . A video game based on the film was released on 15 November 2001 by Electronic Arts for several consoles . Another video game , for the GameCube , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox was released in 2003 . Mattel won the rights to produce toys based on the film , to be sold exclusively through Warner Brothers ' stores . Hasbro also produced products , including confectionery items based on those from the series . Warner Bros. signed a deal worth US $150 million with Coca - Cola to promote the film , and Lego produced a series of sets based on buildings and scenes from the film , as well as a Lego Creator video game . Home media ( edit ) Warner Bros. first released the film on VHS and DVD on 11 February 2002 in the E3 UK 11 May 2002 in the UK and 28 May 2002 in the US . The VHS and DVD ( The Special Edition ) was re-released in 7 May 2004 An Ultimate Edition was later released exclusively in the US that included a Blu - ray and DVD . The release contains an extended version of the film , with many of the deleted scenes edited back in ; additionally , the set includes the existing special features disc , Radcliffe 's , Grint 's , and Watson 's first screen tests , a feature - length special Creating the World of Harry Potter Part 1 : The Magic Begins , and a 48 - page hardcover booklet . The extended version has a running time of about 159 minutes , which has previously been shown during certain television airings .",
"13": "Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film had its world premiere on 4 November 2001 , in London 's Leicester Square , with the cinema arranged to resemble Hogwarts School . The film was greatly received at the box office . In the United States , it made $32.3 million on its opening day , breaking the single day record previously held by Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . On the second day of release , the film 's gross increased to $33.5 million , breaking the record for biggest single day again . In total , it made $90.3 million during its first weekend , breaking the record for highest - opening weekend of all time that was previously held by The Lost World : Jurassic Park . It held the record until the following May when Spider - Man made $114.8 million in its opening weekend . The film held onto the No. 1 spot at the box - office for three consecutive weekends . The film also had the highest grossing 5 - day ( Wednesday - Sunday ) Thanksgiving weekend record of $82.4 million , holding the title for twelve years until both The Hunger Games : Catching Fire and Frozen surpassed it with $110.1 million and $94 million respectively . Similar results were achieved across the world . In the United Kingdom , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone broke the record for the highest - opening weekend ever , both including and excluding previews , making £ 16.3 million with and £ 9.8 million without previews . The film went on to make £ 66.1 million in the UK alone , making it the country 's second highest - grossing film of all - time ( after Titanic ) , until it was surpassed by Mamma Mia ! . In total , the film earned $974.8 million at the worldwide box office , $317.6 million of that in the US and $657.2 million elsewhere , which made it the second highest - grossing film in history at the time , as well as the year 's highest - grossing film . As of 2015 , it is the unadjusted twenty - sixth highest - grossing film of all - time and the second highest - grossing Harry Potter film to date after Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , which grossed more than $1 billion worldwide .",
"14": "Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 55.9 million tickets in the US . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 80 % based on 194 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone adapts its source material faithfully while condensing the novel 's overstuffed narrative into an involving -- and often downright exciting -- big - screen magical caper . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 64 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert called Philosopher 's Stone `` a classic , '' giving the film four out of four stars , and particularly praising the Quidditch scenes ' visual effects . Praise was echoed by both The Telegraph and Empire reviewers , with Alan Morrison of the latter naming it the film 's `` stand - out sequence '' . Brian Linder of IGN.com also gave the film a positive review , but concluded that it `` is n't perfect , but for me it 's a nice supplement to a book series that I love '' . Although criticising the final half - hour , Jeanne Aufmuth of Palo Alto Online stated that the film would `` enchant even the most cynical of moviegoers . '' USA Today reviewer Claudia Puig gave the film three out of four stars , especially praising the set design and Robbie Coltrane 's portrayal of Hagrid , but criticised John Williams ' score and concluded `` ultimately many of the book 's readers may wish for a more magical incarnation . '' The sets , design , cinematography , effects and principal cast were all given praise from Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter , although he deemed John Williams ' score `` a great clanging , banging music box that simply will not shut up . '' Todd McCarthy of Variety compared the film positively with Gone with the Wind and put `` The script is faithful , the actors are just right , the sets , costumes , makeup and effects match and sometimes exceed anything one could imagine . ''",
"15": "Jonathan Foreman of the New York Post recalled that the film was `` remarkably faithful , '' to its literary counterpart as well as a `` consistently entertaining if overlong adaptation . '' Richard Corliss of Time magazine , considered the film a `` by the numbers adaptation , '' criticising the pace and the `` charisma - free '' lead actors . CNN 's Paul Tatara found that Columbus and Kloves `` are so careful to avoid offending anyone by excising a passage from the book , the so - called narrative is more like a jamboree inside Rowling 's head . '' Nathaniel Rogers of The Film Experience gave the film a negative review and wrote : `` Harry Potter and the Sorceror 's Stone is as bland as movies can get . '' Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine wished that the film had been directed by Tim Burton , finding the cinematography `` bland and muggy , '' and the majority of the film a `` solidly dull celebration of dribbling goo . '' Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times was highly negative about the film , saying `` ( the film ) is like a theme park that 's a few years past its prime ; the rides clatter and groan with metal fatigue every time they take a curve . '' He also said it suffered from `` a lack of imagination '' and wooden characters , adding , `` The Sorting Hat has more personality than anything else in the movie . '' Accolades ( edit ) The film received three Academy Award nominations : Best Art Direction , Best Costume Design , and Best Original Score for John Williams . The film was also nominated for seven BAFTA Awards . These were Best British Film , Best Supporting Actor for Robbie Coltrane , as well as the awards for Best Costume Design , Production Design , Makeup and Hair , Sound and Visual Effects . The film won a Saturn Award for its costumes , and was nominated for eight more awards . It won other awards from the Casting Society of America and the Costume Designers Guild . It was nominated for the AFI Film Award for its special effects , and the Art Directors Guild Award for its production design . It received the Broadcast Film Critics Award for Best Live Action Family Film and was nominated for Best Child Performance ( for Daniel Radcliffe ) and Best Composer ( John Williams ) . In 2005 the American Film Institute nominated the film for AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores .",
"16": "( show ) List of awards and nominations Award Category Recipient ( s ) Outcome Ref . 74th Academy Awards Best Costume Design Judianna Mokovsky Nominated Achievement in Art Direction Stuart Craig Best Original Score John Williams Amanda Awards Best Foreign Feature Film American Film Institute Awards 2001 Best Digital Effects Artist Robert Legato , Nick Davis , Roger Guyett Art Directors Guild Award Excellence in Production Design for a Period or Fantasy Film Stuart Craig , John King , Neil Lamont , Andrew Ackland - Snow , Peter Francis , Michael Lamont , Simon Lamont , Steve Lawrence , Lucinda Thomson , Stephen Morahan , Dominic Masters , Gary Tomkins Awards of the Japanese Academy Outstanding Foreign Language Film Artios Award Feature Film -- Comedy Jane Jenkins , Janet Hirshenson Won Bogey Awards Bogey Award in Titanium 55th British Academy Film Awards Best British Film Nominated Best Supporting Actor Robbie Coltrane Best Costume Design Judianna Makovsky Best Production Design Stuart Craig Best Makeup & Hair Nick Dudman , Eithne Fennel , Amanda Knight Best Sound Best Visual Effects Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Family Film ( Live Action ) Won Best Child Performance Daniel Radcliffe Nominated Best Composer John Williams Broadcast Music Incorporated Film & TV Awards BMI Film Music Award Won Costume Designers Guild Award Excellence in Fantasy Costume Design Judianna Makovsky Eddie Awards Best Edited Feature Film -- Dramatic Richard Francis - Bruce Nominated Empire Awards Best Film Best Debut Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson Evening Standard British Film Awards Technical Achievement Award Stuart Craig Won Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Foreign Film Eddy Joseph , Martin Cantwell , Nick Lowe , Colin Ritchie , Peter Holt Nominated 45th Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture ,",
"17": "Television or Other Visual Media John Williams Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation 2002 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie 2002 MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Male Performance Daniel Radcliffe Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Family Film Won Best Newcomer Daniel Radcliffe Nominated Best Youth Performance Emma Watson Best Costume Design Judianna Makovsky Best Original Score John Williams Best Production Design Stuart Craig Best Visual Effects Robert Legato , Nick Davis , John Richardson , Roger Guyett 13th Producers Guild of America Awards Producer of the Year Award in Theatrical Motion Pictures David Heyman Satellite Awards Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Best Film Editing Richard Francis - Bruce Best Art Direction Stuard Craig Best Visual Effects Robert Legato , Nick Davis , Roger Guyett , John Richardson Outstanding New Talent Special Achievement Award Rupert Grint Won 28th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Director Chris Columbus Best Supporting Actor Robbie Coltrane Best Supporting Actress Maggie Smith Best Performance by a Younger Actor Daniel Radcliffe Best Performance by a Younger Actress Emma Watson Best Costumes Judianna Makovsky Won Best Make - Up Nick Dudman , Mark Coulier , John Lambert Nominated Best Special Effects Robert Legato , Nick Davis , Roger Guyett , John Richardson Sierra Awards Best Family Film Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Action Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Family Feature Film -- Drama Nominated Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actress Emma Watson ( tied with Scarlett Johansson ) Won Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actor Tom Felton Nominated Best Ensemble in a Feature Film Most Promising Young Newcomer Rupert Grint Won See also ( edit ) Book : Harry Potter Harry Potter portal Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 26 December 2017 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ `` British Council Film : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( aka Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) '' . British Council . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Anthikad - Chhibber , Mini . `` Harry Comes to Hyderabad '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . Guardian Unlimited. 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Brian ( 30 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus Talks Potter '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 30 May 2000 ) . `` Attention All Muggles ! '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Brian ( 14 June 2000 ) . `` Harry Potter Casting Frenzy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 25 April 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lindner , Brian ( 11 July 2000 ) . `` Trouble Brewing with Potter Casting ? '' . IGN . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson Bring Harry , Ron and Hermione to Life for Warner Bros. Pictures Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Warner Bros. 21 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeff ; Fierman , Daniel ( 14 September 2001 ) .",
"19": "`` Inside Harry Potter -- It May Be a Movie about a Tyro Wizard and His Magical Adventures , but Bringing Harry Potter to the Big Screen Took Real Muggle Might , No Hocus - Pocus about It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Koltnow , Barry ( 8 July 2007 ) . `` One Enchanted Night at Theater , Radcliffe Became Harry Potter '' . East Valley Tribune . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Sussman , Paul ( 23 August 2000 ) . `` British Child Actor `` a Splendid Harry Potter '' `` . CNN . Archived from the original on 26 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` When Danny Met Harry '' . The Times . 3 November 2001 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( 2 May 2008 ) . `` '' Narnia '' Star William Moseley Reflects on Nearly Becoming Harry Potter `` . MTV . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Season of the Witch '' . Entertainment Weekly . 14 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2001 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Kulkani , Dhananjay ( 23 June 2004 ) . `` Emma Watson , New Teenage Sensation ! ! '' . Buzzle . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Bill ( 31 December 2016 ) . `` The Hilarious Reason Daniel Radcliffe Was Cast As Harry Potter '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Hugh ( 14 August 2000 ) . `` Author 's favourites are chosen for Potter film '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( 2 November 2001 ) .",
"20": "`` JK Rowling interview in full '' . Newsround ( Interview ) . Interview with Mzimba , Lizo . CBBC . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Williams turned down for Potter '' . The Guardian . 15 November 2001 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sussman , Paul ( 22 August 2000 ) . `` Harry Potter : The search is finally over '' . CNN . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , C. ( 27 November 2001 ) . `` Richard Harris : The Envelopes , Please '' . People . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( 9 June 2004 ) . `` Interview : David Thewlis '' . Movie Hole . Archived from the original on 12 June 2004 . Retrieved 4 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( 7 December 2007 ) . `` What Would `` Potter '' Have Been Like with Tim Roth as Snape ? `` . MTV . Retrieved 8 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 19 April 2000 ) . `` '' Rosie '' in Harry Potter ? `` . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WiGBPd about Harry '' . Australian Financial Review . 19 July 2000 . Archived from the original on 8 September 2006 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jonathan , J.K. Rowling ( 6 July 2007 ) . Friday Night with Jonathan Ross . BBC One . Retrieved 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 23 February 2000 ) . `` No `` Harry Potter '' for Spielberg `` . IGN . Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( 17 March 2000 ) .",
"21": "`` Potter 's Field '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` For Spielberg , Making a Harry Potter Movie Would Have Been No Challenge '' . Hollywood.com. 5 September 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` Rubbish Bin : JK Rowling Veto - ed Steven Spielberg '' . J.K. Rowling.com . Archived from the original on 18 April 2006 . Retrieved 20 June 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Schmitz , Greg Dean . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 9 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( 10 July 2006 ) . `` A Good Night for Harry Potter ? '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 20 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 7 March 2000 ) . `` Two Potential `` Harry Potter '' Director 's Back Out `` . IGN . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 15 March 2000 ) . `` Harry Potter Director Narrowed Down '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Gilliam Bitter about Potter '' . Wizard News . 29 August 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Bran ( 28 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus to Direct Harry Potter '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 13 January 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Sragow , Michael ( 24 February 2000 ) . `` A Wizard of Hollywood '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 10 July 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 17 May 2000 ) . `` Bewitched Warner Bros. Delays Potter '' . IGN . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone misc notes '' . tcm.com . Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone -- Misc Notes . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter at Leavesden '' . WB Studio Tour . Archived from the original on 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Filming began on Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone at Leavesden Studios on Friday 29th September 2000 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 2 October 2000 ) . `` Potter Pics : Hagrid , Hogsmeade Station , and the Hogwarts Express '' . IGN . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 28 June 2000 ) . `` All 7 Harry Potter Books to Film ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 25 April 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Euro - AICN Special Report : Harry Potter , and a Little Bit on Aardman 's next '' . Ai n't it Cool News . 20 June 2000 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 5 September 2000 ) . `` Another Hogwarts Location for Potter '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 19 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Brian ( 26 September 2000 ) . `` Potter Privet Drive Pics '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 3 October 2000 ) . `` Potter Pics : Part Two -- The Hogwarts Set at Durham Cathedral '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 19 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 25 October 2000 ) . `` Hogwarts Oxford Location Pics & Rowling Speaks '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 25 April 2009 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheperd , Ben ( 7 July 2007 ) . Harry Potter : behind the Magic ( TV ) . ITV1 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Brian ( 25 November 2000 ) . `` Potter Set News & Pics '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Brian ( 21 February 2001 ) . `` Lumos ! '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Conversation between JK Rowling and Daniel Radcliffe '' . Youtube . ^ Jump up to : Cagle , Jess ( 5 November 2001 ) . `` The First Look at Harry '' . Time . Retrieved 19 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Brian ( 8 January 2001 ) . `` Davis Confirms Potter Role '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 11 January 2001 ) . `` Potter Creature Feature '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Glen ( 17 August 2000 ) . `` Harry Potter Composer Chosen '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 19 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Brian ( 23 May 2001 ) . `` Potter Postlude '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 25 April 2009 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 6 February 2001 ) . `` Screenwriter Kloves Talks Harry Potter '' .",
"24": "IGN . Archived from the original on 19 October 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Dadds , Kimberley ; Miriam Zendle ( 9 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter : Books vs films '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 13 December 2000 ) . `` Potter Poster Pic '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 28 February 2001 ) . `` Potter Preview Premieres Tomorrow '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 19 October 2007 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Thorsen , Tor ( 12 December 2003 ) . `` Sorcerer 's Stone Ships Out '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 29 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Biran ( 10 February 2000 ) . `` Mattel Wins Harry Potter Toy Rights '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 19 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 14 February 2000 ) . `` Hasbro Gets Harry Potter Merchandise Rights '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 1 June 2001 ) . `` Son of Harry Potter LEGOs '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com '' . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kenneth ( 7 December 2009 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Blu - ray Review '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved 17 July 2010 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca ( 6 May 2004 ) . `` ABC Offers a Sneak Peek at `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' `` . About.com . Archived from the original on 3 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Casts Spell at World Premiere '' . BBC News Online . 15 November 2001 . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Harry Potter '' Magically Shatters Records `` . Hollywood.com. 18 November 2001 . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( 6 May 2002 ) . `` ' Spider - Man ' Takes Box Office on the Ultimate Spin : $114.8 Million '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` November 23 -- 25 , 2001 Weekend 3 - day Thanksgiving Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` November 30 -- December 2 , 2001 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Catching Fire , ' ' Frozen ' Set Thanksgiving Records '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Smashes Box Office Records '' . Newsround. 19 November 2001 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Chris ( 30 October 2008 ) . `` Mamma Mia Becomes Highest Grossing British Film '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Makes Movie Chart History '' . Newsround. 19 February 2002 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( 2011 ) . Box Office Mojo .",
"26": "Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ) ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 16 November 2001 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Hiscock , John ( 4 November 2001 ) . `` Magic Is the Only Word for It '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Alan . `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . Empire . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 17 November 2001 ) . `` Brian Linder 's Review of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . IGN . Retrieved 9 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Aufmuth , Jeanne . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Palo Alto Online . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 16 November 2001 ) . `` Visually stunning ' Potter ' falls short of pure magic '' . USA Today . Retrieved 9 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 9 November 2001 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 4 August 2007 . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 11 November 2001 ) .",
"27": "`` Also Playing : Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Variety . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Foreman , Jonathan . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . New York Post . Retrieved 22 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 1 November 2001 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone : Movie Review '' . Time . Archived from the original on 10 July 2007 . Retrieved 29 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Tatara , Paul ( 16 November 2001 ) . `` Review : ' Potter ' well acted , heavy handed '' . CNN . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Nathaniel ( December 2001 ) . `` Harry Potter & the Sorceror 's Stone '' . TheFilmExperience.net . Archived from the original on 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Ed . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Elvis Mitchell ( 16 November 2001 ) . `` FILM REVIEW ; The Sorcerer 's Apprentice '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Results Page for Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone -- Academy Awards Database '' . AMPAS . Archived from the original on 9 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` BAFTA Film Nominations 2001 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on 21 September 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 2001 Saturn Awards '' . MovieWeb. 13 June 2002 .",
"28": "Retrieved 21 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Artios Award Winners '' . Casting Society of America . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` WINNERS FOR THE 4th ANNUAL COSTUME DESIGNERS GUILD AWARDS '' . Costume Designers Guild . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI AWARDS FOR MOTION PICTURES 2001 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 6th Annual Excellence in Production Design Awards '' . Art Directors Guild . Archived from the original on 4 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 Broadcast Film Critics Choice Award Winners and Nominations '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards & Festivals : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . Mubi . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 25th Japan Academy Prize '' ( in Japanese ) . Japan Academy Prize Association . Archived from the original on 26 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter und der Stein der Weisen '' . Blickpunkt : Film ( in German ) . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Film , TV , Cable Composers Honored at BMI 's Annual Film / TV Awards '' . Broadcast Music , Inc. 14 May 2002 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Awards for 2002 '' . Internet Movie Awards . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Evening Standard British Film Awards 1990 -- 2001 '' . London Evening Standard . 10 January 2003 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ Hobbs , John ( 10 February 2002 ) . `` Sound editors tap noms for Golden Reel Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Artist : John Williams '' . Grammy Award . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . Archived from the original on 7 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon 's `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2002 '' Premieres April 20 `` . Nick and More ! . 5 March 2002 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lord of the Rings , ' ' Fast and the Furious ' top MTV Movie Award nominees '' . MTV News . 23 April 2002 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PFCS Awards for 2002 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Shrek , ' ' Harry Potter , ' ' Lord of the Rings ' among producing guild 's nominees '' . Associated Press . 11 January 2002 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 6th Annual SATELLITE Awards '' . International Press Academy . Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Sierra Award Winners -- 2001 '' . Las Vegas Film Critics Society . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 TEEN CHOICE AWARDS '' . The Oklahoman. 18 August 2002 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 23rd Annual Young Artist Awards 2002 '' . Young Artist Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 .",
"30": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) Official website Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone on IMDb Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone at Box Office Mojo Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone at Rotten Tomatoes Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone at Metacritic The Harry Potter series by J.K.",
"31": "Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Fred and George Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism ,",
"32": "Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Category Portal Chris Columbus Directed Adventures in Babysitting ( 1987 ) Heartbreak Hotel ( 1988 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Only the Lonely ( 1991 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Mrs.",
"33": "Doubtfire ( 1993 ) Nine Months ( 1995 ) Stepmom ( 1998 ) Bicentennial Man ( 1999 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Rent ( 2005 ) I Love You , Beth Cooper ( 2009 ) Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Produced only Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) Monkeybone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) I Kill Giants ( 2017 ) Written only Reckless ( 1984 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1989 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Television Galaxy High ( 1986 , wrote ) See also 1492 Pictures House of Secrets Works by J.K.",
"34": "Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 ,",
"35": "also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also Wizarding World Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Harry Potter : Hogwarts Mystery Harry Potter : Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Portkey Games Book Category Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Family Film Anastasia ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) October Sky ( 1999 ) My Dog Skip ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion ,",
"36": "the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) VIAF : 180913113 LCCN : no2001089351 GND : 4666251 - 0 SUDOC : 168972425 BNF : cb144497637 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)&oldid=838416934 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films Harry Potter ( film series ) 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films American films American fantasy adventure films British films British fantasy adventure films Films directed by Chris Columbus Films scored by John Williams Films set in London Films set in England Films set in Scotland Films using computer - generated imagery High fantasy films IMAX films Warner Bros. films 1492 Pictures films Films produced by David Heyman Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Use British English from October 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Use dmy dates from June 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia",
"37": "Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska",
"38": "தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
3,
1,
2,
34,
31,
9,
22,
11,
12,
32,
4,
10,
35,
19,
23,
33,
6,
8,
13,
36,
18,
5,
27,
26,
30,
24,
21,
0,
14,
25,
17,
20,
7,
15,
28,
29,
16,
38,
37
] |
[
3,
1,
2,
34,
31,
9
] |
1571285043608286236
|
mark who went to golf majors in 1998
|
[
"Mark O'Meara",
"O'Meara",
"Mark O'Meara"
] |
{
"0": "Mark O'Meara - wikipedia Mark O'Meara Jump to : navigation , search For the Florida criminal defense attorney associated with the Trayvon Martin case , see Mark O'Mara . Mark O'Meara O'Meara in 2005 Full name Mark Francis O'Meara ( 1957 - 01 - 13 ) January 13 , 1957 ( age 61 ) Goldsboro , North Carolina Height 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Weight 195 lb ( 88 kg ; 13.9 st ) Nationality United States Residence Houston , Texas Spouse Meredith O'Meara Children Michelle , Shaun , Aidan Berkman ( stepson ) Career College Long Beach State University Turned professional 1980 Current tour ( s ) PGA Tour Champions ( joined 2007 ) Former tour ( s ) PGA Tour ( joined 1981 ) Professional wins 34 Number of wins by tour PGA Tour 16 European Tour Japan Golf Tour PGA Tour Champions Best results in major championships ( wins : 2 ) Masters Tournament Won : 1998 U.S. Open T3 : 1988 The Open Championship Won : 1998 PGA Championship T4 : 1998 Achievements and awards World Golf Hall of Fame 2015 ( member page ) PGA Player of the Year 1998 PGA Tour Player of the Year 1998 Mark Francis O'Meara ( born January 13 , 1957 ) is an American professional golfer . He was a tournament winner on the PGA Tour and around the world from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s . He spent nearly 200 weeks in the top - 10 of the Official World Golf Ranking from their debut in 1986 to 2000 . He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2015 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 PGA Tour 3 Champions Tour 4 Professional wins ( 34 ) 4.1 PGA Tour wins ( 16 ) 4.2 European Tour wins ( 4 ) 4.3 Japan Golf Tour wins ( 2 ) 4.4 Other wins ( 11 ) 4.5 Champions Tour wins ( 2 ) 5 Major championships 5.1 Wins ( 2 ) 5.2 Results timeline 5.3 Summary 6 Senior major championships 6.1 Wins ( 1 ) 6.2 Senior results timeline 7 U.S. national team appearances 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early years ( edit ) O'Meara was born in Goldsboro , North Carolina , but grew up in southern California in Mission Viejo . He took up golf at age 13 , sneaking on to the nearby Mission Viejo Country Club . O'Meara later became an employee of the club and played on his high school golf team . He was an All - American at Long Beach State , and won the U.S. Amateur in 1979 , defeating John Cook . He also won the California State Amateur Championship that year . O'Meara was a former resident of Orlando , Florida and lived in the same neighborhood as Tiger Woods . The two became good friends and frequently golfed together during this time . O'Meara now resides in Houston , Texas . PGA Tour ( edit ) After graduating with a degree in marketing in 1980 , O'Meara turned professional and would win 16 events on the PGA Tour , beginning with the Greater Milwaukee Open in 1984 . He won the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am five times , but he passed his 41st birthday in January 1998 without having won a major championship as a professional . In a late finale to his PGA Tour winning career , O'Meara won two majors in 1998 , The Masters and the British Open . O'Meara's victory in The Masters came at his 15th attempt .",
"2": "O'Meara attributed this resurgence partly to the inspiration of working with Tiger Woods , the new superstar of the game at the time , with whom O'Meara had become good friends . In the same year , he won the Cisco World Match Play Championship and reached a career best of second in the Official World Golf Ranking . O'Meara is known for competing outside the United States more often than most leading American golfers , and has won tournaments in Europe , Asia , Australia and South America . A man with a genial demeanor , he is one of the most popular figures in international golf . In the new millennium his form took a downturn and he began to struggle with injuries , but in 2004 he won an official tour event for the first time since 1998 , taking the Dubai Desert Classic title , which despite being played in the Middle East is a European Tour event . Champions Tour ( edit ) In 2007 , O'Meara began play on the Champions Tour ; he had many top - 10 finishes in his first three seasons including several runner - up finishes , but no wins . In 2010 , he broke through with a win in the Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf with Nick Price , followed by his first senior major victory in the Constellation Energy Senior Players Championship . O'Meara was sidelined by a rib injury for several months starting in April 2012 ; he missed the majors on both tours and did not compete until August . O'Meara has begun to develop a golf course design practice and enjoys fishing in his off time . He is currently a brand ambassador for Pacific Links International . Professional wins ( 34 ) ( edit ) PGA Tour wins ( 16 ) ( edit ) Legend Major championships ( 2 ) Other PGA Tour ( 14 ) No .",
"3": "Date Tournament Winning score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Sep 16 , 1984 Greater Milwaukee Open 67 - 68 - 69 - 68 = 272 − 16 5 strokes Tom Watson Feb 3 , 1985 Bing Crosby National Pro-Am 70 - 72 - 68 - 73 = 283 − 5 1 stroke Kikuo Arai , Larry Rinker , Curtis Strange Feb 10 , 1985 Hawaiian Open 67 - 66 - 65 - 69 = 267 − 21 1 stroke Craig Stadler Jan 29 , 1989 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ( 2 ) 66 - 68 - 73 - 70 = 277 − 11 1 stroke Tom Kite 5 Feb 4 , 1990 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ( 3 ) 67 - 73 - 69 - 72 = 281 − 7 2 strokes Kenny Perry 6 Oct 7 , 1990 H.E.B. Texas Open 64 - 68 - 66 - 63 = 261 − 19 1 stroke Gary Hallberg 7 Oct 19 , 1991 Walt Disney World / Oldsmobile Classic 66 - 66 - 71 - 64 = 267 − 21 1 stroke David Peoples 8 Feb 2 , 1992 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ( 4 ) 69 - 68 - 68 - 70 = 275 − 13 Playoff Jeff Sluman 9 Mar 12 , 1995 Honda Classic 68 - 65 - 71 - 71 = 275 − 9 1 stroke Nick Faldo 10 Sep 10 , 1995 Bell Canadian Open 72 - 67 - 68 - 67 = 274 − 14 Playoff Bob Lohr 11 Jan 7 ,",
"4": "1996 Mercedes Championships 68 - 69 - 66 - 68 = 271 − 17 3 strokes Nick Faldo , Scott Hoch 12 Apr 28 , 1996 Greater Greensboro Chrysler Classic 75 - 68 - 62 - 69 = 274 − 14 2 strokes Duffy Waldorf 13 Feb 2 , 1997 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ( 5 ) 67 - 67 - 67 - 67 = 268 − 20 1 stroke David Duval , Tiger Woods 14 Feb 9 , 1997 Buick Invitational 67 - 66 - 71 - 71 = 275 − 13 2 strokes David Ogrin , Donnie Hammond , Jesper Parnevik , Craig Stadler , Lee Janzen , Mike Hulbert , Duffy Waldorf 15 Apr 12 , 1998 Masters Tournament 74 - 70 - 68 - 67 = 279 − 9 1 stroke Fred Couples , David Duval 16 Jul 19 , 1998 The Open Championship 72 - 68 - 72 - 68 = 280 Playoff Brian Watts PGA Tour playoff record ( 3 -- 4 ) No .",
"5": "Year Tournament Opponent ( s ) Result 1981 Tallahassee Open Dave Eichelberger , Bob Murphy Eichelberger won with birdie on first extra hole Phoenix Open Rex Caldwell , Bob Gilder , Johnny Miller Gilder won with birdie on eighth extra hole Miller and O'Meara eliminated with birdie on second hole 1991 Bob Hope Chrysler Classic Corey Pavin Lost to birdie on first extra hole 1992 Bob Hope Chrysler Classic John Cook , Rick Fehr , Tom Kite , Gene Sauers Cook won with eagle on fourth extra hole Fehr eliminated with birdie on second hole Kite and O'Meara eliminated with birdie on first hole 5 1992 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am Jeff Sluman Won with par on first extra hole 6 1995 Bell Canadian Open Bob Lohr Won with par on first extra hole 7 1998 The Open Championship Brian Watts Won four - hole aggregate playoff O'Meara 4 - 4 - 5 - 4 = 17 , Watts 5 - 4 - 5 - 5 = 19 European Tour wins ( 4 ) ( edit ) No . Date Tournament Winning score Margin of victory Runner - up Aug 23 , 1987 Lawrence Batley International − 17 ( 71 - 64 - 70 - 66 = 271 ) 3 strokes Carl Mason Sep 14 , 1997 Trophée Lancôme − 13 ( 69 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 271 ) 1 stroke Jarmo Sandelin Jul 19 , 1998 The Open Championship E ( 72 - 68 - 72 - 68 = 280 ) Playoff Brian Watts Mar 7 , 2004 Dubai Desert Classic − 17 ( 70 - 64 - 68 - 69 = 271 ) 1 stroke Paul McGinley European Tour playoff record ( 1 -- 0 ) No .",
"6": "Year Tournament Opponent Result 1998 The Open Championship Brian Watts Won four - hole aggregate playoff O'Meara 4 - 4 - 5 - 4 = 17 , Watts 5 - 4 - 5 - 5 = 19 Japan Golf Tour wins ( 2 ) ( edit ) 1985 Fujisankei Classic 1992 Tokai Classic Other wins ( 11 ) ( edit ) 1985 Isuzu Kapalua International ( unofficial PGA Tour event ) 1986 Australian Masters 1989 RMCC Invitational ( with Curtis Strange ) 1994 Argentine Open , Fred Meyer Challenge ( with John Cook ) 1998 Cisco World Match Play Championship ( Europe -- unofficial event ) , Skins Game ( U.S. -- unofficial event ) 1999 World Cup of Golf ( with Tiger Woods ) 2000 Fred Meyer Challenge ( with John Cook ) 2002 Skins Game ( U.S. -- unofficial event ) 2007 Champions Challenge ( with Mike Reid ) Champions Tour wins ( 2 ) ( edit ) Legend Champions Tour major championships ( 1 ) Other Champions Tour ( 1 ) No . Date Tournament Winning score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Apr 25 , 2010 Liberty Mutual Insurance Legends of Golf ( with Nick Price ) 62 - 64 - 62 = 188 − 28 Playoff John Cook & Joey Sindelar Oct 10 , 2010 Constellation Energy Senior Players Championship 68 - 68 - 69 - 68 = 273 − 7 Playoff Michael Allen Champions Tour playoff record ( 2 -- 1 ) No .",
"7": "Year Tournament Opponent ( s ) Result Liberty Mutual Insurance Legends of Golf ( with Nick Price ) John Cook & Joey Sindelar Won with par on second extra hole Constellation Energy Senior Players Championship Michael Allen Won with par on first extra hole 2012 Boeing Classic Jay Don Blake Lost to birdie on second extra hole Major championships ( edit ) Wins ( 2 ) ( edit ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up 1998 Masters Tournament 2 shot deficit 74 - 70 - 68 - 67 = 279 − 9 1 stroke Fred Couples , David Duval 1998 The Open Championship 2 shot deficit 72 - 68 - 72 - 68 = 280 Playoff Brian Watts Defeated Brian Watts in 4 - hole playoff : O'Meara ( 4 - 4 - 5 - 4 = 17 ) , Watts ( 5 - 4 - 5 - 5 = 19 ) Results timeline ( edit ) Tournament 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 Masters Tournament CUT 24 48 T24 T39 T11 U.S. Open CUT CUT 58 T7 T15 T41 CUT T3 CUT The Open Championship T47 T3 T43 T66 27 T42 PGA Championship T70 CUT T25 T28 CUT CUT T9 CUT Tournament 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 Masters Tournament CUT T27 T4 T21 T15 T31 T18 T30 T31 U.S.",
"8": "Open CUT CUT CUT CUT CUT T16 T36 T32 CUT The Open Championship T48 T3 T12 CUT T49 T33 T38 CUT PGA Championship T19 CUT CUT CUT T6 T26 T13 T4 T57 Tournament 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Masters Tournament CUT T20 CUT T8 T27 T31 CUT CUT CUT CUT U.S. Open T51 CUT T18 T35 CUT The Open Championship T26 T42 T22 T65 T30 CUT T63 T60 CUT T70 PGA Championship T46 T22 CUT CUT CUT Tournament 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Masters Tournament CUT CUT CUT CUT T22 CUT CUT CUT U.S. Open The Open Championship CUT CUT T58 T78 T63 CUT PGA Championship Win Top 10 Did not play CUT = missed the halfway cut `` T '' indicates a tie for a place . Summary ( edit ) Tournament Wins 2nd 3rd Top - 5 Top - 10 Top - 25 Events Cuts made Masters Tournament 0 0 11 34 19 U.S.",
"9": "Open 0 0 5 23 11 The Open Championship 0 5 31 24 PGA Championship 0 0 0 7 22 12 Totals 0 7 11 28 110 66 Most consecutive cuts made -- 11 ( 1995 Masters -- 1999 Masters ) Longest streak of top - 10s -- 2 ( 1998 Open Championship -- 1998 PGA ) Senior major championships ( edit ) Wins ( 1 ) ( edit ) Year Championship Winning score To par Margin Runner - up Constellation Energy Senior Players Championship 68 - 68 - 69 - 68 = 273 − 7 Playoff Michael Allen Defeated Allen in a sudden - death playoff . Senior results timeline ( edit ) Results not in chronological order before 2017 . Tournament 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 The Tradition T14 T31 T11 T38 T12 DNP T36 T35 T38 T17 T40 Senior PGA Championship T12 T24 T14 T18 DNP DNP T45 T14 T46 U.S. Senior Open T11 CUT T6 CUT DNP 19 T38 WD CUT CUT Senior Players Championship T31 T32 T9 5 DNP T39 T6 WD T36 70 Senior British Open Championship T2 T34 T25 DNP T39 DNP T26 DNP WD T18 DNP DNP = did not play CUT = missed the halfway cut WD = withdrew `` T '' indicates a tie for a place . Green background for a win . Yellow background for top - 10 . U.S.",
"10": "national team appearances ( edit ) Professional Alfred Dunhill Cup : 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1996 ( winners ) , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 Ryder Cup : 1985 , 1989 ( tie ) , 1991 ( winners ) , 1997 , 1999 ( winners ) Nissan Cup : 1985 ( winners ) Presidents Cup : 1996 ( winners ) , 1998 World Cup : 1999 ( winners ) UBS Cup : 2001 ( winners ) , 2002 ( winners ) , 2003 ( tie ) See also ( edit ) List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of golfers with most wins in one PGA Tour event References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 69 Players Who Have Reached The Top - 10 In World Ranking '' ( PDF ) . Official World Golf Ranking . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Mike ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Class of 2015 Hall of Famers receive surprise calls '' . PGA Tour . Jump up ^ Foster , Chris ( March 9 , 2007 ) . `` O'Meara Comes Home For Toshiba Classic '' . Long Beach State.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chmiel , David ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Mark O'Meara : U.S. Amateur Victory Provided Crucial Confidence '' . USGA . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ An Interview with : Mark O'Meara Archived October 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` O'Meara withdraws from Masters before 1st round '' . April 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Former champ Mark O'Meara to miss British Open '' . July 10 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mark O'Meara .",
"11": "Mark O'Meara at the PGA Tour official site Mark O'Meara at the European Tour official site Mark O'Meara at the Japan Golf Tour official site Mark O'Meara at the Official World Golf Ranking official site The official Mark O'Meara Design web site Mark O'Meara in the major championships Masters Tournament champions 1934 Horton Smith 1935 Gene Sarazen † 1936 Horton Smith 1937 Byron Nelson 1938 Henry Picard 1939 Ralph Guldahl 1940 Jimmy Demaret 1941 ‡ Craig Wood 1942 Byron Nelson † 1943 -- 45 cancelled due to World War II 1946 Herman Keiser 1947 Jimmy Demaret 1948 Claude Harmon 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Jimmy Demaret 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Sam Snead 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Sam Snead † 1955 Cary Middlecoff 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Doug Ford 1958 Arnold Palmer 1959 Art Wall Jr .",
"12": "1960 ‡ Arnold Palmer 1961 Gary Player 1962 Arnold Palmer † 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 Arnold Palmer 1965 Jack Nicklaus 1966 Jack Nicklaus † 1967 Gay Brewer 1968 Bob Goalby 1969 George Archer 1970 Billy Casper † 1971 Charles Coody 1972 ‡ Jack Nicklaus 1973 Tommy Aaron 1974 Gary Player 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Gary Player 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1980 Seve Ballesteros 1981 Tom Watson 1982 Craig Stadler † 1983 Seve Ballesteros 1984 Ben Crenshaw 1985 Bernhard Langer 1986 Jack Nicklaus 1987 Larry Mize † 1988 Sandy Lyle 1989 Nick Faldo † 1990 Nick Faldo † 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Bernhard Langer 1994 José María Olazábal 1995 Ben Crenshaw 1996 Nick Faldo 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 José María Olazábal 2000 Vijay Singh 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Mike Weir † 2004 Phil Mickelson 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Phil Mickelson 2007 Zach Johnson 2008 Trevor Immelman 2009 Ángel Cabrera † 2010 Phil Mickelson 2011 Charl Schwartzel 2012 Bubba Watson † 2013 Adam Scott † 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 ‡ Jordan Spieth 2016 Danny Willett 2017 Sergio García † 2018 Patrick Reed † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire The Open Championship champions 1860 Willie Park Sr . 1861 Tom Morris Sr .",
"13": "1862 Tom Morris Sr . 1863 Willie Park Sr . 1864 Tom Morris Sr . 1865 Andrew Strath 1866 Willie Park Sr . 1867 Tom Morris Sr . 1868 Tom Morris Jr . 1869 Tom Morris Jr . 1870 Tom Morris Jr . 1871 No championship 1872 Tom Morris Jr . 1873 Tom Kidd 1874 Mungo Park 1875 Willie Park Sr . 1876 Bob Martin † 1877 Jamie Anderson 1878 Jamie Anderson 1879 Jamie Anderson 1880 Bob Ferguson 1881 Bob Ferguson 1882 Bob Ferguson 1883 Willie Fernie † 1884 Jack Simpson 1885 Bob Martin 1886 David Brown 1887 Willie Park Jr . 1888 Jack Burns 1889 Willie Park Jr. † 1890 John Ball # 1891 Hugh Kirkaldy 1892 Harold Hilton # 1893 William Auchterlonie 1894 John Henry Taylor 1895 John Henry Taylor 1896 Harry Vardon † 1897 Harold Hilton # 1898 Harry Vardon 1899 Harry Vardon 1900 John Henry Taylor 1901 James Braid 1902 Sandy Herd 1903 Harry Vardon 1904 Jack White 1905 James Braid 1906 James Braid 1907 Arnaud Massy 1908 James Braid 1909 John Henry Taylor 1910 James Braid 1911 Harry Vardon † 1912 ‡ Edward Ray 1913 John Henry Taylor 1914 Harry Vardon 1915 -- 19 No Championships due to World War I 1920 George Duncan 1921 Jock Hutchison † 1922 Walter Hagen 1923 Arthur Havers 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Jim Barnes 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 ‡ Bobby Jones # 1928 Walter Hagen 1929 Walter Hagen",
"14": "1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Tommy Armour 1932 ‡ Gene Sarazen 1933 Denny Shute † 1934 ‡ Henry Cotton 1935 Alf Perry 1936 Alf Padgham 1937 Henry Cotton 1938 Reg Whitcombe 1939 Dick Burton 1940 -- 45 No Championships due to World War II 1946 Sam Snead 1947 Fred Daly 1948 Henry Cotton 1949 Bobby Locke † 1950 Bobby Locke 1951 Max Faulkner 1952 Bobby Locke 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Peter Thomson 1955 Peter Thomson 1956 Peter Thomson 1957 Bobby Locke 1958 Peter Thomson † 1959 Gary Player 1960 Kel Nagle 1961 Arnold Palmer 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Bob Charles † 1964 Tony Lema 1965 Peter Thomson 1966 Jack Nicklaus 1967 Roberto De Vicenzo 1968 Gary Player 1969 Tony Jacklin 1970 Jack Nicklaus † 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Lee Trevino 1973 ‡ Tom Weiskopf 1974 Gary Player 1975 Tom Watson † 1976 Johnny Miller 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Seve Ballesteros 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Tom Watson 1984 Seve Ballesteros 1985 Sandy Lyle 1986 Greg Norman 1987 Nick Faldo 1988 Seve Ballesteros 1989 Mark Calcavecchia † 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Ian Baker - Finch 1992 Nick Faldo 1993 Greg Norman 1994 Nick Price 1995 John Daly †",
"15": "1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Justin Leonard 1998 Mark O'Meara † 1999 Paul Lawrie † 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 David Duval 2002 Ernie Els † 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton † 2005 ‡ Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Pádraig Harrington † 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Stewart Cink † 2010 Louis Oosthuizen 2011 Darren Clarke 2012 Ernie Els 2013 Phil Mickelson 2014 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2015 Zach Johnson † 2016 Henrik Stenson 2017 Jordan Spieth † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire in 72 - holes ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur Senior Players Championship champions 1983 Miller Barber 1984 Arnold Palmer 1985 Arnold Palmer 1986 Chi - Chi Rodríguez 1987 Gary Player 1988 Billy Casper 1989 Orville Moody 1990 Jack Nicklaus 1991 Jim Albus 1992 Dave Stockton 1993 Jim Colbert 1994 Dave Stockton 1995 J.C. Snead † 1996 Raymond Floyd 1997 Larry Gilbert 1998 Gil Morgan 1999 Hale Irwin 2000 Raymond Floyd 2001 Allen Doyle † 2002 Stewart Ginn 2003 Craig Stadler 2004 Mark James 2005 Peter Jacobsen 2006 Bobby Wadkins 2007 Loren Roberts 2008 D.A.",
"16": "Weibring 2009 Jay Haas 2010 Mark O'Meara † 2011 Fred Couples † 2012 Joe Daley 2013 Kenny Perry 2014 Bernhard Langer 2015 Bernhard Langer 2016 Bernhard Langer 2017 Scott McCarron † indicates the event was won in a playoff PGA and PGA Tour Players of the Year PGA Players of the Year 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Ben Hogan 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Dick Mayer 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Jerry Barber 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Julius Boros 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Billy Casper 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 No award 1969 Orville Moody 1970 Billy Casper 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Johnny Miller 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Tom Watson 1979 Tom Watson 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Tom Watson 1985 Lanny Wadkins 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Paul Azinger 1988 Curtis Strange 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Corey Pavin 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods",
"17": "2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas PGA Tour Players of the Year 1990 Wayne Levi 1991 Fred Couples 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas Mark O'Meara in the Ryder Cup United States Ryder Cup team -- 1985 Raymond Floyd Hubert Green Peter Jacobsen Tom Kite Andy North Mark O'Meara Calvin Peete Craig Stadler Curtis Strange Hal Sutton Lanny Wadkins Fuzzy Zoeller Lee Trevino ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 11.5 -- 16.",
"18": "5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1989 Paul Azinger Chip Beck Mark Calcavecchia Fred Couples Ken Green Tom Kite Mark McCumber Mark O'Meara Payne Stewart Curtis Strange Lanny Wadkins Tom Watson Raymond Floyd ( non-playing captain ) Tied : 14 -- 14 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1991 Paul Azinger Chip Beck Mark Calcavecchia Fred Couples Raymond Floyd Hale Irwin Wayne Levi Mark O'Meara Steve Pate Corey Pavin Payne Stewart Lanny Wadkins Dave Stockton ( non-playing captain ) Won : 14.5 -- 13.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1997 Fred Couples Brad Faxon Jim Furyk Scott Hoch Lee Janzen Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Tom Kite ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1999 David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Steve Pate Payne Stewart Hal Sutton Tiger Woods Ben Crenshaw ( non-playing captain ) Won : 14.5 -- 13.5 Mark O'Meara in the Presidents Cup United States Presidents Cup team -- 1996 Mark Brooks Fred Couples David Duval Scott Hoch Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Mark O'Meara Phil Mickelson Corey Pavin Kenny Perry Steve Stricker Arnold Palmer ( non-playing captain ) Won : 16.5 -- 15.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 1998 Mark Calcavecchia Fred Couples David Duval Jim Furyk Scott Hoch John Huston Lee Janzen Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 11.5 -- 20.5 U.S.",
"19": "Amateur champions 1895 Charles B. Macdonald 1896 H.J. Whigham 1897 H.J. Whigham 1898 Findlay S. Douglas 1899 Herbert M. Harriman 1900 Walter Travis 1901 Walter Travis 1902 Louis N. James 1903 Walter Travis 1904 Chandler Egan 1905 Chandler Egan 1906 Eben Byers 1907 Jerome Travers 1908 Jerome Travers 1909 Robert A. Gardner 1910 William C. Fownes Jr . 1911 Harold Hilton † 1912 Jerome Travers 1913 Jerome Travers 1914 Francis Ouimet 1915 Robert A. Gardner 1916 Chick Evans 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 S. Davidson Herron 1920 Chick Evans 1921 Jesse P. Guilford 1922 Jess Sweetser 1923 Max R. Marston † 1924 Bobby Jones 1925 Bobby Jones 1926 George Von Elm 1927 Bobby Jones 1928 Bobby Jones 1929 Harrison R. Johnston 1930 Bobby Jones 1931 Francis Ouimet 1932 Ross Somerville 1933 George Dunlap 1934 Lawson Little 1935 Lawson Little 1936 John Fischer † 1937 Johnny Goodman 1938 Willie Turnesa 1939 Bud Ward 1940 Dick Chapman 1941 Bud Ward 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Ted Bishop † 1947 Skee Riegel 1948 Willie Turnesa 1949 Charles Coe 1950 Sam Urzetta † 1951 Billy Maxwell 1952 Jack Westland 1953 Gene Littler 1954 Arnold Palmer 1955 Harvie Ward 1956 Harvie Ward 1957 Hillman Robbins 1958 Charles Coe 1959 Jack Nicklaus 1960 Deane Beman 1961 Jack Nicklaus 1962 Labron Harris Jr .",
"20": "1963 Deane Beman 1964 William C. Campbell 1965 Bob Murphy 1966 Gary Cowan † 1967 Bob Dickson 1968 Bruce Fleisher 1969 Steve Melnyk 1970 Lanny Wadkins 1971 Gary Cowan 1972 Vinny Giles 1973 Craig Stadler 1974 Jerry Pate 1975 Fred Ridley 1976 Bill Sander 1977 John Fought 1978 John Cook 1979 Mark O'Meara 1980 Hal Sutton 1981 Nathaniel Crosby 1982 Jay Sigel 1983 Jay Sigel 1984 Scott Verplank 1985 Sam Randolph 1986 Buddy Alexander 1987 Billy Mayfair 1988 Eric Meeks 1989 Chris Patton 1990 Phil Mickelson 1991 Mitch Voges 1992 Justin Leonard 1993 John Harris 1994 Tiger Woods 1995 Tiger Woods 1996 Tiger Woods † 1997 Matt Kuchar 1998 Hank Kuehne 1999 David Gossett 2000 Jeff Quinney † 2001 Bubba Dickerson 2002 Ricky Barnes 2003 Nick Flanagan † 2004 Ryan Moore 2005 Edoardo Molinari 2006 Richie Ramsay 2007 Colt Knost 2008 Danny Lee 2009 An Byeong - hun 2010 Peter Uihlein 2011 Kelly Kraft 2012 Steven Fox † 2013 Matthew Fitzpatrick 2014 Gunn Yang 2015 Bryson DeChambeau 2016 Curtis Luck 2017 Doc Redman † indicates the event was won in extra holes .",
"21": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_O%27Meara&oldid=835171088 '' Categories : American male golfers PGA Tour golfers PGA Tour Champions golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Winners of men 's major golf championships Winners of senior major golf championships World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Golfers from North Carolina Golfers from California Golfers from Texas California State University , Long Beach alumni American people of Irish descent People from Goldsboro , North Carolina 1957 births Living people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2013 Use mdy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Svenska Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 00 : 21 . About Wikipedia",
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
2,
1,
11,
10,
21,
6,
7,
5,
8,
9,
17,
13,
4,
18,
15,
20,
12,
16,
3,
19,
14
] |
[
0,
2,
1,
11,
10,
21
] |
-3164262024794615071
|
who wrote hallelujah i just love her so
|
[
"Ray Charles",
"Ray Charles",
"Ray Charles",
"Ray Charles",
"Ray Charles"
] |
{
"0": "Hallelujah I Love Her So - wikipedia Hallelujah I Love Her So Jump to : navigation , search For the album by Ray Charles , see Ray Charles ( album ) . `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' Single by Ray Charles from the album Ray Charles ( or , Hallelujah I Love Her So ) B - side `` What Would I Do Without You '' Released 1956 Format 7 '' 45rpm Recorded 1956 Genre soul rhythm and blues Length 2 : 35 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Ray Charles Producer ( s ) Jerry Wexler Ray Charles singles chronology `` A Fool for You '' ( 1955 ) `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' ( 1956 ) `` Mary Ann '' ( 1956 ) `` A Fool for You '' ( 1955 ) `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' ( 1956 ) `` Mary Ann '' ( 1956 ) `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' is a single from American musician Ray Charles . The jazz and rhythm and blues song was written and released by Charles in 1956 on the Atlantic label , and in 1957 it was included on his self - titled debut LP , also released on Atlantic . The song peaked at number five on the Billboard R&B chart . It is loosely based on ' Get It Over Baby ' by Ike Turner ( 1953 ) . `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' is a testament to the joyous release of love , featuring a sophisticated horn arrangement and memorable tenor sax solo by Don Wilkerson . Several artists , including Stevie Wonder , Peggy Lee , Eddie Cochran , and Humble Pie have successfully covered the song .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Beatles cover versions 3 Other Cover versions 4 Eddie Cochran version 4.1 Chart performance 5 George Jones and Brenda Lee version 5.1 Chart performance 6 Notes 7 External links Personnel ( edit ) Ray Charles -- lead vocal Don Wilkerson -- tenor saxophone solo The Ray Charles Orchestra -- instrumentation Jerry Wexler -- producer Beatles cover versions ( edit ) `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' Song by the Beatles ( then known as the Quarrymen ) from the album Anthology 1 Released 20 November 1995 Recorded Spring 1960 Genre Rhythm and blues Length 1 : 13 Songwriter ( s ) Ray Charles Anthology 1 track listing `` In Spite of All the Danger '' ( 5 ) `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' ( 6 ) `` You 'll Be Mine '' ( 7 ) According to biographer Mark Lewisohn ( in The Complete Beatles Chronicle , p. 362 ) , the Beatles ( first as the Quarrymen ) regularly performed the song , from at least 1960 through 1962 with Paul McCartney on lead vocal . A very early home recording rehearsal ( dated tentatively to May 1960 ) of it was included on Anthology 1 as well as on previous unauthorized releases . They continued playing it regularly including at The Star - Club in Hamburg through the end of 1962 , an audience recording was made there which is included in the album Live ! at the Star - Club in Hamburg , Germany ; 1962 . Additionally according to author Doug Sulpy ( in Drugs , Divorce And A Slipping Image , sec . 22.25 ) on Jan. 22 , 1969 during the massive Get Back sessions they cut a version with John Lennon doing a `` loose '' lead vocal of it , that version has never been officially released . Lastly , in December 1961 the two singer - musicians that were asked to join the Beatles , namely Tony Sheridan and Roy Young , did a studio version that was released on the Sheridan album My Bonnie ( 1962 ) although none of the Beatles participate .",
"2": "Other Cover versions ( edit ) Peggy Lee ( single A-side in 1959 as `` Hallelujah I Love Him So '' ) Ella Fitzgerald on her Verve release Rhythm Is My Business Connie Francis ( as `` Hallelujah I Love Him So '' ) Timi Yuro ( as `` Halleluja I Love Him So '' ) Eddie Cochran ( single A-side ) Eva Cassidy ( as `` Hallelujah I Love Him So '' ) Earl Grant Jerry Lee Lewis Little Stevie Wonder on the 1962 album Tribute to Uncle Ray Davy Graham ( acoustic instrumental version on 1963 album The Guitar Player ) Harry Belafonte on the 1958 album Belafonte Sings the Blues , a smart `` jazzy '' version The Animals Gerry and the Pacemakers Frank Sinatra on My Way ( 1969 ) Humble Pie Brenda Lee ( as `` Hallelujah I Love Him So '' ) Jerry Reed The Blues Band The Holloways Raymond van het Groenewoud translated the song on his 1988 album Intiem Ben l'Oncle Soul in a French version called Demain j'arrête Hugh Laurie on the special edition of his album Let Them Talk Crystal Gayle Maceo Parker on his 2008 album Roots & Grooves Tony DeSare on his 2009 album Radio Show David Sanborn on his 2010 album Only Everything Guy Sebastian `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' from The Memphis Album James Hunter Jamie Cullum Blue Harlem Reverend Chris and the High Rollers Lone Ranger in a reggae version called Rose Marie Ryan Montbleau Neil Sedaka , on his 1966 Australian album Neil Sedaka at Chequers Eddie Cochran version ( edit ) `` Hallelujah , I Love Her So '' Single by Eddie Cochran from the album The Eddie Cochran Memorial Album B - side `` Little Angel '' Released November 1959 Format 7 '' 45rpm Recorded August 31 ,",
"3": "1959 Genre Rock ' n ' roll Label Liberty F - 55217 Songwriter ( s ) Ray Charles Producer ( s ) Eddie Cochran Eddie Cochran singles chronology `` Somethin ' Else '' ( 1959 ) `` Hallelujah , I Love Her So '' ( 1959 ) `` Three Steps to Heaven '' ( 1960 ) `` Somethin ' Else '' ( 1959 ) `` Hallelujah , I Love Her So '' ( 1959 ) `` Three Steps to Heaven '' ( 1960 ) `` Hallelujah , I Love Her So '' is an adaption of the Ray Charles song by Eddie Cochran . It was released as a single on Liberty Records in November 1959 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1960 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 22 George Jones and Brenda Lee version ( edit ) George Jones covered the song on his 1984 album Ladies ' Choice as a duet with Brenda Lee titled `` Hallelujah , I Love You So '' . It was released as a single in 1984 and peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1985 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 15 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 13 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ray Charles website '' . Raycharles.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark ( 1995 ) . Anthology 1 ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . pp. 7 -- 8 . 34448 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Ray Charles Studio albums Atlantic Ray Charles ( Hallelujah , I Love Her So ) The Great Ray Charles Yes Indeed !",
"4": "Soul Brothers What 'd I Say The Genius of Ray Charles The Genius Sings the Blues Soul Meeting The Genius After Hours True to Life Love & Peace Ai n't It So Brother Ray Is at It Again ABC The Genius Hits the Road Dedicated to You Ray Charles and Betty Carter Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music , Vol. 2 Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul Sweet & Sour Tears Have a Smile with Me Together Again / Country and Western Meets Rhythm and Blues Crying Time Ray 's Moods Ray Charles Invites You to Listen A Portrait of Ray I 'm All Yours Baby ! Doing His Thing My Kind of Jazz Love Country Style Volcanic Action of My Soul Jazz Number II A Message From The People Through The Eyes Of Love Crossover Renaissance My Kind of Jazz Part 3 Columbia Wish You Were Here Tonight Do I Ever Cross Your Mind Friendship The Spirit of Christmas From the Pages of My Mind Just Between Us Warner Bros . Would You Believe My World Strong Love Affair Other labels Genius + Soul = Jazz Porgy and Bess Thanks for Bringing Love Around Again Genius Loves Company Posthumous studio creations Genius & Friends Ray Sings , Basie Swings Rare Genius Live albums Ray Charles at Newport Ray Charles in Person Live in Concert Ray Charles Live Notable compilations Do the Twist ! with Ray Charles Ray Charles Greatest Hits A Man and His Soul The Best of Ray Charles Anthology The Birth of Soul Genius and Soul Ray Charles in Concert Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 Singles `` What 'd I Say '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Hit the Road Jack '' `` One Mint Julep '' `` Unchain My Heart '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` You Are My Sunshine '' `` Busted '' `` Take These Chains from My Heart '' `` Crying Time '' Other Billboard Charts # 1 singles",
"5": "`` I Got a Woman '' `` A Fool for You '' `` Mary Ann '' `` Drown in My Own Tears '' `` Together Again '' `` Let 's Go Get Stoned '' `` Seven Spanish Angels '' `` I 'll Be Good to You '' Grammy Awarded Works ( not included above ) `` Let The Good Times Roll '' `` Living for the City '' `` A Song for You '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` Here We Go Again '' See also Discography David `` Fathead '' Newman Fathead / Ray Charles Sextet Hank Crawford The Raelettes Ray ( soundtrack ) Quincy Jones The Blues Brothers Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Tribute to Uncle Ray `` Confession Blues '' Diet Pepsi Book Commons Wikiquote Eddie Cochran Studio albums Singin ' to My Baby Posthumous studio albums Never to Be Forgotten My Way ( UK ) Compilations 12 of His Biggest Hits Summertime Blues Legendary Masters Series The Very Best of Eddie Cochran Great Hits Live albums On The Air Singles `` Sittin ' in the Balcony '' `` Drive In Show '' `` Twenty Flight Rock '' `` Jeannie Jeannie Jeannie '' `` Summertime Blues '' `` C'mon Everybody '' `` Teenage Heaven '' `` Somethin ' Else '' `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' `` Three Steps To Heaven '' `` Lonely '' `` Sweetie Pie '' `` Weekend '' `` My Way '' Movies The Girl Ca n't Help It Untamed Youth Go , Johnny ,",
"6": "Go ! Associated acts Jerry Capehart Sharon Sheeley Gene Vincent Related articles Liberty Records Cash Records Ekko Records Crest Records Freedom Records Gold Star Recording Studios Gretsch Book : Eddie Cochran George Jones singles Singles `` No Money in This Deal '' `` Why Baby Why '' `` Achin ' , Breakin ' Heart '' `` Seasons of My Heart '' `` Too Much Water '' `` Just One More '' `` Do n't Stop the Music '' `` Color of the Blues '' `` White Lightning '' `` The Window Up Above '' `` Tender Years '' `` She Thinks I Still Care '' `` I 'll Share My World with You `` The Race Is On '' `` Love Bug '' `` Walk Through This World with Me '' `` If My Heart Had Windows '' `` Good Year for the Roses '' `` Loving You Could Never Be Better '' `` A Picture of Me ( Without You ) '' `` The Grand Tour '' `` The Door '' `` He Stopped Loving Her Today '' `` I 'm Not Ready Yet '' `` If Drinkin ' Do n't Kill Me ( Her Memory Will ) '' `` Still Doin ' Time '' `` Same Ole Me '' `` Shine On ( Shine All Your Sweet Love on Me ) '' `` I Always Get Lucky with You '' `` Tennessee Whiskey '' `` You 've Still Got a Place in My Heart '' `` She 's My Rock '' `` Hallelujah ,",
"7": "I Love You So '' `` Who 's Gonna Fill Their Shoes '' `` The One I Loved Back Then ( The Corvette Song ) '' `` Somebody Wants Me Out of the Way '' `` Wine Colored Roses '' `` The Right Left Hand '' `` I Turn to You '' `` I 'm a One Woman Man '' `` I Do n't Need Your Rockin ' Chair '' `` Choices '' `` Funny How Time Slips Away '' Collaborative singles `` We Must Have Been Out of Our Minds '' ( w / Melba Montgomery ) `` Let 's Invite Them Over '' ( w / Melba Montgomery ) `` What 's in Our Heart '' ( w / Melba Montgomery ) `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' ( w / Melba Montgomery ) `` We 're Gonna Hold On '' ( w / Tammy Wynette ) `` Golden Ring '' ( w / Tammy Wynette ) `` Near You '' ( w / Tammy Wynette ) `` Maybellene '' ( w / Johnny Paycheck ) `` Two Story House '' ( w / Tammy Wynette ) `` You Better Move On '' ( w / Johnny Paycheck ) `` Yesterday 's Wine '' ( w / Merle Haggard ) `` C.C. Waterback '' ( w / Merle Haggard ) Guest singles `` A Few Ole Country Boys '' ( w / Randy Travis ) `` You Do n't Seem to Miss Me '' ( w / Patty Loveless ) `` A Country Boy Can Survive ( Y2K version ) '' ( w / Chad Brock and Hank Williams , Jr . ) `` Murder on Music Row '' ( w / Dierks Bentley ) Related articles Albums discography Singles discography Discography with Tammy Wynette Awards Brenda Lee Albums Grandma , What Great Songs You Sang ! Brenda Lee This Is . Brenda Emotions All the Way Sincerely , Brenda Lee Brenda , That 's All All Alone Am I .",
"8": "`` Let Me Sing '' Gospel Duets with Treasured Friends Other albums The Winning Hand Singles `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` One Step at a Time '' `` Let 's Jump the Broomstick '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` Sweet Nothin 's '' `` That 's All You Gotta Do '' `` I 'm Sorry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Emotions '' `` You Can Depend on Me '' `` Dum Dum '' `` Fool # 1 `` Break It to Me Gently '' `` Speak to Me Pretty '' `` Everybody Loves Me But You '' `` Here Comes That Feeling '' `` Heart in Hand '' `` It Started All Over Again '' `` All Alone Am I '' `` Your Used to Be '' `` She 'll Never Know '' `` Losing You '' `` I Wonder '' `` My Whole World Is Falling Down '' `` The Grass Is Greener '' `` As Usual '' `` Think '' `` Alone with You '' `` When You Loved Me '' `` Truly , Truly True '' `` Is It True '' `` Jingle Bell Rock '' `` Too Many Rivers '' `` Rusty Bells '' `` Coming on Strong '' `` Johnny One Time '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` Always on My Mind '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` Wrong Ideas '' `` Big Four Poster Bed '' `` Rock on Baby '' `` He 's My Rock '' `` Tell Me What It 's Like '' `` The Cowgirl and the Dandy '' `` Broken Trust '' Other singles `` Hallelujah ,",
"9": "I Love You So '' `` America the Beautiful '' Songs `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` The Letter '' `` Our Day Will Come '' Related topics Discography Connie Francis Skeeter Davis Ricky Nelson Lesley Gore Red Foley Muruga Booker Book : Brenda Lee Crystal Gayle singles Albums Singles 1970s `` Wrong Road Again '' `` Somebody Loves You '' 1976 `` I 'll Get Over You '' `` You Never Miss a Real Good Thing ( Till He Says Goodbye ) '' 1977 `` I 'll Do It All Over Again '' `` Do n't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue '' 1978 `` Ready for the Times to Get Better '' `` Talking in Your Sleep '' `` Why Have You Left the One You Left Me For '' 1979 `` When I Dream '' `` Your Kisses Will '' `` Half the Way '' `` Your Old Cold Shoulder '' 1980s 1980 `` It 's Like We Never Said Goodbye '' `` The Blue Side '' `` If You Ever Change Your Mind '' 1981 `` Take It Easy '' `` Too Many Lovers '' `` The Woman in Me '' 1982 `` You Never Gave Up on Me '' `` Livin ' in These Troubled Times '' `` ' Til I Gain Control Again '' You and I '' ( with Eddie Rabbitt ) `` Everything I Own '' `` Our Love Is on the Faultline '' `` Baby ,",
"10": "What About You '' `` The Sound of Goodbye '' 1984 `` I Do n't Wanna Lose Your Love '' `` Turning Away '' `` Me Against the Night '' 1985 `` Nobody Wants to Be Alone '' `` A Long and Lasting Love '' `` Makin ' Up for Lost Time ( The Dallas Lovers ' Song ) '' ( with Gary Morris ) 1986 `` Cry '' `` Straight to the Heart '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Another World '' ( with Gary Morris ) `` Nobody Should Have to Love This Way '' `` Only Love Can Save Me Now '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Nobody 's Angel '' 1990s `` Never Ending Song of Love '' 1999 `` Two Sleepy People '' ( with Willie Nelson ) 2000s 2003 `` Hallelujah I Love Him So '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hallelujah_I_Love_Her_So&oldid=837806002 '' Categories : 1956 singles 1956 songs 1959 singles 1984 singles Songs written by Ray Charles Ray Charles songs Peggy Lee songs The Animals songs Eddie Cochran songs The Beatles songs Frank Sinatra songs Guy Sebastian songs The Quarrymen songs George Jones songs Brenda Lee songs Liberty Records singles Song recordings produced by Jerry Wexler Atlantic Records singles Songs about women Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 04 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
4,
5,
3,
0,
7,
10,
8,
1,
2,
6,
9
] |
[
4,
5,
3,
0,
7,
10
] |
2702301543069387295
|
the roman name for a liberal arts education is known as
|
[
"artes liberales",
"\"liberal pursuits\" (Latin liberalia studia)",
"artes liberales",
"liberalia studia"
] |
{
"0": "Liberal arts education - wikipedia Liberal arts education Jump to : navigation , search `` Liberal arts '' redirects here . For the corporation , see Liberal Arts , Inc . For the 2012 film , see Liberal Arts ( film ) . Philosophia et septem artes liberales , The seven liberal arts -- Picture from the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad of Landsberg ( 12th century ) Liberal arts education ( Latin : liberalis , free and ars , art or principled practice ) can claim to be the oldest programme of higher education in Western history . It has its origin in the attempt to discover first principles -- ' those universal principles which are the condition of the possibility of the existence of anything and everything ' . The liberal arts are those subjects or skills that in classical antiquity were considered essential for a free person ( Latin : liberalis , `` worthy of a free person '' ) to know in order to take an active part in civic life , something that ( for Ancient Greece ) included participating in public debate , defending oneself in court , serving on juries , and most importantly , military service . Grammar , logic , and rhetoric were the core liberal arts ( the Trivium ) , while arithmetic , geometry , the theory of music , and astronomy also played a ( somewhat lesser ) part in education ( as the Quadrivium ) . Liberal arts education can refer to academic subjects such as literature , philosophy , mathematics , and social and physical sciences , or it can also refer to overall studies in a liberal arts degree program . For both interpretations , the term generally refers to matters not relating to the professional , vocational , or technical curriculum . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Modern usage 3 Secondary school 4 In the United States 5 In Europe 6 In Asia 7 In Australia 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Page from Marriage of Mercury and Philology Rooted in the basic curriculum -- the enkuklios paideia or `` education in a circle '' -- of late Classical and Hellenistic Greece , the `` liberal arts '' or `` liberal pursuits '' ( Latin liberalia studia ) were already so called in formal education during the Roman Empire .",
"1": "The first recorded use of the term `` liberal arts '' ( artes liberales ) occurs in De Inventione by Marcus Tullius Cicero , but it is unclear if he created the term . Seneca the Younger discusses liberal arts in education from a critical Stoic point of view in Moral Epistle 88 . The exact classification of the liberal arts varied however in Roman times , and it was only after Martianus Capella in the 5th century AD influentially brought the seven liberal arts as bridesmaids to the Marriage of Mercury and Philology , that they took on canonical form . The four ' scientific ' artes -- music , arithmetic , geometry and astronomy ( or astrology ) -- were known from the time of Boethius onwards as the Quadrivium . After the 9th century , the remaining three arts of the ' humanities ' -- grammar , logic , and rhetoric -- were classed as well , as the Trivium . It was in that two-fold form that the seven liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western university . During the Middle Ages , logic gradually came to take predominance over the other parts of the Trivium . In the Renaissance , the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts , despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Middle Ages , reversed that process . Re-christening the old Trivium with a new and more ambitious name : Studia humanitatis , and also increasing its scope , they downplayed logic as opposed to the traditional Latin grammar and rhetoric , and added to them history , Greek , and moral philosophy ( ethics ) , with a new emphasis on poetry as well . The educational curriculum of humanism spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century and became the educational foundation for the schooling of European elites , the functionaries of political administration , the clergy of the various legally recognized churches , and the learned professions of law and medicine . The ideal of a liberal arts , or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature , persisted until the middle of the twentieth century . Modern usage ( edit ) Some subsections of the liberal arts are in the trivium -- the verbal arts : grammar , logic , and rhetoric ; and in the quadrivium -- the numerical arts : arithmetic , geometry , music , and astronomy . Analyzing and interpreting information is also included .",
"2": "Academic areas that are associated with the term liberal arts include : Arts ( fine arts , music , performing arts , literature ) Mathematics Natural science ( biology , chemistry , physics , astronomy , earth science ) Philosophy Religious studies Social science ( anthropology , economics , geography , history , jurisprudence , linguistics , political science , psychology , sociology ) For example , the core courses for Georgetown University 's Doctor of Liberal Studies program cover philosophy , theology , history , art , literature , and the social sciences . Wesleyan University 's Master of Arts in Liberal Studies program includes courses in visual arts , art history , creative and professional writing , literature , history , mathematics , film , government , education , biology , psychology , and astronomy . Secondary school ( edit ) The liberal arts education at the secondary school level prepares the student for higher education at a university . They are thus meant for the more academically minded students . In addition to the usual curriculum , students of a liberal arts education often study Latin and Ancient Greek . Some liberal arts education provide general education , others have a specific focus . ( This also differs from country to country . ) The four traditional branches are : humanities education ( specializing in classical languages , such as Latin and Greek ) modern languages ( students are required to study at least three languages ) mathematical - scientific education economical and social - scientific education ( students are required to study economics , world history , social studies and business informatics ) Curricula differ from school to school , but generally include language , mathematics , informatics , physics , chemistry , biology , geography , art ( as well as crafts and design ) , music , history , philosophy , civics / citizenship , social sciences , and several foreign languages . Schools concentrate not only on academic subjects , but on producing well - rounded individuals , so physical education and religion or ethics are compulsory , even in non-denominational schools which are prevalent . For example , the German constitution guarantees the separation of church and state , so although religion or ethics classes are compulsory , students may choose to study a specific religion or none at all . Today , a number of other areas of specialization exist , such as gymnasiums specializing in economics , technology or domestic sciences .",
"3": "In some countries , there is a notion of progymnasium , which is equivalent to beginning classes of the full gymnasium , with the rights to continue education in a gymnasium . Here , the prefix `` pro '' is equivalent to `` pre '' . In the United States ( edit ) Main article : Liberal arts college Further information : Liberal arts colleges in the United States and Great books In the United States , liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate study in the liberal arts . The teaching at liberal arts colleges is often Socratic , typically with small classes , and often has a lower student - to - teacher ratio than at large universities ; professors teaching classes are often allowed to concentrate more on their teaching responsibilities than primary research professors or graduate student teaching assistants in universities . In addition , most four - year colleges that are not devoted exclusively or primarily to liberal arts degrees also offer those degrees , and students not majoring in liberal arts take courses to satisfy distribution requirements in liberal arts . Traditionally , a bachelor 's degree either in liberal arts in general or in one particular area within liberal arts , with substantial study outside that main area , is earned over four years of full - time study . However , some universities such as Saint Leo University , Pennsylvania State University , Florida Institute of Technology and New England College have begun to offer an associate degree in liberal arts . Colleges like New Saint Andrews College in Moscow , Idaho , offer a unique program with only one degree offering , a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies , and colleges like the University of Oklahoma College of Liberal Studies offers an online , part - time option for adult and nontraditional students . Most students earn either a Bachelor of Arts degree or a Bachelor of Science degree ; on completing undergraduate study , students might progress to either a liberal arts graduate school or a professional school ( public administration , engineering , business , law , medicine , theology ) . In Europe ( edit ) In most parts of Europe , liberal arts education is deeply rooted . In Germany , Austria and countries influenced by their education system , e.g. it is called `` humanistische Bildung '' ( humanistic education ) . The term is not to be mixed up with some modern educational concepts that use a similar wording . Educational institutions that see themselves in that tradition are often a `` Gymnasium '' ( high school , grammar school ) .",
"4": "They aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive education ( Bildung ) in order to form personality with regard to a pupil 's own humanity as well as his / her innate intellectual skills . Going back to the long tradition of the liberal arts in Europe , education in the above sense was freed from scholastic thinking and re-shaped by the theorists of enlightenment . In particular , Wilhelm von Humboldt played a key role in that regard . Since students are considered to have received a comprehensive liberal arts education at grammar schools , very often , the role of liberal arts education in undergraduate education at universities is reduced compared to the US educational system . Students are expected to use their skills received at the grammar school in order to further develop their personality in their own responsibility , e.g. in universities ' music clubs , theatre groups , language clubs etc . Universities encourage students to do so and offer respective opportunities but do not make such activities part of the university 's curriculum . Thus , on the level of higher education , despite the European origin of the liberal arts college , the term liberal arts college usually denotes liberal arts colleges in the United States . With the exception of pioneering institutions such as Franklin University Switzerland ( formerly known as Franklin College ) , established as a Europe - based , US - style liberal arts college in 1969 , only recently some efforts have been undertaken to systematically `` re-import '' liberal arts education to continental Europe , as with Leiden University College The Hague , University College Utrecht , University College Maastricht , Amsterdam University College , Roosevelt Academy ( now University College Roosevelt ) , ATLAS University College , Erasmus University College , University College Groningen , Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts , and Bard College Berlin , formerly known as the European College of Liberal Arts . As well as the colleges listed above , some universities in the Netherlands offer bachelors programs in Liberal Arts and Sciences ( Tilburg University ) . Liberal arts ( as a degree program ) is just beginning to establish itself in Europe . For example , University College Dublin offers the degree , as does St. Marys University College Belfast , both institutions coincidentally on the island of Ireland . In the Netherlands , universities have opened constituent liberal arts colleges under the terminology university college since the late 1990s . The four - year bachelor 's degree in Liberal Arts and Sciences at University College Freiburg is the first of its kind in Germany .",
"5": "It started in October 2012 with 78 students . The first Liberal Arts degree program in Sweden was established at Gothenburg University in 2011 , followed by a Liberal Arts Bachelor Programme at Uppsala University 's Campus Gotland in the autumn of 2013 . The first Liberal Arts program in Georgia was introduced in 2005 by American - Georgian Initiative for Liberal Education ( AGILE ) , an NGO . In collaboration with AGILE , Ilia State University became the first higher education institution in Georgia to establish a liberal arts program . In France , Chavagnes Studium , a Liberal Arts Study Centre in partnership with the Institut Catholique d'études supérieures , and based in a former Catholic seminary , is launching a two - year intensive BA in the Liberal Arts , with a distinctively Catholic outlook . It has been suggested that the liberal arts degree may become part of mainstream education provision in the United Kingdom , Ireland and other European countries . In 1999 , the European College of Liberal Arts ( now Bard College Berlin ) was founded in Berlin and in 2009 it introduced a four - year Bachelor of Arts program in Value Studies taught in English , leading to an interdisciplinary degree in the humanities . In England , the first institution to retrieve and update a liberal arts education at undergraduate level was The University of Winchester with their BA ( Hons ) Modern Liberal Arts programme which launched in 2010 . In 2012 , University College London began its interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences BASc degree ( which has kinship with the liberal arts model ) with 80 students . King 's College London launched the BA Liberal Arts , which has a slant towards arts , humanities and social sciences subjects . The New College of the Humanities also launched a new liberal education programme . The University of Nottingham has a Liberal Arts BA that provides an interdisciplinary approach , study abroad options and links with its Natural Sciences degrees . In 2016 , the University of Warwick launched a three / four - year liberal arts BA degree , which focuses on transdisciplinary approaches and Problem - based learning techniques in addition to providing structured disciplinary pathways . And for 2017 entry UCAS lists 20 providers of liberal arts programmes . In Scotland , the four - year undergraduate Honours degree , specifically the Master of Arts , has historically demonstrated considerable breadth in focus .",
"6": "In the first two years of Scottish MA and BA degrees students typically study a number of different subjects before specialising in their Honours years ( third and fourth year ) . The University of Dundee and the University of Glasgow ( at its Crichton Campus ) are the only Scottish universities that currently offer a specifically named ' Liberal Arts ' degree . In Asia ( edit ) The Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines mandates a General Education curriculum required of all higher education institutions ; it includes a number of liberal arts subjects , including history , art appreciation , and ethics , plus interdisciplinary electives . Many universities have much more robust liberal arts core curricula ; most notably , the Jesuit universities such as Ateneo de Manila University have a strong liberal arts core curriculum that includes philosophy , theology , literature , history , and the social sciences . Forman Christian College ( A Chartered University ) is a liberal arts education institution in Lahore , Pakistan . It is one of the oldest institutions in Indo - Pakistan subcontinent . It is a chartered university recognized by Higher Education Commission Pakistan . Habib University in Karachi , Pakistan offers a holistic liberal arts and sciences experience to its students through its uniquely tailored liberal core program which is compulsory for all undergraduate degree students . The Underwood International College of Yonsei University , Korea , has compulsory liberal arts course for all the student body . Symbiosis & FLAME University in Pune , Ahmedabad University , Ashoka University , Lingnan University and University of Liberal Arts - Bangladesh ( ULAB ) are also a few such liberal arts colleges in Asia . International Christian University in Tokyo is the first and one of the very few liberal arts universities in Japan . In Australia ( edit ) Main article : Campion College Campion College is a Roman Catholic dedicated liberal arts college , located in the western suburbs of Sydney . Founded in 2006 , it is the first tertiary educational liberal arts college of its type in Australia . Campion offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts as its sole undergraduate degree . The key disciplines studied are history , literature , philosophy , and theology .",
"7": "See also ( edit ) Education portal Artes Mechanicae -- `` The Mechanical Arts '' Bachelor of General Studies Bachelor of Liberal Arts Bachelor of Liberal Studies College of Arts and Sciences Doctor of Liberal Studies Education reform § Reforms of classical education Four Arts Great books Great Books programs in Canada Humanitas Liberal arts college Liberal education List of liberal arts colleges Transcendentalism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nigel. , Tubbs , . Philosophy and modern liberal arts education : freedom is to learn . Houndmills , Basingstoke , Hampshire . ISBN 9781137358912 . OCLC 882530818 . Jump up ^ Ernst Robert Curtius , European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages ( 1948 ) , trans . Willard R. Trask ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1973 ) , p. 37 . The classical sources include Cicero , De Oratore , I. 72 -- 73 , III. 127 , and De re publica , I. 30 . Jump up ^ E.B. Castle , Ancient Education and Today ( 1969 ) p. 59 Jump up ^ `` Oxford Dictionary '' . The Oxford Dictionary . Jump up ^ Kimball , Bruce . Orators and Philosophers . New York : College Entrance Examination Board , 1995 . p. 13 Jump up ^ Cicero . De Inventione . Book 1 , Section 35 Jump up ^ Ben Schneider . `` Seneca Epistle 88 '' . Stoics.com . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : H. Lausberg , Handbook of Literary Rhetoric ( 1998 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ Helen Waddell , The Wandering Scholars ( 1968 ) p. 25 Jump up ^ `` James Burke : The Day the Universe Changed In the Light Of the Above '' . Jump up ^ Wagner , David Leslie ( 1983 ) . The Seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages . Indiana University Press . ISBN 9780253351852 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 .",
"8": "at Questia ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Helen Waddell , The Wandering Scholars ( 1968 ) pp. 141 -- 3 Jump up ^ G. Norton ed. , The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism Vol 3 ( 1999 ) p. 46 and pp. 601 -- 4 Jump up ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller , Renaissance Thought II : Papers on Humanism and the Arts ( New York : Harper Torchbooks , 1965 ) , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Charles G. Nauert , Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe ( New Approaches to European History ) ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) , pp. 172 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Bod , Rens ; A New History of the Humanities , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 2014 . Jump up ^ Georgetown University Doctor of Liberal Studies curriculum http://scs.georgetown.edu/departments/6/doctor-of-liberal-studies/about-the-program/curriculum#curriculum Jump up ^ http://www.wesleyan.edu/masters/index.html Jump up ^ this subject has different names in the different states of Germany . See de : Gemeinschaftskunde Jump up ^ `` Defining Liberal Arts Education '' ( PDF ) . Wabash College . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Online Liberal Arts Associate Degree '' . Saint Leo University . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Online Associate in Arts in Letters , Arts , and Sciences Overview '' . Penn State University . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Associate 's Degree in Liberal Arts -- Liberal Arts Degree Online '' . Florida Institute of Technology . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Associates in Liberal Studies '' . New England College . Jump up ^ For example , Georgia Institute of Technology 's bachelor of science degree in Applied Languages and Intercultural Studies http://www.modlangs.gatech.edu Jump up ^ Harriman , Philip L. ( 1935 ) . `` Antecedents of the Liberal - Arts College '' . The Journal of Higher Education . Ohio State University Press . 6 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 71 .",
"9": "doi : 10.2307 / 1975506 . ISSN 1538 - 4640 . JSTOR 1975506 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` About Franklin '' . Franklin University Switzerland Official Web Site. Franklin University Switzerland . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Liberal Arts and Sciences Program ( LAS ) '' . University College Freiburg . Archived from the original on 20 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liberal Arts , Gothenburg University '' . Flov.gu.se. 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liberal Arts Programme at Uppsala University '' Jump up ^ `` Agile '' . Agile.ge . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ილიაუნი - მთავარი '' . Iliauni.edu.ge . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor Degree '' . Iliauni . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.chavagnes.org/studium Jump up ^ `` Berlin 's sturdiest ivory tower '' . Expatica.com . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : New approach to liberal studies '' . Universityworldnews.com. 15 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's the breadth that matters '' . 2010 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Arts and Sciences ( BASc ) programmes '' . University College London . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KCL -- About Liberal Arts '' . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Liberal Arts programme -- BA Hons Y002 -- The University of Nottingham '' .",
"10": "www.nottingham.ac.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/courses/la99/ Jump up ^ `` UCAS Search tool -- Venue Results '' . search.ucas.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2014/12/liberal-classes/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 24 . Further reading ( edit ) Barzun , Jacques . The House of Intellect , Reprint Harper Perennial , 2002 . Blaich , Charles , Anne Bost , Ed Chan , and Richard Lynch . `` Defining Liberal Arts Education . '' Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts , 2004 . Blanshard , Brand . The Uses of a Liberal Education : And Other Talks to Students . ( Open Court , 1973 . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9429 - 5 ) Friedlander , Jack . Measuring the Benefits of Liberal Arts Education in Washington 's Community Colleges . Los Angeles : Center for the Study of Community Colleges , 1982a . ( ED 217 918 ) Grafton Anthony and Lisa Jardine . From Humanism to the Humanities : The Institutionalizing of the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth - and Sixteenth - century Europe , Harvard University Press , 1987 . Guitton , Jean . A Student 's Guide to Intellectual Work , The University of Notre Dame Press , 1964 . Highet , Gilbert . The Art of Teaching , Vintage Books , 1950 . Joseph , Sister Miriam . The Trivium : The Liberal Arts of Logic , Grammar , and Rhetoric . Paul Dry Books Inc , 2002 . Kimball , Bruce A . The Liberal Arts Tradition : A Documentary History . University Press Of America , 2010 . Kimball , Bruce A. Orators and Philosophers : A History of the Idea of Liberal Education . College Board , 1995 . T. Kaori Kitao ; William R. Kenan , Jr.",
"11": "( 27 March 1999 ) . The Usefulness Of Uselessness ( PDF ) . Keynote Address , The 1999 Institute for the Academic Advancement of Youth 's Odyssey at Swarthmore College . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 October 2008 . McGrath , Charles . `` What Every Student Should Know '' , New York Times , 8 January 2006 . Parker , H. `` The Seven Liberal Arts , '' The English Historical Review , Vol . V , 1890 . Pfnister , Allan O. ( 1984 ) . `` The Role of the Liberal Arts College : A Historical Overview of the Debates '' . The Journal of Higher Education . Ohio State University Press . 55 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 70 . doi : 10.2307 / 1981183 . ISSN 1538 - 4640 . JSTOR 1981183 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Reeves , Floyd W. ( 1930 ) . `` The Liberal - Arts College '' . The Journal of Higher Education . Ohio State University Press . 1 ( 7 ) : 373 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 1974170 . ISSN 1538 - 4640 . JSTOR 1974170 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Saint - Victor , Hugh of . The Didascalicon , Columbia University Press , 1961 . Schall , James V. Another Sort of Learning , Ignatius Press , 1988 . Seidel , George J. ( 1968 ) . `` Saving the Small College '' . The Journal of Higher Education . Ohio State University Press . 39 ( 6 ) : 339 -- 42 . doi : 10.2307 / 1979916 . ISSN 1538 - 4640 . JSTOR 1979916 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Sertillanges , A.G. The Intellectual Life , The Catholic University of America Press , 1998 . Tubbs , N.",
"12": "( 2011 ) `` Know Thyself : Macrocosm and Microcosm '' in Studies in Philosophy and Education Volume 30 no. 1 David L. Wagner , The Seven Liberal Arts in Middle Ages , Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1983 . Winterer , Caroline . The Culture of Classicism : Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life , 1780 -- 1910 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2002 . Wriston , Henry M. The Nature of a Liberal College . Lawrence University Press , 1937 . Zakaria , Fareed . In Defense of a Liberal Education . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Liberal education Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberal arts . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven liberal arts . `` Arts , Liberal '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Definition and short history of the Seven Liberal Arts from 1905 . Fr . Herve de la Tour , `` The Seven Liberal Arts '' , Edocere , a Resource for Catholic Education , February 2002 . Thomas Aquinas 's definition of and justification for a liberal arts education . Otto Willmann . `` The Seven Liberal Arts '' . In The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1907 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . `` ( Renaissance ) Humanists , over-fond of change , unjustly condemned the system of the seven liberal arts as barbarous . It is no more barbarous than the Gothic style , a name intended to be a reproach . The Gothic , built up on the conception of the old basilica , ancient in origin , yet Christian in character , was misjudged by the Renaissance on account of some excrescences , and obscured by the additions engrafted upon it by modern lack of taste ... That the achievements of our forefathers should be understood , recognized , and adapted to our own needs , is surely to be desired . '' `` The Aim of Liberal Education '' , Andrew Chrucky , 1 September 2003 . `` The content of a liberal education should be moral problems as provided by history , anthropology , sociology , economics , and politics .",
"13": "And these should be discussed along with a reflection on the nature of morality and the nature of discussions , i.e. , through a study of rhetoric and logic . Since discussion takes place in language , an effort should be made to develop a facility with language . '' Philosophy of Liberal Education A bibliography , compiled by Andrew Chrucky , with links to essays offering different points of view on the meaning of a liberal education . Mark Peltz , `` The Liberal Arts and Leadership '' , College News ( The Annapolis Group ) , 14 May 2012 . A defense of liberal education by the Associate Dean of Grinnell College ( first appeared in Inside Higher Ed ) . `` Liberal Arts at the Community College '' , an ERIC Fact Sheet . ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles CA . `` A Descriptive Analysis of the Community College Liberal Arts Curriculum '' . ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles CA The Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts . Website about The Wabash Study ( for improving liberal education ) . Sponsored by the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts at Wabash College ( Indiana ) , the Wabash Study began in the fall of 2010 -- scheduled to end in 2013 . Participants include 29 prominent colleges and universities . Academic Commons . An online platform in support of the liberal education community . It is a forum for sharing practices , outcomes , and lessons learned of online learning . Formerly sponsored by the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts , The Academic Commons is hosted by the National Institute for Technology in Liberal Education ( `` NITLE '' . ) . The Liberal Arts Advantage -- for Business . Website dedicated to `` Bridging the gap between business and the liberal arts '' . `` A liberal arts education is aimed at developing the ability to think , reason , analyze , decide , discern , and evaluate . That 's in contrast to a professional or technical education ( business , engineering , computer science , etc . ) which develops specific abilities aimed at preparing students for vocations . ''",
"14": "Video explanation by Professor Nigel Tubbs of liberal arts curriculum and degree requirements of Winchester University , UK ... `` Liberal arts education ( Latin : liberalis , free , and ars , art or principled practice ) involves us in thinking philosophically across many subject boundaries in the humanities , the social and natural sciences , and fine arts . The degree combines compulsory modules covering art , religion , literature , science and the history of ideas with a wide range of optional modules . This enables students to have flexibility and control over their programme of study and the content of their assessments . '' Trivium Education . A website featuring online lectures in the liberal arts .",
"15": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberal_arts_education&oldid=837593754 '' Categories : Liberal arts education Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Use dmy dates from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 20 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
14,
13,
8,
1,
12,
15,
9,
7,
0,
5,
11,
2,
4,
10,
3,
6
] |
[
1,
14,
13,
8,
12,
15
] |
-3330531802009153195
|
when was the first horrid henry book written
|
[
"published in 1994",
"1994",
"1994",
"in 1994",
"1994"
] |
{
"0": "Horrid Henry ( book ) - wikipedia Horrid Henry ( book ) Jump to : navigation , search Horrid Henry The cover for Horrid Henry . Author Francesca Simon Illustrator Tony Ross Cover artist Tony Ross Country United Kingdom Language English Series Horrid Henry Genre Fantasy Publisher Orion Publishing Group Publication date 1994 Published in English 1994 Media type Print ( hardback ) Pages 96 ISBN 978 - 1 - 85881 - 070 - 6 Followed by Horrid Henry and the Secret Club Horrid Henry is the first book of the Horrid Henry series . It was published in 1994 and written by Francesca Simon and illustrated by Tony Ross . The book is a collection of short stories about the same characters , along the lines of the Just William books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Horrid Henry 's Perfect Day 1.2 Horrid Henry 's Dance Class 1.3 Horrid Henry and Moody Margaret 1.4 Horrid Henry 's Holiday 2 Publication history 3 Television 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Horrid Henry 's perfect day ( edit ) Horrid Henry is a horrid boy who loves doing unimaginable horrible things . He throws food , he snatches things , he pushes , shoves and pinches . He has a younger brother called Perfect Peter . He is an extremely perfect boy who does uncountable good deeds . He always says `` Please '' and `` Thank You '' , he loves vegetables and refuses cake and he never ever picks his nose . One day , Horrid Henry wonders what would happen if he were perfect ? ! So , the next day , Henry does n't wake Peter up by splashing water on his head , and Peter and his parents wake up late . Due to this , Henry and Peter are late for a class . Back at home , Henry does n't bully Peter , instead , he reads a book about super-mice . At dinner time , Henry helps lay the table and ignores Peter 's whining that he always lays the table .",
"1": "When the family eat spaghetti and meatballs , Henry does not kick Peter or slurp his food or leave behind his vegetables . Peter wants Henry to become horrid again and tries many ways to get Henry to hit him but Henry is resilient . When Henry 's Mum gives Henry some fudge cake and a kiss for being so good , Peter ca n't stand it any longer and flings his plate at Henry but hits Mum . Mum screams at Peter to go to his room and when Henry laughs , she sends him to his room too . The story ends with Henry being surprised that being perfect was so much fun . but before all that happened great Aunt Greta came . Horrid Henry 's Dance class ( edit ) Henry and Peter have to go to the school 's dance class taught by Miss Impatience Tutu , a very impatient woman who claims she is patient that Henry hates . The class has to play a concert and everyone is practicing for it . Impatience Tutu makes Henry sit behind a false bush for being horrid at her class so he wo n't embarrass everyone at the concert . When its time for the concert , Henry decides to make his part bigger and by doing so , makes Impatience Tutu stop the concert . The story ends with Henry being happy to finally go for karate . Horrid Henry and Moody Margaret ( edit ) Horrid Henry has an archenemy , and that is Moody Margaret . Margaret lives next door to Henry , is in Henry 's class and owns all the things that Henry 's goody - goody parents do n't let him have . This is the only reason that Henry plays with Margaret . The two of them are playing pirates and squabbling over who is going to be Captain Hook and Peter is begging to not be the prisoner . When Margaret reluctantly hands over her Captain Hook role to Henry and takes his role as Mr. Smee and Henry orders her and Peter to walk the plank , she decides not to play pirates . Henry gets fed up and orders her to play but Margaret shrieks at him . Since no one can shriek as loud as her or as piercingly as her , Henry gives her back the hook and she decides to eat something . Selfish Henry does n't want to share his food with her and gives her horrible choices .",
"2": "When he mentions `` Glop '' ( A dish of horrible food mixed together ) , Margaret decides that she and Henry make the yuckiest Glop of all and eat it . After putting in horrible ingredients , Margaret eats a spoonful of it and does n't show how much she hates it , in fact stating that it is good . When Henry does n't want to eat it but takes a tiny spoonful , Margaret is about to do an unrevealed horrible thing if Perfect Peter had not intervened . He asks for some food and Henry gives him the glop ! Horrid Henry 's Holiday ( edit ) Henry hates holidays but when his family is going to France for camping , he gets excited . However , the place is n't as good as Henry thought it would be . A rainy campsite with filthy toilets and he gets angry again . He tries to knock down tents and play horrible music but Dad stops him . Just as they are about to eat baked beans , it rains . The Family sleeps in the tent soundly but Henry ca n't due to the sharp rocks and mosquitoes . When they wake up , the family goes for a walk and Henry has to collect firewood . Henry uses the wooden pegs holding up the tents as the firewood and creates a big fire . Henry feels he is dreaming that he is floating but when he wakes up , he finds that he is floating ! The tent has collapsed and the rain has soaked everyone wet . Henry then takes his family to the campsite that he wanted to go with modernized things and the story ends with Henry and Peter sharing a bag of chips Publication history ( edit ) The book was originally published in hardback in Great Britain , 1994 . It was first published in paperback in 1995 . It was reissued in paperback in 2008 . `` Horrid Henry 's Holiday '' and `` Horrid Henry and Moody Margaret '' have been reprinted individually as part of the Horrid Henry Early Readers series . `` Horrid Henry 's Holiday '' has been reprinted in Horrid Henry 's Wicked Ways . `` Horrid Henry and Moody Margaret '' has been reprinted in Horrid Henry 's Evil Enemies . `` Horrid Henry 's Dance Class '' has been reprinted in Horrid Henry Rules The World .",
"3": "The whole book has been reprinted in A Handful of Horrid Henry . Television ( edit ) `` Horrid Henry 's Perfect Day '' , `` Horrid Henry 's Dance Class '' and `` Horrid Henry 's Holiday '' were all episodes from the Horrid Henry TV series . The making of `` Glop '' from `` Horrid Henry and Moody Margaret '' was used as a challenge between Henry and Margaret in the episode `` Horrid Henry and the Secret Club '' except that Margaret did n't eat the `` Glop '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Horrid Henry `` Horrid Henry 's Perfect Day '' Jump up ^ Horrid Henry `` Horrid Henry 's Dance Class '' Jump up ^ Horrid Henry `` Horrid Henry and Moody Margaret '' Jump up ^ Horrid Henry Early Readers `` Horrid Henry 's Holiday Jump up ^ Horrid Henry Early Readers `` Horrid Henry and Moody Margaret '' Jump up ^ Horrid Henry 's Wicked Ways Jump up ^ Horrid Henry 's Evil Enemies Jump up ^ Horrid Henry Rules The World Jump up ^ A Handful of Horrid Henry Jump up ^ Horrid Henry Episode # 21 : `` Horrid Henry 's Perfect Day '' Jump up ^ Horrid Henry Episode # 47 : `` Horrid Henry 's Dance Class '' Jump up ^ Horrid Henry Episode # 52 : `` Horrid Henry 's Holiday '' Jump up ^ Horrid Henry Episode # 20 : `` Horrid Henry and the Secret Club '' External links ( edit ) Horrid Henry at the Horrid Henry Official Website .",
"4": "( hide ) Horrid Henry Creators Francesca Simon Tony Ross Publishers Orion Children 's Books Individual Books Horrid Henry Horrid Henry and the Secret Club Horrid Henry Tricks the Tooth Fairy Horrid Henry 's Nits Horrid Henry Gets Rich Quick Horrid Henry 's Haunted House Horrid Henry and the Mummy 's Curse Horrid Henry 's Revenge Horrid Henry and the Bogey Babysitter Horrid Henry 's Stinkbomb Horrid Henry 's Underpants Horrid Henry Meets the Queen Horrid Henry and the Mega-Mean Time Machine Horrid Henry and the Football Fiend Horrid Henry 's Christmas Cracker Horrid Henry and the Abominable Snowman Horrid Henry Robs the Bank Horrid Henry Wakes the Dead Horrid Henry and the Zombie Vampire Horrid Henry 's Monster Movie Horrid Henry 's Nightmare Horrid Henry 's Krazy Ketchup Horrid Henry 's Cannibal Curse Characters Horrid Henry Perfect Peter Moody Margaret Miscellaneous Horrid Henry : Television Series Horrid Henry : The Movie See also : List of Horrid Henry characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horrid_Henry_(book)&oldid=819631159 '' Categories : Horrid Henry 1994 short story collections Children 's short story collections British children 's books 1994 children 's books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 12 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
3,
2,
1,
4,
0
] |
[
2,
3,
1,
4,
0
] |
7900912330941799559
|
what was generally the preferred way for european powers to control colonial regions
|
[
"Indirect rule",
"Indirect rule"
] |
{
"0": "Indirect rule - wikipedia Indirect rule Jump to : navigation , search A 20th century Yoruba ( Nigerian ) depiction of a British District Officer on tour of indirect rulers Indirect rule is a system of government used by the British and French to control parts of their colonial empires , particularly in Africa and Asia , through pre-existing local power structures . These dependencies were often called `` protectorates '' or `` trucial states '' . By this system , the day - to - day government and administration of areas both small and large was left in the hands of traditional rulers , who gained prestige and the stability and protection afforded by the Pax Britannica , at the cost of losing control of their external affairs , and often of taxation , communications , and other matters , usually with a small number of European `` advisors '' effectively overseeing the government of large numbers of people spread over extensive areas . Contents ( hide ) 1 British Empire 1.1 In Africa 1.2 In India 2 Practical implementation of indirect rule 3 Interpretations 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources and references 6.1 Period writings British Empire ( edit ) 1895 cartoon of Frederick Lugard , considered the pioneer of indirect rule in colonial Africa Some British colonies were ruled directly by the Colonial Office in London , while others were ruled indirectly through local rulers who are supervised behind the scenes by British advisors . In 1890 Zanzibar became a protectorate ( not a colony ) of Britain . Prime minister Salisbury explained his position : The condition of a protected dependency is more acceptable to the half civilized races , and more suitable for them than direct dominion . It is cheaper , simpler , less wounding to their self - esteem , gives them more career as public officials , and spares of unnecessary contact with white men . The Princely States of India were ruled indirectly . So too was much of the West African holdings . In Africa ( edit ) The ideological underpinnings , as well as the practical application , of indirect rule in Kenya and Nigeria is usually traced to the work of Frederick Lugard , the High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1899 to 1906 .",
"1": "In the lands of the Sokoto Caliphate , conquered by the British Empire at the turn of the century , Lugard instituted a system whereby external , military , and tax control was operated by the British , while most every other aspect of life was left to local pre-British aristocracies who may have sided with the British during or after their conquest . The theory behind this solution to a very practical problem ( a problem referred to as ' The Native Problem ' by Mahmood Mamdani in his work Citizen and Subject ) of domination by a tiny group of foreigners of huge populations is laid out in Lugard 's influential work , The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa . In India ( edit ) The largest application of Indirect rule was in British Asia , in hundreds of pre-colonial states , first seen at work under the East India Company 's system of subsidiary alliances in the Indian subcontinent . The areas thus brought into the British sphere of influence became known as the Indian Princely States . Subsequently , the same principle was applied in strategic regions on the sea routes to India , especially in the Persian Gulf protected states . In the British colonies , the laws were typically made by a British Governor and legislative council , but in the protectorates and princely states local rulers retained their traditional administrative authority and ability to legislate , subject to British control of certain areas . Indirect rule was particularly effective in enabling the British to exploit natural resources and raw materials of vast subordinate nations . The establishment of naval and military bases in strategic points around the globe maintained the necessary power to underpin such control . Practical implementation of indirect rule ( edit ) Indirect rule was cheaper and easier for the European powers , and in particular it required fewer administrators , but it did have a number of problems . In many cases , European authorities empowered local traditional leaders , as in the case of the monarchy of Uganda , but if no suitable leader could be found ( in the traditional Western sense of the term ) , the Europeans would simply choose local rulers to suit them . This was the case in Kenya and Southern Nigeria , and the new leaders , often called `` warrant chiefs '' , were not always supported by the local population . The European ruling classes also often chose local leaders with similar traits to their own , despite these traits not being suited to native leadership .",
"2": "Many were conservative elders , and thus indirect rule fostered a conservative outlook among the indigenous population and marginalised the young intelligentsia . Written laws , which replaced oral laws , were less flexible to the changing social nature , old customs of retribution and justice were removed or banned , and the removal of more violent punishments in some areas led to an increase in crime . Furthermore , leaders empowered by the governments of European powers were often not familiar with their new tasks , such as recruitment and tax . Interpretations ( edit ) From the early 20th century , French and British writers helped establish a dichotomy between British Indirect rule , exemplified by the Indian princely states and by Lord Lugard 's writings on the administration of northern Nigeria , and French colonial direct rule . As with British theorists , French colonial officials like Félix Eboué or Robert Delavignette wrote and argued throughout the first half of the 20th century for a distinct French style of rule that was centralized , uniform , and aimed at assimilating colonial subjects into the French polity . French rule , sometimes labeled Jacobin , was said in these writings to be based on the twin ideologies of the centralized unitary French government of the Metropole , with the French colonial ideology of Assimilation . Colonial Assimilation argued that French law and citizenship was based on universal values that came from the French Revolution . Mirroring French domestic citizenship law , French colonial law allowed for anyone who could prove themselves culturally French ( the `` Évolués '' ) to become equal French citizens . In French West Africa , only parts of the Senegalese `` Four Communes '' ever extended French citizenship outside a few educated African elite . This was contrasted with British Indirect Rule , which never foresaw subject Protectorates becoming legally assimilated into `` the home nations '' . While making more subtle distinctions , this model of direct versus indirect rule was dominant in academia from the 1930s until the 1970s . Academics since the 1970s have problematised the Direct versus Indirect Rule dichotomy , arguing the systems were in practice intermingled in both British and French colonial governance , and that the perception of indirect rule was sometimes promoted to justify quite direct rule structures .",
"3": "Mahmood Mamdani and other academics have discussed extensively how both Direct and Indirect rule were attempts to implement identical goals of foreign rule , but how the `` Indirect '' strategy helped to create ethnic and racial cleavages within ruled societies which persist in hostile communal relations and dysfunctional strategies of government . Mamdani himself famously described indirect rule as `` decentralised despotism '' . Some political scientists have even expanded the debate on how direct versus indirect rule experiences continue to effect contemporary governance into how governments which have never experienced colonialism rule . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Politics portal Bussa revolt - a 1915 uprising against indirect rule in Northern Nigeria Direct colonial rule Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The American Historical Association . `` ENGLAND 'S INDIRECT RULE IN ITS AFRICAN COLONIES '' in THROUGH THE LENS OF HISTORY : BIAFRA , NIGERIA , THE WEST AND THE WORLD . AHA teaching guide , historians.org , n.d. Accessed 2012 - 09 - 20 http://www.historians.org/tl/lessonplans/nc/trask/indirect.htm Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts , Salisbury : Victorian Titan ( 1999 ) p 529 Jump up ^ Lakshmi Iyer , `` Direct versus indirect colonial rule in India : Long - term consequences . '' The Review of Economics and Statistics ( 2010 ) 92 # 4 pp : 693 - 713 online Archived 2014 - 09 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo , The Warrant Chiefs : indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria , 1891 - 1929 ( London : Longman , 1972 ) Jump up ^ Eric J. Hobsbawm , Terence O. Ranger , ' The Invention of Tradition ' ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Collins and Burns , pp. 297 - 308 Jump up ^ Robert Louis Delavignette . Freedom and Authority in French West Africa . originally published as Les vrais chefs de l'empire : 1939 . Oxford University : 1946 . Jump up ^ Georges Hardy , Histoire sociale de la colonisation française .",
"4": "( Paris , 1953 ) Jump up ^ Raymond F. Betts , Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory , 1890 - 1914 ( New York , 1961 ) Jump up ^ Martin D. Lewis , `` One Hundred Million Frenchmen : The Assimilationist Theory in French Colonial Policy , '' Comparative Studies in Society and History IV ( January 1962 ) , 129 - 153 . Jump up ^ Erik Bleich , ' The legacies of history ? Colonization and immigrant integration in Britain and France . Theory and Society , Volume 34 , Number 2 , April 2005 . Jump up ^ Michael Crowder ' in Senegal : A Study in French Assimilation Policy ( London : Oxford University Press , 1962 ) Jump up ^ Mamadou Diouf , ' The French Colonial Policy of Assimilation and the Civility of the Originaires of the Four Communes ( Senegal ) : A Nineteenth Century Globalization Project ' in Development and Change , Volume 29 , Number 4 , October 1998 , pp. 671 -- 696 ( 26 ) Jump up ^ M.M. Knight , ' French Colonial Policy -- the Decline of `` Association '' ' in The Journal of Modern History , Vol. 5 , No. 2 ( Jun. , 1933 ) , pp. 208 -- 224 Jump up ^ Michael Lambert , ' From Citizenship to Negritude : Making a difference in elite ideologies of colonized Francophone West Africa ' in Comparative Studies in Society and History , Vol. 35 , No. 2 . ( Apr. , 1993 ) , pp. 239 -- 262 Jump up ^ G. Wesley Johnson , Jr.",
"5": ", The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal : The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes , 1900 -- 1920 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ James F. Searing , ' Senegal : Colonial Period : Four Communes : Dakar , Saint - Louis , Gorée , and Rufisque ' , in Kevin Shillington ( editor ) , Encyclopedia of African History ( New York , 2005 ) : 3 Volumes , 3 , 1334 -- 35 Jump up ^ Ralph J. Bunche , ' French and British Imperialism in West Africa ' in The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 21 , No. 1 . ( Jan. , 1936 ) , pp. 31 -- 46 Jump up ^ Michael Crowder , ' Indirect Rule : French and British Style ' in Africa : Journal of the International African Institute , Vol. 34 , No. 3 . ( Jul. , 1964 ) , pp. 197 -- 205 Jump up ^ Alec G. Hargreaves , ed . Memory , Empire , and Postcolonialism : Legacies of French Colonialism ( Lanham : Lexington Books , 2005 ; ISBN 9780739108215 ) Jump up ^ Ann Laura Stoler ( 1989 ) , ' Rethinking Colonial Categories : European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule ' in Comparative Studies in Society and History , 31 , pp 134 - 161 doi : 10.1017 / S0010417500015693 Jump up ^ Jonathan Derrick , ' The ' Native Clerk ' in Colonial West Africa ' in African Affairs , Vol. 82 , No. 326 . ( Jan. , 1983 ) , pp. 61 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Emily Lynn Osborn ( 2003 ) . ' CIRCLE OF IRON ' : AFRICAN COLONIAL EMPLOYEES AND THE INTERPRETATION OF COLONIAL RULE IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA . The Journal of African History , 44 , pp 29 - 50 doi : 10.1017 / S0021853702008307 Jump up ^ Anthony I. Nwabughuogu .",
"6": "The Role of Propaganda in the Development of Indirect Rule in Nigeria , 1890 - 1929 . The International Journal of African Historical Studies Vol. 14 , No. 1 ( 1981 ) , pp. 65 - 92 Jump up ^ Paul Rich . The Origins of Apartheid Ideology : The Case of Ernest Stubbs and Transvaal Native Administration , c. 1902 - 1932 . African Affairs , Vol. 79 , No. 315 . ( Apr. , 1980 ) , pp. 171 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Lakshmi Iyer ( 2010 ) . Direct versus Indirect Colonial Rule in India : Long - Term Consequences . The Review of Economics and Statistics . November 2010 , Vol. 92 , No. 4 , Pages 693 - 713 Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani . Indirect Rule , Civil Society , and Ethnicity : The African Dilemma . Social Justice Vol. 23 , No. 1 / 2 ( 63 - 64 ) , The World Today ( Spring - Summer 1996 ) , pp. 145 - 150 Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani . Historicizing power and responses to power : indirect rule and its reform . Social Research Vol. 66 , No. 3 , PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRACY ( FALL 1999 ) , pp. 859 - 886 Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani , Citizen and Subject : Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism ( 1996 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ John Gerring , Daniel Ziblatt , Johan Van Gorp and Julián Arévalo ( 2011 ) . An Institutional Theory of Direct and Indirect Rule . World Politics , 63 , pp 377 - 433 doi : 10.1017 / S0043887111000104 This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sources and references ( edit ) Michael Crowder . Indirect Rule : French and British Style .",
"7": "Africa : Journal of the International African Institute , Vol. 34 , No. 3 . ( Jul. , 1964 ) , pp. 197 -- 205 . Paul Rich . The Origins of Apartheid Ideology : The Case of Ernest Stubbs and Transvaal Native Administration , c. 1902 - 1932 . African Affairs , Vol. 79 , No. 315 . ( Apr. , 1980 ) , pp. 171 -- 194 . Omipidan Teslim Indirect Rule in Nigeria OldNaija H.F. Morris . A History of the Adoption of Codes of Criminal Law and Procedure in British Colonial Africa , 1876 - 1935 . Journal of African Law , Vol. 18 , No. 1 , Criminal Law and Criminology . ( Spring , 1974 ) , pp. 6 -- 23 . Jonathan Derrick . The ' Native Clerk ' in Colonial West Africa . African Affairs , Vol. 82 , No. 326 . ( Jan. , 1983 ) , pp. 61 -- 74 . Diana Wylie . Confrontation over Kenya : The Colonial Office and Its Critics 1918 - 1940 . The Journal of African History , Vol. 18 , No. 3 . ( 1977 ) , pp. 427 -- 447 . P.A. Brunt . Empires : Reflections on British and Roman Imperialism . Comparative Studies in Society and History , Vol. 7 , No. 3 . ( Apr. , 1965 ) , pp. 267 -- 288 . R.O. Collins and J.M. Burns . A History of Sub-Saharan Africa , Cambridge , 2007 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , Chs. 4 & 5. , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Period writings ( edit ) Harold Nicolson . The Colonial Problem . International Affairs ( Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931 - 1939 ) , Vol. 17 , No. 1 .",
"8": "( Jan . - Feb. , 1938 ) , pp. 32 -- 50 . W.E. Rappard . The Practical Working of the Mandates System . Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs , Vol. 4 , No. 5 . ( Sep. , 1925 ) , pp. 205 -- 226 . Jan Smuts . Native Policy in Africa . Journal of the Royal African Society , Vol. 29 , No. 115 . ( Apr. , 1930 ) , pp. 248 -- 268 . Ralph J. Bunche . French and British Imperialism in West Africa . The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 21 , No. 1 . ( Jan. , 1936 ) , pp. 31 -- 46 . ( hide ) Colonial empires American Austro - Hungarian Belgian British Couronian Danish Dutch English French German Italian Japanese Sovereign Military Order of Malta Ottoman Portuguese Russian Spanish Swedish Colonies in antiquity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indirect_rule&oldid=822759343 '' Categories : Governance of the British Empire History of European colonialism French colonels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 09 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
6,
0,
8,
7,
3,
1,
2,
5,
4
] |
[
0,
6,
8,
7,
3
] |
-1667661819585085026
|
dallol crater in the afar region of ethiopia
|
[
"a cinder cone volcano in the Danakil Depression"
] |
{
"0": "Dallol ( volcano ) - Wikipedia Dallol ( volcano ) Jump to : navigation , search This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French . ( September 2011 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . ( show ) View a machine - translated version of the French article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated fr Dallol ( volcan ) ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Dallol Highest point Elevation − 48 m ( − 157 ft ) 14 ° 14 ′ 30 '' N 40 ° 18 ′ 00 '' E / 14.24167 ° N 40.30000 ° E / 14.24167 ; 40.30000 Geography Location Ethiopia Parent range Danakil Depression Geology Mountain type Explosion craters Last eruption 2011 Dallol is a cinder cone volcano in the Danakil Depression , northeast of the Erta Ale Range in Ethiopia . It has been formed by the intrusion of basaltic magma into Miocene salt deposits and subsequent hydrothermal activity . Phreatic eruptions took place here in 1926 , forming Dallol Volcano ; numerous other eruption craters dot the salt flats nearby . These craters are the lowest known subaerial volcanic vents in the world , at 45 m ( 150 ft ) or more below sea level . In October 2004 the shallow magma chamber beneath Dallol deflated and fed a magma intrusion southwards beneath the rift .",
"1": "An phreatic eruption occurred in January 2011 . Numerous hot springs are discharging brine and acidic liquid here . Small , widespread , temporary geysers produce cones of salt . The Dallol deposits include significant bodies of potash found directly at the surface . The term Dallol was coined by the Afar people and means dissolution or disintegration , describing a landscape of green acid ponds ( pH - values less than 1 ) and iron oxide , sulfur and salt desert plains . The area resembles the hot springs areas of Yellowstone Park . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gallery 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Gallery ( edit ) The Danakil desert seen from Dallol Salt and sulfur formations at Dallol Guide standing in Dallol See also ( edit ) List of volcanoes in Ethiopia Dallol -- a ghost town in the Dallol crater . It had the record high average temperature for an inhabited location on Earth . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dallol salt springs and geysers '' . Wondermondo . Jump up ^ Nobile , A ; Pagli , C ; Keir , D ; Wright , TJ ; Ayele , A ; Ruch , J ; Acocella , A ( October 2012 ) . `` Dike - fault interaction during the 2004 Dallol intrusion at the northern edge of the Erta Ale Ridge ( Afar , Ethiopia ) '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 39 ( 19 ) : n / a . doi : 10.1029 / 2012GL053152 . Jump up ^ https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=221041 Jump up ^ `` Dallol in March , 2015 '' . Independent Travellers . independent-travellers.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . `` Dallol '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . On the Volcanoes of the World episode The Horn of Africa ( 2008 ; Science Channel ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallol . Photos from Dallol taken during an expedition to the Danakil in Feb.",
"2": "2008 This article about a location in the Afar Region of Ethiopia is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This volcanology article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dallol_(volcano)&oldid=812875901 '' Categories : Maars of Ethiopia Volcanoes of Ethiopia Active volcanoes Volcanoes of the Great Rift Valley Afar Region Afar geography stubs Volcanology stubs Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from September 2011 All articles to be expanded Geography articles needing translation from French Wikipedia All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Македонски 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenčina Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 11 : 30 . About Wikipedia",
"3": null,
"4": null,
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
1,
2
] |
[
0,
1,
2
] |
-8193351601155971373
|
why is it called 6 flags over texas
|
[
"the slogan used to describe the six nations that have had sovereignty over some or all of the current territory of the U.S. state of Texas: Spain (1519–1685; 1690–1821), France (1685–1690), Mexico (1821–1836), the Republic of Texas (1836–1845), the Confederate States of America (1861–1865), and the United States of America (1845–1861; 1865–present)",
"to describe the six nations that have had sovereignty over some or all of the current territory of the U.S. state of Texas",
"to describe the six nations that have had sovereignty over some or all of the current territory of the U.S. state of Texas"
] |
{
"0": "Six flags over Texas - wikipedia Six flags over Texas Jump to : navigation , search For the theme park , see Six Flags Over Texas . Six coats of arms displayed under the Texas State Capitol Dome `` Six flags over Texas '' is the slogan used to describe the six nations that have had sovereignty over some or all of the current territory of the U.S. state of Texas : Spain ( 1519 -- 1685 ; 1690 -- 1821 ) , France ( 1685 -- 1690 ) , Mexico ( 1821 -- 1836 ) , the Republic of Texas ( 1836 -- 1845 ) , the Confederate States of America ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , and the United States of America ( 1845 -- 1861 ; 1865 -- present ) . This slogan has been incorporated into shopping malls , theme parks ( Six Flags ) , and other enterprises . In Austin , the six flags fly in front of the Bullock Texas State History Museum ; the Texas State Capitol has the six coats of arms on its northern facade , and the University of Texas at Austin Life Sciences Library , previously the location of the central library in the Main Building , has each coat of arms displayed in plaster emblems with short excerpts representative of the constitutions of each country . The six flags are also shown on the reverse of the Seal of Texas . In 1997 the Texas Historical Commission adopted standard designs for representing the six flags .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Spain ( 1519 to 1685 ; 1690 to 1821 ) 2 France ( 1684 to 1690 for Fort Saint Louis and 1800 to 1803 as French Louisiana ) 3 Mexico ( 1821 to 1835 ) 4 Republic of Texas ( 1836 to 1845 as the Republic of Texas ; since 1845 as the State of Texas ) 5 United States of America ( 1845 to 1861 ; 1865 to present ) 6 Confederate States of America ( 1861 to 1865 ) 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Spain ( 1519 to 1685 ; 1690 to 1821 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Flag of Spain and Flag of Castile and León The first flag belonged to Spain , which ruled most of Texas from 1519 to 1685 and 1690 to 1821 . There were three Spanish flags used during this period : the `` castle and lion '' arms of the Crown of Castile ( see Flag of Castile and León ) ; the Cross of Burgundy , a military and maritime flag also used by the viceroys of New Spain ; and the Rojigualda introduced by King Charles III in 1785 , containing horizontal stripes of red - gold - red and the simple arms of Castile and León . This third flag has been used by Spain in various forms to the present day , and is the flag used in the reverse of the Seal of Texas and adopted by the Texas State Historical Commission . France ( 1684 to 1690 for Fort Saint Louis and 1800 to 1803 as French Louisiana ) ( edit ) Main article : Bourbon royal standard The second flag was the royal banner of the Kingdom of France from 1684 to 1690 . In 1684 , French nobleman René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle , founded a colony on the Texas Gulf Coast called Fort Saint Louis . The colony was unsuccessful , and after La Salle 's murder , was soon abandoned . During this time , there was no official French flag , so a number of designs are used in displays of the `` six flags '' .",
"2": "Later on in 1800 , Spain ceded Louisiana to France under the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . French Louisiana included northern sections of Texas . It remained in the hands of France until 1803 , when France sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States . However , what would later be northern Texas was sold back to Spain years later . Mexico ( 1821 to 1835 ) ( edit ) Main article : Flag of Mexico The third flag flown ( 1821 through 1836 ) was the flag of Mexico . Mexico 's independence was recognized by Spain in 1821 . The Mexican flag displayed in the Austin Capitol is the one of the Mexican Republic of 1823 through 1864 . This flag was in use in Texas until its independence from Mexico in 1836 ( Texas ' declaration of independence ) . Republic of Texas ( 1836 to 1845 as the Republic of Texas ; since 1845 as the State of Texas ) ( edit ) Main article : Flag of Texas The fourth flag belonged to the Republic of Texas from 1836 to 1845 . The Republic had two national flags during its history , the first being the so - called `` Burnet Flag '' . The `` Lone Star Flag '' , the final national flag , became the state flag when Texas joined the United States as a U.S. state in 1845 . United States of America ( 1845 to 1861 ; 1865 to present ) ( edit ) Main article : Flag of the United States The fifth and current flag is that of the United States of America , which Texas joined in 1845 . Upon secession Texas abandoned this flag for its sixth , until readmission to the Union in 1865 . Confederate States of America ( 1861 to 1865 ) ( edit ) Main article : Flags of the Confederate States of America The sixth flag belonged to the Confederate States of America from 1861 to 1865 . During this time , the Confederacy had three national flags . Gallery ( edit ) Display of the Six Flags in Austin , Texas See also ( edit ) Texas portal History of Texas Flag of the Republic of the Rio Grande Burnet Flag References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Six Flags of Texas '' .",
"3": "Texas State Library and Archives Commission . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Texas Historical Commission ( June 20 , 1997 ) . `` Recommended Historic Designs : The `` Six Flags Over Texas '' `` . Texas Register . Texas Secretary of State . 22 : 5959 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Texas State Library -- Six Flags of Texas ^ Jump up to : The Six National Flags of Texas External links ( edit ) Flags of Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online Texas Almanac The Portal to Texas History Reverse of Texas State Seal Six Flags of Texas Texas State Preservation Board Texas Register ( scroll down page to `` Six Flags Over Texas '' information on pages 5959 -- 5967 ) The Republic of the Rio Grande Museum Mexico -- Filibustering : Republic of the Rio Grande Origin of the Lone Star Flag of Texas `` Six flags over Texas '' French Texas Spanish Texas Mexican Texas Republic of Texas Confederate States United States History of Texas By period French Texas Spanish Texas Mexican Texas Republic of Texas Texas annexation Civil War era Reconstruction State of Texas By topic Annexation Border disputes Forests Indian Wars Jewish history Oil boom Revolution Slavery Texas Rangers Vice By city Amarillo Austin Brownsville Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Fort Worth Galveston Houston Laredo Lubbock San Antonio Timelines of cities in Texas Government agency Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas Congress of the Republic of Texas Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas Texas Historical Commission State of Texas Austin ( capital )",
"4": "Topics Architecture Climate Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Sports Symbols Texans Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Texas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Ark ‐ La ‐ Tex Big Bend Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers Deep East Texas East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans - Pecos West Texas Metropolitan areas Abilene Amarillo Austin -- Round Rock Beaumont -- Port Arthur Brownsville -- Harlingen College Station -- Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington El Paso Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Killeen -- Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen -- Edinburg -- Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio -- New Braunfels Sherman -- Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Counties See : List of counties in Texas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"5": "php?title=Six_flags_over_Texas&oldid=832776064 '' Categories : Flags of Texas Slogans Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español فارسی Galego עברית Lumbaart 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 23 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
2,
1,
3,
5,
4
] |
[
0,
2,
1,
3,
5,
4
] |
-2767752731949092866
|
spyder from once upon a time in venice
|
[
"Jason Momoa"
] |
{
"0": "Once Upon a Time in Venice - wikipedia Once Upon a Time in Venice Jump to : navigation , search Once Upon a Time in Venice Theatrical release poster Directed by Mark Cullen Produced by Mark Cullen Robb Cullen Nicolas Chartier Zev Foreman Laura Ford Written by Mark Cullen Robb Cullen Starring Bruce Willis Jason Momoa John Goodman Thomas Middleditch Famke Janssen Adam Goldberg Jessica Gomes Music by Jeff Cardoni Cinematography Amir Mokri Edited by Matt Deizel Production company Voltage Pictures Distributed by RLJ Entertainment Release date June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $457,224 Once Upon a Time in Venice is a 2017 American action comedy film directed and written by Mark and Robb Cullen in their directorial debuts . The film stars Bruce Willis , Jason Momoa , John Goodman , Thomas Middleditch , Famke Janssen , and Adam Goldberg with supporting roles by Christopher McDonald , Stephanie Sigman , and Wood Harris . The film was released in a limited release and through video on demand on June 16 , 2017 , by RLJ Entertainment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) When a Los Angeles - based private detective named Steve Ford tries to retrieve his stolen dog from a gang , the gang 's drug lord , `` Spyder '' , forces the detective to do some jobs before getting the dog back . Cast ( edit ) Bruce Willis as Steve Ford , a Los Angeles private detective whose dog is stolen by a gang . Jason Momoa as Spyder , a drug lord who forces Steve to do some jobs for the safety of his dog . John Goodman as Dave Phillips , Steve 's best friend . Thomas Middleditch as John , an assistant in his operation to Steve .",
"1": "Famke Janssen as Katey Ford , Steve 's sister - in - law . Adam Goldberg as Lou the Jew , a real estate developer Elisabeth Röhm as Anne Phillips , Dave 's ex Stephanie Sigman as Lupe , Spyder 's girlfriend . Wood Harris as Prince Christopher McDonald as Mr. Carter Adrian Martinez as Tino , the owner of a local pizza store who wants to help Steve . Kal Penn as Rajeesh , a grocery store clerk . Ken Davitian as Yuri Victor Ortiz as Chewy Emily Robinson as Taylor Ralph Garman as Bum Ron Funches as Mocha Jessica Gomes as Nola Production ( edit ) By May 16 , 2015 , Bruce Willis was cast to star in a comedy playing a Los Angeles private detective whose dog is stolen by a gang . Mark Cullen and Robb Cullen would make their directorial debut on the film based on their own script , and they would also produce the film along with Nicolas Chartier , Zev Foreman , and Laura Ford , while Voltage Pictures financing and selling the film at Cannes . In June 2015 , Jason Momoa , Thomas Middleditch and Famke Janssen joined the cast of the film , Momoa to play the gang leader who forces Willis ' character to do some jobs for his dog , Middleditch to play Willis ' assistant in his operation , while Janssen would play Willis ' sister - in - law . Later on June 30 , 2015 , John Goodman , Stephanie Sigman , Adrian Martinez , Kal Penn , and Emily Robinson round out the remaining cast of the film , Goodman playing Willis ' best friend , Sigman playing Momoa 's character 's girlfriend , Martinez playing the owner of a local pizza store who wants to help Willis ' character , while Penn would play a grocery store clerk . On July 13 , 2015 , Adam Goldberg was set to play Lou the Jew in the film . Next day on July 14 , 2015 , four more joined the cast of the film , including Tyga , Ken Davitian , David Arquette , and Victor Ortiz .",
"2": "Actor Ralph Garman was meant to play a role in the movie , but he revealed on his Hollywood Babble - On podcast that his character was written out of the film when Bruce Willis refused to shoot a scene between them . The Cullen brothers offered him another role , and again , Willis declined to shoot the scene . The next day , the producers of the film stated that the scene needed to be cut , leaving Garman without an appearance in the film . The story mirrored that of his co-host , director Kevin Smith , who had similar stories of Willis ' behaviour during the filming of Cop Out . Principal photography began on June 29 , 2015 , in Venice , Los Angeles . The film was shooting under the working title Going Under . Release ( edit ) In April 2017 , RLJ Entertainment acquired distribution rights to the film . It was released in a limited release and through video on demand on June 16 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Once Upon A Time In Venice received a 22 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 32 reviews . Metacritic gave the film a score of 28 out of 100 based on 9 reviews . Craig D. Lindsey of LA Weekly stated that Willis ' performance was `` a sterling example of how a lazy star can make a bad movie even worse . '' Box office ( edit ) Once Upon A Time In Venice was released on Jun 16 , 2017 ( limited ) and totaled under $500,000 in combined international box office . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time in Venice '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time in Venice '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Jason Momoa , Thomas Middleditch and Famke Janssen Join Bruce Willis in Action Comedy ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jaafar , Ali ( May 16 , 2015 ) .",
"3": "`` Bruce Willis Re-Teams With ' Cop Out 's Mark And Robb Cullen For Private Investigator Comedy - Cannes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` John Goodman & Bond Girl Stephanie Sigman Added To Voltage 's Untitled Bruce Willis Comedy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Dianna Agron Lands Lead In Indie ' Hollow In The Land ' ; Adam Goldberg Joins Bruce Willis Detective Pic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Willis ' Detective Comedy Adds Four More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` BJason Momoa , Thomas Middleditch and Famke Janssen Join Bruce Willis in Action Comedy ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kevin , Ralph Garman ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood Babble - On # 220 '' ( Podcast ) . SModcast . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 16 , 2015 ) . `` Cannes : Bruce Willis Starring in Detective Comedy '' . Variety . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Willis and David Arquette filming `` Going Under '' `` . ContactMusic.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Bruce Willis ' ' Once Upon A Time In Venice ' Sells To RLJ , Sets June Release '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 4 , 2017 ) .",
"4": "`` Bruce Willis ' Action - Comedy ' Once Upon a Time in Venice ' Lands at RLJ Entertainment '' . Variety . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon A Time In Venice ( 2017 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' ... Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon A Time In Venice Reviews - Metacritic '' ... Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Craig D. Lindsey ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon A Time In Venice - L.A. Weekly '' . LA Weekly . External links ( edit ) Once Upon a Time in Venice on IMDb Once Upon a Time in Venice at Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Venice&oldid=817018462 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films Directorial debut films Films shot in Venice , California Films shot in Los Angeles Films set in Los Angeles Films about dogs American action comedy films Detective films 2010s action films 2010s comedy films Voltage Pictures films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Polski Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 13 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
1,
3,
4,
2
] |
[
0,
1,
3,
4,
2
] |
-3690300803377353385
|
nodding your head no is an example of
|
[
"a gesture"
] |
{
"0": "Nod ( gesture ) - wikipedia Nod ( gesture ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A depiction of a man nodding A nod of the head is a gesture in which the head is tilted in alternating up and down arcs along the sagittal plane . In many cultures , it is most commonly , but not universally , used to indicate agreement , acceptance , or acknowledgment . Contents ( hide ) 1 To indicate acceptance 2 To indicate refusal 3 As greeting 4 Nodding syndrome 5 See also 6 References 7 External links To indicate acceptance ( edit ) Different cultures assign different meanings to the gesture . Nodding to indicate `` yes '' is widespread , and appears in a large number of diverse cultural and linguistic groups . Areas in which nodding generally takes this meaning include the Indian subcontinent ( note that the head bobble also shows agreement there ) , the Middle East , Southeast Asia , most of Europe ( see below ) , Latin America and North America . Nodding may also be used as a sign of recognition in some areas , or to show respect . An insult may be inferred if it is not returned in kind . In Greece , the single nod of the head down that indicates `` yes '' is often combined with closing the eyes simultaneously . This nod commonly also includes a very slight , almost unnoticeable , turn of the head to the left ( or to the right ) . An early survey of nodding and other gestures was The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals , written by Charles Darwin in 1872 . Darwin wrote to missionaries in many parts of the world asking for information on local gestures , and concluded that nodding for `` yes '' was common to many different groups . There are varying theories as to why nodding is so frequently used to indicate acceptance . One simple theory is that it is a form of bowing , indicating that one is prepared to accept what another person is saying or requesting .",
"1": "It has also been stated that babies , when hungry , search for milk by moving their heads vertically , but decline milk by turning their head from side to side . To indicate refusal ( edit ) There are few exceptions with some countries swapping the meanings between nodding and shaking head : in Greece , Iran , Lebanon , Syria , Turkey , Egypt , Bulgaria , Albania , and Sicily a single nod of the head up ( not down ) indicates a `` no '' . Specifically in Greece , the single nod of the head up that indicates `` no '' is almost always combined with a simultaneous raise of the eyebrows and most commonly also with a slight ( or complete ) rolling up of the eyes . There is also a sound that sometimes accompanies the whole gesture , called `` τσου '' . This sound bears heavy resemblance , but is not identical , to the British tutting sound . The use of `` τσου '' is optional and reserved only for heavy emphasis on the `` no '' . The emphasis on the raised eyebrows and the rolling up of the eyes is such , that the actual nod of the head upwards has ended up being of secondary importance . A person can denote `` no '' by simply raising their eyebrows and rolling up their eyes , with the head staying completely still . As greeting ( edit ) Nodding can also be used as a form of nonverbal greeting or acknowledgement of another 's presence ; in this context , it is essentially an especially mild form of bowing , with just enough movement to show a degree of respect without additional formality . This includes the traditional downwards nod , or the upwards nod ( which is more informal and usually used among friends or subordinates ) . To increase the formality , the downwards nod may also be accompanied by a suitable verbal greeting . Nodding syndrome ( edit ) Nodding is also a symptom of a yet unexplained disease . It affects mostly children under 15 , and was first documented in Tanzania in 1962 . See also ( edit ) Head bobble Head shake References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles . The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals . New York : D. Appleton and Company , 1913 ; Page 272 , accessed through Google Book Search .",
"2": "Jump up ^ https://news.yahoo.com/photos/mysterious-nodding-disease-slideshow/children-suffering-nodding-syndrome-gather-akoya-lamin-omony-photo-173929058.html External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Head nodding . The Straight Dope Imponderables ( hide ) Gestures Friendly gestures Air kiss Applause Cheek kiss Dap Elbow bump Eskimo kiss Fist bump Forehead kiss Hand heart Handshake Hand wave Hat tip High five Hongi ILY sign Kiss Liberian snap handshake Namaste OK Pinky swear Pound hug Shaka Thumb signal Gestures of respect Adab Bow Curtsey Gadaw Genuflection Hand - kiss Kowtow Kuji - in Mano Mudra Namaste Prostration Sampeah Sembah Schwurhand Wai Zolgokh Salutes Bellamy salute Nazi salute Raised fist Roman salute Scout sign and salute Three - finger salute Two - finger salute Vulcan salute Zogist salute Celebratory gestures Applause Crossed hands Fist pump High five Victory clasp V sign Finger - counting Finger binary Chinese number gestures Chisanbop Obscene gestures Anasyrma Bras d'honneur Cornuto Fig sign Finger Mooning Mountza Reversed V sign Shocker Thumb / index - finger ring Wanker Taunts Akanbe Finger Loser Talk to the hand Head motions Head shake Head bobble Nod Other gestures Air quotes Allergic salute Aussie salute Awkward turtle Crossed fingers Facepalm Eyelid pull Finger gun Gang signal Hand - in - waistcoat Hand rubbing Jazz hands Laban sign Merkel diamond Pabebe wave Pollice verso Shrug Sign of the cross Sign of the horns Related List of gestures Mudras Articulatory gestures Manual communication Nonverbal communication Sign language Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"3": "php?title=Nod_(gesture)&oldid=774893140 '' Categories : Gestures Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Nederlands Norsk Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2017 , at 09 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"4": null,
"5": null,
"6": null,
"7": null,
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
1,
0,
2,
3
] |
[
0,
1,
2,
3
] |
-3369084198985898901
|
who was the spanish civil war fought between
|
[
"The Republicans, who were loyal to the democratic, left-leaning and relatively urban Second Spanish Republic",
"the Nationalists, a Falangist, Carlist, Catholic, and largely aristocratic conservative group",
"Republicans",
"Nationalists"
] |
{
"0": "Spanish Civil War - wikipedia Spanish Civil War Jump to : navigation , search Spanish Civil War Part of the Interwar period ( clockwise from top - left ) Members of the XI International Brigade at the Battle of Belchite Bf - 109 with Nationalist markings Bombing of an airfield in Spanish West Africa Republican soldiers at the Siege of the Alcázar Nationalist soldiers operating an anti-aircraft gun HMS Royal Oak in an incursion around Gibraltar Date 17 July 1936 -- 1 April 1939 ( 2 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 1 day ) Location Spain ( show ) Spain Spanish protectorate in Morocco Spanish Sahara Spanish Guinea Result Nationalist victory End of the Second Spanish Republic Establishment of a military dictatorship under the rule of Francisco Franco Belligerents Republicans Spanish Republican Army Popular Front CNT - FAI UGT Generalitat de Catalunya Euzko Gudarostea ( 1936 -- 37 ) Supported by : Communist International Soviet Union Mexico International Brigades Nationalists FET y de las JONS ( from 1937 ) FE de la JONS ( 1936 -- 37 ) CT ( 1936 -- 37 ) CEDA ( 1936 -- 37 ) RE ( 1936 -- 37 ) Supported by : Italy Germany Portugal Foreign volunteers Commanders and leaders Republican leaders Manuel Azaña Julián Besteiro Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Indalecio Prieto Vicente Rojo Lluch José Miaja Juan Modesto Juan Hernández Saravia Carlos Romero Giménez Buenaventura Durruti † Lluís Companys José Antonio Aguirre Nationalist leaders José Sanjurjo † Emilio Mola † Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Juan Yagüe Miguel Cabanellas † Manuel Goded Llopis † Manuel Hedilla Manuel Fal Conde Mohamed Meziane Strength 1938 strength : 450,",
"1": "000 infantry 350 aircraft 200 tanks 1938 strength : 600,000 infantry 600 aircraft 290 tanks Casualties and losses 175,000 killed in action 100 -- 130,000 civilians killed inside the Francoist zone 110,000 killed in action 50,000 civilians killed inside the Republican zone 250,000 -- 1,000,000 total killed . Spanish Civil War Background July 1936 uprising Melilla Seville 1st Barcelona Cuartel de la Montaña Gijón Oviedo Cuartel de Loyola 1936 German intervention Guadarrama Alcázar Extremadura Convoy de la victoria Almendralejo Sigüenza Mérida Badajoz Majorca Sierra Guadalupe Córdoba Gipuzkoa Monte Pelado Talavera Irún Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza Cerro Muriano Cape Espartel Seseña Madrid Ciudad Universitaria 1st Corunna Road Villarreal Ursula Aceituna Lopera 2nd Corunna Road 1937 3rd Corunna Road Málaga Jarama Cape Machichaco Guadalajara Pozoblanco War in the North Biscay Durango Jaén Guernica 2nd Barcelona Deutschland Almería Segovia Huesca Bilbao Albarracín Brunete Santander Zaragoza 1st Belchite Asturias El Mazuco Cape Cherchell Sabiñánigo Teruel 1938 Alfambra Cape Palos",
"2": "Aragon 2nd Belchite 3rd Barcelona Caspe Lérida 1st Gandesa Segre Levante Balaguer Los Blázquez Alicante Granollers Bielsa Merida pocket Ebro 2nd Gandesa Cantabria Cabra Sant Vicenç de Calders 1939 Catalonia Valsequillo Xàtiva La Garriga Menorca Cartagena Olite Final offensive Part of a series on the History of Spain Early history ( show ) Prehistoric Iberia Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula Carthaginian Iberia Hispania Roman conquest of Hispania Romanization of Hispania Medieval ( show ) Suebic kingdom Visigothic kingdom Byzantine Spania Umayyad conquest of Hispania Al - Andalus / Reconquista Early modern ( show ) Catholic Monarchs Age of Expansion Spanish Empire Golden Age Enlightenment Modern ( show ) Napoleonic Spain / War of Independence Cádiz Cortes / 1812 Constitution Independence of Spanish America Reaction and Revolution Spanish confiscation First Republic Restoration Disaster of 1898 Second Republic Civil War Francoist Spain Contemporary ( show ) Transition to democracy Spain since 1975 By topic ( show ) Colonial history Economic history Military history Timeline Spain portal Events leading to World War II Treaty of Versailles 1919 Treaty of Trianon 1920 Treaty",
"3": "of Rapallo 1920 March on Rome 1922 Corfu incident 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr 1923 -- 1925 Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Dawes Plan 1924 Locarno Treaties 1925 Chinese Civil War 1927 -- 1936 Young Plan 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1941 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Nazis rise to power in Germany 1933 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss Mar. 1938 Munich crisis Sep. 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 Invasion of Poland Sep. 1939 Battle of Britain May . 1940 Invasion of the Soviet Union Jun. 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 1941 The Spanish Civil War ( Spanish : Guerra Civil Española ) , widely known in Spain simply as The Civil War ( Spanish : La Guerra Civil ) or The War ( Spanish : La Guerra ) , took place from 1936 to 1939 .",
"4": "The Republicans , who were loyal to the democratic , left - leaning and relatively urban Second Spanish Republic , in an alliance of convenience with the Anarchists and Communists , fought against the Nationalists , a Falangist , Carlist , Catholic , and largely aristocratic conservative group led by General Francisco Franco . The war has often been portrayed as a struggle between democracy and fascism , particularly due to the political climate and timing surrounding it , but it can more accurately be described as a struggle between leftist revolution and rightist counter-revolution similar to the Finnish Civil War , the Russian Civil War , and the wars fought over the formation of the Hungarian and Slovak Soviet republics . In early 1939 , the Nationalists won , and Franco ruled over all of Spain until his death in November 1975 . The war began after a pronunciamiento ( a declaration of military opposition ) against the Republican government by a group of generals of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces , originally under the leadership of José Sanjurjo . The government at the time was a moderate , liberal coalition of Republicans , supported in the Cortes by communist and socialist parties , under the leadership of centre - left President Manuel Azaña . The Nationalist group was supported by a number of conservative groups , including the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right - wing Groups ( Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas , or CEDA ) , monarchists such as the religious conservative ( Roman Catholic ) Carlists , and the Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista ( FE y de las JONS ) , a fascist political party . Sanjurjo was killed in an aircraft accident while attempting to return from exile in Portugal , whereupon Franco emerged as the leader of the Nationalists . The coup was supported by military units in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , Pamplona , Burgos , Zaragoza , Valladolid , Cádiz , Córdoba , and Seville . However , rebelling units in some important cities -- such as Madrid , Barcelona , Valencia , Bilbao , and Málaga -- did not gain control , and those cities remained under the control of the government . Spain was thus left militarily and politically divided . The Nationalists and the Republican government fought for control of the country .",
"5": "The Nationalist forces received munitions , soldiers , and air support from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , while the Republican ( Loyalist ) side received support from the Communist Soviet Union and leftist populist Mexico . Other countries , such as the United Kingdom , France , and the United States continued to recognize the Republican government but otherwise followed an official policy of non-intervention . Notwithstanding this policy , tens of thousands of citizens from non-interventionist countries directly participated in the conflict . They fought mostly in the pro-Republican International Brigades which also included several thousand exiles from pro-Nationalist regimes . The Nationalists advanced from their strongholds in the south and west , capturing most of Spain 's northern coastline in 1937 . They also besieged Madrid and the area to its south and west for much of the war . After much of Catalonia was captured in 1938 and 1939 , and Madrid was cut off from Barcelona , it was obvious to everyone that Republican military position was hopeless . Once Madrid and Barcelona were occupied without resistance , Franco declared victory and his regime received diplomatic recognition from all non-interventionist governments . Thousands of leftist Spaniards fled to refugee camps in southern France . Those associated with the losing Republicans were persecuted by the victorious Nationalists . With the establishment of a dictatorship led by General Franco in the aftermath of the war , all right - wing parties were fused into the structure of the Franco regime . The war became notable for the passion and political division it inspired and for the many atrocities that occurred , on both sides . Organized purges occurred in territory captured by Franco 's forces so they could consolidate their future regime . A significant number of killings also took place in areas controlled by the Republicans . The extent to which Republican authorities took part in killings in Republican territory varied . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Military coup 2.1 Preparations 2.2 Beginning of the coup 2.3 Outcome 3 Combatants 3.1 Republicans 3.2 Nationalists 3.3 Other factions 4 Foreign involvement 4.1 Support for the Nationalists 4.1. 1 Germany 4.1. 2 Italy 4.1. 3 Portugal 4.1.",
"6": "4 Others 4.2 Support for the Republicans 4.2. 1 International Brigades 4.2. 2 Soviet Union 4.2. 3 Mexico 4.2. 4 France 5 Course of the war 5.1 1936 5.2 1937 5.3 1938 5.4 1939 6 Evacuation of children 7 Death toll 8 Atrocities 8.1 Nationalists 8.2 Republicans 9 Social revolution 10 Art and propaganda 11 Timeline 12 People 13 Political parties and organizations 14 See also 15 References 15.1 Notes 15.2 Citations 15.3 Bibliography and books by noted authors 16 Further reading 17 External links 17.1 Films , images and sounds 17.2 Miscellaneous documents 17.3 Diverse references and citations 17.4 Academics and governments 17.5 Archives Background ( edit ) Main article : Background of the Spanish Civil War The 19th century was a turbulent time for Spain . Those in favour of reforming Spain 's government vied for political power with conservatives , who tried to prevent reforms from taking place . Some liberals , in a tradition that had started with the Spanish Constitution of 1812 , sought to limit the power of the monarchy of Spain and to establish a liberal state . The reforms of 1812 did not last after King Ferdinand VII dissolved the Constitution and ended the Trienio Liberal government . Twelve successful coups were carried out between 1814 and 1874 . Until the 1850s , the economy of Spain was primarily based on agriculture . There was little development of a bourgeois industrial or commercial class . The land - based oligarchy remained powerful ; a small number of people held large estates called latifundia as well as all the important government positions . In 1868 popular uprisings led to the overthrow of Queen Isabella II of the House of Bourbon .",
"7": "Two distinct factors led to the uprisings : a series of urban riots and a liberal movement within the middle classes and the military ( led by General Joan Prim ) concerned with the ultra-conservatism of the monarchy . In 1873 Isabella 's replacement , King Amadeo I of the House of Savoy , abdicated owing to increasing political pressure , and the short - lived First Spanish Republic was proclaimed . After the restoration of the Bourbons in December 1874 , Carlists and Anarchists emerged in opposition to the monarchy . Alejandro Lerroux , Spanish politician and leader of the Radical Republican Party , helped bring republicanism to the fore in Catalonia , where poverty was particularly acute . Growing resentment of conscription and of the military culminated in the Tragic Week in Barcelona in 1909 . On April 2 , 1931 , the Republicans won the elections and the Spanish Second Republic was proclaimed . King Alfonso XIII resigned and went into exile . Spain was neutral in World War I. Following the war , the working class , industrial class , and military united in hopes of removing the corrupt central government , but were unsuccessful . Popular perception of communism as a major threat significantly increased during this period . In 1923 a military coup brought Miguel Primo de Rivera to power ; as a result , Spain transitioned to government by military dictatorship . Support for the Rivera regime gradually faded , and he resigned in January 1930 . He was replaced by General Dámaso Berenguer , who was in turn himself replaced by Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar - Cabañas ; both men continued a policy of rule by decree . There was little support for the monarchy in the major cities . Consequently , King Alfonso XIII gave in to popular pressure for the establishment of a republic in 1931 and called municipal elections for 12 April of that year . The socialist and liberal republicans won almost all the provincial capitals , and following the resignation of Aznar 's government , King Alfonso XIII fled the country . At this time , the Second Spanish Republic was formed and would remain in power until the culmination of the Spanish Civil War . The revolutionary committee headed by Niceto Alcalá - Zamora became the provisional government , with Alcalá - Zamora as president and head of state .",
"8": "The republic had broad support from all segments of society . In May , an incident where a taxi driver was attacked outside a monarchist club sparked anti-clerical violence throughout Madrid and south - west Spain . The government 's slow response disillusioned the right and reinforced their view that the Republic was determined to persecute the church . In June and July the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT ) called several strikes , which led to a violent incident between CNT members and the Civil Guard and a brutal crackdown by the Civil Guard and the army against the CNT in Seville . This led many workers to believe the Spanish Second Republic was just as oppressive as the monarchy and the CNT announced their intention of overthrowing it via revolution . Elections in June 1931 returned a large majority of Republicans and Socialists . With the onset of the Great Depression , the government attempted to assist rural Spain by instituting an eight - hour day and redistributing land tenure to farm workers . The Church was a frequent target of the revolutionary left in the Republic and in the War . Only during the Civil War revolutionaries destroyed / burned some 20,000 churches - including several cathedrals - , also church ornamentation ( artworks , paintings , tombs ) , books , archives , and palaces . Vast number of affected buildings are today defunct . Fascism remained a reactive threat , helped by controversial reforms to the military . In December a new reformist , liberal , and democratic constitution was declared . It included strong provisions enforcing a broad secularization of the Catholic country , which included the abolishing of Catholic schools and charities , which many moderate committed Catholics opposed . Republican Manuel Azaña became prime minister of a minority government in October 1931 . In 1933 the parties of the right won the general elections , largely owing to the anarchists ' abstention from the vote , increased right - wing resentment of the incumbent government caused by a controversial decree implementing land reform , the Casas Viejas incident , and the formation of a right - wing alliance , Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right - wing Groups ( CEDA ) . The recent enfranchisement of women , most of whom voted for centre - right parties , was also a contributing factor . Events in the period following November 1933 , called the `` black two years '' , seemed to make a civil war more likely .",
"9": "Alejandro Lerroux of the Radical Republican Party ( RRP ) formed a government , reversing changes made under the previous administration and granting amnesty to the collaborators of the unsuccessful uprising by General José Sanjurjo in August 1932 . Some monarchists joined with the then fascist - nationalist Falange Española y de las JONS ( `` Falange '' ) to help achieve their aims . Open violence occurred in the streets of Spanish cities , and militancy continued to increase , reflecting a movement towards radical upheaval , rather than peaceful democratic means as solutions . On 5 October 1934 , the Acción Republicana and the Socialists ( PSOE ) and Communists attempted a general left - wing rebellion . The rebellion had a temporary success in Asturias and Barcelona , but was over in two weeks . Azaña was in Barcelona that day , and the Lerroux - CEDA government tried to implicate him . He was arrested and charged with complicity in the rebellion . In the last months of 1934 , two government collapses brought members of the CEDA into the government . Farm workers ' wages were cut in half , and the military was purged of Republican members . A popular front alliance was organized , which narrowly won the 1936 elections . Azaña led a weak minority government , but soon replaced Zamora as president in April . Prime Minister Santiago Casares Quiroga ignored warnings of a military conspiracy involving several generals , who decided that the government had to be replaced to prevent the dissolution of Spain . Military coup ( edit ) Main article : Spanish coup of July 1936 Preparations ( edit ) They shall not pass ! Republican banner in Madrid reading `` Fascism wants to conquer Madrid . Madrid shall be fascism 's grave . '' during the siege of 1936 -- 39 Main article : Spanish Civil War , 1936 The Republican government acted to remove suspect generals from influential posts . Franco was sacked as chief of staff and transferred to command of the Canary Islands . Manuel Goded Llopis was removed as inspector general and was made general of the Balearic Islands . Emilio Mola was moved from head of the Army of Africa to military commander of Pamplona in Navarre . This , however , allowed Mola to direct the mainland uprising .",
"10": "General José Sanjurjo became the figurehead of the operation and helped reach an agreement with the Carlists . Mola was chief planner and second in command . José Antonio Primo de Rivera was put in prison in mid-March in order to restrict the Falange . However , government actions were not as thorough as they might have been , and warnings by the Director of Security and other figures were not acted upon . On 12 June , Prime Minister Casares Quiroga met General Juan Yagüe , who falsely convinced Casares of his loyalty to the republic . Mola began serious planning in the spring . Franco was a key player because of his prestige as a former director of the military academy and as the man who suppressed the Asturian miners ' strike of 1934 . He was well respected in the Army of Africa , the Army 's toughest troops . He wrote a cryptic letter to Casares on 23 June , suggesting that the military was disloyal , but could be restrained if he were put in charge . Casares did nothing , failing to arrest or buy off Franco . With the help of the British Secret Intelligence Service agents Cecil Bebb and Major Hugh Pollard , the rebels chartered a Dragon Rapide aircraft to transport Franco from the Canary Islands to Spanish Morocco . The plane flew to the Canaries on 11 July , and Franco arrived in Morocco on 19 July . On 12 July 1936 , Falangists in Madrid murdered a police officer , Lieutenant José Castillo of the Guardia de Asalto ( Assault Guard ) . Castillo was a Socialist party member who , among other activities , was giving military training to the UGT youth . Castillo had led the Assault Guards that violently suppressed the riots after the funeral of Guardia Civil lieutenant Anastasio de los Reyes . ( Los Reyes had been shot by anarchists during the 14 April military parade commemorating the five years of the Republic . ) Assault Guard Captain Fernando Condés was a close personal friend of Castillo . The next day , he led his squad to arrest José María Gil - Robles y Quiñones , founder of CEDA , as a reprisal for Castillo 's murder . But he was not at home , so they went to the house of José Calvo Sotelo , a leading Spanish monarchist and a prominent parliamentary conservative .",
"11": "Luis Cuenca , a member of the arresting group and a Socialist , summarily executed Calvo Sotelo by shooting him in the back of the neck . Hugh Thomas concludes that Condés intended to arrest Sotelo , and that Cuenca acted on his own initiative , although he acknowledges other sources dispute this finding . Massive reprisals followed . The killing of Calvo Sotelo with police involvement aroused suspicions and strong reactions among the government 's opponents on the right . Although the nationalist generals were already in the advanced stages of a planned uprising , the event provided a catalyst and a public justification for their coup . The Socialists and Communists , led by Indalecio Prieto , demanded that arms be distributed to the people before the military took over . The prime minister was hesitant . Beginning of the coup ( edit ) General map of the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) Initial Nationalist zone -- Jul 1936 Nationalist advance to Sep 1936 Nationalist advance to Oct 1937 Nationalist advance to Nov 1938 Nationalist advance to Feb 1939 Last area under Republican control Main Nationalist centres Main Republican centres Land battles Naval battles Bombed cities Concentration camps Massacres Refugee camps The uprising 's timing was fixed at 17 July , at 17 : 01 , agreed to by the leader of the Carlists , Manuel Fal Conde . However , the timing was changed -- the men in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco were to rise up at 05 : 00 on 18 July and those in Spain proper a day later so that control of Spanish Morocco could be achieved and forces sent back to the Iberian Peninsula to coincide with the risings there . The rising was intended to be a swift coup d'état , but the government retained control of most of the country . Control over Spanish Morocco was all but certain . The plan was discovered in Morocco on 17 July , which prompted the conspirators to enact it immediately . Little resistance was encountered . In total , the rebels shot 189 people . Goded and Franco immediately took control of the islands to which they were assigned .",
"12": "On 18 July , Casares Quiroga refused an offer of help from the CNT and Unión General de Trabajadores ( UGT ) , leading the groups to proclaim a general strike -- in effect , mobilizing . They opened weapons caches , some buried since the 1934 risings . The paramilitary security forces often waited to see the outcome of militia action before either joining or suppressing the rebellion . Quick action by either the rebels or anarchist militias was often enough to decide the fate of a town . General Gonzalo Queipo de Llano managed to secure Seville for the rebels , arresting a number of other officers . Outcome ( edit ) Francoists killed by the Civil Guard and Madrilenian civilians during the Montaña siege ( Madrid ) . It was the first massacre made by Republicans . The coup of July 1936 , which began the Civil War , failed to succeed in Madrid , which led to the failure of the military uprising in the center of Spain . The rebels failed to take any major cities with the critical exception of Seville , which provided a landing point for Franco 's African troops , and the primarily conservative and Catholic areas of Old Castile and León , which fell quickly . Cádiz was taken for the rebels , with the help of the first troops from the Army of Africa . The government retained control of Málaga , Jaén , and Almería . In Madrid , the rebels were hemmed into the Cuartel de la Montaña siege , which fell with considerable bloodshed . Republican leader Casares Quiroga was replaced by José Giral , who ordered the distribution of weapons among the civilian population . This facilitated the defeat of the army insurrection in the main industrial centres , including Madrid , Barcelona , and Valencia , but it allowed anarchists to take control of Barcelona along with large swathes of Aragón and Catalonia . General Goded surrendered in Barcelona and was later condemned to death . The Republican government ended up controlling almost all of the east coast and central area around Madrid , as well as most of Asturias , Cantabria and part of the Basque Country in the north . The rebels termed themselves Nacionales , normally translated `` Nationalists '' , although the former implies `` true Spaniards '' rather than a nationalistic cause .",
"13": "The result of the coup was a nationalist area of control containing 11 million of Spain 's population of 25 million . The Nationalists had secured the support of around half of Spain 's territorial army , some 60,000 men , joined by the Army of Africa , made up of 35,000 men , and a little under half of Spain 's militaristic police forces , the Assault Guards , the Civil Guards , and the Carabineers . Republicans controlled under half of the rifles and about a third of both machine guns and artillery pieces . The Spanish Republican Army had just 18 tanks of a sufficiently modern design , and the Nationalists took control of 10 . Naval capacity was uneven , with the Republicans retaining a numerical advantage , but with the Navy 's top commanders and two of the most modern ships , heavy cruisers Canarias -- captured at the Ferrol shipyard -- and Baleares , in Nationalist hands . The Spanish Republican Navy suffered from the same problems as the army -- many officers had defected or had been killed after trying to do so . Two - thirds of air capability was retained by the government -- however , the whole of the Republican Air Force was very outdated . Combatants ( edit ) The military uprising in Barcelona was repelled by anarchists led by Leonese Buenaventura Durruti , since them Anarchists rule over Barcelona and supplanted every kinds of rulling of Catalan government and Spanish state . From Barcelona they will start the Offensive to Aragon . The war was cast by Republican sympathizers as a struggle between tyranny and freedom , and by Nationalist supporters as communist and anarchist `` red hordes '' versus `` Christian civilization '' . Nationalists also claimed they were bringing security and direction to an ungoverned and lawless country . Spanish politics , especially on the left , was quite fragmented , since socialists and communists supported the republic . During the republic , anarchists had mixed opinions , but both major groups opposed the Nationalists during the Civil War . The Nationalists , in contrast , were united by their fervent opposition to the Republican government and presented a more unified front . Republican and Nationalist conscription age limits The coup divided the armed forces fairly evenly .",
"14": "One historical estimate suggests that there were some 87,000 troops loyal to the government and some 77,000 joining the insurgency , though some historians suggest that the Nationalist figure should be revised upwards and that it probably amounted to some 95,000 . During the first few months both armies were joined in high numbers by volunteers , Nationalists by some 100,000 men and Republicans by some 120,000 . From August both sides launched their own , similarly scaled conscription schemes , resulting in further massive growth of their armies . Finally , the final months of 1936 saw the arrival of foreign troops , International Brigades joining the Republicans and Italian CTV , German Legion Condor and Portuguese Viriatos joining the Nationalists . The result was that in April 1937 there were some 360,000 soldiers in the Republican ranks and some 290,000 in the Nationalist ones . Republican forces during the battle of Irún in 1936 The armies kept growing . The principal source of manpower was conscription ; both sides continued and expanded their schemes , the Nationalists drafting somewhat more aggressively , and there was little room left for volunteering . Foreigners contributed little to further growth ; on the Nationalist side the Italians scaled down their engagement , while on the Republican side the influx of new interbrigadistas did not cover losses suffered by these units on the front . At the turn of 1937 / 1938 both armies achieved numerical parity and equalled about 700,000 each . Throughout 1938 the principal if not exclusive source of new men was a draft ; at this stage it was the Republicans who conscripted more aggressively . In the middle of the year , just prior to the Battle of Ebro , the Republicans achieved their all - time high , commanding an army of slightly above 800,000 ; this was already no match for the Nationalists , who numbered 880,000 . The Battle of Ebro , fall of Catalonia and collapsing discipline produced a massive shrinking of the Republican troops . In late February 1939 their army was 400,000 compared to more than double that number of Nationalists . In the moment of their final victory , the latter commanded over 900,000 troops .",
"15": "The total number of Spaniards serving in the Republican forces was officially stated as 917,000 ; later scholarly work estimated the number as `` well over 1 million men '' , though earlier studies claimed a Republican total of 1.75 m ( including non-Spaniards ) . The total number of Spaniards serving in the Nationalist units is estimated at `` nearly 1 million men '' , though earlier works claimed a total of 1.26 m Nationalists ( including non-Spaniards ) . Republicans ( edit ) Main article : Republican faction ( Spanish Civil War ) Manuel Azaña was the intelectual leader of the Second Republic and headman of the Republican - side during most of the Civil War . Flags of the Popular Front ( left ) and CNT / FAI ( right ) . The slogan of the CNT / FAI anarchists was `` Ni dios , ni estado , ni patrón '' ( Neither god , Nor state , Nor boss ) , widespread by the Spanish anarchists since 1910 . Only two countries openly and fully supported the Republic : Mexico and the USSR . From them , especially the USSR , the Republic received diplomatic support , volunteers , and the ability to purchase weapons . Other countries remained neutral , this neutrality faced serious opposition from the intelligentsia in the United States and United Kingdom , and to a lesser extent in other European countries and Marxists worldwide . This led to formation of the International Brigades , thousands of foreigners of all nationalities who voluntarily went to Spain to aid the Republic in the fight ; they meant a great deal to morale but militarily were not very significant . The Republic 's supporters within Spain ranged from centrists who supported a moderately - capitalist liberal democracy to revolutionary anarchists who opposed the Republic but sided with it against the coup forces . Their base was primarily secular and urban but also included landless peasants and was particularly strong in industrial regions like Asturias , the Basque country , and Catalonia . This faction was called variously leales `` Loyalists '' by supporters , `` Republicans '' , the `` Popular Front '' , or `` the government '' by all parties ; and / or los rojos `` the Reds '' by their opponents . Republicans were supported by urban workers , agricultural labourers , and parts of the middle class .",
"16": "Republican volunteers at Teruel , 1936 The conservative , strongly Catholic Basque country , along with Catholic Galicia and the more left - leaning Catalonia , sought autonomy or independence from the central government of Madrid . The Republican government allowed for the possibility of self - government for the two regions , whose forces were gathered under the People 's Republican Army ( Ejército Popular Republicano , or EPR ) , which was reorganized into mixed brigades after October 1936 . A few well - known people fought on the Republican side , such as English novelist George Orwell ( who wrote Homage to Catalonia ( 1938 ) , an account of his experiences in the war ) and Canadian thoracic surgeon Norman Bethune , who developed a mobile blood - transfusion service for front - line operations . Simone Weil added herself for a while to the anarchist columns of Buenaventura Durruti , though fellow fighters feared she might inadvertently shoot them because she was short - sighted , and tried to avoid taking her on missions . By the account of her biographer Simone Petrement , Weil was evacuated from the front after a matter of weeks because of an injury sustained in a cooking accident . Nationalists ( edit ) Main article : Nationalist faction ( Spanish Civil War ) Flags of the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista ( left ) and the Carlist Requetés ( right ) The Nacionales or Nationalists -- also called `` insurgents '' , `` rebels '' , or , by opponents , Franquistas or `` fascists '' ( see : the Nationalist faction ) -- feared national fragmentation and opposed the separatist movements . They were chiefly defined by their anti-communism , which galvanized diverse or opposed movements like falangists and monarchists . Their leaders had a generally wealthier , more conservative , monarchist , landowning background . The Nationalist side included the Carlists and Alfonsists , Spanish nationalists , the fascist Falange , and most conservatives and monarchist liberals . Virtually all Nationalist groups had strong Catholic convictions and supported the native Spanish clergy . The Nationals included the majority of the Catholic clergy and practitioners ( outside of the Basque region ) , important elements of the army , most large landowners , and many businessmen .",
"17": "Italian troops manning a 10 cm howitzer at Guadalajara , 1937 One of the rightists ' principal motives was to confront the anti-clericalism of the Republican regime and to defend the Catholic Church , which had been targeted by opponents , including Republicans , who blamed the institution for the country 's ills . The Church was against the Republicans ' liberal principles , which were fortified by the Spanish Constitution of 1931 . Prior to the war , during the Asturian miners ' strike of 1934 , religious buildings were burnt and at least 100 clergy , religious civilians , and pro-Catholic police were killed by revolutionaries . Franco had brought in the mercenaries of Spain 's colonial Army of Africa ( Spanish : Ejército de África or Cuerpo de Ejército Marroquí ) and reduced the miners to submission by heavy artillery attacks and bombing raids . The Spanish Legion committed atrocities -- many men , women and children were killed , and the army carried out summary executions of leftists . The repression in the aftermath was brutal . In Asturias , prisoners were tortured . Articles 24 and 26 of the 1931 constitution had banned the Society of Jesus . This proscription deeply offended many within the conservative fold . The revolution in the Republican zone at the outset of the war , in which 7,000 clergy and thousands of lay people were killed , deepened Catholic support for the Nationalists . The Moroccan Fuerzas Regulares Indígenas joined the rebellion and played a significant role in the civil war . Other factions ( edit ) Catalan and Basque nationalists were not univocal . Left - wing Catalan nationalists sided with the Republicans , while Conservative Catalan nationalists were far less vocal in supporting the government due to anti-clericalism and confiscations occurring in areas within its control . Basque nationalists , heralded by the conservative Basque Nationalist Party , were mildly supportive of the Republican government , although some in Navarre sided with the uprising for the same reasons influencing conservative Catalans . Notwithstanding religious matters , Basque nationalists , who were for the most part Catholic , generally sided with the Republicans , although the PNV , Basque nationalist party , was reported passing the plans of Bilbao defenses to the nationalists , in an attempt to reduce the duration and casualties of siege .",
"18": "Foreign involvement ( edit ) Main articles : Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War and International relations ( 1919 -- 1939 ) The Spanish Civil War exposed political divisions across Europe . The right and the Catholics supported the Nationalists as a way to stop the expansion of Bolshevism . On the left , including labor unions , students and intellectuals , the war represented a necessary battle to stop the spread of fascism . Anti-war and pacifist sentiment was strong in many countries , leading to warnings that the Civil War had the potential of escalating into a second world war . In this respect , the war was an indicator of the growing instability across Europe . The Spanish Civil War involved large numbers of non-Spanish citizens who participated in combat and advisory positions . Britain and France led a political alliance of 27 nations that promised non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War , including an embargo on all arms to Spain . The United States unofficially went along . Germany , Italy and the Soviet Union signed on officially , but ignored the embargo . The attempted suppression of imported materiel was largely ineffective , however , and France especially was accused of allowing large shipments to Republican troops . The clandestine actions of the various European powers were , at the time , considered to be risking another world war , alarming antiwar elements across the world . The League of Nations ' reaction to the war was influenced by a fear of communism , and was insufficient to contain the massive importation of arms and other war resources by the fighting factions . Although a Non-Intervention Committee was formed , its policies accomplished little and its directives were ineffective . Support for the Nationalists ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) Main article : German involvement in the Spanish Civil War Members of the Condor Legion , a unit composed of volunteers from the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe ) and from the German Army ( Heer ) . General Moscardó showing Heinrich Himmler the ruins of the Alcázar German involvement began days after fighting broke out in July 1936 . Adolf Hitler quickly sent in powerful air and armored units to assist the Nationalists . The war provided combat experience with the latest technology for the German military . However , the intervention also posed the risk of escalating into a world war for which Hitler was not ready .",
"19": "He therefore limited his aid , and instead encouraged Benito Mussolini to send in large Italian units . Nazi Germany 's actions included the formation of the multitasking Condor Legion , a unit composed of volunteers from the Luftwaffe and the German Army ( Heer ) from July 1936 to March 1939 . The Condor Legion proved to be especially useful in the 1936 Battle of the Toledo . Germany moved the Army of Africa to mainland Spain in the war 's early stages . German operations slowly expanded to include strike targets , most notably -- and controversially -- the bombing of Guernica which , on 26 April 1937 , killed 200 to 300 civilians . Germany also used the war to test out new weapons , such as the Luftwaffe Stukas and Junkers Ju - 52 transport Trimotors ( used also as Bombers ) , which showed themselves to be effective . German involvement was further manifested through undertakings such as Operation Ursula , a U-boat undertaking , and contributions from the Kriegsmarine . The Legion spearheaded many Nationalist victories , particularly in aerial combat , while Spain further provided a proving ground for German tank tactics . The training which German units provided to the Nationalist forces would prove valuable . By the War 's end , perhaps 56,000 Nationalist soldiers , encompassing infantry , artillery , aerial and naval forces , had been trained by German detachments . A total of approximately 16,000 German citizens fought in the war , with approximately 300 killed , though no more than 10,000 participated at any one time . German aid to the Nationalists amounted to approximately £ 43,000,000 ( $215,000,000 ) in 1939 prices , 15.5 percent of which was used for salaries and expenses and 21.9 percent for direct delivery of supplies to Spain , while 62.6 percent was expended on the Condor Legion . In total , Germany provided the Nationalists with 600 planes and 200 tanks . Italy ( edit ) After Francisco Franco 's request and with encouragement from Hitler , Benito Mussolini joined the war . While the conquest of Ethiopia in the Second Italo - Ethiopian War made Italy confident in its power , a Spanish ally would nonetheless help secure Italian control of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations .",
"20": "The Royal Italian Navy ( Italian : Regia Marina ) played a substantial role in the Mediterranean blockade , and ultimately Italy supplied machine guns , artillery , aircraft , tankettes , the Aviazione Legionaria , and the Corpo Truppe Volontarie ( CTV ) to the Nationalist cause . The Italian CTV would , at its peak , supply the Nationalists with 50,000 men . Italian warships took part in breaking the Republican navy 's blockade of Nationalist - held Spanish Morocco and took part in naval bombardment of Republican - held Málaga , Valencia , and Barcelona . In total , Italy provided the Nationalists with 660 planes , 150 tanks , 800 artillery pieces , 10,000 machine guns , and 240,000 rifles . Portugal ( edit ) The Estado Novo regime of Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar played an important role in supplying Franco 's forces with ammunition and logistical help . Despite its discreet direct military involvement -- restrained to a somewhat `` semi-official '' endorsement , by its authoritarian regime , of a volunteer force of up to 20,000 , so - called `` Viriatos '' -- for the whole duration of the conflict , Portugal was instrumental in providing the Nationalists with organizational skills and reassurance from the Iberian neighbour to Franco and his allies that no interference would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationalist cause . Others ( edit ) The Conservative government of the UK maintained a position of strong neutrality and was supported by elites and the media , while the left mobilized aid to the Republic . The government refused to allow arms shipments and sent warships to try to stop shipments . It was theoretically a crime to volunteer to fight in Spain , but about 4,000 went anyway . Intellectuals strongly favoured the Republicans . Many visited Spain , hoping to find authentic anti-fascism . They had little impact on the government , and could not shake the strong public mood for peace . The Labour Party was split , with its Catholic element favouring the Nationalists . It officially endorsed the boycott and expelled a faction that demanded support for the Republican cause ; but it finally voiced some support to Loyalists .",
"21": "Romanian volunteers were led by Ion Moța , deputy - leader of the Iron Guard ( `` Legion of the Archangel Michael '' ) , whose group of Seven Legionaries visited Spain in December 1936 to ally their movement with the Nationalists . Despite the Irish government 's prohibition against participating in the war , around 600 Irishmen , followers of the Irish political activist and co-founder of the recently - created political party of Fine Gael ( unofficially called `` The Blue Shirts '' ) , Eoin O'Duffy , known as the `` Irish Brigade '' , went to Spain to fight alongside Franco . The majority of the volunteers were Catholics , and according to O'Duffy had volunteered to help the Nationalists fight against communism . Support for the Republicans ( edit ) International Brigades ( edit ) The Etkar André battalion of the International Brigades . Polish volunteers in the International Brigades Main article : International Brigades Many non-Spaniards , often affiliated with radical communist or socialist entities , joined the International Brigades , believing that the Spanish Republic was a front line in the war against fascism . The units represented the largest foreign contingent of those fighting for the Republicans . Roughly 40,000 foreign nationals fought with the Brigades , though no more than 18,000 were in the conflict at any given time . They claimed to represent 53 nations . Significant numbers of volunteers came from in the French Third Republic ( 10,000 ) , Nazi Germany , the Federal State of Austria ( 5,000 ) and the Kingdom of Italy ( 3,350 ) . More than 1000 each came from the Soviet Union , the United States , the United Kingdom , the Second Polish Republic , the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , the Kingdom of Hungary and Canada . The Thälmann Battalion , a group of Germans , and the Garibaldi Battalion , a group of Italians , distinguished their units during the Siege of Madrid . Americans fought in units such as the XV International Brigade ( `` Abraham Lincoln Brigade '' ) , while Canadians joined the Mackenzie -- Papineau Battalion . Over 500 Romanians fought on the Republican side , including Romanian Communist Party members Petre Borilă and Valter Roman . About 145 men from Ireland formed the Connolly Column , which was immortalized by Irish folk musician Christy Moore in the song `` Viva la Quinta Brigada '' .",
"22": "Some Chinese joined the Brigades ; the majority of them eventually returned to China , but some went to prison or to French refugee camps , and a handful remained in Spain . Soviet Union ( edit ) Review of Soviet armored fighting vehicles used to equip the Republican People 's Army during the Spanish Civil War Though General Secretary Joseph Stalin had signed the Non-Intervention Agreement , the Soviet Union contravened the League of Nations embargo by providing material assistance to the Republican forces , becoming their only source of major weapons . Unlike Hitler and Mussolini , Stalin tried to do this covertly . Estimates of materiel provided by the USSR to the Republicans vary between 634 and 806 aircraft , 331 and 362 tanks and 1,034 to 1,895 artillery pieces . Stalin also created Section X of the Soviet Union military to head the weapons shipment operation , called Operation X . Despite Stalin 's interest in aiding the Republicans , the quality of arms was inconsistent . Many rifles and field guns provided were old , obsolete or otherwise of limited use ( some dated back to the 1860s ) but the T - 26 and BT - 5 tanks were modern and effective in combat . The Soviet Union supplied aircraft that were in current service with their own forces but the aircraft provided by Germany to the Nationalists proved superior by the end of the war . The process of shipping arms from Russia to Spain was extremely slow . Many shipments were lost or arrived only partially matching what had been authorized . Stalin ordered shipbuilders to include false decks in the design of ships and while at sea , Soviet captains employed deceptive flags and paint schemes to evade detection by the Nationalists . The Republic paid for Soviet arms with official Bank of Spain gold reserves , 176 tonnes of which was transferred through France . The USSR sent 2,000 -- 3,000 military advisers to Spain ; while the Soviet commitment of troops was fewer than 500 men at a time , Soviet volunteers often operated Soviet - made tanks and aircraft , particularly at the beginning of the war . The Soviet Union directed Communist parties around the world to organize and recruit the International Brigades . Another significant Soviet involvement was the activity of the People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( NKVD ) inside the Republican rearguard .",
"23": "Communist figures including Vittorio Vidali ( `` Comandante Contreras '' ) , Iosif Grigulevich , Mikhail Koltsov and , most prominently , Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov led operations that included the murders of Catalan anti-Stalinist Communist politician Andrés Nin , the socialist journalist Mark Rein , and the independent left - wing activist José Robles . Another NKVD - led operation was the shooting down ( in December 1936 ) of the French aircraft in which the delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) , Georges Henny , carried extensive documentation on the Paracuellos massacres to France . Mexico ( edit ) Unlike the United States and major Latin American governments , such as the ABC nations and Peru , Mexico supported the Republicans . Mexico refused to follow the French - British non-intervention proposals , furnishing $2,000,000 in aid and material assistance , which included 20,000 rifles and 20 million cartridges . Mexico 's most important contributions to the Spanish Republic was its diplomatic help , as well as the sanctuary the nation arranged for Republican refugees , including Spanish intellectuals and orphaned children from Republican families . Some 50,000 took refuge , primarily in Mexico City and Morelia , accompanied by $300 million in various treasures still owned by the Left . France ( edit ) Fearing it might spark a civil war inside France , the leftist `` Popular Front '' government in France did not send direct support to the Republicans . French Prime Minister Léon Blum was sympathetic to the republic , fearing that the success of Nationalist forces in Spain would result in the creation of an ally state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , an alliance that would nearly encircle France . Right - wing politicians opposed any aid and attacked the Blum government . In July 1936 , British officials convinced Blum not to send arms to the Republicans and , on 27 July , the French government declared that it would not send military aid , technology or forces to assist the Republican forces . However , Blum made clear that France reserved the right to provide aid should it wish to the Republic : `` We could have delivered arms to the Spanish Government ( Republicans ) , a legitimate government ... We have not done so , in order not to give an excuse to those who would be tempted to send arms to the rebels ( Nationalists ) . ''",
"24": "On 1 August 1936 a pro-Republican rally of 20,000 people confronted Blum , demanding that he send aircraft to the Republicans , at the same time as right - wing politicians attacked Blum for supporting the Republic and being responsible for provoking Italian intervention on the side of Franco . Germany informed the French ambassador in Berlin that Germany would hold France responsible if it supported `` the manoeuvres of Moscow '' by supporting the Republicans . On 21 August 1936 , France signed the Non-Intervention Agreement . However , the Blum government provided aircraft to the Republicans through covert means with Potez 540 bomber aircraft ( nicknamed the `` Flying Coffin '' by Spanish Republican pilots ) , Dewoitine aircraft , and Loire 46 fighter aircraft being sent from 7 August 1936 to December of that year to Republican forces . The French also sent pilots and engineers to the Republicans . Also , until 8 September 1936 , aircraft could freely pass from France into Spain if they were bought in other countries . French novelist André Malraux was a strong supporter of the republican cause ; he tried to organise a volunteer air force ( Escadrile Espana ) on the republican side but as a practical organiser and squadron leader he was somewhat idealistic and inefficient . The Regular Spanish Air force commander Andrés García La Calle was openly critical of Malraux 's military efficiency but recognized his usefulness as a propagandist . His novel L'Espoir and the film version he produced and directed ( Espoir : Sierra de Teruel ) were a great help for the Republican cause in France . Even after covert support by France to the Republicans ended in December 1936 , the possibility of French intervention against the Nationalists remained a serious possibility throughout the war . German intelligence reported to Franco and the Nationalists that the French military was engaging in open discussions about intervention in the war through French military intervention in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands . In 1938 Franco feared an immediate French intervention against a potential Nationalist victory in Spain through French occupation of Catalonia , the Balearic Islands , and Spanish Morocco .",
"25": "Course of the War ( edit ) 1936 ( edit ) Map showing Spain in September 1936 : Area under Nationalist control Area under Republican control Main article : Spanish Civil War , 1936 Surrender of Republican soldiers in the Somosierra area , 1936 Leonese anarchist Buenaventura Durruti died after he arrived in Madrid to reinforce the morale of the Republicans during an unsuccessful Francoist siege in Madrid . His funeral , headed ( in the image ) by Lluís Companys , president of the Generalitat of Catalonia , and Joan García i Oliver , Minister of Justice of the Spanish Republic , was in Barcelona . A large air and sealift of Nationalist troops in Spanish Morocco was organized to the southwest of Spain . Coup leader Sanjurjo was killed in a plane crash on 20 July , leaving an effective command split between Mola in the North and Franco in the South . This period also saw the worst actions of the so - called `` Red '' and `` White Terrors '' in Spain . On 21 July , the fifth day of the rebellion , the Nationalists captured the central Spanish naval base , located in Ferrol , Galicia . A rebel force under Colonel Alfonso Beorlegui Canet , sent by General Mola and Colonel Esteban García , undertook the Campaign of Gipuzkoa from July to September . The capture of Gipuzkoa isolated the Republican provinces in the north . On 5 September , the Nationalists closed the French border to the Republicans in the battle of Irún . On 15 September San Sebastián , home to a divided Republican force of anarchists and Basque nationalists , was taken by Nationalist soldiers . The Republic proved ineffective militarily , relying on disorganized revolutionary militia . The Republican government under Giral resigned on 4 September , unable to cope with the situation , and was replaced by a mostly Socialist organization under Francisco Largo Caballero . The new leadership began to unify central command in the republican zone . On the Nationalist side , Franco was chosen as chief military commander at a meeting of ranking generals at Salamanca on 21 September , now called by the title Generalísimo .",
"26": "Franco won another victory on 27 September when his troops relieved the siege of the Alcázar in Toledo , which had been held by a Nationalist garrison under Colonel José Moscardó Ituarte since the beginning of the rebellion , resisting thousands of Republican troops , who completely surrounded the isolated building . Moroccans and elements of the Spanish Legion came to the rescue . Two days after relieving the siege , Franco proclaimed himself Caudillo ( `` chieftain '' , the Spanish equivalent of the Italian Duce and the German Führer - meaning : ' director ' ) while forcibly unifying the various and diverse falangist , Royalist and other elements within the Nationalist cause . The diversion to Toledo gave Madrid time to prepare a defense , but was hailed as a major propaganda victory and personal success for Franco . On 1 October 1936 , General Franco was confirmed head of state and armies in Burgos . A similar dramatic success for the Nationalists occurred on 17 October , when troops coming from Galicia relieved the besieged town of Oviedo , in Northern Spain . In October , the Francoist troops launched a major offensive toward Madrid , reaching it in early November and launching a major assault on the city on 8 November . The Republican government was forced to shift from Madrid to Valencia , outside the combat zone , on 6 November . However , the Nationalists ' attack on the capital was repulsed in fierce fighting between 8 and 23 November . A contributory factor in the successful Republican defense was the effectiveness of the Fifth Regiment and later the arrival of the International Brigades , though only an approximate 3,000 foreign volunteers participated in the battle . Having failed to take the capital , Franco bombarded it from the air and , in the following two years , mounted several offensives to try to encircle Madrid , beginning the three - year Siege of Madrid . The Second Battle of the Corunna Road , a Nationalist offensive to the northwest , pushed Republican forces back , but failed to isolate Madrid . The battle lasted into January .",
"27": "1937 ( edit ) Main article : Spanish Civil War , 1937 Map showing Spain in October 1937 : Area under Nationalist control Area under Republican control With his ranks swelled by Italian troops and Spanish colonial soldiers from Morocco , Franco made another attempt to capture Madrid in January and February 1937 , but was again unsuccessful . The Battle of Málaga started in mid-January , and this Nationalist offensive in Spain 's southeast would turn into a disaster for the Republicans , who were poorly organised and armed . The city was taken by Franco on 8 February . The consolidation of various militias into the Republican Army had started in December 1936 . The main Nationalist advance to cross the Jarama and cut the supply to Madrid by the Valencia road , termed the Battle of Jarama , led to heavy casualties ( 6,000 -- 20,000 ) on both sides . The operation 's main objective was not met , though Nationalists gained a modest amount of territory . A similar Nationalist offensive , the Battle of Guadalajara , was a more significant defeat for Franco and his armies . This was the only publicised Republican victory of the war . Franco used Italian troops and blitzkrieg tactics ; while many strategists blamed Franco for the rightists ' defeat , the Germans believed it was the former at fault for the Nationalists ' 5,000 casualties and loss of valuable equipment . The German strategists successfully argued that the Nationalists needed to concentrate on vulnerable areas first . Ruins of Guernica . The `` War in the North '' began in mid-March , with the Biscay Campaign . The Basques suffered most from the lack of a suitable air force . On 26 April , the Condor Legion bombed the town of Guernica , killing 200 -- 300 and causing significant damage . The destruction had a significant effect on international opinion . The Basques retreated . April and May saw the May Days , infighting among Republican groups in Catalonia . The dispute was between an ultimately victorious government -- Communist forces and the anarchist CNT . The disturbance pleased Nationalist command , but little was done to exploit Republican divisions . After the fall of Guernica , the Republican government began to fight back with increasing effectiveness .",
"28": "In July , it made a move to recapture Segovia , forcing Franco to delay his advance on the Bilbao front , but for only two weeks . A similar Republican attack , the Huesca Offensive , failed similarly . Mola , Franco 's second - in - command , was killed on 3 June , in an airplane accident . In early July , despite the earlier loss at the Battle of Bilbao , the government launched a strong counter-offensive to the west of Madrid , focusing on Brunete . The Battle of Brunete , however , was a significant defeat for the Republic , which lost many of its most accomplished troops . The offensive led to an advance of 50 square kilometres ( 19 sq mi ) , and left 25,000 Republican casualties . A Republican offensive against Zaragoza was also a failure . Despite having land and aerial advantages , the Battle of Belchite , a place lacking any military interest , resulted in an advance of only 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) and the loss of much equipment . Franco invaded Aragón and took the city of Santander in Cantabria in August . With the surrender of the Republican army in the Basque territory came the Santoña Agreement . Gijón finally fell in late October in the Asturias Offensive . Franco had effectively won in the north . At November 's end , with Franco 's troops closing in on Valencia , the government had to move again , this time to Barcelona . 1938 ( edit ) Map showing Spain in July 1938 : Area under Nationalist control Area under Republican control Main article : Spanish Civil War , 1938 -- 39 The Battle of Teruel was an important confrontation . The city , which had formerly belonged to the Nationalists , was conquered by Republicans in January . The Francoist troops launched an offensive and recovered the city by 22 February , but Franco was forced to rely heavily on German and Italian air support . On 7 March , Nationalists launched the Aragon Offensive , and by 14 April they had pushed through to the Mediterranean , cutting the Republican - held portion of Spain in two . The Republican government attempted to sue for peace in May , but Franco demanded unconditional surrender , and the war raged on .",
"29": "In July , the Nationalist army pressed southward from Teruel and south along the coast toward the capital of the Republic at Valencia , but was halted in heavy fighting along the XYZ Line , a system of fortifications defending Valencia . The Republican government then launched an all - out campaign to reconnect their territory in the Battle of the Ebro , from 24 July until 26 November , where Franco personally took command . The campaign was unsuccessful , and was undermined by the Franco - British appeasement of Hitler in Munich . The agreement with Britain effectively destroyed Republican morale by ending hope of an anti-fascist alliance with Western powers . The retreat from the Ebro all but determined the final outcome of the war . Eight days before the new year , Franco threw massive forces into an invasion of Catalonia . 1939 ( edit ) Main article : Spanish Civil War , 1938 -- 39 Map showing Spain in February 1939 : Area under Nationalist control Area under Republican control Franco 's troops conquered Catalonia in a whirlwind campaign during the first two months of 1939 . Tarragona fell on 15 January , followed by Barcelona on 26 January and Girona on 2 February . On 27 February , the United Kingdom and France recognized the Franco regime . Only Madrid and a few other strongholds remained for the Republican forces . On 5 March 1939 the Republican army , led by the Colonel Segismundo Casado and the politician Julián Besteiro , rose against the prime minister Juan Negrín and formed the National Defence Council ( Consejo Nacional de Defensa or CND ) to negotiate a peace deal . Negrín fled to France on 6 March , but the Communist troops around Madrid rose against the junta , starting a brief civil war within the civil war . Casado defeated them , and began peace negotiations with the Nationalists , but Franco refused to accept anything less than unconditional surrender . On 26 March , the Nationalists started a general offensive , on 28 March the Nationalists occupied Madrid and , by 31 March , they controlled all Spanish territory . Franco proclaimed victory in a radio speech aired on 1 April , when the last of the Republican forces surrendered . After the end of the war , there were harsh reprisals against Franco 's former enemies . Thousands of Republicans were imprisoned and at least 30,000 executed .",
"30": "Other estimates of these deaths range from 50,000 to 200,000 , depending on which deaths are included . Many others were put to forced labour , building railways , draining swamps , and digging canals . Franco arriving in San Sebastian in 1939 Franco declares the end of the war . However , small pockets of Republicans fought on . Hundreds of thousands of Republicans fled abroad , with some 500,000 fleeing to France . Refugees were confined in internment camps of the French Third Republic , such as Camp Gurs or Camp Vernet , where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions . In his capacity as consul in Paris , Chilean poet and politician Pablo Neruda organized the immigration to Chile of 2,200 Republican exiles in France using the ship SS Winnipeg . Of the 17,000 refugees housed in Gurs , farmers and others who could not find relations in France were encouraged by the Third Republic , in agreement with the Franquist government , to return to Spain . The great majority did so and were turned over to the Franquist authorities in Irún . From there , they were transferred to the Miranda de Ebro camp for `` purification '' according to the Law of Political Responsibilities . After the proclamation by Marshal Philippe Pétain of the Vichy regime , the refugees became political prisoners , and the French police attempted to round up those who had been liberated from the camp . Along with other `` undesirable '' people , the Spaniards were sent to the Drancy internment camp before being deported to Nazi Germany . About 5,000 Spaniards died in the Mauthausen concentration camp . After the official end of the war , guerrilla warfare was waged on an irregular basis by the Spanish Maquis well into the 1950s , gradually reduced by military defeats and scant support from the exhausted population . In 1944 , a group of republican veterans , who also fought in the French resistance against the Nazis , invaded the Val d'Aran in northwest Catalonia , but were defeated after 10 days . Evacuation of children ( edit ) Main article : Evacuation of children in the Spanish Civil War Children preparing for evacuation , some giving the Republican salute . The Republicans showed a raised fist whereas the Nationalists gave the Roman salute .",
"31": "The Republicans oversaw the evacuation of 30,000 -- 35,000 children from their zone , starting with Basque areas , from which 20,000 were evacuated . Their destinations included the United Kingdom and the USSR , and many other locations in Europe , along with Mexico . On 21 May 1937 , around 4,000 Basque children were taken to the UK on the aging steamship SS Habana from the Spanish port of Santurtzi . This was against initial opposition from both the government and charitable groups , who saw the removal of children from their native country as potentially harmful . On arrival two days later in Southampton , the children were dispersed all over England , with over 200 children accommodated in Wales . The upper age limit was initially set at 12 , but raised to 15 . By mid-September , all of los niños , as they became known , had found homes with families . Most were repatriated to Spain after the war , but some 250 still remained in Britain by the end of the Second World War in 1945 .",
"32": "Death toll ( edit ) Civil War death toll range estimate + 2m 2,000,000 + 1m 1,000,000 + 900,000 900,000 + 800,000 800,000 + 700,000 750,000 , 745,000 , 700,000 + 600,000 665.300 , 650,000 , 623,000 , 613,000 , 611,000 , 600,000 + 500,000 580,000 , 560,000 , 540,000 , 500,000 + 400,000 462,000 , 450,000 , 443,000 , 420,000 410,000 , 405,000 , 400,000 + 300,000 380,000 , 365,000 , 350,000 , 346,000 , 344,000 , 330,000 , 300,000 + 200,000 290,000 , 270,000 , 265,000 , 255,000 , 250,000 , 231,000 The death toll of the Spanish Civil War is far from clarified and remains -- especially in part related to war and post-war repression -- a very controversial issue . Many general historiographic works -- notably in Spain -- refrain from advancing any figures ; massive historical series , encyclopedias or dictionaries might not provide any numbers or at best propose vague general descriptions ; also more detailed general history accounts produced by expert Spanish scholars often remain silent on the issue . Foreign scholars , especially Anglo - Saxon historians , are more eager to offer some general estimates , though some have revised their projections , usually downwards , and the figures could vary from 1 million to 250,000 . Apart from bias / ill will , incompetence or changing access to sources , the differences result chiefly from categorization and methodology issues . Women pleading with Nationalists for the lives of prisoners , Constantina , 1936 The totals advanced usually include or exclude various categories .",
"33": "Scholars who focus on killings or `` violent deaths '' most typically list 1 ) combat and combat - related deaths ; figures in this rubric might range from 100,000 to 700,000 ; 2 ) rearguard terror , both judicial and extra-judicial , recorded until the end of the Civil War : 103,000 to 235,000 ; 3 ) civilian deaths from military action , typically air raids : 10,000 to 15,000 . These 3 categories combined might point to totals from 235,000 to 715,000 . Many authors opt for a broader view and calculate `` death toll '' by adding also 4 ) above - the - norm deaths caused by malnutrition , hygiene shortcomings , cold , illness , etc recorded until the end of the Civil War : 30,000 to 200,000 . It is not unusual to encounter war statistics which include 5 ) post-war terror related to Civil War , at times up to the year of 1961 : 23,000 to 200,000 . Some authors might add also 6 ) foreign combat and combat - related deaths : 3,000 to 25,000 , 7 ) Spaniards killed in World War II : 6,000 , 8 ) deaths related to post-war guerilla , typically the Valle de Arán invasion : 4,000 , 9 ) above - the - norm deaths caused by malnutrition etc recorded after the Civil War but related to the Civil War sufferings : 160,000 to 300,000 . Entirely different approach is pursued by demographers ; instead of adding up deaths from different categories , they try to gauge the difference between the total number of deaths recorded during the war and the total which would have resulted from applying annual death averages from the 1926 - 1935 period ; this difference is considered excess death resulting from the war . The figure they arrive at for the 1936 - 1939 period is 346,000 ; the figure for 1936 - 1942 , covering also the years of post-war deaths resulting from terror and war sufferings , is 540,000 .",
"34": "Finally , there are scholars who go even further and calculate `` population loss '' or `` demographic impact '' of the war ; in this case they might include also 10 ) migration abroad : 160,000 to 730,000 and 11 ) decrease in birth rate : 500,000 to 570,000 . Atrocities ( edit ) Twenty - six republicans were assassinated by Franco 's Nationalists at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War , between August and September 1936 . This mass grave is located at the small town of Estépar , in Burgos Province . The excavation occurred in July -- August 2014 . Death totals remain debated . British historian Antony Beevor wrote in his history of the Civil War that Franco 's ensuing `` white terror '' resulted in the deaths of 200,000 people and that the `` red terror '' killed 38,000 . Julius Ruiz contends that , `` Although the figures remain disputed , a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone , with a maximum of 150,000 executions ( including 50,000 after the war ) in Nationalist Spain '' . Spanish Civil War grave sites . Location of known burial places . Colors refer to the type of intervention that has been carried out . Green : No Interventions Undertaken so far . White : Missing grave . Yellow : Transferred to the Valle de los Caídos . Red : Fully or Partially Exhumed . Blue star : Valle de los Caídos . Source : Ministry of Justice of Spain In 2008 a Spanish judge , Baltasar Garzón , opened an investigation into the executions and disappearances of 114,266 people between 17 July 1936 and December 1951 . Among the executions investigated was that of the poet and dramatist Federico García Lorca , whose body has never been found . Mention of García Lorca 's death was forbidden during Franco 's regime . Recent research has started to locate mass graves , using a combination of witness testimony , remote sensing and forensic geophysics techniques .",
"35": "The view of historians , including Helen Graham , Paul Preston , Antony Beevor , Gabriel Jackson and Hugh Thomas , is that the mass executions behind the Nationalists lines were organized and approved by the Nationalist rebel authorities , while the executions behind the Republican lines were the result of the breakdown of the Republican state and anarchy : Though there was much wanton killing in rebel Spain , the idea of the limpieza , the `` cleaning up '' , of the country from the evils which had overtaken it , was a disciplined policy of the new authorities and a part of their programme of regeneration . In republican Spain , most of the killing was the consequence of anarchy , the outcome of a national breakdown , and not the work of the state , although some political parties in some cities abetted the enormities , and some of those responsible ultimately rose to positions of authority . -- Hugh Thomas Nationalists ( edit ) See also : White Terror ( Spain ) Nationalist SM. 81 aircraft bomb Madrid in late November 1936 . Children take refuge during the Francoist bombing over Madrid ( 1936 - 1937 ) . In spite of that Republicans managed to repulse this siege . Nationalist atrocities , which authorities frequently ordered so as to eradicate any trace of `` leftism '' in Spain , were common . The notion of a limpieza ( cleansing ) formed an essential part of the rebel strategy , and the process began immediately after an area had been captured . According to historian Paul Preston , the minimum number of those executed by the rebels is 130,000 , and is likely to have been far higher , with other historians placing the figure at 200,000 dead . The violence was carried out in the rebel zone by the military , the Civil Guard and the Falange in the name of the regime . Many such acts were committed by reactionary groups during the first weeks of the war . This included the execution of schoolteachers , because the efforts of the Second Spanish Republic to promote laicism and displace the Church from schools by closing religious educational institutions were considered by the Nationalists as an attack on the Roman Catholic Church . Extensive killings of civilians were carried out in the cities captured by the Nationalists , along with the execution of unwanted individuals .",
"36": "These included non-combatants such as trade - unionists , Popular Front politicians , suspected Freemasons , Basque , Catalan , Andalusian , and Galician Nationalists , Republican intellectuals , relatives of known Republicans , and those suspected of voting for the Popular Front . Bombing in Barcelona , 1938 Nationalist forces massacred civilians in Seville , where some 8,000 people were shot ; 10,000 were killed in Cordoba ; 6,000 -- 12,000 were killed in Badajoz after more than one thousand of landowners and conservatives were killed by the revolutionaries . In Granada , where working - class neighborhoods were hit with artillery and right - wing squads were given free rein to kill government sympathizers , at least 2,000 people were murdered . In February 1937 , over 7,000 were killed after the capture of Málaga . When Bilbao was conquered , thousands of people were sent to prison . There were fewer executions than usual , however , because of the effect Guernica left on Nationalists ' reputations internationally . The numbers killed as the columns of the Army of Africa devastated and pillaged their way between Seville and Madrid are particularly difficult to calculate . Nationalists also murdered Catholic clerics . In one particular incident , following the capture of Bilbao , they took hundreds of people , including 16 priests who had served as chaplains for the Republican forces , to the countryside or graveyards and murdered them . Franco 's forces also persecuted Protestants , including murdering 20 Protestant ministers . Franco 's forces were determined to remove the `` Protestant heresy '' from Spain . The Nationalists also persecuted Basques , as they strove to eradicate Basque culture . According to Basque sources , some 22,000 Basques were murdered by Nationalists immediately after the Civil War . The Nationalist side conducted aerial bombing of cities in Republican territory , carried out mainly by the Luftwaffe volunteers of the Condor Legion and the Italian air force volunteers of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie : Madrid , Barcelona , Valencia , Guernica , Durango , and other cities were attacked . The Bombing of Guernica was the most controversial . Republicans ( edit ) See also : Red Terror ( Spain ) `` Execution '' of the Sacred Heart of Jesus by Communist militiamen .",
"37": "The photograph in the London Daily Mail had the caption `` Spanish Reds ' war on religion '' . According to the Nationalists , an estimated 55,000 civilians died in Republican - held territories . This is considered excessive by Antony Beevor . However , it was much less than the half a million claimed during the war . The deaths would form the prevailing outside opinion of the republic up until the bombing of Guernica . The Republican government was anticlerical , and supporters attacked and murdered Roman Catholic clergy in reaction to the news of military revolt . In his 1961 book , Spanish archbishop Antonio Montero Moreno , who at the time was director of the journal Ecclesia , wrote that 6,832 were killed during the war , including 4,184 priests , 2,365 monks and friars , and 283 nuns , in addition to 13 bishops , a figure accepted by historians , including Beevor . Some sources claim that by the conflict 's end , 20 percent of the nation 's clergy had been killed , The `` Execution '' of the Sacred Heart of Jesus by Communist militiamen at Cerro de los Ángeles near Madrid , on 7 August 1936 , was the most infamous of widespread desecration of religious property . In dioceses where the Republicans had general control , a large proportion -- often a majority -- of secular priests were killed . Like clergy , civilians were executed in Republican territories . Some civilians were executed as suspected Falangists . Others died in acts of revenge after Republicans heard of massacres carried out in the Nationalist zone . Air raids committed against Republican cities were another driving factor . Shopkeepers and industrialists were shot if they did not sympathize with the Republicans , and were usually spared if they did . Fake justice was sought through a commission , known in Russia as checas . The Puente Nuevo bridge , Ronda . Both Nationalists and Republicans are claimed to have thrown prisoners from the bridge to their deaths in the canyon . As pressure mounted with the increasing success of the Nationalists , many civilians were executed by councils and tribunals controlled by competing Communist and anarchist groups .",
"38": "Some members of the latter were executed by Soviet - advised communist functionaries in Catalonia , as recounted by George Orwell 's description of the purges in Barcelona in 1937 in Homage to Catalonia , which followed a period of increasing tension between competing elements of the Catalan political scene . Some individuals fled to friendly embassies , which would house up to 8,500 people during the war . In the Andalusian town of Ronda , 512 suspected Nationalists were executed in the first month of the war . Communist Santiago Carrillo Solares was accused of the killing of Nationalists in the Paracuellos massacre near Paracuellos de Jarama . Pro-Soviet Communists committed numerous atrocities against fellow Republicans , including other Marxists : André Marty , known as the Butcher of Albacete , was responsible for the deaths of some 500 members of the International Brigades . Andrés Nin , leader of the POUM ( Workers ' Party of Marxist Unification ) , and many other prominent POUM members , were murdered by the Communists , with the help of the USSR 's NKVD . Thirty - eight thousand people were killed in the Republican zone during the war , 17,000 of whom were killed in Madrid or Catalonia within a month of the coup . Whilst the Communists were forthright in their support of extrajudicial killings , much of the Republican side was appalled by the murders . Azaña came close to resigning . He , alongside other members of Parliament and a great number of other local officials , attempted to prevent Nationalist supporters being lynched . Some of those in positions of power intervened personally to stop the killings . Social revolution ( edit ) Main article : Spanish Revolution of 1936 Women at the Siege of the Alcázar in Toledo , 1936 In the anarchist - controlled areas , Aragon and Catalonia , in addition to the temporary military success , there was a vast social revolution in which the workers and peasants collectivised land and industry and set up councils parallel to the paralyzed Republican government . This revolution was opposed by the Soviet - supported communists who , perhaps surprisingly , campaigned against the loss of civil property rights . As the war progressed , the government and the communists were able to exploit their access to Soviet arms to restore government control over the war effort , through diplomacy and force .",
"39": "Anarchists and the Workers ' Party of Marxist Unification ( Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista , POUM ) were integrated into the regular army , albeit with resistance . The POUM Trotskyists were outlawed and falsely denounced as an instrument of the fascists . In the May Days of 1937 , many thousands of anarchist and communist Republican soldiers fought for control of strategic points in Barcelona . The pre-war Falange was a small party of some 3 -- 40,000 members . It also called for a social revolution that would have seen Spanish society transformed by National Syndicalism . Following the execution of its leader , José Antonio Primo de Rivera , by the Republicans , the party swelled in size to several hundred thousand members . The leadership of the Falange suffered 60 percent casualties in the early days of the civil war , and the party was transformed by new members and rising new leaders , called camisas nuevas ( `` new shirts '' ) , who were less interested in the revolutionary aspects of National Syndicalism . Subsequently , Franco united all fighting groups into the Traditionalist Spanish Falange and the National Syndicalist Offensive Juntas ( Spanish : Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional - Sindicalista , FET y de las JONS ) . The 1930s also saw Spain become a focus for pacifist organizations , including the Fellowship of Reconciliation , the War Resisters League , and the War Resisters ' International . Many people including , as they are now called , the `` insumisos '' ( `` defiant ones '' , conscientious objectors ) argued and worked for non-violent strategies . Prominent Spanish pacifists , such as Amparo Poch y Gascón and José Brocca , supported the Republicans . Brocca argued that Spanish pacifists had no alternative but to make a stand against fascism . He put this stand into practice by various means , including organizing agricultural workers to maintain food supplies , and through humanitarian work with war refugees . Art and propaganda ( edit ) In Catalonia , a square near the Barcelona waterfront named Plaça George Orwell . Throughout the course of the Spanish Civil War , people all over the world were exposed to the goings - on and effects of it on its people not only through standard art , but also through propaganda .",
"40": "Motion pictures , posters , books , radio programs , and leaflets are a few examples of this media art that was so influential during the war . Produced by both nationalists and republicans , propaganda allowed Spaniards a way to spread awareness about their war all over the world . A film co-produced by famous early - twentieth century authors such as Ernest Hemingway and Lillian Hellman was used as a way to advertise Spain 's need for military and monetary aid . This film , The Spanish Earth , premiered in America in July 1937 . In 1938 , George Orwell 's Homage to Catalonia , a personal account of his experiences and observations in the war , was published in the United Kingdom . Leading works of sculpture include Alberto Sánchez Pérez 's El pueblo español tiene un camino que conduce a una estrella ( `` The Spanish People Have a Path that Leads to a Star '' ) , a 12.5 m monolith constructed out of plaster representing the struggle for a socialist utopia ; Julio González 's La Montserrat , an anti-war work which shares its title with a mountain near Barcelona , is created from a sheet of iron which has been hammered and welded to create a peasant mother carrying a small child in one arm and a sickle in the other . and Alexander Calder 's Fuente de mercurio ( Mercury Fountain ) a protest work by the American against the Nationalist forced control of Almadén and the mercury mines there . Pablo Picasso painted Guernica in 1937 , taking inspiration from the bombing of Guernica , and in Leonardo da Vinci 's Battle of Anghiari . Guernica , like many important Republican masterpieces , was featured at the 1937 International Exhibition in Paris . The work 's size ( 11 ft by 25.6 ft ) grabbed much attention and cast the horrors of the mounting Spanish civil unrest into a global spotlight . The painting has since been heralded as an anti-war work and a symbol of peace in the 20th century . Joan Miró created El Segador ( The Reaper ) , formally titled El campesino catalán en rebeldía ( Catalan peasant in revolt ) , which spans some 18 feet by 12 feet and depicted a peasant brandishing a sickle in the air , to which Miró commented that `` The sickle is not a communist symbol .",
"41": "It is the reaper 's symbol , the tool of his work , and , when his freedom is threatened , his weapon . '' This work , also featured at the 1937 International Exhibition in Paris , was shipped back to the Spanish Republic 's capital in Valencia following the Exhibition , but has since gone missing or has been destroyed . Timeline ( edit ) ( hide ) Date Event 1868 Overthrow of Queen Isabella II of the House of Bourbon 1873 Isabella 's replacement , King Amadeo I of the House of Savoy , abdicates throne beginning the short - lived First Spanish Republic 1874 ( December ) Restoration of the Bourbons 1909 Tragic Week in Barcelona 1923 Military coup brings Miguel Primo de Rivera to power 1930 ( January ) Miguel Primo de Rivera resigns 1931 ( 12 April ) Municipal elections , King Alfonso XIII abdicates . 1931 ( 14 April ) Second Spanish Republic is formed with Niceto Alcala - Zamora as President and Head of State 1931 ( June ) Elections return large majority of Republicans and Socialists 1931 ( October ) Republican Manuel Azaña becomes prime minister of a minority government 1931 ( December ) New reformist , liberal , and democratic constitution is declared 1932 ( August ) Unsuccessful uprising by General José Sanjurjo 1933 Beginning of the `` black two years '' 1934 Asturias uprising 1936 ( April ) Popular Front alliance wins election and Azaña replaces Zamora as president 1936 ( 14 April ) During a military parade commemorating the 5 years of the second republic , Guardia Civil lieutenant Anastasio de los Reyes is shot in the back by anarchist / socialist agitators .",
"42": "Riots break out at the funeral 1936 ( 12 June ) Prime Minister Casares Quiroga meets General Joan Yague 1936 ( 5 July ) Aircraft chartered to take Franco from the Canary Islands to Morocco 1936 ( 12 July ) Assault Guard Lieutenant Jose Castillo is murdered after he violently put down the riots that broke out at the funeral of Guardia Civil lieutenant Anastasio de los Reyes 1936 ( 13 July ) Opposition leader Jose Calvo Sotelo is arrested and murdered by the socialist Assault Guards ( Guardia de Asalto ) , freemason police officer Burillo also blamed . 1936 ( 14 July ) Franco arrives in Morocco 1936 ( 17 July ) Military coup gains control over Spanish Morocco 1936 ( 17 July ) Official beginning of the war 1936 ( 20 July ) Coup leader Sanjurjo is killed in a plane crash 1936 ( 21 July ) Nationalists capture the central Spanish naval base 1936 ( 7 August ) `` Execution '' of the Sacred Heart of Jesus by Communist militiamen at Cerro de los Angeles in Getafe 1936 ( 4 September ) The Republican government under Giral resigns ,",
"43": "and is replaced by a mostly Socialist organization under Largo Caballero 1936 ( 5 September ) Nationalists take Irun 1936 ( 15 September ) Nationalists take San Sebastian 1936 ( 21 September ) Franco chosen as chief military commander at Salamanca 1936 ( 27 September ) Franco 's troops relieve the Alcazar in Toledo 1936 ( 29 September ) Franco proclaims himself Caudillo 1936 ( 17 October ) Nationalists from Galicia relieve the besieged town of Oviedo 1936 ( November ) Bombing of Madrid 1936 ( 8 November ) Franco launches major assault on Madrid that is unsuccessful 1936 ( 6 November ) Republican government is forced to move to Valencia from Madrid 1937 Nationalists capture most of Spain 's northern coastline 1937 ( 6 February ) Battle of Jarama begins 1937 ( 8 February ) Malaga falls to Franco 's forces 1937 ( March ) War in the North begins 1937 ( 8 March ) Battle of Guadalajara begins 1937 ( 26 April ) Bombing of Guernica 1937 ( 21 May ) 4,000 Basque children taken to the UK 1937 ( 3 June ) Mola , Franco 's second - in - command , is killed 1937 ( July ) Republicans move to recapture Segovia 1937 ( 6 July ) Battle of Brunete begins 1937 ( August ) Franco invades Aragon and takes the city of Santander 1937 ( 24 August ) Battle of Belchite begins 1937 ( October ) Gijon falls to Franco 's troops 1937 ( November ) Republican government forced to move to Barcelona from Valencia 1938 Nationalists capture large parts of Catalonia 1938 ( January ) Battle of Teruel ,",
"44": "conquered by Republicans 1938 ( 22 February ) Franco recovers Teruel 1938 ( 7 March ) Nationalists launch the Aragon Offensive 1938 ( 16 March ) Bombing of Barcelona 1938 ( May ) Republican sue for peace , Franco demands unconditional surrender 1938 ( 24 July ) Battle of the Ebro begins 1938 ( 24 December ) Franco throws massive force into invasion of Catalonia 1939 Beginning of Franco 's rule 1939 ( 15 January ) Tarragona falls to Franco 1939 ( 26 January ) Barcelona falls to Franco 1939 ( 2 February ) Girona falls to Franco 1939 ( 27 February ) UK and France recognize the Franco regime 1939 ( 6 March ) Prime minister Juan Negrin flees to France 1939 ( 28 March ) Nationalists occupy Madrid 1939 ( 31 March ) Nationalists control all Spanish territory 1939 ( 1 April ) Last Republican forces surrender 1939 ( 1 April ) Official ending of the war Ending of Franco 's rule with his death on 20 November in La Paz hospital , Madrid and Juan Carlos I of Spain becomes King People ( edit ) José Antonio Primo de Rivera the founder of the Falange Española , executed by Republicans in November 1936 in Alicante . In pre-war climate , after moderate measures were produced , Francisco Largo Caballero sentence `` The working class must take over the political power , we must go to the revolution '' . In pre-war climate , José Calvo Sotelo sentence `` Would be crazy the militaryman who was not willing to revolt against the anarchy if this were to occur '' , was killed by Guardia Civil militiamen in 1936 .",
"45": "See also : List of people of the Spanish Civil War Figures identified with the Republican side Politicians or military Manuel Azaña ( Republican ) Santiago Carrillo ( Communist ) Julio Álvarez del Vayo ( Socialist ) Valentín González ( `` El Campesino '' ) ( Communist ) Dolores Ibárruri ( `` La Pasionaria '' ) ( Communist ) Francisco Largo Caballero ( Socialist ) Diego Martínez Barrio ( Republican ) Lluís Companys ( Republican and federalist ) Juan Negrín ( Socialist ) Andrés Nin ( Communist ) Indalecio Prieto ( Socialist ) Buenaventura Durruti ( Anarchist ) Others identified with the Republican side ( including volunteers ) W.H.",
"46": "Auden ( poet ) Robert Capa ( photojournalist ) Dezső Révai ( photojournalist ) Pablo Casals ( cellist , conductor ) Federico García Lorca ( poet , dramatist -- assassinated ) Martha Gellhorn ( writer , journalist ) Egon Erwin Kisch ( writer , journalist ) Pablo Picasso ( painter , sculptor ) Rafael Alberti ( poet , communist ) Ernest Hemingway ( author , journalist ) John Dos Passos ( novelist ) José Robles ( academic , activist ) Laurie Lee ( poet , novelist , screenwriter ) George Orwell ( novelist , journalist ) Luis Buñuel ( filmmaker ) Miguel Hernández ( poet ) Pablo Neruda ( poet ) Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez ( journalist , philosopher ) Žikica Jovanović Španac ( Socialist ) Figures identified with the Nationalist side Military Millán Astray ( Spain ) Francisco Franco ( Spain ) Miguel Cabanellas ( Spain ) José Sanjurjo ( Spain ) Emilio Mola ( Spain ) Gonzalo Queipo de Llano ( Spain , received money from UK embassy to lobby against Spain joining the Axis in World War II ) Juan Yagüe ( Spain ) Hugo Sperrle ( Germany ) Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma ( Germany ) Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen ( Germany ) Mario Roatta ( Italy ) Ettore Bastico ( Italy ) Non-military Pedro Muñoz Seca ( playwright -- assassinated ) Ramón Serrano Suñer ( politician , Franco 's brother in law , favorable to Germans ) Roy Campbell ( poet , South Africa ) Political parties and organizations ( edit ) Political parties and organizations in the Spanish Civil War ( hide ) The Popular Front ( Republican ) Supporters of the Popular Front ( Republican ) Nationalists ( Francoist ) The Popular Front was an electoral alliance formed between various left - wing and centrist parties for elections to the Cortes in 1936 , in which the alliance won a majority of seats .",
"47": "UR ( Unión Republicana - Republican Union ) : Led by Diego Martínez Barrio , formed in 1934 by members of the PRR , who had resigned in objection to Alejandro Lerroux 's coalition with the CEDA . It drew its main support from skilled workers and progressive businessmen . IR ( Izquierda Republicana - Republican Left ) : Led by former Prime Minister Manuel Azaña after his Republican Action party merged with Santiago Casares Quiroga 's Galician independence party and the Radical Socialist Republican Party ( PRRS ) . It drew its support from skilled workers , small businessmen , and civil servants . Azaña led the Popular Front and became president of Spain . The IR formed the bulk of the first government after the Popular Front victory with members of the UR and the ERC . ERC ( Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya - Republican Left of Catalonia ) : Created from the merging of the separatist Estat Català ( Catalan State ) and the Catalan Republican Party in 1931 . It controlled the autonomous government of Catalonia during the republican period . Throughout the war it was led by Lluís Companys , also president of the Generalitat of Catalonia . PSOE ( Partido Socialista Obrero Español - Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party ) : Formed in 1879 , its alliance with Acción Republicana in municipal elections in 1931 saw a landslide victory that led to the King 's abdication and the creation of the Second Republic . The two parties won the subsequent general election , but the PSOE left the coalition in 1933 . At the time of the Civil War , the PSOE was split between a right wing under Indalecio Prieto and Juan Negrín , and a left wing under Largo Caballero . Following the Popular Front victory , it was the second largest party in the Cortes , after the CEDA . It supported the ministries of Azaña and Quiroga , but did not actively participate until the Civil War began . It had majority support amongst urban manual workers . UGT ( Unión General de Trabajadores - General Union of Workers ) : The socialist trade union . The UGT was formally linked to the PSOE , and the bulk of the union followed Caballero .",
"48": "Federacion de Juventudes Socialistas ( Federation of Socialist Youth ) PSUC ( Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya - Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia ) : An alliance of various socialist parties in Catalonia , formed in the summer of 1936 , controlled by the PCE . JSU ( Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas - Unified Socialist Youth ) : Militant youth group formed by the merger of the Socialist and the Communist youth groups . Its leader , Santiago Carrillo , came from the Socialist Youth , but had secretly joined the Communist Youth prior to merger , and the group was soon dominated by the PCE . PCE ( Partido Comunista de España - Communist Party of Spain ) : Led by José Díaz in the Civil War , it had been a minor party during the early years of the Republic , but grew in importance during the war . POUM ( Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista - Worker 's Party of Marxist Unification ) : An anti-Stalinist revolutionary communist party of former Trotskyists formed in 1935 by Andreu Nin . JCI ( Juventud Comunista Ibérica - Iberian Communist Youth ) : the POUM 's youth movement . PS ( Partido Sindicalista - Syndicalist Party ) : a moderate splinter group of CNT . Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista ( Republican Anti-fascist Military Union ) : Formed by military officers in opposition to the Unión Militar Española . Anarchist groups . The anarchists boycotted the 1936 Cortes election and initially opposed the Popular Front government , but joined during the Civil War when Largo Caballero became Prime Minister . CNT ( Confederación Nacional del Trabajo - National Confederation of Labour ) : The confederation of anarcho - syndicalist trade unions . FAI ( Federación Anarquista Ibérica - Iberian Anarchist Federation ) : The federation of anarchist groups , very active in the Republican militias . Mujeres Libres ( Free Women ) : The anarchist feminist organisation . FIJL ( Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias - Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth ) Catalan nationalists . Estat Català ( Catalan State ) : Catalan separatist party created back in 1922 .",
"49": "Founding part of ERC in 1931 , it sided with the Republican faction during the war . Basque nationalists . PNV ( Partido Nacionalista Vasco - Basque Nationalist Party ) : A Catholic Christian Democrat party under José Antonio Aguirre , which campaigned for greater autonomy or independence for the Basque region . Held seats in the Cortes and supported the Popular Front government before and during the Civil War . Put its religious disagreement with the Popular Front aside for a promised Basque autonomy . ANV ( Acción Nacionalista Vasca - Basque Nationalist Action ) : A leftist Socialist party , which at the same time campaigned for independence of the Basque region . STV ( Solidaridad de Trabajadores Vascos - Basque Workers ' Solidarity ) : A trade union in the Basque region , with a Catholic clerical tradition combined with moderate socialist tendencies . SRI ( Socorro Rojo Internacional - International Red Aid ) : Communist organization allied with the Comintern that provided considerable aid to Republican civilians and soldiers . International Brigades : pro-Republican military units made up of anti-fascist Socialist , Communist and anarchist volunteers from different countries . Virtually all Nationalist groups had very strong Roman Catholic convictions and supported the native Spanish clergy . Unión Militar Española ( Spanish Military Union ) - a conservative political organisation of officers in the armed forces , including outspoken critics of the Republic like Francisco Franco . Formed in 1934 , the UME secretly courted fascist Italy from its inception . Already conspiring against the Republic in January 1936 , after the electoral victory of the Popular Front in February it plotted a coup with monarchist and fascist groups in Spain . In the run - up to the Civil War , it was led by Emilio Mola and José Sanjurjo , and latterly Franco . Alfonsist Monarchist - supported the restoration of Alfonso XIII . Many army officers , aristocrats , and landowners were Alfonsine , but there was little popular support . Renovación Española ( Spanish Restoration ) - the main Alfonsine political party . Acción Española ( Spanish Action ) - an integral nationalist party led by José Calvo Sotelo , formed in 1933 around a journal of the same name edited by political theorist and journalist Ramiro de Maeztu .",
"50": "Bloque Nacional ( National Block ) - the militia movement founded by Calvo Sotelo . Carlist Monarchist - supported Alfonso Carlos I de Borbón y Austria - Este 's claim to the Spanish throne and saw the Alfonsine line as having been weakened by Liberalism . After Alfonso Carlos died without issue , the Carlists split - some supporting Carlos ' appointed regent , Francisco - Xavier de Borbón - Parma , others supporting Alfonso XIII or the Falange . The Carlists were clerical hard - liners led by the aristocracy , with a populist base amongst the farmers and rural workers of Navarre providing the militia . Comunión Tradicionalista ( Traditionalist Communion ) - the Carlist political party Requetés ( Volunteers ) - militia movement . Pelayos - militant youth movement , named after Pelayo of Asturias . Margaritas - women 's movement , named after Margarita de Borbón - Parma , wife of Carlist pretender Charles VII ( 1868 - 1909 ) . Falange ( Phalanx ) : FE ( Falange Española de las JONS ) - created by a merger in 1934 of two fascist organisations , Primo de Rivera 's Falange ( Phalanx ) , founded in 1933 , and Ramiro Ledesma 's Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional - Sindicalista ( Assemblies of National - Syndicalist Offensive ) , founded in 1931 . It became a mass movement when it was joined by members of Acción Popular and by Acción Católica , led by Ramón Serrano Súñer . OJE ( Organización Juvenil Española ) - militant youth movement . Sección Femenina ( Feminine Section ) - women 's movement in labour of Social Aid . Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS - created by a merger in 1937 of the FE and the Carlist party , bringing the remaining political and militia components of the Nationalist side under Franco 's ultimate authority . CEDA - coalition party founded by José María Gil - Robles y Quiñones whose ideology ranged from Christian democracy to conservative .",
"51": "Although they supported Franco 's rebellion , the party was dissolved in 1937 , after most members and militants joined FE and Gil - Robles went to exile . Juventudes de Acción Popular , also known as the JAP . The fascistised youth wing of the CEDA . In 1936 they suffered a drain of militants , who joined the Falange . See also ( edit ) List of foreign ships wrecked or lost in the Spanish Civil War Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic The Falling Soldier Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War List of war films and TV specials # Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) List of foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War List of surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Polish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War Jewish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War European Civil War Spain in World War II SS Cantabria ( 1919 ) Pacifism in Spain Spanish Republican Armed Forces Art and culture in Francoist Spain Revisionism ( Spain ) History portal Italy portal Germany portal Soviet Union portal Spain portal War portal Anarchism portal Fascism portal Communism portal Conservatism portal Liberalism portal Socialism portal References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also known as The Crusade ( Spanish : La Cruzada ) among Nationalists , the Fourth Carlist War ( Spanish : Cuarta Guerra Carlista ) among Carlists , and The Rebellion ( Spanish : La Rebelión ) or Uprising ( Spanish : Sublevación ) among Republicans . Jump up ^ Known in Spanish as the Falange Española de las JONS . Jump up ^ Westwell ( 2004 ) gives a figure of 500 million Reichmarks . Jump up ^ Since Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 82 . suggests 7,000 members of some 115,000 clergy were killed , the proportion could well be lower .",
"52": "Jump up ^ See variously : Bennett , Scott , Radical Pacifism : The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America , 1915 -- 1963 , Syracuse NY , Syracuse University Press , 2003 ; Prasad , Devi , War is A Crime Against Humanity : The Story of War Resisters ' International , London , WRI , 2005 . Also see Hunter , Allan , White Corpsucles in Europe , Chicago , Willett , Clark & Co. , 1939 ; and Brown , H. Runham , Spain : A Challenge to Pacifism , London , The Finsbury Press , 1937 . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 491 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 488 . ^ Jump up to : Sandler , Stanley ( 2002 ) . Ground Warfare : An International Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 160 . Jump up ^ Manuel Álvaro Dueñas , 2009 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Casanova 1999 Jump up ^ see Death toll section Jump up ^ Payne ( 2012 ) . p. 231 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 43 Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Payne ( 1973 ) . pp. 200 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 88 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 260 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Julius Ruiz . El Terror Rojo ( 2011 ) . pp. 200 -- 211 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p.",
"53": "22 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Fraser ( 1979 ) . pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) p. 20 - 22 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) p. 23 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) p. 26 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Mariano boza Puerta , Miguel Ángel Sánchez Herrador , El martirio de los libros : Una aproximación a la destrucción bibliográfica durante la Guerra Civil ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Juan García Durán , Sobre la Guerra Civil , su gran producción bibliografía y sus pequeñas lagunas de investigación . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . pp. 45 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Casanova ( 2010 ) . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Edward C. ( 2 January 1984 ) . `` The Anarchists of Casas Viejas ( Book Review ) '' .",
"54": "Ethnohistory. 31 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 236 . doi : 10.2307 / 482644 . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . pp. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 83 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : the Spanish Civil War , 1936 - 1939 . New York : Penguin Books . pp. 27 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Payne ( 1973 ) . p. 642 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Preston ( 1983 ) . pp. 4 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Alpert , Michael BBC History Magazine April 2002 ^ Jump up to : Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Preston ( 2006 ) , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2001 ) . pp.",
"55": "196 -- 198 , 309 Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2001 ) . pp. 196 -- 198 , 309 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 126 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 56 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 59 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Chomsky ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2001 ) pp. 55 - 61 Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . pp. 102 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Westwell ( 2004 ) . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Howson ( 1998 ) . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Westwell ( 2004 ) . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Howson ( 1998 ) . p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Howson ( 1998 ) . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Alpert , Michael ( 2008 ) . La guerra civil española en el mar . Barcelona : Crítica . ISBN 978 - 84 - 8432 - 975 - 6 . Jump up ^ Howson ( 1998 ) . pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Hugh Thomas ( 2001 ) . The Spanish Civil War . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . Chapter 21 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 1982 ) . pp. 42 -- 43 .",
"56": "Jump up ^ Payne , Stanley G. ( 1970 ) , The Spanish Revolution , OCLC 54588 , p. 315 Jump up ^ Payne ( 1970 ) , p. 315 Jump up ^ James Matthews , Our Red Soldiers ' : The Nationalist Army 's Management of its Left - Wing Conscripts in the Spanish Civil War 1936 - 9 , ( in : ) Journal of Contemporary History 45 / 2 ( 2010 ) , p. 342 Jump up ^ Payne ( 1970 ) , pp. 329 - 330 Jump up ^ Payne ( 2012 ) , p. 188 Jump up ^ Payne ( 2012 ) , p. 299 Jump up ^ Payne ( 1970 ) , p. 360 Jump up ^ Payne ( 1987 ) , p. 244 ^ Jump up to : Payne ( 1970 ) , p. 343 Jump up ^ Salas Larrazábal , Ramón ( 1980 ) , Datos exactos de la Guerra civil , ISBN 9788430026944 , pp. 288 - 289 , also Matthews 2010 , p. 346 Jump up ^ Larrazábal ( 1980 ) , pp. 288 - 289 , also Matthews 2010 , p. 346 Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 30 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Howson ( 1998 ) . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 2012 ) . pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1987 ) . pp. 86 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Orden , circular , creando un Comisariado general de Guerra con la misión que se indica ( Order , circular , creating a general comisariat of war with the indicated mission ) ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . IV . Gaceta de Madrid : diario oficial de la República. 16 October 1936 . p. 355 . Jump up ^ Dawson ( 2013 ) . p. 85 . Jump up ^ Alpert ( 2013 ) . p. 167 .",
"57": "Jump up ^ Pétrement , Simone ( 1988 ) . Simone Weil : A Life . Schocken Books . pp. 271 -- 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8052 - 0862 - 7 . Jump up ^ Werstein ( 1969 ) p. 44 Jump up ^ Payne ( 1973 ) p. 637 . Jump up ^ Coverdale ( 2002 ) . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Payne ( 2008 ) . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Nicola . `` The role of the Catholic hierarchy in the rise to power of General Franco '' ( PDF ) . Queen 's University , Belfast . Jump up ^ `` Morocco tackles painful role in Spain 's past , '' Reuters 14 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Peers , E. Allison ; Hogan , James ( December 1936 ) . `` The Basques and the Spanish Civil War '' ( PDF ) . Studies : an Irish Quarterly Review . Irish Province of the Society of Jesus . 25 ( 100 ) : 540 -- 542 . ISSN 0039 - 3495 . Jump up ^ Zara Steiner , The Triumph of the Dark : European International History 1933 -- 1939 ( Oxford History of Modern Europe ) ( 2013 ) , pp 181 -- 251 . Jump up ^ Emanuel Adler and Vincent Pouliot ( 2011 ) . International Practices . Cambridge University Press . pp. 184 -- 85 . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511862373 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 50158 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stone ( 1997 ) . p. 133 . Jump up ^ `` Spain : Business & Blood '' . Time . 19 April 1937 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1974 ) . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Stoff ( 2004 ) . p. 194 .",
"58": "Jump up ^ Zara Steiner , The Triumph of the Dark : European International History 1933 -- 1939 ( 2013 ) pp 181 -- 251 ^ Jump up to : Westwell ( 2004 ) . p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` The legacy of Guernica '' . BBC website . BBC . 26 April 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Musciano , Walter . `` Spanish Civil War : German Condor Legion 's Tactical Air Power '' , History Net , 2004 . Retrieved on 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Westwell ( 2004 ) . p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 634 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Hugh . ( 2001 ) . The Spanish Civil War . Penguin Books . London . p. 937 Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 135 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 199 . Jump up ^ Balfour , Sebastian ; Preston , Paul ( 2009 ) . Spain and the great powers in the twentieth century . London , UK ; New York , USA : Routledge . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 18078 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2001 ) . pp. 938 -- 939 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 116 , 133 , 143 , 148 , 174 , 427 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 635 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 116 . Jump up ^ David Deacon , British News Media and the Spanish Civil War ( 2008 ) p 171 Jump up ^ Richard Overy , The Twilight Years : The Paradox of Britain Between the Wars ( 2009 ) pp 319 -- 40 Jump up ^ A.J.P.",
"59": "Taylor , English History 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 393 -- 98 Jump up ^ Othen ( 2008 ) . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Casanova ( 2010 ) . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Mittermaier ( 2010 ) . p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 637 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1961 ) . pp. 638 -- 639 . Jump up ^ Deletant ( 1999 ) . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Review of O'Riordan's memoir '' . Jump up ^ Benton , Pieke ( 1998 ) . p. 215 . Jump up ^ Howson ( 1998 ) . p. 125 . Jump up ^ Payne ( 2004 ) . p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : Payne ( 2004 ) . pp. 156 -- 157 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 152 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Howson ( 1998 ) . pp. 126 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Howson ( 1998 ) . p. 134 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 153 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Graham ( 2005 ) . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2003 ) . p. 944 . Jump up ^ Richardson ( 2015 ) . pp. 31 -- 40 Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 273 , 246 . Jump up ^ VIDAL , Cesar . La guerra que gano Franco . Madrid , 2008 . p. 256 ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 139 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 291 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 412 -- 413 .",
"60": "^ Jump up to : Alpert ( 1994 ) . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Alpert ( 1994 ) . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Alpert ( 1994 ) . pp. 20 , 23 . ^ Jump up to : Alpert ( 1994 ) . p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Alpert ( 1994 ) . p. 43 . Jump up ^ `` Potez 540 / 542 '' . Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Alpert ( 1994 ) . pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Werstein ( 1969 ) . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Alpert ( 1994 ) . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Payne ( 2008 ) . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Lukeš , Goldstein ( 1999 ) . p. 176 . Jump up ^ Abel Paz ( 1996 ) . Durruti en la revolución española . Madrid : Fundación de Estudios Libertarios Anselmo Lorenzo . ISBN 84 - 86864 - 21 - 6 . Jump up ^ Abel Paz ( 2004 ) . Durruti en la revolución española . Madrid : La Esfera de los Libros . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 162 . Jump up ^ Red : Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 81 -- 87 . Jump up ^ White : Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 88 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 116 -- 117 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 144 Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 146 -- 147 .",
"61": "^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 143 Jump up ^ Timmermans , Rodolphe. 1937 . Heroes of the Alcazar . Charles Scribner 's Sons , New York Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 121 Jump up ^ Casanova ( 2010 ) . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Cleugh ( 1962 ) . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 150 Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 177 Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Comín Colomer , Eduardo ( 1973 ) ; El 5o Regimiento de Milicias Populares . Madrid . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 177 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 202 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 208 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 216 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 222 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 223 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 228 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 231 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 233 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 263 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 277 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) .",
"62": "pp. 277 -- 284 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 296 -- 299 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 237 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 237 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 302 . Jump up ^ Payne ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 315 -- 322 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2003 ) . pp. 820 -- 821 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 346 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 349 -- 359 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 362 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 374 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 376 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 378 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 380 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 386 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 391 -- 392 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2003 ) , pp. 879 -- 882 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2001 ) . p. 256 Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 394 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 396 -- 397 . Jump up ^ Derby ( 2009 ) . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Professor Hilton ( 27 October 2005 ) . `` Spain : Repression under Franco after the Civil War '' . Cgi.stanford.edu . Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Tremlett , Giles ( 1 December 2003 ) . `` Spain torn on tribute to victims of Franco '' .",
"63": "London : Guardian . Retrieved 24 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 405 . Jump up ^ Caistor , Nick ( 28 February 2003 ) . `` Spanish Civil War fighters look back '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Winnipeg , el poema que cruzó el Atlántico ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : Film documentary on the website of the Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration ( in French ) Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 421 -- 422 . Jump up ^ `` The Roman salute characteristic of Italian fascism was first adopted by the PNE and the JONS , later spreading to the Falange and other extreme right groups , before it became the official salute in Franco 's Spain . The JAP salute , which consisted of stretching the right arm horizontally to touch the left shoulder enjoyed only relatively little acceptance . The gesture of the raised fist , so widespread among left - wing workers ' groups , gave rise to more regimented variations , such as the salute with the fist on one 's temple , characteristic of the German Rotfront , which was adopted by the republican Popular Army '' . The Splintering of Spain , p. 36 -- 37 ^ Jump up to : Daniel Kowalsky . `` The Evacuation of Spanish Children to the Soviet Union '' . Gutenburg E. Columbia University Press . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of the arrival of the Basque Children to England in 1937 '' . BasqueChildren.org . Basque Children of ' 37 Association . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wales and the refugee children of the Basque country '' . BBC Wales . 2012 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Buchanan ( 1997 ) . pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ `` Los Niños of Southampton '' . The Dustbin of History . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 .",
"64": "Jump up ^ highest considered estimate ; `` la guerra civil fue una espantosa calamidad en la que todas las clases y todos los partidos perdieron . Además del millión o dos milliones de muertos , la salud del pueblo se ha visto minada por su secuela de hambre y enfermedades '' , Brennan , Gerald ( 1978 ) , El laberinto español . Antecedentes sociales y políticos de la guerra civil , ISBN 9788485361038 , p. 20 Jump up ^ quoted as `` usual estimate '' , Lee , Stephen J. ( 2000 ) , European Dictatorships , 1918 - 1945 , ISBN 9780415230452 , p. 248 ; `` a reasonable estimate , and a rather conservative one '' , Howard Griffin , John , Simon , Yves René ( 1974 ) , Jacques Maritain : Homage in Words and Pictures , ISBN 9780873430463 , p. 11 ; military casualties only , Ash , Russell ( 2003 ) , The Top 10 of Everything 2004 , ISBN 9780789496591 , p. 68 ; lowest considered estimate , Brennan ( 1978 ) , p. 20 . The phrase of `` one million dead '' became a cliche since the 1960s , and many older Spaniards might repeat that `` yo siempre había escuchado lo del millon de muertos '' , compare burbuja service , available here . This is so due to extreme popularity of a 1961 novel Un millón de muertos by José María Gironella , even though the author many times declared that he had in mind those `` muerto espiritualmente '' , referred after Nicolas , Juan Diez ( 1985 ) , La mortalidad en la Guerra Civil Española , ( in : ) Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica III / 1 , p. 42 . Scholars claim also that the figure of `` one million deaths '' was continuously repeated by Francoist authorities `` to drive home the point of having saved the country form ruin '' , Encarnación , Omar G. ( 2008 ) , Spanish Politics : Democracy After Dictatorship , ISBN 9780745639925 , p.",
"65": "24 , and became one of the `` mitos principales del franquismo '' , referred as `` myth no . 9 '' in Reig Tapia , Alberto ( 2017 ) , La crítica de la crítica : Inconsecuentes , insustanciales , impotentes , prepotentes y equidistantes , ISBN 9788432318658 Jump up ^ Nadeau , Jean - Benoit , Barlow , Julie ( 2013 ) , The Story of Spanish , ISBN 9781250023162 , p. 283 Jump up ^ maximum considered estimate , Griffin , Julia Ortiz , Griffin , William D. ( 2007 ) , Spain and Portugal : A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present , ISBN 9780816074761 , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` the war cost about 750,000 Spanish lives '' , A Dictionary of World History ( 2006 ) , ISBN 9780192807007 , p. 602 Jump up ^ Coatsworth , John , Cole , Juan , Hanagan , Michael P. , Perdue , Peter C. , Tilly , Charles , Tilly , Louise ( 2015 ) , Global Connections , ISBN 9780521761062 , p. 379 ; divided into 700,000 died `` in battle '' , 30,000 executed and 15,000 of air raids , Dupuy , R. Ernest , Dupuy , Trevor N. ( 1977 ) , The Encyclopedia of Military History , ISBN 0060111399 , p. 1032 , the same breakdown in The Encyclopedia of World History ( 2001 ) , ISBN 9780395652374 , p. 692 , and in Teed , Peter ( 1992 ) , A Dictionary of Twentieth - Century History , ISBN 0192852078 , p. 439 Jump up ^ 600,000 killed during the war + 100,000 executed afterwards , Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2016 ) , World War II : The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection , ISBN 9781851099696 , p. 1563 Jump up ^ Jeanes , Ike ( 1996 ) , Forecast and Solution : Grappling with the Nuclear , a Trilogy for Everyone , ISBN 9780936015620 , p.",
"66": "131 Jump up ^ Del Amo , Maria ( 2006 ) , Cuando La Higuera Este Brotando ... , ISBN 9781597541657 , p. 28 Jump up ^ including war - related executions until 1961 , death above average due to illness etc , Salas Larrazabal , Ramón ( 1977 ) , Pérdidas de la guerra , ISBN 8432002852 , pp. 428 - 429 Jump up ^ including 285,000 KIA , 125,000 civilians `` due to war directed causes '' , 200,000 malnutrition. , Sandler , Stanley ( 2002 ) , Ground Warfare : An International Encyclopedia , vol. 1 , ISBN 9781576073445 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Nash , Jay Robert ( 1976 ) , Darkest Hours , ISBN 9781590775264 , p. 775 Jump up ^ 285,000 in combat , 125,000 executed , 200,000 of malnutrition , Thomas , Hugh ( 1961 ) , The Spanish Civil War ( and other initial editions ) , referred after Clodfelter , Micheal ( 2017 ) , Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 , ISBN 9780786474707 , p. 339 Jump up ^ 100,000 in combat , 220,000 rearguard terror , 10,000 in air raids , 200,000 after - war terror , 50,000 malnutrition etc ; Jackson , Gabriel ( 1965 ) , The Spanish Republic and the Civil War , 1931 - 1939 , ISBN 9780691007571 , referred after Clodfelter ( 2017 ) , p. 338 ; including 50,000 of post-war terror , Smele , Jonathan D. ( 2015 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars , 1916 - 1926 , ISBN 9781442252813 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Gallo , Max ( 1974 ) , Spain under Franco : a history , ISBN 9780525207504 , p.",
"67": "70 Jump up ^ delta between the total number of deaths recorded in 1936 - 1942 and the total which would have resulted from extrapolating average annual death total from the 1926 - 1935 period , Ortega , José Antonio , Silvestre , Javier ( 2006 ) , Las consecuencias demográficas , ( in : ) Aceńa , Pablo Martín ( ed . ) , La economía de la guerra civil , ISBN 9788496467330 , p. 76 Jump up ^ approximate , excluding post-war terror ; Hepworth , Andrea ( 2017 ) , Site of memory and dismemory : the Valley of the Fallen in Spain , ( in : ) Gigliotti , Simone , The Memorialization of Genocide , ISBN 9781317394167 , p. 77 ; highest considered estimate , Seidman , Michael ( 2011 ) , The Victorious Counterrevolution : The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War , ISBN 9780299249632 , p. 172 ; Britannica Concise Encyclopedia ( 2008 ) , ISBN 9781593394929 , p. 1795 ; 200,000 in combat , 125,000 executed , 175,000 of malnutrition , Thomas , Hugh ( 1977 ) , The Spanish Civil War ( and later editions ) , referred after Clodfelter ( 2017 ) , p. 339 ; Nowa encyklopedia powszechna PWN ( 1995 ) , vol. 2 , ISBN 830111097X , p. 778 ; `` probably over ... ' ' and including 300,000 KIA , Palmer , Alan ( 1990 ) , Penguin Dictionary of Twentieth - Century History , ISBN 0140511881 , p. 371 ; KIA + victims of terror only , Lowe , Norman ( 2013 ) , Mastering modern history , London 2013 , ISBN 9781137276940 , p. 345 ; at least , `` lost their lives '' , Palmowski , Jan ( 2008 ) , The Dictionary of Contemporary World History , ISBN 9780199295678 , p. 643 Jump up ^ at most 300,000 `` violent deaths '' + 165,000 above average deaths , Payne , Stanley G.",
"68": "( 1987 ) , The Franco Regime , ISBN 9780299110741 , pp. 219 - 220 Jump up ^ highest considered estimate , Du Souich , Felipe ( 2011 ) , Apuntes de Historia de Espana Para Los Amigos , ISBN 9781447527336 , p. 62 ; `` at least '' , `` killed '' , Quigley , Caroll ( 2004 ) , Tragedy and Hope . A History of the World in our Time , ISBN 094500110X , p. 604 Jump up ^ De Miguel , Amando ( 1987 ) , Significación demográfica de la guerra civil , ( in : ) Santos Juliá Díaz ( ed . ) , Socialismo y guerra civil , ISBN 8485691350 , p. 193 Jump up ^ 200,000 KIA , 200,000 executed , 20,000 executed after the war , excluding `` unknown numbers '' of civilians killed in military action and `` many more '' died of malnutrition etc. , Preston , Paul ( 2012 ) , The Spanish holocaust , ISBN 9780393239669 , p. xi Jump up ^ Batchelor , Dawho hn ( 2011 ) , The Mystery on Highway 599 , ISBN 9781456734756 , p. 57 Jump up ^ highest considered estimate , Jackson , Gabriel ( 2005 ) , La Republica Espanola y la Guerra Civil , ISBN 8447336336 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Chislett , William ( 2013 ) , Spain : What Everyone Needs to Know ? , ISBN 9780199936458 , p. 42 ; `` probably '' , Spielvogel , Jackon J. ( 2013 ) , Western Civilization : A Brief History , ISBN 9781133606765 , p. 603 ; Mourre , Michel ( 1978 ) , Dictionaire Encyclopedique d'Histoire , vol. 3 , ISBN 204006513X , p. 1636 ; broken down into 200,000 KIA and 200,000 executed , Bradford , James . C ( 2006 ) , International Encyclopedia of Military History , vol. 2 , ISBN 0415936616 , p.",
"69": "1209 Jump up ^ highest considered estimate , Bowen , Wayne H. ( 2006 ) , Spain During World War II , ISBN 9780826265159 , p. 113 Jump up ^ White , Matthew ( 2011 ) , Atrocitology : Humanity 's 100 Deadliest Achievements , ISBN 9780857861252 , p . LXIX ; broken down into 200,000 KIA , 130,000 executed , 25,000 of malnutrition and 10,000 of air raids , Johnson , Paul ( 1984 ) , A History of the Modern World , ISBN 0297784757 , p. 339 Jump up ^ Julia , Santos , ( 1999 ) , Victimas de la guerra , ISBN 9788478809837 , referred after Richards , Michael ( 2006 ) , El régimen de Franco y la política de memoria de la guerra civil española , ( in : ) Aróstegui , Julio , Godicheau , François ( eds . ) , Guerra Civil : mito y memoria , ISBN 9788496467125 , p. 173 ; Richards , Michael ( 2013 ) , After the Civil War : Making Memory and Re-Making Spain Since 1936 , ISBN 9780521899345 , p. 6 ; Renshaw , Layla ( 2016 ) , Exhuming Loss : Memory , Materiality and Mass Graves of the Spanish Civil War , ISBN 9781315428680 , p. 22 Jump up ^ delta between the total number of deaths recorded in 1936 - 1939 and the total which would have resulted from extrapolating average annual death total from the 1926 - 1935 period , Ortega , Silvestre ( 2006 ) , p. 76 Jump up ^ does not include post-war losses , Payne , Stanley G. ( 2012 ) , The Spanish Civil War , ISBN 9780521174701 , p. 245 Jump up ^ lowest considered estimate , Du Souich ( 2011 ) , p. 62 ; lowest considered estimate , Jackson ( 2005 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ `` at least '' , Hart , Stephen M. ( 1998 ) , `` ! No Pasarán ! ''",
"70": ": Art , Literature and the Spanish Civil War , ISBN 9780729302869 , p. 16 , Preston , Paul ( 2003 ) , The Politics of Revenge : Fascism and the Military in 20th - century Spain , ISBN 9781134811137 , p. 40 ; lowest considered estimate , Seidman , Michael ( 2011 ) , The Victorious Counterrevolution : The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War , ISBN 9780299249632 , p. 172 ; Camps , Pedro Montoliú ( 2005 ) , Madrid en la Posguerra , ISBN 9788477371595 , p. 375 , ' at most `` , excluding deaths from malnutrition etc , The New Encyclopedia Britannica ( 2017 ) , vol. 11 , ISBN 9781593392925 , p. 69 ; of which 140,000 in combat , Большая Российская энциклопедия , ( 2008 ) , vol. 12 , ISBN 9785852703439 , p. 76 Jump up ^ highest considered estimate , 150,000 in combat and 140,000 executed , Moa , Pio ( 2015 ) , Los mitos del franquismo , ISBN 9788490603741 , p. 44 Jump up ^ `` at least '' , Hitchcock , William L. ( 2008 ) , The Struggle for Europe : The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945 to the Present , ISBN 9780307491404 , p. 271 Jump up ^ 100,000 in combat , 136,000 executed , 30,000 other causes , . Muñoz , Miguel A. ( 2009 ) , Reflexiones en torno a nuestro pasado , ISBN 9788499231464 , p. 375 Jump up ^ lowest considered estimate , 145,000 in combat and 110,000 executed , Moa ( 2015 ) , p. 44 Jump up ^ lowest considered estimate , Bowen ( 2006 ) , p.",
"71": "113 Jump up ^ 103,000 executed during the war , 28,000 executed afterwards , around 100,000 KIA , Martínez de Baños Carrillo , Fernando , Szafran , Agnieszka ( 2011 ) , El general Walter , ISBN 9788492888061 , p. 324 Jump up ^ see e.g. the monumental Historia de España Menéndez Pidal , ( 2005 ) , vol . XL , ISBN 8467013060 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia de Historia de España ( 1991 ) , vol. 5 , ISBN 8420652415 Jump up ^ Diccionario Espasa Historia de España y América ( 2002 ) , ISBN 8467003162 Jump up ^ `` provocó un número de caidós en combate sin precedentes , casi tantos como los muertos y desaparecidos en la retaguardia '' , Diccionario de historia y política del siglo XX ( 2001 ) , ISBN 843093703X , p. 316 Jump up ^ Tusell , Javier , Martín , José Luis , Shaw , Carlos ( 2001 ) , Historia de España : La edad contemporánea , vol. 2 , ISBN 9788430604357 , Pérez , Joseph ( 1999 ) , Historia de España , ISBN 9788474238655 , Tusell , Javier ( 2007 ) , Historia de España en el siglo XX , vol. 2 , ISBN 9788430606306 Jump up ^ e.g. Stanley G. Payne reduced his earlier estimate of 465,000 ( at most 300,000 `` violent deaths '' with 165,000 deaths from malnutrition which `` must be added '' , Payne ( 1987 ) , p. 220 ) to 344,000 ( also `` violent deaths '' and malnutrition victims , Payne ( 2012 ) , p.",
"72": "245 ) ; Hugh Thomas in The Spanish Civil War editions from the 1960s opted for 600,000 ( 285,000 KIA , 125,000 executed , 200,000 malnutrition ) , in editions from the 1970s he reduced the figure to 500,000 ( 200,000 KIA , 125,000 executed , 175,000 malnutrition ) , referred after Clodfeler ( 2017 ) , p. 383 and with slight revisions kept reproducing the figure also in last editions published before his death , compare Thomas , Hugh ( 2003 ) , La Guerra Civil Española , vol. 2 , ISBN 8497598229 , p. 993 ; Gabriel Jackson went down from 580,000 ( including 420,000 victims of war and post-war terror ) , see Jackson ( 1965 ) to a range of 405,000 - 330,000 ( including 220,000 to 170,000 victims of war and post-war terror ) , Jackson ( 2005 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1965 ) , p. 412 , Muñoz ( 2009 ) , p. 375 Jump up ^ Dupuy , Dupuy ( 1977 ) , p. 1032 , Teed ( 1992 ) , 439 Jump up ^ Martínez de Baños , Szafran ( 2011 ) , p. 324 Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1965 ) , p. 412 Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1965 ) , p. 412 Jump up ^ Dupuy , Dupuy ( 1977 ) , p. 1032 Jump up ^ Moa ( 2015 ) , p. 44 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2016 ) , p. 1563 , Jump up ^ Muñoz ( 2009 ) , p. 375 Jump up ^ Thomas ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Larrazabal ( 1977 ) , pp. 428 - 429 Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1965 ) , p. 412 Jump up ^ Sandler ( 2002 ) , p. 160 Jump up ^ Larrazabal ( 1977 ) , pp.",
"73": "428 - 429 Jump up ^ Larrazabal ( 1977 ) , pp. 428 - 429 Jump up ^ Larrazabal ( 1977 ) , pp. 428 - 429 Jump up ^ Larrazabal ( 1977 ) , pp. 428 - 429 Jump up ^ highest considered estimate , Payne ( 2012 ) , p. 245 Jump up ^ Ortega , Silvestre ( 2006 ) , p. 76 ; slightly different figures , 344,000 and 558,000 , in earlier study completed using the same method , see Nicolas ( 1985 ) , p. 48 Jump up ^ only those who did not return to Spain , Payne ( 1987 ) , p. 220 Jump up ^ Ortega , Silvestre ( 2006 ) , p. 80 ; the number of migrants usually quoted is 450,000 , which refers only to these who crossed to France in the first months of 1939 , López , Fernando Martínez ( 2010 ) , París , ciudad de acogida : el exilio español durante los siglos XIX y XX , ISBN 9788492820122 , p. 252 Jump up ^ `` a deficit of approximately a half million births resulted '' , Payne ( 1987 ) , p. 218 Jump up ^ delta between actual birth totals for 1936 - 1942 and birth totals which would have resulted from extrapolating average annual birth totals from the 1926 - 1935 period , Ortega , Silvestre ( 2006 ) , p. 67 Jump up ^ `` Men of La Mancha '' . The Economist. 22 June 2006 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Julius Ruiz ( 2007 ) . `` Defending the Republic : The García Atadell Brigade in Madrid , 1936 '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 42 ( 1 ) : 97 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022009407071625 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish judge opens case into Franco 's atrocities '' . New York Times . 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p.",
"74": "92 . Jump up ^ Fernández - Álvarez , José - Paulino ; Rubio - Melendi , David ; Martínez - Velasco , Antxoka ; Pringle , Jamie K. ; Aguilera , Hector - David . `` Discovery of a mass grave from the Spanish Civil War using Ground Penetrating Radar and forensic archaeology '' . Forensic Science International . 267 : e10 -- e17 . doi : 10.1016 / j. forsciint. 2016.05. 040 . Jump up ^ Graham ( 2005 ) . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 307 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1967 ) . p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas ( 2001 ) . p. 268 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 98 Jump up ^ Paul Preston ( 19 January 2008 ) . `` Paul Preston lecture : The Crimes of Franco '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 88 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2007 ) . p. 121 . Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1967 ) . p. 377 . Jump up ^ Thomas ( 2001 ) . pp. 253 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Santos et al. ( 1999 ) . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . pp. 120 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Balfour , Sebastian . `` Spain from 1931 to the Present '' . Spain : a History . Ed . Raymond Carr .",
"75": "New York : Oxford University Press , 2000 . 257 . Print . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 93 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 236 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . p. 302 . Jump up ^ Bieter , Bieter ( 2003 ) . p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 82 -- 83 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Seidman ( 2011 ) . p. 205 . Jump up ^ Wieland ( 2002 ) . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Westwell ( 2004 ) . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` Shots of War : Photojournalism During the Spanish Civil War '' . Orpheus.ucsd.edu . Retrieved 24 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Antonio Montero Moreno , Historia de la persecucion religiosa en Espana 1936 -- 1939 ( Madrid : Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos , 1961 ) Jump up ^ Payne ( 1973 ) . p. 649 . Jump up ^ Bowen ( 2006 ) . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Ealham , Richards ( 2005 ) . pp. 80 , 168 . Jump up ^ Hubert Jedin ; John Dolan ( 1981 ) . History of the Church . Continuum . p. 607 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86012 - 092 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 85 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas ( 1961 ) . p. 176 .",
"76": "Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 172 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 272 -- 273 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Beevor ( 2006 ) . pp. 102 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Payne ( 1999 ) . p. 151 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 253 . Jump up ^ Arnaud Imatz , `` La vraie mort de Garcia Lorca '' 2009 40 NRH , 31 -- 34 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Beevor ( 2006 ) . p. 255 . Jump up ^ Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia , El pueblo español tiene un camino que conduce a una estrella ( maqueta ) ( There Is a Way for the Spanish People That Leads to a Star ( Maquette ) ) . Jump up ^ Museum of Modern Art . Jump up ^ Pablo Picasso . Jump up ^ SUNY Oneota , Picasso 's Guernica . ^ Jump up to : Stanley Meisler , For Joan Miro , Painting and Poetry Were the Same . Jump up ^ TATE , ' The Reaper ' : Miró 's Civil War protest . Bibliography and Books by noted authors ( edit ) Alpert , Michael ( 2004 ) ( 1994 ) . A New International History of the Spanish Civil War . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 1171 - 1 . OCLC 155897766 . Alpert , Michael ( 2013 ) . The Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War , 1936 -- 1939 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 02873 - 9 . Beevor , Antony ( 2001 ) ( The Spanish Civil War ( 1982 ) ) .",
"77": "The Spanish Civil War . London : Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 14 - 100148 - 8 . Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) ( The Spanish Civil War ( 1982 ) ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Weidenfield & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 84832 - 1 . Benton , Gregor ; Pieke , Frank N. ( 1998 ) . The Chinese in Europe . Macmillan . p. 390 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 66913 - 4 . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Bieter , John ; Bieter , Mark ( 2003 ) . An Enduring Legacy : The Story of Basques in Idaho . University of Nevada Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87417 - 568 - 4 . Bolloten , Burnett ( 1979 ) . The Spanish Revolution . The Left and the Struggle for Power during the Civil War . University of North Carolina . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 203 - 7 . Borkenau , Franz ( 1937 ) . The Spanish Cockpit : an Eye - Witness Account of the Political and Social Conflicts of the Spanish Civil War . London : Faber and Faber . Bowen , Wayne H ( 2006 ) . Spain During World War II . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1658 - 8 . Brenan , Gerald ( 1993 ) ( 1943 ) . The Spanish Labyrinth : an account of the social and political background of the Civil War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39827 - 5 . OCLC 38930004 . Buchanan , Tom ( 1997 ) . Britain and the Spanish Civil War . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45569 - 3 . Casanova , Julián ( 2010 ) . The Spanish Republic and Civil War . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press .",
"78": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 73780 - 7 . Cleugh , James ( 1962 ) . Spanish Fury : The Story of a Civil War . London : Harrap . OCLC 2613142 . Cohen , Yehuda ( 2012 ) . The Spanish : Shadows of Embarrassment . Brighton : Sussex Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84519 - 392 - 8 . Coverdale , John F. ( 2002 ) . Uncommon faith : the early years of Opus Dei , 1928 -- 1943 . New York : Scepter . ISBN 978 - 1 - 889334 - 74 - 5 . Cox , Geoffrey ( 1937 ) . The Defence of Madrid . London : Victor Gollancz . OCLC 4059942 . Dawson , Ashley ( 2013 ) . The Routledge Concise History of Twentieth - century British Literature . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 57245 - 3 . Derby , Mark ( 2009 ) . Kiwi Companeros : New Zealand and the Spanish Civil War . Christchurch , New Zealand : Canterbury University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877257 - 71 - 1 . Ealham , Chris ; Richards , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Splintering of Spain . Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511497025 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82178 - 0 . Graham , Helen ( 2005 ) . The Spanish Civil War : A very short introduction . New York : Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / actrade / 9780192803771.001. 0001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280377 - 1 . Hemingway , Ernest ( 1938 ) . The Fifth Column . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 10238 - 2 .",
"79": "Hemingway , Ernest ( 1940 ) . For Whom The Bell Tolls . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80335 - 7 . Howson , Gerald ( 1998 ) . Arms for Spain . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 24177 - 1 . OCLC 231874197 . Jackson , Gabriel ( 1965 ) . The Spanish Republic and the Civil War , 1931 -- 1939 . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00757 - 8 . OCLC 185862219 . Jackson , Gabriel ( 1974 ) . The Cruel Years : The Story of the Spanish Civil War . New York : John Day . Kisch , Egon Erwin ( 1939 ) . The three cows ( translated from the German by Stewart Farrar ) . London : Fore Publications . Koestler , Arthur ( 1983 ) . Dialogue with death . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 34776 - 5 . OCLC 16604744 . Kowalsky , Daniel ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Spanish Civil War . New York : Columbia University Press . Lukeš , Igor ; Goldstein , Erik , eds. ( 1999 ) . The Munich Crisis , 1938 : Prelude to World War II . London , UK ; Portland , Oregon , USA : Frank Cass . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 8056 - 9 . Majfud , Jorge ( 2016 ) . `` Rescuing Memory : the Humanist Interview with Noam Chomsky '' . The Humanist . Mittermaier , Ute Anne ( 2010 ) . `` Charles Donnelly , ' Dark Star ' of Irish Poetry and Reluctant Hero of the Irish Left '' . In Clark , David ; Álavez , Rubén Jarazo . ' To Banish Ghost and Goblin ' : New Essays on Irish Culture . Oleiros ( La Coruña ) : Netbiblo . pp.",
"80": "191 -- 200 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 73780 - 7 . Orwell , George ( 2000 ) ( 1938 ) . Homage to Catalonia . London : Penguin , Martin Secker & Warburg . ISBN 0 - 14 - 118305 - 5 . OCLC 42954349 . Othen , Christopher ( 2008 ) . Franco 's International Brigades : Foreign Volunteers and Fascist Dictators in the Spanish Civil War . London : Reportage Press . Payne , Stanley G. ( 2012 ) . The Spanish Civil War . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 17470 - 1 . Payne , Stanley G. ( 2004 ) . The Spanish Civil War , the Soviet Union , and Communism . New Haven ; London : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10068 - X . OCLC 186010979 . Payne , Stanley G. ( 1973 ) . `` A History of Spain and Portugal ( Print Edition ) : chapters 25 & 26 '' . University of Wisconsin Press . Library of Iberian resources online . 2 . Retrieved 15 May 2007 . Payne , Stanley G. ( 1999 ) . Fascism in Spain , 1923 -- 1977 . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 16564 - 7 . Payne , Stanley G. ( 2008 ) . Franco and Hitler : Spain , Germany , and World War II . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12282 - 4 . Preston , Paul ( 1978 ) . The Coming of the Spanish Civil War . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 23724 - 2 . OCLC 185713276 . Preston , Paul ( 1996 ) ( 1986 ) . A Concise history of the Spanish Civil War . London : Fontana .",
"81": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 686373 - 1 . OCLC 231702516 . Preston , Paul ( 2006 ) . The Spanish Civil War : Reaction , Revolution , and Revenge . New York : WW . Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32987 - 9 . Radosh , Ronald ; Habeck , Mary ; Sevostianov , Grigory ( 2001 ) . Spain betrayed : the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08981 - 3 . OCLC 186413320 . Richardson , R. Dan ( 2015 ) ( 1982 ) . Comintern Army : The International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 6437 - 3 . O'Riordan , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Connolly Column . Pontypool , Wales : Warren & Pell . Rust , William ( 2003 ) ( 1939 ) . Britons in Spain : A History of the British Battalion of the XV International Brigade ( reprint ) . Pontypool , Wales : Warren & Pell . Santos , Juliá ; Casanova , Julián ; Solé I Sabaté , Josep Maria ; Villarroya , Joan ; Moreno , Francisco ( 1999 ) . Victimas de la guerra civil ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : Temas de Hoy . Seidman , Michael ( 2011 ) . The Victorious Counter-revolution : The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 24964 - 6 . Stoff , Laurie ( 2004 ) . Spain . San Diego : Greenhaven Press . Taylor , F. Jay ( 1971 ) ( 1956 ) . The United States and the Spanish Civil War , 1936 -- 1939 . New York : Bookman Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 97849 - 5 .",
"82": "Thomas , Hugh ( 2003 ) ( 1961 , 1987 , 2001 ) . The Spanish Civil War . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 101161 - 0 . OCLC 248799351 . Werstein , Irving ( 1969 ) . The Cruel Years : The Story of the Spanish Civil War . New York : Julian Messner . Westwell , Ian ( 2004 ) . Condor Legion : The Wehrmacht 's Training Ground . Ian Allan . Further reading ( edit ) Brouè , Pierre ( 1988 ) . The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain . Chicago : Haymarket . OCLC 1931859515 . Carr , Sir Raymond ( 2001 ) ( 1977 ) . The Spanish Tragedy : The Civil War in Perspective . Phoenix Press . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 203 - 7 . Doyle , Bob ( 2006 ) . Brigadista : an Irishman 's fight against fascism . Dublin : Currach Press . ISBN 1 - 85607 - 939 - 2 . OCLC 71752897 . Francis , Hywel ( 2006 ) . Miners against Fascism : Wales and the Spanish Civil War . Pontypool , Wales ( NP4 7AG ) : Warren and Pell . Graham , Helen ( 2002 ) . The Spanish republic at war , 1936 -- 1939 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45932 - X . OCLC 231983673 . Graham , Helen ( 1988 ) . `` The Spanish Socialist Party in Power and the Government of Juan Negrín , 1937 -- 9 '' . European History Quarterly . 18 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 206 . doi : 10.1177 / 026569148801800203 ... Ibarruri , Dolores ( 1976 ) . They Shall Not Pass : the Autobiography of La Pasionaria ( translated from El Unico Camino ) . New York : International Publishers .",
"83": "ISBN 0 - 7178 - 0468 - 2 . OCLC 9369478 . Jellinek , Frank ( 1938 ) . The Civil War in Spain . London : Victor Gollanz ( Left Book Club ) . Kowalsky , Daniel ( 2004 ) . La Union Sovietica y la Guerra Civil Espanola . Barcelona : Critica . ISBN 84 - 8432 - 490 - 7 . OCLC 255243139 . Low , Mary ; Juan Breá ( 1979 ) ( 1937 ) . Red Spanish Notebook . San Francisco : City Lights Books ( originally by Martin Secker & Warburg ) . ISBN 0 - 87286 - 132 - 5 . OCLC 4832126 . Monteath , Peter ( 1994 ) . The Spanish Civil War in literature , film , and art : an international Bibliography of secondary literature . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29262 - 0 . Pérez de Urbel , Justo ( 1993 ) . Catholic Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War , 1936 -- 1939 , trans . by Michael F. Ingrams . Kansas City , MO : Angelus Press . ISBN 0 - 935952 - 96 - 9 Preston , Paul ( 2012 ) ( 2012 ) . The Spanish Holocaust : Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth - Century Spain . London : Harper Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 255634 - 7 . Puzzo , Dante Anthony ( 1962 ) . Spain and the Great Powers , 1936 -- 1941 . Freeport , NY : Books for Libraries Press ( originally Columbia University Press , N.Y. ) . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 6868 - 9 . OCLC 308726 . Southworth , Herbert Rutledge ( 1963 ) . El mito de la cruzada de Franco ( The Myth of Franco 's crusade ) ( in Spanish ) . Paris : Ruedo Ibérico .",
"84": "ISBN 84 - 8346 - 574 - 4 . Wheeler , George ; Jack Jones ( 2003 ) . Leach , David , ed . To Make the People Smile Again : a Memoir of the Spanish Civil War . Newcastle upon Tyne : Zymurgy Publishing . ISBN 1 - 903506 - 07 - 7 . OCLC 231998540 . Wilson , Ann ( 1986 ) . Images of the Civil War . London : Allen & Unwin . De Meneses , Filipe Ribeiro Franco and the Spanish Civil War , Routledge , London , 2001 External links ( edit ) Films , images and sounds ( edit ) Films The Spanish Civil War Battleground for Idealists Tierra Española ( The Spanish Earth ) by Joris Ivens , 1937 Images Guernica by Pablo Picasso The Spanish Civil War by Robert Capa , Magnum Photos Aircraft of the Spanish Civil War Imperial War Museum Collection of Spanish Civil War Posters hosted online by Libcom.org Posters of the Spanish Civil War from UCSD 's Southworth collection About the Spanish Civil War -- Illinois English Department at the University of Illinois Sounds Valley of Jarama -- song by Woody Guthrie ( see : Jarama ) Anthems and songs 11 Songs of the Spanish Civil War Spanish Bombs -- song by The Clash Miscellaneous documents ( edit ) About the Spanish Civil War -- Illinois English Department at the University of Illinois Diverse references and citations ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spanish Civil War . Spanish Wikisource has original text related to this article : Condecoraciones otorgadas por Francisco Franco a Benito Mussolini ya Adolf Hitler Spanish Civil War History Project at the University of South Florida ¡ No Pasarán ! Speech Dolores Ibárruri 's famous rousing address for the defense of the Second Republic `` Trabajadores : The Spanish Civil War through the eyes of organised labour '' , a digitised collection of more than 13,000 pages of documents from the archives of the British Trades Union Congress held in the Modern Records Centre , University of Warwick Hilton , Ronald . Spain , 1931 -- 36 , From Monarchy to Civil War , An Eyewitness Account .",
"85": "Historical text A36rchive ... Low , Mary ; Breá , Juan . `` Red Spanish Book '' . Benjamin Peret ... A testimony by two surrealists and trotskytes Lunn , Arnold ( 1937 ) . Spanish Rehearsal ... Peers , Allison ( 1936 ) . The Spanish Tragedy ... Weisbord , Albert ; Weisbord , Vera . `` A collection of essays '' . with about a dozen essays written during and about the Spanish Civil War . `` Magazines and journals published during the war '' ( online exhibit ) . The University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign ... `` Revistas y guerra '' ( Magazines & war ) ( in Spanish ) . Urbana ‐ Champaign : The University of Illinois ... Roy , Pinaki ( January 2013 ) . `` Escritores Apasionados del Combate : English and American Novelists of the Spanish Civil War '' . Labyrinth. 4 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 53 . ISSN 0976 - 0814 ... `` La Cucaracha , The Spanish Civil War Diary '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2005 . , a detailed chronicle of the events of the war `` Spanish Civil War and Revolution '' ( text archive ) . The libcom library ... `` Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection '' . Mandeville Special Collection Library ( books and other literature ) . University of California , San Diego ... `` The Spanish Civil War '' , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Paul Preston , Helen Graham and Mary Vincent ( In Our Time , Apr. 3 , 2003 ) Academics and governments ( edit ) A History of the Spanish Civil War , excerpted from a U.S. government country study .",
"86": "`` The Spanish Civil War -- causes and legacy '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Paul Preston , Helen Graham and Dr Mary Vincent ( audio ) Spanish Civil War information at Spartacus Educational Interview with Agustín Guillamón , historian of the Spanish Revolution The Anarcho - Statists of Spain ( the anarchists in the Spanish Civil War ) , George Mason University Fanny , Queen of the Machine Gun ( Dutch volunteers ) at The Volunteer Jews In The Spanish Civil War -- by Martin Sugarman , assistant archivist at the Jewish Military Museum Franco and the Spanish Civil War , paper by Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses , Routledge , London , 2001 Full text in translation of the Collective Letter of the Spanish Bishops , 1937 , a pastoral letter of the Spanish bishops which justified Franco 's uprising New Zealand and the Spanish Civil War Warships of the Spanish Civil War Archives ( edit ) Robert E. Burke Collection . 1892 -- 1994 . 60.43 cubic feet ( 68 boxes plus two oversize folders and one oversize vertical file ) . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . Contains materials collected by Burke on the Spanish Civil War . Anarchy Archives The role of anarchism in the Spanish Revolution Private Collection about German Exile and Spanish Civil War The Archives of Ontario Remembers Children 's Art from the Spanish Civil War , online exhibit on Archives of Ontario website Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) Chronology Background Coup 1936 1937 1938 -- 39 Political organizations Republican Popular Front ERC IR PCE POUM PSOE PSUC UR CNT / FAI UGT PNV Nationalist CEDA Falangists Carlists Alfonsists Foreign involvement Comintern International Brigades Non-intervention ( Nyon Conference ) Germany ( Condor Legion )",
"87": "Italy ( CTV ) Portugal ( Viriatos ) Ireland Other Spanish Revolution Army of Africa Evacuation of children Red Terror White Terror Films Nazi -- Soviet relations before 1941 Prior antagonism Anti-Comintern Pact `` Jewish Bolshevism '' Spanish Civil War German occupation of Czechoslovakia Political Relations before 1941 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact negotiations Boundary and Friendship Treaty Population transfers Axis talks Gestapo -- NKVD Conferences Economic Economic relations Commercial Agreement ( 1939 ) Commercial Agreement ( 1940 ) Border and Commercial Agreement ( 1941 ) Military Invasion of Poland Soviet invasion of Poland Occupation of the Baltic states Winter War Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Naval cruiser Lützow Soviet offensive plans controversy Basis Nord Komet Northern Sea Route Raid German -- Soviet military parade in Brest - Litovsk Aftermath Operation Barbarossa Eastern Front Katyń massacre controversy Falsifiers of History Baltic Way Category Spain articles History Chronology Prehistoric Iberia Roman Hispania Medieval Spain Union Expansion Enlightenment Reaction and revolution First Republic Restoration Second Republic Civil War Spain under Franco Transition to democracy Contemporary Spain By topic Empire Golden Age Economic Military Geography Autonomous cities Autonomous communities ( Ranked lists ) Biosphere Reserves Climate Comarcas",
"88": "Earthquakes Extreme points Forests Islands Municipalities National parks Natural Sites of Community Importance Plazas de soberanía Provinces Politics Constitution Cortes Generales Elections Government Prime Minister Human rights LGBT Foreign relations Military Monarchy Political parties Abortion Economy Agriculture Banks central savings Car industry Communities GDP Unemployment Median Income Economic history Energy Financial crisis Forestry Taxation Property bubble Science and technology Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Wine Society Abortion Crime Demographics Education Health care Immigration Languages Pensions People Religion Time Culture Architecture Art Bullfighting Cinema Cuisine jamón paella tapas wine Fiestas ( international national ) Life in early 19th - century Spain Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Myths and legends National and regional identity Public holidays Sport Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag Toro de Osborne Outline Index Book Category Portal LCCN : sh85126106 GND : 4055970 - 1 BNF : cb11936368c ( data ) BNE : XX4344621 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Civil_War&oldid=838550545 '' Categories :",
"89": "Spanish Civil War Carlism Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe 1930s conflicts 1930s in Spain Francoist Spain Modern history of Spain Wars involving Spain Revolution - based civil wars Proxy wars Hidden categories : Articles containing Spanish - language text CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with French - language external links Articles containing Italian - language text Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Use dmy dates from August 2013 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어",
"90": "Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 88 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 18 : 39 .",
"91": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
4,
16,
15,
47,
8,
45,
17,
7,
13,
49,
14,
5,
50,
82,
36,
80,
6,
35,
37,
12,
46,
30,
26,
39,
51,
0,
29,
81,
89,
2,
20,
77,
84,
9,
83,
44,
78,
48,
21,
43,
79,
34,
38,
88,
22,
85,
41,
31,
18,
58,
25,
86,
28,
62,
23,
27,
1,
19,
63,
10,
24,
75,
55,
40,
56,
76,
11,
57,
70,
54,
33,
3,
87,
64,
32,
67,
42,
68,
73,
52,
59,
65,
72,
61,
53,
66,
60,
69,
71,
91,
74,
90
] |
[
4,
16,
15,
47,
8,
45
] |
3214492048900653601
|
where is the suez canal located on a map
|
[
"Egypt",
"in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez",
"the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez",
"It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of Suez"
] |
{
"0": "Suez canal - wikipedia Suez canal Jump to : navigation , search Suez Canal Specifications Length 120.11 miles ( 193.30 km ) ( originally 102 mi or 164 km ) Maximum boat beam 77.5 m ( 254 ft 3 in ) Locks None Navigation authority Suez Canal Authority History Original owner Suez Canal Company ( Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez ) Construction began September 25 , 1859 ( 1859 - 09 - 25 ) Date completed November 17 , 1869 ( 1869 - 11 - 17 ) Geography Start point Port Said End point Port Tewfik , Suez The southern terminus of the Suez Canal at Suez on the Gulf of Suez ( Red Sea ) The Suez Canal ( Arabic : قناة السويس qanāt as - suwēs ) is an artificial sea - level waterway in Egypt , connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez . Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869 , it was officially opened on November 17 , 1869 . The canal offers watercraft a shorter journey between the North Atlantic and northern Indian Oceans via the Mediterranean and Red seas by avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian oceans , in turn reducing the journey by approximately 7,000 kilometres ( 4,300 mi ) . It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of Suez . Its length is 193.30 km ( 120.11 mi ) , including its northern and southern access channels . In 2012 , 17,225 vessels traversed the canal ( 47 per day ) . The original canal was a single - lane waterway with passing locations in the Ballah Bypass and the Great Bitter Lake . It contains no locks system , with seawater flowing freely through it . In general , the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer . South of the lakes , the current changes with the tide at Suez .",
"1": "The canal is owned and maintained by the Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) of Egypt . Under the Convention of Constantinople , it may be used `` in time of war as in time of peace , by every vessel of commerce or of war , without distinction of flag '' . In August 2014 , construction was launched to expand and widen the Ballah Bypass for 35 km ( 22 mi ) to speed the canal 's transit time . The expansion was planned to double the capacity of the Suez Canal from 49 to 97 ships a day . At a cost of $ 8.4 billion , this project was funded with interest - bearing investment certificates issued exclusively to Egyptian entities and individuals . The `` New Suez Canal '' , as the expansion was dubbed , was opened with great fanfare in a ceremony on 6 August 2015 . On 24 February 2016 , the Suez Canal Authority officially opened the new side channel . This side channel , located at the northern side of the east extension of the Suez Canal , serves the East Terminal for berthing and unberthing vessels from the terminal . As the East Container Terminal is located on the Canal itself , before the construction of the new side channel it was not possible to berth or unberth vessels at the terminal while the convoy was running .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors 1.1 2nd millennium BC 1.2 Canals dug by Necho , Darius I and Ptolemy 1.3 Receding Red Sea and the dwindling Nile 1.4 Old Cairo to the Red Sea 1.5 Repair by al - Ḥākim 1.6 Conception by Venice 1.7 Napoleon 's discovery of an ancient canal 2 History 2.1 Interim period 2.2 Construction by the Suez Canal Company 2.3 Company rule after opening 2.4 Suez Crisis 2.5 Arab -- Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973 2.6 Bypass expansion 2.7 Timeline 2.8 Leadership 3 Layout and operation 3.1 Capacity 3.2 Navigation 3.3 Operation 3.4 Convoy sailing 3.5 Canal crossings 4 Alternative routes 4.1 Cape Agulhas 4.2 Northern Sea Route 4.3 Negev desert railroad 5 Environmental impact 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Precursors ( edit ) Main article : Canal of the Pharaohs Ancient west -- east canals were built to facilitate travel from the Nile River to the Red Sea . One smaller canal is believed to have been constructed under the auspices of Senusret II or Ramesses II . Another canal , probably incorporating a portion of the first , was constructed under the reign of Necho II , but the only fully functional canal was engineered and completed by Darius I . 2nd millennium BC ( edit ) The legendary Sesostris ( likely either Pharaoh Senusret II or Senusret III of the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt ) may have started work on an ancient canal joining the Nile with the Red Sea ( 1897 BC -- 1839 BC ) , when an irrigation channel was constructed around 1850 BC that was navigable during the flood season , leading into a dry river valley east of the Nile River Delta named Wadi Tumelat .",
"3": "( It is said that in ancient times the Red Sea reached northward to the Bitter Lakes and Lake Timsah . ) In his Meteorology , Aristotle wrote : One of their kings tried to make a canal to it ( for it would have been of no little advantage to them for the whole region to have become navigable ; Sesostris is said to have been the first of the ancient kings to try ) , but he found that the sea was higher than the land . So he first , and Darius afterwards , stopped making the canal , lest the sea should mix with the river water and spoil it . Strabo wrote that Sesostris started to build a canal , and Pliny the Elder wrote : 165 . Next comes the Tyro tribe and , the harbour of the Daneoi , from which Sesostris , king of Egypt , intended to carry a ship - canal to where the Nile flows into what is known as the Delta ; this is a distance of over 60 miles . Later the Persian king Darius had the same idea , and yet again Ptolemy II , who made a trench 100 feet wide , 30 feet deep and about 35 miles long , as far as the Bitter Lakes . In the second half of the 19th century , French cartographers discovered the remnants of an ancient north -- south canal past the east side of Lake Timsah and ending near the north end of the Great Bitter Lake . This proved to be the celebrated canal made by the Persian king Darius I , as his stele commemorating its construction was found at the site . ( This ancient , second canal may have followed a course along the shoreline of the Red Sea when it once extended north to Lake Timsah . ) In the 20th century the northward extension of this ancient canal was discovered , extending from Lake Timsah to the Ballah Lakes . This was dated to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt by extrapolating the dates of ancient sites along its course . The reliefs of the Punt expedition under Hatshepsut , 1470 BC , depict seagoing vessels carrying the expeditionary force returning from Punt . This suggests that a navigable link existed between the Red Sea and the Nile .",
"4": "Recent excavations in Wadi Gawasis may indicate that Egypt 's maritime trade started from the Red Sea and did not require a canal . Evidence seems to indicate its existence by the 13th century BC during the time of Ramesses II . Canals dug by Necho , Darius I and Ptolemy ( edit ) Remnants of an ancient west -- east canal through the ancient Egyptian cities of Bubastis , Pi - Ramesses , and Pithom were discovered by Napoleon Bonaparte and his engineers and cartographers in 1799 . According to the Histories of the Greek historian Herodotus , about 600 BC , Necho II undertook to dig a west -- east canal through the Wadi Tumilat between Bubastis and Heroopolis , and perhaps continued it to the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea . Regardless , Necho is reported as having never completed his project . Herodotus was told that 120,000 men perished in this undertaking , but this figure is doubtless exaggerated . According to Pliny the Elder , Necho 's extension to the canal was about 57 English miles , equal to the total distance between Bubastis and the Great Bitter Lake , allowing for winding through valleys . The length that Herodotus tells , of over 1000 stadia ( i.e. , over 114 miles ( 183 km ) ) , must be understood to include the entire distance between the Nile and the Red Sea at that time . With Necho 's death , work was discontinued . Herodotus tells that the reason the project was abandoned was because of a warning received from an oracle that others would benefit from its successful completion . Necho 's war with Nebuchadnezzar II most probably prevented the canal 's continuation . Necho 's project was completed by Darius I of Persia , who ruled over Ancient Egypt after it had been conquered by his predecessor Cambyses II . It may be that by Darius 's time a natural waterway passage which had existed between the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea in the vicinity of the Egyptian town of Shaluf ( alt .",
"5": "Chalouf or Shaloof ) , located just south of the Great Bitter Lake , had become so blocked with silt that Darius needed to clear it out so as to allow navigation once again . According to Herodotus , Darius 's canal was wide enough that two triremes could pass each other with oars extended , and required four days to traverse . Darius commemorated his achievement with a number of granite stelae that he set up on the Nile bank , including one near Kabret , and a further one a few miles north of Suez . The Darius Inscriptions read : Saith King Darius : I am a Persian . Setting out from Persia , I conquered Egypt . I ordered this canal dug from the river called the Nile that flows in Egypt , to the sea that begins in Persia . When the canal had been dug as I ordered , ships went from Egypt through this canal to Persia , even as I intended . -- Darius Inscription The canal left the Nile at Bubastis . An inscription on a pillar at Pithom records that in 270 or 269 BC , it was again reopened , by Ptolemy II Philadelphus . In Arsinoe , Ptolemy constructed a navigable lock , with sluices , at the Heroopolite Gulf of the Red Sea , which allowed the passage of vessels but prevented salt water from the Red Sea from mingling with the fresh water in the canal . Receding Red Sea and the dwindling Nile ( edit ) The Red Sea is believed by some historians to have gradually receded over the centuries , its coastline slowly moving southward away from Lake Timsah and the Great Bitter Lake . Coupled with persistent accumulations of Nile silt , maintenance and repair of Ptolemy 's canal became increasingly cumbersome over each passing century . Two hundred years after the construction of Ptolemy 's canal , Cleopatra seems to have had no west -- east waterway passage , because the Pelusiac branch of the Nile , which fed Ptolemy 's west -- east canal , had by that time dwindled , being choked with silt .",
"6": "Old Cairo to the Red Sea ( edit ) By the 8th century , a navigable canal existed between Old Cairo and the Red Sea , but accounts vary as to who ordered its construction -- either Trajan or ' Amr ibn al - ' As , or Omar the Great . This canal was reportedly linked to the River Nile at Old Cairo and ended near modern Suez . A geography treatise by Dicuil reports a conversation with an English monk , Fidelis , who had sailed on the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea during a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the first half of the 8th century The Abbasid Caliph al - Mansur is said to have ordered this canal closed in 767 to prevent supplies from reaching Arabian detractors . Repair by al - Hakim ( edit ) Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah is claimed to have repaired the Cairo to Red Sea passageway , but only briefly , circa 1000 AD , as it soon `` became choked with sand . '' However , we are told that parts of this canal still continued to fill in during the Nile 's annual inundations . Conception by Venice ( edit ) The successful 1488 navigation of southern Africa by Bartolomeu Dias opened a direct maritime trading route to India and the spice islands , and forever changed the balance of Mediterranean trade . One of the most prominent losers in the new order , as former middlemen , was the former spice trading center of Venice . Venetian leaders , driven to desperation , contemplated digging a waterway between the Red Sea and the Nile -- anticipating the Suez Canal by almost 400 years -- to bring the luxury trade flooding to their doors again . But this remained a dream . -- Colin Thubron , Seafarers : The Venetians ( 1980 ) , p. 102 Despite entering negotiations with Egypt 's ruling Mamelukes , the Venetian plan to build the canal was quickly put to rest by the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517 , led by Sultan Selim I Napoleon 's discovery of an ancient canal ( edit ) During the French campaign in Egypt and Syria in late 1798 , Napoleon showed an interest in finding the remnants of an ancient waterway passage . This culminated in a cadre of archaeologists , scientists , cartographers and engineers scouring northern Egypt .",
"7": "Their findings , recorded in the Description de l'Égypte , include detailed maps that depict the discovery of an ancient canal extending northward from the Red Sea and then westward toward the Nile . Later , Napoleon , who would become French Emperor in 1804 , contemplated the construction of a north -- south canal to connect the Mediterranean with the Red Sea . But the plan was abandoned because it wrongly concluded that the waterway would require locks to operate . These would be very expensive and take a long time to construct . This decision was based on an erroneous belief that the Red Sea was 10 m ( 33 ft ) higher than the Mediterranean . The error was the result of using fragmentary survey measurements taken in wartime during Napoleon 's Egyptian Expedition . In 1819 the Pacha of Egypt undertook some canal work . However , as late as 1861 , the unnavigable ancient route discovered by Napoleon from Bubastis to the Red Sea still channeled water in spots as far east as Kassassin . History ( edit ) Interim period ( edit ) Bathymetric chart , northern Gulf of Suez , route to Cairo , 1856 Although the alleged difference in sea levels could be problematic for construction , the idea of finding a shorter route to the east remained alive . In 1830 , F.R. Chesney submitted a report to the British government that stated that there was no difference in altitude and that the Suez Canal was feasible , but his report received no further attention . Lieutenant Waghorn established his `` Overland Route '' , which transported post and passengers to India via Egypt . Linant de Bellefonds , a French explorer of Egypt , became chief engineer of Egypt 's Public Works . In addition to his normal duties , he surveyed the Isthmus of Suez and made plans for the Suez Canal . French Saint - Simonianists showed an interest in the canal and in 1833 , Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin tried to draw Muhammad Ali 's attention to the canal but was unsuccessful . Alois Negrelli , the Austrian railroad pioneer , became interested in the idea in 1836 .",
"8": "In 1846 , Prosper Enfantin 's Société d'Études du Canal de Suez invited a number of experts , among them Robert Stephenson , Negrelli and Paul - Adrien Bourdaloue to study the feasibility of the Suez Canal ( with the assistance of Linant de Bellefonds ) . Bourdaloue 's survey of the isthmus was the first generally accepted evidence that there was no practical difference in altitude between the two seas . Britain , however , feared that a canal open to everyone might interfere with its India trade and therefore preferred a connection by train from Alexandria via Cairo to Suez , which was eventually built by Stephenson . Construction by the Suez canal Company ( edit ) 1881 drawing of the Suez Canal Suez Canal , Egypt . early 1900s . Goodyear Archival Collection . Brooklyn Museum In 1854 and 1856 , Ferdinand de Lesseps obtained a concession from Sa'id Pasha , the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan , to create a company to construct a canal open to ships of all nations . The company was to operate the canal for 99 years from its opening . De Lesseps had used his friendly relationship with Sa'id , which he had developed while he was a French diplomat in the 1830s . As stipulated in the concessions , Ferdinand convened the International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez ( Commission Internationale pour le percement de l'isthme des Suez ) consisting of 13 experts from seven countries , among them John Robinson McClean , later President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in London , and again Negrelli , to examine the plans developed by Linant de Bellefonds , and to advise on the feasibility of and the best route for the canal . After surveys and analyses in Egypt and discussions in Paris on various aspects of the canal , where many of Negrelli 's ideas prevailed , the commission produced a unanimous report in December 1856 containing a detailed description of the canal complete with plans and profiles . The Suez Canal Company ( Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez ) came into being on 15 December 1858 and work started on the shore of the future Port Said on 25 April 1859 .",
"9": "The excavation took some 10 years using forced labour ( corvée ) of Egyptian workers during the first years . Some sources estimate that over 30,000 people were working on the canal at any given period , that more than 1.5 million people from various countries were employed , and that thousands of labourers died , many of them from cholera and similar epidemics . The British government had opposed the project from the outset to its completion . As one of the diplomatic moves against the canal , it disapproved of the use of `` slave labour '' of forced workers . The British Empire was the major global naval force and officially condemned the forced work and sent armed Bedouins to start a revolt among workers . Involuntary labour on the project ceased , and the viceroy condemned the corvée , halting the project . Angered by the British opportunism , de Lesseps sent a letter to the British government remarking on the British lack of remorse a few years earlier when forced workers died in similar conditions building the British railway in Egypt . Initially international opinion was skeptical and Suez Canal Company shares did not sell well overseas . Britain , Austria , and Russia did not buy a significant number of shares . All French shares were quickly sold in France . A contemporary British skeptic claimed `` One thing is sure ... our local merchant community does n't pay practical attention at all to this grand work , and it is legitimate to doubt that the canal 's receipts ... could ever be sufficient to recover its maintenance fee . It will never become a large ship 's accessible way in any case . '' One of the first traverses in the 19th century Predominant currents in the Mediterranean Sea for June Suez Canal in February 1934 . Air photograph taken by Swiss pilot and photographer Walter Mittelholzer The canal opened under French control on 17 November 1869 . Although numerous technical , political , and financial problems had been overcome , the final cost was more than double the original estimate . The opening was performed by Khedive Isma'il Pasha of Egypt and Sudan , and at Ismail 's invitation French Empress Eugenie in the Imperial yacht L'Aigle piloted by Napoléon Coste , who was bestowed by the Khedive the Ottoman Order of the Medjidie .",
"10": "The first ship to follow L'Aigle through the canal was the British P&O liner Delta . Although L'Aigle was officially the first vessel through the canal , HMS Newport , captained by George Nares , passed through it first . On the night before the canal was due to open , Captain Nares navigated his vessel , in total darkness and without lights , through the mass of waiting ships until it was in front of L'Aigle . When dawn broke , the French were horrified to find that the Royal Navy was first in line and that it would be impossible to pass them . Nares received both an official reprimand and an unofficial vote of thanks from the Admiralty for his actions in promoting British interests and for demonstrating such superb seamanship . An Anchor Line ship , the S.S. Dido , became the first to pass through the Canal from South to North . After the opening , the Suez Canal Company was in financial difficulties . The remaining works were completed only in 1871 , and traffic was below expectations in the first two years . De Lesseps therefore tried to increase revenues by interpreting the kind of net ton referred to in the second concession ( tonneau de capacité ) as meaning a ship 's cargo capacity and not only the theoretical net tonnage of the `` Moorsom System '' introduced in Britain by the Merchant Shipping Act in 1854 . The ensuing commercial and diplomatic activities resulted in the International Commission of Constantinople establishing a specific kind of net tonnage and settling the question of tariffs in its protocol of 18 December 1873 . This was the origin of the Suez Canal Net Tonnage and the Suez Canal Special Tonnage Certificate , both of which are still in use today . Company rule after opening ( edit ) The canal had an immediate and dramatic effect on world trade . Combined with the American transcontinental railroad completed six months earlier , it allowed the world to be circled in record time . It played an important role in increasing European colonization of Africa . The construction of the canal was one of the reasons for the Panic of 1873 , because goods from the Far East were carried in sailing vessels around the Cape of Good Hope and were stored in British warehouses .",
"11": "As sailing vessels were not adaptable for use through the canal , because the prevailing winds of the Mediterranean blow from west to east , British entrepôt trade suffered . External debts forced Said Pasha 's successor , Isma'il Pasha , to sell his country 's share in the canal for £ 4,000,000 ( about £ 87.2 million in 2016 ) to the United Kingdom in 1875 , but French shareholders still held the majority . Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli was accused by William Ewart Gladstone of undermining Britain 's constitutional system , because he had not referred to , or obtained consent from Parliament when purchasing the shares with funding from the Rothschilds . The Canal , ca 1914 The Convention of Constantinople in 1888 declared the canal a neutral zone under the protection of the British , who had occupied Egypt and Sudan at the request of Khedive Tewfiq to suppress the Urabi Revolt against his rule . The revolt went on from 1879 to 1882 . As a result of British involvement on the side of Khedive Tewfiq , Britain gained control of the canal in 1882 . The British defended the strategically important passage against a major Ottoman attack in 1915 , during the First World War . Under the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty of 1936 , the UK retained control over the canal . The canal was again strategically important in the 1939 -- 1945 Second World War , and Italo - German attempts to capture it were repulsed during the North Africa Campaign , during which the canal was closed to Axis shipping . In 1951 Egypt repudiated the treaty and in October 1954 the UK agreed to remove its troops . Withdrawal was completed on 18 July 1956 . Suez Crisis ( edit ) Main article : Suez Crisis Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the Suez Canal hit during the initial Anglo - French assault on Port Said , 5 November 1956 Because of Egyptian overtures towards the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom and the United States withdrew their pledge to support the construction of the Aswan Dam . Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser responded by nationalizing the canal on 26 July 1956 and transferring it to the Suez Canal Authority , intending to finance the dam project using revenue from the canal .",
"12": "On the same day that the canal was nationalized Nasser also closed the Straits of Tiran to all Israeli ships . This led to the Suez Crisis in which the UK , France , and Israel invaded Egypt . According to the pre-agreed war plans under the Protocol of Sèvres , the Israelis invaded the Sinai Peninsula , forcing Egypt to engage them militarily , and allowing the Anglo - French partnership to declare the resultant fighting a threat to stability in the Middle East and enter the war - officially to divide the two forces but in reality to regain the Canal and bring down the Nasser regime . To save the British from what he thought was a disastrous action and to stop the war from a possible escalation , Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester B. Pearson proposed the creation of the first United Nations peacekeeping force to ensure access to the canal for all and an Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula . On 4 November 1956 , a majority at the United Nations voted for Pearson 's peacekeeping resolution , which mandated the UN peacekeepers to stay in Sinai unless both Egypt and Israel agreed to their withdrawal . The United States backed this proposal by putting pressure on the British government through the selling of sterling , which would cause it to depreciate . Britain then called a ceasefire , and later agreed to withdraw its troops by the end of the year . Pearson was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . As a result of damage and ships sunk under orders from Nasser the canal was closed until April 1957 , when it was cleared with UN assistance . A UN force ( UNEF ) was established to maintain the free navigability of the canal , and peace in the Sinai Peninsula . According to the historian Abd aI - Azim Ramadan , Nasser 's decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone , made without political or military consultation . The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser 's rule , showed Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making . Ramadan considered Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader .",
"13": "Arab -- Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973 ( edit ) Egyptian vehicles crossing the Suez Canal on October 7 , 1973 , during the Yom Kippur War Israeli tank crossing the Suez Canal , 1973 In May 1967 , Nasser ordered the UN peacekeeping forces out of Sinai , including the Suez Canal area . Israel objected to the closing of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping . The canal had been closed to Israeli shipping since 1949 , except for a short period in 1951 -- 1952 . After the 1967 Six Day War , Israeli forces occupied the Sinai peninsula , including the entire east bank of the Suez Canal . Unwilling to allow the Israelis to use the canal , Egypt immediately imposed a blockade which closed the canal to all shipping until 5 June 1975 . As a result , 15 cargo ships , known as the `` Yellow Fleet '' , were trapped in the canal for over eight years . In 1973 , during the Yom Kippur War , the canal was the scene of a major crossing by the Egyptian army into Israeli - occupied Sinai and a counter-crossing by the Israeli army to Egypt . Much wreckage from this conflict remains visible along the canal 's edges . After the Yom Kippur War the United States initiated Operation Nimbus Moon . The amphibious assault ship USS Inchon ( LPH - 12 ) was sent to the Canal , carrying 12 RH - 53D minesweeping helicopters of HM - 12 . These partly cleared the canal between May and December 1974 . She was relieved by the LST USS Barnstable County ( LST1197 ) . The British Royal Navy initiated Operation Rheostat and Task Group 65.2 provided for Operation Rheostat One ( six months in 1974 ) , the minehunters HMS Maxton , HMS Bossington , and HMS Wilton , the Fleet Clearance Diving Team ( FCDT ) and HMS Abdiel , a practice minelayer / MCMV support ship ; and for Operation Rheostat Two ( six months in 1975 ) the minehunters HMS Hubberston and HMS Sheraton , and HMS Abdiel . When the Canal Clearance Operations were completed , the canal and its lakes were considered 99 % clear of mines .",
"14": "The canal was then reopened by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat aboard an Egyptian destroyer , which led the first convoy northbound to Port Said in 1975 . At his side stood the Iranian Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi , delegated to represent his father , Mohammed Reza Pahlavi , the Shah of Iran . The cruiser USS Little Rock was the only American naval ship in the convoy . The UNEF mandate expired in 1979 . Despite the efforts of the United States , Israel , Egypt , and others to obtain an extension of the UN role in observing the peace between Israel and Egypt , as called for under the Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty of 1979 , the mandate could not be extended because of the veto by the Soviet Union in the UN Security Council , at the request of Syria . Accordingly , negotiations for a new observer force in the Sinai produced the Multinational Force and Observers ( MFO ) , stationed in Sinai in 1981 in coordination with a phased Israeli withdrawal . It is there under agreements between the United States , Israel , Egypt , and other nations . Bypass expansion ( edit ) Main article : New Suez Canal In the summer of 2014 , months after taking office as President of Egypt , Abdel Fattah el - Sisi ordered the expansion of the Ballah Bypass from 61 metres wide to 312 metres wide for 35 kilometers . The project was called the New Suez Canal , as it would allow ships to transit the canal in both directions simultaneously . The project cost more than $8 billion and was completed within one year . Sisi declared the expanded channel open for business in a ceremony on 6 August 2015 . Timeline ( edit ) Circa 1799 -- Napoleon Bonaparte conquers Egypt and orders a feasibility analysis . This reports a supposed 10 - metre ( 33 ft ) difference in sea levels and a high cost , so the project is put on hold . Circa 1840 -- A second survey finds the first analysis incorrect . A direct link between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea is possible and not as expensive as previously estimated . 30 November 1854 -- The former French consul in Cairo , Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps , obtains the first license for construction and subsequent operation from the Viceroy for a period of 99 years .",
"15": "6 January 1856 -- de Lesseps is provided with a second , more detailed license . Container ship Hanjin Kaohsiung transiting the Suez Canal 15 December 1858 -- de Lesseps establishes the `` Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez '' , with Said Pasha acquiring 22 % of the Suez Canal Company ; the majority is controlled by French private holders . 25 April 1859 -- construction officially starts . 17 November 1869 -- The canal is opened , owned and operated by Suez Canal Company . 18 December 1873 -- The International Commission of Constantinople establishes the Suez Canal Net Ton and the Suez Canal Special Tonnage Certificate ( as known today ) 25 November 1875 -- Britain becomes a minority share holder in the company , acquiring 44 % , with the remainder being controlled by French business syndicates . 20 May 1882 -- Britain invades Egypt , with French assistance , and begins its occupation of Egypt . 25 August 1882 -- Britain takes control of the canal . 2 March 1888 -- The Convention of Constantinople renews the guaranteed right of passage of all ships through the canal during war and peace ; these rights were already part of the licenses awarded to de Lesseps , but are recognised as international law . 14 November 1936 -- Following a new treaty , Britain theoretically pulls out of Egypt , but establishes the ' Suez Canal Zone ' under its control . USS America ( CV - 66 ) , an American aircraft carrier in the Suez Canal 13 June 1956 -- Suez Canal Zone is restored to Egyptian sovereignty , following British withdrawal and years of negotiations . 26 July 1956 -- Egypt nationalizes the company ; its Egyptian assets , rights and obligations are transferred to the Suez Canal Authority , which compensates the previous owners at the established pre-nationalization price . Egypt closes the canal to Israeli shipping as part of a broader blockade involving the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba . 31 October 1956 to 24 April 1957 -- the canal is blocked to shipping following the Suez Crisis , a conflict that leads to Israeli , and later French and British , occupation of the canal zone .",
"16": "22 December 1956 -- The canal zone is restored to Egyptian control , following French and British withdrawal , and the landing of UNEF troops . 5 June 1967 to 10 June 1975 -- the canal is blocked by Egypt , following the war with Israel ; it becomes the front line during the ensuing War of Attrition and the 1973 war , remaining closed to international shipping , until general agreement was near . 1 January 2008 -- New rules of navigation passed by the Suez Canal Authority come into force . 6 August 2015 -- The new canal extensions are opened . Leadership ( edit ) Ferdinand de Lesseps , developer of the Suez Canal Presidents of the Suez Canal Company ( 1858 -- 1956 ) : Ferdinand de Lesseps ( 15 December 1858 -- 7 December 1894 ) Jules Guichard ( 17 December 1892 -- 17 July 1896 ) ( acting for de Lesseps to 7 December 1894 ) Auguste - Louis - Albéric , prince d'Arenberg ( 3 August 1896 -- 1913 ) Charles Jonnart ( 19 May 1913 -- 1927 ) Louis de Vogüé ( 4 April 1927 -- 1 March 1948 ) François Charles - Roux ( 4 April 1948 -- 26 July 1956 ) Chairmen of the Suez Canal Authority ( 1956 -- present ) : Doctor Mohamed Helmy Bahgat Badawy ( 26 July 1956 -- 9 July 1957 ) Engineer Mahmoud Younis ( 10 July 1957 -- 10 October 1965 ) Engineer Mashhour Ahmed Mashhour ( 14 October 1965 -- 31 December 1983 ) Engineer Mohamed Ezzat Adel ( 1 January 1984 -- December 1995 ) Admiral Ahmed Ali Fadel ( 22 January 1996 -- Aug 2012 ) Admiral Mohab Mamish ( 2012 -- present ) Layout and Operation ( edit ) When built , the canal was 164 km ( 102 mi ) long and 8 m ( 26 ft ) deep .",
"17": "After several enlargements , it is 193.30 km ( 120.11 mi ) long , 24 m ( 79 ft ) deep and 205 metres ( 673 ft ) wide . It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km ( 14 mi ) , the canal itself of 162.25 km ( 100.82 mi ) and the southern access channel of 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) . The so - called New Suez Canal , functional since 6 August 2015 , currently has a new parallel canal in the middle part , with its length over 35 km ( 22 mi ) . The current parameters of the Suez Canal , including both individual canals of the parallel section are : depth 23 to 24 metres ( 75 to 79 ft ) and width at least 205 to 225 metres ( 673 to 738 ft ) ( that width measured at 11 metres ( 36 ft ) of depth ) .",
"18": "( hide ) Suez Canal Legend km Mediterranean Sea Approaches ( Southward convoy waiting area ) 0.0 ( show ) Port Said lighthouse , fishing harbour , cruise terminal Port Said ( city ) , former headquarters Port Said harbour , Port Fuad ( city ) , East Port , SCCT container terminal E-class turning dock Shohada 25 January Bridge 51.5 Ballah ( former by - pass ) 59.9 Eastern lane : second shipping lane , New Suez Canal El Ferdan Railway Bridge 76.5 Ismaïlia , SCA headquarters Lake Timsah 95.0 Deversoir Great Bitter Lake Small Bitter Lake Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel overhead powerline 162 ( show ) Suez , Suez Port Petroleum Dock , Port Tewfik Gulf of Suez ( Northward convoy waiting area ) Red Sea Legend : Navigable canal Anchorage Dock , industrial or logistical area Village or town , feature Railroad ( defunct ) with swing bridge Capacity ( edit ) Ships moored at El Ballah during transit See also : Suezmax The canal allows passage of ships up to 20 m ( 66 ft ) draft or 240,000 deadweight tons and up to a height of 68 m ( 223 ft ) above water level and a maximum beam of 77.5 m ( 254 ft ) under certain conditions . The canal can handle more traffic and larger ships than the Panama Canal , as Suezmax dimensions are greater than both Panamax and New Panamax . Some supertankers are too large to traverse the canal . Others can offload part of their cargo onto a canal - owned boat to reduce their draft , transit , and reload at the other end of the canal . Navigation ( edit ) The canal has no locks because of the flat terrain , and the minor sea level difference between each end is inconsequential for shipping . As the canal has no sea surge gates , the ports at the ends would be subject to the sudden impact of tsunamis from the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea , according to a 2012 article in the Journal of Coastal Research .",
"19": "There is one shipping lane with passing areas in Ballah - Bypass near El Qantara and in the Great Bitter Lake . On a typical day , three convoys transit the canal , two southbound and one northbound . The passage takes between 11 and 16 hours at a speed of around 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9 mph ) . The low speed helps prevent erosion of the banks by ships ' wakes . By 1955 , about two - thirds of Europe 's oil passed through the canal . Around 8 % of world sea trade is carried via the canal . In 2008 , 21,415 vessels passed through the canal and the receipts totaled $5.381 billion , with an average cost per ship of $251,000 . New Rules of Navigation came into force on 1 January 2008 , passed by the board of directors of the Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) to organise vessels ' transit . The most important amendments include allowing vessels with 62 - foot ( 19 m ) draught to pass , increasing the allowed breadth from 32 metres ( 105 ft ) to 40 metres ( 130 ft ) ( following improvement operations ) , and imposing a fine on vessels using divers from outside the SCA inside the canal boundaries without permission . The amendments allow vessels loaded with dangerous cargo ( such as radioactive or flammable materials ) to pass if they conform with the latest amendments provided by international conventions . The SCA has the right to determine the number of tugs required to assist warships traversing the canal , to achieve the highest degree of safety during transit . Operation ( edit ) As of July 2015 , the canal was too narrow for free two - way traffic , so ships pass in convoys and they use bypasses . The by - passes are 78 km ( 48 mi ) out of 193 km ( 120 mi ) ( 40 % ) . From north to south , they are : Port Said by - pass ( entrances ) 36.5 km ( 23 mi ) , Ballah by - pass & anchorage , 9 km ( 6 mi ) , Timsah by - pass 5 km ( 3 mi ) , and the Deversoir by - pass ( northern end of the Great Bitter Lake ) 27.5 km ( 17 mi ) .",
"20": "The bypasses were completed in 1980 . Typically , it takes a ship 12 to 16 hours to transit the canal . The canal 's 24 - hour capacity is about 76 standard ships . In August 2014 , Egypt chose a consortium that includes the Egyptian army and global engineering firm Dar Al - Handasah to develop an international industrial and logistics hub in the Suez Canal area , and began the construction of a new canal section from km 60 to km 95 combined with expansion and deep digging of the other 37 km of the canal . This will allow navigation in both directions simultaneously in the 72 km long central section of the canal . These extensions were formally opened on 6 August 2015 by President Al - Sisi . Convoy sailing ( edit ) October 2014 : the northbound convoy is waiting in the Great Bitter Lake , the southbound convoy pass The canal in 2015 Since the canal does not cater to unregulated two - way traffic , all ships transit in convoys on regular times , scheduled on a 24 - hour basis . Each day , a single northbound convoy starts at 04 : 00 from Suez . At dulka lane sections , the convoy uses the eastern route . Synchronised with this convoy 's passage is the southbound convoy . It starts at 03 : 30 from Port Said and so passes the Northbound convoy in the two - lane section . Canal crossings ( edit ) Post-deepening , a capesize bulk carrier approaches the Friendship Bridge From north to south , the crossings are : The Suez Canal Bridge ( 30 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 32 ° 19 ′ 03 '' E / 30.828248 ° N 32.317572 ° E / 30.828248 ; 32.317572 ( Suez Canal Bridge ) ) , also called the Egyptian - Japanese Friendship Bridge , a high - level road bridge at El Qantara . In Arabic , al qantara means `` arch '' . Opened in 2001 , it has a 70 - metre ( 230 ft ) clearance over the canal and was built with assistance from the Japanese government and by Kajima .",
"21": "El Ferdan Railway Bridge ( 30 ° 39 ′ 25 '' N 32 ° 20 ′ 02 '' E / 30.657 ° N 32.334 ° E / 30.657 ; 32.334 ( El Ferdan Railway Bridge ) ) 20 km ( 12 mi ) north of Ismailia ( 30 ° 35 ′ N 32 ° 16 ′ E / 30.583 ° N 32.267 ° E / 30.583 ; 32.267 ( Ismailia ) ) was completed in 2001 and is the longest swing - span bridge in the world , with a span of 340 m ( 1100 ft ) . The previous bridge was destroyed in 1967 during the Arab - Israeli conflict . Pipelines taking fresh water under the canal to Sinai , about 57 km ( 35 mi ) north of Suez , at 30 ° 27.3 ′ N 32 ° 21.0 ′ E / 30.4550 ° N 32.3500 ° E / 30.4550 ; 32.3500 ( Fresh - water pipelines ) . Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel ( 30 ° 5 ′ 9 '' N 32 ° 34 ′ 32 '' E / 30.08583 ° N 32.57556 ° E / 30.08583 ; 32.57556 ( Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel ) ) south of the Great Bitter Lake ( 30 ° 20 ′ N 32 ° 23 ′ E / 30.333 ° N 32.383 ° E / 30.333 ; 32.383 ( Great Bitter Lake ) ) was built in 1983 . Because of leakage problems , a new water - tight tunnel was built inside the old one from 1992 to 1995 . The Suez Canal overhead powerline crossing ( 29 ° 59 ′ 46 '' N 32 ° 34 ′ 59 '' E / 29.996 ° N 32.583 ° E / 29.996 ; 32.583 ( Suez Canal overhead powerline crossing ) ) was built in 1999 .",
"22": "A railway on the west bank runs parallel to the canal for its entire length . Six new tunnels for cars and trains are also planned across the canal . Currently the Ahmed Hamdi is the only tunnel connecting Suez to the Sinai . Alternative routes ( edit ) Cape Agulhas ( edit ) A graphical comparison between the Northern Sea Route ( blue ) and an alternative route through Suez Canal ( red ) The main alternative is around Cape Agulhas , the southernmost point of Africa , commonly referred as the Cape of Good Hope route . This was the only sea route before the canal was constructed , and when the canal was closed . It is still the only route for ships that are too large for the canal . In the early 21st century , the Suez Canal has suffered from diminished traffic due to piracy in Somalia , with many shipping companies choosing to take the long route instead . Between 2008 and 2010 , it is estimated that the canal lost 10 % of traffic due to the threat of piracy , and another 10 % due to the financial crisis . An oil tanker going from Saudi Arabia to the United States has 2,700 mi ( 4,345 km ) longer to go when taking the route south of Africa rather than the canal . Before the canal 's opening in 1869 , goods were sometimes offloaded from ships and carried overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea . Northern Sea route ( edit ) In recent years , the shrinking Arctic sea ice has made the Northern Sea Route feasible for commercial cargo ships between Europe and East Asia during a six - to - eight - week window in the summer months , shortening the voyage by thousands of miles compared to that through the Suez Canal . According to polar climate researchers , as the extent of the Arctic summer ice pack recedes the route will become passable without the help of icebreakers for a greater period each summer . The Bremen - based Beluga Group claimed in 2009 to be the first Western company to attempt using the Northern Sea Route without assistance from icebreakers , cutting 4000 nautical miles off the journey between Ulsan , Korea and Rotterdam , the Netherlands . Negev desert railroad ( edit ) Israel has declared that it will construct a railroad through the Negev desert to compete with the canal , with construction partly financed by China .",
"23": "Environmental impact ( edit ) Main article : Lessepsian migration The opening of the canal created the first salt - water passage between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea . Although the Red Sea is about 1.2 m ( 4 ft ) higher than the eastern Mediterranean , the current between the Mediterranean and the middle of the canal at the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer . The current south of the Bitter Lakes is tidal , varying with the tide at Suez . The Bitter Lakes , which were hypersaline natural lakes , blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades , but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea the barrier to migration was removed , and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the eastern Mediterranean . The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient - poor than the Atlantic , so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the less salty and nutrient - rich eastern Mediterranean . Accordingly , most Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota , and only few do the opposite . This migratory phenomenon is called Lessepsian migration ( after Ferdinand de Lesseps ) or `` Erythrean invasion '' . Also impacting the eastern Mediterranean , starting in 1968 , was the operation of Aswan High Dam across the Nile . While providing for increased human development , the project reduced the inflow of freshwater and ended all natural nutrient - rich silt entering the eastern Mediterranean at the Nile Delta . This provided less natural dilution of Mediterranean salinity and ended the higher levels of natural turbidity , additionally making conditions more like those in the Red Sea . Invasive species originated from the Red Sea and introduced into the Mediterranean by the canal have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the ecology , endangering many local and endemic species . About 300 species from the Red Sea have been identified in the Mediterranean , and there are probably others yet unidentified . The Egyptian government 's intent to enlarge the canal has raised concerns from marine biologists , fearing that this will worsen the invasion of Red Sea species .",
"24": "Construction of the canal was preceded by cutting a small fresh - water canal called Sweet Water Canal from the Nile delta along Wadi Tumilat to the future canal , with a southern branch to Suez and a northern branch to Port Said . Completed in 1863 , these brought fresh water to a previously arid area , initially for canal construction , and subsequently facilitating growth of agriculture and settlements along the canal . See also ( edit ) Egypt portal Transport portal Kanal İstanbul New Imperialism New Suez Canal Panama Canal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Yearly Number & Net Tone by Ship Type , Direction & Ship Status '' . Suez Canal . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved Apr 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Suez Canal Authority ^ Jump up to : The Red Sea Pilot . Imray Laurie Norie & Wilson . 1995 . p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Official Web Site of the Suez Canal Authority '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Constantinople Convention of the Suez Canal of 2 March 1888 still in force and specifically maintained in Nasser 's Nationalization Act . ^ Jump up to : `` New Suez Canal project proposed by Egypt to boost trade '' . Cairo News.Net . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadros , Sherine ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` Egypt Opens New £ 6bn Suez Canal '' . Sky News . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt opens East Port Said side channel for navigation - Xinhua '' . News.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica , 11th edition , s.v. `` Suez Canal '' . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Rappoport , S. ( Doctor of Philosophy , Basel ) .",
"25": "History of Egypt ( undated , early 20th century ) , Volume 12 , Part B , Chapter V : `` The Waterways of Egypt '' , pages 248 -- 257 . London : The Grolier Society . ^ Jump up to : Hassan , F.A. & Tassie , G.J. Site location and history ( 2003 ) . Kafr Hassan Dawood On - Line , Egyptian Cultural Heritage Organization . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Please refer to Sesostris # Modern research . Jump up ^ J.H. Breasted attributes the ancient canal 's early construction to Senusret III , up through the first cataract . Please refer to J.H. Breasted , Ancient Records of Egypt , Part One , Chicago 1906 , § § 642 -- 648 Jump up ^ Fisher , William B. ; Smith , Charles Gordon . `` Suez Canal '' . www.britannica.com . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition , s.v. `` Suez Canal '' Archived 14 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 14 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Naville , Édouard . `` Map of the Wadi Tumilat '' ( plate image ) , in The Store - City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus ( 1885 ) . London : Trubner and Company . Jump up ^ `` Meteorology ( 1.15 ) '' . Ebooks.adelaide.edu.au. 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ The Elder Pliny and John Healey Natural History ( 6.33. 165 ) Penguin Classics ; Reprint edition ( 5 February 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044413 - 1 p. 70 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Carte hydrographique de l'Basse Egypte et d'une partie de l'Isthme de Suez ( 1855 , 1882 ) . Volume 87 , page 803 . Paris . See ( 2 ) .",
"26": "^ Jump up to : Shea , William H. `` A Date for the Recently Discovered Eastern Canal of Egypt '' , in Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research ' , ' No. 226 ( April 1977 ) , pp. 31 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Sanford ( 1938 ) , p. 72 ; Garrison ( 1999 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Hess , Richard S. Rev. of Israel in Egypt : The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition , by James K. Hoffmeier . The Denver Journal 1 ( 1 January 1998 ) . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Fekri A. Kafr Hassan Dawood On - line , 17 August 2003 . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Martínez Babon , Javier . `` Consideraciones sobre la Marinay la Guerra durante el Egipto Faraónico '' Archived 1 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Descriptions de l'Égypte , Volume 11 ( État Moderne ) , containing Mémoire sur la communication de la mer des Indes à la Méditerranée par la mer Rouge et l'Isthme de Sueys , par M.J.M. Le Père , ingénieur en chef , inspecteur divisionnaire au corps impérial des ponts et chaussées , membre de l'Institut d'Égypte , pp. 21 -- 186 Jump up ^ Their reports were published in Description de l'Égypte Jump up ^ Montet , Pierre . Everyday Life in the Days of Ramesses The Great ( 1981 ) , page 184 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . Jump up ^ Silver , Morris . Ancient Economies II ( 6 April 1998 ) , `` 5c . Evidence for Earlier Canals . '' ANCIENT ECONOMIES II . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Economics Department , City College of New York . Jump up ^ Herodotus ii. 158 . Jump up ^ `` The figure ' 120,000 ' is doubtless exaggerated .",
"27": "Mehemet Ali lost only 10,000 in making the Mahmûdieh Canal ( from the Nile to Alexandria ) . '' remarked W.W. How and J. Wells , A Commentary on Herodotus . Jump up ^ According to Herodotus , work on the project was `` stayed by a prophetic utterance that he ( Necho ) was toiling beforehand for the barbarian . The Egyptians call all men of other languages barbarians . '' ( Herodotus , eo . loc ... ) Jump up ^ Cambyses II ( king of Persia ) - Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : Apparently , Ptolemy considered the Great Bitter Lake as a northern extension of the Red Sea , whereas Darius had not , because Arsinoe is located north of Shaluf . ( See Naville , `` Map of the Wadi Tumilat '' , referenced above . ) Jump up ^ Please refer to Darius the Great 's Suez Inscriptions . Jump up ^ Jona Lendering . `` Darius ' Suez Inscriptions '' . Livius.org . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Pithom Stele - translation of inscription Jump up ^ R.E. Gmirkin , `` Berossus and Genesis , Manetho and Exodus : Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch '' , p. 236 Jump up ^ Petermann , A. Karte Der Bai Von Súes ( 1856 ) . Nach der Engl . Aufnahme v. Comm . Mansell . Jump up ^ Tuchman , Barbara Bible and Sword : How the British came to Palestine MacMillan , London ( 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 333 - 33414 - 0 Jump up ^ Starthern , P ( 2013 ) `` The Venetians '' p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Hall , Linda . The Search for the Ancient Suez Canal . Kansas City , Missouri . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Please refer to Description de l'Égypte .",
"28": "Jump up ^ Descriptions de l'Égypte , Volume 11 ( État Moderne ) , containing Mémoire sur la communication de la mer des Indes à la Méditerranée par la mer Rouge et l'Isthme de Sueys , par M.J.M. Le Père , ingénieur en chef , inspecteur divisionnaire au corps impérial des ponts et chaussées , membre de l'Institut d'Égypte , pp. 21 -- 186 Jump up ^ Wilson , The Suez Canal Jump up ^ `` ( untitled ) '' . The Hobart Town Gazette. 26 February 1820 . p. 2 , col. 1 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Percement de l'isthme de Suez . Rapport et Projet de la Commission Internationale . Documents Publiés par M. Ferdinand de Lesseps . Troisième série . Paris aux bureaux de l'Isthme de Suez , Journal de l'Union des deux Mers , et chez Henri Plon , Éditeur , 1856 . On Google Books ( french ) Jump up ^ Arnold . T. Wilson , The Suez Canal Jump up ^ `` Le canal de Suez -- ARTE '' . Arte.tv. 13 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Oster ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ There is differing information on the exact amounts Jump up ^ ( reported by German historian Uwe A. Oster ) Archived 19 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Suez Canal '' . Russojapanesewar.com . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Haddad , Emily A. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Digging to India : Modernity , Imperialism , and the Suez Canal '' . Victorian Studies . Indiana University Press . 47 ( 3 ) : 363 . JSTOR 3830220 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` The People : Captain Nares '' .",
"29": "HMS Challenger . University of California , San Diego . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Glasgow Herald , 17th November 1903 Jump up ^ History of the Anchor Line 1852 - 1911 . 1911 . Glasgow , UK : John Horn , for Anchor Line . Jump up ^ Protocol of the Commission ( in french ) Jump up ^ The economic development of the American nation , p. 356 , Reginald Charles McGrane , Ginn & Co. , Boston 1950 . Jump up ^ Stephen J. Lee , Gladstone and Disraeli . Routledge , 107 Jump up ^ First World War -- Willmott , H.P. Dorling Kindersley , 2003 , Page 87 Jump up ^ `` The Suez Canal formally opened to ships '' . stratscope.com . StratScope . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/26/newsid_2701000/2701603.stm Jump up ^ The Other Side of Suez ( documentary ) -- 2003 Jump up ^ Elie Podeh ; Onn Winckler ( 1 December 2004 ) . Rethinking Nasserism : Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt . University Press of Florida . pp. 105 , 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3137 - 8 . the prominent historian and commentator Abd al - Azim Ramadan , In a series of articles published in AlWafd , subsequently compiled in a hook published in 2000 , Ramadan criticized the Nasser cult , ... The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser 's rule , Ramadan wrote , showed Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader ... His decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone , made without political or military consultation ... The source of all this evil .",
"30": "Ramadan noted , was Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making ... the revolutionary regime led by the same individual -- Nasser -- repeated its mistakes when it decided to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 . Both decisions led to a state of war with Israel , despite the lack of military preparedness Jump up ^ http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060020618 Jump up ^ http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060020621 Jump up ^ http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060020626 Jump up ^ http://www.history.navy.mil/nan/backissues/1970s/1974/sep74.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Stars and Stripes '' . 1975 - 06 - 07 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Multinational Force and Observers ) Jump up ^ Lakshmi , Aiswarya ( 17 July 2015 ) . `` Egypt Completes New Waterway in Suez Canal '' . MarineLink . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt completes dredging for new waterway in Suez Canal '' . Al - Ahram. 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Knecht , Eric ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` Egypt 's Sisi launches nationalist New Suez Canal celebration '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canal Characteristics '' . Suez Canal Authority . 2010 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Characteristics of the canal '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Navigation Circular `` The New Suez Canal '' No 5 / 2015 `` . Suez Canal Authority . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` '' Attached Charts '' to Navigation Circular `` The New Suez Canal '' No 5 / 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Suez Canal Authority . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 .",
"31": "Jump up ^ `` New Suez Canal '' . Government of Egypt ( Suez Canal Authority ) . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Suez Canal Authority http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg Jump up ^ `` Canal Characteristics '' . Suez Canal Authority . 2010 . Retrieved 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Finkl , Charles W. ; Pelinovsky , Efim ; Cathcart , Richard B. ( 2012 ) . `` A Review of Potential Tsunami Impacts to the Suez Canal '' . Journal of Coastal Research . 283 : 745 -- 759 . ISSN 0749 - 0208 . doi : 10.2112 / JCOASTRES - D - 12A - 00002.1 . Jump up ^ SC News Jump up ^ `` Traffic system '' . Egyptian Maritime Data Bank ( EMDB ) . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN0G30HY20140803 Jump up ^ http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/sc.aspx?show=69 Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/05/egypt-build-new-suez-canal Jump up ^ `` Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion '' . BBC News . 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Traffic system Jump up ^ Navigation Circular 5 / 2015 Jump up ^ `` Navigation , Convoy System '' . Suez Canal Authority . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kajima History '' . Kajima . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Salt - Corroded Tunnel Undergoes Major Renovation '' . Kajima.co.jp . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Six tunnels under Suez Canal '' . Tunnelbuilder. 1 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ Liam Stack , Arab countries meet to tackle Somali pirate threat -- The Christian Science Monitor ( November 21 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Louis Wasser , Somali piracy costs Suez Canal business , San Francisco Chronicle ( April 29 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Bowden , Anna et al . The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy page 13 . One Earth Future , December 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Overland Mail by Thomas Fletcher Waghorn , Railway Alexandria -- Cairo -- Suez built by Robert Stephenson Jump up ^ `` The Final Frontier : The Northern Sea Route '' . Jump up ^ `` Bye pirates , hello Northeast Passage '' . AsianCorrespondent.com. 3 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Melting ice cap opens up Northeast Passage to British ships '' . Daily Mail . 12 September 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` German vessels ready for the Northern Sea Route '' . BarentsObserver.com. 5 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( In Estonian ) Israel builds a railroad between the Mediterranean and the Red sea '' . E24.ee. 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Madl , Pierre ( 1999 ) . Essay about the phenomenon of Lessepsian Migration , Colloquial Meeting of Marine Biology I , Salzburg , April 1999 ( revised in Nov. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Galil and Zenetos ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Britannica ( 2007 ) References ( edit ) Britannica ( 2007 ) `` Suez Canal '' , in : The new Encyclopædia Britannica , 15th ed. , 28 , Chicago , Ill . ; London : Encyclopædia Britannica , ISBN 1 - 59339 - 292 - 3 Galil , B.S. and Zenetos , A. ( 2002 ) .",
"33": "`` A sea change : exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea '' , in : Leppäkoski , E. , Gollasch , S. and Olenin , S. ( eds ) , Invasive aquatic species of Europe : distribution , impacts , and management , Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic , ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0837 - 6 , p. 325 -- 336 Garrison , Ervan G. ( 1999 ) A history of engineering and technology : artful methods , 2nd ed. , Boca Raton , Fla . ; London : CRC Press , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 9810 - X Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) Parting the Desert : The Creation of the Suez Canal , Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 40883 - 0 Oster , Uwe ( 2006 ) Le fabuleux destin des inventions : le canal de Suez , TV documentary produced by ZDF and directed by Axel Engstfeld ( Germany ) Rathbone , William ( 1882 ) . Great Britain and the Suez Canal . London : Chapman and Hall , Limited . Sanford , Eva Matthews ( 1938 ) The Mediterranean world in ancient times , Ronald series in history , New York : The Ronald Press Company , 618 p . Pudney , John . Suez ; De Lesseps ' Canal . New York : Praeger , 1969 . Print . Thomas , Hugh . Suez . ( 1st U.S ed . ) . New York : Harper & Row , 1967 . Print . Arrow , Sir Frederick . `` A fortnight in Egypt at the opening of the Suez Canal '' , London : Smith and Ebbs , 1869 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suez Canal . Suez Canal Authority Darius the Great 's Suez Inscriptions Encyclopedia of the Orient : Suez Canal Entrance of the Suez Canal -- 1882 Suez Canal Container Terminal at Port Said Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library 3min video of sailing the 163km on YouTube ,",
"34": "including the new section American Society of Civil Engineers - Suez Canal Suez Canal Authorities Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) Port Said Port Authority Suez Governorate Ismailia Governorate Port Said Governorate Cities and ports Port Said Port Fuad Suez Canal Container Terminal Ismailia Suez Suez Port Infrastructure Waterworks Suezmax Lake Manzala Lake Timsah Great Bitter Lake Sweet Water Canal Constructions Port Said Lighthouse Suez Canal Bridge El Ferdan Railway Bridge Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel Power line crossing Canal expansion ( 2015 ) Area Development Project New Suez Canal Marine life Lessepsian migration List History Heroopolite Gulf Canal of the Pharaohs Société d'études du Canal de Suez ( 1846 ) French / UK operation Ferdinand de Lesseps Isma'il Pasha Suez Canal Company Convention of Constantinople Raid on the Suez Canal Anglo - Egyptian treaty of 1936 Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Operation Musketeer Operation Tarnegol Operation Telescope Protocol of Sèvres United Nations Security Council Resolution 118 United Nations Security Council Resolution 119 VIAF : 139560417 ISNI : 0000 0004 0644 1253 GND : 4058518 - 9 SELIBR : 163296 BNF : cb119333319 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90591893 BNE : XX451056 Coordinates : 30 ° 42 ′ 18 '' N 32 ° 20 ′ 39 '' E / 30.70500 ° N 32.34417 ° E / 30.70500 ; 32.34417 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suez_Canal&oldid=806621421 '' Categories : Suez Canal Canals in Egypt Ship canals 1860s in Egypt Canals opened in 1869 Cuts ( earthmoving ) Macro-engineering Economy of Egypt Egypt -- United Kingdom relations Geography of",
"35": "Egypt Red Sea 1869 establishments in Egypt NM Rothschild & Sons Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from August 2013 Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg",
"36": "Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча",
"37": "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 04 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
6,
18,
3,
24,
22,
7,
4,
33,
25,
8,
21,
17,
34,
23,
2,
27,
20,
5,
28,
14,
15,
19,
11,
16,
26,
35,
1,
13,
32,
30,
31,
12,
10,
29,
9,
37,
36
] |
[
0,
6,
18,
3,
24
] |
-8414743472622277959
|
who controls the consolidated fund of the state
|
[
"The comptroller (who is also auditor general and head of the National Audit Office)",
"The comptroller (who is also auditor general and head of the National Audit Office)"
] |
{
"0": "Consolidated Fund - wikipedia Consolidated Fund Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Consolidated fund '' or `` consolidated revenue fund '' is a term used in many countries with political systems derived from the Westminster system to describe the main bank account of the government . General taxation is taxation paid into the consolidated fund for general spending , as opposed to hypothecated taxes earmarked for specific purposes . Contents ( hide ) 1 The British Consolidated Fund 1.1 Establishment 1.2 Earlier funds 1.3 Ireland 's consolidated fund 1.4 Payments into the fund 1.5 Payments out of the fund 1.5. 1 Appropriation Acts and Consolidated Fund Acts 1.5. 2 Standing services 1.6 Other modern funds 1.7 Control of the fund 1.7. 1 Comptroller 1.7. 2 Principal accountants 1.8 Devolved government 1.8. 1 Scotland 1.8. 2 Wales 1.8. 3 Northern Ireland 2 Australia 2.1 Commonwealth ( Federal ) Government 2.1. 1 Payments into the Consolidated Revenue Fund 2.1. 2 Payments out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund 2.2 New South Wales 3 India 4 See also 5 External links 6 References The British Consolidated Fund ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) The British Consolidated Fund was so named as it consolidated together a number of existing accounts , detailed below , and facilitated proper parliamentary oversight of the spending of the executive ; it was defined as `` one fund into which shall flow every stream of public revenue and from which shall come the supply of every service '' . The Treasury established this account , formerly known as The Account of Her Majesty 's Exchequer , at the Bank of England where it remains to this day , and the legal term `` Consolidated Fund '' refers to the amount of credit held in this particular account .",
"1": "Under the Exchequer and Audit Departments Act 1866 most of the revenue from taxation , and all other money payable to the Exchequer , must be paid into the Consolidated Fund . Earlier funds ( edit ) The General Fund was established in 1617 , the Aggregate Fund in 1715 , the South Sea Fund in 1717 . These funds were established in relation to specific government borrowing authorised by Parliament , which had a defined type of revenue appropriated to put towards the interest and repayment . That particular revenue would be paid into the fund related to the loan . For example , the South Sea Fund was related to the debts of the South Sea Company . The Aggregate Fund was paid all the hereditary revenues of the English ( and later British ) Crown , such as profits from the Crown Estate and the Royal Mail . The hereditary revenues of Scotland were paid into the Consolidated Fund from 1788 onwards . From 1716 onwards the surplus of the first three funds , after the interest and principal payments , flowed into a fourth fund , the sinking fund . This was intended to be applied to the repayment of the national debt but was instead mainly used for day - to - day necessities . It was eventually placed into the hands of the National Debt Commissioners , and was abandoned in the 1820s . In 1752 , before the Consolidated Fund was formed , the debts owed to the three existing funds had themselves been consolidated , and became irredeemable ( the principal would only be repaid if the government chose to do so ) . They , therefore , became annuities , paying an annual rate of interest of 3 % , and known as consolidated annuities , or consols . Ireland 's Consolidated Fund ( edit ) The Consolidated Fund Services of Great Britain and Ireland were merged by the Consolidated Fund Act 1816 into the single Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom that exists to this day . Payments into the Fund ( edit ) All tax revenue is paid into the fund unless Parliament has specifically provided otherwise by law . Any money received by the government which is not taxation , and is not to be retained by the receiving department ( for example , fines ) , is classed as a Consolidated Fund extra receipt ( CFER ) . These are to be paid into the Consolidated Fund as soon as they are received .",
"2": "Payments out of the Fund ( edit ) Appropriation Acts and Consolidated Fund Acts ( edit ) Parliament gives statutory authority for the government to draw funds from the Consolidated Fund by Acts of Parliament known as Appropriation Acts and Consolidated Fund Acts . Funds are made available under the Acts only for a specified financial year , a concept known as annuality , although an individual Act can cover more than one financial year , listing separate amounts for each . Often a two - year period is covered by a Consolidated Fund Act , and roughly two or three are passed in each parliamentary year . A Consolidated Fund ( Appropriation ) Bill is brought in and passed at the end of the parliamentary year before the Summer recess . When passed , this is known as the Appropriation Act , and allocates the monies from the Consolidated Fund to the purposes set out in the main annual departmental expenditure estimates ( the annual government department budgets , known as Estimates ) . In the interim period between the start of the financial year and the passing of the Appropriation Act , a process known as Votes on Account is used to grant to departments up to 45 % of the amounts they were allocated in the preceding financial year . These Votes on Account , and any necessary changes to departmental budgets ( Supplementary Estimates ) are passed as Consolidated Fund Acts , normally twice each year in November and February . Additional funds may be requested at any time , and will either require an additional Consolidated Fund Act , or will be included within other legislation . The preamble of these supply acts is different from that of most other Acts of Parliament .",
"3": "It currently reads : Whereas the Commons of the United Kingdom in Parliament assembled have resolved to authorise the use of resources and the issue of sums out of the Consolidated Fund towards making good the supply which they have granted to Her Majesty in this Session of Parliament : -- Until a few years ago , an older form of wording was used : Most Gracious Sovereign , We , Your Majesty 's most dutiful and loyal subjects , the Commons of the United Kingdom in Parliament assembled , towards making good the supply which we have cheerfully granted to Your Majesty in this Session of Parliament , have resolved to grant unto Your Majesty the sums hereinafter mentioned ; and do therefore most humbly beseech Your Majesty that it may be enacted and be it enacted by the Queen 's most Excellent Majesty , by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal , and Commons , in this present Parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same , as follows : -- This follows the constitutional principle that the Crown ( government ) demands money , the House of Commons grants it , and the House of Lords assents to the grant . Since the Glorious Revolution of 1688 only once , in 1784 , has the Commons refused to grant access to funds . If money paid from the Consolidated Fund is not spent by the end of the financial year , it must be repaid to the fund . Grant - in - aid payments are however excluded from this rule . Standing Services ( edit ) Certain expenditure is by law charged directly to the Consolidated Fund and is not subject to Parliament 's annual budget process , ensuring a degree of independence of the government . Services funded in this way are known as Consolidated Fund Services and include judges ' salaries , payments to the European Union , the Civil List payments , the salary of the Comptroller and Auditor General , and the expenses paid to returning officers at elections . In the case of the judges , this is to ensure the judicial independence introduced by the Act of Settlement 1701 . Other modern funds ( edit ) The National Loans Fund is the government 's main borrowing and lending account . It is closely linked to the Consolidated Fund , which maintains a daily balance of zero by means of a transfer to or from the National Loans Fund .",
"4": "The Exchange Equalisation Account is the government fund holding the UK 's reserves of foreign currencies , gold , and special drawing rights . It can be used to manage the value of the pound sterling on international markets . The National Insurance Fund is an account which holds the contributions of the National Insurance Scheme . The Contingencies Fund is an account which may be used for urgent expenditure in anticipation that the money will be approved by Parliament , or for small payments that were not included in the year 's budget estimates . Control of the Fund ( edit ) Comptroller ( edit ) The comptroller ( who is also auditor general and head of the National Audit Office ) controls both the Consolidated Fund and the National Loans Fund . The full official title of the role is Comptroller General of the Receipt and Issue of Her Majesty 's Exchequer . The Comptroller must authorise each requisition request received by the Bank of England from the Treasury , to assure that the request is compliant with the amounts and purposes authorised by Parliament in statute . If funds are mistakenly paid into the Consolidated Fund then both the Comptroller and the Treasury must agree to its return . Principal accountants ( edit ) Payments can only be made from the Consolidated Fund to one of the principal accountants defined by law . These are the Paymaster - General , the Commissioners of Revenue and Customs , the National Debt Commissioners , and the Chief Cashier at the Bank of England . Devolved government ( edit ) Each of the devolved government consolidated funds is held in the name of the Paymaster General at the Bank of England . Scotland ( edit ) The Westminster Parliament provides a sum of money annually to provide a budget for the Scottish Government and fund the operation of the Scottish Parliament and the salaries for judges of Scottish courts . This money is transferred from the UK Consolidated Fund into an account known as the Scottish Consolidated Fund . If the income tax varying powers of the Scottish Parliament were to be used ( the rate can be changed by plus or minus three percent ) , the additional revenue raised would be paid by the HM Revenue and Customs directly to the Scottish Consolidated Fund . If the tax is reduced , then the amount paid from the UK Consolidated Fund in that year would be correspondingly reduced . Wales ( edit ) There is also a Welsh Consolidated Fund to provide a budget for the Welsh National Assembly .",
"5": "In addition to the budget provided to the Welsh Government , the expenditures of the Welsh National Assembly , the Auditor General for Wales , and the Public Services Ombudsman for Wales are also paid directly from the Welsh Consolidated Fund . Payments are normally made from the fund following the passing in the Assembly of a budget motion or supplementary budget motion , proposed by the Welsh ministers . There are limited exceptions for emergency situations , a failure of the Assembly to pass a budget ; in addition some payments are automatically authorised by law , such as the salaries of National Assembly officials . The Auditor General has to authorise all payments out of the Welsh Consolidated Fund to the Welsh ministers , having checked that the expenditure has been approved by the National Assembly . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The Northern Ireland Consolidated Fund has existed since 1921 . Australia ( edit ) The use of consolidated funds in Australian government dates back to colonial times . Today the Australian federal and state governments all maintain their own consolidated funds , with authorisation for payments required from the relevant parliament . Commonwealth ( federal ) government ( edit ) The Australian Government 's Consolidated fund is known as the Consolidated Revenue Fund ( CRF ) . Payments into the Consolidated revenue Fund ( edit ) Section 81 of the Constitution of Australia provides that : All revenues or moneys raised or received by the Executive Government of the Commonwealth shall form one Consolidated Revenue Fund ( CRF ) , to be appropriated for the purposes of the Commonwealth in the manner and subject to the charges and liabilities imposed by this Constitution . `` Revenues or moneys raised or received '' includes for instance taxes , fines , charges , levies , borrowings , loan repayments and money held in trust . Section 81 gives no guidance as to how the revenues or monies that form the CRF are to be kept or accounted for , and in Australia , in apparent contrast to the British Consolidated Fund , there is no actual account into which the Commonwealth 's revenues are deposited . Instead , the CRF is said to be `` self ‐ executing '' -- that is , all money paid to the Commonwealth automatically forms part of the CRF , whether or not it has been credited to a fund or a bank account .",
"6": "Payments out of the Consolidated revenue Fund ( edit ) Section 83 of the Australian Constitution provides that no money shall be drawn from the Treasury of the Commonwealth except under an appropriation made by law . The `` Treasury of the Commonwealth '' in Section 83 is held to be the same thing as the `` Consolidated Revenue Fund '' referred to in section 81 , so taken together these two sections mean that there must be an appropriation for the purposes of the Commonwealth made by law before money may be drawn from the CRF . Just as all revenues and monies received form part of the CRF , all money drawn from the Treasury `` self - executes '' as drawings from the CRF . Section 83 was intended to both safeguard parliament 's control over government spending , and restrict that expenditure to purposes authorised by the constitution . Over the years the meaning of `` for the purposes of the Commonwealth '' has been broadened considerably . It has been the subject of several High Court battles , and remains in contention . New South Wales ( edit ) Sections 39 and 40 of the Constitution of New South Wales require that all revenues , loans and other monies collected by the state are to be paid into a single consolidated fund . This was originally formed as the Consolidated Revenue Fund in 1855 , and was merged with the state 's General Loan Account to be named the Consolidated Fund from 1982 . India ( edit ) The Indian government and each Indian state government maintain their own consolidated funds . Article 266 of the Constitution of India requires revenues received by the Government of India to be paid to the Consolidated Fund of India . It also requires state revenues to be paid to a respective state consolidated fund . The Comptroller and Auditor General of India audits these funds and reports to the relevant legislatures on their management . See also ( edit ) Contingencies fund Own resources External links ( edit ) Appropriation Act 2006 , an example of drawing from the Fund References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Exchequer and Audit Departments Act 1866 '' . The UK Statute Law Database . Office of Public Sector Information . Archived from the original on 5 August 2012 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Contingencies Fund Act 1974 '' . The UK Statute Law Database .",
"7": "Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Part 5 of the Government of Wales Act : Finance , National Assembly for Wales Members ' Research Service , September 2006 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Twomey , A. ( 2014 ) . Public Money : Federal - State Financial Relations and the Constitutional Limits on Spending Public Money . Constitutional Reform Unit , University of Sydney Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consolidated_Fund&oldid=803418596 '' Categories : Government of the United Kingdom 1787 establishments in Great Britain Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"8": null,
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
4,
5,
3,
7,
2,
1,
0,
6
] |
[
4,
5,
3,
7,
2,
1
] |
-1193226572927484812
|
how much square feet is a basketball court
|
[
"94 by 50 feet"
] |
{
"0": "Basketball court - wikipedia Basketball court Jump to : navigation , search `` Basketball Arena '' redirects here . For the arena in London , see Basketball Arena ( London ) . The home court of the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association In basketball , the basketball court is the playing surface , consisting of a rectangular floor with baskets at either end . In professional or organized basketball , especially when played indoors , it is usually made out of a wood , often maple , and highly polished . Outdoor surfaces are generally made from standard paving materials such as concrete or asphalt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dimensions 1.1 Diagrams 1.2 Table 2 Sections 2.1 Center circle 2.2 Three - point line 2.3 Perimeter 2.4 Low post area 2.5 Key 2.6 Other lines 2.7 FIBA changes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Dimensions ( edit ) Basketball courts come in different sizes . In the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , the court is 94 by 50 feet ( 28.7 by 15.2 m ) . Under International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) rules , the court is minutely smaller , measuring exactly 28 by 15 metres ( 91.9 by 49.2 ft ) . In amateur basketball , court sizes vary widely . The baskets are always 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) above the floor ( except possibly in youth competition ) . Basketball courts have a three - point arc at both baskets . A basket made from behind this arc is worth three points ; a basket made from within this line , or with a player 's foot touching the line , is worth 2 points . The free - throw line , where one stands while taking a foul shot , is located within the three - point arc at 15 feet from the basket . A foul shot is worth 1 point , but if a shot is made from the foul line while in play it is still worth 2 points .",
"1": "Diagrams ( edit ) Composite diagram of a basketball court with FIBA ( top half only ) , NBA ( both halves ) , and NCAA ( men 's & women 's -- bottom half only ) markings The backboard and basket Table ( edit ) Area NBA FIBA WNBA NCAA Imperial Metric Imperial Metric Imperial Metric Imperial Metric Court length 94 ft 28.65 m 91.86 ft 28 m Same as NBA Court width 50 ft 15.24 m 49.21 ft 15 m Same as NBA Rim height 10 ft 3.05 m Same as NBA Restricted arc radius 4 ft 1.22 m 4.10 ft 1.25 m Same as NBA 3 ft 0.91 m Center circle diameter 12 ft 3.66 m 11.81 ft 3.6 m Same as NBA 3 - point line distance from the basket 23.75 ft 22 ft in corner * 7.24 m 6.70 m in corner * 22.15 ft 21.65 ft in corner † 6.75 m 6.60 m in corner † Same as FIBA 20.75 ft 6.32 m Key ( shaded lane or restricted area ) width 16 ft 4.88 m 16.08 ft 4.9 m Same as NBA 12 ft 3.66 m Free - throw line distance from point on the floor directly below the backboard 15 ft 4.57 m 15.09 ft 4.6 m Same as NBA * The NBA three - point line is 3 ft ( 0.91 m ) from the sideline in a zone starting at the baseline and ending when it crosses the 23.75 ft ( 7.24 m ) arc . The 22 ft ( 6.70 m ) measurement applies only at a point where a line parallel to the baseline intersects the long axis of the court and the center of the basket .",
"2": "† The FIBA three - point line is 2.95 ft ( 0.90 m ) from the sideline in a zone starting at the baseline and ending when it crosses the 22.1 ft ( 6.75 m ) arc . The 21.65 ft ( 6.60 m ) measurement applies only at a point where a line parallel to the baseline intersects the long axis of the court and the center of the basket . Sections ( edit ) Center circle ( edit ) The only two players permitted to enter this area prior to the tipoff are the players contesting the jump ball ( usually but not always centers ) . Both players jump when the referee throws the ball in the air , each attempting to tap the ball into the hands of a player of their own team . Three - point line ( edit ) The three - point line is the line that separates the two - point area from the three - point area ; any shot converted beyond this line counts as three points . If the shooting player steps on the line , it is counted as two points . Any foul made in the act of shooting beyond the three - point line would give the player three free throws if the shot does not go in , and one if it does . The distance to the three - point line from the center of the basket varies depending on the level or league , and has changed several times . These are the current distances , with the league or level using each distance : 19.75 ft ( 6.02 m ) : High School 20.75 ft ( 6.32 m ) : NCAA 21.65 ft ( 6.60 m ) to 22.15 ft ( 6.75 m ) : WNBA and FIBA 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) to 23.75 ft ( 7.24 m ) : NBA The NBA adopted the three - point line at the start of the 1979 -- 80 season . This is of variable distance , ranging from 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) in the corners to 23.75 feet ( 7.24 m ) behind the top of the key .",
"3": "During the 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 and 1996 -- 97 seasons , the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the overall distance of the line to a uniform 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) around the basket . It was moved back to its original distance after the 1996 -- 97 season . FIBA and the NCAA both adopted the three - point line in 1985 . In most high school associations in the United States , the distance is 19.75 feet . This was formerly the distance for college basketball as well . On May 26 , 2007 , the NCAA playing rules committee agreed to move the three - point line back one foot to 20.75 feet for the men . This rule went into effect for the 2008 -- 2009 season . The three - point line for women ( NCAA ) moved back one foot to 20.75 feet at the start of the 2011 -- 2012 season . The international distance , used in most countries outside the United States and in FIBA and WNBA competition , is currently 6.6 m ( 21.65 ft ) to 6.75 m ( 22.15 ft ) . Perimeter ( edit ) The perimeter is defined as the areas outside the free throw lane and inside the three - point line . Shots converted ( successfully made ) from this area are called `` perimeter shots '' or `` medium - range shots . '' If a player 's foot is on the three - point line , the shot is considered a perimeter shot . Low post area ( edit ) The low post is defined as the areas that are closest to the basket but outside of the free throw lane . This area is fundamental to strategy in basketball . Skilled low post players can score many points per game without ever taking a jump shot . Key ( edit ) The key , free throw lane or shaded lane refers to the usually painted area beneath the basket ; for the NBA it is 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) wide , for the NCAA it is 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) wide ; for both instances it extends 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) from the backboard .",
"4": "At the top of the rectangle is the free throw line , behind which players shoot uncontested shots when they 're fouled . A circle is drawn around the free - throw line with a 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) radius ; this is used for jump ball instances , as is done at the center circle . Two 6 - inch hash lines , 3 ft from the free throw lane line and 5 ft 8 in from the free throw line , show the lower defensive box linked to the restricted area . For FIBA tournaments , since October 2010 the key has been a rectangle 4.9 m wide and 5.8 m long . Previously it was a trapezoid 3.7 meters ( 12 ft ) wide at the free - throw line and 6 meters ( 19 feet and 6.25 inches ) at the end line . The key is primarily used to prevent players from staying beneath the basket of the opponents ' team for long periods ( maximum three seconds ) . The restricted area arc is a semi-circular arc drawn around the area directly underneath the basket . With some exceptions , members of the defending team can not draw charging fouls in this area . The restricted arc in all North American rule sets above high school level ( NCAA men 's and women 's , NBA , and WNBA ) has a radius 4 feet ( 1.22 m ) from below the center of the basket . The NCAA restricted area arc was originally established for the 2011 -- 12 men 's and women 's seasons at a 3 - foot ( 0.91 m ) radius from below the center of the basket , and was extended to match the ( W ) NBA radius for the 2015 -- 16 season and beyond . Other lines ( edit ) On NBA floors , two hash marks are drawn at the end lines near the key to mark the area known as the lower defensive box . A defensive player is allowed to draw a charging foul within the restricted arc if the offensive player receives the ball and / or starts his drive within this area . Also , two lines are drawn on each of the sidelines , 28 feet from each of the endlines , which designates the extent of the coaching box and bench . This line marks the farthest extent a coach ( aside from the sidelines ) can stand .",
"5": "Directly behind this area is the team bench . On the half - court line of NBA floors two lines extend outside the playing court , designating the place where substitutes wait before they can enter the playing court ; directly behind this area are the various off - court officials such as the timekeeper and reserve referee . FIBA changes ( edit ) On April 26 , 2008 , FIBA announced several major rules changes involving the court markings . These changes took effect for major international competitions on October 1 , 2010 , after that year 's World Championships for men and women , and became mandatory for other competitions on October 1 , 2012 ( although national federations could adopt the new markings before 2012 ) . The changes were as follows . The shape of the key changed from a trapezoid to a rectangle as it is in the NBA , with NBA dimensions . The three - point line moved back to 6.75 metres ( 22 ft 1.7 in ) from 6.25 metres ( 20 ft 6.1 in ) , compared to 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) for the NBA at the top of the arc . The FIBA adopted the NBA 's restricted area arc with a marginally wider radius of 1.25 metres ( 4 ft 1.2 in ) . See also ( edit ) List of indoor arenas in the United States # Major college indoor arenas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Basketball Rules 2006 '' ( pdf ) . International Basketball Federation . 2006 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Wissel , Hal ( 1994 ) . Basketball : steps to success . United States : Human Kinetics Publishers , Inc . pp. ix . ISBN 0 - 7360 - 5500 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Basketball Court Diagram '' ( pdf ) . NCAA . 2018 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Basketball Glossary Terms , Definition , Lane violation , Low post Archived April 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine .",
"6": "Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/nba101/misunderstood_0708.html Jump up ^ `` The FIBA Central Board approves historic rule changes '' ( Press release ) . FIBA. 2008 - 04 - 26 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basketball courts . Free Basketball Court Layout Template FIBA Central Board ( 2010 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Official Basketball Rules 2010 : Basketball Equipment '' ( pdf ) . International Basketball Federation . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 15 .",
"7": "( hide ) Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"8": "php?title=Basketball_court&oldid=837594715 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Rules of basketball Sports rules and regulations Sports venues by type Playing field surfaces Basketball equipment Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Polski Русский Simple English 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 20 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"9": null,
"10": null,
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
1,
4,
5,
3,
8,
2,
7,
6
] |
[
0,
1,
4,
5,
3,
8
] |
-1602445747694951824
|
who will win 2018 election in sri lanka
|
[
"Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna, led by former president Mahinda Rajapaksa",
"Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna"
] |
{
"0": "Sri Lankan local elections , 2018 - wikipedia Sri Lankan local elections , 2018 Jump to : navigation , search Sri Lankan local elections , 2018 ← 2011 10 February 2018 2022 → 340 local authorities First party Second party Leader Mahinda Rajapaksa Ranil Wickremasinghe Party Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna United National Front Seats before New Party 1,157 Popular vote 4,968,762 3,625,510 Percentage 40.54 % 29.41 % Councillors 3,386 2,393 Local Authorities 249 42 Third party Fourth party Leader Maithripala Sirisena Anura Kumara Dissanayaka Party United People 's Freedom Alliance Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna Seats before 2,639 At least 74 Popular vote 1,487,960 695,523 Percentage 12.07 % 5.76 % Councillors 1,036 432 Local Authorities 11 0 Fifth party Leader R. Sampanthan Party Tamil National Alliance Seats before 282 Popular vote 339,675 Percentage 2.64 % Councillors 407 Local Authorities 38 Local elections were held in Sri Lanka on 10 February 2018 . 15.8 million Sri Lankans were eligible to elect 8,293 members to 340 local authorities ( 24 municipal councils , 41 urban councils and 275 divisional councils ) in the country . It was the largest election in Sri Lankan history . This was also the first election under the mixed electoral system where 60 % of members were elected using first - past - the - post voting and the remaining 40 % through closed list proportional representation . The election had a turnout of about 70 % , with no major incidents of violence . Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna , led by former president Mahinda Rajapaksa , secured the most seats and local authorities .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Prior to the election 3 Details 3.1 Nominations 3.2 Calculation of seats 4 Parties that contested 4.1 United People 's Freedom Alliance 4.2 United National Front 4.3 Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna 4.4 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna 5 Results 6 Notes 7 References Background ( edit ) The last major round of local government elections was held in 2011 when elections were held in 322 of the then 335 local authorities . Elections to two other local authorities in Mullaitivu District were due but were repeatedly postponed due to alleged delays in resettling internally displaced persons following the end of the civil war in 2009 . Elections to the remaining 11 local authorities were not due as they had their last election in 2008 or 2009 . Since 2011 six new local authorities have been created ( 1 MC , 5 DC ) taking the total number of local authorities to 341 ( 24 MC , 41 UC , 276 DC ) . The normal term of a local authority is four years but the law allows the central government to extend this by a further year . The term of the 234 local authorities ( 3 MC , 30 UC , 201 DC ) that had their election on 17 March 2011 was due to expire on 31 March 2015 but on 27 March 2015 their term was extended to 15 May 2015 . These 234 local authorities were then dissolved and their administration placed under special commissioners appointed by the government . The term of the 65 local authorities ( 1 MC , 9 UC , 55 DC ) that had their election on 23 July 2011 expired on 31 July 2015 after which their administration was placed under special commissioners . The term of the 23 local authorities ( 16 MC , 1 UC , 6 DC ) that had their election on 8 October 2011 was due to expire on 15 / 31 October 2015 but in October 2015 their term was extended to 31 December 2015 . This was subsequently extended to 30 June 2016 .",
"2": "These 23 local authorities were then dissolved and their administration placed under special commissioners . On 10 October 2012 Parliament passed the Local Authorities ( Special Provisions ) Act , No. 21 of 2012 and Local Authorities Elections ( Amendment ) Act , No. 22 of 2012 , changing the electoral system for electing local authority members from open list proportional representation ( PR ) to a mixed electoral system whereby 70 % of members would be elected using first - past - the - post voting ( FPTP ) and the remaining 30 % through closed list PR . The number of local authority members was increased significantly from around 4,500 to 8,000 . A five member National Delimitation Committee headed by Jayalath Dissanayake was appointed by Minister of Local Government and Provincial Councils A.L.M. Athaullah on 12 December 2012 to demarcate the new local authority wards . After much delay the committee 's final report was handed over to Minister of Provincial Councils and Local Government Faiszer Musthapha on 19 June 2015 . The committee recommended that the number of members elected using FPTP be increased by 595 to 5,081 . On 21 August 2015 a gazette was published detailing the wards . The new wards received more than 1,000 complaints and as a result the government appointed the Delimitation Appeals Investigation Committee headed by Ashoka Peiris to review the complaints . The appeals committee 's report was handed over to Musthapha on 17 January 2017 . The revised ward details were gazetted on 17 February 2017 . In February 2016 Parliament passed Local Authorities Elections ( Amendment ) Act , No. 1 of 2016 requiring 25 % of candidates at local elections to be female . Small parties and those representing ethnic minorities complained that the new mixed electoral system put them at a disadvantage and as a result the government agreed to change the ratio between FPTP and PR . On 25 August 2017 Parliament passed Local Authorities Elections ( Amendment ) Act , No. 16 of 2017 which , amongst things , changed the ratio between FPTP and PR from 70 : 30 to 60 : 40 .",
"3": "On 15 November 2017 six voters filed a petition with the Court of Appeal challenging the legality of the gazette on demarcation of wards issued in February 2017 , affecting 208 local authorities . On 22 November 2017 the Court of Appeal suspended the implementation of the gazette until 4 December 2017 , preventing elections from being called to the 208 local authorities . Nominations to 93 local authorities not affected by the petition were called by the Election Commission on 27 November 2017 . Nominations to 40 other local authorities not affected by the petition could not be called due to errors in the gazette . The legal petition was withdrawn on 30 November 2017 following which the Court of Appeal rescinded the suspension of the gazette . The gazette correcting the errors in respect of 40 local authorities was published on 2 December 2017 . Nominations to the remaining 248 local authorities were called by the Election Commission on 4 December 2017 .",
"4": "Prior to the election ( edit ) Sri Lankan recent election results Dates of elections United People 's Freedom Alliance United National Party Tamil National Alliance Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna Sri Lanka Muslim Congress Independents Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Local election 2011 4,821,203 56.45 % 2,710,222 31.73 % 255,078 2.99 % 242,502 2.84 % 140,727 1.65 % 219,998 2.58 % Presidential election , 2015 5,768,090 47.58 % 6,217,162 51.28 % - - - - - - - - Parliamentary election , 2015 4,732,664 42.38 % 5,098,916 45.66 % 515,963 4.62 % 543,944 4.87 % 44,193 0.40 % 42,828 0.38 % Sri Lankan political map prior to this election Presidential election , 2015 Parliamentary election , 2015 Elected members of each electoral district or municipalities , gaining the highest number of votes : United People 's Freedom Alliance United National Party / United National Front for Good Governance New Democratic Front led by the United National Party Tamil National Alliance Details ( edit ) Nominations ( edit ) Nominations to 93 local authorities ( 7 MC , 18 UC , 68 DC ) without any legal issues took place between 11 and 14 December 2017 . 523 nominations ( 466 form registered political parties , 57 from independent groups ) were received of which 500 were accepted ( 447 form registered political parties , 53 from independent groups ) and 23 rejected ( 19 form registered political parties , 4 from independent groups ) . Nominations to the remaining 248 local authorities ( 17 MC , 23 UC , 208 DC ) took place between 18 and 21 December 2017 .",
"5": "1,582 nominations ( 1,399 form registered political parties , 183 from independent groups ) were received of which 1,553 were accepted ( 1,379 form registered political parties , 174 from independent groups ) and 29 rejected ( 20 form registered political parties , 9 from independent groups ) . On 18 December 2017 the Election Commission announced that elections to all 341 local authorities would be held on 10 February 2018 . Around 13,000 polling stations were used . The election is expected to cost around Rs. 4 billion and required 300,000 staff , including public sector employees . Postal voting has taken place on 25 and 26 January 2018 . On 30 January 2018 the Supreme Court issued an injunction preventing election in Elpitiya DC following a petition by the Democratic United National Front against the rejection of their nomination list . Calculation of seats ( edit ) 60 percent of the seats in each local government authority were elected under the first - past - the - post ( FPTP ) system . The candidate who receives the most votes were declared the elected representative . The other 40 percent of seats were elected based on the proportion of votes received by each contesting political party or independent group . To complete the seat calculation , the district returning officers first counts the total number of valid votes cast and divides that number by the total number of seats up for election in a given local authority . This number represents the average number of votes cast per seat ( X ) . To identify the number of seats a political party or independent group gained ( Y ) , the district returning officer then takes the total number of valid votes a party or group received in the local authority and divides that by the average number of votes per seat ( X ) . Finally , to account for seats already won through the FPTP system , the district returning officer takes the total number of seats a political party or independent group gained ( Y ) and subtracts the total number won through FPTP . The result is the number of seats a political party or group is entitled to under the proportional representation system .",
"6": "Parties that contested ( edit ) United People 's Freedom Alliance ( edit ) The United People 's Freedom Alliance 's main constituent - the Sri Lanka Freedom Party - underwent a split before the election , with loyalists of ex-president Mahinda Rajapaksa breaking away and creating a political front of their own . The UPFA thus contested for some seats as an alliance while the Sri Lanka Freedom Party contested alone in others , both being led by incumbent president Maithripala Sirisena . This marks the first time since 1991 that the SLFP contested under their own election symbol . United National Front ( edit ) The United National Front led by the United National Party 's Ranil Wickramasinghe contested under their elephant election symbol , bringing together constituent parties including the Jathika Hela Urumaya led by Champika Ranawaka , the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress led by Rauff Hakeem , and the Tamil Progressive Alliance led by Palani Digambaran . Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna ( edit ) Mahinda Rajapakse 's Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna contested under their flower bud election symbol , gaining the majority of the seats on offer and control over most of the island 's local authorities . Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna ( edit ) The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna also contested for this election . Results ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"7": "( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Major alliances and parties Votes % Seats Local Authorities Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna 4,941,952 40.54 % 3,369 231 United National Party 3,612,259 29.41 % 2,385 34 United People 's Freedom Alliance 989,821 8.04 % 674 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna 693,875 5.76 % 431 0 Sri Lanka Freedom Party 491,835 4.03 % 358 7 Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi 339,675 2.64 % 407 41 % members elected by party SLPP ( 44.65 % ) UNP ( 32.63 % ) UPFA ( 8.94 % ) JVP ( 6.27 % ) SLFP ( 4.44 % ) ITAK ( 3.07 % ) Local government bodies controlled , 2018 Party Local authorities Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna 231 Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi 41 United National Party 34 Sri Lanka Freedom Party 7 Ceylon Workers ' Congress 5 Sri Lanka Muslim Congress Independent Politician United People 's Freedom Alliance Eelam People 's Democratic Party National Congress Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulika Eelam People 's Democratic Party Muslim National Alliance National People 's Party Tamil United Liberation Front Eksath Lanka Maha Saba Party Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mahinda Rajapaksa is considered to be the real leader of Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna whilst its official leader G.L. Peiris is considered to be Rajapaksa 's proxy . ^ Jump up to : Represents seats won at the 2008 , 2009 and 2011 elections .",
"8": "Jump up ^ New Democratic Front candidate led by the United National Party Jump up ^ United National Front for Good Governance figures References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka 's Local Government Polls : Time To Send Signals ? '' . The Sunday Times . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 9 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Liyanagama , Lakdev ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Waiting to Vote '' . Daily News . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Local polls fixed on Feb 10 '' . The Sunday Times . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mudugamuwa , Ishara ( 19 December 2017 ) . `` LG polls on February 10 '' . Daily News . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jayasekera , Sandun A. ; Bandara , Kelum ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` LG polls on February 10 '' . The Daily Mirror . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Liyanagama , Lakdev ( 21 December 2017 ) . `` Selections before elections '' . Daily News . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fernando , Manjula ( 10 December 2017 ) . `` LG polls , with several firsts '' . Sunday Observer . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dissanayake , Chathuri ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` LG polls cost to hit Rs. 4 b '' . Daily FT . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Marasinghe , Sandasen ; Mudalige , Disna ( 25 August 2017 ) . `` Amended Local Government Elections Bill approved in Parliament '' . Daily News . Colombo , Sri Lanka .",
"9": "access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` No major incidents at polls : Elections Commissioner '' . Times Online . Sunday Times . 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka 's local polls end peacefully with over 70 pct voter turnout '' . XinhuaNet . Xinhua. 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Polling concludes : High turnout in most districts '' . Times Online . Sunday Times . 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Liyanagama , Lakdev ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` Tough test ahead '' . Daily News . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kurukulasuriya , Lasanda ( 28 August 2011 ) . `` LG elections and the story in numbers '' . The Sunday Times . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lankan government to hold local government elections in Mullaitivu as soon as demining completed '' . Colombo Page . Indianapolis , USA . 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Poll battle heats up '' . The Nation . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 9 January 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PART I : SECTION ( I ) -- GENERAL Government Notifications PRADESHIYA SABHA ACT , No. 15 OF 1987 Order '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 1778 / 6 . 2 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PART I : SECTION ( I ) -- GENERAL Government Notifications PRADESHIYA SABHA ACT , No. 15 OF 1987 Order '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 1998 / 2 .",
"10": "19 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PART I : SECTION ( I ) -- GENERAL Government Notifications PRADESHIYA SABHA ACT , No. 15 OF 1987 Order '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 2043 / 57 . 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` More than 2,000 women to be elected to local councils '' . The Sunday Times . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 12 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Polls '' . Ceylon Today . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gnanadass , Wilson ( 9 January 2011 ) . `` Parties jostle for council seats '' . The Nation . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Terms of local government bodies extended '' . Daily FT . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 30 March 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gammanpila , Udaya ( 12 April 2015 ) . `` WHO CAN DISSOLVE LOCAL COUNCILS ? '' . Ceylon Today . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PART I : SECTION ( I ) -- GENERAL Government Notifications MUNICIPAL COUNCILS ORDINANCE Order under Section 10 ( 2 ) ( b ) '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 1907 / 50 . 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Santiago , Melanie ( 9 May 2015 ) . `` Local Government Authorities to be dissolved on the 15th of May : Minister John Amaratunga '' . News First . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ `` Local government bodies to be dissolved on May 15 '' . Ada Derana . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 9 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wijayapala , Ranil ( 27 December 2015 ) . `` Local Govt . bodies get extended term '' . Sunday Observer . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Terms of 65 More Local Government Institutions End from Today '' . Hiru News . 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Terms of LG bodies extended '' . Daily News . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Term of LG bodies to be extended - President '' . Ada Derana . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 26 December 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernando , Tharushan ( 31 December 2015 ) . `` Gazette notification issued extending time period of local govt institutions '' . News First . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Term of LG bodies extended by 6 months '' . The Daily Mirror . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 26 December 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Colombo Mayor to say goodbye , term of LG bodies not likely to be extended '' . Ada Derana . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Term of Office of 23 Local Government Bodies including the CMC will not be Extended '' . Hiru News . 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferdinando , Shamindra ( 4 July 2016 ) . `` Muzammil irked by dissolution of local bodies '' . The Island . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New election system for LG bodies passed '' .",
"12": "The Daily Mirror . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LG elections amendment draft bills passed '' . Ada Derana . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Local Authorities ( Special Provisions ) Act , No. 21 of 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Colombo , Sri Lanka : Parliament of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Local Authorities Elections ( Amendment ) Act , No. 22 of 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Colombo , Sri Lanka : Parliament of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Satyapalan , Franklin R. `` More local govt . members under new election law '' . The Island . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Jump up ^ `` PART I : SECTION ( I ) -- GENERAL Government Notifications DECLARATION UNDER SUB SECTION ( 1 ) OF SECTION 3A OF THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES ELECTION ORDINANCE ( CHAP. 262 ) '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 1788 / 15 . 12 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ayub , M.S.M. ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` Is the Govt . really scared of elections '' . The Daily Mirror . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ward - based electoral system for local authorities recommended '' . The Sunday Times . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 28 June 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Selvanayagam , S.S. ( 23 November 2017 ) . `` CA stays operation of Gazette on delimitation of local authorities '' . Daily FT . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PART I : SECTION ( I ) -- GENERAL Government Notifications LOCAL AUTHORITIES ELECTIONS ORDINANCE ( CHAPTER 262 ) Order under Section 3C '' ( PDF ) .",
"13": "The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 1928 / 26 . 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Demarcation headache brings in new committee '' . The Sunday Times . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Delimitation reported handed over '' . The Daily Mirror . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 17 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dias , Keshala ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Delimitation Appeals Committee report handed over '' . News First . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PART I : SECTION ( I ) -- GENERAL Government Notifications LOCAL AUTHORITIES ELECTIONS ORDINANCE ( CHAPTER 262 ) Order under section 3D '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 2006 / 44 . 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Warunasuriya , Ashanthi ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` Increasing Female Participation In Elections '' . The Sunday Leader . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaviratne , Isuri Yasasmin ( 26 June 2016 ) . `` Women 's experience and knowledge need to be incorporated in policy making : Empowering women '' . Sunday Observer . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Local Authorities Elections ( Amendment ) Act , No. 1 of 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Colombo , Sri Lanka : Parliament of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathaniel , Camelia ( 6 December 2015 ) . `` Discussion Continues On Electoral System For LG Polls '' . The Sunday Leader . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nat . Govt. to part ways for local polls next year '' . The Sunday Times .",
"14": "Colombo , Sri Lanka. 1 November 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mudalige , Disna ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` New amendment to mixed electoral system '' . Daily News . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gunasekara , Skandha ( 26 August 2017 ) . `` LG Elections ( amendment ) Bill passed '' . Ceylon Today . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Marasinghe , Sandasen ; Mudalige , Disna ( 26 August 2017 ) . `` LG elections bill passed '' . Daily News . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Local Authorities Elections ( Amendment ) Act , No. 16 of 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Colombo , Sri Lanka : Parliament of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dias , Keshala ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Petition filed in Court of Appeal over Local Government Elections '' . News First . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ariff , Yusuf ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Petition filed against LG delimitation Gazette '' . Ada Derana . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sooriyagoda , Lakmal ( 23 November 2017 ) . `` Court suspends delimitation gazette '' . Daily News . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ de Alwis , Nathasha ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` Court of Appeal issue injunction on delimitation gazette '' . News First . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LG polls : Notice issued calling for nominations '' . The Daily Mirror . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 .",
"15": "Jump up ^ de Alwis , Nathasha ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` Nomination papers for upcoming LG Elections to be published '' . News First . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Nafeel , Nushka ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` Nominations for 93 LG bodies from Dec. 11 - 14 '' . Daily News . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Petitions against LG Gazette withdrawn '' . The Daily Mirror . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Selvanayagam , S.S. ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` CA dissolves Interim Order against Delimitation Gazette '' . Daily FT . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PART I : SECTION ( I ) -- GENERAL Government Notifications LOCAL AUTHORITIES ELECTIONS ORDINANCE ( CHAPTER 262 ) Order under Section 3D '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Extraordinary . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 2047 / 52 . 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mudugamuwa , Maheesha ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Nominations called for 248 local bodies '' . The Island . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission decides to call nominations for 93 Local Government bodies with no legal obstacle '' . Daily FT . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 27 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ariff , Yusuf ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` LG Polls : Nominations to be accepted from Dec 11 '' . Ada Derana . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 23 of 523 nomination papers rejected '' . TNL Radio News . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 15 December 2017 .",
"16": "Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Accepting nominations for remaining 248 local government bodies begin today '' . Colombo Page . Indianapolis , USA . 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for 248 LG Bodies from today '' . Daily News . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Over 1500 nominations accepted in the second stage for elections of 248 local government bodies , 29 rejected '' . Colombo Page . Indianapolis , USA . 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1553 groups seeks victory in LG polls '' . news.lk . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ariff , Yusuf ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` Local Government election on February 10 '' . Ada Derana . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Local Government elections to be held on February 10 '' . The Sunday Leader . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gunasekara , Skandha ( 19 December 2017 ) . `` LG polls on 10 February '' . Daily FT . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Riza , Shaahidah ( 19 December 2017 ) . `` LG PollS on 10 Feb -- EC '' . Ceylon Today . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Postal voting on January 25 , 26 '' . The Daily Mirror . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 25 December 2017 . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SC order stays election for Elpitiya PS '' . The Sunday Times . Colombo , Sri Lanka. 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ Ariff , Yusuf ( 30 January 2018 ) . `` Court orders not to hold election for Elpitiya PS '' . Ada Derana . Colombo , Sri Lanka . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://ifes.org/sites/default/files/2018_ifes_sri_lanka_local_government_elections_faqs_final.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` SLFP faces decisive moment , crucial make - or - break meeting on Friday - Sri Lanka News Papers - News Headlines from Colombo '' . 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SLFP with UPFA for LG elections '' . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SLFP to contest under UPFA ticket - Amaraweera '' . 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ SitePoint ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` JHU to contest the LG Election with the UNP - News Radio '' . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SLMC Decides To Contest With UNP The Sunday Leader '' . Thesundayleader.lk. 2017 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ By admin ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna makes deposits for LG polls -- Colombo Gazette '' . Colombogazette.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` SLPP wins 231 LG bodies , UNP 41 '' . dailymirror.lk . dailymirror.lk. 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 .",
"18": "Elections and referendums in Sri Lanka Presidential elections 1982 1988 1994 1999 2005 2015 Parliamentary elections 1911 1917 1921 1924 1931 1936 1947 1952 1956 1960 ( Mar ) 1960 ( Jul ) 1965 1970 1977 1994 2015 Provincial elections 1988 1994 1999 2008 -- 09 2012 2013 2014 ( Mar ) 2014 ( Sep ) Local elections 1977 1981 1991 1994 2002 2003 2006 2008 2009 2011 2018 Referendums 1982 ← 2018 in Sri Lanka → President -- Maithripala Sirisena Prime Minister -- Ranil Wickremesinghe Chief Justice -- Priyasath Dep Politics Incumbents Legislation ( 15th Parliament ) Local elections Central Bank bond scandal Bond Issuance Commission People & Culture Deaths Honours Film Sport Commonwealth Games Asian Games Summer Youth Olympics Establishments & Developments Lotus Tower One Galle Face Altair Events Anti-Muslim riots Diasters 2018 North Indian Ocean cyclone season 2018 in Sri Lanka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_local_elections,",
"19": "_2018&oldid=833039848 '' Categories : 2018 elections in Asia 2018 in Sri Lanka February 2018 events in Asia Local elections in Sri Lanka Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Pages using bar box without float left or float right Talk Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 10 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
6,
7,
0,
4,
18,
1,
17,
14,
2,
13,
12,
10,
16,
11,
15,
5,
9,
19,
8,
3
] |
[
6,
7,
0,
4,
18
] |
2328253574428558627
|
when does south by southwest start in austin texas
|
[
"March 8–17, 2019",
"March 8–17, 2019",
"2018 ran from March 9 to 18",
"mid-March"
] |
{
"0": "South by Southwest - Wikipedia South by Southwest Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the annual festival . For other uses , see South by Southwest ( disambiguation ) . South by Southwest The official logo for SXSW , 2017 Genre Conference and festival Dates March ( dates vary but generally coinciding with University of Texas at Austin spring break and also usually includes St. Patrick 's Day ) Frequency Annual Location ( s ) Austin , Texas , U.S. Years active 31 Inaugurated Founders Roland Swenson , Louis Jay Meyers , Louis Black , Nick Barbaro Next event March 8 -- 17 , 2019 Attendance SXSW Music : 28,119 SXSW Interactive : 30,621 SXSW Film : 16,297 SXSWEdu : 4,260 Other Exhibits / Parties : 152,000 Organized by SXSW , LLC Website sxsw.com South by Southwest ( abbreviated as SXSW and colloquially referred to as South By ) is an annual conglomerate of film , interactive media , and music festivals and conferences that take place in mid-March in Austin , Texas , United States . It began in 1987 , and has continued to grow in both scope and size every year . In 2017 , the conference lasted for 10 days with SXSW interactive lasting for five days , music for seven days and film running concurrently for nine days . Comedy and gaming components to the festival are particularly fast - growing . SXSW is run by the company SXSW , LLC which organizes conferences , trade shows , festivals , and other events . In addition to the three main South by Southwest festivals , the company runs other conferences : SXSWedu , a conference on educational innovation , held in Austin , and ( beginning in 2017 ) the me Convention , held in Frankfurt , Germany , in collaboration with Mercedes - Benz . Former conferences run by the SXSW organization were SXSW Eco , an environmental conference held in Austin from 2011 - 2016 ; and one in Las Vegas : SXSW V2V , a conference focused on innovative startups which ran from 2013 to 2015 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Divisions 1.1 Music 1.2 Film 1.3 Interactive 2 History 2.1 Inauguration -- 1980s 2.2 1990s 2.3 2000s 2.4 2010 2.5 2011 2.6 2012 2.7 2013 2.8 2014 2.9 2015 2.10 2016 2.11 2017 2.12 2018 3 Economic impact 4 Criticism 5 In popular culture 6 Similar festivals 7 References 8 External links Divisions ( edit ) A view of 6th Street in downtown Austin , Texas , during SXSW 2013 Music ( edit ) SXSW Music is the largest music festival of its kind in the world , with more than 2,000 acts as of 2014 . SXSW Music offers artist - provided music and video samples of featured artists at each festival via their official YouTube channel . The music event has grown from 700 registrants in 1987 to over 28,000 registrants . SXSW Film and SXSW Interactive events have grown every year , most recently bringing over 51,000 registrants to Austin every March . Bands must cover their own expenses for travel and lodging at the event . All performers are offered a cash payment or a wristband package that allows access to all music events . Film ( edit ) SXSW Film Conference spans five days of conference panels and sessions , and welcomes filmmakers of all levels . Programming consists of keynote speakers , panels , workshops , mentor sessions and more , with expert filmmakers and industry leaders . In 2015 , the SXSW Film Conference programmed over 250 sessions with 735 speakers .",
"2": "Past notable speakers include Jon Favreau , Mark Duplass , Ava DuVernay , Ryan Gosling , Nicolas Cage , Alejandro Jodorowsky , Tilda Swinton , Amy Schumer , Sally Field , Joss Whedon , Christine Vachon , RZA , Matthew McConaughey , Danny Boyle , Seth MacFarlane , Catherine Hardwicke , Richard Linklater , David Gordon Green , Harmony Korine , Henry Rollins , Sarah Green and Robert Rodriguez . Although the film festival often highlights independently produced films and emerging directing talent with unique visions , the festival has long served studios as a starting point for their comedies , using enthusiastic fans as a barometer of how they might play in wide release . The SXSW Film Festival runs nine days , simultaneously with the SXSW Film Conference , and celebrates raw innovation and emerging talent both behind and in front of the camera . Festival programming categories include : Special Events , Headliners , Narrative Spotlight , Documentary Spotlight , Narrative Competition , Documentary Competition , Visions , Midnighters , 24 Beats Per Second , SXGlobal , Episodic , Festival Favorites and Short Film Programs . The SXSW Film Awards , which occur on the last day of the Film Conference , honor films selected by the Feature and Short Film Juries . In 2015 , the SXSW Film Festival programmed 150 feature films and 106 short films , selected from 7,361 submissions . Past notable world premieres include Furious 7 , Neighbors , Chef , 21 Jump Street , The Cabin in the Woods , Bridesmaids and Insidious , and the TV series Girls , Silicon Valley and Penny Dreadful . Interactive ( edit ) SXSW Interactive is focused on emerging technology , a focus which has earned the festival a reputation as a breeding ground for new ideas and creative technologies . The festival includes a trade show , speakers , parties , and a startup accelerator . According to a festival organizer Louis Black , SXSW Interactive `` has probably been the biggest of its kind in the world '' since 2007 . History ( edit ) Inauguration -- 1980s ( edit ) In July 1986 , the organizers of the New York City music festival New Music Seminar contacted Roland Swenson , a staffer at the alternative weekly The Austin Chronicle , about organizing an extension of that festival into Austin after having announced that they were going to hold a `` New Music Seminar Southwest '' .",
"3": "The plans did not materialize , so Swenson decided to instead co-organize a local music festival , with the help of two other people at the Chronicle : editor and co-founder Louis Black , and publisher Nick Barbaro . Louis Meyers , a booking agent and musician , was also brought on board . Black came up with the name , as a play on the name of the Alfred Hitchcock film North by Northwest . The event was first held in March 1987 . The organizers considered it a regional event and expected around 150 attendees to show up , but over 700 came , and according to Black `` it was national almost immediately . '' Meyers left Austin and the festival in the early 1990s , but Black , Barbaro and Swenson remained the festival 's key organizers as of 2010 . 1990s ( edit ) Singer - songwriter Michelle Shocked was the keynote speaker at the 1992 South by Southwest . She caused controversy by delivering a speech , written by her then - husband Bart Bull , criticizing white musicians for stealing music from African American artists ; and then later during the same conference when she tried to kick the band Two Nice Girls off of a benefit concert , a move that some called anti-gay , due to Two Nice Girls ' overtly lesbian image . In 1993 , SXSW moved into the Austin Convention Center , where it is still held . In 1994 , SXSW added a component for film and other media , named the `` SXSW Film and Multimedia Conference '' . Johnny Cash was the keynote speaker . That year , the three brothers of the band Hanson were brought to SXSW by their father in order to perform impromptu auditions for music executives , in the hopes of getting industry attention . Among the people who heard them was A&R executive Christopher Sabec , who became their manager , and would soon afterward get them signed to Mercury Records . In 1995 , the SXSW Film and Multimedia Conference was split into two separate events , `` SXSW Film '' and `` SXSW Multimedia '' . In 1999 , SXSW Multimedia was renamed `` SXSW Interactive '' . 2000s ( edit ) Singer - songwriter John Mayer 's performance at the 2000 SXSW Music festival led to his signing soon thereafter with Aware Records , his first record label .",
"4": "A performance by the band The Polyphonic Spree at the 2002 SXSW Music festival helped bring them to national attention before they had signed with a major label . At the 2002 SXSW Film Festival , the film Manito won the jury award for narrative feature , while the documentary Spellbound won the jury award for documentary feature . British singer James Blunt was discovered by producer Linda Perry while playing a small show at the 2004 SXSW Music festival , and was signed to Perry 's Custard Records soon thereafter , where he would go on to release all three of his subsequent albums . The 2005 SXSW Film is considered by some to be the origin of the mumblecore film genre . A number of films now classified as mumblecore , including The Puffy Chair , Kissing on the Mouth , Four Eyed Monsters and Mutual Appreciation , were screened , and Eric Masunaga , a musician and the sound editor on Mutual Appreciation , is credited with coining the term `` mumblecore '' at a bar while at the festival . The film Hooligans won both the Feature Film Jury Award and the Feature Film Audience Award for narrative feature , while The Puffy Chair won the Feature Film Audience Award in the `` Emerging Visions '' category . The documentary film Cowboy del Amor won the SXSW Competition Award and the Audience Award . A secret concert at the 2006 SXSW Music by the band The Flaming Lips was called one of the `` Top 10 Music - Festival Moments '' of all time by Time magazine in 2010 . The 2006 SXSW Interactive featured a keynote panel of Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and Craigslist founder Craig Newmark . That year , `` Screenburn at SXSW '' , a component for video games , was added to SXSW Interactive . The 2007 music festival took place from March 14 to 18 , and more than 1,400 acts performed . Two of the top film premieres that year were Elvis and Anabelle and Skills Like This . The social media platform Twitter notably gained a good deal of early traction and buzz at the 2007 SXSW Interactive , though it did not launch at SXSW 2007 as is sometimes reported .",
"5": "The 2008 SXSW Interactive got media attention due to a keynote interview of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg by technology journalist Sarah Lacy that was considered by some observers to be a `` train wreck '' due to an audience perception that Lacy was asking uninteresting questions , as well as mocking or terse answers in response from Zuckerberg . In 2008 , a comedy element was added to SXSW ; it was held for one night . ( By 2012 , comedy performances occurred on all nights of the festival . ) The 2009 festival was held March 13 -- 22 . The Interactive section of SXSW in particular drew larger attendance levels ; the influx strained the networks of providers such as AT&T ( primarily due to heavy iPhone usage ) . Also new was the founding of an international organization for those not attending , dubbed NotAtSXSW . Coordinating through Twitter and other online tools , notatsxsw events were held in London , New York , Wisconsin , Portland , Oregon and Miami . The mobile app , Foursquare , was launched at SXSW 2009 . The 2009 SXSW Interactive saw the launch of the Foursquare application , which was called `` the breakout mobile app '' of the event by the Mashable blog . The 2009 SXSW Film screened 250 films , including 54 world premieres . The event was notable for having the United States premiere of the film The Hurt Locker , which went on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture in 2010 . The winners of the feature jury awards were , for documentary feature , 45365 , and for narrative feature , Made in China . The 2010 music festival , which took place March 12 -- 21 , was dedicated to Alex Chilton , who died shortly before he was to perform with Big Star . A tribute concert was performed in his honor on March 20 , 2010 . At the 2010 festival , nearly 2,000 bands were officially scheduled to perform , and festival reps estimated that over 13,000 industry representatives attended . Though traditionally the Austin Music Awards kick off the festival , that year organizers slated it as the closing act . Local musician Bob Schneider earned 6 awards , including Song of the Year , Singer of the Year , and Band of the Year ( with Lonelyland . )",
"6": "The 2010 festival was also notable for appearances by the surviving members of the band Moby Grape . At the 2010 Film festival , Magnolia Pictures bought the film rights to the science - fiction film Monsters on the night it screened , in what was the first - ever `` overnight acquisition '' at SXSW . Journalist Meredith Melnick of Time magazine called this purchase a turning point for SXSW , leading to a greater interest among film studio executives in attending the festival in person . That year also saw the premiere of the indie favorite Tiny Furniture , which won the award for Best Narrative Feature . The 2010 Interactive festival had an estimated 12 -- 13,000 paying attendees , which represented a 40 % jump over the previous year . This was the first year in which the interactive festival 's attendance surpassed the music festival 's . The keynote presentation was an interview of then - Twitter CEO Evan Williams by Umair Haque , an interview that many in the audience found disappointingly superficial . Also during the interactive festival , the first - ever ( and so far only ) `` Hive Awards For the Unsung Heroes of the Internet '' were held . 2011 ( edit ) Conan O'Brien promoting Conan O'Brien Ca n't Stop at SXSW 2011 The 2011 SXSW festival ran from March 11 to 20 . The keynote presenter for SXSW Interactive was Seth Priebatsch , founder and CEO of the mobile - gaming platform SCVNGR . The 2011 Interactive festival was by far the largest it had ever been , with an estimated 20,000 attendees . Also in attendance at SXSW was boxing legend Mike Tyson , promoting his new iPhone game with RockLive at the Screenburn Arcade . At least two films screened at the SXSW Film festival gained distribution deals : the documentary Undefeated ( which went on to win the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature ) and the thriller The Divide . As a result , film critic Christopher Kelly wrote that in 2011 , SXSW Film went from being `` a well - regarded but fundamentally regional event '' to having `` joined the big leagues of film festivals around the world . '' That festival was also notable for having the premiere of the film Bridesmaids .",
"7": "The March 15th screening of the Foo Fighters documentary Back and Forth was followed by a surprise live performance by the band itself , with a setlist that included the entirety of the then - upcoming album Wasting Light . 2012 ( edit ) SXSW 2012 ran from March 9 to 18 . The standout technology of the 2012 SXSW Interactive was generally stated to be `` social discovery '' mobile apps , which let users locate other nearby users . Social discovery apps that had a presence at SXSW included Highlight , Glancee , Sonar and Kismet . SXSW Film saw the premiere of two major Hollywood films : The Cabin in the Woods and 21 Jump Street . Two films obtained distribution deals : Girls Against Boys and The Tall Man . Another film , Gimme the Loot , which won the SXSW Narrative Feature Grand Jury Prize , got a distribution deal a week after the festival . Bay of All Saints received the Audience Award for Best Feature Documentary . 2012 was also the first year the music portion was expanded to Tuesday . The musical festival included rappers such as Talib Kweli and Lil ' Wayne , along with surprise appearances by Big Sean and Kanye West ; indie bands that appeared included MENEW and The Shins . Bruce Springsteen was the keynote speaker for the music festival . 2013 ( edit ) SXSW 2013 ran from March 8 to 17 . The big - budget films The Incredible Burt Wonderstone and Evil Dead premiered at the 2013 SXSW Film , and Spring Breakers had its U.S. premiere . The film Short Term 12 won the grand jury award for Best Narrative Feature . The films Cheap Thrills and Haunter received distribution deals , and Drinking Buddies obtained a distribution deal several days later . The 2013 SXSW Interactive saw another huge jump in registration , now with 30,621 paying attendees . This was over three times the number that had attended in 2008 ( 9,000 ) , just five years previously . The keynote talk for the 2013 SXSW Interactive was given by SpaceX CEO Elon Musk . The `` Screenburn '' and `` Arcade '' components were renamed to `` SXSW Gaming '' and `` SXSW Gaming Expo '' , respectively .",
"8": "The Interactive conference was noted for its increased corporate presence , featuring major participation by Samsung , 3M , Target , American Airlines , Adobe Systems and AT&T , among others . According to CNN , CBS and CNET called Grumpy Cat the undisputed `` biggest star '' of SXSW Interactive over Musk , Al Gore and Neil Gaiman . 2014 ( edit ) SXSW 2014 ran from March 7 to 16 . SXSW Film had premieres of the big - budget films Neighbors , Veronica Mars and Chef , and Cesar Chavez had its North American premiere . A clip for the big - budget film Godzilla was also screened . The films Space Station 76 and Exists got distribution deals at the festival , while Fort Tilden ( which won the Narrative Feature Grand Jury Prize ) and Open Windows got distribution deals shortly afterward . A new section , `` Episodic '' ( on television programming ) was introduced to SXSW Film . Television series that previewed at the festival include Silicon Valley and From Dusk till Dawn : The Series . The talk show Jimmy Kimmel Live ! was taped for a week at the festival ; it joined the talk show Watch What Happens : Live , which began taping at SXSW in 2013 . SXSW Interactive featured a keynote speech by NSA leaker Edward Snowden , via streaming video , about privacy rights . The festival also featured a talk from another famous leaker , Julian Assange , also speaking remotely . Besides privacy issues , another major focus of the Interactive festival was wearable technology , including devices for augmented reality , activity tracking , identity authentication , charging cell phones and others . Computerworld magazine called the Oculus Rift , a virtual reality gaming headset , the `` sleeper hit '' of the festival , although ironically it was displayed not at the Interactive but at the Film portion , as part of a Game of Thrones exhibit . The SXSW Gaming section introduced its SXSW Gaming Awards to recognize achievement in video and other types of gaming , which has continued through future SXSW festivals . The keynote presenter and headline act this year for Stubb 's was Lady Gaga . To promote her upcoming album , Food , Kelis cooked and served barbecue - style food from a food truck to festival attendees .",
"9": "On March 13 , 2014 , a drunk driver , Rashad Charjuan Owens , drove his car into a crowd of festival attendees while trying to evade a traffic stop . Two people were killed immediately , another two died later from their injuries and another 21 were injured but survived . Owens was convicted of capital murder charges after a November 2015 trial in which eyewitnesses testified that about `` a chaotic and harrowing scene '' on the night , as hundreds of people ran and screamed as the car sped through crowds of people . Owens was given an automatic sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole . On March 15 , 2014 , rapper Tyler , The Creator was arrested on misdemeanor charges of `` inciting to riot '' after yelling to fans to push their way past security guards at a sold - out show the previous day . In February 2016 , the riot charges were dropped against Tyler , The Creator pursuant to a plea agreement with prosecutors ( under which the rapper pleaded guilty to the lesser offense of disorderly conduct and paid a $100 fine , with the case to be dismissed if he stays out of trouble for three months ) . 2015 ( edit ) SXSW 2015 took place from March 13 to 22 . SXSW Film screened 145 feature films , an all - time high for the festival . The big - budget films Furious 7 ( which was a last - minute addition to the lineup ) , Get Hard , Spy , a rough cut of Trainwreck , Moonwalkers and The Final Girls had their world premieres , as did the documentaries Danny Says , Steve Jobs : The Man in the Machine and Brand : A Second Coming . Ex Machina had its North American premiere . 6 Years , Manson Family Vacation and Steve Jobs : The Man in the Machine all got distribution deals at the festival . The 2015 festival hosted the swearing - in ceremony of Michelle K. Lee as the new head of the United States Patent and Trademark Office ( USPTO ) . Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker administered the oath of office to Lee at the festival on Friday , March 13 . Various sources called Meerkat , an iOS app that had launched two weeks earlier that lets users livestream video via Twitter , the breakout technology of SXSW Interactive .",
"10": "Another product that got significant buzz was a prototype of the roadable aircraft AeroMobil , which its makers , the company AeroMobil s.r.o. , said would be ready for operation by 2017 . 2016 ( edit ) SXSW 2016 began on March 11 and ended on March 20 . On March 11 , President Barack Obama gave a speech at SXSW Interactive in which he called on the technology industry to help solve many of America 's problems , such as upgrading outdated networks , helping balance security and privacy , and the FBI -- Apple encryption dispute . Films that premiered at SXSW Film include Everybody Wants Some ! ! , Keanu , Sausage Party , Pee - wee 's Big Holiday and Do n't Think Twice . On the night of March 20 , gunshots rang out on 6th Street causing mass hysteria and panic . No injuries were reported and a man from Memphis was arrested with discharging a firearm and disturbing the peace . 2017 ( edit ) Films that premiered at SXSW Film include Song to Song , Baby Driver , Atomic Blonde , Gemini , The Ballad of Lefty Brown . Spettacolo and The Disaster Artist . Television shows that were previewed include The Son , Dear White People and American Gods . To promote the Hulu original miniseries The Handmaid 's Tale , an adaptation of the classic dystopian novel by Margaret Atwood , dozens of actresses silently walked the streets of downtown Austin costumed in red `` handmaid '' dresses . To promote the third season of the AMC original series Better Call Saul ( a spin - off prequel of Breaking Bad ) , a pop - up `` Los Pollos Hermanos '' restaurant , representing the fictional fast food chain featured in both series , appeared in downtown Austin . Guest speakers included former mayor of Newark , NJ and current Senator Cory Booker ( D - New Jersey ) , political activist and commentator Van Jones and former Vice President Joe Biden , who spoke about his cancer research initiative . Nile Rodgers gave the keynote address for the music portion of the festival , while filmmakers Gareth Edwards and Lee Daniels gave the keynote presentations for the film portion . Major companies and brands which exhibited at SXSW ( many with standalone `` brand activation '' pavilions ) included IBM , Intel , Panasonic , Nintendo , GE , Giorgio Armani , Mazda and National Geographic .",
"11": "Major performers during the music component of the festival included Garth Brooks , Lana Del Rey , Lil Yachty , The Roots , The Avett Brothers , Willie Nelson , Solange Knowles , Rae Sremmurd , Migos , and The Chainsmokers among others . En route to SXSW 2017 , Italian post-punk band Soviet Soviet , traveling on the Visa Waiver Program , was denied entry to the United States , detained overnight and deported after an immigration officer at Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport claimed they were planning on conducting a paid performance , which would have required a work visa . The band presented a letter from their American record label stating that both their performances at KEXP ( which was what had brought the band to Seattle ) and at SXSW were for promotional purposes only , but this failed to convince officials at the airport . There was also a `` Contrabanned '' showcase on March 17 , featuring various artists and musicians ( residents of the U.S. and Canada ) who are natives of , or have family connections to , countries affected by the 2017 U.S. travel ban on citizens from parts of the Islamic world . Uber and Lyft pulled out of Austin in May 2016 as a result of a city ordinance mandating fingerprint - based background checks for drivers of any transportation network company . However , other services such as ( locally based ) RideAustin , Fasten and Fare , were available , although in high demand . Uber and Lyft resumed service in Austin in May 2017 . 2018 ( edit ) IGN 's Laura Prudom ( far left ) hosts a panel at 2018 's South by Southwest convention discussing Superman 's eightieth anniversary and the release of Action Comics # 1000 , with ( left to right ) : Dan Jurgens , Jim Lee , Frank Miller , and Brian Michael Bendis . Miller has an unrelated Superman project scheduled for later in the year . SXSW 2018 ran from March 9 to 18 . Some attendees noted fewer `` big name '' musical acts and corporate pavilions at the festival , and fewer crowds , as compared to previous years . Finalists of the 2018 SXSW Accelerator Pitch Event included Cambridge Cancer Genomics and Bluefield Technologies .",
"12": "Two winners of the event were Austin - based : GrubTubs ( in the Hyper - Connected Communities category ) and ICON 3D ( in the Social and Culture category ) . Guest speakers included U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders ( I - Vermont ) ; entrepreneur Elon Musk ; actor and former Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger ; Mayor of London Sadiq Khan ; author and journalist Ta - Nehisi Coates ; journalist Christiane Amanpour ; rap artist / producer David Banner , and film producer / directors Barry Jenkins , Darren Aronofsky and Steven Spielberg . Actor and comedian Bill Murray appeared at several unofficial functions during SXSW . Major performers during SXSW Music included Tinashe , Rae Sremmurd , Rita Coolidge , Salt - N - Pepa and Khalid . There was an apparent increased emphasis on locally based performers , international acts and relative unknowns . New games announced during the 2018 SXSW Gaming Expo included Sonic Mania Plus . At the SXSW Gaming Awards ( held March 17 ) , the award for Game of the Year went to The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Films that premiered at the 2018 South By Southwest Film Festival include A Quiet Place , Blockers and Ready Player One . Films that had their U.S. premiere include Final Portrait and Who We Are Now . TV series that previewed include Barry , Krypton , The Last O.G. and Cloak & Dagger . To promote the second season of the HBO series Westworld , a recreation of the show 's fictional Western `` town '' of Sweetwater was built on two acres of open land just outside Austin . Fans took shuttles to the site , which was dressed in the Old West style , with over 60 actors playing the parts of the android `` hosts '' . SXSW 2018 coincided with a string of bombings in Austin , which had begun on March 2 and ended on March 21 , when the presumed perpetrator , Mark Anthony Conditt , blew himself up after being discovered by police . Two of the bombings occurred during SXSW . On March 17 , Live Nation Music , a company organizing events for SXSW , received a bomb threat via email .",
"13": "Police searched the area mentioned in the email and found nothing of concern , but planned performances by The Roots and Ludacris , among others , were canceled . Police arrested 26 - year - old Trevor Weldon Ingram the next day ; Ingram was charged with making a terroristic threat , a third - degree felony , in connection with the email . Economic impact ( edit ) SXSW is the highest revenue - producing event ( outside of athletic and other events associated with the University of Texas ) for the Austin economy , with an estimated economic impact of $190.3 million in 2012 increasing to $218 million in 2013 , $315 million in 2014 , $317 million in 2015 , and $325 million in 2016 . ( In comparison , Super Bowl LI brought a $347 million economic impact to the Houston economy and the 2016 Final Four brought a $324 million economic impact to the economy of Phoenix , Arizona . ) Additionally , demand for hotel rooms in the Austin area continued to outstrip supply , pushing average nightly room rates up to an all - time high of $350 in 2016 , a 60 percent increase over the average room rate seen during 2011 's edition of SXSW . The average SXSW registrant also stayed in Austin longer in 2016 , spending an average of 5.2 nights , up from 4.9 nights in 2015 . Criticism ( edit ) The growth of the festival has brought concerns about violence , crowd control , and safety . The 2014 drunk - driving incident prompted discussion about whether the festival had grown too large and raucous . The organizers of the festival -- SXSW Holdings LLC and SXSW Holdings Inc. -- were sued by families of the four victims . In May 2014 , partially motivated by the 2014 crash , Austin 's Urban Transportation Commission announced that it was seeking to enhance safety at the festival , with an initial focus on implementing transportation measures to resolve issues linked to the festival . The Austin Music Commission also met to discuss music venues and sound problems linked to the festival . The city voted to limit the number of special events which would be approved to 114 , a 32 percent decrease from the number of approved events during the 2014 festival . Another frequent criticism of the SXSW festival is that it has become overly commercialized .",
"14": "In 2013 , NPR writer Andrea Swensson wrote that she had decided to stop attending the festival , writing , `` I ca n't help but feel that it has strayed far away from its original premise as a grassroots gathering place for new , undiscovered talent and increasingly feels like a big ol ' Times Square billboard - sized commercial . '' In October 2015 , SXSW announced the cancellation of two video game panels ( `` # SavePoint : A Discussion on the Gaming Community '' and `` Level Up : Overcoming Harassment In Games '' ) scheduled for the 2016 festival due to threats of violence made to the festival hosting the sessions . In response to the cancellations , Buzzfeed and Vox Media made statements saying they would pull out of the festival if the two panels were n't reinstated . In response to the criticism , South by Southwest admitted that their decision to cancel the panels was a mistake . In lieu of a panel , South by Southwest hosted a daylong `` online harassment summit '' on March 12 , 2016 . Despite fears that violent hecklers would disrupt the summit , it was described by Brian Fung as `` a largely peaceful affair '' , with protests limited to those who were angry about the bag searches conducted there . In popular Culture ( edit ) Comedian and actor Fred Armisen began his comic career with the short film Fred Armisen 's Guide to Music and SXSW , released in 1998 , in which he poses as various characters , asking silly questions of musicians and other attendees at that year 's SXSW Music Conference . The 2011 documentary Winning America is about a US tour of Canadian band Said the Whale that culminates in that year 's SXSW Music Festival . In the 2014 British film Frank , an experimental band ( led by the title character ) is booked to play a show at the SXSW Music Festival , but the gig leads to the band 's breakup . Similar festivals ( edit ) The creators of South by Southwest co-created two similar festivals in 1995 : North by Northwest ( NXNW ) in Portland , Oregon ( co-founded by the Willamette Week ) , and North by Northeast ( NXNE ) in Toronto ( co-founded by Now ) . North by Northwest ended in 2001 , and was replaced by MusicfestNW ( MFNW ) , an event run entirely by the Willamette Week .",
"15": "It was joined by TechfestNW , a technology conference , in 2012 . From 2006 to 2010 , SXSW organizers also ran West by Southwest ( WXSW ) in Tucson , Arizona , a music festival which occurred directly before South by Southwest and mostly featured bands that were also booked for SXSW . Other active festivals inspired by SXSW include the following : Live at Heart -- Örebro , Sweden MidPoint Music Festival ( MPMF ) -- Cincinnati , Ohio South by Due East -- Houston , Texas The Goa Project -- Goa , India The Great Escape Festival -- Brighton , England Tech Open Air ( TOA ) -- Berlin XOXO -- Portland , Oregon Yes and Yes Yes ( YXYY ) ( formerly known as `` Yes by Yes Yes '' ) -- Palm Springs , California Festivals inspired by SXSW that are no longer running include : 35 Denton ( originally known as `` North by 35 '' or `` NX35 '' , then `` 35 Conferette '' ) -- Denton , Texas ( 2009 - 2016 ) C2SV ( originally known as `` SVSX '' ) -- San Jose , California ( 2012 - 2016 ) Incubate ( originally known as `` ZXZW '' ) -- Tilburg , Netherlands ( 2005 - 2016 ) MoSo -- Saskatoon , Canada ( 2011 - 2016 ) So What ? ! Music Fest ( originally known as `` South by So What ? ! '' ) -- Dallas -- Fort Worth Metroplex ( 2006 - 2017 ) Sounds by South Bend ( originally known as `` South by South Bend '' ) - South Bend , Indiana ( 2013 - 2015 ) Festivals inspired by South by Southwest have been collectively nicknamed `` four - letter festivals '' . Metro Silicon Valley , which founded C2SV , wrote that such festivals have become important revenue sources for the alternative weekly newspapers that have founded them . On October 3 , 2016 , a one - day festival , called `` South by South Lawn '' ( SXSL ) , was held at the White House ; it was a collaboration between SXSW , US President Barack Obama , and the American Film Institute . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sxsw Inc '' . Sxswedu.com .",
"16": "Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About SXSWedu '' . Sxswedu.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Ina ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` South by Southwest ( SXSW ) to collaborate with Mercedes - Benz at IAA International Motor Show in Frankfurt : Premiere at IAA : International me Convention '' . media.daimler.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jordan ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) . `` SXSW and Mercedes - Benz Announce Initial Programming for Collaborative Future - Focused Event in Europe '' . SXSW . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` About SXSW Eco '' . Sxsweco.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallaga , Omar L. ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` SXSW Interactive expanding next year with Las Vegas startup conference '' . Austin American - Statesman . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW 2015 : The festival changes , but for the better ? '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Birney , Adrienne . `` SXSW Technical Coordinator '' . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Official SXSW site '' . Sites.sxsw.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` About SXSW '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Why Most Acts Do n't Get Paid At South By Southwest '' . Forbes . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . SXSW.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW LLC '' . sxsw.com .",
"17": "Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peters , Yves ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Man & Gun and Les Bleus de Ramville Win SXSW Film Design Awards '' . The Font Feed . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mekado ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` SXSW 2015 : Films That Were the Talk of the Festival '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW LLC '' . sxsw.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW LLC '' ( PDF ) . sxsw.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past Films at SXSW South by Southwest 2016 Music , Film and Interactive Festivals -- Austin Texas '' . Sxsw.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive News SXSW 2013 '' . Sxsw.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` March 8 -- 9 : SXSW Accelerator Presented by Oracle Helps Uncover Amazing New Startups SXSW 2014 '' . Sxsw.com . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : SXSW stays course , continues growth , Alex Geiser , The Daily Texan , March 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ van Arts Labor ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` SXSW documentary ' Outside Industry ' '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ A Guide to the South By Southwest , Inc.",
"18": ", Records , 1987 -- 1997 , Briscoe Center for American History , The University of Texas at Austin Jump up ^ The Education of Michelle Shocked , Robert Wilonsky , Dallas Observer , April 25 , 1996 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jason ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` SXSW : The Ten Best Music Keynote Speakers '' . Texas Monthly . Emmis Publishing , L.P . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Oklahoman of the Year '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Today . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Polyphonic Spree : From Voices In A Singer 's Head To Voices On The Stage - News - VH1.com '' . 19 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Miller , Nancy ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Five rounds with James Blunt '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lim , Dennis ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` Mumblecore -- The New Talkies : Generation DIY '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Top 10 Music - Festival Moments : Flaming Lips at SXSW -- 2006 , Dan Fletcher , Time , March 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ SXSW 2006 Panel : Craig Newmark & Jimmy Wales Keynote , Auscillate blog , March 13 , 2006 Jump up ^ What is the process involved in launching a startup at SXSW ? , Quora Jump up ^ Journalist becomes the story at Mark Zuckerberg SXSWi keynote , Daniel Terdiman , CNET `` Geek Gestalt '' blog , March 9 , 2008 Jump up ^ Morgan , Richard ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Messin ' with Texas : Why Does n't SXSW Pay its Comedians ? ''",
"19": ". Splitsider . Jump up ^ Calore , Michael ( March 14 , 2009 ) . `` SXSW : IPhone Influx Pushes AT&T to the Limit '' . Epicenter ( blog.wired.com ) . Conde Nast . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Ruth ( March 18 , 2009 ) . `` Ca n't make it to SXSW this year ? Go to # notatsxsw instead '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Van , Jennifer ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) . `` Foursquare is the Breakout Mobile App at SXSW '' . Mashable.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` '' Made in China '' and `` 45365 '' Take Top SXSW Jury Prizes `` . Indiewire . March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big Star Singer and Cult Icon Alex Chilton Dead at 59 '' . March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved Sep 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW Tribute Concert for Alex Chilton '' . March 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` SXSW 2010 Draws to a Close '' . nbcnewyork.com . March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scenes From the Geekfest at SXSW '' . DailyFinance.com . March 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Raul Hernandez , Live Shots : SXSW Music 2010 , Austin Chronicle , March 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Art of the Film Deal : Is South by Southwest Becoming the New Sundance ?",
"20": ", Meredith Melnick , Time , April 1 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Confirmed : SXSW Interactive paid registration surpasses Music , Omar L. Gallaga , Austin360.com , March 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ SXSW organizers concede keynote flubs with Twitter Q&A , Omar L. Gallaga , Austin American - Statesman , March 16 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` SCVNGR at SXSW -- high - flying , or head in the clouds ? '' . March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Where the Geeks Are : Dispatches From the Largest SXSW Interactive Ever , L.A. Lorek , Daily Finance , March 15 , 2011 Jump up ^ McCarthy , Caroline ( March 13 , 2011 ) . `` Mike Tyson wants to be an iPhone knockout SXSW -- CNET Blogs '' . Cnet.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Commentary : South by Southwest is in danger of losing its indie film cred Archived 2012 - 03 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Christopher Kelly , DFW.com , March 17 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : SXSW : ' 21 Jump St. , ' ' Cabin in the Woods ' eye ' Bridesmaids ' bouquet , Mark Olsen , 24 Frames ( Los Angeles Times blog ) , March 8 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Documentary Premiere Followed By Surprise Show '' . VH1 Blog Reality TV News and Gossip .",
"21": "Jump up ^ Hottest new apps out of SXSW 2012 , Jaymar Cabebe and Jason Parker , CNET , March 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ SXSW 2012 : The ' Highlight ' of the festival , Jon Swartz , USA Today , March 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ In shadows of hype , dialogue of ' too much ' at SXSW , Jake Coyle , The Associated Press '' March 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ SXSW Features ' Girls Against Boys ' and ' The Tall Man ' Picked Up For Distribution ; ' Barrymore ' To Finally See Light Of Day , Amanda Waltz , The Film Stage , March 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ SXSW : ' Gimme the Loot ' director Adam Leon on winning big , landing distribution deal , Karen Valby , Entertainment Weekly : Inside Movies , March 19 , 2012 Jump up ^ John DeFore ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Bay of All Saints : SXSW Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Springsteen 's SXSW Keynote : ' Stay Hard , Stay Hungry ' '' . Billboard . March 15 , 2012 . Retrieved April 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SXSW 2013 Brings ' Burt Wonderstone , ' Spring Breakers , ' ' Evil Dead , ' ' Drinking Buddies ' & More To Austin , Kevin Jagernauth , Indiewire , January 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` SXSW 2013 : ' Short Term 12 ' wins feature prize '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Magnolia Acquires SXSW Pic ' Drinking Buddies ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Nicole Villalpando , `` Biggest Interactive yet as SXSW begins Music , hands out Film Awards '' , Austin American Statesman , March 12 , 2013 .",
"22": "Retrieved on March 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ 2008 SXSW Interactive Festival Wraps Up Strong Year , PRNewswire , March 31 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : SXSW 2013 : This revolution is brought to you by ... , Hamdan Azhar , Washington Post ideas@innovations blog , March 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ SXSW Interactive : A Growing Outlet For Video Games , Matt Clark , iQU ' , March 14 , 2012 Archived May 24 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ At South by Southwest , fewer startups , more marketers and media , Gerry Shih , Reuters , March 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` The unlikely star of SXSW : Grumpy Cat '' . CNN.com . November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ March 11 , 2013 , 5 : 54 PM . `` As SXSW Interactive winds down , Grumpy cat is clear winner '' . CBS News . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Terdiman , Daniel ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` If Grumpy Cat is the biggest news of all , is SXSW in trouble ? SXSW -- CNET News '' . News.cnet.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` South by Southwest Adds a TV Section '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` SXSW 2014 : Five movie stories , including ' Chef ' and ' Veronica Mars ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Matt Bomer 's ' Space Station 76 ′ Lands A Distribution Deal At SXSW -- Socialite Life Socialite Life '' . Socialite Life . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Elijah Wood - Sasha Grey 's South by Southwest Thriller Gets U.S. Distribution '' . Boston Herald .",
"23": "Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` SXSW 2014 Winner ' Fort Tilden ' Gets U.S. Distribution From Orion '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Egan , John ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Move over , Jimmy Kimmel : SXSW welcomes back Bravo 's Andy Cohen -- and his show '' . CultureMap Austin . Jump up ^ DeLuca , Dan ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` NSA leaker Snowden is the rock star of SXSW Interactive '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Jump up ^ Doug Gross and Brandon Griggs ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` 5 things we learned at SXSW Interactive '' . CNN . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Jennings , Richi ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` Oculus Rift is the sleeper hit of SXSW '' . Computerworld . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hampp , Andrew ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga to Headline Stubb 's at SXSW '' . Billboard.com . Jump up ^ Halperin , Rutherford ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga to Present Keynote Address at SXSW '' . Billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` SXSW 2014 : Kelis takes her food van to the streets of Austin , Texas -- video '' . The Guardian . March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kelis Serves Up Jerk Ribs at SXSW Food Truck '' . Rap - Up . March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bever , Lindsey ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Man who drove car into SXSW festival was wannabe rapper with six kids '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` 4th Person Dies After SXSW Car Crash '' . Huffington Post . March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ Philip Jankowski & Jazmine Ulloa , Rashad Owens guilty of capital murder in deadly SXSW crash , Austin American - Statesman ( November 6 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Philip Jankowski & Jazmine Ulloa , Sixteen people , most eyewitnesses , testify in Rashad Owens trial , Austin American - Statesman ( November 2 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Ralph Ellis , Man who plowed car into SXSW festival crowd given life sentence , CNN ( November 6 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Rapper Tyler , The Creator arrested at South By Southwest '' . Associated Press . March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jazmine Ulloa , As rapper 's riot charge is dropped , legal experts question arrest , Austin American - Statesman ( February 17 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` SXSW 2015 film lineup adds mainstream appeal '' . February 3 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ramin Setoodeh ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' Premieres at SXSW to Cheers for Paul Walker '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Most Anticipated Films at SXSW 2015 '' . Consequence of Sound . March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Says - SXSW 2015 Event Schedule '' . SXSW Schedule 2015 . Jump up ^ Abramovitch , Seth ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` SXSW Premieres Include Judd Apatow 's ' Trainwreck , ' Melissa McCarthy in ' Spy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mekado ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` SXSW 2015 : Films That Were the Talk of the Festival '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Eric Hal ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` New Patent Office Director Sworn In by Commerce Secretary at SXSW '' . DCInno . Streetwise Media . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 .",
"25": "^ Jump up to : Graham , Jefferson ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Flying cars , tracking chips : The near future , from SXSW '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb , Alyssa ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` SXSW 2015 : 5 Standout Moments in Technology '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' . SXSW.com . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Jervis , Rick ( 11 March 2016 ) . `` Obama calls on tech industry at SXSW to help solve nation 's problems '' . USA Today . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramin Setoodeh , Justin Chang , Joe Leydon , Andrew Barker ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` The 16 Buzziest Movies at SXSW Film Festival '' . Variety . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` SXSW : Ryan Gosling , Charlize Theron Take Austin for ' Song to Song , ' ' Atomic Blonde ' Premieres '' . Hollywood Reporter . March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` James Franco 's ' The Disaster Artist ' to Premiere at SXSW '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` SXSW : Hulu Says It 's Not Making a Political Statement With ' Handmaids Tale ' '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Will ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW Insider : Why the Los Pollos Hermanos pop - up came to Austin '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Maskeroni , Alfred ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Have a Look Inside AMC 's Perfect Replica of Breaking Bad 's Los Pollos Hermanos at SXSW '' . Adweek . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Sara Ashley ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Cory Booker : We need to love each other '' .",
"26": "CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW Panel : The Messy Truth With Van Jones '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Biden calls for SXSW tech innovators to join ' the only bipartisan thing left in America ' '' . Los Angeles Times . 2017 - 03 - 12 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nile Rodgers Talks Making Hits & Not Being a Music Snob During SXSW Keynote Address '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Valentini , Valentina I. ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) . `` SXSW : Gareth Edwards Explains How a Starbucks Cup Influenced ' Rogue One ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW : Lee Daniels Explains Why Trump Will Be Good for Hollywood , Details Childhood in `` the Ghetto '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tsioulcas , Anastasia . `` Italian Band Soviet Soviet Denied Entry To The U.S. , Jailed And Then Deported '' . NPR . NPR . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg . `` SXSW : Artists representing Muslim - majority countries band together '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` FAARROW Joins SXSW Bands In Drawing Attention To Travel Ban '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Theis , Michael ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` Uber , Lyft defeated in Prop. 1 referendum '' . American City Business Journals . Jump up ^ `` An inglorious return to Austin for Uber and Lyft '' . The Economist . May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW 2018 '' . www.sxsw.com .",
"27": "January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Two Austin startups win big at SXSW Accelerator pitch event '' . 512 tech ( Austin American - Statesman ) . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Sonic Mania Plus Announced at SXSW with Physical Edition and New Characters '' . Bleeding Cool News And Rumors . 2018 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Legend of Zelda ' and ' PUBG ' top winners at SXSW Gaming Awards '' . 512tech ( Austin American - Statesman ) . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` SXSW Unveils 2018 Festival Lineup , With John Krasinski 's ' A Quiet Place ' Opening - Night Film '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Drew Knight , Daysi Yeates ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Cloak & Dagger ' holds watch party at SXSW '' . KVUE . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Inside HBO and Giant Spoon 's Massive Immersive Westworld Activation at SXSW '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' Westworld 's gritty western fantasy comes to life at SXSW '' . CNET. 2018 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ American - Statesman Staff . `` THE SUSPECT : Family of Mark A. Conditt ' grieving ' and ' in shock ' '' . Austin American - Statesman . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) . `` The Roots ' SXSW Concert Canceled Due to ' Security Concern ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Police Warn People To Avoid Packages After 4th Explosion Injures 2 '' . NPR.org .",
"28": "Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Man arrested for bomb threat that shut down Roots concert at South by Southwest in Austin '' . CBS News . March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Report : SXSW 's 2012 economic impact was $190 million '' . Austin American Statesman . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW Announces 2013 Impact on the Austin Economy Austin Chamber Divisional Blogs '' . Austinchamber.com . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW 's Economic Impact On Austin In 2014 Was Worth $315 Million '' . Texas Monthly . 2014 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Swiatecki , Chad ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` SXSW economic impact grows slightly from 2014 '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Theis , Michael ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` SXSW economic impact up slightly in 2016 ; hotel rates hit new high '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joe ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Results are in : How much the 2017 Super Bowl brought to Houston '' . www.bizjournals.com/houston . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wiles , Russ ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Final Four gave Phoenix area a $325 million economic slam dunk , ASU study says '' . azcentral . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Theis , Michael ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` SXSW economic impact up slightly in 2016 ; hotel rates hit new high '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ Conner , Thomas ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Violence and crowd control problems cause SXSW to consider limiting events '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Marjorie Owens , WFAA - TV , Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas ( 27 March 2014 ) . `` SXSW accident claims fourth life '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ; Brown , August ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` A tragic wake - up call for SXSW ? '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Lawsuits : Deadly SXSW crash could have been prevented '' . KXAN . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20140517065154/http://www.khou.com/news/texas-news?fId=259080131&fPath=/news/local/&fDomain=10232 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` A smaller SXSW ? Austin halts applications for special events '' . Austin Business Journal . 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Swensson , Andrea ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Why I 'm Not Going To SXSW This Year '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Dewey , Caitlin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` SXSW canceled two panels after threats -- but did nothing when female panelists asked about harassment '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gallaga , Omar L. ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` SXSW Interactive cancels two 2016 panels due to threats '' . Austin 360 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kulwin , Noah ( October 27 , 2015 ) .",
"30": "`` BuzzFeed and Vox Media Threaten to Bail on SXSW Unless Canceled Panels Are Reinstated '' . Re / code . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ' We Made a Mistake ' : SXSW to Host Online Harassment Summit '' . NBC News . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Fung , Brian ( 13 March 2016 ) . `` SXSW : The most ( and least ) remarkable thing about the online harassment summit '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portlandia -- Fred Armisen -- co-creator , co-writer , co-star -- IFC '' . Ifc.com. 2011 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fred Armisen 's Guide to Music and SXSW on YouTube ^ Jump up to : Metro Silicon Valley ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Alt - Weeklies ' Four - Letter Festivals : Movement Grows as Silicon Valley Launches C2SV '' . AAN News . Jump up ^ Tech may have found its next SXSW , John Patrick Pullen , CNNMoney , August 28 , 2012 Jump up ^ Go West ( by Southwest ) , young band , Polly Higgins , Tucson Citizen , March 9 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Announcing South by South Lawn : A White House Festival of Ideas , Art , and Action '' . 1 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to South by Southwest .",
"31": "Austin portal Official website `` You 're Getting Too Old For This Shit : Rocker 's Over-40 Guide to SXSW '' 2016 / Rockerzine.com City of Austin Slogan : Live Music Capital of the World Attractions Austin Aquarium Austin Zoo Circuit of the Americas Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium Dell Diamond Driskill Hotel Frank Erwin Center State Capitol Texas Governor 's Mansion Treaty Oak UFCU Disch - Falk Field University of Texas Tower History Austin Dam failure Capitol View Corridors French Legation Greater Austin Stephen F. Austin Texas Archive War Timeline Treaty Oak Waterloo , Texas Education Tertiary Austin Community College Concordia University Texas Huston -- Tillotson University St. Edward 's University University of Texas School districts Austin ISD Del Valle ISD Eanes ISD Hays CISD Leander ISD Lake Travis ISD Manor ISD Pflugerville ISD Libraries Austin Public Library Government Austin City Hall Camp Mabry Fire Police Industry General Amy 's Ice Creams Golfsmith Keller Williams Realty Schlotzsky 's Whole Foods Market Creative arts Alamo Drafthouse Cinema / Drafthouse Films Collings Guitars Inner Sanctum Records Retro Studios Rooster Teeth Troublemaker Studios Waterloo Records Western Vinyl Technology Advanced Technology Development Facility ( ATDF ) Cirrus Logic Dell Computer Freescale Semiconductor Luminex Corporation MCC National Instruments Silicon Laboratories Valence Technology Museums Arthouse at The Jones Center Austin History Center Austin Museum of Art Austin Museum of Digital Art Blanton Museum of Art Bullock Texas State History Museum Dolph Briscoe Center for American History Elisabet Ney Museum French Legation Museum George Washington Carver Museum and Cultural Center Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center Jacob Fontaine Religious Museum Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Mexic - Arte Museum Neill - Cochran House Museum O.",
"32": "Henry Museum South Austin Museum of Popular Culture Texas Memorial Museum Texas Military Forces Museum Texas State Capitol Visitors Center Umlauf Sculpture Garden and Museum Music Antone 's Armadillo World Headquarters Austin City Limits Austin Opera Austin Symphony Orchestra Cinematic Symphony Emo 's SXSW Neighborhoods Allandale Anderson Mill Barton Hills Bouldin Creek Bremond Block Historic District Brentwood Bryker Woods Canyon Creek Chinatown Circle C Ranch Clarksville Congress Avenue Copperfield Crestview Dawson Dove Springs Downtown Austin The Drag East Cesar Chavez East Riverside - Oltorf Easton Park French Place Galindo Granada Hills Hancock Hyde Park Historic District Jollyville Montopolis Moore 's Crossing Historic District Mueller Community North Burnet -- Gateway North Shoal Creek Northwest Hills Oak Hill Old West Austin Onion Creek Rainey Street Rosedale Saint John Scenic Brook Shadow Lawn Historic District Sixth Street South Congress South Lamar South River City Spyglass - Barton 's Bluff Swedish Hill Tarrytown Travis Heights Waters Park West Campus Westgate West Line Willow - Spence Streets Windsor Hills Windsor Park Wooten Zilker Parks and recreation Auditorium Shores Barton Creek Barton Springs Big Walnut Creek Bull Creek Colorado River Deep Eddy Pool Emma Long Hippie Hollow Lady Bird Lake Lake Austin Lake Travis Lake Walter E. Long McKinney Falls Mount Bonnell Rosewood Park Walnut Creek Park Wild Basin Zilker Park Transportation Public Austin -- Bergstrom International Airport Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority Capital MetroRail Capital MetroRapid Capital Area Rural Transportation System Freeways MoPac Expressway Interstate 35 Pickle Parkway SH 71 US 290 US 183 Streets Congress Avenue Guadalupe Street Sixth Street Bridges Ann W.",
"33": "Richards Congress Avenue Bridge Lamar Boulevard Bridge Montopolis Bridge Pennybacker Bridge West Sixth Street Bridge Weirdness Keep Austin Weird Leslie Cochran Occupy Austin Spamarama Weird City Music venues of Texas Outdoor venues Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion Gexa Energy Pavilion Toyota Music Factory Toyota Stadium ( Texas ) Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre Selma Zilker Park Theaters and clubs AT&T Performing Arts Center Billy Bob 's Texas The Bomb Factory Cactus Cafe Dallas City Performance Hall Charles W. Eisemann Center for Performing Arts Emo 's Gas Monkey Bar N ' Grill Gilley 's Club Granada Theater ( Dallas ) Majestic Theatre ( Dallas , Texas ) Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center Music Hall at Fair Park Nancy Lee and Perry R. Bass Performance Hall Texas Hall Trees Dallas Verizon Theatre at Grand Prairie Arenas Allen Event Center American Airlines Center AT&T Center AT&T Stadium College Park Center Dr Pepper Arena Frank Erwin Center Toyota Center United Supermarkets Arena Festivals Austin City Limits Music Festival South by Southwest Wildflower !",
"34": "Arts and Music Festival Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_by_Southwest&oldid=838323090 '' Categories : Conferences in the United States Festivals in Austin , Texas Annual events in Texas Cultural festivals in the United States Film festivals in Texas Music festivals in Texas March events Music conferences Electronic music festivals in the United States Rock festivals in the United States Computer conferences Technology conferences Music festivals established in 1987 Recurring events established in 1987 1987 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe ייִדיש 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 08 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
0,
34,
16,
30,
27,
26,
10,
11,
33,
1,
25,
14,
17,
32,
31,
29,
20,
22,
28,
19,
15,
9,
13,
23,
7,
12,
21,
24,
5,
18,
2,
8,
4,
6,
3
] |
[
0,
34,
16,
30,
27
] |
944548615877400596
|
who sings i can't take my eyes off of you
|
[
"Frankie Valli",
"Frankie Valli"
] |
{
"0": "Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - wikipedia Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You Jump to : navigation , search `` I Love You Baby '' redirects here . For the film of that name , see I Love You Baby ( film ) . `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' Cover of the 1967 US single Single by Frankie Valli from the album Frankie Valli : Solo B - side `` The Trouble With Me '' Released May 1967 ( 1967 - 05 ) Format 7 '' Recorded April 1967 Genre Pop rock Length 2 : 58 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Bob Crewe Bob Gaudio Producer ( s ) Bob Crewe Frankie Valli singles chronology `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli . The song was among his biggest hits , earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week , stuck behind `` Windy '' by The Association . It was co-written by Bob Gaudio , a bandmate of Valli 's in The Four Seasons . It was Valli 's biggest solo hit until he hit # 1 in 1974 with `` My Eyes Adored You '' . `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' has had hundreds of cover versions , many of which have been on the charts in different countries . The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks , even being featured as part of the plot of some films , such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song . Its chorus has also become a popular football chant , with supporters of various teams inserting their club 's name or a popular player 's name into the beat ( for instance , A.S.",
"1": "Roma fans sing `` Francesco Totti , la la , la la la la ! '' ) . The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake - up song on the STS - 126 space shuttle mission , to celebrate the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson , one of the mission 's crewmembers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Credits 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Notable cover versions 3.1 1967 -- 1969 3.2 1970 -- 1989 3.3 1990 -- 1999 3.4 2000 -- 2009 3.5 2010 -- present 4 References 5 External links Credits ( edit ) The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio . Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio . The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue , with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone as the engineer . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 18 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box Notable cover versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years , in many countries , under both versions of the title . A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts : 1967 -- 1969 ( edit ) The Lettermen ( # 7 in 1967 , in a medley with `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' ) A version by Andy Williams made it to # 5 on the UK singles chart in 1968 . The arranger and producer was Nick DeCaro and the conductor was Eddie Karam . This version is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Jones 's Diary . In 2002 he recorded a new version of the song , as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen , which reached # 23 in the UK singles charts .",
"2": "Vicki Carr recorded a cover of the song on her 1967 album It Must Be Him . Nancy Wilson ( # 52 in 1969 ) Engelbert Humperdinck covered the song on his 1968 album A Man Without Love . The Easybeats covered the song on their 1968 album Vigil , only released on the UK / European version of the album . The Supremes performed the song for the first time in 1969 , in one of Diana Ross ' last performance on TV with the group , with Mary Wilson on lead . A translated version in Swedish was recorded by Anni - Frid Lyngstad ( later of ABBA ) and was released as the B - side to her debut single `` Din '' in 1967 . The recording has also been released on Lyngstad 's compilation albums . 1970 -- 1989 ( edit ) In 1970 , Brook Benton recorded the song on his album Brook Benton Today . In 1972 , Bobby Darin performed the song on his summer television series , Dean Martin Presents : The Bobby Darin Amusement Company , and this version was included in the 2004 album Aces Back to Back . In 1974 , Anna Maria Alberghetti performed the song as part of a medley on the 1974 Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon . In 1975 , Julio Iglesias sang the song on his TV show . Shirley Bassey recorded this as a United Artist Single in 1976 . In 1978 actors Robert De Niro , Christopher Walken and John Cazale sang the lyrics in the movie The Deer Hunter . Maureen McGovern ( # 27 on the US Adult Contemporary chart in 1979 ; # 5 Canadian AC in 1980 ) . In 1982 , San Francisco based disco band Boys Town Gang performed a disco version of the song which reached number one in the Netherlands , Belgium , Spain and number four in the United Kingdom . This version was also successful in Japan , receiving a gold digital certification by the RIAJ in 2011 , and is also on games such as Just Dance 4 . In 1987 , Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew recorded a Cantonese version and released it as the fourth single from her sophomore album , Why .",
"3": "In 1989 , Michelle Pfeiffer sang the song in The Fabulous Baker Boys . 1990 -- 1999 ( edit ) 1991 , onwards various versions from by disco singer Gloria Gaynor . 1991 , Pet Shop Boys used part of the song on their cover version of U2 's `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , which reached # 4 in the U.K. and # 72 in the U.S. 1992 , Dutch singers Gerard Joling and Tatjana Šimić recorded a duet version of the song ( including a rap segment by Darrell Bell ) , which peaked at # 5 in the Dutch Top 40 charts . 1993 , the song was recorded by a-ha singer Morten Harket for the soundtrack of the movie Coneheads ( 1993 ) . 1994 , Russian singer Philipp Kirkorov recorded this song for his album I 'm not a Rafael . 1995 , Christian rock band Daniel Amos recorded a version of the song on their album Songs of the Heart . 1996 , Manic Street Preachers recorded a version of the song and used it as the third B - side on their single `` Australia '' , the fourth to be taken from the hit album Everything Must Go . 1997 , Turkish singer Tuğba Önal covered the song in Turkish , titled `` Gelmezsen Gelme '' and featured the song on her album Onun Adı Aşk . 1997 , German singer Tommy Fischer released his german disco version `` Weil ich dich liebe '' ( covered in 2008 by Two 4 Pop ) 1997 , Xysma , the pioneering finnish grindcore band , covered the song in their later career after transforming into a rock band on their EP Singles . 1998 , Lauryn Hill ( # 35 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and # 2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 1998 and # 8 on the Australian Singles Charts ) . This version was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1999 . 1999 , Izumi Sakai of the Japanese music unit Zard recorded a version of the song with Yasuharu Konishi . It was included as a miniature bonus CD to the 8th Zard album Eien .",
"4": "The title is altered slightly to `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off Of You '' and a remixed version is included as the second of two tracks . 1999 , Jatin - Lalit included a Hindi version , `` Haan Haan Yeh Pyar Hai '' , in the film Dillagi . 1999 , Heath Ledger sang the song in the teen romantic - comedy 10 Things I Hate About You . 1999 , Denise Richards sang the song in the comedy Drop Dead Gorgeous ( film ) . 2000 -- 2009 ( edit ) 2000 , Japanese singer Ringo Sheena , for the single `` Tsumi to Batsu '' . 2000 , Hong Kong singer Leon Lai did a Cantonese version in his album Beijing Station . 2000 , Sheena Easton recorded her version for her album Fabulous . 2001 , Jimmy Somerville released his version as a single . 2001 , British group Muse , for the single `` Dead Star '' / `` In Your World '' . 2002 , Japanese singer Tommy february6 , on her eponymous album . 2002 , American guitarist Ron ' Bumblefoot ' Thal , on his album Uncool . 2003 , Czech duo Těžkej Pokondr recorded a Czech comedy version named Pejzy for their album Kuss . 2003 , italian singer Mina recorded a dance version of the song called Do n't Call Me Baby . 2004 , Jennifer Peña recorded a Latin version of the song , `` No Hay Nadie Igual Como Tú '' , which reached # 33 on the Latin charts . 2004 , Bad Manners , for The Ultimate Bad Collection - Crooners . 2005 , Jamie Kennedy performed a song in the movie , Son of the Mask . 2005 , Hello Kitty performed a song for Sanrio Puroland 's Yoru wo Tanoshima Night . 2006 , Barry Manilow including this song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties . 2006 , The Killers performed this song as an intro to `` Shadowplay '' while on their Sam 's Town Tour in 2006 / 07 . 2007 , Greek singer Efi Thodi included this song in her album I Love You Baby . 2008 , John Barrowman recorded a cover for his album Music Music Music .",
"5": "2008 , Chinese soft rock duet Yu Quan recorded a cover as an EP titled Fall in Love with Your Beauty . 2008 , Frankie Valli 's version of the song was played by NASA as the morning wake - up call for astronaut Christopher Ferguson , in honor of his anniversary while he was on the STS - 126 Space Shuttle mission . 2008 , East german duo `` TWO 4 POP '' released a cover of Tommy Fischer 's german version `` Weil ich dich liebe '' from 1997 2010 -- present ( edit ) In 2010 , A cappella group Straight No Chaser included a cover of the song on their album With a Twist . In 2010 , Clay Aiken included a cover of the song on his album Tried and True . In 2011 , Japanese R&B singer Misia , included a cover of the song as a B - side to her single `` Kioku '' . The song was later included on her cover album , Misia no Mori : Forest Covers . In 2011 , Taiwanese - American singer - songwriter Joanna Wang , included a cover of the song on her cover album , The Things We Do for Love . 2011 , Stereophonics frontman Kelly Jones sang an acoustic version of the song in tribute to former Wales national football team manager Gary Speed . The song has been an adopted anthem for Welsh football fans during Speed 's playing career with Wales after being used in a BBC Wales promo for the 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign . In 2012 , Sandaime J Soul Brothers , a dance and vocal group from Japan under the same agency as EXILE , cover this song and sing it on their ( 0 ~ ZERO ~ Live Tour ) as `` 君 の 瞳 に 恋し てる - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off of You - '' . In 2013 , Canadian indie band Walk off the Earth recorded an acoustic / beat box version of the song posted on YouTube with Belgian singer / songwriter Selah Sue voicing the chorus . In 2013 , South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation performed a version of this song as part of their Japan 2nd Tour ~ Girls&Peace ~ and 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour - Girls & Peace .",
"6": "In 2013 , Rumba music group Chico & the Gypsies did a Spanish version called `` No Puedo Quitar Mis Ojos De Ti '' on their album Fiesta released mid-2013 . Chico is Jahloul `` Chico '' Bouchikhi , one of the founder members of Gipsy Kings . In 2013 , the vocal harmony group The Overtones covered the song for the official soundtrack of the German movie Buddy , and also included the song on the Christmas and Mother 's Day editions of their 2013 platinum selling album , Saturday Night at the Movies . In 2014 , John Lloyd Young covered the song for the movie Jersey Boys about the band The Four Seasons where he played Frankie Valli . He was also the original performer on the Broadway musical of the same name which premiered in 2005 . In 2015 , Greek singers Antonis Remos and Melina Aslanidou performed the song on a tour . In 2016 , Amanda Lear recorded a new version of the song for her album Let Me Entertain You . Jessie J recorded her version in 2016 , for the French cosmetics brand Make Up For Ever . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Frankie Valli Site '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . 1967 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . The Billboard book of number 1 hits . p. 398 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Valli - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You / The Trouble With Me ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , July 15 , 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 .",
"7": "Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Musicoutfitters.com '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Love , Andy by Andy Williams , album sleeve , 1967 . New York : Columbia Records CS 9566 Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Engelbert Humperdinck - A Man Without Love ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Du är så underbart rar - recording '' . musicbrainz.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brook Benton - Brook Benton Today ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - lijst van week 24 , 1982 '' . Top40.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 74 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gloria Gaynor - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - YourDancefloorTV on YouTube .",
"8": "Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JAARLIJST 1992 '' . Members.chello.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Coneheads - Original Soundtrack Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic. 1993 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lauryn Hill Awards '' . AllMusic. 1975 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` MP3 file '' . Spaceflight.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Sandaime J Soul Brothers LIVE TOUR 2012 `` 0 - Zero - '' ( Blu - ray ) Sandaime J Soul Brothers ( 3JSB ) Blu - ray `` . CDJapan. 2013 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - Walk off the Earth ( Feat . Selah Sue ) on YouTube Retrieved January 16th , 2013 . Jump up ^ Girls ' Generation Second Japan Arena Tour Set List Retrieved April 5th , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour Set List . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Official Frankie Valli Site '' . Retrieved 2010 - 2 - 16 . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St.",
"9": "Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? ''",
"10": "`` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? )",
"11": "Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers The Four Seasons Frankie Valli Tommy DeVito Bob Gaudio Nick Massi Charles Calello Joe Long Gerry Polci Albums Sherry & 11 Others ( 1962 ) The 4 Seasons Greetings ( 1962 ) Big Girls Do n't Cry and Twelve Others ( 1963 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Ai n't That a Shame and 11 Others ( 1963 ) Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons ( 1963 ) Dawn ( 1964 ) Rag Doll ( 1964 ) Born to Wonder ( 1964 ) Stay and Other Great Hits ( 1964 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach . Hal David .",
"12": "Bob Dylan ( 1965 ) 4 Seasons Entertain You ( 1965 ) Lets Hang On ( 1965 ) Working My Way Back to You ( 1965 ) On Stage with The Four Seasons ( 1965 ) New Gold Hits ( 1967 ) Edizione D'Oro ( Gold Edition ) ( 1968 ) The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ( 1969 ) Half and Half ( 1970 ) Chameleon ( 1972 ) Who Loves You ( 1975 ) Helicon ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons ( 2002 ) Singles `` Bermuda '' `` Sherry '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Candy Girl '' `` New Mexican Rose '' `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' `` Stay '' `` Ronnie '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Save It for Me '' `` Sincerely '' `` Big Man in Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Bye , Bye , Baby ( Baby Goodbye ) '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Girl Come Running '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` Let 's Hang On ! '' `` Do n't Think Twice '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' `` The Proud One '' `` Tell It to the Rain '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` C'mon Marianne '' `` Lonesome Road '' `` Watch the Flowers Grow '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` My Eyes Adored You '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Who Loves You '' `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' `` Silver Star '' `` Grease '' Related topics Discography Members Albums Songs The Four Lovers The Wonder Who ?",
"13": "Bob Crewe `` Ces soirées - là '' Jersey Boys : Original Broadway Cast Recording Jersey Boys ( musical ) Jersey Boys ( film ) Book : The Four Seasons Jimmy Somerville Discography Studio albums Read My Lips Dare to Love Manage the Damage Home Again Compilations The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Comment te dire adieu '' `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 91 Remix ) '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Hurt So Good '' `` By Your Side '' `` The Number One Song in Heaven '' `` Why ? ( Almighty Mix ) '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Johnny Remember Me '' `` Lover Man '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` From This Moment On '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` But Not Tonight '' `` I Was Born This Way '' `` Tell Me Why '' Related articles Bronski Beat The Communards Book Nancy Wilson Albums Like in Love Something Wonderful The Swingin 's Mutual ! Nancy Wilson / Cannonball Adderley Broadway -- My Way Hollywood -- My Way Yesterday 's Love Songs / Today 's Blues Today , Tomorrow , Forever The Nancy Wilson Show ! Tender Loving Care Lush Life Welcome to My Love But Beautiful Love , Nancy A Nancy Wilson Christmas R.S.V.P.",
"14": "( Rare Songs , Very Personal ) Turned to Blue Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` You 've Got Your Troubles '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` She Called Me Baby '' `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Related articles Discography Jazz Profiles The Lettermen Tony Butala Bobby Poynton Donovan Tea Studio albums Once Upon a Time ( 1962 ) The Best of The Lettermen ( 1966 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1969 ) Spin Away ( 1972 ) Singles `` The 7th Dawn '' `` Allentown Jail '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Chanson D'Amour '' `` Come Back Silly Girl '' `` Eastward '' `` How Is Julie ? ''",
"15": "`` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Love '' `` Our Winter Love '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` Secretly '' `` Shangri - La '' `` She Cried '' `` Silly Boy ( She Does n't Love You ) '' `` Sweet September '' `` Theme from A Summer Place '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Where or When '' Related Vocal Group Hall of Fame Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Take_My_Eyes_Off_You&oldid=818396413 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1969 singles Songs written by Bob Crewe Songs written by Bob Gaudio Frankie Valli songs The Four Seasons ( band ) songs Jay and the Americans songs Andy Williams songs Lauryn Hill songs Barry Manilow songs The Lettermen songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Schlager songs Maureen McGovern songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in the Netherlands Song recordings produced by Bob Crewe 1967 songs Philips Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 08 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
6,
12,
0,
1,
13,
8,
11,
10,
15,
7,
14,
9,
5,
3,
2,
4
] |
[
6,
12,
0,
1,
13
] |
-5810701062330334403
|
how many times has lake placid hosted the winter olympics
|
[
"twice",
"twice",
"twice",
"twice"
] |
{
"0": "Lake Placid , New York - wikipedia Lake Placid , New York Jump to : navigation , search For the body of water , see Lake Placid ( New York ) . Lake Placid , New York Village Lake Placid from McKenzie Mountain Nickname ( s ) : `` The Olympic Village '' Location in Essex County and the state of New York . Coordinates : 44 ° 17 ′ 08 '' N 073 ° 59 ′ 07 '' W / 44.28556 ° N 73.98528 ° W / 44.28556 ; - 73.98528 Coordinates : 44 ° 17 ′ 08 '' N 073 ° 59 ′ 07 '' W / 44.28556 ° N 73.98528 ° W / 44.28556 ; - 73.98528 Country United States State New York County Essex Town North Elba Government Type Evan J. Norkosky Area Total 1.54 sq mi ( 3.98 km ) Land 1.37 sq mi ( 3.55 km ) Water 0.17 sq mi ( 0.43 km ) Elevation 1,801 ft ( 549 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 2,521 Estimate ( 2016 ) 2,438 Density 1,600 / sq mi ( 630 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 12946 Area code ( s ) 518 FIPS code 36 - 40761 GNIS feature ID 0954931 Website villageoflakeplacid.ny.gov Lake Placid is a village in the Adirondack Mountains in Essex County , New York , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 2,521 . The village of Lake Placid is near the center of the town of North Elba , 50 miles ( 80 km ) southwest of Plattsburgh .",
"1": "Lake Placid , along with nearby Saranac Lake and Tupper Lake , comprise what is known as the Tri-Lakes region . Lake Placid hosted the 1932 and the 1980 Winter Olympics . Lake Placid also hosted the 1972 Winter Universiade and the 2000 Winter Goodwill Games . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Olympic Games 3 Recreational opportunities 4 Regular sporting events 5 Education 6 Transportation 7 Geography 8 Climate 9 Demographics 10 Notable people 10.1 Winter Olympic athletes 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Lake Placid was founded in the early 19th century to develop an iron ore mining operation . By 1840 , the population of `` North Elba '' ( four miles southeast of the present village , near where the road to the Adirondak Loj crosses the Ausable River ) was six families . In 1845 , Gerrit Smith arrived in North Elba and not only bought a great deal of land around the village but granted large tracts to former slaves . He reformed the land law and demonstrated his support of Abolitionism . The abolitionist John Brown heard about Smith 's reforms , and left his anti-slavery activities in Kansas to buy 244 acres ( 1.0 km ) of land in North Elba . This parcel later became known as the `` Freed Slave Utopian Experiment , '' Timbucto . Shortly before his execution in 1859 , John Brown asked to be buried on his farm , which is preserved as the John Brown Farm State Historic Site . As leisure time increased in the late 19th century , Lake Placid was discovered as a resort by the wealthy , who were drawn to the fashionable Lake Placid Club . Melvil Dewey , who invented the Dewey Decimal System , designed what was then called `` Placid Park Club '' in 1895 . This inspired the village to change its name to Lake Placid , which became an incorporated village in 1900 . Dewey kept the club open through the winter in 1905 , which aided the development of winter sports in the area .",
"2": "Nearby Saranac Lake had hosted an international winter sporting event as early as 1889 , and was used year - round by patients seeking treatment for tuberculosis at sanitariums . The mountain air was considered good for them . By 1921 , the Lake Placid area could boast a ski jump , speed skating venue and ski association . In 1929 , Dr. Godfrey Dewey , Melvil 's son , convinced the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) Lake Placid had the best winter sports facilities in the United States . The Lake Placid Club was the headquarters for the IOC for the 1932 and the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid . In addition to the John Brown Farm and Gravesite , the Mount Van Hoevenberg Olympic Bobsled Run , New York Central Railroad Adirondack Division Historic District , and United States Post Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Olympic Games ( edit ) Main article : Lake Placid Winter Olympic Museum Works Progress Administration poster from the late 1930s to advertise public access to the bobsled run from the 1932 Olympics Lake Placid hosted the Winter Olympics in 1932 and 1980 . During the 1932 games , the trails outside of the village served for the cross-country skiing events and the cross-country skiing part of the Nordic combined event . Lake Placid , St Moritz and Innsbruck are the only sites to have twice hosted the Winter Olympic Games . Jack Shea , a resident of the village , became the first person to win two gold medals when he doubled in speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics . He carried the Olympic torch through Lake Placid in 2002 shortly before his death . His grandson , Jimmy Shea , competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , in his honor , winning gold in the Skeleton . In the U.S. , the village is especially remembered as the site of the 1980 USA -- USSR hockey game . Dubbed as the `` Miracle on Ice '' , a group of American college students and amateurs upset the heavily favored Soviet national ice hockey team , 4 -- 3 , and two days later won the gold medal . Another highpoint during the Games was American speed - skater Eric Heiden 's performance , who won five gold medals .",
"3": "Lake Placid was interested in bidding for the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics but decided against it ; Lillehammer , Norway , was the only bidder and was awarded the games . Lake Placid shifted its interest toward bidding for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics , but it again did not submit a bid . Recreational opportunities ( edit ) Aerial view of the lake which gave the community its name Lake Placid is well known among winter - sports enthusiasts for its skiing , both Alpine and Nordic . Whiteface Mountain ( 4,867 ft or 1,483 m ) , in nearby Wilmington about 13 miles ( 21 km ) from Lake Placid , offers skiing , hiking , gondola rides , and mountain biking , and is the only one of the High Peaks that can be reached by an auto road . Whiteface Mountain has a vertical elevation of 3,430 feet ( 1,050 m ) , the highest vertical elevation of mountains in Eastern North America . The area has one of only 16 bobsled runs in the Western Hemisphere . In 2010 , U.S. News & World Report highlighted Lake Placid as one of the `` 6 Forgotten Vacation Spots '' in North America . Many people use Lake Placid as a base from which to climb the 46 High Peaks in the Adirondack Mountains . Those who complete these climbs may join the Adirondack 46ers . Lake Placid built its first golf course in 1898 , one of the first in the U.S. , and has more courses than any other venue in the Adirondacks . Many of its courses were designed by well - known golf course architects , such as John Van Kleek , Seymour Dunn , Alexander H. Findlay , and Alister MacKenzie . The geographic features of the Adirondacks were considered reminiscent of the Scottish landscape , where the game started , and thus a fitting canvas for original play , or `` mountain golf '' . Lake Placid is near the West Branch of the Ausable River , a well - known stretch of water for fly fishing . More than 6 miles ( 10 km ) of the West Branch are designated as year - round catch - and - release , artificial - lures - only water .",
"4": "Regular sporting events ( edit ) 2006 Ironman in Lake Placid North Elba Showgrounds , showing Horse Rings , Olympic Cauldron , Whiteface Mountain Since 1999 it has been a site for the annual Ironman Lake Placid Triathlon , the second oldest Ironman in North America and one of only ten official Ironman Triathlons to be held in the continental U.S. ESPN 's Great Outdoor Games were inaugurated here in July 2000 ; they were held in Lake Placid again the following year , but moved to Madison , Wisconsin , in 2002 and were eventually discontinued . The Lake Placid and I Love New York Horse Shows have been held at the North Elba Showgrounds for the past 41 years . Multiple IWPA ( International Weight Pull Association ) snow Weight pulling events are held at the North Elba Showgrounds yearly . Nearby Saranac Lake , New York , hosts an Annual Winter Carnival , one of the oldest Winter Carnivals in the country , complete with an Ice Palace . Lake Placid is also home to the Lake Placid Sinfonietta , a professional summer chamber orchestra that has existed since 1917 and offers concerts lakeside . The Winter Empire State Games are held in Lake Placid every February . The Lake Placid ice dance competition is held every year in July or August in the 1980 Olympic Arena . CAN / AM hosts an adult pond hockey tournament on Mirror Lake every January . The Adirondacks Ragnar Relay race goes from Saratoga Springs to Lake Placid every September . The Lake Placid Summit Classic Lacrosse Tournament is held every year in early August since 1990 . Education ( edit ) Lake Placid High School Post-Secondary Education North Country Community College Primary & Secondary Education In Lake Placid , public education is administered by the Lake Placid Central School District . Lake Placid is home to five private schools : Mountain Lake Academy National Sports Academy North Country School Northwood School St. Agnes School Transportation ( edit ) Lake Placid is served by nearby Adirondack Regional Airport in Saranac Lake , 16 miles ( 26 km ) from the village . Lake Placid Airport , two miles south of the village , does not offer scheduled service but chartered flights are available .",
"5": "Other relatively nearby airports include Albany International Airport , Burlington International Airport and the airport in Plattsburgh . Lake Placid is also served by an Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach connection through Westport via limousine service . Adirondack Trailways stops there as well . Lake Placid is not located on any interstate highway . It can be reached from Interstate 87 to the east via New York State Route 73 , New York State Route 86 , and New York State Route 9N . County Roads 21 , 31 and 35 also serve the community . The New York Central Railroad ran daily passenger trains to New York City , via Utica until the 1950s . Today it is also the northern terminus of the Adirondack Scenic Railroad , over former New York Central and Delaware & Hudson trackage . There are currently plans to restore service to Utica , New York . Geography ( edit ) Mirror Lake , looking north from the public beach According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 1.5 square miles ( 4.0 km ) , of which 1.4 square miles ( 3.6 km ) is land and 0.15 square miles ( 0.4 km ) , or 10.79 % , is water . The village is located near the south end of Lake Placid lake . More immediate to the village is Mirror Lake , which lies between the village and Lake Placid . Climate ( edit ) Lake Placid has a cool humid continental climate with large seasonal differences and high precipitation throughout the year . ( hide ) Climate data for Lake Placid Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 62.1 ( 16.7 ) 64.9 ( 18.3 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 91 ( 32.8 ) 93.9 ( 34.4 ) 97 ( 36.1 ) 93.9 ( 34.4 ) 93.9 ( 34.4 ) 87.1 ( 30.",
"6": "6 ) 79 ( 26.1 ) 63 ( 17.2 ) 97 ( 36.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 25.7 ( − 3.5 ) 27.9 ( − 2.3 ) 37.6 ( 3.1 ) 50.2 ( 10.1 ) 63.3 ( 17.4 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 76.5 ( 24.7 ) 74.3 ( 23.5 ) 67.1 ( 19.5 ) 55.8 ( 13.2 ) 41.5 ( 5.3 ) 29.1 ( − 1.6 ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 14.9 ( − 9.5 ) 16.3 ( − 8.7 ) 26.1 ( − 3.3 ) 38.8 ( 3.8 ) 50.9 ( 10.5 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 64.2 ( 17.9 ) 62.2 ( 16.8 ) 55.2 ( 12.9 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 32.7 ( 0.4 ) 19.8 ( − 6.8 ) 40.5 ( 4.7 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 4.3 ( − 15.4 ) 4.8 ( − 15.1 ) 14.7 ( − 9.6 ) 27.5 ( − 2.5 ) 38.5 ( 3.6 ) 47.8 ( 8.8 ) 52.3 ( 11.3 ) 50.4 ( 10.2 ) 43.3 ( 6.3 ) 33.6 ( 0.9 ) 23.7 ( − 4.6 ) 10.2 ( − 12.1 ) 29.3 ( − 1.",
"7": "5 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 36.9 ( − 38.3 ) − 36.9 ( − 38.3 ) − 29.9 ( − 34.4 ) − 9.9 ( − 23.3 ) 17.1 ( − 8.3 ) 21.9 ( − 5.6 ) 30.9 ( − 0.6 ) 27 ( − 2.8 ) 18 ( − 7.8 ) 5 ( − 15.0 ) − 11 ( − 23.9 ) − 38.9 ( − 39.4 ) − 38.9 ( − 39.4 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.8 ( 71 ) 2.52 ( 64 ) 2.95 ( 75 ) 2.83 ( 72 ) 3.19 ( 81 ) 3.82 ( 97 ) 4.06 ( 103 ) 3.86 ( 98 ) 3.58 ( 91 ) 3.35 ( 85 ) 3.23 ( 82 ) 3.07 ( 78 ) 39.25 ( 997 ) Source : Weatherbase Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1910 1,682 -- 1920 2,099 24.8 % 1930 2,930 39.6 % 1940 3,136 7.0 % 1950 2,999 − 4.4 % 1960 2,998 0.0 % 1970 2,731 − 8.9 % 1980 2,490 − 8.8 % 2,485 − 0.2 % 2000 2,638 6.2 % 2,521 − 4.4 % Est. 2016 2,438 − 3.3 % U.S.",
"8": "Decennial Census As of the census of 2000 , there were 2,638 people , 1,303 households , and 604 families residing in the village . The population density was 1,913.2 inhabitants per square mile ( 738.7 / km ) . There were 1,765 housing units at an average density of 1,280.1 per square mile ( 494.2 / km ) . The racial makeup of the village was 95.75 % White , 0.68 % African American , 0.45 % Native American , 0.91 % Asian , 0.57 % Pacific Islander , 0.19 % from other races , and 1.44 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.91 % of the population . There were 1,303 households , of which 22.3 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 34.1 % were married couples living together , 8.4 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 53.6 % were non-families. 45.7 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 16.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.02 , and the average family size was 2.93 . The population was spread out with 22.4 % under the age of 18 , 8.5 % from 18 to 24 , 33.2 % from 25 to 44 , 19.3 % from 45 to 64 , and 16.6 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 37 years . For every 100 females there were 92.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 88.3 males . The median income for a household in the village was $28,239 , and the median income for a family was $43,042 . Males had a median income of $26,585 versus $21,750 for females . The per capita income for the village was $18,507 .",
"9": "About 8.5 % of families and 13.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 13.3 % of those under age 18 and 17.8 % of those age 65 or over . Lake Placid panorama . High School ( middle ) , the Olympic Center ( right ) , and the speed skating oval Notable people ( edit ) Bill Beaney ( born 1951 ) college men 's ice hockey coach , raised in Lake Placid John Brown ( 1800 -- 1859 ) , abolitionist Chadd Cassidy ( born August 3 , 1973 ) , AHL coach , born and raised in Lake Placid Lana Del Rey ( born 1985 ) , singer , raised in Lake Placid John Desrocher ( born 1964 ) , United States Ambassador to Algeria , raised in Lake Placid Godfrey Dewey ( 1887 - 1977 ) , president of the Lake Placid Organizing Committee for the 1932 Winter Olympics , son of Dr. Melvil Dewey Melvil Dewey ( 1851 -- 1931 ) , inventor of the Dewey Decimal Classification System for libraries and President of the American Library Association , founder of the Lake Placid Club Chris Ortloff ( born 1947 ) , former New York State Assemblyman , Chief of Ceremonies and Awards for the Lake Placid Olympic Organizing Committee for the 1980 Winter Olympics , born in Lake Placid Kate Smith ( 1907 -- 1986 ) , singer James Tolkan ( born 1931 ) , actor Craig Wood ( born Nov. 18 , 1901 ) , Masters Tournament champion ( 1941 ) , U.S. Open champion ( 1941 ) , World Golf Hall of Fame entrant ( 2008 ) Winter Olympic athletes ( edit ) Lowell Bailey ( b . 1981 ) , biathlete Ashley Caldwell ( b .",
"10": "1993 ) , biathlete Art Devlin ( September 7 , 1922 -- April 22 , 2004 ) ski jumper , competed in the 1952 and 1956 Winter Olympics , earned three Purple Hearts along with other military honors serving in World War II , founder of Art Devlin 's Olympic Motor Inn in Lake Placid , a color commentator for ABC Sports during the 1964 , 1968 , 1976 and 1980 Winter Olympics , led the effort to bring the 1980 Winter Olympics to Lake Placid . Born , raised , and lived in Lake Placid . Peter Frenette ( b . 1992 ) , ski jumper Mark Grimmette ( b . 1971 ) , luge competitor Eric Heiden ( born 1958 ) , speedskater Haley Johnson ( b . 1981 ) , biathlete Brian Martin ( b . 1974 ) , luge competitor Chris Mazdzer ( b . 1988 ) , luge competitor , 2018 Silver Medalist Jack Shea ( 1910 - 2002 ) Jimmy Shea ( b . 1968 ) Kyle Tress ( b . 1981 ) , skeleton athlete Andrew Weibrecht ( born 1986 ) , alpine skier , 2014 silver and 2010 Olympic bronze medalist , born and raised in Lake Placid References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Lake Placid village , New York '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fea , John , in Findling , John E. and Pelle , Kimberly D. , editors , Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement , Greenwood Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . p. 297 Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ 1932 Winter Olympics official report .",
"11": "Archived 2008 - 04 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . pp. 145 -- 6 , 199 . Jump up ^ `` BBC SPORT - Winter Olympics 2002 - Skating - Winter Olympic hero dies '' . Jump up ^ Lake Placid Leaning toward 2020 Youth Games Bid Archived 2010 - 09 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Whiteface Lake Placid the Perfect Winter Vacation . '' Whiteface . N.p. , n.d. Web . 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid , Adirondacks . '' Ski Whiteface Mountain . N.p. , n.d. Web . 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Miriam B. Weiner , `` 6 Forgotten Vacation Spots : Destinations that were hot only 20 years ago have since gone tepid , clinging to the memory of their glory days . But what caused the flux in the fad ? Find out more about some of the travel industry 's former heavyweights , what made them fall and whether or not they should have been forgotten . '' Yahoo Tavel , n.d. Found at U.S. News & World Report Travel website . Accessed December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lake Placid Ironman Official Site Jump up ^ 2008 Lake Placid Ice Dance Championships Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid , New York Climate Summary '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid , New York Temperature Averages '' . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Your Lake Placid Olympians ! '' . www.adirnondack.net . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Placid , New York . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lake Placid .",
"12": "Village of Lake Placid official website Lake Placid News Lake Placid Olympic Authority Lake Placid Police Department Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Venues of the 1932 Winter Olympics Intervales Ski - Hill Lake Placid Mt. Van Hoevenberg Bob - Run Olympic Arena Olympic Stadium Olympic venues in cross-country skiing 1924 : Stade Olympique de Chamonix 1928 : Around the hills of St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Große Olympiaschanze 1948 : Around the hills of St.",
"13": "Moritz 1952 : Holmenkollen National Arena 1956 : Lo Stadio della neve 1960 : McKinney Creek Stadium 1964 : Toni - Seelos - Olympiaschanze 1968 : Autrans 1972 : Makomanai Cross-country site 1976 : Toni - Seelos - Olympiaschanze 1980 : Lake Placid Olympic Sports Complex Cross Country Biathlon Center 1984 : Igman , Veliko Polje 1988 : Canmore Nordic Centre 1992 : Les Saisies 1994 : Birkebeineren Ski Stadium 1998 : Snow Harp 2002 : Soldier Hollow 2006 : Pragelato Plan 2010 : Whistler Olympic Park 2014 : Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex 2018 : Alpensia Cross-Country Centre 2022 : Kuyangshu Biathlon Field Olympic venues in Nordic combined 1924 : Le Tremplin Olympique du Mont , Stade Olympique de Chamonix 1928 : Around the hills of St. Moritz , Olympiaschanze 1932 : Intervales Ski - Hill , Lake Placid 1936 : Große Olympiaschanze 1948 : Around the hills of St.",
"14": "Moritz , Olympiaschanze 1952 : Holmenkollen National Arena 1956 : Lo Stadio della neve , Trampolino Italia 1960 : McKinney Creek Stadium , Papoose Peak Jumps 1964 : Toni - Seelos - Olympiaschanze 1968 : Autrans 1972 : Makomanai Cross-country site , Miyanomori Jumping Hill 1976 : Toni - Seelos - Olympiaschanze 1980 : Intervales Ski - Hill , Lake Placid Olympic Sports Complex Cross Country Biathlon Center 1984 : Igman Olympic Jumps ; Igman , Veliko Polje 1988 : WinSport 's Canada Olympic Park , Canmore Nordic Centre 1992 : Tremplin du Praz 1994 : Birkebeineren Skistadion , Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena 1998 : Hakuba Ski Jumping Stadium , Snow Harp 2002 : Soldier Hollow , Utah Olympic Park 2006 : Stadio del Trampolino , Pragelato Plan 2010 : Whistler Olympic Park 2014 : RusSki Gorki Jumping Center 2018 : Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre , Alpensia Cross-Country Centre 2022 : Kuyangshu Biathlon Field , Kuyangshu Ski Jumping Field Municipalities and communities of Essex County , New York , United States County seat : Elizabethtown Towns Chesterfield Crown Point Elizabethtown Essex Jay Keene Lewis Minerva Moriah Newcomb North Elba North Hudson Schroon St.",
"15": "Armand Ticonderoga Westport Willsboro Wilmington Villages Lake Placid Saranac Lake ‡ CDPs Elizabethtown Keeseville ‡ Mineville Schroon Lake Ticonderoga Westport Willsboro Wilmington Witherbee Other hamlets Bloomingdale Moriah Center North Pole Olmstedville Port Henry Port Kent Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties VIAF : 131334824 GND : 4034143 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Placid,_New_York&oldid=828672540 '' Categories : Lake Placid , New York 1932 Winter Olympics venues Olympic cross-country skiing venues Olympic Nordic combined venues Villages in New York ( state ) Villages in Essex County ,",
"16": "New York Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Picard Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 粵語 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 March 2018 , at 01 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
16,
6,
11,
7,
4,
13,
14,
8,
10,
2,
12,
3,
9,
1,
5,
15,
0
] |
[
2,
16,
6,
11,
7
] |
7804119988370766628
|
who came up with the theory of relativity
|
[
"Albert Einstein",
"Albert Einstein",
"Albert Einstein",
"Albert Einstein",
"Albert Einstein"
] |
{
"0": "Theory of relativity - wikipedia Theory of relativity Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the scientific concept . For philosophical or ontological theories about relativity , see Relativism . For the silent film , see The Einstein Theory of Relativity . Two - dimensional projection of a three - dimensional analogy of spacetime curvature described in general relativity The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated theories by Albert Einstein : special relativity and general relativity . Special relativity applies to elementary particles and their interactions , describing all their physical phenomena except gravity . General relativity explains the law of gravitation and its relation to other forces of nature . It applies to the cosmological and astrophysical realm , including astronomy . The theory transformed theoretical physics and astronomy during the 20th century , superseding a 200 - year - old theory of mechanics created primarily by Isaac Newton . It introduced concepts including spacetime as a unified entity of space and time , relativity of simultaneity , kinematic and gravitational time dilation , and length contraction . In the field of physics , relativity improved the science of elementary particles and their fundamental interactions , along with ushering in the nuclear age . With relativity , cosmology and astrophysics predicted extraordinary astronomical phenomena such as neutron stars , black holes , and gravitational waves . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development and acceptance 2 Special relativity 3 General relativity 4 Experimental evidence 4.1 Tests of special relativity 4.2 Tests of general relativity 5 Modern applications 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Development and acceptance Main articles : History of special relativity and History of general relativity Albert Einstein published the theory of special relativity in 1905 , building on many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by Albert A. Michelson , Hendrik Lorentz , Henri Poincaré and others . Max Planck , Hermann Minkowski and others did subsequent work . Einstein developed general relativity between 1907 and 1915 , with contributions by many others after 1915 . The final form of general relativity was published in 1916 .",
"1": "The term `` theory of relativity '' was based on the expression `` relative theory '' ( German : Relativtheorie ) used in 1906 by Planck , who emphasized how the theory uses the principle of relativity . In the discussion section of the same paper , Alfred Bucherer used for the first time the expression `` theory of relativity '' ( German : Relativitätstheorie ) . By the 1920s , the physics community understood and accepted special relativity . It rapidly became a significant and necessary tool for theorists and experimentalists in the new fields of atomic physics , nuclear physics , and quantum mechanics . By comparison , general relativity did not appear to be as useful , beyond making minor corrections to predictions of Newtonian gravitation theory . It seemed to offer little potential for experimental test , as most of its assertions were on an astronomical scale . Its mathematics seemed difficult and fully understandable only by a small number of people . Around 1960 , general relativity became central to physics and astronomy . New mathematical techniques to apply to general relativity streamlined calculations and made its concepts more easily visualized . As astronomical phenomena were discovered , such as quasars ( 1963 ) , the 3 - kelvin microwave background radiation ( 1965 ) , pulsars ( 1967 ) , and the first black hole candidates ( 1981 ) , the theory explained their attributes , and measurement of them further confirmed the theory . Special relativity Main article : Special relativity Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime . It was introduced in Einstein 's 1905 paper `` On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies '' ( for the contributions of many other physicists see History of special relativity ) . Special relativity is based on two postulates which are contradictory in classical mechanics : The laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion relative to one another ( principle of relativity ) . The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers , regardless of their relative motion or of the motion of the light source . The resultant theory copes with experiment better than classical mechanics . For instance , postulate 2 explains the results of the Michelson -- Morley experiment . Moreover , the theory has many surprising and counterintuitive consequences .",
"2": "Some of these are : Relativity of simultaneity : Two events , simultaneous for one observer , may not be simultaneous for another observer if the observers are in relative motion . Time dilation : Moving clocks are measured to tick more slowly than an observer 's `` stationary '' clock . Length contraction : Objects are measured to be shortened in the direction that they are moving with respect to the observer . Maximum speed is finite : No physical object , message or field line can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum . The effect of Gravity can only travel through space at the speed of light , not faster or instantaneously . Mass -- energy equivalence : E = mc , energy and mass are equivalent and transmutable . Relativistic mass , idea used by some researchers . The defining feature of special relativity is the replacement of the Galilean transformations of classical mechanics by the Lorentz transformations . ( See Maxwell 's equations of electromagnetism ) . General relativity Main articles : General relativity and Introduction to general relativity General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Einstein in the years 1907 -- 1915 . The development of general relativity began with the equivalence principle , under which the states of accelerated motion and being at rest in a gravitational field ( for example , when standing on the surface of the Earth ) are physically identical . The upshot of this is that free fall is inertial motion : an object in free fall is falling because that is how objects move when there is no force being exerted on them , instead of this being due to the force of gravity as is the case in classical mechanics . This is incompatible with classical mechanics and special relativity because in those theories inertially moving objects can not accelerate with respect to each other , but objects in free fall do so . To resolve this difficulty Einstein first proposed that spacetime is curved . In 1915 , he devised the Einstein field equations which relate the curvature of spacetime with the mass , energy , and any momentum within it . Some of the consequences of general relativity are : Clocks run slower in deeper gravitational wells . This is called gravitational time dilation . Orbits precess in a way unexpected in Newton 's theory of gravity . ( This has been observed in the orbit of Mercury and in binary pulsars ) .",
"3": "Rays of light bend in the presence of a gravitational field . Rotating masses `` drag along '' the spacetime around them ; a phenomenon termed `` frame - dragging '' . The universe is expanding , and the far parts of it are moving away from us faster than the speed of light . Technically , general relativity is a theory of gravitation whose defining feature is its use of the Einstein field equations . The solutions of the field equations are metric tensors which define the topology of the spacetime and how objects move inertially . Experimental evidence Einstein stated that the theory of relativity belongs to a class of `` principle - theories '' . As such , it employs an analytic method , which means that the elements of this theory are not based on hypothesis but on empirical discovery . By observing natural processes , we understand their general characteristics , devise mathematical models to describe what we observed , and by analytical means we deduce the necessary conditions that have to be satisfied . Measurement of separate events must satisfy these conditions and match the theory 's conclusions . Tests of special relativity Main article : Tests of special relativity A diagram of the Michelson -- Morley experiment Relativity is a falsifiable theory : It makes predictions that can be tested by experiment . In the case of special relativity , these include the principle of relativity , the constancy of the speed of light , and time dilation . The predictions of special relativity have been confirmed in numerous tests since Einstein published his paper in 1905 , but three experiments conducted between 1881 and 1938 were critical to its validation . These are the Michelson -- Morley experiment , the Kennedy -- Thorndike experiment , and the Ives -- Stilwell experiment . Einstein derived the Lorentz transformations from first principles in 1905 , but these three experiments allow the transformations to be induced from experimental evidence . Maxwell 's equations -- the foundation of classical electromagnetism -- describe light as a wave that moves with a characteristic velocity . The modern view is that light needs no medium of transmission , but Maxwell and his contemporaries were convinced that light waves were propagated in a medium , analogous to sound propagating in air , and ripples propagating on the surface of a pond . This hypothetical medium was called the luminiferous aether , at rest relative to the `` fixed stars '' and through which the Earth moves .",
"4": "Fresnel 's partial ether dragging hypothesis ruled out the measurement of first - order ( v / c ) effects , and although observations of second - order effects ( v / c ) were possible in principle , Maxwell thought they were too small to be detected with then - current technology . The Michelson -- Morley experiment was designed to detect second - order effects of the `` aether wind '' -- the motion of the aether relative to the earth . Michelson designed an instrument called the Michelson interferometer to accomplish this . The apparatus was more than accurate enough to detect the expected effects , but he obtained a null result when the first experiment was conducted in 1881 , and again in 1887 . Although the failure to detect an aether wind was a disappointment , the results were accepted by the scientific community . In an attempt to salvage the aether paradigm , FitzGerald and Lorentz independently created an ad hoc hypothesis in which the length of material bodies changes according to their motion through the aether . This was the origin of FitzGerald -- Lorentz contraction , and their hypothesis had no theoretical basis . The interpretation of the null result of the Michelson -- Morley experiment is that the round - trip travel time for light is isotropic ( independent of direction ) , but the result alone is not enough to discount the theory of the aether or validate the predictions of special relativity . The Kennedy -- Thorndike experiment shown with interference fringes . While the Michelson -- Morley experiment showed that the velocity of light is isotropic , it said nothing about how the magnitude of the velocity changed ( if at all ) in different inertial frames . The Kennedy -- Thorndike experiment was designed to do that , and was first performed in 1932 by Roy Kennedy and Edward Thorndike . They obtained a null result , and concluded that `` there is no effect ... unless the velocity of the solar system in space is no more than about half that of the earth in its orbit '' . That possibility was thought to be too coincidental to provide an acceptable explanation , so from the null result of their experiment it was concluded that the round - trip time for light is the same in all inertial reference frames . The Ives -- Stilwell experiment was carried out by Herbert Ives and G.R.",
"5": "Stilwell first in 1938 and with better accuracy in 1941 . It was designed to test the transverse Doppler effect -- the redshift of light from a moving source in a direction perpendicular to its velocity -- which had been predicted by Einstein in 1905 . The strategy was to compare observed Doppler shifts with what was predicted by classical theory , and look for a Lorentz factor correction . Such a correction was observed , from which was concluded that the frequency of a moving atomic clock is altered according to special relativity . Those classic experiments have been repeated many times with increased precision . Other experiments include , for instance , relativistic energy and momentum increase at high velocities , experimental testing of time dilation , and modern searches for Lorentz violations . Tests of general relativity Main article : Tests of general relativity General relativity has also been confirmed many times , the classic experiments being the perihelion precession of Mercury 's orbit , the deflection of light by the Sun , and the gravitational redshift of light . Other tests confirmed the equivalence principle and frame dragging . Modern Applications Far from being simply of theoretical interest , relativitistic effects are important practical engineering concerns . Satellite - based measurement needs to take into account relativistic effects , as each satellite is in motion relative to an Earth - bound user and is thus in a different frame of reference under the theory of relativity . Global positioning systems such as GPS , GLONASS , and the forthcoming Galileo , must account for all of the relativistic effects , such as the consequences of Earth 's gravitational field , in order to work with precision . This is also the case in the high - precision measurement of time . Instruments ranging from electron microscopes to particle accelerators would not work if relativistic considerations were omitted . See also Physics portal Science portal Cosmology portal Doubly special relativity Galilean invariance General relativity references Scale relativity Special relativity references References Jump up ^ Einstein A. ( 1916 ) , Relativity : The Special and General Theory ( Translation 1920 ) , New York : H. Holt and Company ^ Jump up to : Einstein , Albert ( November 28 , 1919 ) . `` Time , Space , and Gravitation '' . The Times .",
"6": "^ Jump up to : Will , Clifford M ( August 1 , 2010 ) . `` Relativity '' . Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Will , Clifford M ( August 1 , 2010 ) . `` Space - Time Continuum '' . Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Will , Clifford M ( August 1 , 2010 ) . `` Fitzgerald -- Lorentz contraction '' . Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Planck , Max ( 1906 ) , `` The Measurements of Kaufmann on the Deflectability of β - Rays in their Importance for the Dynamics of the Electrons '' , Physikalische Zeitschrift , 7 : 753 -- 761 Jump up ^ Miller , Arthur I. ( 1981 ) , Albert Einstein 's special theory of relativity . Emergence ( 1905 ) and early interpretation ( 1905 -- 1911 ) , Reading : Addison -- Wesley , ISBN 0 - 201 - 04679 - 2 Jump up ^ Hey , Anthony J.G. ; Walters , Patrick ( 2003 ) . The New Quantum Universe ( illustrated , revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 227 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56457 - 1 . Extract of page 227 Jump up ^ Greene , Brian . `` The Theory of Relativity , Then and Now '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Feynman , Richard Phillips ; Morínigo , Fernando B. ; Wagner , William ; Pines , David ; Hatfield , Brian ( 2002 ) . Feynman Lectures on Gravitation . West view Press . p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4038 - 1 . , Lecture 5 Jump up ^ Roberts , T ; Schleif , S ; Dlugosz , JM ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . `` What is the experimental basis of Special Relativity ? '' .",
"7": "Usenet Physics FAQ . University of California , Riverside . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 31 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Maxwell , James Clerk ( 1880 ) , `` On a Possible Mode of Detecting a Motion of the Solar System through the Luminiferous Ether '' , Nature , 21 ( 535 ) : 314 -- 315 , Bibcode : 1880Natur ... 21S. 314. , doi : 10.1038 / 021314c0 ^ Jump up to : Pais , Abraham ( 1982 ) . `` Subtle is the Lord ... '' : The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford Univ . Press . pp. 111 -- 113 . ISBN 0192806726 . Jump up ^ Michelson , Albert A. ( 1881 ) . `` The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether '' . American Journal of Science . 22 ( 128 ) : 120 -- 129 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. s3 - 22.128. 120 . Jump up ^ Michelson , Albert A. & Morley , Edward W. ( 1887 ) . `` On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether '' . American Journal of Science . 34 ( 203 ) : 333 -- 345 . doi : 10.2475 / ajs. s3 - 34.203. 333 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pais , Abraham ( 1982 ) . `` Subtle is the Lord ... '' : The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford Univ . Press . p. 122 . ISBN 0192806726 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , H.P. ( July 1949 ) . `` Postulate versus Observation in the Special Theory of Relativity '' ( PDF ) . Reviews of Modern Physics. 21 ( 3 ) : 378 -- 382 .",
"8": "Bibcode : 1949RvMP ... 21 ... 378R . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 21.378 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Edwin F. ; John Archibald Wheeler ( 1992 ) . Spacetime physics : Introduction to Special Relativity ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 84 -- 88 . ISBN 0716723271 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , R.J. ; Thorndike , E.M. ( 1932 ) . `` Experimental Establishment of the Relativity of Time '' . Physical Review . 42 ( 3 ) : 400 -- 418 . Bibcode : 1932PhRv ... 42 ... 400K . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 42.400 . Jump up ^ Robertson , H.P. ( July 1949 ) . `` Postulate versus Observation in the Special Theory of Relativity '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 21 ( 3 ) : 381 . Bibcode : 1949RvMP ... 21 ... 378R . doi : 10.1103 / revmodphys. 21.378 . Jump up ^ Ives , H.E. ; Stilwell , G.R. ( 1938 ) . `` An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock '' . Journal of the Optical Society of America . 28 ( 7 ) : 215 . Bibcode : 1938JOSA ... 28 ... 215I . doi : 10.1364 / JOSA. 28.000215 . Jump up ^ Ives , H.E. ; Stilwell , G.R. ( 1941 ) . `` An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock . II '' . Journal of the Optical Society of America . 31 ( 5 ) : 369 . Bibcode : 1941JOSA ... 31 ... 369I . doi : 10.1364 / JOSA. 31.000369 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) .",
"9": "Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Francis , S. ; B. Ramsey ; S. Stein ; Leitner , J. ; M. Moreau . J.M. ; Burns , R. ; Nelson , R.A. ; Bartholomew , T.R. ; Gifford , A. ( 2002 ) . `` Timekeeping and Time Dissemination in a Distributed Space - Based Clock Ensemble '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings 34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval ( PTTI ) Systems and Applications Meeting : 201 -- 214 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Further reading Einstein , Albert ( 2005 ) . Relativity : The Special and General Theory . Translated by Robert W. Lawson ( The masterpiece science ed . ) . New York : Pi Press . ISBN 0131862618 . Einstein , Albert . Relativity : The Special and General Theory ( PDF ) . 1920 : Henry Holt and Company . Einstein , Albert ; trans . Schilpp ; Paul Arthur ( 1979 ) . Albert Einstein , Autobiographical Notes ( A Centennial ed . ) . La Salle , Ill. : Open Court Publishing Co . ISBN 0875483526 . Einstein , Albert ( 2009 ) . Einstein 's Essays in Science . Translated by Alan Harris ( Dover ed . ) . Mineola , N.Y. : Dover Publications . ISBN 9780486470115 . Einstein , Albert ( 1956 ) ( 1922 ) . The Meaning of Relativity ( 5 ed . ) . Princeton University Press . The Meaning of Relativity Albert Einstein : Four lectures delivered at Princeton University , May 1921 How I created the theory of relativity Albert Einstein , December 14 , 1922 ; Physics Today August 1982 Relativity Sidney Perkowitz Encyclopædia Britannica External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Theory of relativity",
"10": "Wikisource has original works on the topic : Relativity Wikisource has original text related to this article : Relativity : The Special and General Theory Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Category : Relativity Wikiversity has learning resources about General relativity Theory of relativity at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Relativity Milestones : Timeline of Notable Relativity Scientists and Contributions The dictionary definition of theory of relativity at Wiktionary Media related to Theory of relativity at Wikimedia Commons Branches of physics Divisions Applied Experimental Theoretical Energy Motion Thermodynamics Mechanics Classical Ballistics Lagrangian Hamiltonian Continuum Celestial Statistical Solid Fluid Quantum Waves Fields Gravitation Electromagnetism Optics Geometrical Physical Nonlinear Quantum Quantum field theory Relativity Special General By speciality Accelerator Acoustics Astrophysics Nuclear Stellar Heliophysics Solar Space Astroparticle Atomic -- molecular -- optical ( AMO ) Communication Computational Condensed matter Mesoscopic Solid - state Soft Digital Engineering Material Mathematical Molecular Nuclear Particle Phenomenology Plasma Polymer Statistical Physics in life science Biophysics Virophysics Biomechanics Medical physics Cardiophysics Health physics Laser medicine Medical imaging Nuclear medicine Neurophysics Psychophysics",
"11": "Physics with other sciences Agrophysics Soil Atmospheric Cloud Chemical Econophysics Geophysics Physical chemistry Time Key concepts Past history deep time Present Future Futures studies Far future in religion Far future in science fiction and popular culture Timeline of the far future Eternity Eternity of the world Measurement and standards Chronometry UTC UT TAI Unit of time Planck time Second Minute Hour Day Week Month Season Year Decade Century Millennium Tropical year Sidereal year Samvatsara Measurement systems Time zone Six - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Daylight saving time Solar time Sidereal time Metric time Decimal time Hexadecimal time Calendars Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Lunar Solar Hijri Mayan Intercalation Leap second Leap year Clocks Horology History of timekeeping devices Main types astrarium atomic quantum marine sundial sundial markup schema watch water - based Chronology History Astronomical chronology Big History Calendar era Chronicle Deep time Periodization Regnal year Timeline Religion Mythology Dreamtime Kāla Kalachakra Prophecy Time and fate deities Wheel of time Immortality Philosophy of time",
"12": "A-series and B - series B - theory of time Causality Duration Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Multiple time dimensions Perdurantism Presentism Static interpretation of time Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time Human experience and use of time Accounting period Chronemics Fiscal year Generation time Mental chronometry Music Procrastination Punctuality Temporal database Term Time discipline Time management Time perception Specious present Time - tracking software Time - use research Time - based currency ( time banking ) Time value of money Time clock Timesheet Yesterday -- Today -- Tomorrow Time in Geology Geological time age chron eon epoch era period Geochronology Geological history of Earth Physics Absolute time and space Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Imaginary time Planck epoch Planck time Proper time Rate Spacetime Theory of relativity Time dilation gravitational Time domain Time translation symmetry Time reversal symmetry other subject areas Chronological dating Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Dating methodologies in archaeology Time geography Related topics Carpe diem Clock position Space System time Tempus fugit Time capsule Time complexity Time signature Time travel Time portal Time measurement and standards Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset",
"13": "UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31 - 1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Flick Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment",
"14": "Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Relativity Special relativity Background Principle of relativity Special relativity Doubly special relativity Foundations Frame of reference Speed of light Hyperbolic orthogonality Rapidity Maxwell 's equations Formulation Galilean relativity Galilean transformation Lorentz transformation Consequences Time dilation Relativistic mass Mass -- energy equivalence Length contraction Relativity of simultaneity Relativistic Doppler effect Thomas precession Relativistic disks Spacetime Light cone World line Spacetime diagram Biquaternions Minkowski space General relativity Background Introduction Mathematical formulation Fundamental concepts Special relativity Equivalence principle World line Riemannian geometry Minkowski diagram Penrose diagram Phenomena Black hole Event horizon Frame - dragging Geodetic effect Lenses Singularity Waves Ladder paradox Twin paradox Two - body problem BKL singularity Equations ADM formalism BSSN formalism Einstein field equations Geodesic equation Friedmann equations Linearized gravity Post-Newtonian formalism Raychaudhuri equation Hamilton -- Jacobi -- Einstein equation",
"15": "Ernst equation Tolman -- Oppenheimer -- Volkoff equation Advanced theories Brans -- Dicke theory Kaluza -- Klein Mach 's principle Quantum gravity Solutions Schwarzschild ( interior ) Reissner -- Nordström Gödel Kerr Kerr -- Newman Kasner Friedmann -- Lemaître -- Robertson -- Walker Taub -- NUT Milne pp - wave van Stockum dust Weyl − Lewis − Papapetrou Scientists Einstein Lorentz Hilbert Poincaré Schwarzschild de Sitter Reissner Nordström Weyl Eddington Friedmann Milne Zwicky Lemaître Gödel Wheeler Robertson Bardeen Walker Kerr Chandrasekhar Ehlers Penrose Hawking Taylor Hulse Stockum Taub Newman Yau Thorne Weiss Bondi Misner others LCCN : sh85112497 GND : 4049363 - 5 BNF : cb11932745v ( data ) NDL : 00571478 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_relativity&oldid=835363827 '' Categories : Theory of relativity Theoretical physics Theories by Albert Einstein Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing German - language text Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk",
"16": "View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk",
"17": "Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 07 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
9,
15,
7,
6,
3,
1,
0,
14,
10,
16,
11,
8,
2,
13,
4,
12,
5,
17
] |
[
9,
15,
7,
6,
3
] |
-3784260065793085301
|
where did the term hot rod come from
|
[
"southern California"
] |
{
"0": "Hot Rod - wikipedia Hot Rod Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Hot rod ( disambiguation ) . A 1923 Ford T - bucket in the traditional style with lake headers , dog dish hubcaps , dropped `` I '' beam axle , narrow rubber , and single 4 - barrel , but non-traditional disc brakes . T - bucket with early hemi , but aluminum radiator ( rather than brass ) , rectangular headlights , and five - spokes ( rather than motorcycle wheels ) mark this as a later incarnation . 3 - window lowboy Deuce coupé with a traditional chop , dropped front axle , sidepipes , bugcatcher scoop ( with Mooneyes cover ) over dual quads on a tunnel ram , as well as less - traditional shaved door handles and disc brakes . 1932 3 - window with a classic - style flame job and Moon tank , reminiscent of Chapouris ' California Kid . Hot rods are typically old , classic American cars with large engines modified for linear speed . The origin of the term `` hot rod '' is unclear . For example , some claim that the term `` hot '' refers to the vehicle being stolen . Other origin stories include replacing the engine 's camshaft or `` rod '' with a higher performance version . The term has broadened to apply to other items that are modified for a particular purpose , such as `` hot - rodded amplifier '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Late 1930s -- 1950s 2.2 Post WWII origins of organized rodding 2.3 1960s rise of the street rod 2.4 Modern rodding 3 In modern culture 3.1 Lifestyle 3.2 In the media 3.3 In Sweden and Finland 4 Language 4.1 Common terms 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Some automotive historians say that the term originated with stolen vehicles being refitted with another engine and repainted . In the early days of automobile manufacturing there was no identical matching transmission , body frame , and engine numbers .",
"1": "It was possible to change engines and repaint the car or truck and in effect turn it into a different vehicle and thus it became near impossible to prove that the vehicle was stolen . The term `` hot '' was equivalent to being stolen . The term `` rod '' was equivalent to any motorized vehicle . Even today , the Ontario Ministry of the Environment in its vehicle emissions regulations , refers to a `` hotrod '' as any motorized vehicle that has a replacement engine differing from the factory original . Another possible origin includes replacement of the camshaft with a new ( `` hotter '' ) version , sometimes known as a hot stick or hot rod . Roadsters were the cars of choice because they were light , easy to modify , and inexpensive . The term became commonplace in the 1930s or 1940s as the name of a car that had been `` hopped up '' by modifying the engine for higher performance . A term common in the early days was `` gow job '' . This has fallen into disuse except with historians . The gow job morphed into the hot rod in the early to middle 1950s . History ( edit ) Late 1930s -- 1950s ( edit ) The term seems first to have appeared in the late 1930s in southern California , where people raced modified cars on dry lake beds northeast of Los Angeles under the rules of the Southern California Timing Association ( SCTA ) , among other groups . The activity increased in popularity after World War II , particularly in California , because many returning soldiers received technical training in the service . Many cars were prepared by bootleggers in response to Prohibition to enable them to avoid revenue agents ( `` Revenooers '' ) ; some police vehicles were also modified in response . The first hot rods were old cars ( most often Fords , typically Model Ts , 1928 -- 31 Model As , or 1932 - 34 Model Bs ) , modified to reduce weight . Typical modifications were removal of convertible tops , hoods , bumpers , windshields , and / or fenders ; channeling the body ; and modifying the engine by tuning and / or replacing with a more powerful type . Speedster was a common name for the modified car . Wheels and tires were changed for improved traction and handling .",
"2": "`` Hot rod '' was sometimes a term used in the 1950s as a derogatory term for any car that did not fit into the mainstream . Hot rodders ' modifications were considered to improve the appearance as well , leading to show cars in the 1960s replicating these same modifications along with a distinctive paint job . Typical of builds from before World War Two were ' 35 Ford wire - spoke wheels . Immediately postwar , most rods would change from mechanical to hydraulic ( `` juice '' ) brakes and from bulb to sealed - beam headlights . Engine swaps often involved fitting the Ford flathead V8 engine , or `` flatty '' , in a different chassis ; the `` 60 horse '' in a Jeep was a popular choice in the ' 40s . After the appearance of the 255 cu in ( 4.2 l ) V8 , because of interchangeability , installing the longer - stroke Mercury crank in the 239 was a popular upgrade among hot rodders , much as the 400 cu in ( 6.6 l ) crank in small - blocks would later become . In the 1950s , the flathead block was often fitted with crankshafts of up to 4.125 in ( 104.8 mm ) stroke , sometimes more . In addition , rodders in the 1950s routinely bored them out by 0.1875 in ( 4.76 mm ) ( to 3.375 in ( 85.7 mm ) ) ; due to the tendency of blocks to crack as a result of overheating , a perennial problem , this is no longer recommended . In the ' 50s and ' 60s , the flatty was supplanted by the early hemi . By the 1970s , the small - block Chevy was the most common option , and since the ' 80s , the 350 cu in ( 5.7 l ) Chevy has been almost ubiquitous . Post wwii origins of organized rodding ( edit ) Ford Popular Hot - rodded prewar British Rover 10 After World War II there were many small military airports throughout the country that were either abandoned or rarely used that allowed hot rodders across the country to race on marked courses .",
"3": "Originally drag racing had tracks as long as one mile ( 1.6 km ) or more , and included up to four lanes of racing simultaneously . As hot rodding became more popular in the 1950s , magazines and associations catering to hot rodders were started . These were led by Hot Rod Magazine which is the oldest magazine devoted to Hot Rodding started in January 1948 . As some hot rodders also raced on the street , a need arose for an organization to promote safety , and to provide venues for safe racing . Hot rodders including Wally Parks created the National Hot Rod Association ( NHRA ) to bring racing off the streets and onto the tracks . They created rules based on safety and entertainment , and allowed Hot Rodders of any caliber the ability to race . The annual California Hot Rod Reunion and National Hot Rod Reunion are held to honor pioneers in the sport . The Wally Parks NHRA Motorsports Museum houses the roots of hot rodding . The mid-1950s and early 1960s custom Deuce was typically fenderless and steeply chopped , and almost all Ford ( or Mercury , with the 239 cu in ( 3,920 cc ) flatty , introduced in 1939 ) ; a Halibrand quick - change rearend was also typical , and an Edelbrock intake manifold or Harman and Collins magneto would not be uncommon . Reproduction spindles , brake drums , and backing based on the 1937s remain available today . Aftermarket flatty heads were available from Barney Navarro , Vic Edelbrock , and Offenhauser . The first intake manifold Edelbrock sold was a `` slingshot '' design for the flatty . Front suspension hairpins were adapted from sprint cars , such as the Kurtis Krafts . The first Jimmy supercharger on a V8 may have been by Navarro in 1950 . Brookville Roadster was one of the first companies to reproduce car bodies in steel ... 1960s rise of the Street Rod ( edit ) As automobiles offered by the major automakers began increasing performance , the lure of hot rods began to wane . It was no longer necessary to put a Cadillac engine in a Ford roadster to be fast .",
"4": "It was now possible to buy a muscle car that outperformed nearly any hot rod , with more passenger room , and without having to expend the effort of building and tuning the car oneself . After the 1973 Oil Crisis , the public called on automakers to offer safety and fuel efficiency over performance . The resulting decrease in an average car 's performance led to a resurgence of hot rodding , although the focus was on driving hot rods over racing so the term ' street rod ' was coined to denote a vehicle manufactured prior to 1949 , often with a more reliable late model drive train . Street rodding as it was now known was a different phenomenon than hot rodding , as street rodding was mainly family - oriented . National events were hosted by the National Street Rod Association ( NSRA ) , which also stressed safety as the NHRA did 20 years before . Each NSRA event has a ' Safety Inspection Team ' that performs a 23 - point inspection process beyond normal State Safety Inspections . In the mid-1980s , as stock engine sizes diminished , rodders discovered the all - aluminum 215 ( Buick or Olds ) could be stretched to as much as 305 cu in ( 5 l ) , using : the Buick 300 crank , new cylinder sleeves , and an assortment of non-GM parts , including VW & Mopar lifters and Carter carb . It could also be fitted with high - compression cylinder heads from the Morgan + 8 . Using the 5 - liter Rover block and crank , a maximum displacement of 317.8 cu in ( 5,208 cc ) is theoretically possible . Modern rodding ( edit ) 1936 Chevrolet street rod There is still a vibrant hot rod culture worldwide , especially in Canada , the United States , the United Kingdom , Australia and Sweden . The hot rod community has now been subdivided into two main groups : street rodders and hot rodders . In modern culture ( edit ) Lifestyle ( edit ) There is a contemporary movement of traditional hot rod builders , car clubs and artists who have returned to the roots of hot rodding as a lifestyle . This includes a new breed of traditional hot rod builders , artists , and styles , as well as classic style car clubs . Events like GreaseOrama feature traditional hot rods and the greaser lifestyle .",
"5": "Magazines like Ol ' Skool Rodz , Gears and Gals , and Rat - Rods and Rust Queens cover events and people . In the media ( edit ) Author Tom Wolfe was one of the first to recognize the importance of hot rodding in popular culture and brought it to mainstream attention in his book The Kandy - Kolored Tangerine - Flake Streamline Baby . There are magazines that feature traditional hot rods , including Hot Rod , Car Craft , Rod and Custom , and Popular Hot Rodding . There are also television shows such as My Classic Car , Horsepower TV , American Hot Rod , and Chop Cut Rebuild . In Sweden and finland ( edit ) Swedish hot rodders with 1960s American car at Power Big Meet Locals in these countries , influenced by American culture , have created a local hot rod culture which is vibrant in Sweden and Finland where enthusiasts gather at meetings such as Power Big Meet and clubs like Wheels and Wings in Varberg , Sweden have established themselves in Hot Rod culture . Since there is very little `` vintage tin '' the hot rods in Sweden are generally made with a home made chassis ( usually a Model T or A replica ) , with a Jaguar ( or Volvo 240 ) rear axle , a small block V8 , and fiberglass tub , but some have been built using for instance a Volvo Duett chassis . Because the Swedish regulations required a crash test even for custom - built passenger cars between 1969 and 1982 , the Duett option was preferred , since it was considered a rebodied Duett rather than a new vehicle. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) Some 1950s and 1960s cars are also hot rodded , like Morris Minor , Ford Anglia , Volvo Amazon , Ford Cortina , ' 57 Chevy , to name but a few . These are known as custom cars ( sometimes spelled Kustom ) . Language ( edit ) Certain linguistic conventions are followed among rodders and customizers : The model year is rarely given in full , except when it might be confused , so a 1934 model is a ' 34 , while a 2005 might be an ' 05 or not .",
"6": "A ' 32 is usually a Deuce and most often a roadster , unless coupé is specified , and almost always a Ford . A 3 - or 5 - window is usually a Ford , unless specified . A flatty is a flathead V8 ( always Ford , unless specified ) ; a late ( or late model ) flatty is probably a Merc . A hemi ( `` hem ee '' ) is always a 426 , unless displacement ( 331 , 354 , or 392 ) is specified ; a 426 is a hemi , unless Wedge is specified . A 392 is an early hemi . A 331 or 354 is known to be an ( early ) hemi , but rarely referred to as such Units are routinely dropped , unless they are unclear , so a 426 cubic inch ( in3 ) engine is simply referred to as a 426 , a 5 - liter engine is a 5.0 ( `` five point oh '' ) , and a 600 cubic feet per minute ( cfm ) carburetor is a 600 . Engine displacement can be described in cubic inches or liters ( for example , a 5.7 - liter engine is also known as a 350 ( `` three fifty '' ) ) ; this frequently depends on which units the user is most comfortable or familiar with .",
"7": "Common terms ( edit ) 3 / 4 - race -- high - performance flatty cam , suitable for street and strip use 3 deuces -- arrangement of three 2 - barrel ( twin - choke ) carburetors ; distinct from Six Pak and Pontiac and Olds Tri-Power ( also 3x2 arrangements ) 3 - window -- 2 - door coupé ; so named for one door window on each side plus the rear window 5 - window -- 2 - door coupé ; so named for one door window and one quarter window on each side plus the rear window 97s ( `` ninety - sevens '' ) -- reference to the model number of Stromberg carburetors A-bone -- Model A coupé Alky -- alcohol ( methanol ) racing fuel Altered -- drag racing car , or the category it runs in Anglebox - British slang for a ' 59 to ' 68 Anglia Awful Awful ( mainly North American ) -- AA / FA ( `` double A '' Fuel Altered ) racing car Back - halved - a bodied drag racing car that has had its stock rear suspension removed and replaced with a four - link or ladder bar rear suspension , and narrowed rear axle . This arrangement allows for larger tires and better adjustability . Bagged - the use of air suspension to raise and lower the car Big tire - a drag racing car running large rear tires usually over 29 '' tall and wider than 10.5 '' Blower -- mechanically driven supercharger ; excludes turbochargers . Commonly a Roots .",
"8": "Blown An engine equipped with a supercharger ( a `` blown hemi '' ) ; rarely used in reference to turbocharged engines A vehicle equipped with a supercharged engine ( a `` blown higboy '' ) A wrecked engine or transmission Blue oval -- Ford product ( for the Ford badge ) Bondo -- brand name for a body filler putty , often used as a generic term for any such product Bored -- increased the diameter of the cylinders in order to increase engine displacement ( `` He bored the engine '' ) ; having had the diameter increased ( `` the engine was bored '' ) Bottle -- nitrous tank Bowtie -- Chevrolet product ( for the badge ) Boosted -- a car that has a turbocharger or supercharger Bugcatcher ( or bugcatcher intake ) -- large scoop intake protruding through hood opening , or on cars with no hood . Bump in -- the act of staging a drag car by moving forward in short increments or `` bumps '' while a transbrake or light foot brake pressure is applied . A transbrake equipped car uses a `` bump box '' to momentary unlock the transmission allowing it to creep short distances . This is often done by turbo cars in order to build boot while staging , but can also be done by non-turbo cars to shallow stage to increase roll out . Bumpstick -- camshaft ( for the lobes ) Burndown -- intentionally slowly staging a car for a drag race in order to throw the other driver off his game , or to cause the opponents car to build excess heat . Also called a staging duel Cam -- camshaft Cammer most commonly , the SOHC ( single overhead camshaft ) version of the 427 Ford V8 . sometimes , the Ford Racing Power Parts 5 - liter . rarely , any engine with overhead camshaft ( s ) . Channelled -- a car lowered by having the floor removed and reattached ; also , to have done so Channeling -- removing the floor and reattaching it to the body at a higher point , thus lowering the car without suspension modifications . Sometimes known as a `` body drop '' .",
"9": "Cheater slicks ( also `` cheaters '' ) -- soft compound tires with just enough tread added to make them street legal ( not usually in singular ) Cherry -- like new Chipped -- fitted with a modified ECU or PCM . Chop -- removing a section of the roof pillars and windows to lower the roofline Chopped -- also `` chopped top '' ; to have top chopped Chopping -- executing a roof chop C.I.D. ( sometimes Cubic Inches or Inches ) -- cubic inches displacement Crank -- crankshaft Cubes -- CID Cubic inches -- CID Cutout -- a short leg of the exhaust system that exits to the side of the car and typically in front of the driver . The cutout can be operated manually or remotely from the drivers seat . Hot rodders typically use cutouts on hot rods that are used on the street and the strip . The cutout is closed for street use and open for drag racing on the strip . Deuce ' 32 Ford Model B ( most often a roadster ) ; now commonly on A frame rails Digger -- dragster : only applied to rails , slingshots , or fuel cars Dual quads -- two four - barrel carburetors Dragster broadly , any vehicle modified or purpose - built for use on strips . specifically , specialized racers ( early or recent types , in gas , alky , or fuel varieties ) Door slammer ( doorslammer , door car ) -- A drag racing car that retains its stock body with functioning doors or the appearance of a stock body with functioning doors . Some classes of door slammers are Pro Stock , Pro Modified , Real Street , x275 , and Outlaw 10.5 . Dyno queen -- a car that puts up impressive power numbers on a dynomometer but does n't perform well when actually raced . Elephant -- Chrysler hemi Fabricate - create a part no longer be available ; create any part from scratch Factory Freak - an unmodified car that seemingly makes more power than or is much quicker than the average for its year , make , and model . Fat - fender -- 1934 - 48 ( U.S. )",
"10": "car ( Most common usage is to refer to ' 41 - ' 48 inclusive , with ' 35 - ' 41s called `` pontoon fenders '' . ) Flager ( street racing ) -- the person who stages and starts the race , usually by an arm drop or flashlight . Flamed -- painted with a flame job Flatty -- flathead engine ( usually refers to a Ford ; when specified , the Mercury - built model ) 3 / 8s by 3 / 8s -- lengthening the stroke and increasing the cylinder bore 3 / 8 inch . A term only applied to flattys . French -- to install headlight or taillight slightly sunken into fender Frenched -- headlight or tallight slightly sunken into fender ; to install as such ( `` she frenched the taillights '' ) Fuel most commonly , nitro ( or a mixture of nitro and alky ) the top drag racing class ( which runs on nitro ) broadly , gasoline ( petrol ) Fuelie ( originally ) the 1957 Corvette fuel injected engine , or the car itself ( `` the fuellie ' vette '' ) ( commonly now ) any fuel injected engine Fueler -- any drag racing car run on nitro , or in a nitro class Full - race -- high - performance flatty cam , suitable only for strip use Gasser -- car used in gasoline - only drag racing classes in the 1960s ( as opposed to alcohol or nitromethane fuels ) , where the front end of the car is raised along with the motor . Characterized by a body that sits well above the front wheels . Distinct from hiboy . Gap -- To win a race by at least a car length ( `` That GTO put the gap on that Mustang . '' ) Gennie -- genuine Giggle gas -- nitrous oxide Goat -- GTO ( not the Ferrari or the Mitsubishi ) Grenaded -- to break a part into pieces ( `` When I missed that shift it grenanded my transmission . '' ) Hair dryer -- turbocharger ( for the shape of the intake and exhaust casings ) Hairpins -- radius rods on axle suspension systems Hang ( or pull ) the laundry -- to deploy a braking parachute Header -- variety of exhaust manifold .",
"11": "The hit -- giving someone in a drag race the option to movie first . Sometimes `` the move '' . Hopped up ( also `` hopped '' ) -- stock engine modified to increase performance Huffer -- supercharger , especially of the Roots type . Inches -- CID Indian ( also `` Tin Indian '' ) -- Pontiac ( for the grille badge ) Jimmy ( usually ) GMC straight 6 any GMC product , such as a compressor used on 2 - stroke diesels used as a supercharger . Jimmy Six -- GMC straight 6 Juice -- nitrous oxide Juice brakes -- hydraulic brakes Kits -- multiple nitrous oxide systems ( `` How many kit 's are you spraying ? '' ) Lakes pipes -- exhaust pipes running beneath the rocker panels , after use by lakes racers Laundry - parachutes used to slow drag racing cars Lope -- exhaust note produced by of a high - duration cam Louvers -- cuts in the sheet metal of the body with a narrow raised section on one side of the cuts to create a small window . Used to release air from engine compartments , or often merely for aesthetics Lowering -- reducing the ride height ( or ground clearance ) Lunched -- wrecked ; caused to be wrecked ( `` lunched the transmission '' ) Mag magnesium wheel , or steel or aluminum copy resembling one such magneto Merc -- Mercury Mill -- any internal combustion engine Moons ( or Moon discs ; incorrectly , moon discs ) -- plain flat chrome or aluminum disc hubcaps , originally adopted by land speed racers . Smaller examples are `` baby Moons '' . Named for Dean Moon . Mopar -- any car or engine sold by Chrysler Corporation ; from the name of the parts , service , and customer care organization Mouse -- small - block Chevy Mountain motor -- large - displacement engine . Named for their size , and for being constructed in the mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina . In organized automotive competition , the term commonly references a V8 engine displacing more than 500 cubic inches ; informally , a V8 engine displacing more than 560 cubic inches The move -- giving someone in a drag race the option to move first .",
"12": "Also `` the hit '' Nail -- any car used as a daily driver Nailhead -- Early Buick V8 , named for relatively small diameter valves Nerf bar -- a small tubular or solid T - shaped or decorative bar that acts as a bumper . Nitro -- Nitromethane , used as a fuel additive in some drag cars Nitrous -- nitrous oxide NOS New Old Stock , stockpiled parts of models no longer produced , not previously available for retail purchase . ( More common among customizers than rodders . ) Nitrous Oxide System ( a.k.a. laughing gas , liquid supercharger , N 2O , nitrous , `` the bottle '' ) : apparatus for introducing nitrous oxide into the air intake of an engine prior to the fuel entering the cylinder . Nosed -- as in `` nosed & decked '' : removal of any hood ( bonnet ) or trunk ( boot ) ornaments , the filling of holes , and painting as a smooth clean surface . Pickoupe -- car - based light - duty pickup , from `` pickup '' & `` coupé '' Pinched -- narrowed and lengthened body , usually at the nose Pop a mixture of nitro & alky . British slang for a sit - up and beg Ford Popular . Plod ( British ) body filler ( British ) traffic police ( after PC Plod in Enid Blyton 's Noddy series ) Ported and polished -- enlarging and smoothing of the intake and exhaust port surfaces of performance engine cylinder heads to facilitate the ease of movement and increased volume of the engine gases . Port - matching -- the lining up of the intake manifold , cylinder head ports and exhaust headers as to create one continuous smooth course of travel for engine gases with no ledges or obstructions . Prepped -- a track or road that has been treated with various chemicals to increase traction Pro Street -- street legal car resembling a Pro Stock car . Some are very thinly disguised racers . QJ -- Quadrajet ( Rochester 4 - barrel carburetor ) Q - jet -- Quadrajet Rail dragster with exposed front frame rails . Usually refers to early short - wheelbase cars , and not usually to Altereds . ( drag racing ) guardrail Rail job dragster with exposed front frame .",
"13": "Usually refers to early short - wheelbase cars , and not usually to Altereds . Rat Chevy big block engine , rat rod Redline -- maximum safe rev limit ; to operate an engine at that limit ( `` redline it '' , `` redlined it '' ) Rockcrusher -- Muncie M22 4 - speed transmission so called because of the audible differences in operation between the model M - 22 and its lower strength but quieter cousin , the M - 21 Rocket -- Oldsmobile , in particular their early V8s Rolled pan -- Contured sheet of metal covering the space where the bumper used to be Sandbagger -- a driver who intentionally drives slower than his car is capable of or lets off before the end of the drag strip to give the illusion his car is slower than it is to lure people into racing . SBC -- small - block V8 ( Chevy ) SBF -- Small block Ford V8 . Sectioned -- having sectioning ( `` the ' 49 was sectioned '' ) ; having performed a sectioning ( `` he sectioned the Merc '' ) Sectioning -- removing of a horizontal center section of the body and reattaching the upper and lower parts Shoebox -- ' 49 - ' 54 Ford ( for the slab - sided appearance ) SkyJackers -- airshocks used in the rear to jack up the backend to clear wider tires / wheels . Slammed -- lowering the car very close to the ground . Frequently accomplished with the use of air suspension . Sleeper -- a car that is disguised to look stock or in poor condition but is actually a very quick car . Slick -- soft compound tire with no grooves , designed only for drag racing . Usually much wider than normal street tires .",
"14": "Slingshot -- later variety of early digger , named for the driver 's position behind the rear wheels ( not its speed ) Smack -- Nitrous Oxide Small tire -- a drag racing car using rear tires generally no taller than 29 '' and no wider than 10.5 '' Souped ( or `` souped up '' ) -- hopped up , performance improved ( more common in ' 40s and ' 50s ) Spray -- nitrous oxide Snail -- turbocharger , from the snail shell appearance of the housing Steelies -- stock steel rims Stovebolt -- Chevy straight 6 Straight axle -- term for a car ( often a gasser ) that has had it stock A-arm style front suspension removed for leaf springs and a solid tube axle . Street legal -- dual - purpose car , capable of performing routine duties as well as weekend racing . Some cars described as such , such as Pro Street cars , are very thinly disguised racers . Street - strip -- dual - purpose car , capable of performing routine duties as well as weekend racing . Some cars described as such have very marginal off - track utility . Strip drag strip . More broadly , cars or parts used or intended for racing only . Thus `` street - strip '' is a dual - purpose car . Stroke -- Engine stroke ; to increase the engine stroke ( `` stroke it '' ) Stroked -- increased stroke , to increase displacement , usually by adding a longer - stroke crankshaft Suicided -- door changed from front - to rear - hinged ( `` suicide '' ) type Tin Indian -- Pontiac ( for the grille badge ) Toploader -- Ford 4 - speed manual transmission , so named because access to the transmission internal was made via an access panel located on the top of the transmission housing Track T -- Model T roadster built in the style of a dirt track race car Traction bars -- usually , a set of square tubes attached to the back axle via 2 U bolts before and after the axle housing leading forward with a rubber snubber at the top end allowing as the car takes off to limit axle wrap on leaf springs . Trailer queen - a race car that is n't daily driven , is trailered to events , and sees little or no use other than on a race track .",
"15": "Tubbed -- A car that has had its stock rear wheel wells removed and replaced with larger ones to allow for wider rear tires . Tunneled -- deeply sunken into fender Virgin road -- a stretch of road that has not been raced on or had traction increasing products used on it Weedburners -- short , downward - pointing exhaust pipes with no mufflers ( similar to Funny Car exhausts ) , used for racing , or just for show ( not street legal ) Wombat -- General Motors W series engine Wrinkle walls -- drag racing slicks Zoomie pipes ( or zoomies ) -- short exhaust pipes with no mufflers , used for racing , or just for show ( not street legal ) Some terms have an additional , different meaning among customizers than among rodders : NOS , for instance , is a reference to new old stock , rather than nitrous oxide . Gallery ( edit ) The iconic T - bucket . Also features dropped tube axle , transverse front leaf spring , and front disc brakes . Deuce coupe featuring ' 32 grille shell , original headlights , chrome dropped I - beam axle and tube shocks . Note stock frame rails , disc brakes , Lakester pipes Deuce roadster with bobbed frame , dropped axle , disc brakes , and coilovers . Note the contrast with the stock frame rails . Hi - boy Deuce roadster with flatty ( with factory head and exhaust but aftermarket alternator ignition and dual - carb intake ) , dropped tube axle , and drum brakes . `` Rat rod '' ' 29 Model A coupe with a ' 32 grille shell , upgraded brakes , `` bobbed '' frame rails , channeled , powered by an early flatty equipped with Edelbrock aftermarket head and aftermarket chrome carb hats . Flamed Fiat Topolino . Ghost flames , a contemporary concept 3 deuces closeup A `` puke can '' ( radiator overflow reservoir ) A mid ' 50s Chrysler 392 Hemi in a `` rat rod '' . Rat rod Volksrod based on a Type 1 . ' 32 Bantam roadster with mags , disk brakes , hatpins , bugcatcher scoop , roll hoops , & custom interior 1934 Chevrolet Standard Red Volkswagen at the 2010 Volksfest , South Australia Twin Ford coupes .",
"16": "Hot rod during the Voitures Anciennes de Granby expo . A rat rod during the Voitures Anciennes de Granby expo . See also ( edit ) Automotive restoration Custom car Cutdown Flame job Hot hatch Import scene Kustom Lead sled Lowrider Muscle car Plymouth Prowler - a modern take on the hot rod Pro Street Rat rod Stock car Three window coupe - one of the classic styles Tuner Volvo T6 - a concept car Volksrod References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fortier , Rob ( August 1999 ) . `` 25th Salt Lake City Autorama '' . Street Rodder : 51 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Protection Act - Loi sur la protection de l'environnement '' . Ontario Regulation 361 / 98 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Shelton , Chris . `` Then , Now , and Forever '' in Hot Rod , March 2017 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rod '' . svagoo.it . Jump up ^ Shelton , Chris . `` Then , Now , and Forever '' in Hot Rod , March 2017 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Shelton , Chris . `` Then , Now , and Forever '' in Hot Rod , March 2017 , pp. 18 and 20 . ^ Jump up to : Street Rodder , 1 / 85 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Street Rodder , 1 / 85 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ See any issue of Street Rodder , for instance . Jump up ^ Shelton , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Shelton , pp. 17 - 18 . Jump up ^ Shelton , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Shelton , p. 20 caption . Jump up ^ Shelton , p. 20 caption . Jump up ^ Shelton , p. 24 and p. 26 caption . Jump up ^ Shelton , p. 26 caption . Jump up ^ Shelton , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Davis , Marlan .",
"17": "`` Affordable Aluminum V8 's ( sic ) '' , in Hot Rod Magazine , March 1985 , pp. 84 - 9 & 121 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 87 . Jump up ^ For instance , Street Rodder , 8 / 99 , passim ; Rod Action , 2 / 78 , passim . Jump up ^ American Rodder , 6 / 94 , pp. 45 & 93 . Jump up ^ Geisert , Eric . `` Tom 's Fun Run '' , in Street Rodder , 8 / 99 , p. 149cap . Jump up ^ Street Rod Builder , 7 / 03 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ PHR , 7 / 06 , pp. 22 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fortier , p. 53cap . Jump up ^ Fortier , p. 54cap . Jump up ^ Fetherston , David , `` Track Terror '' , in Rod & Custom , 7 / 95 , p. 35 ; Emmons , Don , `` Long - term Hybrid '' , in Rod & Custom , 7 / 95 , p. 52 ; & Baskerville , Gray , `` Tom Brown 's ' 60s Sweetheart '' , in Rod & Custom , 9 / 00 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Johnny , `` Leadfest '' in Rod & Custom , 9 / 00 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Ford Anglia and Site News '' . anglia-models.co.uk . Jump up ^ McClurg , Bob . Diggers , Funnies , Gassers and Altereds : Drag Racing 's Golden Age ( North Branch , MN : CarTech Inc , 2013 ) , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Thom . `` Beauty Beyond the Twilight Zone '' in Hot Rod , April 2017 , pp. 30 -- 43 passim . Jump up ^ Taylor , Thom . `` Beauty Beyond the Twilight Zone '' in Hot Rod , April 2017 , pp. 30 -- 43 passim . Jump up ^ Hot Rod , 12 / 86 , p. 85 caption .",
"18": "Jump up ^ Scale Auto , 6 / 06 , p. 15 sidebar . Jump up ^ http://www.fordracingparts.com/parts/part_details.asp?PartKeyField=6787 Jump up ^ Burgess , Phil , NHRA National Dragster Editor . `` More Things That Are n't Here Anymore '' , written 11 July 2014 , at NHRA.com ( retrieved 10 June 2017 ) Jump up ^ Ganahl , Pat , `` Swap ' til you Drop '' , in Rod & Custom , 7 / 95 , pp. 68 & 70 . Jump up ^ Geisert , Eric . `` The California Spyder '' , in Street Rodder , 8 / 99 , p. 34 ; Mayall , Joe . `` Driving Impression : Reproduction Deuce Hiboy '' , in Rod Action , 2 / 78 , p. 26 ; letters , Rod & Custom , 7 / 95 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Fortier , Rob . `` '' A Little Pinch Here , A Little Tuck There `` , in Street Rodder , 8 / 99 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ McClurg , Bob . Diggers , Funnies , Gassers and Altereds : Drag Racing 's Golden Age ( North Branch , MN : CarTech Inc , 2013 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Hot Rod , 12 / 86 , p. 52 caption . Jump up ^ http://www.oldtinrods.com Jump up ^ Burhnam , Bill . `` In Bill 's Eye '' , Custom Rodder 1 / 97 , p. 17 ; reprinted from Goodguys Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Mr. 32 '' , in Street Rodder , 2 / 78 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Fortier , p. 51cap ; Bianco , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Thom . `` Beauty Beyond the Twilight Zone '' in Hot Rod , April 2017 , pp. 30 -- 43 passim . Jump up ^ Taylor , Thom . `` Beauty Beyond the Twilight Zone '' in Hot Rod , April 2017 , pp. 30 -- 43 passim .",
"19": "Jump up ^ Ganahl , p. 70 & `` Coupla Cool Coupes '' , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Mayall , Joe . `` Joe Mayall 's Driving Impression : Reproduction Deuce Hiboy '' , in Rod Action , 2 / 78 , pp. 28 & 29 ; Hot Rod Magazine , 11 / 84 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ McClurg , Bob . Diggers , Funnies , Gassers and Altereds : Drag Racing 's Golden Age ( North Branch , MN : CarTech Inc , 2013 ) , p. 64 caption . Jump up ^ Hot Rod Magazine 's Street Machines and Bracket Racing # 3 ( Los Angeles : Petersen Publishing , 1979 ) , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Shelton , Chris . `` Then , Now , and Forever '' in Hot Rod , March 2017 , pp. 18 and 20 . Jump up ^ McClurg , Bob . Diggers , Funnies , Gassers and Altereds : Drag Racing 's Golden Age ( North Branch , MN : CarTech Inc , 2013 ) , p. 64 caption . Jump up ^ Hot Rod , 2 / 87 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ According to IHRA Executive VP Ted Jones , in Car Craft , 1 / 91 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Popular Cars , 12 / 85 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Hot Rod Magazine , 11 / 84 , pp. 46 & 50 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Thom . `` Beauty Beyond the Twilight Zone '' in Hot Rod , April 2017 , pp. 30 -- 43 passim . Jump up ^ Hot Rod Magazine , 11 / 84 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Hot Rod Magazine 's Street Machines and Bracket Racing # 3 ( Los Angeles : Petersen Publishing , 1979 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Thom . `` Beauty Beyond the Twilight Zone '' in Hot Rod , April 2017 , pp. 30 -- 43 passim . Jump up ^ Rod & Custom , 7 / 95 , p. 143cap . Jump up ^ Yunick , Henry .",
"20": "Best Damn Garage in Town : The World According to Smokey . Jump up ^ Street Rodder , 12 / 98 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Toploader history Jump up ^ Rod & Custom , 7 / 95 , pp. 26 - 7 & 33 . Jump up ^ Street Rodder , 2 / 78 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Thom . `` Beauty Beyond the Twilight Zone '' in Hot Rod , April 2017 , pp. 30 -- 43 passim . Jump up ^ Chevrolet Chassis Service Manual , 1963 edition , ec 0 - 4 Jump up ^ Street Rodder , 7 / 94 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Hot Rod , 2 / 87 , p. 47 , & 12 / 86 , p. 33 caption . Jump up ^ owner of the car Jump up ^ Street Rodder , 12 / 98 , p. 47 ; Rod & Custom , 7 / 95 , p. 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hot rods . National Hot Rod Association National Street Rod Association ( NSRA ) Hot Rod Magazine Hot Rod & Custom Car Magazine Covers 1945 to 1975 Car design Car classification By size Microcar City car Kei Subcompact Supermini Family car Compact Mid-size Full - size Custom Hot rod Lead sled Lowrider Street rod T - bucket Luxury Compact executive Executive Personal luxury car Minivan / Multi-purpose vehicle ( MPV ) Compact MPV Mini MPV Sport utility vehicle ( SUV ) Compact SUV Crossover SUV Mini SUV Sports car Grand tourer Hot hatch Muscle Pony Sport compact Supercar Antique Classic Economy Leisure activity vehicle Ute",
"21": "Van Voiturette Body styles 2 + 2 Baquet Barchetta Berlinetta Brougham Cabrio coach Cabriolet / Convertible Coupé Coupé de Ville Coupé utility Drophead coupe ( Convertible ) Fastback Hardtop Hatchback Landaulet Liftback Limousine Multi-stop truck Notchback Panel van Phaeton Pickup truck Quad coupé Retractable hardtop Roadster Runabout Saloon / Sedan Sedan delivery Sedanca de Ville ( Coupé de Ville ) Shooting - brake Spider / Spyder ( Roadster ) Station wagon Targa top Torpedo Touring car Town car ( Coupé de Ville ) T - top Vis - à - vis Specialized vehicles Amphibious Driverless ( autonomous ) Hearse Gyrocar Roadable aircraft Taxicab Tow truck Propulsion Alternative fuel Autogas Biodiesel Diesel Electric ( battery NEV ) Ethanol ( E85 ) Fuel cell Gasoline / petrol ( direct injection ) Homogeneous charge compression ignition Hybrid ( plug - in ) Hydrogen Internal combustion Liquid nitrogen Steam Drive wheels Front - wheel Rear - wheel Two - wheel Four - wheel Six - wheel Eight - wheel Twelve - wheel Engine position Front Mid Rear Layout ( engine / drive ) Front / front Front mid / front Rear / front Front / rear Rear mid / rear Rear / rear Front / four - wheel Mid / four - wheel Rear / four - wheel",
"22": "Engine configuration ( internal combustion ) Boxer Flat Four - stroke H - block Reciprocating Single - cylinder Straight Two - stroke V ( Vee ) W engine Wankel Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_rod&oldid=814864769 '' Categories : Vehicle modification DIY culture Car body styles Kustom Kulture Art media Car culture Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 11 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
5,
6,
9,
18,
22,
15,
10,
7,
3,
11,
20,
1,
14,
8,
4,
21,
17,
19,
2,
16,
13,
12,
0
] |
[
1,
5,
6,
9,
18,
22
] |
-7098436211686405768
|
who won the icc under 19 world cup 2018
|
[
"India",
"India",
"India",
"India",
"West Indies"
] |
{
"0": "2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup - Wikipedia 2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Dates 13 January -- 3 February 2018 Administrator ( s ) International Cricket Council Cricket format 50 overs Tournament format ( s ) Round - robin and knockout Host ( s ) New Zealand Champions India ( 4th title ) Runners - up Australia Participants 16 Matches played 48 Player of the series Shubman Gill Most runs Alick Athanaze ( 418 ) Most wickets Anukul Roy ( 14 ) Qais Ahmad ( 14 ) Faisal Jamkhandi ( 14 ) Official website Official website ← 2016 2020 → The 2018 ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup was an international limited - overs cricket tournament that was held in New Zealand from 13 January to 3 February 2018 . It was the twelfth edition of the Under - 19 Cricket World Cup , and the third to be held in New Zealand ( after the 2002 and 2010 events ) . New Zealand was the first country to host the event three times . The opening ceremony took place on 7 January 2018 . The West Indies were the defending champions . However , they failed to defend their title , after losing their first two group fixtures . Following the group stage fixtures , Afghanistan , Australia , Bangladesh , England , India , New Zealand , Pakistan and South Africa had all qualified for the Super League quarter - final stage of the tournament . The other eight teams moved to the Plate League to determine their final placements in the competition . Sri Lanka went on to win the Plate League , giving them a final position of ninth overall in the tournament . In the first Super League semi-final , Australia beat Afghanistan by 6 wickets to progress to the final . In the second semi-final , India beat Pakistan by 203 runs to advance into the final . In the third - place playoff , no play was possible due to rain and a wet outfield . Pakistan therefore finished in third place , as they finished their group ahead of Afghanistan on net run rate .",
"1": "In the final , India beat Australia by 8 wickets to win their fourth Under - 19 World Cup , the most by any side . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualification 2 Venues 3 Umpires 4 Squads 5 Group stage 5.1 Group A 5.2 Group B 5.3 Group C 5.4 Group D 6 Plate League 6.1 Plate quarter - finals 6.2 Plate playoff semi-finals 6.3 Plate semi-finals 7 Super League 7.1 Super League quarter - finals 7.2 Super League playoff semi-finals 7.3 Super League semi-finals 8 Placement matches 8.1 15th - place playoff 8.2 13th - place playoff 8.3 11th - place playoff 8.4 9th - place playoff ( Plate Final ) 8.5 7th - place playoff 8.6 5th - place playoff 8.7 3rd - place playoff 8.8 Final 9 Final standings 10 References 11 External links Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup qualification The ten full members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , as of 2016 , qualified automatically for the tournament . Namibia , which placed seventh at the 2016 World Cup , also qualified automatically as the highest ranked associate member . The other five places in the tournament were awarded to the winners of the five regional under - 19 tournaments .",
"2": "Team Mode of qualification Australia ICC Full Member Bangladesh ICC Full Member England ICC Full Member India ICC Full Member New Zealand ICC Full Member Pakistan ICC Full Member South Africa ICC Full Member Sri Lanka ICC Full Member West Indies ICC Full Member Zimbabwe ICC Full Member Namibia Highest - ranked associate team at 2016 World Cup Afghanistan Champion of ACC Under - 19 Premier League Kenya Champion of Africa Under - 19 Championship Canada Champion of Americas Under - 19 Championship Papua New Guinea Champion of EAP Under - 19 Trophy Ireland Champion of Europe Under - 19 Championship Venues ( edit ) Christchurch Rangiora Lincoln Queenstown Mount Maunganui Whangarei Seven venues in six cities will host matches at the 2018 World Cup : Hagley Oval , Christchurch Rangiora Oval , Rangiora Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Lincoln Green , Lincoln John Davies Oval , Queenstown Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires ( edit ) On 3 January 2018 , the ICC appointed the officials for the tournament . Along with the seventeen umpires , Jeff Crowe , Dev Govindjee , David Jukes and Graeme Labrooy were also named as the match referees . Rob Bailey Gregory Brathwaite Anil Chaudhary Nigel Duguid Shaun George Shaun Haig Mark Hawthorne Ranmore Martinesz C.K. Nandan David Odhiambo Buddhi Pradhan Ian Ramage Ahsan Raza Shozab Raza Tim Robinson Langton Rusere Paul Wilson Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Under - 19 Cricket World Cup squads Each team selected a 15 - man squad for the tournament . Any players born on or after 1 September 1998 were eligible to be selected for the competition . Group stage ( edit ) The fixtures for the tournament were confirmed by the ICC on 17 August 2017 .",
"3": "Group a ( edit ) Team Pld NR BP Pts NRR New Zealand 0 0 0 0 6 + 2.576 South Africa 0 0 0 + 1.160 West Indies 0 0 0 + 0.660 Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 - 4.227 13 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard West Indies 233 / 8 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 234 / 2 ( 39.3 overs ) Keagan Simmons 92 * ( 132 ) Rachin Ravindra 3 / 30 ( 7 overs ) Finn Allen 115 * ( 100 ) Alick Athanaze 1 / 22 ( 4 overs ) New Zealand won by 8 wickets Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Ahsan Raza ( Pak ) and Shaun George ( SA ) Player of the match : Finn Allen ( NZ ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to field . 14 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard South Africa 341 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Kenya 172 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Raynard van Tonder 143 ( 121 ) Jasraj Kundi 2 / 49 ( 8 overs ) Jasraj Kundi 41 ( 53 ) Akhona Mnyaka 2 / 9 ( 4 overs ) South Africa won by 169 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Ian Ramage ( Sco ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Raynard van Tonder ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat .",
"4": "17 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard New Zealand 436 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Kenya 193 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Jakob Bhula 180 ( 144 ) Sukhdeep Singh 1 / 29 ( 2 overs ) Aman Gandhi 63 ( 106 ) Rachin Ravindra 2 / 33 ( 10 overs ) New Zealand won by 243 runs Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Jakob Bhula ( NZ ) Kenya won the toss and elected to field . 17 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard South Africa 282 / 8 ( 50 overs ) West Indies 206 ( 45.3 overs ) Wandile Makwetu 99 * ( 99 ) Jeavor Royal 1 / 34 ( 10 overs ) Alick Athanaze 76 ( 100 ) Hermann Rolfes 4 / 33 ( 10 overs ) South Africa won by 76 runs Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Ahsan Raza ( Pak ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Wandile Makwetu ( SA ) West Indies won the toss and elected to field . New Zealand and South Africa qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . 20 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard West Indies 318 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Kenya 96 ( 24.4 overs ) Alick Athanaze 116 * ( 93 ) Aveet Desai 3 / 54 ( 10 overs ) Aman Gandhi 37 ( 42 ) Bhaskar Yadram 5 / 18 ( 7 overs ) West Indies won by 222 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Alick Athanaze ( WI ) West Indies won the toss and elected to bat .",
"5": "20 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard New Zealand 279 / 8 ( 50 overs ) South Africa 208 ( 46.2 overs ) Rachin Ravindra 76 ( 89 ) Kgaudise Molefe 2 / 49 ( 10 overs ) Hermann Rolfes 108 ( 124 ) Rachin Ravindra 4 / 32 ( 9.2 overs ) New Zealand won by 71 runs Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Rachin Ravindra ( NZ ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat . Group b ( edit ) Team Pld NR BP Pts NRR India 0 0 0 0 6 + 3.930 Australia 0 0 0 + 2.721 Zimbabwe 0 0 0 - 0.892 Papua New Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 - 5.977 13 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Papua New Guinea 95 ( 20 overs ) Zimbabwe 98 / 0 ( 14 overs ) Igo Mahuru 26 ( 26 ) Wesley Madhevere 3 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Wesley Madhevere 53 * ( 44 ) Zimbabwe won by 10 wickets Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) Player of the match : Wesley Madhevere ( Zim ) Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field . Rain reduced the match to 20 overs per side .",
"6": "14 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard India 328 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Australia 228 ( 42.5 overs ) Prithvi Shaw 94 ( 100 ) Jack Edwards 4 / 65 ( 9 overs ) Jack Edwards 73 ( 90 ) Kamlesh Nagarkoti 3 / 29 ( 7 overs ) India won by 100 runs Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Eng ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Prithvi Shaw ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . 16 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard Papua New Guinea 64 ( 21.5 overs ) India 67 / 0 ( 8 overs ) Ovia Sam 15 ( 25 ) Anukul Roy 5 / 14 ( 6.5 overs ) Prithvi Shaw 57 * ( 39 ) India won by 10 wickets Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Anukul Roy ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to field . 17 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Zimbabwe 134 ( 33.2 overs ) Australia 135 / 3 ( 18.2 overs ) Robert Chimhinya 27 ( 31 ) Xavier Bartlett 3 / 20 ( 7 overs ) Max Bryant 44 ( 27 ) Liam Roche 1 / 14 ( 3 overs ) Australia won by 7 wickets Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Shaun Haig ( NZ ) and David Odhiambo ( Ken ) Player of the match : Xavier Bartlett ( Aus ) Australia won the toss and elected to field .",
"7": "19 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Australia 370 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Papua New Guinea 59 ( 24.5 overs ) Nathan McSweeney 156 ( 154 ) James Tau 2 / 42 ( 10 overs ) Leke Morea 20 ( 66 ) Jason Ralston 7 / 15 ( 6.5 overs ) Australia won by 311 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Nathan McSweeney ( Aus ) Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to field . Jason Ralston ( Aus ) took the best bowling figures in a group stage match at the U19 Cricket World Cup . However , his record was surpassed by Lloyd Pope who took the best bowling figures of 8 / 35 in U19 Cricket World Cup history in the knockout stages . 19 January 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard Zimbabwe 154 ( 48.1 overs ) India 155 / 0 ( 21.4 overs ) Milton Shumba 36 ( 151 ) Anukul Roy 4 / 20 ( 7.1 overs ) Shubman Gill 90 * ( 59 ) India won by 10 wickets Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Shubman Gill ( Ind ) Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat . India and Australia qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match .",
"8": "Group c ( edit ) Team Pld NR BP Pts NRR England 0 0 0 0 6 + 4.165 Bangladesh 0 0 0 + 0.438 Canada 0 0 0 - 2.107 Namibia 0 0 0 0 0 - 2.689 13 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 190 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Namibia 103 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Saif Hassan 84 ( 48 ) Dewald Nell 1 / 22 ( 3 overs ) Eben van Wyk 55 ( 52 ) Hasan Mahmud 2 / 12 ( 4 overs ) Bangladesh won by 87 runs Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Saif Hassan ( Ban ) Namibia won the toss and elected to field . Rain reduced the match to 20 overs per side . 15 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 264 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Canada 198 ( 49.3 overs ) Towhid Hridoy 122 ( 126 ) Faisal Jamkhandi 5 / 48 ( 8 overs ) Arslan Khan 63 ( 108 ) Afif Hossain 5 / 43 ( 10 overs ) Bangladesh won by 66 runs Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : Afif Hossain ( Ban ) Canada won the toss and elected to field .",
"9": "15 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Namibia 196 / 9 ( 50 overs ) England 198 / 2 ( 24.1 overs ) Shaun Fouché 44 ( 75 ) Luke Hollman 3 / 41 ( 10 overs ) Will Jacks 73 * ( 44 ) Gerhard Lottering 2 / 33 ( 4 overs ) England won by 8 wickets John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) Player of the match : Will Jacks ( Eng ) Namibia won the toss and elected to bat . 18 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Namibia 193 ( 46 overs ) Canada 197 / 6 ( 42 overs ) Lohan Louwrens 38 ( 52 ) Akash Gill 4 / 43 ( 8 overs ) Arslan Khan 72 ( 89 ) Petrus Burger 2 / 29 ( 10 overs ) Canada won by 4 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Akash Gill ( Can ) Namibia won the toss and elected to bat . 18 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 175 ( 49.2 overs ) England 177 / 3 ( 29.3 overs ) Afif Hossain 63 ( 85 ) Ethan Bamber 3 / 19 ( 6 overs ) Harry Brook 102 * ( 84 ) Qazi Onik 1 / 19 ( 4 overs ) England won by 7 wickets John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) Player of the match : Harry Brook ( Eng ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat .",
"10": "20 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard England 383 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Canada 101 ( 31.5 overs ) Liam Banks 120 ( 114 ) Faisal Jamkhandi 3 / 68 ( 9 overs ) Pranav Sharma 24 ( 42 ) Prem Sisodiya 3 / 23 ( 10 overs ) England won by 282 runs John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Shaun George ( SA ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : Liam Banks ( Eng ) Canada won the toss and elected to field . England and Bangladesh qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . Group d ( edit ) Team Pld NR BP Pts NRR Pakistan 0 0 0 + 1.404 Afghanistan 0 0 0 + 0.639 Sri Lanka 0 0 0 - 0.464 Ireland 0 0 0 - 1.896 13 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Pakistan 188 ( 47.4 overs ) Afghanistan 194 / 5 ( 47.3 overs ) Rohail Nazir 81 ( 105 ) Azmatullah Omarzai 3 / 34 ( 7.4 overs ) Darwish Rasooli 76 ( 78 ) Hasan Khan 2 / 45 ( 10 overs ) Afghanistan won by 5 wickets Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : David Odhiambo ( Ken ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : Darwish Rasooli ( Afg ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat .",
"11": "14 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 207 / 8 ( 48 overs ) Sri Lanka 208 / 3 ( 37.3 overs ) Jamie Grassi 75 ( 117 ) Kamindu Mendis 3 / 35 ( 10 overs ) Dhananjaya Lakshan 101 * ( 120 ) Aaron Cawley 2 / 26 ( 6 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : Shaun Haig ( NZ ) and C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) Player of the match : Dhananjaya Lakshan ( SL ) Ireland won the toss and elected to bat . Rain reduced the match to 48 overs per side . 16 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 97 ( 28.5 overs ) Pakistan 98 / 1 ( 8.5 overs ) Joshua Little 24 * ( 20 ) Shaheen Afridi 6 / 15 ( 8.5 overs ) Zaid Alam 43 * ( 19 ) Aaron Cawley 1 / 27 ( 3 overs ) Pakistan won by 9 wickets Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : Rob Bailey ( Eng ) and C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) Player of the match : Shaheen Afridi ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . 17 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan 284 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 202 ( 37.3 overs ) Ibrahim Zadran 86 ( 112 ) Nipun Malinga 2 / 56 ( 10 overs ) Jehan Daniel 48 ( 57 ) Naveen - ul - Haq 4 / 35 ( 8 overs ) Afghanistan won by 32 runs ( D / L method ) Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Ibrahim Zadran ( Afg ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . Rain reduced the match to 38 overs due to rain .",
"12": "Afghanistan qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . 19 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Sri Lanka 188 ( 48.2 overs ) Pakistan 190 / 7 ( 43.3 overs ) Jehan Daniel 53 ( 70 ) Thisaru Rashmika 3 / 47 ( 9 overs ) Ali Zaryab 59 ( 94 ) Suleman Shafqat 3 / 29 ( 7.2 overs ) Pakistan won by 3 wickets Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : David Odhiambo ( Ken ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Ali Zaryab ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . Pakistan qualified for the Super League quarter - finals as a result of this match . 20 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 225 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Afghanistan 221 ( 49.2 overs ) Graham Kennedy 37 * ( 24 ) Qais Ahmad 3 / 32 ( 10 overs ) Baheer Shah 34 ( 49 ) Harry Tector 3 / 37 ( 10 overs ) Ireland won by 4 runs Cobham Oval , Whangarei Umpires : Shaun Haig ( NZ ) and David Odhiambo ( Ken ) Player of the match : Harry Tector ( Ire ) Afghanistan won the toss and elected to field . Plate League ( edit ) 13th - place playoff Plate playoff semi-finals Plate quarter - finals Plate semi-finals Plate final C3 Canada 265 / 8 ( 50 ) B4 Papua New Guinea 185 ( 44.3 ) B4 Papua New Guinea 121 ( 37.1 ) C3 Canada 136 ( 47.3 ) D4 Ireland 122 / 7 ( 41.5 ) A3 West Indies 323 / 8 ( 50 ) A3 West Indies 281 / 6 ( 48.",
"13": "2 ) D4 Ireland 278 / 8 ( 50 ) D4 Ireland 288 / 6 ( 50 ) A3 West Indies 254 / 5 ( 50 ) C4 Namibia 186 ( 39.1 ) D3 Sri Lanka 255 / 7 ( 49.4 ) B3 Zimbabwe 114 / 3 ( 19.3 ) C4 Namibia 113 ( 40.1 ) C4 Namibia 180 / 2 ( 27 ) B3 Zimbabwe 259 / 4 ( 50 ) 15th - place playoff A4 Kenya 176 ( 46.5 ) D3 Sri Lanka 260 / 5 ( 45.3 ) 11th - place playoff B4 Papua New Guinea 162 ( 48.3 ) D3 Sri Lanka 419 / 4 ( 50 ) C3 Canada 134 ( 37.5 ) A4 Kenya 176 ( 50 ) A4 Kenya 108 ( 35.5 ) B3 Zimbabwe 272 / 8 ( 50 ) Plate quarter - finals ( edit ) 22 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Canada 265 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Papua New Guinea 185 ( 44.3 overs ) Akash Gill 120 ( 127 ) James Tau 2 / 37 ( 9 overs ) Simon Atai 85 ( 117 ) Aran Pathmanathan 3 / 23 ( 9 overs ) Canada won by 70 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Ian Ramage ( Sco ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Akash Gill ( Can ) Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to field .",
"14": "22 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Namibia 113 ( 40.1 overs ) Zimbabwe 114 / 3 ( 19.3 overs ) Eben van Wyk 24 ( 40 ) Nkosilathi Nungu 2 / 11 ( 3.1 overs ) Wesley Madhavere 47 ( 38 ) Gerhard Lottering 1 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Zimbabwe won by 7 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) Player of the match : Wesley Madhevere ( Zim ) Namibia won the toss and elected to bat . 23 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Sri Lanka 419 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Kenya 108 ( 35.5 overs ) Hasitha Boyagoda 191 ( 152 ) Abhishekh Chidambaran 2 / 68 ( 10 overs ) Thomas Ochieng 45 ( 63 ) Haren Buddila 4 / 27 ( 10 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 311 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Hasitha Boyagoda ( SL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat . Hasitha Boyagoda ( SL ) made the highest individual score in U19 ODIs as well as in the history of the U19 Cricket World Cup ( 191 ) . 23 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 278 / 8 ( 50 overs ) West Indies 281 / 6 ( 48.2 overs ) Neil Rock 91 ( 101 ) Jeavor Royal 3 / 59 ( 10 overs ) Nyeem Young 55 * ( 33 ) Max Neville 2 / 53 ( 6 overs ) West Indies won by 4 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and David Odhiambo ( Ken ) Player of the match : Nyeem Young ( WI ) Ireland won the toss and elected to bat .",
"15": "Plate playoff semi-finals ( edit ) 25 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Papua New Guinea 121 ( 37.1 overs ) Ireland 122 / 7 ( 41.5 overs ) Igo Mahuru 45 ( 83 ) JJ Garth 4 / 18 ( 8.1 overs ) Neil Rock 43 ( 76 ) James Tau 4 / 45 ( 10 overs ) Ireland won by 3 wickets Rangiora Recreation Ground , Rangiora Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : JJ Garth ( Ire ) Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to bat . 25 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Kenya 176 ( 46.5 overs ) Namibia 180 / 2 ( 27 overs ) Aman Gandhi 52 ( 80 ) Petrus Burger 5 / 24 ( 10 overs ) Lohan Louwrens 114 ( 76 ) Aveet Desai 1 / 10 ( 2 overs ) Namibia won by 8 wickets Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Lohan Louwrens ( Nam ) Namibia won the toss and elected to field . Plate semi-finals ( edit ) 25 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Zimbabwe 259 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 260 / 5 ( 45.3 overs ) Jayden Schadendorf 74 ( 78 ) Thisaru Rashmika 2 / 58 ( 10 overs ) Nishan Madushka 109 * ( 135 ) Nkosilathi Nungu 2 / 49 ( 7 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : David Odhiambo ( Ken ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Nishan Madushka ( SL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field .",
"16": "26 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard West Indies 323 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Canada 136 ( 47.3 overs ) Keagan Simmons 166 ( 137 ) Akash Gill 4 / 54 ( 9 overs ) Kavian Naress 61 ( 112 ) Ronaldo Alimohamed 2 / 17 ( 5 overs ) West Indies won by 187 runs Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Keagan Simmons ( WI ) West Indies won the toss and elected to bat . Super League ( edit ) 5th - place playoff Super League playoff semi-finals Super League quarter - finals Super League semi-finals Final C1 England 96 ( 23.4 ) B2 Australia 127 ( 33.3 ) C1 England 216 ( 47.2 ) B2 Australia 182 / 4 ( 37.3 ) C2 Bangladesh 220 / 5 ( 47.3 ) D2 Afghanistan 181 ( 48 ) A1 New Zealand 107 ( 28.1 ) D2 Afghanistan 309 / 6 ( 50 ) A2 South Africa 180 / 2 ( 38.3 ) B1 India 220 / 2 ( 38.5 ) C2 Bangladesh 178 ( 41.4 ) B2 Australia 216 ( 47.2 ) D1 Pakistan 190 / 7 ( 47.5 ) A2 South Africa 189 / 9 ( 50 ) A1 New Zealand 211 ( 43.5 ) D1 Pakistan 69 ( 29.3 ) 7th - place playoff A2 South Africa 284 / 6 ( 50 ) B1 India 272 / 9 ( 50 ) 3rd - place playoff A1 New Zealand 229 ( 47.1 ) B1 India 265 ( 49.",
"17": "2 ) D1 Pakistan C1 England 261 / 7 ( 50 ) C2 Bangladesh 134 ( 42.1 ) D2 Afghanistan Super League quarter - finals ( edit ) 23 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Australia 127 ( 33.3 overs ) England 96 ( 23.4 overs ) Jason Sangha 58 ( 91 ) Will Jacks 3 / 21 ( 7 overs ) Tom Banton 58 ( 53 ) Lloyd Pope 8 / 35 ( 9.4 overs ) Australia won by 31 runs John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Lloyd Pope ( Aus ) Australia won the toss and elected to bat . Lloyd Pope ( Aus ) took the best bowling figures in a U19 World Cup match . 24 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard South Africa 189 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan 190 / 7 ( 47.5 overs ) Wandile Makwetu 60 ( 65 ) Muhammad Musa 3 / 29 ( 10 overs ) Ali Zaryab 74 * ( 111 ) Jason Niemand 2 / 31 ( 10 overs ) Pakistan won by 3 wickets Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Ali Zaryab ( Pak ) Pakistan won the toss and elected to field . 25 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan 309 / 6 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 107 ( 28.1 overs ) Rahmanullah Gurbaz 69 ( 67 ) Sandeep Patel 2 / 13 ( 3 overs ) Katene Clarke 38 ( 56 ) Mujeeb Ur Rahman 4 / 14 ( 8.1 overs ) Afghanistan won by 202 runs Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Azmatullah Omarzai ( Afg ) Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat .",
"18": "26 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard India 265 ( 49.2 overs ) Bangladesh 134 ( 42.1 overs ) Shubman Gill 86 ( 94 ) Qazi Onik 3 / 48 ( 10 overs ) Pinak Ghosh 43 ( 75 ) Kamlesh Nagarkoti 3 / 18 ( 7.1 overs ) India won by 131 runs John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Shaun George ( SA ) Player of the match : Shubman Gill ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . Super League playoff semi-finals ( edit ) 27 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard South Africa 284 / 6 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 211 ( 43.5 overs ) Raynard van Tonder 117 ( 129 ) Matthew Fisher 2 / 59 ( 9 overs ) Dale Phillips 74 ( 82 ) Gerald Coetzee 5 / 32 ( 9.5 overs ) South Africa won by 73 runs Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( Ind ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Raynard van Tonder ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . 28 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard England 216 ( 47.2 overs ) Bangladesh 220 / 5 ( 47.3 overs ) Liam Banks 74 ( 82 ) Afif Hossain 3 / 18 ( 5.2 overs ) Afif Hossain 71 ( 86 ) Adam Finch 2 / 36 ( 8 overs ) Bangladesh won by 5 wickets John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Nigel Duguid ( WI ) and Langton Rusere ( Zim ) Player of the match : Afif Hossain ( Ban ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field .",
"19": "Super League semi-finals ( edit ) 29 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan 181 ( 48 overs ) Australia 182 / 4 ( 37.3 overs ) Ikram Ali Khil 80 ( 119 ) Jonathan Merlo 4 / 24 ( 10 overs ) Jack Edwards 72 ( 65 ) Qais Ahmad 2 / 35 ( 10 overs ) Australia won by 6 wickets Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : Shaun George ( SA ) and Tim Robinson ( Eng ) Player of the match : Jack Edwards ( Aus ) Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat . 30 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard India 272 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan 69 ( 29.3 overs ) Shubman Gill 102 * ( 94 ) Muhammad Musa 4 / 67 ( 10 overs ) Rohail Nazir 18 ( 39 ) Ishan Porel 4 / 17 ( 6 overs ) India won by 203 runs Hagley Oval , Christchurch Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) Player of the match : Shubman Gill ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . Placement matches ( edit ) 15th - place playoff ( edit ) 27 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Kenya 176 ( 50 overs ) Papua New Guinea 162 ( 48.3 overs ) Jayant Mepani 44 ( 79 ) Semo Kamea 3 / 24 ( 10 overs ) Nou Rarua 47 ( 94 ) Gerard Mwendwa 4 / 37 ( 9.3 overs ) Kenya won by 14 runs Rangiora Recreation Ground , Rangiora Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Buddhi Pradhan ( Nep ) Player of the match : Jayant Mepani ( Ken ) Kenya won the toss and elected to bat .",
"20": "13th - place playoff ( edit ) 27 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Ireland 288 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Namibia 186 ( 39.1 overs ) Harry Tector 101 ( 113 ) Mauritius Ngupita 2 / 41 ( 10 overs ) Lohan Louwrens 62 ( 88 ) Joshua Little 3 / 33 ( 6.1 overs ) Ireland won by 102 runs Lincoln Green , Lincoln Umpires : David Odhiambo ( Ken ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Harry Tector ( Ire ) Namibia won the toss and elected to field . 11th - place playoff ( edit ) 28 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Zimbabwe 272 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Canada 134 ( 37.5 overs ) Wesley Madhavere 93 ( 84 ) Faisal Jamkhandi 2 / 65 ( 9 overs ) Akash Gill 60 ( 63 ) Wesley Madhevere 4 / 24 ( 7.5 overs ) Zimbabwe won by 138 runs Rangiora Recreation Ground , Rangiora Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Ian Ramage ( Sco ) Player of the match : Wesley Madhevere ( Zim ) Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat . 9th - place playoff ( Plate final ) ( edit ) 28 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard West Indies 254 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 255 / 7 ( 49.4 overs ) Alick Athanaze 110 * ( 110 ) Praveen Jayawickrama 2 / 33 ( 10 overs ) Hasitha Boyagoda 116 ( 124 ) Bhaskar Yadram 2 / 42 ( 10 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 3 wickets Bert Sutcliffe Oval , Lincoln Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Hasitha Boyagoda ( SL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field .",
"21": "7th - place playoff ( edit ) 30 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard England 261 / 7 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 229 ( 47.1 overs ) Tom Banton 112 ( 122 ) Luke Georgeson 3 / 29 ( 10 overs ) Finn Allen 87 ( 100 ) Will Jacks 3 / 41 ( 9.1 overs ) England won by 32 runs John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Ian Ramage ( Sco ) and Shozab Raza ( Pak ) Player of the match : Tom Banton ( Eng ) England won the toss and elected to bat . 5th - place playoff ( edit ) 31 January 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Bangladesh 178 ( 41.4 overs ) South Africa 180 / 2 ( 38.3 overs ) Afif Hossain 63 ( 59 ) Fraser Jones 5 / 32 ( 8 overs ) Raynard van Tonder 82 * ( 99 ) Roni Hossain 1 / 21 ( 7 overs ) South Africa won by 8 wickets John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Mark Hawthorne ( Ire ) and Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) Player of the match : Fraser Jones ( SA ) Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat . 3rd - place playoff ( edit ) 1 February 2018 10 : 30 Scorecard Afghanistan Pakistan Match abandoned John Davies Oval , Queenstown Umpires : Ranmore Martinesz ( SL ) and Paul Wilson ( Aus ) No toss . No play was possible due to a wet outfield . Pakistan finished in third place as they finished their group ahead of Afghanistan on net run rate .",
"22": "Final ( edit ) 3 February 2018 14 : 00 Scorecard Australia 216 ( 47.2 overs ) India 220 / 2 ( 38.5 overs ) Jonathan Merlo 76 ( 102 ) Ishan Porel 2 / 30 ( 7 overs ) Manjot Kalra 101 * ( 102 ) Will Sutherland 1 / 36 ( 6.5 overs ) India won by 8 wickets Bay Oval , Mount Maunganui Umpires : Gregory Brathwaite ( WI ) and Shaun George ( SA ) Player of the match : Manjot Kalra ( Ind ) Australia won the toss and elected to bat . India won their fourth U19 World Cup , the most by any team . Manjot Kalra ( Ind ) became the fifth batsman to score a hundred in an U19 World Cup final . Final standings ( edit ) Pos . Team India Australia Pakistan Afghanistan 5 South Africa 6 Bangladesh 7 England 8 New Zealand 9 Sri Lanka 10 West Indies 11 Zimbabwe 12 Canada 13 Ireland 14 Namibia 15 Kenya 16 Papua New Guinea References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tauranga , Whangarei to host U-19 World Cup games '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 10 January 2016 ) . `` BACK TO THE FUTURE - History of ICC U19 Cricket World Cup '' -- International Cricket Council . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC U19 Cricket World Cup opens in New Zealand '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies win U-19 world cup '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan , New Zealand and South Africa qualify for super league as Windies fail to defend title '' . International Cricket Council . 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan , NZ , South Africa qualify for Super League '' . Times of India . Retrieved 21 January 2018 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ `` ICC U-19 World Cup : Australia , Pakistan Join India in Quarter - finals '' . News18 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC U-19 World Cup : India face Bangladesh in quarter - finals '' . Times of India . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teams look for crack combinations in Super League '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boyagoda , Lakshan help Sri Lanka beat Windies and win Plate Championship '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia coast into Final on back of Merlo four - for , Edwards half - century '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthless India seal spot in final with 203 - run win '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan finish third after rain forces abandonment '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stats : The key numbers from India 's U19 CWC Final triumph '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Nixon ( 11 February 2016 ) . `` Namibia beat Nepal -- secure 2018 qualification '' -- CricketEurope . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 4 February 2016 ) . `` Outcomes from ICC Board and committee meetings '' -- International Cricket Council . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan Qualifies For U19 WC 2018 '' . Tolo News . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenya stun Uganda to qualify for U19 World Cup 2018 '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan seals U19s World Cup spot '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PNG Garamuts off to eighth U19 Cricket World Cup '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 14 August 2017 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ `` Ireland hold nerve to qualify for U19 World Cup '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match officials appointed for U19 Cricket World Cup '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Under 19 Cricket World Cup 2018 Squads '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan pick fresh faces ahead of world - beater Rashid '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ICC U19 Cricket World Cup 2018 schedule announced '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WI U-19s to open 2018 World Cup campaign against hosts NZ '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Makwetu , Rolfes lead South Africa into quarter - finals '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Record wicket haul was ' unreal ' - Ralston '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` McSweeney 156 , Ralston 7 for 15 bulldoze PNG '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gill , spinners lead rout of Zimbabwe '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England march into quarter - finals with massive win '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan beat Sri Lanka to seal quarter - final berth '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan seal quarter - final berth , Sri Lanka knocked out '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hasitha Boyagoda 's 191 helps Sri Lanka go past Kenya '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Pope spins Australia to stunning comeback win '' .",
"25": "International Cricket Council . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manjot Kalra 's ton leads India Under - 19 to World Cup glory '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 3 Feb 2018 . External links ( edit ) ICC U19 Cricket World Cup 2018 at ICC ICC U19 Cricket World Cup 2018 at New Zealand Cricket Series home at ESPN Cricinfo Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Tournaments Australia 1988 South Africa 1998 Sri Lanka 2000 New Zealand 2002 Bangladesh 2004 Sri Lanka 2006 Malaysia 2008 New Zealand 2010 Australia 2012 UAE 2014 Bangladesh 2016 New Zealand 2018 Squads 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Qualification 2012 2014 2016 2018 Regional Africa Americas Asia East Asia - Pacific Europe International cricket in 2017 -- 18 Preceding season : International cricket in 2017 September 2017 Australia in India Netherlands in Zimbabwe Sri Lanka vs. Pakistan in United Arab Emirates Bangladesh in South Africa October 2017 Sri Lanka women in West Indies West Indies in Zimbabwe England women in Australia New Zealand in India Hong Kong Cricket Sixes New Zealand women vs. Pakistan in United Arab Emirates November 2017 Sri Lanka in India England in Australia The Ashes Scotland vs. PNG in United Arab Emirates Sri Lanka in South Africa December 2017 West Indies in New Zealand Ireland vs. Afghanistan in United Arab Emirates Zimbabwe in South Africa January 2018 India in South Africa Pakistan in New Zealand United Arab Emirates Tri-Nation Series Bangladesh Tri-Nation Series Under - 19 Cricket World Cup Sri Lanka in Bangladesh February 2018 India women in South Africa Trans - Tasman Tri-Series Zimbabwe vs.",
"26": "Afghanistan in United Arab Emirates World Cricket League Division Two England in New Zealand March 2018 Australia in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Cricket World Cup Qualifier West Indies women in New Zealand Nidahas Trophy Australia women in India Pakistan women in Sri Lanka India women 's Tri-Nation Series April 2018 West Indies in Pakistan England women in India Ongoing Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Championship Women 's Championship Following season : International cricket in 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup&oldid=831204288 '' Categories : ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup 2018 in cricket International cricket competitions in New Zealand International cricket competitions in 2017 -- 18 2018 ICC Under - 19 Cricket World Cup January 2018 sports events in Oceania February 2018 sports events in Oceania Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use New Zealand English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी मैथिली मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 10 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
16,
4,
23,
3,
25,
14,
24,
20,
18,
13,
22,
9,
11,
12,
10,
5,
15,
0,
6,
8,
26,
19,
21,
7,
2,
1,
17
] |
[
16,
4,
23,
3,
25
] |
5122841983113839364
|
when was the jury system abolished in india
|
[
"1959"
] |
{
"0": "K.M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra - Wikipedia K.M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra Jump to : navigation , search K.M. Nanavati vs. State of Maharashtra Decided 11 November 1961 Full case name : K.M. Nanavati vs. State of Maharashtra -- Shivam Raj Citations : 1962 AIR 605 1962 SCR Supl. ( 1 ) 567 Prior history : Jury 's Judgment for defendant , Jury Trial - Charge - Misdirection - Reference by Judge , High Court Conviction under Sec. 302 of the Indian Penal Code Subsequent history : Appeal dismissed Holding Appellant Commander Nanavati , a Naval Officer , was put up on trial under sec. 290 and 304 Part I of the Indian Penal Code ( IPC ) for alleged murder of his wife 's paramour . The High Court dismissed the earlier acquittal by a Jury Trial and convicted the accused to life imprisonment under Sec. 302 of IPC . Court bench Headed by : Subbarao , K . Members : Das , S.K. ; Dayal , Raghubar Laws applied Code of Criminal Procedure ( Act , 5 of 1898 ) , 88 . 307 , 410 , 417 , 418 ( 1 ) , 423 ( 2 ) , 297,155 ( 1 ) , 162 - Indian Penal Code , 1860 ( Act 45 of 1860 ) , 88 . 302 , 300 , Exception I - Indian Evidence Act , 1872 ( 1 of 1872 ) , 8 . 105 . Commander K.M. Nanavati vs. State of Maharashtra was a 1959 Indian court case where Commander Kawas Manekshaw Nanavati , a Naval Commander , was tried for the murder of Prem Ahuja , his wife 's lover . The incident received unprecedented media coverage and inspired several books and films such as the 1973 film Achanak and 2016 film Rustom .",
"1": "Commander Nanavati , accused under section 302 , was initially declared not guilty by a jury , but the verdict was dismissed by the Bombay High Court and the case was retried as a bench trial . This was among the last cases to be heard as a jury trial in India , as the government abolished jury trials soon after in most cases except for Parsis who still have Jury Trials for their Matrimonial Disputes . Nanavati was finally pardoned by Vijayalakshmi Pandit , newly appointed Governor of Bombay and sister of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Shooting 3 Jury trial 4 Retrial 4.1 Defence version 4.2 Prosecution version 5 Public support 6 Release 7 In popular culture 8 Notes and references Background ( edit ) Kawas Nanavati Kawas Manekshaw Nanavati ( 1925 -- 2003 ) , a Parsi , was a Commander with the Indian Navy and had settled down in Mumbai with Sylvia ( 1921 -- 2005 ) , his English - born wife and their two sons and a daughter . With Nanavati frequently away on assignments for long periods of time , Sylvia fell in love with Prem Bhagwan Ahuja , a Sindhi friend of Nanavati 's . In her testimony in court , Prem 's sister Mamie Ahuja , stated that Prem had agreed to marry Sylvia , provided she divorced her husband . However , this was contradicted by the letters written by Sylvia ( admitted as Sylvia 's testimony ) , where she expressed her desire to divorce Nanavati and marry Prem , but she doubted whether Prem had the same intentions . In a letter dated 24 May 1960 , she wrote `` Last night when you spoke of your marrying me and the various other girls you might marry , something inside me snapped and I knew I could not bear the thought of your loving someone else ... '' . Shooting ( edit ) Sylvia Nanavati On 1 November , Nanavati returned home from one of his assignments and finding Sylvia aloof and distant , he questioned her . Sylvia , who now doubted Prem 's intention to marry her , confessed about the affair to her husband .",
"2": "Nanavati dropped his family at the Metro Cinema , for a show he had promised to take them to , but excused himself and headed straight to confront Prem Ahuja . When Sylvia was asked in court , why she went to the theatre , leaving her agitated husband behind , she answered , `` I was upset myself and I did not think clearly then . I was not indifferent to my husband killing himself ... It is difficult to explain these things to children , so I took them to the cinema . Nanavati went to the Naval base , collected his pistol on a false pretext from the stores along with six bullets , completed his official duties and proceeded to Prem Ahuja 's office . On not finding him there , he went to Ahuja 's flat and found him there . There was a verbal confrontation between the two men ; according to Nanavati 's account related in court , he had asked Ahuja whether the latter intended to marry Sylvia and accept their children . After Prem replied in the negative , three shots were fired and Prem Ahuja dropped dead . Nanavati headed straight to confess to the Provost Marshal of the Western Naval Command and , on his advice , turned himself over to the Deputy Commissioner of Police . Jury trial ( edit ) The crux of the case was whether Nanavati shot Ahuja in the `` heat of the moment '' or whether it was a premeditated murder . In the former scenario , Nanavati would not have been charged under the Indian penal code for culpable homicide , with a maximum punishment of 10 years . This is because he could have invoked exceptions 1 and 4 of section 300 of IPC ( which defines murder ) . Exception 1 states : `` Culpable homicide is not murder if the offender , whilst deprived of the power of self - control by grave and sudden provocation , causes the death of the person who gave the provocation or causes the death of any other person by mistake or accident . Exception 4 states : `` Culpable homicide is not murder if it is committed without premeditation in a sudden fight in the heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel and without the offender having taken undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner . Explanation -- It is immaterial in such cases which party offers the provocation or commits the first assault . ''",
"3": "In the latter scenario ( i.e. premeditated murder ) , Nanavati would be charged with murder , with the sentence being death or life imprisonment . Nanavati pleaded not guilty and his defence team argued it a case of culpable homicide not amounting to murder , while the prosecution argued it was premeditated murder . The jury in the Greater Bombay Sessions Court had only task : to pronounce a person as ' Guilty ' or ' Not Guilty ' under the charges . They could not indict any accused nor could punish the accused . The jury in the Greater Bombay sessions court pronounced Nanavati as not guilty under section 302 under which Nanavati was charged , with an 8 -- 1 verdict . Mr. Ratilal Bhaichand Mehta ( the sessions judge ) considered the acquittal as perverse and referred the case to the Bombay High Court . The prosecution argued that the jury had been misled by the presiding judge on four crucial points : The onus of proving that it was an accident and not premeditated murder was on Nanavati . Was Sylvia 's confession grave provocation for Nanavati , or any specific incident in Ahuja 's bedroom or both ? The judge wrongly told the jury that the provocation can also come from a third person . The jury was not instructed that Nanavati 's defence had to be proved , to the extent that there is no reasonable doubt in the mind of a reasonable person . The court accepted the arguments , dismissed the jury 's verdict and the case was freshly heard in the high court . Without any proper study comparing existing judicial systems and without any effort to improve the system , it was claimed that jury had been influenced by media and was open to being misled , the Government of India abolished jury trials soon after in most cases except for Parsis who still have Jury Trials for their Matrimonial Disputes . Retrial ( edit ) After Nanavati 's acquittal by the Jury was dismissed , his retrial was held in the Bombay High Court . Defence version ( edit ) In the Bombay High Court , the defence put forth their version of the incident , for which there were no witnesses other than the two men , and no evidence .",
"4": "Hearing Sylvia 's confession , an enraged Nanavati wanted to shoot himself , but was calmed down by Sylvia , who told him that he was not to be blamed and there was no reason that he should shoot himself . Since Sylvia did not tell him whether Prem intended to marry her , Nanavati sought to find it out for himself . When Nanavati met Prem at the latter 's bedroom , Prem had just come out of the bath dressed only in a white towel ; an angry Nanavati swore at Prem and proceeded to ask him if he intended to marry Sylvia and look after his children . Prem replied , `` Will I marry every woman I sleep with ? '' , which further enraged Nanavati . Seeing Nanavati go for the gun , enclosed in a brown packet , Prem too went for it and in the ensuing scuffle , Prem 's hand caused the gun to go off and instantly kill him . Prosecution version ( edit ) The prosecution 's version of the story and their counter-points against the defence 's version , was based on replies by witnesses and backed by evidence . The towel that Ahuja was wearing was intact on his body and had neither loosened nor fallen off . In the case of a scuffle , it is highly improbable that the towel would have stayed intact . After Sylvia 's confession , a calm and collected Nanavati dropped his family to the theatre , drove to his naval base and according to the Navy log , had acquired a gun and rounds , under a false pretext . This indicated that the provocation was neither grave nor sudden and that Nanavati had the murder planned . Ahuja 's servant Anjani testified that three shots were fired in quick succession and the entire incident took under a minute to occur , thus ruling out a scuffle . Nanavati walked out of Ahuja 's residence , without explaining to his sister Mamie ( who was present in another room of the flat ) that it was an accident . He then unloaded the gun , went first to the Provost Marshal and then to the police to confess his crime , thus ruling out that he was dazed . The deputy commissioner of police testified that Nanavati confessed that he had shot dead Ahuja and even corrected the misspelling of his name in the police record .",
"5": "The High Court agreed with the prosecution 's argument that the murder was premeditated and sentenced Nanavati to life imprisonment for culpable homicide amounting to murder . On 24 November 1961 , the Supreme Court of India upheld the conviction . Public support ( edit ) The incident both shocked and riveted the entire country . Such a ' crime of passion ' was considered unusual . People also found the unfolding relationships intriguing , for instance , Nanavati had known Ahuja for nearly 15 years and Sylvia stood by her husband after Ahuja 's murder . The weekly tabloid Blitz , owned by R.K. Karanjia , a Parsi himself , publicised the story , published exclusive cover stories and openly supported Nanavati . They portrayed him as a wronged husband and upright officer , betrayed by a close friend . Blitz painted Nanavati 's image , as that of a man representing the ideal middle class values as against Ahuja 's playboy image , that symbolised the corruption and sleaze of the bourgeois . A copy of Blitz during the trial sold for ₹ 2 ( 3.1 ¢ US ) per copy , up from the normal rate of 25 paise ( 0.39 ¢ US ) . Peddlers on the street sold Ahuja Towels and toy Nanavati Revolvers . Influential Parsis held regular rallies in Mumbai , with the largest being an event held at Cowasji Jehangir Hall , to support the Governor 's decree that suspended Nanavati 's life sentence and put him under naval custody , until his appeal was heard by the Supreme Court . At that rally , 3,500 people filled the hall and around 5,000 stood outside . Nanavati also received backing from the Indian Navy and the Parsi Panchayat , while the Sindhi community backed Mamie Ahuja . Among the jurists , Ram Jethmalani led the prosecution , while Karl Khandalavala represented Nanavati . Release ( edit ) Nanavati had moved in the same social circles as the Nehru - Gandhi family for many years . He had previously worked as Defence Attaché to V.K. Krishna Menon , while the latter was high commissioner to the United Kingdom , and had grown close to the Nehrus during that time .",
"6": "During the time of Nanavati 's trial and sentencing , Jawaharlal Nehru was Prime Minister of India and his sister , Vijayalakshmi Pandit , was governor of Maharashtra state . All of these advantages may in other circumstances have availed Nanavati nothing , for a pardon might have been seen by the press and public at other times as a blatant misuse of power to help the crony of an influential political family . However , public opinion , in the largely conservative country , was decidedly in favour of Nanavati , seen as an upright naval officer with middle class values and a strong sense of honour . Public opinion held the sentence of life in prison was too harsh and supported a proposal , mooted by the Blitz , to grant a pardon to the naval officer . The Blitz magazine played a significant part in raising public opinion in favour of Nanavati and keeping the issue alive for over three years until the pardon was granted . Nanavati spent 3 years in prison ; it was feared that a pardon for him could elicit an angry reaction from the Sindhi community to which the Ahuja family belonged . At around this time , the government received an application for pardon from Bhai Pratap , a Sindhi trader who had been a participant in the Indian independence movement , and had been convicted for misusing an import licence . Given his freedom fighter background , and the relative smallness of his offence , the government was inclined to pardon Bhai Pratap . Finally , an application seeking pardon for Nanavati was obtained even from Mamie Ahuja , sister of the deceased . She gave her assent for his pardon in writing . Vijayalakshmi Pandit , then governor of Maharashtra , pardoned Bhai Pratap and Nanavati on the same day . After his release , Nanavati , his wife Sylvia and their three children immigrated to Canada and settled in Toronto , Ontario . Nanavati died on 24 July 2003 . In popular culture ( edit ) Yeh Rastey Hain Pyar Ke , a 1963 suspense thriller starring Sunil Dutt , Leela Naidu and Rehman , was the first Bollywood film which seemed to exploit the case . It flopped at the box office .",
"7": "The film began with a disclaimer that all people and incidents were fictitious , and altered the case 's outcome . Leela Naidu 's 2010 book with Jerry Pinto indicates that the movie screenplay was written before the Nanavati case . It was a coincidence of the real - life case events with a similar movie storyline that led to similarities while the movie was being made . Achanak , a 1973 crime drama , written and directed by Gulzar , starring Vinod Khanna , Lily Chakravarty , and Om Shivpuri , was inspired by the case and was a box - office hit . In the film , Vinod Khanna , who plays an upright army officer , receives a death sentence but its execution remains inconclusive . Besides a Hindi book titled Nanavati ka Mukadama ( Nanavati 's trial ) , Anglo - Indian novelist Indra Sinha 's The Death of Mr Love is a fictional account based on the murder . The book , spanning four decades between the 1950s and 1990s , tells the story of Mrs S , the second woman besides Sylvia , with whom Prem had a physical relationship . In the title , Love is the literal translation of Prem , Ahuja 's first name . A fictionalized account of the case also appears in Salman Rushdie 's Midnight 's Children , where the case of Commander Sabarmati ( in the chapter titled `` Commander Sabarmati 's Baton '' ) is a fictionalized account of the Nanavati case . The 2016 Bollywood film Rustom , starring Akshay Kumar , is a fictionalized account of the KM Nanavati case . The Pooja Bhatt film Love Affair is also based on this case . It focuses on a lonely foreigner who , stuck in India , falls in love with a man ( who is n't her husband ) and the consequences of the affair . A Marathi play titled Aparadh Meech Kela by playwright Madhusudan Kalelkar is also based on this case . Arun Sarnaik played the character of Cdr. Nanawati in it . Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` K.M. Nanavati vs. State of Maharashtra '' . Retrieved 17 October 2005 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ `` Reality of Nanavati case and why Jury was abolished -- Right To Recall Against Corruption -- Timeline Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jury system in Parsi Matrimonial Disputes '' . Right To Recall Against Corruption - Facebook . August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Before You Watch Akshay Kumar 's Rustom , Here 's Everything You Need To Know About The Real Case '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Inconsistent and Incomplete. ( 1 ) `` Sylvia Nanavati '' . Archived from the original on 4 May 2005 . `` Nanavati Profile '' . `` Prem Bhagwandas Ahuja '' . Mumbai 27 April 1959 : Nanavati 's Story . Retrieved 19 December 2011 Jump up ^ Sylvia 's story beyond the scandal Jump up ^ Prakash , Gyan . `` Blitz 's Bombay '' . Seminar . Retrieved 17 October 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Sethi , Aarti ( 2005 ) . `` The Honourable Murder : The Trial of Cdr Kawas Maneckshaw Nanavati '' ( PDF ) . In Narula , Monica ; Sengupta , Shuddhabrata ; Bagchi , Jeebesh ; Lovink , Geert . Sarai Reader 2005 : Bare Acts . The Sarai Programme at CSDS . pp. 444 -- 453 . ISBN 81 - 901429 - 5 - X ... NB : on - line chapter is in PDF format Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Sethi , Aarti '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Under section 304 of the Indian penal code , Culpable Homicide not amounting to murder can be pleaded , if the homicide is not premeditated and occurs , due to a grave or sudden provocation , or in a sudden confrontation , without taking any undue advantage or acting in a cruel or unusual manner , irrespective of who provoked first . Jump up ^ Sharma , Vijaya .",
"9": "`` Defence Vs Prosecution ( pg. 1 ) '' . The Nanavati Case . Retrieved 17 October 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma , Vijaya . `` Heady days of the trial '' . The Nanavati Case . Retrieved 17 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Sethi , Atul ( 13 Feb 2011 ) . `` Our chamber of '' . The Times Of India . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Honor Killing : No ' crime of passion ' '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2005 . Retrieved 17 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke ( 1963 ) '' . Retrieved 17 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Achanak ( 1973 ) '' . Retrieved 17 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Death of Mr Love '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 4 January 2003 . Retrieved 17 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Digging Up The Nanavati Case '' . Jump up ^ Rustom poster : Akshay Kumar playing ' honourable murderer ' Nanavati ? Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Rustom Movie Based on K.M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra Release date : 12 August 2016 ( India ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._M._Nanavati_v._State_of_Maharashtra&oldid=817267058 '' Categories : Trials in India Supreme Court of India cases 1959 in case law 1959 in India Mumbai High Court High Courts of India cases Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use Indian English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 07 : 47 .",
"10": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"11": null,
"12": null,
"13": null,
"14": null,
"15": null,
"16": null,
"17": null,
"18": null,
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
8,
9,
6,
5,
0,
3,
1,
4,
2,
10,
7
] |
[
8,
9,
6,
5,
0
] |
630153387270323434
|
what did the treaty of paris do for the united states
|
[
"acknowledges the United States' existence as free sovereign and independent states"
] |
{
"0": "Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) - wikipedia Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Jump to : navigation , search For other treaties of Paris , see Treaty of Paris ( disambiguation ) . Treaty of Paris The Definitive Treaty of Peace Between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America Drafted November 30 , 1782 Signed September 3 , 1783 Location Paris , France Effective May 12 , 1784 Condition Ratification by Great Britain and the United States Signatories Great Britain United States Depositary United States government Language English Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) at Wikisource The Treaty of Paris , signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3 , 1783 , ended the American Revolutionary War . The treaty set the boundaries between the British Empire in North America and the United States , on lines `` exceedingly generous '' to the latter . Details included fishing rights and restoration of property and prisoners of war . This treaty and the separate peace treaties between Great Britain and the nations that supported the American cause -- France , Spain , and the Dutch Republic -- are known collectively as the Peace of Paris . Only Article 1 of the treaty , which acknowledges the United States ' existence as free sovereign and independent states , remains in force . Contents ( hide ) 1 Agreement 2 Treaty key points 3 Consequences 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 Further reading 6.1 Primary sources 7 External links Agreement ( edit ) The United States delegation at the Treaty of Paris included John Jay , John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Henry Laurens , and William Temple Franklin . Here they are depicted by Benjamin West in his American Commissioners of the Preliminary Peace Agreement with Great Britain . The British delegation refused to pose , and the painting was never completed . Peace negotiations began in April 1782 , and continued through the summer . Representing the United States were Benjamin Franklin , John Jay , Henry Laurens , and John Adams . David Hartley and Richard Oswald represented Great Britain .",
"1": "The treaty was signed at the Hotel d'York ( presently 56 Rue Jacob ) in Paris on September 3 , 1783 , by Adams , Franklin , Jay , and Hartley . Regarding the American Treaty , the key episodes came in September 1782 , when French Foreign Minister Vergennes proposed a solution that was strongly opposed by his ally , the United States . France was exhausted by the war , and everyone wanted peace except for Spain , which insisted on continuing the war until it could capture Gibraltar from the British . Vergennes came up with the deal that Spain would accept instead of Gibraltar . The United States would gain its independence but be confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains . Britain would take the area north of the Ohio River . In the area south of that would be set up an independent Indian state under Spanish control . It would be an Indian barrier state . However , the Americans realized that they could get a better deal directly from London . John Jay promptly told the British that he was willing to negotiate directly with them , cutting off France and Spain . The British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne agreed . He was in charge of the British negotiations ( some of which took place in his study at Lansdowne House , now a bar in the Lansdowne Club ) and he now saw a chance to split the United States away from France and make the new country a valuable economic partner . The western terms were that the United States would gain all of the area east of the Mississippi River , north of Florida , and south of Canada . The northern boundary would be almost the same as today . The United States would gain fishing rights off Canadian coasts , and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property . It was a highly favorable treaty for the United States , and deliberately so from the British point of view . Prime Minister Shelburne foresaw highly profitable two - way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States , as indeed came to pass . Commemorative plaque of the place where the Treaty was signed , 56 rue Jacob , Paris 6 Great Britain also signed separate agreements with France and Spain , and ( provisionally ) with the Netherlands .",
"2": "In the treaty with Spain , the territories of East and West Florida were ceded to Spain ( without a clear northern boundary , resulting in a territorial dispute resolved by the Treaty of Madrid in 1795 ) . Spain also received the island of Menorca ; the Bahama Islands , Grenada , and Montserrat , captured by the French and Spanish , were returned to Britain . The treaty with France was mostly about exchanges of captured territory ( France 's only net gains were the island of Tobago , and Senegal in Africa ) , but also reinforced earlier treaties , guaranteeing fishing rights off Newfoundland . Dutch possessions in the East Indies , captured in 1781 , were returned by Britain to the Netherlands in exchange for trading privileges in the Dutch East Indies , by a treaty which was not finalized until 1784 . The United States Congress of the Confederation ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14 , 1784 . Copies were sent back to Europe for ratification by the other parties involved , the first reaching France in March 1784 . British ratification occurred on April 9 , 1784 , and the ratified versions were exchanged in Paris on May 12 , 1784 . Treaty key points ( edit ) Last page of the Treaty of Paris Map of the United States and territories after the Treaty of Paris Preamble . Declares the treaty to be `` in the name of the most holy and undivided Trinity '' , states the bona fides of the signatories , and declares the intention of both parties to `` forget all past misunderstandings and differences '' and `` secure to both perpetual peace and harmony '' .",
"3": "Britain acknowledges the United States ( New Hampshire , Massachusetts Bay , Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina and Georgia ) to be free , sovereign , and independent states , and that the British Crown and all heirs and successors relinquish claims to the Government , property , and territorial rights of the same , and every part thereof ; Establishing the boundaries of the United States , including but not limited to those between the United States and British North America ; Granting fishing rights to United States fishermen in the Grand Banks , off the coast of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence ; Recognizing the lawful contracted debts to be paid to creditors on either side ; The Congress of the Confederation will `` earnestly recommend '' to state legislatures to recognize the rightful owners of all confiscated lands and `` provide for the restitution of all estates , rights , and properties , which have been confiscated belonging to real British subjects '' ( Loyalists ) ; United States will prevent future confiscations of the property of Loyalists ; Prisoners of war on both sides are to be released ; all property of the British army ( including slaves ) now in the United States is to remain and be forfeited ; Great Britain and the United States are each to be given perpetual access to the Mississippi River ; Territories captured by Americans subsequent to the treaty will be returned without compensation ; Ratification of the treaty is to occur within six months from its signing . Eschatocol . `` Done at Paris , this third day of September in the year of our Lord , one thousand seven hundred and eighty - three . '' Consequences ( edit ) Historians have often commented that the treaty was very generous to the United States in terms of greatly enlarged boundaries . Historians such as Alvord , Harlow , and Ritcheson have emphasized that British generosity was based on a statesmanlike vision of close economic ties between Britain and the United States . The concession of the vast trans - Appalachian region was designed to facilitate the growth of the American population and create lucrative markets for British merchants , without any military or administrative costs to Britain . The point was the United States would become a major trading partner . As the French foreign minister Vergennes later put it , `` The English buy peace rather than make it '' .",
"4": "Vermont was included within the boundaries because the state of New York insisted that Vermont was a part of New York , although Vermont was then under a government that considered Vermont not to be a part of the United States . Privileges that the Americans had received from Britain automatically when they had colonial status ( including protection from pirates in the Mediterranean Sea ; see : the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War ) were withdrawn . Individual states ignored federal recommendations , under Article 5 , to restore confiscated Loyalist property , and also ignored Article 6 ( e.g. , by confiscating Loyalist property for `` unpaid debts '' ) . Some , notably Virginia , also defied Article 4 and maintained laws against payment of debts to British creditors . The British often ignored the provision of Article 7 about removal of slaves . The actual geography of North America turned out not to match the details used in the treaty . The Treaty specified a southern boundary for the United States , but the separate Anglo - Spanish agreement did not specify a northern boundary for Florida , and the Spanish government assumed that the boundary was the same as in the 1763 agreement by which they had first given their territory in Florida to Britain . While that West Florida Controversy continued , Spain used its new control of Florida to block American access to the Mississippi , in defiance of Article 8 . The treaty stated that the boundary of the United States extended from the `` most northwesternmost point '' of the Lake of the Woods ( now partly in Minnesota , partly in Manitoba , and partly in Ontario ) directly westward until it reached the Mississippi River . But in fact the Mississippi does not extend that far northward ; the line going west from the Lake of the Woods never intersects the river . Great Britain violated the treaty stipulation that they should relinquish control of forts in United States territory `` with all convenient speed . '' British troops remained stationed at six forts in the Great Lakes region , plus two at the north end of Lake Champlain . The British also built an additional fort in present - day Ohio in 1794 , during the Northwest Indian War . They found justification for these actions in the unstable and extremely tense situation that existed in the area following the war , in the failure of the United States government to fulfill commitments made to compensate loyalists for their losses , and in the British need for time to liquidate various assets in the region .",
"5": "All posts were relinquished peacefully through diplomatic means as a result of the 1794 Jay Treaty . They were : Name Present day location Fort au Fer Lake Champlain -- Champlain , New York Fort Dutchman 's Point Lake Champlain -- North Hero , Vermont Fort Lernoult ( including Fort Detroit ) Detroit River -- Detroit , Michigan Fort Mackinac Straits of Mackinac -- Mackinac Island , Michigan Fort Miami Maumee River -- Maumee , Ohio Fort Niagara Niagara River -- Youngstown , New York Fort Ontario Lake Ontario -- Oswego , New York Fort Oswegatchie Saint Lawrence River -- Ogdensburg , New York See also ( edit ) Ratification Day ( United States ) List of United States treaties Confederation Period , the era of United States history in the 1780s after the American Revolution and prior to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` British - American Diplomacy Treaty of Paris -- Hunter Miller 's Notes '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Quote from Thomas Paterson , J. Garry Clifford and Shane J. Maddock , American foreign relations : A history , to 1920 ( 2009 ) vol 1 p 20 Jump up ^ Morris 1965 Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , British foreign policy in an age of revolutions , 1783 -- 1793 ( 1994 ) pp 11 -- 20 Jump up ^ `` Treaties in Force A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of State . United States Government . p. 463 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project -- British - American Diplomcay : The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30 , 1783 '' . Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith , `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea . ''",
"6": "Northwest Ohio Quarterly 61 # 2 - 4 ( 1989 ) : 46 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson , `` The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America , 1782 -- 1783 : Vision and Reality . '' International History Review 5 # 3 ( 1983 ) : 322 -- 345 . Jump up ^ In 1842 some shifts were made in Maine and Minnesota . William E. Lass ( 1980 ) . Minnesota 's Boundary with Canada : Its Evolution Since 1783 . Minnesota Historical Society . pp. 63 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull ( 1987 ) . A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution . Yale UP . pp. 144 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Frances G , Davenport and Charles O. Paullin , European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies ( 1917 ) vol 1 p vii Jump up ^ Gerald Newman and Leslie Ellen Brown , Britain in the Hanoverian age , 1714 -- 1837 ( 1997 ) p. 533 Jump up ^ Dwight L. Smith , `` Josiah Harmar , Diplomatic Courier . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 87.4 ( 1963 ) : 420 -- 430 . Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . memory.loc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson , `` The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America , 1782 -- 1783 : Vision and Reality . '' International History Review ( 1983 ) 5 # 3 pp : 322 -- 345 . online Jump up ^ Samuel Flagg Bemis , The Diplomacy of the American Revolution ( 1935 ) Jump up ^ James W. Ely Jr. ( 2007 ) . The Guardian of Every Other Right : A Constitutional History of Property Rights . Oxford UP . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Jones , Howard ( 2002 ) .",
"7": "Crucible of Power : A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2916 - 2 . Jump up ^ Benn , Carl ( 1993 ) . Historic Fort York , 1793 -- 1993 . Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 920474 - 79 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Bemis , Samuel Flagg . The Diplomacy of the American Revolution ( 1935 ) online Dull , Jonathan R. ( 1987 ) . A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03886 - 0 . ch. 17 -- 20 Graebner , Norman A. , Richard Dean Burns , and Joseph M. Siracusa . Foreign affairs and the founding fathers : from Confederation to constitution , 1776 -- 1787 ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) , 199pp excerpt and text search , a concise survey Harlow , Vincent T . The Founding of the Second British Empire 1763 -- 1793 . Volume 1 : Discovery and Revolution ( 1952 ) Hoffman , Ronald ; Peter J. Albert editor ( 1981 ) . Diplomacy and Revolution : The Franco - American Alliance of 1778 . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 0864 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Hoffman , Ronald ; Peter J. Albert editor ( 1986 ) . Peace and the Peacemakers : The Treaty of 1783 . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1071 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ; Specialized essays by scholars Kaplan , Lawrence S . `` The Treaty of Paris , 1783 : A Historiographical Challenge , '' International History Review , Sept 1983 , Vol. 5 Issue 3 , pp 431 -- 442 Morris , Richard B .",
"8": "The Peacemakers ; the Great Powers and American Independence ( 1965 ) , the standard scholarly history Morris , Richard B . `` The Great Peace of 1783 , '' Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings ( 1983 ) Vol. 95 , pp 29 -- 51 , a summary of his long book in JSTOR Perkins , James Breck ( 1911 ) . `` Negotiations for Peace '' . France in the American Revolution . Houghton Mifflin . Ritcheson , Charles R . `` The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America , 1782 -- 1783 : Vision and Reality . '' International History Review ( 1983 ) 5 # 3 pp : 322 -- 345 . online Stockley , Andrew ( 2001 ) . Britain and France at the Birth of America : The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations of 1782 -- 1783 . University of Exeter Press . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2008 . Primary sources ( edit ) Franklin , Benjamin . The Papers of Benjamin Franklin : January 21 Through May 15 , 1783 ( Vol. 39 . Yale University Press , 2009 ) Franklin , Benjamin ( 1906 ) . The Writings of Benjamin Franklin . The Macmillan company . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Paris , 1783 . Treaty of Paris , 1783 ; International Treaties and Related Records , 1778 -- 1974 ; General Records of the United States Government , Record Group 11 ; National Archives . Approval of the American victory in England Unique arch inscription commemorates `` Liberty in N America Triumphant MDCCLXXXIII '' The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30 , 1783 Text of the treaty provided by Yale Law School 's Avalon Project American Revolutionary War Origins of the American Revolution Philosophy American Enlightenment John Locke Colonial history Liberalism Republicanism Freedom of religion Rights of Englishmen Common Sense Spirit of ' 76 `` All men are created equal '' `` Life ,",
"9": "Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Royalists Pitt -- Newcastle ministry Bute ministry Grenville ministry First Rockingham ministry Chatham ministry Grafton ministry North ministry Second Rockingham ministry Shelburne ministry Fox -- North coalition Loyalists Black Loyalist Related British Acts of Parliament Navigation Iron Molasses Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Currency Quartering Stamp Declaratory Townshend Tea Quebec Intolerable Conciliatory Resolution Restraining Proclamation of Rebellion Prohibitory Colonials Stamp Act Congress Declaration of Rights and Grievances Virginia Association Sons of Liberty Patriots Committees of correspondence Committees of safety Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Massachusetts Circular Letter First Continental Congress Continental Association Minutemen Second Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Events French and Indian War Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Boston Massacre Gaspee Affair Hutchinson Letters Affair Boston Tea Party Powder Alarm Combatants Campaigns Theaters Battles Events Colonies Combatants Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Army Navy Marines Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament British Army Royal Navy German allies Colonial allies France army navy Hortalez et Cie Campaigns and theaters Boston Canada New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Northern Southern Western Yorktown Naval battles Major battles Lexington and Concord Boston Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Bunker Hill Quebec Valcour Island Long Island Harlem Heights Fort Washington Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Bennington Saratoga Brandywine Germantown Monmouth St. Lucia Grenada Stony Point Sullivan Expedition Savannah Gibraltar Cape St.",
"10": "Vincent Charleston Springfield Camden Kings Mountain Cowpens Guilford Court House Lochry 's Defeat Yorktown Saintes Cuddalore Other events Staten Island Peace Conference `` First Salute '' Washington 's crossing of the Delaware River Conway Cabal Valley Forge Entry of France into war Carlisle Peace Commission Gordon Riots Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 Sint Eustatius Newburgh Conspiracy Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Related conflicts Cherokee -- American wars Fourth Anglo - Dutch War Second Anglo - Mysore War Involvement ( by colony or location ) Rebel colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia Loyal colonies East Florida Nova Scotia Quebec West Florida Leaders British Military Arbuthnot Brant Burgoyne Campbell Carleton Clinton Cornwallis Fraser Gage Graves Richard Howe William Howe Knyphausen Rodney Civilian King George III Amherst Barrington Germain North Rockingham Sandwich Shelburne Colonial Military Washington Alexander Allen Arnold Barry Claghorn Clark Duportail Gates Greene Hamilton Hopkins Jones de Kalb Knox Lafayette Charles Lee Lincoln Mercer Montgomery Nicholson Putnam Rodney St.",
"11": "Clair Schuyler von Steuben Sullivan Ward Wayne Civilian John Adams Samuel Adams Carroll Dickinson Franklin Hancock Hanson Henry Huntington Jay Jefferson Laurens Richard Henry Lee McKean Morris Revere Rush Witherspoon Colonial allies French Louis XVI Beaumarchais d'Estaing de Grasse de Guichen Luzerne de Rochambeau Suffren Vergennes Aftermath Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Constitutional Convention Constitution Bill of Rights The Federalist Papers Shays ' Rebellion Jay Treaty Related topics Categories Related topics Military Prisoners Society of the Cincinnati The Turtle Political Founding Fathers Diplomacy Liberty Tree Yankee Doodle Other topics African Americans Timeline Women Categories Casualties Diplomacy Films Flags Military operations Military personnel Military units and formations Museums Novels Ships Sites Sister projects American Revolutionary War at Wiktionary Source texts at Wikisource Textbooks at Wikibooks Images and media at the Commons Quotations at Wikiquote News stories at Wikinews American Revolutionary War Portal Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny Benjamin Franklin January 6 , 1706 -- April 17 , 1790 President of Pennsylvania ( 1785 -- 1788 ) ,",
"12": "Ambassador to France ( 1779 -- 1785 ) Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding of the United States Join , or Die ( 1754 political cartoon ) Albany Plan of Union Albany Congress Hutchinson Letters Affair Committee of Secret Correspondence Committee of Five Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Franco - American alliance Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Staten Island Peace Conference Treaty of Paris , 1783 Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Postmaster General Founding Fathers Inventions , other events Franklin 's electrostatic machine Bifocals Franklin stove Glass armonica Gulf Stream exploration , naming , and chart Lightning rod Kite experiment Pay it forward Associators 111th Infantry Regiment Junto club American Philosophical Society Library Company of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Hospital Academy and College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Contributionship Union Fire Company Early American currency Fugio Cent United States Postal Service President , Pennsylvania Abolition Society Master , Les Neuf Sœurs Other social contributions and studies Gravesite Writings Silence Dogood letters ( 1722 ) A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity , Pleasure and Pain ( 1725 ) The Busy - Body letters ( 1729 ) Pennsylvania Gazette ( 1729 -- 1790 ) Poor Richard 's Almanack ( 1732 -- 1758 ) The Drinker 's Dictionary ( 1737 ) `` Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress '' ( 1745 ) `` The Speech of Polly Baker '' ( 1747 ) Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc .",
"13": "( 1751 ) Experiments and Observations on Electricity ( 1751 ) Birch letters ( 1755 ) The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) Pennsylvania Chronicle ( 1767 ) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One ( 1773 ) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois ( 1775 ) A Letter To A Royal Academy ( 1781 ) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America ( 1784 ) The Morals of Chess ( 1786 ) An Address to the Public ( 1789 ) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks ( 1789 ) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ( 1771 -- 90 , pub. 1791 ) Bagatelles and Satires ( pub. 1845 ) Franklin as a journalist Legacy Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Benjamin Franklin statue , Washington D.C. In popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) Ben Franklin in Paris ( 1964 musical play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Benjamin Franklin ( 1974 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 documentary series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Sons of Ben ( supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club Refunding Certificate Franklin half dollar One - hundred dollar bill Washington - Franklin stamps other stamps Cities , counties , schools named for Franklin Franklin Field State of Franklin Ships named USS Franklin Ben Franklin effect Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment The New - England Courant The American Museum magazine American Revolution patriots Syng inkstand Family Deborah Read ( wife ) Sarah Franklin Bache ( daughter ) Francis Franklin ( son ) William Franklin ( son ) Richard Bache Jr.",
"14": "( grandson ) Benjamin F. Bache ( grandson ) Louis F. Bache ( grandson ) William Franklin ( grandson ) Andrew Harwood ( great - grandson ) Alexander Bache ( great - grandson ) Josiah Franklin ( father ) Jane Mecom ( sister ) James Franklin ( brother ) Mary Morrell Folger ( grandmother ) Peter Folger ( grandfather ) Richard Bache ( son - in - law ) Ann Smith Franklin ( sister - in - law ) John Adams 2nd President of the United States , 1797 -- 1801 1st Vice President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1785 -- 1788 U.S.",
"15": "Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1782 -- 1788 Delegate , Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 Delegate , First Continental Congress , 1774 Founding of the United States Braintree Instructions ( 1765 ) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus ; A History of the Dispute with America , From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time ( 1775 ) Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee , 1775 - 1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1780 ) Treaty of Paris , 1783 Presidency Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. Madison State of the Union Address ( 1797 1798 1799 1800 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other writings Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Adams Papers Editorial Project Life and homes Early life and education Adams National Historical Park John Adams Birthplace Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace Peacefield Presidential Library Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Presidents House , Philadelphia Co-founder and second president , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election 1788 -- 1789 1792 1796 1800 Legacy Adams House at Harvard University John Adams Building U.S. Postage stamps Adams Memorial Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1964 series ) American Primitive ( 1969 play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Liberty !",
"16": "( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related `` Adams and Liberty '' campaign song Adams ' personal library American Enlightenment Congress Hall Federalist Party Federalist Era First Party System republicanism American Philosophical Society Gazette of the United States The American Museum American Revolution patriots Family Abigail Adams wife Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( daughter ) John Quincy Adams son presidency Charles Adams ( son ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( son ) George W. Adams ( grandson ) Charles Adams Sr. ( grandson ) John Adams II ( grandson ) John Q. Adams ( great - grandson ) Henry Adams ( great - grandson ) Brooks Adams ( great - grandson ) John Adams Sr.",
"17": "( father ) Susanna Boylston ( mother ) Elihu Adams ( brother ) Samuel Adams ( second cousin ) Louisa Adams daughter - in - law First Lady ← George Washington Thomas Jefferson → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)&oldid=837600641 '' Categories : 1783 in Great Britain 1783 in the United States 1784 in the United States Treaties of the United States Peace treaties of the United States Diplomacy during the American Revolutionary War 1783 in France Boundary treaties Canada -- United States border Peace treaties of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1783 treaties 1784 treaties 18th century in Paris Ordinances of the Continental Congress Benjamin Franklin John Jay John Adams Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2015 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 21 : 09 .",
"18": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"19": null,
"20": null,
"21": null,
"22": null,
"23": null,
"24": null,
"25": null,
"26": null,
"27": null,
"28": null,
"29": null,
"30": null,
"31": null,
"32": null,
"33": null,
"34": null,
"35": null,
"36": null,
"37": null,
"38": null,
"39": null,
"40": null,
"41": null,
"42": null,
"43": null,
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
3,
15,
6,
11,
7,
8,
0,
1,
2,
5,
9,
12,
4,
10,
13,
17,
18,
16,
14
] |
[
3,
15,
6,
11,
7
] |
-5595863516648138721
|
where do harry potter's aunt and uncle live
|
[
"Number 4, Privet Drive, Little Whinging in Surrey, England",
"Number 4, Privet Drive, Little Whinging in Surrey, England",
"Number 4, Privet Drive, Little Whinging in Surrey, England",
"Number 4, Privet Drive, Little Whinging in Surrey, England",
"Number 4, Privet Drive, Little Whinging in Surrey, England"
] |
{
"0": "List of supporting Harry Potter characters - wikipedia List of supporting Harry Potter characters Jump to : navigation , search The following are supporting characters in the Harry Potter series written by J.K. Rowling . For members of the Order of the Phoenix , Dumbledore 's Army , Hogwarts staff , Ministry of Magic , or for Death Eaters , see the respective articles .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 The Dursleys 1.1 Vernon Dursley 1.2 Petunia Dursley 1.3 Dudley Dursley 1.4 Marge Dursley 2 Others 2.1 Bathilda Bagshot 2.2 Frank Bryce 2.3 Crabbe and Goyle 2.4 Gabrielle Delacour 2.5 Cedric Diggory 2.6 Gellert Grindelwald 2.7 Viktor Krum 2.8 Augusta Longbottom 2.9 Xenophilius Lovegood 2.10 Teddy Lupin 2.11 Narcissa Malfoy 2.12 Olympe Maxime 2.13 Cormac McLaggen 2.14 Auntie Muriel 2.15 Moaning Myrtle 2.16 Garrick Ollivander 2.17 Pansy Parkinson 2.18 The Peverell brothers 2.19 Madam Rosmerta 2.20 Stan Shunpike 2.21 Rita Skeeter 2.22 Hepzibah Smith 2.23 Andromeda Tonks 2.24 Ted Tonks 2.25 Oliver Wood 2.26 The Muggle Prime Minister 2.27 The Weird Sisters 3 Children of the Potter family 3.1 James Potter 3.2 Albus Potter 3.3 Lily Potter 4 Children of the Weasleys 4.1 Rose Granger - Weasley 4.2 Hugo Granger - Weasley 5 References 6 External links The Dursleys ( edit ) From left to right : Fiona Shaw as Aunt Petunia , Harry Melling as Dudley , and Richard Griffiths as Uncle Vernon in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . The Dursley family are Harry Potter 's last living relatives . To ensure Harry 's safety , Albus Dumbledore placed him in the Dursleys ' care when he was a baby . The Dursleys live at Number 4 , Privet Drive , Little Whinging in Surrey , England .",
"2": "They are all Muggles , and despise all things related to magic -- and anything out of the ordinary in general -- and the Wizarding World , especially the Potters . Vernon Dursley ( edit ) Vernon Dursley is Harry 's uncle , Petunia 's husband ( and therefore Lily Potter 's brother - in - law ) , Dudley 's father and Marge 's brother . Vernon is described as a big , beefy man , the literal human embodiment of a walrus , with hardly any neck , and a large moustache . He is very much the head of his family , laying down most of the rules for Harry and doing most of the threatening , as well as spoiling Dudley . He is also the director of a drill - making firm , Grunnings , and seems to be quite successful in his career . He regularly reads the Daily Mail . Uncle Vernon and his wife have grudgingly raised Harry from an early age . He and Petunia were often hostile to Harry and never informed him about the magical world , including how his parents died ; they explained it away as a car crash . Unlike Petunia , who proves to have a slight feeling of familial loyalty to Harry , Vernon seems to hate his nephew so much that in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , he is willing to throw him out of the house , knowing that doing so would put him in grave danger . In fact , while discussing the Dementor attack with Harry , Vernon actually hopes aloud that Harry will receive the death penalty . Vernon also has an aversion to imagination , to any references to magic , and anything even slightly out of the ordinary ; in the first book , when Harry mentions dreaming about a flying motorbike , Vernon responds by angrily bellowing that motorbikes do not fly , despite Harry 's protests that it was only a dream . When the Dursleys decide to leave Privet Drive to go into hiding , Vernon nearly shakes Harry 's hand good - bye , though he ultimately can not bring himself to do it . In the film version , he leaves without even a word to Harry although a deleted scene showing Dudley and Harry 's reconciliation shows him saying `` this is farewell '' . Vernon is portrayed by Richard Griffiths in the film series .",
"3": "Petunia Dursley ( edit ) Petunia Dursley is Harry 's maternal aunt , Lily Potter 's older sister , Vernon 's wife , Dudley 's mother , and Marge 's sister - in - law . She is described as a bony woman with blonde hair that she passed down to her son , a `` rather horsey '' face and a very long neck , and spends most of her time spying on her neighbours . Her eyes are large and pale , quite unlike Lily 's . Her entire family , except Lily , is made up of Muggles . According to Petunia , her parents were proud of having a witch in the family , but Petunia saw her sister as a freak . In fact , Petunia was envious and resentful of Lily 's magical abilities and went so far as to write to Dumbledore , pleading to be allowed to enter Hogwarts . Dumbledore gently denied her enrollment . Afterwards , Petunia grew bitter towards the school and , by extension , towards the wizarding world in general . She had no contact with Lily after her marriage to James Potter and the birth of her nephew , Harry , though she did send the family a `` horrible vase '' that baby Harry broke while riding on a toy broom . The gift echoes Harry 's Dursley - sent Christmas presents , which are never pretty or welcome . Petunia has more knowledge of the wizarding world than she is initially willing to admit . After the Dementors attack Harry and Dudley , Petunia states that she knows Dementors guard the wizard prison , Azkaban . When Harry and the rest of her family look at her strangely , she explains that she heard `` that awful boy '' telling Lily about them years ago . Harry assumes that the `` awful boy '' was his father , James , but in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , he learns via flashback memories that it was actually Severus Snape , who knew both Lily and Petunia when they were children .",
"4": "On one occasion , Petunia , but mostly her husband , almost throws Harry out of their house , but when she receives a Howler from Albus Dumbledore , she decides not to send the boy away due to the agreement she had made with Dumbledore ( although she covers by claiming that her decision is based on what the neighbors might think if the Dursleys threw Harry out ) . Before the Dursleys leave Privet Drive to go into hiding , Petunia almost wishes Harry good luck , suggesting that she does feel a tiny sense of familial attachment to her nephew ; however her self - imposed dislike of magic prevents her from doing so , and she leaves without a word . In the film version of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , she leaves Harry without showing any sentiment ; however , in a deleted scene on the Blu - ray / DVD release , Petunia shows acknowledgment of the wizarding world , and ultimately deep sadness and remorse for the loss of her younger sister Lily , reminding Harry that she lost a sister as well . In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , Petunia Dursley is mentioned as having died a few years after Harry 's second son Albus Severus started studying at Hogwarts . Actress Fiona Shaw portrays Petunia in the films , with Ariella Paradise playing her as a child . Dudley Dursley ( edit ) Dudley Dursley is the only child of Vernon and Petunia , Marge 's only nephew and Harry 's only cousin . Described as a very large , blond boy ( though dark - haired in the films ) , Dudley is generally given his way in almost everything , and shows the symptoms of a spoiled brat . Dudley is a cold - hearted bully and the leader of a gang of thugs with whom he regularly beats up Harry and younger children on the flimsiest of excuses . He is only one month older than Harry , meaning that his birthday must be sometime in late June . The same year Harry starts at Hogwarts , Dudley is enrolled at his father 's old private boarding school , Smeltings . In Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Dudley is given a pig 's tail by Rubeus Hagrid which has to be removed at a private hospital in London .",
"5": "In Goblet of Fire , the Smeltings school nurse advises the Dursleys to put him on a strict diet . During the summer when this diet is enforced , the Weasleys arrive at Number 4 , Privet Drive to pick Harry up for the Quidditch World Cup , and Fred Weasley `` accidentally '' drops a Ton - Tongue Toffee , which enlarges Dudley 's tongue to four feet long before his hysterical mother reluctantly allows Arthur Weasley to shrink it . In the fifth book , two Dementors attack Dudley and Harry in an alley . Dudley collapses , and Harry uses the Patronus Charm to drive a group of Dementors away from himself and his cousin . Mrs. Figg then comes running in and reveals she is a Squib by talking about Dementors . Harry and Mrs. Figg carry the shaken Dudley home , though Dudley is convinced that Harry made the dementors appear in the first place . After the confrontation , Harry wonders what sort of bad memories Dudley could have relived , as Dementors force people to relive their worst experiences . Rowling later revealed , in an on - line chat , that Dudley 's worst fear was seeing himself for who he really was : a cruel , selfish , violent bully with no feelings whatsoever for others , and this revelation shocked him to the core . The experience does give Dudley a more favourable impression of Harry , as seen in Deathly Hallows , when Dudley is the only member of the family to accept Harry : he shakes his hand and thanks him for saving his soul from the Dementor attack , and shows some concern for him when the Dursleys leave to go into hiding . In his appreciation of his cousin 's belated gratitude , Harry says good - bye to him using Dudley 's former nickname , `` Big D '' . In the film version , however , there is no such sentiment as Dudley leaves Harry before he can say any final words ; however , on the Blu - ray / DVD release , a deleted scene includes the reconciliation between the two cousins .",
"6": "Rowling revealed on her website that many people have asked her to include an adult Dudley with a wizarding child in the epilogue of Deathly Hallows , and that she herself considered it , but decided upon reflection that any `` latent wizarding genes would never survive contact with Uncle Vernon 's DNA '' and thus she did not do so . Rowling says that Harry and Dudley would `` stay on Christmas card '' terms for the rest of their lives , and that Harry would take his family to visit Dudley 's when they were in the neighbourhood , but it was something that James Sirius , Albus Severus and Lily Luna `` would dread '' . However , Dudley 's kids and Harry 's occasionally would `` get together while the adults sat in awkward silence '' . In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child it is also mentioned that adult Dudley sent Harry his baby blanket , the only surviving possession of Harry 's from his parents . Dudley is portrayed by Harry Melling in the Harry Potter films . Melling had to wear a fat suit , as he lost a considerable amount of weight as the films progressed . Marge Dursley ( edit ) Marjorie Eileen `` Marge '' Dursley is Vernon 's sister and described as physically resembling him ; a large woman with hardly any neck and even a bit of a moustache , even though it is not as bushy as Vernon 's . Though she is not a blood relative of Harry , he has been forced to call her `` Aunt Marge '' throughout his whole life with the Dursleys . Marge lives in the country , where she breeds bulldogs and because of her commitment to her animals , she rarely visits Privet Drive , to Harry 's considerable relief . She adores her nephew , Dudley and treats Harry with contempt and cruelty . Owing to Vernon 's and Petunia 's lies , Aunt Marge believes that Harry is a horrible boy , and delights in insulting both him and his dead parents . In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban after she insults Harry 's parents , Harry loses his temper and accidentally inflates her , thus causing her to blow up like a monstrous balloon and float up to the ceiling . Marge is later rescued , changed back to normal , and the Ministry of Magic modifies her memory .",
"7": "She also appeared in a memory in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban : When Harry is chased up a tree by one of Marge 's bulldogs named Ripper . Pam Ferris appeared as Marge in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , in which she floats out of the house and into the sky after being inflated . Others ( edit ) Bathilda Bagshot ( edit ) Bathilda Bagshot is a noted historian in the wizarding world , and author of the book A History of Magic . She lives in the village where Harry was born , Godric 's Hollow , and is an old family friend of Dumbledore , as well as being the Potters ' neighbour and friend . Gellert Grindelwald is her great - nephew , which is why he comes to live in Godric 's Hollow after being expelled from Durmstrang . Bathilda is a major source of information for Rita Skeeter 's biography of Dumbledore , who extracts this information under the influence of Veritaserum ; it is possible her memory is also modified following the `` interview . '' Harry decides to go to Godric 's Hollow to get information from Bathilda , and because he wants to see his parents ' grave . Hermione thinks that Dumbledore might have entrusted her with Gryffindor 's Sword . She dies before Harry 's arrival in Godric 's Hollow , probably at the hand of Lord Voldemort ( or one of his Death Eaters ) , who enchants her decaying body to use as an outer skin for his snake , Nagini to wait for Harry . The snake is then instructed to subdue Harry when he arrives in Bathilda 's house looking for the sword until Voldemort himself can get there to finish him off . Hazel Douglas plays Bathilda in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . Frank Bryce ( edit ) Frank Bryce is a reclusive Muggle World War II veteran who works as the caretaker of the Riddle family mansion in Little Hangleton . In 1942 , the Riddles were murdered by Tom Riddle ( later to become Lord Voldemort ) , and since Bryce had the keys to the large house where the deaths occurred , he was arrested and questioned in connection with the murders .",
"8": "As there was lack of evidence ( because the bodies were unmarked as the Killing Curse leaves no sign of violence or damage on the victims ) the police could not prove that the Riddles had been murdered , and were forced to release Bryce . However , the community of Little Hangleton was distrustful of Bryce . As a result , he lived out the rest of his life by himself , living on the grounds of the Riddles ' estate , while still tending to the grounds . In the beginning of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Voldemort discreetly returns to the Riddle house . Bryce inadvertently overhears Voldemort 's plan to kill Harry , initially thinking that Voldemort and Wormtail are spies , but before he can take action , Nagini reveals his presence to Voldemort , who kills him with the Avada Kedavra curse . He appears once more in the same book , during Harry and Voldemort 's graveyard duel . The Priori Incantatem effect brings back an `` echo '' of Bryce from the tip of Voldemort 's wand . Despite not knowing who he is , Bryce enthusiastically encourages Harry to keep fighting . Dumbledore states his belief in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince that the murder of Bryce was used to create Voldemort 's presumably sixth and final Horcrux , implanted in Nagini . However , Rowling later said Voldemort used the earlier murder of Bertha Jorkins for this . Bryce is portrayed by Eric Sykes in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Crabbe and Goyle ( edit ) Left to right : Gregory Goyle , Draco Malfoy , Vincent Crabbe and Pansy Parkinson from director Alfonso Cuarón 's film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle are Slytherin students in Harry 's year ; both of their fathers , Crabbe Sr and Goyle Sr , are Death Eaters . Due to their size and strength , the pair act as Draco Malfoy 's minions and serve to intimidate fellow students , being mentioned as `` existing to do Malfoy 's bidding '' . Crabbe and Goyle are both brawn - over-brains type ; they are entirely lacking in introspection or curiosity , though Crabbe is shown to be significantly smarter than Goyle .",
"9": "They seem unable to make up their own minds or to see things their own way . Crabbe and Goyle make their first appearance as new Slytherin Quidditch Beaters in the opening match against Gryffindor in their fifth year ; after Harry catches the Snitch , Crabbe vents his frustration by purposely hitting a Bludger into Harry 's back and knocking him off his broom , but receives the light punishment of writing lines . They do not return to the team the following year , as they regularly serve as Malfoy 's lookouts during his forays into the Room of Requirement . After Malfoy leaves the school following the death of Dumbledore just before the end of the term , Crabbe and Goyle are left in a state of loneliness . The three of them are reunited in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Both of them speak for the first time , Crabbe 's voice being described as `` oddly soft for someone with his huge frame '' and Goyle 's simply as a grunt . Crabbe has sided with the Death Eaters with more conviction than either Goyle or Malfoy , and becomes increasingly independent of Malfoy , well aware of the Malfoy family 's falling out of favour with Voldemort . The pair have developed into surprisingly powerful wizards . Crabbe and Goyle are mentioned as having excelled in inflicting the Cruciatus Curse on other pupils who had received detentions under Amycus Carrow 's direction : according to Neville Longbottom , it was `` the first time they were the best in anything '' . During the fight for the Horcrux diadem with Harry , Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger in the Room of Requirement , Crabbe defies Malfoy 's order to not kill Harry and casually throws around the Avada Kedavra curse . Finally , he summons Fiendfyre and turns the room into a blazing inferno , but it quickly rages beyond his control and ultimately leads to his death and the destruction of the Horcrux . Goyle is knocked unconscious during the ensuing fight , but is rescued along with Draco by Harry , Ron and Hermione . Goyle and Draco are left mourning Crabbe 's death .",
"10": "Jamie Waylett portrayed Crabbe and Joshua Herdman played Goyle in the first six films of the Harry Potter film series ; only Herdman appears in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , with Crabbe 's role in the plot being replaced by Goyle , and Goyle being replaced by Blaise Zabini . Gabrielle Delacour ( edit ) Gabrielle Delacour is the only younger sister of Fleur Delacour . Her age in Goblet of Fire is estimated by Harry to be no more than eight , and this statement is reinforced when it is stated in Deathly Hallows that she is eleven . During the Triwizard Tournament , in which Fleur is the champion for Beauxbatons , Gabrielle along with Ron , Hermione , and Cho Chang is used as underwater `` bait '' for the champions to rescue . Unfortunately Fleur does not manage to rescue Gabrielle in time because she is held back by Grindylows and is forced to return to the surface , but Harry goes on to save her as well as his own hostage , Ron . She makes a small appearance later on in the book when the contestants ' families are allowed to watch them compete . She is clinging to her mother and gives Harry a smile and a wave when she sees him , which is when he returns . Fleur hints in Half - Blood Prince that Gabrielle ( much like the young Ginny Weasley ) has developed a crush on Harry , since she `` never stops talking '' about him . Gabrielle and Ginny serve as bridesmaids at Bill Weasley and Fleur 's wedding in Deathly Hallows . Her part - Veela heritage begins to develop as she matures and she is nicknamed `` Fleur in miniature '' . She retains the crush on Harry at that time , causing Ginny to clear her throat loudly in mild jealousy when she throws him a flirtatious look . Gabrielle was portrayed by Angelica Mandy in the film adaptation of Goblet of Fire . Mandy reprised her role for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , but appeared only in background scenes and was uncredited . Cedric Diggory ( edit ) Cedric Diggory was a Hufflepuff student two years above Harry .",
"11": "A Hufflepuff prefect , he shows a notable streak of modesty , fairness , and loyalty . When he catches the Snitch and wins the match after Harry falls off his broomstick following an encounter with the Dementors , he believes the circumstances of the match to be unfair and protests that the result should be nullified and the match replayed . He is described as being exceptionally handsome , tall , with chiselled features , a straight nose , dark hair , and bright grey eyes . In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Diggory is selected as the Hogwarts champion for the Triwizard Tournament . After Harry Potter is also picked to compete , Malfoy makes `` Support Cedric Diggory / Potter Stinks '' badges , which Diggory tries to discourage his housemates from wearing . For the first task , Diggory transfigures a rock into a dog to distract his dragon and successfully finds his golden egg , but he receives a burn on his cheek in the process . He is later Cho Chang 's date for the Yule Ball . As compensation for Harry 's warning about the dragons before the first task , Diggory assists Harry in solving the clue of the second task by telling him to take a bath with the egg in the prefects ' bathroom and just `` mull things over in the hot water '' . Cedric is the second of the four champions to find the village of the merpeople and rescue his hostage , using a Bubble - Head Charm , but surfaces one minute over the one - hour time limit . During the third task , Harry saves Diggory 's life twice while in the maze , and when they find the Triwizard Cup , Harry refuses to take it without Cedric , so they grab hold of it together . The cup turns out to be a Portkey which transports them to the Little Hangleton graveyard , where Voldemort and Peter Pettigrew await Harry 's arrival ; Pettigrew murders Diggory on the spot upon Voldemort 's order to `` kill the spare '' . In the midst of the Priori Incantatem effect during Harry 's duel with Voldemort , Diggory 's spirit appears and asks Harry to take his body back to his parents .",
"12": "Despite an attempted cover - up of the incident by the Ministry of Magic , Dumbledore candidly reveals the true nature of Cedric 's demise to the students at the end - of - term feast , stating that to attribute it to an accident would be `` an insult to his memory '' . Cedric Diggory was in his sixth year at Hogwarts in The Goblet of Fire . Robert Pattinson appeared as Cedric Diggory in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , a clip from which was shown again in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix as a flashback . The actor who portrayed him in Prisoner of Azkaban is unidentified . In the West End play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child we learn that Cedric also frees Albus and Scorpius from Delphi in the Triwizard maze . Albus must then make the decision to let Cedric go on and finish the maze , knowing this is sending him to his death . In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , Cedric is portrayed by actor Tom Milligan in the original cast and Rupert Henderson in the second cast . Gellert Grindelwald ( edit ) Gellert Grindelwald is a Dark wizard who , on a list of `` Most Dangerous Dark Wizards of All Time , '' would be second only to Voldemort , according to Rita Skeeter 's book The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore . His name is first mentioned in Philosopher 's Stone on a Chocolate Frog card which notes that Dumbledore defeated Grindelwald in 1945 . Grindelwald attended the wizarding school Durmstrang , from which he was expelled at age sixteen for his dangerous and evil experiments that nearly resulted in the deaths of some of his fellow students . He left the symbol of the Deathly Hallows on one of the walls in Durmstrang before departing . After Durmstrang , he went to live with his great - aunt Bathilda Bagshot in Godric 's Hollow , where he met the young Dumbledore .",
"13": "In Deathly Hallows , it was revealed that Grindelwald had gone to Godric 's Hollow to investigate the grave of the Peverell brothers ( the original owners of the Hallows ) , but struck up a close friendship with Dumbledore , and the two planned to establish a new world order , where wizards would rule over Muggles `` for the greater good '' . The phrase later became Grindelwald 's excuse for the atrocities he committed in his reign of terror . They also planned to work together in their quest for the Hallows . Later Rowling claimed at a Q&A session that she implied Dumbledore being once in love with Grindelwald , and thus he has ' lost his moral compass , ' but she did not say whether those feelings were returned . However , Aberforth Dumbledore , Albus ' younger brother , argued against these plans , because he feared their grand ambitions would leave his disabled , traumatised sister , Ariana , abandoned . Later the argument culminated in a three - way duel among Albus , Aberforth , and Grindelwald . Ariana was inadvertently killed by one of them . Grindelwald fled , fearing retribution and Albus ended his friendship with him . Grindelwald became master of one of the Deathly Hallows , the Elder Wand , by stealing it from the previous owner , the wand - maker Gregorovitch . Gaining the Elder Wand 's immense power , he subsequently committed many terrible acts . It is revealed that Grindelwald 's actions have caused many deaths that have greatly affected the students of Durmstrang , including Viktor Krum , whose grandfather was murdered by Grindelwald . After Grindelwald 's rise to power , Dumbledore delayed meeting him again for several years due to his fear of being confronted with his sister 's death and the fact that he himself might have been the one who accidentally killed her . Both wizards were highly intelligent and skilled in battle , and when their battle eventually occurred , those who witnessed it later said that no other wizarding duel ever matched it . Grindelwald , who at the time possessed the supposedly unbeatable Elder Wand , lost to Dumbledore . Since Dumbledore won the duel over Grindelwald , the Elder Wand transferred its allegiance to Dumbledore .",
"14": "After Dumbledore triumphed over Grindelwald , the defeated dark wizard was imprisoned in the top-most cell of Nurmengard . He remained there , growing emaciated and toothless through the ravages of the prison , until the events of Deathly Hallows when Voldemort arrives , seeking the Elder Wand . Grindelwald , showing no fear of Voldemort and welcoming death , tells him that he never owned the wand , and Voldemort kills him in rage . In the chapter `` King 's Cross '' , Harry suggests to Dumbledore that Grindelwald 's last act may have been one of contrition , lying to Voldemort to prevent him from breaking into Dumbledore 's tomb and taking the Elder Wand . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , young Grindelwald is portrayed by Jamie Campbell Bower while the older Grindelwald is played by Michael Byrne . In the film , unlike in the book , Grindelwald reveals to Voldemort the whereabouts of the Elder Wand . Grindelwald appears in the film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , though he is disguised for most of the story as MACUSA chief Auror Percival Graves , played by Colin Farrell . Once his disguise is removed , he is briefly portrayed by Johnny Depp , who is set to return for the rest of the series . Viktor Krum ( edit ) Viktor Krum is a Seeker for the Bulgarian national Quidditch team who has entered the International Quidditch League at an early age . Many wizards of his time consider him a prodigy . He has bushy eyebrows and a hooked nose , which he inherited from his father . He is also described as being well coordinated on a broom but slightly unbalanced on land . Despite his success and fame , Krum appeared to be unhappy and lonely , and was further characterised as being very quiet and reserved , though Hermione says he is a genuinely nice person beneath the sullen exterior . In the Quidditch World Cup title game between Bulgaria and Ireland , he suffers a severe bloody nose during the match and catches the Snitch as quickly as he can to end it , which hands victory to Ireland because Bulgaria was trailing by 160 points at the time . Krum is named Durmstrang champion upon entering his name for the prestigious Triwizard Tournament .",
"15": "He is often viewed with suspicion by his peers due to Durmstrang 's reputation for teaching the Dark Arts , while looked upon with admiration for his feats , mainly by giggling Hogwarts girls . Whilst competing in the Triwizard Tournament , he takes to visiting the Hogwarts library to try to talk to Hermione . He eventually gains the courage to ask her to the Yule Ball , a traditional formal dance associated with the Triwizard Tournament . Krum has to rescue her from the merpeople in the Great Lake for the Second Task , revealing his deep affection for her . Immediately afterward , he invited her to stay with him in Bulgaria and stated that he had `` never felt this way about a girl before . '' He becomes jealous of Harry when a slanderous news article by Rita Skeeter falsely states that Hermione is toying with both boys ' affections , and confronts him about it . When he learns the truth , he and Harry become friendly , shortly before the appearance of a mentally incapacitated Bartemius Crouch Sr. Crouch 's disguised son stuns Krum shortly afterward , to murder his father unnoticed . In the climax of the book , Krum , under the influence of an Imperius Curse cast by Barty Crouch Jr , uses the Cruciatus Curse on Cedric Diggory to eliminate any opposition for Harry to win the tournament , but is not arrested nor punished for this , as he was not in control of his own faculties . Krum briefly returns in Deathly Hallows , as a wedding guest of Bill and Fleur . He has a heated discussion with Xenophilius Lovegood , after he recognises a symbol that Xenophilius wears around his neck as the mark of Grindelwald ; the symbol is later discovered to be the mark of the Deathly Hallows . His attitude suggests that he wants to get back together with Hermione , and he is disgruntled to see her dancing with Ron . Krum then asked Harry ( who was disguised as a Weasley ) whether or not Ginny Weasley was single , showing that he had his eye on her too . J.K. Rowling later stated that Krum eventually found love in his native Bulgaria . Stanislav Ianevski portrayed Krum in the film adaptation of Goblet of Fire .",
"16": "He made a brief appearance in Deathly Hallows , but his scenes were cut from the film . Augusta Longbottom ( edit ) Augusta Longbottom is Neville 's paternal grandmother , introduced in Philosopher 's Stone before Neville leaves for Hogwarts . She raised him from a young age after Neville 's parents were tortured and permanently incapacitated by a group of Death Eaters led by Bellatrix Lestrange . Early on , it is established that Neville is terrified of his grandmother , who is a very strict disciplinarian , a perfectionist , a staunch opponent of Voldemort and a no - nonsense witch , especially towards Neville , sometimes complaining he is not as gifted a wizard as his father . In Order of the Phoenix , Neville discloses that his grandmother fully supports Harry and Dumbledore 's proclamations that Voldemort had returned , even going so far as to cancel her subscription to the Daily Prophet , because they keep toeing the Ministry of Magic line that Harry was lying . Later , Harry and his friends are visiting Arthur Weasley in St Mungo 's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries and meet Augusta and Neville who are visiting Frank and Alice ( Neville 's parents ) ; Augusta explains to Harry 's friends how Neville 's parents got into that state . She reprimands Neville for failing to have already told his friends what happened to his parents , saying he should be `` proud '' to be their son for their bravery . In Half - Blood Prince , Augusta wants Neville to continue studying Transfiguration instead of Charms , which she considers a soft option . It is revealed by Minerva McGonagall that Augusta thinks like this because she failed her Charms O.W.L. McGonagall also writes a letter to Augusta telling her it 's time that she `` learned to be proud of the grandson she 's got , rather than the one she thinks she ought to have '' . Deathly Hallows is a definite turning point for the relationship between Augusta and her grandson . Towards the climax of the book , it is revealed that the Death Eaters targeted Augusta when Neville began acting as leader of the reformed Dumbledore 's Army . The Ministry official John Dawlish is sent to arrest her ; according to Neville , he was expecting an old woman living alone to be an easy target .",
"17": "However , the implications are that Augusta is actually an extremely capable witch , easily overpowering Dawlish and evading capture by the Death Eaters . She sends Neville an encouraging letter , which he keeps by his heart . Augusta arrives at the Battle of Hogwarts to assist her grandson . Bolstered by Neville 's leadership of the D.A. during his seventh year at Hogwarts , Augusta ultimately becomes extremely proud of him . In the 2006 skit for the Children 's Party at the Palace , it is revealed Augusta keeps a mousetrap in her bag . Neville explains that his grandfather placed a Fanged Gerbil in Augusta 's bag in 1947 , believing it would be funny . Augusta did n't agree with this , particularly after the gerbil bit her , and placed a mousetrap in her bag to prevent a repeat of this happening again . Augusta is portrayed by Leila Hoffman in the first film , appearing only in the background escorting Neville to the express . Xenophilius Lovegood ( edit ) Xenophilius Lovegood is Pandora Lovegood 's husband , Luna Lovegood 's father , and the editor of The Quibbler , a magazine that often publishes stories about wild conspiracy theories or research on seemingly non-existent creatures . He is introduced in Deathly Hallows as a guest at the wedding of Fleur Delacour and Bill Weasley , and is said to be a friend . He is described as eccentric looking , being slightly cross-eyed , with shoulder - length white hair the texture of candyfloss and wearing garishly coloured robes . Xenophilius wears the symbol of the Deathly Hallows around his neck as a way of showing his willingness to help other believers in the Hallows in their quest to obtain them . Later in the story , he explains to Harry , Ron , and Hermione the significance of the Deathly Hallows . Although initially one of the staunchest supporters of the anti-Voldemort , pro-Harry Potter movement through his magazine , Xenophilius later betrays the trio 's location to the Death Eater - controlled Ministry of Magic in a bid to ensure the safe return of his kidnapped daughter .",
"18": "After an ensuing battle with Xenophilius and the Death Eaters , the trio escape and the Death Eaters arrest Xenophilius , which saves his reputation , as he is mentioned on the clandestine `` Potterwatch '' radio broadcast as a persecuted anti-Voldemort dissident , and the issue of The Quibbler in which he attacks Harry is buried under the ruins of his home and never distributed . Harry , Ron , and Hermione never reveal his attempted betrayal , which was motivated solely by fear for Luna 's life . Welsh actor and singer Rhys Ifans portrays Xenophilius in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . Teddy Lupin ( edit ) Edward Remus `` Teddy '' Lupin is the orphaned only son of Remus Lupin and Nymphadora Tonks and godson of Harry Potter . He is named after Tonks ' late father , Ted Tonks , and his own father , Remus . Teddy is a Metamorphmagus like his mother Nymphadora , and is not affected by his father 's lycanthropy . He is mentioned in the final chapter of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by Harry , who says that Teddy `` comes round to dinner about four times a week '' . He was also seen by James Sirius , Harry 's son , kissing Victoire Weasley . Narcissa Malfoy ( edit ) Narcissa `` Cissy '' Malfoy , born Narcissa Black to Cygnus Black III and Druella Rosier , is the youngest of three sisters , her older sisters being Bellatrix Lestrange and Andromeda Tonks . She is a cousin of Sirius and Regulus Black and an aunt to Nymphadora Tonks , Andromeda 's daughter . Narcissa attended Hogwarts , where she was in Slytherin . She later married Lucius Malfoy , with whom she has one son , Draco , of whom she is extremely protective . Narcissa is first described as a tall , slim blonde who would have been attractive if not for `` a look that suggested there was a nasty smell under her nose '' . Although Narcissa certainly seems to share the Blacks ' and her husband 's views on blood purity on the outside , her actions indicate she is far more concerned about the welfare of her family than helping Voldemort .",
"19": "Although Narcissa makes her first , very brief appearance in Goblet of Fire , where she attends the Quidditch World Cup with her husband and son , her role in the series first becomes important in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . At the beginning of the book , Narcissa and Bellatrix arrive suddenly at Snape 's home . Narcissa is distraught , almost hysterical , with her husband imprisoned in Azkaban and her son forced to accept a difficult and dangerous assignment by Voldemort . She begs Snape to help Draco and asks him to make an Unbreakable Vow , to which he agrees . Narcissa also appears later in the novel , shopping with Draco for his new robes at Madam Malkin 's . She and Draco bump into Harry , Ron and Hermione . Harry taunts Narcissa for her husband being sent to Azkaban , and in turn , she mocks his dead godfather , Sirius Black . Narcissa also says that `` Harry will be reunited with dear Sirius before I am reunited with Lucius '' , showing that she believes Harry to die soon . Draco defuses the situation by leaving with his mother . In Deathly Hallows , Narcissa 's home is being used ( against her will ) as the Headquarters for Voldemort and his Death Eaters and for confining several prisoners , including eventually , Harry , Ron , and Hermione . When this group escapes with the help of Dobby , Voldemort places Narcissa and her family under house arrest . In the climax of the book , the Malfoys are brought with the other Death Eaters to Hogwarts , when Voldemort invades the castle . When Voldemort casts a Killing Curse on Harry , Narcissa is ordered to verify his death . When she feels Harry 's heart beating , she quietly asks him whether Draco is still alive at Hogwarts , a fact that Harry confirms . Knowing that she will not be free to search for her son unless she can return with the Death Eaters as part of a `` conquering army '' , Narcissa lies to Voldemort and declares Harry to be dead . She is later seen at the end of the book , with her husband and son , unsure what to do and how to behave amidst the celebration of Voldemort 's death . However , thanks to her lie to Voldemort , the Malfoys manage to avoid imprisonment in Azkaban .",
"20": "In the film series , Narcissa shows very little to no animosity towards Harry personally , only dueling him after he attacks Draco during the Battle of Malfoy Manor . Narcissa 's question to Harry and subsequent lie to Voldemort are preserved in the film . Narcissa 's reaction to the final battle is changed dramatically : she utterly ignores it , literally turning her back on the situation and taking Draco with her , with Lucius following after a moment . Narcissa is portrayed by Helen McCrory in the film series . McCrory was initially cast as Bellatrix Lestrange , but withdrew due to pregnancy ; the role of Bellatrix went to Helena Bonham Carter . Olympe Maxime ( edit ) Madame Olympe Maxime is the headmistress of Beauxbatons , the French wizarding school . The character is introduced in Goblet of Fire when her school is invited to the Triwizard Tournament , with Fleur Delacour being elected as Beauxbatons ' champion . When Harry is chosen as the fourth champion and second Hogwarts champion , she is angered and is about to leave the tournament , but she eventually agrees to stay . In Goblet of Fire , she is described as being elegant and wearing black satin robes , and having olive skin and handsome features , but being extremely tall . It is revealed that Madame Maxime 's huge size is due to her half - giant background . She fiercely denies this , although she is around the same height as fellow half - giant Rubeus Hagrid . Upon first sight , Hagrid immediately takes a crush on Madame Maxime , which he shows by attempting to groom himself properly and wearing his hairy brown suit when she is around . In Order of the Phoenix , Hagrid tells Harry , Ron , and Hermione that he and Madame Maxime visited the giants during that summer to get them on to the Order of the Phoenix 's side . Unfortunately , they failed in their mission , because Voldemort also sent a group of Death Eaters to address the giants . When giants attack Hagrid , Madame Maxime defended him by using a conjunctivitis curse . Hagrid describes her spell work as `` brilliant '' . She separates from Hagrid during the return journey , however , because he would not abandon his giant half - brother Grawp , who proves to be a highly taxing travelling companion .",
"21": "She returns to Beauxbatons alone . In Half - Blood Prince , Madame Maxime is among those paying respects at Dumbledore 's funeral . Her last appearance is in Deathly Hallows , where she attends the wedding of Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour . Frances de la Tour appeared as Madame Maxime in Goblet of Fire , and reappeared in the role in Deathly Hallows . Cormac McLaggen ( edit ) Cormac McLaggen is a Gryffindor student one year above Harry . He is introduced for the first time during the train journey to Hogwarts in Half - Blood Prince as a member of Horace Slughorn 's Slug Club , due to his uncle 's close ties with the Ministry of Magic . Cormac is shown as an unsympathetic Gryffindor character , and his Gryffindor bravery is both a strength and a flaw : he is foolhardy and proud , bordering on arrogant . Cormac tries out for the position of Keeper on the Quidditch team when Harry becomes captain ; however , Hermione secretly jinxes him with the Confundus Charm , causing him to miss his last save and thus helping Ron retain his spot on the team . Cormac does not take his loss well , accusing Ginny of nepotism by giving Ron easy shots to block . Cormac fills in during Gryffindor 's match against Hufflepuff as Keeper when Ron is unable to play due to poisoning , but his debut is disastrous , as he orders the team about instead of focusing on his own position , knocks Harry unconscious with a bludger , and contributes to Gryffindor 's lopsided 320 -- 60 loss , thus earning him universal dislike among his housemates . Cormac also briefly becomes a pawn in the escalating tensions between Ron and Hermione , when he accompanies Hermione to Slughorn 's Christmas party as her date , in retaliation for Ron 's relationship with Lavender Brown . The plan backfires when she becomes exasperated with McLaggen 's arrogant behaviour , and she leaves him stranded under the mistletoe and avoids him for the remainder of the party .",
"22": "In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 he is seen in Hogwarts Express and in Part 2 he is seen participating in the battle at Hogwarts , which he survives . Freddie Stroma appears as McLaggen in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . Auntie Muriel ( edit ) Muriel is a great - aunt of the Weasley children ( on Molly 's side ) . According to Ron , she is rude to just about everyone she meets . Harry first meets her in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows during Bill and Fleur 's wedding . She is described as having bloodshot eyes and a large , feathery pink hat , making her look like a `` badly tempered flamingo '' . She lends her beautiful goblin - made tiara to Fleur for the wedding . During the wedding , she starts an argument with Elphias Doge about Dumbledore 's past and Rita Skeeter 's The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore . In spite of her dislike for the late Dumbledore , Muriel offers support to the Order of the Phoenix , providing her house in The Deathly Hallows for Harry when the Order removes him from the safety of the Dursleys ' . Later in the book , most of the Weasleys and several others hide in her house because they are targeted as blood traitors or Mudbloods . Matyelok Gibbs appears as Muriel in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , but during the film she is never identified . Moaning Myrtle ( edit ) Moaning Myrtle ( born Myrtle Elizabeth Warren ) is a ghost that haunts the first floor girls ' lavatory at Hogwarts . True to her nickname , she has a tendency to moan , sob , whine , wail and complain , especially when death is mentioned . Her constant moping and wailing causes plumbing problems in the lavatory she haunts . Rowling revealed on her website that Myrtle was in Ravenclaw House and on Twitter that her full name was Myrtle Elizabeth Warren . Rowling states `` The inspiration for Moaning Myrtle was the frequent presence of a crying girl in communal bathrooms , especially at the parties and discos of my youth . ''",
"23": "In Chamber of Secrets , it is established that the character is the ghost of a Muggle - born witch who died while a student at Hogwarts , fifty years before the events in the book . Myrtle was hiding in the first floor girls ' lavatory to elude Olive Hornby , a classmate of hers who perpetually tormented her about her glasses , when the Chamber of Secrets was opened and the basilisk emerged and killed her . Tom Riddle used her death to create his second Horcrux : his diary . After death , Myrtle haunted Olive everywhere she went , until Olive complained to the Ministry of Magic , which ordered Myrtle to return to Hogwarts . Ever since then , Myrtle has sulkily haunted the same lavatory where she died . Despite living up to her name , she is flirtatious with Harry , especially during his bath , and also makes lascivious comments regarding Cedric 's bath suggesting voyeuristic tendencies . Myrtle also helps Harry with his second task in the Triwizard Tournament , in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Myrtle tells Harry how to solve the puzzle of the golden egg that he retrieved in the first task , by opening the egg underwater . She is far less miserable , and enjoys having Harry briefly to herself to boss around . He later meets her in the lake where she directs him to the merpeople 's village and says they do n't like her . In Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , she comforts Draco , who is worried about the task Voldemort assigned him . After Harry injures Malfoy using Sectumsempra , Myrtle quickly spreads the news throughout the school , screaming , `` Murder ! Murder in the bathroom ! '' Shirley Henderson portrays Myrtle in the film versions of Chamber of Secrets and Goblet of Fire . Garrick Ollivander ( edit ) Garrick Ollivander is the proprietor of Ollivanders , a prestigious shop which sells magical wands in Diagon Alley . Although Ollivander is generally presented as a genial elderly man , Harry is unnerved the first two times he meets him in the series because the wandmaker appears to admire what Voldemort could do with his original wand and , later , the Elder Wand .",
"24": "Despite his wands ' popularity , he can easily remember the materials and attributes of every wand he has ever sold , as well as its owner . In Philosopher 's Stone , Ollivander assists 11 - year old Harry in selecting his first wand . Finding Harry a particularly difficult customer to match , Ollivander finally selects an eleven - inch - long wand made of holly containing a phoenix feather ( later revealed to have come from Dumbledore 's phoenix , Fawkes ) , which is perfectly suited to Harry . Ollivander is intrigued that this particular wand would suit Harry , and reveals that Fawkes contributed only one other feather , to the wand being used by Voldemort . Ollivander appears in Goblet of Fire during the preliminary ceremonies of the Triwizard Tournament , where he acts as an expert judge for the Weighing of the Wands . In Half - Blood Prince , his shop has closed and is boarded up , and Ollivander himself is missing . The opening scene of the Half - Blood Prince film shows Mr Ollivander hooded and forcibly seized from his shop by three Death Eaters . In Deathly Hallows , Ollivander has been captured by Voldemort and imprisoned at Malfoy Manor with Luna , with whom he develops an affectionate relationship as the two strive to keep each other 's spirits up . He is among those rescued from the manor by Dobby , after which , at Shell Cottage , he provides Harry and his friends with some useful information about the Elder Wand . He later goes into hiding at the home of Auntie Muriel and sends Luna a new wand as a gift . British actor John Hurt appeared as Ollivander in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone and reprised his role in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . His first name was revealed in Pottermore . It was also revealed that he is married and has a son and a daughter ( the latter deceased ) . Some of the names of his wandmaker ancestors were also revealed : Geraint Ollivander ( ancestor ) , Gerbold Octavius Ollivander ( paternal grandfather ) , Gervaise Ollivander ( father ) .",
"25": "Pansy Parkinson ( edit ) Pansy Parkinson is a Slytherin student who is described as pug - faced and frequently seen with an unnamed gang of Slytherin girls , acting as their leader , or at least spokeswoman . She is first mentioned in the Sorting in Philosopher 's Stone , and makes her first appearance in Madam Hooch 's flying class , during which she teases Parvati Patil for defending Neville Longbottom after Draco steals Longbottom 's Remembrall . In Prisoner of Azkaban , she cries and follows Malfoy to the hospital wing after he is attacked by Buckbeak , and continues to fawn over him despite his deliberate exaggeration of the extent of his injury . They attended the Yule Ball together in Goblet of Fire . Throughout the series , Pansy regularly mocks Harry and his companions . She gives false information on Harry , Hermione , and Hagrid to Rita Skeeter , and openly voices criticisms of Hagrid to Umbridge in terms of her displeasure about his Care of Magical Creatures class and her difficulty in understanding his voice . She and other Slytherins also taunt the Gryffindor Quidditch players from the stands during a morning practice , notably teasing Angelina Johnson about her braided hair . During a Gryffindor - Slytherin match , which is also Ron 's debut as the new Gryffindor Keeper , she conducts the Slytherin students as they sing a demeaning song entitled `` Weasley is our King '' . Pansy has a slightly increased role in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . She is made a Slytherin prefect along with Malfoy , and later joins Dolores Umbridge 's Inquisitorial Squad . When Dumbledore 's Army flees the Room of Requirement following Dobby 's revelation of an informant , Pansy searches the girls ' bathrooms for escaped members and seizes Hermione 's list of names as evidence . However , the Inquisitorial Squad members are jinxed in the midst of a student rebellion following Fred and George Weasley 's departure from Hogwarts . Pansy is thereafter admitted to the hospital wing and misses a day 's worth of lessons after sprouting a pair of antlers .",
"26": "Near the conclusion of Deathly Hallows , when Voldemort demands Harry 's surrender to prevent the attack on Hogwarts , she advocates handing him to the Death Eaters , only for the other houses to collectively respond by standing up and pointing their wands at her . She eventually evacuates with the other Slytherins . Pansy was portrayed by Katherine Nicholson in the Philosopher 's Stone and in the Chamber of Secrets , Genevieve Gaunt in Prisoner of Azkaban , Charlotte Ritchie in the Goblet of Fire , Lauren Shotton in Order of Phoenix , by Scarlett Byrne in Half - Blood Prince , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . The Peverell brothers ( edit ) The Peverell family is first mentioned in Half - Blood Prince as ancestors of Marvolo Gaunt , the maternal grandfather of Voldemort . In the final book of the series , they are revealed to be the original owners of the Deathly Hallows , which , according to The Tales of Beedle the Bard , they received from Death , although Dumbledore believed it is more likely that they created them themselves . The Peverell lineage continues through its living descendants , including Harry and his children . After Hermione saw the symbol of the Deathly Hallows on Ignotus Peverell 's grave in Godric 's Hollow , Harry recalled Marvolo Gaunt boasting that his ring held the Peverell coat of arms on it , thus realising that the three brothers were the Peverells . Harry deduces that he is descended from Ignotus , as the cloak is passed down through his family . Furthermore , Rowling has confirmed that Harry and Voldemort are indeed distant relatives because of their relation to the Peverells , as the majority of wizard families share common ancestry . Antioch Peverell was the eldest of the three Peverell brothers , and owner of the Elder Wand . He was killed in his sleep after bragging about the wand 's invincibility , having won a duel with it . The murderer then stole the Elder Wand , thus initiating its bloody history . Cadmus Peverell was the middle of the three Peverell Brothers , and owner of the Resurrection Stone . Using the Stone , he resurrected the girl he had once hoped to marry , who had died an untimely death .",
"27": "Though she had returned to the mortal world , she did not truly belong there and suffered . Driven mad by this , he killed himself to join her . The Stone was later embedded in a ring that ended up belonging to Marvolo Gaunt . Ignotus Peverell was the youngest of the three Peverell brothers , described in The Tales of Beedle the Bard as `` the humblest and the wisest of the brothers '' . He was the owner of the Cloak of Invisibility , due to which , unlike his brothers , he successfully avoided dying for many years , living a full and long life , and ultimately `` greeting Death as a friend . '' Harry deduces that his invisibility cloak is the original cloak owned by Ignotus . Unlike other cloaks of invisibility , it has never shown any kind of fading or damage despite the cloak being passed down through many generations of the Peverell family and ultimately to Harry . Harry is therefore a descendant of Ignotus Peverell . Both by birthright and by blood relations , Harry Potter is the rightful owner of the three Deathly Hallows , yet he decides to keep the Cloak only , returning the Elder Wand to Dumbledore 's tomb after using it only to repair his own holly wand , and leaving the Resurrection Stone lost in the Forbidden Forest . In the film Deathly Hallows Part 2 , Harry destroys the Elder Wand , snapping it in half and throwing the pieces off a bridge . Madam Rosmerta ( edit ) Madam Rosmerta is the landlady of The Three Broomsticks pub . She is described in the books as `` a curvy sort of woman '' with curly hair ; several students -- including Ron -- have a crush on her . In Prisoner of Azkaban , Madam Rosmerta is angered when Dementors are in Hogsmeade as their presence is scaring away many of her customers . Apart from hosting an informal meeting between McGonagall , Cornelius Fudge , Filius Flitwick , and Hagrid , she does not play a major role in the early part of the Harry Potter series . In Half - Blood Prince it emerges that in order to fulfil his mission to assassinate Dumbledore , Draco has managed to place Rosmerta under the Imperius Curse .",
"28": "He uses her to pass on a cursed necklace to Hogwarts student Katie Bell , who accidentally touches the necklace and is herself subjected to the very harmful curse intended for the Headmaster . Draco also commands her to send a bottle of poisoned mead to Horace Slughorn intending it to be a Christmas present for Dumbledore , after overhearing Hermione mentioning that the school security would not recognise something put in a mislabelled bottle , and knowing that a package from Rosmerta would not be checked . Malfoy communicates with Rosmerta through enchanted fake Galleons . After Harry and Dumbledore 's adventure in the cave to retrieve a locket they believe to be one of Voldemort 's Horcruxes , they Apparated to Hogsmeade , where Madam Rosmerta alerts them to the presence of the Dark Mark above the school and gives them brooms on which they can travel rapidly back to Hogwarts , where Draco 's plan can be brought to completion . Rosmerta is among those paying respects at Dumbledore 's funeral . She is named after the Gaulish goddess Rosmerta , whose attributes include abundance and fertility . Julie Christie appeared as Madam Rosmerta in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . Stan Shunpike ( edit ) Stan Shunpike is the young , pimply conductor of the Knight Bus . He speaks with a Cockney accent and talks to Harry as he travels to London in the first part of Prisoner of Azkaban . He also appears briefly in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire at the Quidditch World Cup , boasting to a group of Veela , the Bulgarian team 's official mascot , of his ambitious plans to become the next Minister of Magic . In Order of the Phoenix , he conducts the Knight Bus when Harry , Ron , Hermione , Fred , George , Ginny , Lupin , and Tonks take it to return to Hogwarts after the Christmas holidays . Stan mentions that he does not believe the media rumours about Harry being insane , though Harry interprets Stan 's actions as not caring how insane someone is as long as he / she is famous enough to get into the papers . In Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Stan is arrested on suspicion of Death Eater activity . Harry and Dumbledore , however , believe that he is almost certainly not guilty .",
"29": "Even so , Stan is kept in Azkaban in order for the Ministry of Magic to give the pretence that progress is being made in the capturing of Death Eaters . When the new Minister for Magic asks Harry to be a sort of mascot for the Ministry , Harry refuses on the grounds of the Ministry 's actions at the time -- namely holding Stan under arrest . In Deathly Hallows , a `` strangely blank '' looking Stan is among the Death Eaters who pursue Harry during his escape from Privet Drive . Harry gives himself away to his attackers by attempting to only disarm Stan , as Harry believes him to be under the Imperius Curse . Later on , when Harry , Ron and Hermione are captured in the forest by Fenrir Greyback , Ron attempts to pose as Stan only to be immediately disbelieved and told Stan has `` put a bit of work their way '' referring to turning in missing or wanted Muggle - borns . Stan was portrayed by Lee Ingleby in the film adaptation of Prisoner of Azkaban . Rita Skeeter ( edit ) Rita Skeeter is a reporter for the Daily Prophet and a correspondent for the Witch Weekly , who specialises in yellow journalism , for which she is armed with such magical devices as the Quick - Quotes Quill . Rita is an unregistered Animagus , capable of transforming into a beetle to spy on unsuspecting victims for her stories . As a reporter who fabricates information to write an appealing story , she is a nuisance to Harry and his friends throughout Goblet of Fire , and a brief but reluctant ally in Order of the Phoenix . She is described as having curly blonde hair , jewelled spectacles , thick fingers with two - inch long nails painted crimson , a crocodile - skin handbag , and a heavy jawed face . Harry first encounters Rita when she interviews the Triwizard Tournament contestants for an article in the Daily Prophet , which turns out to be a highly falsified story on Harry himself . During the situations where Rita overhears information , the book subtly refers to her presence : Viktor Krum mentions that Hermione has a water beetle in her hair , and during the Yule Ball , she overhears Hagrid telling Madame Maxime that he is half - giant , Harry having noticed a beetle on a nearby statue . During a Divinations class , Harry falls asleep and hears an `` insect clicking . ''",
"30": "Rita prints an article that portrays Hagrid as dangerous , prompting letters from parents frightened by the idea of having a `` ferocious '' giant teach their children . When Rita encounters Harry , Ron , and Hermione in Hogsmeade , Hermione insults her . Rita , in revenge , then writes a nasty story about Hermione based on false rumours provided by Pansy Parkinson , making her out to be a plain but skilled witch who uses love potions to `` satisfy her taste for celebrity wizards , '' including Harry and Krum . Rita 's last defaming article states that Harry is `` disturbed and dangerous , '' and uses comments from Draco and his Slytherin cronies as its basis . Ultimately , Hermione discovers the means by which Rita Skeeter spies on others and forces her to `` keep her quill to herself for a full year '' , threatening to report her to the authorities as an illegal Animagus . Her last article discredits Harry and serves as the basis for Cornelius Fudge 's refusal to believe Harry 's story about Voldemort 's return . It is also the start of the Ministry 's smear campaign against Harry and Dumbledore . In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Hermione blackmails Rita by threatening to reveal that she is an Animagus and forces her to interview Harry about Voldemort 's return . She then must submit her story to The Quibbler . Rita later makes a brief appearance in Half - Blood Prince , where Harry is infuriated to notice her clutching a notebook at Dumbledore 's funeral . Although Rita does not make an appearance in Deathly Hallows , she is mentioned on numerous occasions throughout the novel , generally in a negative light in relation to her unauthorised biography of Dumbledore entitled The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore . The book depicts the former headmaster in an extremely negative light but is mostly based on truth , much to Harry 's horror . It is implied that she gained some of her information in unethical or illegal ways . When asked on a web chat if Rita was still reporting , Rowling answered ; `` Naturally , what could stop Rita ? I imagine she immediately dashed off a biography of Harry after he defeated Voldemort . One quarter truth to three - quarters rubbish . '' and `` Snape : Scoundrel or Saint ? ''",
"31": "It has been speculated that the fraught relationship between Rowling and the press was the inspiration for the author to develop the character . However , Rowling noted in 2000 that the character actually predates her rise to fame . Rita was intended to be in Philosopher 's Stone , as Rowling revealed in an interview : `` you know when Harry walks into the Leaky Cauldron for the first time and everyone says , `` Mr. Potter you 're back ! '' , I wanted to put a journalist in there . She was n't called Rita then but she was a woman . And then I thought , as I looked at the plot overall , I thought , that 's not really where she fits best , she fits best in Four when Harry 's supposed to come to terms with his fame . '' Miranda Richardson appeared as Rita in the film adaptation of Goblet of Fire as well as in Deathly Hallows . IGN 's Joe Utichi called Rita his eighth favourite Harry Potter character , saying that she was `` terrifyingly familiar '' . Hepzibah Smith ( edit ) Hepzibah Smith is introduced within Dumbledore 's Pensieve , as part of a series of memories shown to Harry by his headmaster probing into Voldemort 's past . She is described as having been an extremely wealthy , well - born old witch who enjoyed collecting antiques and collectibles . In the memory , Hepzibah wears long robes and gowns of pink , and when sitting upon her throne - like chair , she is described as giving the impression of a large `` melting iced cake '' . She wears a large , elaborate , ginger wig upon her head and dabs her red cheeks with rouge . Tom Riddle , fresh out of Hogwarts and working for Borgin and Burkes , visits Hepzibah to make an offer for some goblin - made armour which she owns . He presents her with flowers and charms and flatters her . Enamoured of Riddle , Hepzibah shows him her most prized possessions -- a cup , owned by her ancestor Helga Hufflepuff , and a locket which once belonged to Salazar Slytherin , that she had purchased from Borgin and Burkes .",
"32": "Two days after the events of the memory occurred , Hepzibah died , and Hufflepuff 's cup and Slytherin 's locket were never found . Dumbledore theorises that Riddle had killed Hepzibah and tampered with the memory of her house - elf , Hokey , so that she falsely thought she had accidentally poisoned her mistress 's evening drink . It proves at an early age , that Tom Riddle had a certain thirst for trophies , and other valuable objects that he could collect . Hufflepuff 's cup and Slytherin 's locket would go on to become two of Voldemort 's seven Horcruxes : Tom Riddle 's diary , Marvolo Gaunt 's ring , Voldemort 's pet snake Nagini , Salazar Slytherin 's locket , Helga Hufflepuff 's cup , Rowena Ravenclaw 's Diadem , and albeit inadvertently , Harry Potter . Rowling has confirmed that Hepzibah 's death was used by the Dark Lord to create a Horcrux using the cup . Andromeda Tonks ( edit ) Andromeda Tonks is the mother of Nymphadora Tonks . Born Andromeda Black , she is a pure - blood witch , daughter of Cygnus Black and Druella Rosier and sister of Bellatrix Lestrange and Narcissa Malfoy . The middle sister , she was burned off the family tapestry in Number 12 , Grimmauld Place by her aunt Walburga and estranged from the family because she married Ted Tonks , a Muggle - born wizard . She was Sirius Black 's favourite cousin . Andromeda is responsible for giving her daughter the name `` Nymphadora '' , a name like those typical of her family . She has a talent for household spells and cleanliness , lacked by her husband and daughter . She is not introduced until the beginning of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . She strongly resembles her sister Bellatrix , so much so that Harry thinks she is Bellatrix upon first meeting her , but Andromeda is kind looking and has soft brown rather than black hair . She and Ted are later tortured for information on Harry 's whereabouts .",
"33": "For someone who is not a member of the Order of the Phoenix , the war with Voldemort and his followers exacts a very heavy toll on Andromeda : her husband , her daughter , her son - in - law and her sister are all killed . Rowling stated in an interview that after the war , Andromeda raises Teddy Lupin , her grandson . She is never seen in the films . Ted Tonks ( edit ) Edward `` Ted '' Tonks is a Muggle - born wizard who is described as a `` fair - haired , big - bellied man '' . He marries Andromeda Black . Their marriage led to his wife 's disownment by the rest of her strict pure - blood family . Ted and Andromeda are the parents of Nymphadora Tonks . Ted plays an active role in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Near the beginning of the novel , his home is a hideout for Harry and Hagrid , as the two are on the run from Voldemort . His home holds the Portkey that helps Harry escape to The Burrow . Later due to Ted 's refusal to register as a Muggle - born , he is one of the Muggle - born wizards to flee the Ministry 's new oppressive regime after the Death Eaters take over . During his flight , he meets the goblins Griphook and Gornuk , as well as Dean Thomas and Dirk Cresswell . Soon after , Ted is murdered by Snatchers who also kill Gornuk and Cresswell . When Nymphadora gives birth to her and Lupin 's son , they name him Teddy in honour of her father . Oliver Wood ( edit ) Oliver Wood is Captain and keeper of the Gryffindor Quidditch team in the first three novels and was first introduced in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . He is simply described as being big and burly . Wood is a talented and keen player and a born leader as captain , but also tends to act as a taskmaster due to his obsession with the game ; he never cancels practices , poor weather conditions not withstanding , and holds training sessions in early morning hours . Although Oliver is in general a nice person , he lacks tact .",
"34": "Oliver appears briefly in Goblet of Fire , when he excitedly introduces Harry to his parents at the Quidditch World Cup and announces that he joined the Puddlemere United reserve team . He is one of many Hogwarts students , past and present , who take part in the Battle of Hogwarts in Deathly Hallows , and is among the survivors of the first clash ; Harry sees him assisting Neville Longbottom in carrying the body of Colin Creevey . He is four years above Harry in Gryffindor . Oliver Wood was portrayed by Sean Biggerstaff in the first two films and once again in the eighth film . The Muggle Prime Minister ( edit ) The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , referred to as the Muggle Prime Minister by wizards , receives a visit from Cornelius Fudge and Rufus Scrimgeour in the opening chapter of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Using a series of flashbacks , Rowling describes how the Prime Minister is aware of the existence of the wizarding world , through several meetings with Fudge that include his first night as Prime Minister , the night in which Sirius Black escaped from Azkaban , the notification of the incident in the Quidditch World Cup and the announcement of the importation of dragons and a sphinx for the Triwizard Tournament , and finally the Azkaban mass break - out from the fifth book . Rowling intended to include the Prime Minister scene in earlier books , but she thought that it could not properly fit until the sixth book . In the first chapter of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , the Prime Minister recalls his day , during which one of his political opponents had been criticising him and his government for several catastrophes that have recently happened in Britain . Readers discover a little later during the discussion with Fudge , that these catastrophes are , in fact , the doings of Voldemort and his followers . He also discovers that he is protected by an Auror who now works in his office , Kingsley Shacklebolt . The Weird Sisters ( edit ) The Weird Sisters are a wizards ' rock band . Their instruments include guitars , bass , lute , cello , bagpipes and drums . They are booked by Dumbledore to play at Hogwarts during the Yule Ball .",
"35": "In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire they are described as `` all extremely hairy and dressed in black robes that had been artfully ripped and torn . '' A full music video of the band playing at the Yule Ball is included as an extended scene on the Goblet of Fire film 2 - disc DVD . In 2005 , Warner Bros. , the international distributor of Goblet of Fire was sued for trademark violations by members of a Canadian folk - rock band named The Wyrd Sisters . The term Weird Sisters is also used in William Shakespeare 's play Macbeth to describe the three witches . The members of the band according to Wizards of the Coast Famous Wizard cards are : Heathcote Barbary -- rhythm guitar Gideon Crumb -- bagpipes Kirley Mcormack -- lead guitar Merton Graves -- cello Orsino Thruston -- drums Donaghan Tremlett -- bass Myron Wagtail -- lead singer Herman Wintringham -- lute They appear as a conventional band in the film version Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The members were : Jarvis Cocker ( of Pulp ) as Myron Wagtail -- vocals Jonny Greenwood ( of Radiohead ) as Kirley Mcormack -- lead guitar Jason Buckle ( of All Seeing I ) as Heathcote Barbary -- rhythm guitar Steve Mackey ( of Pulp ) as Donaghan Tremlett -- bass Steven Claydon ( of Add N to ( X ) ) as Gideon Crumb -- keyboards and bagpipes Phil Selway ( of Radiohead ) as Orsino Thruston -- drums They performed three songs ( all composed by Cocker ) , entitled `` Do the Hippogriff '' , `` This Is the Night '' and `` Magic Works '' during the Yule Ball . The band was originally to be played by Franz Ferdinand . Children of the Potter family ( edit ) James Potter ( edit ) James Sirius Potter is the first - born child of Harry and Ginny , born two years before his brother Albus Severus . He was named after his paternal grandfather James Potter and his father 's godfather Sirius Black , and he is described as being similar in character to both of his namesakes as well as his uncles , Fred and George Weasley , with a penchant for practical jokes and general misbehaviour .",
"36": "Albus Potter ( edit ) Albus Severus Potter is Harry and Ginny 's second - born child . He is said to look much like Harry and to be the only one of his siblings to have inherited Lily Potter 's green eyes . He is named after Albus Dumbledore and Severus Snape , and would be eleven at the time of the epilogue . Albus is played by Arthur Bowen in Deathly Hallows : Part 2 . Albus is one of the main characters in the two - part stage play Harry Potter and the Cursed Child . He has been played in the West End production by Sam Clemmett and Theo Ancient . Lily Potter ( edit ) Lily Luna Potter is the daughter of Harry and Ginny , the youngest of their three children . Her name honors two women important to her parents -- her paternal grandmother Lily Potter , and her parents ' good friend Luna Lovegood . She is two years younger than her brother Albus Severus , making her around nine , and is close in age to her cousin Hugo . It is also stated that she has her mother 's and possibly both of her own grandmothers ' red hair . In the epilogue of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , she accompanied her parents as they escorted James and Albus Potter to Platform 93⁄4 to the Hogwarts express . Lily is played by Daphne de Beistegui in Deathly Hallows : Part 2 . Children of the Weasleys ( edit ) Rose Granger - Weasley ( edit ) Rose Granger - Weasley is Hermione and Ron 's daughter and older child . Rose is introduced in the Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows epilogue in which she is leaving for her first year at Hogwarts , as is her cousin Albus Severus Potter . According to Ron she inherited her mother 's brains . Like her mother , she changes into her Hogwarts robes earlier than necessary . She has a younger brother named Hugo . Rose is played by Helena Barlow in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 2 . She also features in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ; she has been played in the West End production by Cherrelle Skeete and Helen Aluko .",
"37": "Hugo Granger - Weasley ( edit ) Hugo Granger - Weasley is Hermione and Ron 's son and younger child . He is close in age to Harry and Ginny 's daughter and youngest child , Lily Potter , and had not yet started at Hogwarts by the epilogue of Deathly Hallows . Hugo is played by Ryan Turner in Deathly Hallows : Part 2 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript '' . The Leaky Cauldron. 30 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Ricks , Hanako ( 24 March 2011 ) . `` Deleted scene from deathly hallows shows different side to disliked character '' . Hollywood News . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 DVD & Blu - ray '' . Mugglenet . Archived from the original on 26 January 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Edward . `` J.K. Rowling Talks Marriage , Writing and More at Open Book Tour Stop in New York City -- The Leaky Cauldron '' . The-leaky-cauldron.org . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Site design and technology by Lightmaker.com . `` J.K. Rowling Official Site '' . Jkrowling.com . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson - Edwards , phoebe ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` Not Chubby Dudley Anymore ! Harry Melling Is Unrecognisable from His Harry Potter Character in Latest Twitter Photo ... after Transforming Just like Neville Longbottom '' . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Pottermore Jump up ^ In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Chapter 18 , it is revealed that Bathilda Bagshot was sent a copy of The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore accompanied by a note : `` Dear Batty , Thanks for your help . Here 's a copy of the book , hope you like it .",
"38": "You said everything , even if you do n't remember it . Rita . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter at Bloomsbury '' . Bloomsbury.com . Archived from the original on 19 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Waylett wo n't return for Deathly Hallows '' . SnitchSeeker.com . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Joshua Herdman & Louis Cordice to reprise Goyle and Zabini roles for Deathly Hallows -- Snitchseeker.com Forums Jump up ^ `` Rowling dubs Dumbledore of ' Harry Potter ' books as gay '' . Daily News . 19 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 October 2007 Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling outs Hogwarts character '' . Associated Press . 20 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ sue . `` Jamie Campbell Bower Talks Role as Young Grindelwald in Deathly Hallows '' . The-leaky-cauldron.org . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 1 ( 2010 ) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb Jump up ^ Evans , Alan . `` Johnny Depp to co-star in JK Rowling 's Fantastic Beasts sequel '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling and the Live Chat , Bloomsbury.com , July 30 , 2007 ( 2.00 -- 3.00 pm BST ) '' . Retrieved 9 October 2007 Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . London : Bloomsbury / New York City : Scholastic , et al. UK ISBN 0 - 7475 - 8108 - 8 / U.S. ISBN 0 - 439 - 78454 - 9. , chapter 9 Jump up ^ `` TIME Person of The Year Runner - up : J.K. Rowling '' . Time .",
"39": "23 December 2007 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop on Filming the ' Deathly Hallows ' Wedding Scene '' . Harry Potter Movie Buzz . 28 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ sue . `` Deathly Hallows Casting Updates : Aunt Muriel Cast , Mafald Hopkirk Recast and Clemence Confirmed ! '' . The Leaky Cauldron . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` The secret lives and deaths of the Hogwarts ghosts `` . Pottermore . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Archived via the Internet Archive October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Site design and technology by Lightmaker.com . `` What houses were Tonks and Myrtle in ? '' . Jkrowling.com . Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( 12 May 2015 ) . `` Moaning Myrtle 's full name sparks controversy after being revealed by JK Rowling on Twitter '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hogwarts Ghosts - Pottermore '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Chapter 36 : The Parting of the Ways . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . London : Bloomsbury / New York City : Scholastic , et al. UK ISBN 1 - 55192 - 976 - 7 / U.S. ISBN 0 - 545 - 01022 - 5. , chapter 2 Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . London : Bloomsbury / New York City : Scholastic , et al.",
"40": "UK ISBN 1 - 55192 - 976 - 7 / U.S. ISBN 0 - 545 - 01022 - 5. , chapter 18 Jump up ^ `` About the Books : transcript of J.K. Rowling 's live interview on Scholastic.com '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2009 . 16 October 2000 . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Transcript of interview with J.K. Rowling . BBC Newsround. 2000 . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Richardson to reprise Rita Skeeter role in Deathly Hallows '' . SnitchSeeker. 23 December 2009 . Retrieved 24 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Joe Utichi ( 3 November 2010 ) . `` The Top 10 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2003 ) . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . London : Bloomsbury / New York City : Scholastic , et al. UK ISBN 0 - 7475 - 5100 - 6 / U.S. ISBN 0 - 439 - 35806 - X. , Chapter 3 Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . London : Bloomsbury / New York City : Scholastic , et al. UK ISBN 1 - 55192 - 976 - 7 / U.S. ISBN 0 - 545 - 01022 - 5. , Chapter 22 Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling . `` The Opening Chapter of Book Six '' . Jkrowling.com . Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wyrd Sisters ' can not stop Harry Potter '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 4 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Canadian Group Sues Radiohead , Warner Bros .",
"41": "Over Use Of Name In ' Harry Potter ' Flick Long - running folk group claims trademark infringement Jump up ^ Perez , Rodrigo ( 12 October 2004 ) . `` Franz Ferdinand To Play Ugly Sisters in Next ' Harry Potter ' Flick ? '' . MTV . Retrieved 27 January 2008 Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling -- A Year in the Life ; James Runcie ; Independent Television ( ITV ) ; 2007 External links ( edit ) Fictional characters portal The Harry Potter Lexicon 's page on the Dursley family ( hide ) The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism ,",
"42": "Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_supporting_Harry_Potter_characters&oldid=819066342 '' Categories : Harry Potter characters Lists of literary characters Lists of minor fictional characters Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from November 2013 Use British English from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Norsk Polski Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 06 : 20 .",
"43": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
"44": null,
"45": null,
"46": null,
"47": null,
"48": null,
"49": null,
"50": null,
"51": null,
"52": null,
"53": null,
"54": null,
"55": null,
"56": null,
"57": null,
"58": null,
"59": null,
"60": null,
"61": null,
"62": null,
"63": null,
"64": null,
"65": null,
"66": null,
"67": null,
"68": null,
"69": null,
"70": null,
"71": null,
"72": null,
"73": null,
"74": null,
"75": null,
"76": null,
"77": null,
"78": null,
"79": null,
"80": null,
"81": null,
"82": null,
"83": null,
"84": null,
"85": null,
"86": null,
"87": null,
"88": null,
"89": null,
"90": null,
"91": null,
"92": null,
"93": null,
"94": null,
"95": null,
"96": null,
"97": null,
"98": null,
"99": null,
"100": null,
"101": null,
"102": null,
"103": null,
"104": null,
"105": null,
"106": null,
"107": null,
"108": null,
"109": null,
"110": null,
"111": null,
"112": null,
"113": null,
"114": null,
"115": null,
"116": null,
"117": null,
"118": null,
"119": null,
"120": null,
"121": null,
"122": null,
"123": null,
"124": null,
"125": null,
"126": null,
"127": null,
"128": null,
"129": null,
"130": null,
"131": null,
"132": null,
"133": null,
"134": null,
"135": null,
"136": null,
"137": null,
"138": null,
"139": null,
"140": null,
"141": null,
"142": null,
"143": null,
"144": null,
"145": null,
"146": null,
"147": null,
"148": null,
"149": null,
"150": null,
"151": null,
"152": null,
"153": null,
"154": null,
"155": null,
"156": null,
"157": null,
"158": null,
"159": null,
"160": null,
"161": null,
"162": null,
"163": null,
"164": null,
"165": null,
"166": null,
"167": null,
"168": null,
"169": null,
"170": null,
"171": null,
"172": null,
"173": null,
"174": null,
"175": null,
"176": null,
"177": null,
"178": null,
"179": null,
"180": null,
"181": null,
"182": null,
"183": null,
"184": null,
"185": null
}
|
[
1,
39,
25,
4,
5,
43,
3,
42,
22,
40,
28,
26,
32,
34,
38,
41,
6,
0,
2,
33,
35,
21,
24,
8,
20,
36,
30,
7,
27,
9,
11,
13,
31,
37,
17,
18,
29,
15,
14,
16,
23,
10,
19,
12
] |
[
1,
39,
25,
4,
5,
43
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.